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Anamnesis
A 38-year-old woman, originally from Ecuador, who has been living in Spain for 12 years. Her personal history is as follows: depressive disorder, megatransverse C7 and tinnitus.
She was brought to the Emergency Department of our hospital due to a generalised tonic-clonic seizure. According to the description of a witness, the patient had suffered focal seizures with buccolingual automatisms, oculocephalic deviation to the left and subsequent generalisation with tonic-clonic jerks. The patient does not recall any history of infection or previous seizures. She describes oppressive holocranial headache of one year's evolution, of fluctuating character, with little response to analgesic treatment, without vomiting or photo-sonophobia, which has been attributed to her cervical pathology.
Physical examination
Haemodynamically stable, afebrile. Normal cadiorespiratory auscultation. Abdominal and extremities examination without alterations.
From the neurological point of view: patient conscious and oriented, Glasgow 4-5- 6. Isochoric pupils reactive to light. No signs of meningeal irritation. Normal speech. Cranial nerves normal. Normal muscle strength and sensibility. Osteotendinous reflexes present and symmetrical. Coordination not impaired. Bilateral flexor cutaneous-plantar reflex. Romberg negative. Normal gait.
Complementary tests
- Blood tests: general biochemistry, haemogram and haemostasis without alterations.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): sinus rhythm at 72 bpm, without repolarisation alterations.
- Chest X-ray: no alterations of acute evolution.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT): right frontal cystoid lesion of well-defined contour with a small adjacent calcification suggestive of parasitic lesion. Left parietal and right frontal calcification.
- Electroencephalogram: normal bioelectrical activity, no epileptiform alterations.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain: ventricular system of normal size and morphology. Inside the frontal horn there is a 7 mm parasitic cyst with visible scolex inside, without contrast enhancement. The cisterns of the base are free. Vascular structures of correct configuration, permeable dural venous sinuses. Nodular lesion in the right frontal region, 15 mm in diameter, probably between the medial and inferior gyrus. It shows enhancement suggesting inflammatory changes due to parasite destruction. Other small cystoid images of 5 to 6 mm are also identified, one posterior to the right Sylvian fissure and two others in the upper posterior parietal region. No changes are seen in the diffusion-weighted sequence. Parasitic cyst of 7 mm with visible scolex inside. Cyst in the upper posterior parietal region. Nodular lesion in the right frontal region of 15 mm in the medial and inferior gyrus.
- Normal fundus.
Diagnosis
Neurocysticercosis. Symptomatic epilepsy.
Treatment
Antiepileptic treatment was started with levetiracetam 1,000 mg every 12 hours, in addition to cysticidal treatment with albendazole at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day for one month and oral dexamethasone.
Evolution
During her stay in the Neurology Department, the patient remained asymptomatic and free of crises. After discharge, she was followed up in the outpatient neurology department for a follow-up MRI scan, with no new findings or complications.
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A 79-year-old Caucasian man was admitted to our hospital with general weakness, malaise and non-productive cough. He had had these symptoms for 8 days prior to admission. 18 years prior to admission, he was diagnosed with autoimmune aortitis of the abdominal aorta, which currently would have been classified as single organ vasculitis according to the 2012 Chapel Hill consensus definition. The patient had undergone several immunosuppressive treatments with glucocorticoids, either alone or in combination with azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine, as well as six cycles of i.v. cyclophosphamide until 14 months prior to the current condition. At that time, the patient was diagnosed with rapidly progressing urothelial carcinoma of the bladder, stage T2N0M0 (with infiltration of the bladder musculature), having presented with macrohaematuria. He underwent transurethral cystectomy and received intermittent radiotherapy with a maximum dose of 59.4 Gy and concurrent chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin. During the 8 months prior to admission, she was without immunosuppressive or antineoplastic treatment. Other medical history was inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, stage 3a chronic kidney disease, Parkinson's disease, osteoporosis and intermittent atrial fibrillation. On admission on 6 March 2020, the patient's temperature was 36.8°C, blood pressure 130/80 mmHg and pulse 80 bpm. Respiratory rate was 16 bpm and oxygen saturation was 94% on room air. The white blood cell count indicated leukocytopenia with an absolute lymphocytopenia of 370 lymphocytes/mm3 (reference interval 1,090-2,990), mild thrombocytopenia with 102,000/mm3 (reference interval 150,000-350,000), a C-reactive protein value of 75.1 mg/l (reference value < 8.2) and a lactate dehydrogenase value of 418 U/l (reference value < 248). The test for anti-cytoplasmic neutrophil antibodies (ANCA), antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and anti-GBM antibodies was negative. Chest X-ray was normal. Blood cultures were performed. The patient was given 2 litres of oxygen per minute via nasal cannula and admitted for further evaluation. A chest CT scan revealed extensive ground-glass opacities, indicative of acute interstitial pneumonia. Four days after admission, the patient presented with a temperature of 38.3°C and his respiratory status worsened, with an oxygen saturation of 89% with 2 litres of oxygen per minute, as well as haemoptysis. Blood gases confirmed hypoxaemia with a PaO2 of 61 mmHg and hyperventilation with a PaCO2 of 31 mmHg. He was given i.v. piperacillin with tazobactam, cotrimoxazole and roxithromycin orally. A bronchoscopy showed signs of chronic bronchitis with progressively haemorrhagic bronchial fluid from successive equal samples during bronchoalveolar lavage, consistent with diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH). Lavage revealed a total number of 10x105 cells per ml, mainly consisting of alveolar macrophages (80%) and 1000 erythrocytes per mm3. Gram stains and PCR for Legionella spp, Chlamydia spp, Mycoplasma spp, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, influenza A and B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, Pneumocystis jiroveci and non-tuberculous mycobacteria were all negative. The patient was transferred to the ICU, where non-invasive ventilation was started. Finally, a real-time PCR for SARS-CoV-2 from a nasopharyngeal swab was positive, while other possible causes of pneumonia were ruled out. Over the next 24 hours, the patient progressively worsened to the point where invasive mechanical ventilation was considered indicated. In accordance with the patient's wishes, he was not intubated and palliative care was given, with which he died shortly afterwards. Diagnosis: ADHF due to pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2.
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58-year-old woman with no known drug allergies, native of Morocco, who has lived in Spain for 3 years and has not travelled to her country since then. No other epidemiology of interest or medical or surgical history of note. He came to the emergency department for five days of non-thermometric fever and profuse sweating accompanied by abdominal pain in the epigastrium and right hypochondrium, continuous and not changeable with ingestion. She did not report vomiting, diarrhoea or other accompanying symptoms in the anamnesis by organs and apparatus.
Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 125/70 mmHg, temperature of 38.2oC, heart rate of 96 systoles/min, and she was eupneic at rest. Other findings were strictly normal, except for a soft and depressible abdomen but with mild pain on superficial and deep palpation in the epigastrium and right hypochondrium, with sensitive hepatomegaly of three finger widths, negative Murphy's sign and no evidence of peritoneal irritation.
Basic laboratory tests performed in the ED showed haemoglobin 11 g/dL with normal MCV and MCH, leukocytes 17,700 cells/mm3 (80.2% neutrophils), C-reactive protein 276 mg/L and altered liver profile (total bilirubin 1.1 g/dL, GOT 96 U/L, GPT 99 U/L, GGT 106 U/L, FA 129 U/L) and normal urine sediment. Chest and abdominal X-ray with no pathological findings. Given the clinical and analytical findings, an abdominal ultrasound scan was requested in the emergency department showing a spheroid lesion measuring 89 x 58 mm in the left hepatic lobe, with poorly defined borders and heterogeneous echogenic content with hyperechogenic foci with posterior shadowing suggesting gas bubbles. In view of this result, the on-call radiologist decided to extend the study by performing a CT scan of the abdomen with contrast in order to better identify the lesion, which was diagnosed as a probable liver abscess, and the patient was admitted for further care, antibiotherapy and drainage of the lesion. Days after admission, a test was performed which provided us with the cause of the abscess.
Differential diagnosis
The finding of a liver abscess raises the question of differential diagnosis with different aetiologies, each with certain particularities:
1. Firstly, we must consider the possible routes by which the microbial inoculum has reached the liver parenchyma, which generates an initial immune response that becomes insufficient to control the infection, leading to the formation of the abscess. This inoculum can reach the liver via the hepatic artery (distant bacteraemia from another source), via the portal vein (due to infection in the territory that is taken up by this structure, as in the case of colitis, appendicitis or diverticulitis) or via the biliary tree (the most frequent cause, as in the case of ascending biliary infection from the digestive tract, obstructive pathology due to lithiasis, neoplasms or surgical or endoscopic manipulations of this pathway). Contiguous extension from neighbouring structures such as the stomach, duodenum or the ascending-transverse portion of the colon is also a possibility that, although less frequent, must be taken into account.
2. Microbiological isolation is highly variable, and may point to one or other aetiopathogeny. Most abscesses are polymicrobial, and the representation of anaerobes is assumed to be underestimated given the difficulty of their culture and characterisation in the laboratory. In our case, the presence of gas in the abscess prompted us to discuss with the interventional radiologist that the sample obtained from the puncture be inoculated directly from the liver puncture syringe, in addition to standard culture jars, into anaerobic jars in order to isolate this type of germ if present, and to make the microbiologist aware of our suspicion. Monomicrobial bacterial liver abscesses are often caused by enterobacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are usually related to the biliary tract. The isolation of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. (especially those of the milleri group) is often due to bacteraemia from another source, and may be accompanied by infectious foci at other levels and mucocutaneous stigmata that oblige us to rule out the presence of infectious endocarditis. In our case, the culture of the abscess was positive with a polymicrobial flora with a significant presence of Granulicatella adiacens, a germ related to endocarditis, which could have led us to think of the presence of this entity, but the existence of polymicrobial flora in the abscess and the negative blood cultures, without previous antibiotherapy, led us to rule out this origin. We will also suspect the presence of haematogenous dissemination when we find multiple small abscesses instead of a solitary abscess, as was the case in our patient, making a haematogenous cause unlikely a priori. Another possibility could be a liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica, which is often preceded by diarrhoea with pathological products, abdominal pain and fever (dysentery). In addition, an epidemiological history of travel to an endemic area (usually developing countries) in the previous six months should raise suspicion of this aetiology. This abscess usually appears as a single abscess in 70-80% of cases, with the most frequent location being the posterior area of the right hepatic lobe due to the distribution of the portal circulation. Our patient, although from a developing country, had not visited him for three years and did not report diarrhoea, although this does not exclude cases that appear years later, but given the positive culture for pyogenic bacteria, it was not considered necessary to request serology for this amoeba or its investigation in stool. Nevertheless, empirical treatment was given with ceftriaxone and metronidazole instead of piperacillin/tazobactam (another possible empirical treatment for liver abscess, especially if the cause is nosocomial or in immunocompromised patients where P. aeruginosa may be responsible for the abscess) because initially the possibility of Entamoeba hystolitica (single abscess, possible epidemiology) was considered, which is generally sensitive to metronidazole. Other aetiologies in our environment that should be considered in liver abscesses based on epidemiology are miliary tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the form of multiple lesions, although it should also be taken into account in abscesses where microbiological isolation has not been achieved in patients at risk for tuberculous infection), hydatid cysts (Echinococcus granulosus, often easily differentiated with imaging tests) in people in contact with livestock and dogs, and fungi such as Candida spp. (a rare aetiology that usually occurs in cases of polymicrobial abscesses where it can be found as an accompanying pathogen or more rarely in isolation in the immunocompromised). Finally, we must also take into account the possibility of neoplastic pathology. In our case, the presence of acute symptoms (5 days) accompanied by fever and no data of constitutional syndrome or other focality or suspicious findings in complementary tests (chest X-ray, abdominal CT scan, etc.) did not make us consider this possibility as the most likely.
Evolution
On admission, after drawing blood cultures, antibiotic treatment was started with ceftriaxone 2 g every 24 hours and metronidazole 500 mg every 6 hours, both administered intravenously.
On the third day of admission, the liver lesion was punctured without incident, with aspiration of the contents and insertion of a pig-tail catheter for drainage, obtaining purulent fluid from which samples were sent to Microbiology where, after 5 days, a polymicrobial flora formed by gram-positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli was isolated, with a greater presence of Granulicatella adiacens (6 cfu). On day +12 of antibiotic treatment and in view of the scant debit from the hepatic drainage catheter, a new ultrasound check-up was performed to assess its removal or repositioning. In this check-up, a reduction in the size of the abscess was observed (46 x 29 mm) and the radiologist was struck by the presence of a high-density, filiform foreign body with an elongated morphology, which, after reviewing both the ultrasound scan and the CT scan on admission, was already present from the beginning, and coronal and axial reconstructions were performed to better classify the foreign body. In view of this finding, the patient was re-interviewed and denied having been directly punctured by a sharp object in the past, and the possibility of accidental ingestion of a foreign body was assessed, although she did not remember having ingested any thorns and the General Surgery Department was contacted to assess the possibility of extraction.
The patient remained stable at all times, with fever defervescence 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment, blood cultures were negative and during the surgery performed on +26 the surgeon observed the already collapsed abscess (no catheter debit in the 5 days prior to surgery) and the foreign body was extracted, coinciding in morphology and consistency with a fish bone of approximately 4.5 cms and also identified as such by Anatomical Pathology.
The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative period and on day +35 a new ultrasound scan was performed to assess the resolution of the abscess where there was no longer any evidence of a collection. She completed a total of 42 days of antibiotherapy from the start, the last week being at home (ciprofloxacin 750 mg/12 h. and metronidazole 500 mg/8 hours orally). The check-ups at one and three months were favourable from the clinical, analytical and imaging (ultrasound) point of view, with no recurrence of the process.
Final diagnosis
Polymicrobial liver abscess secondary to herringbone
| [
"58-year-old",
"woman",
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",",
"native",
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"/",
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"Chest",
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"Given",
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"findings",
",",
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"a",
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"measuring",
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"58",
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"foci",
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".",
"In",
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",",
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"by",
"performing",
"a",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
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"abdomen",
"with",
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"order",
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"identify",
"the",
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",",
"which",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"as",
"a",
"probable",
"liver",
"abscess",
",",
"and",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"admitted",
"for",
"further",
"care",
",",
"antibiotherapy",
"and",
"drainage",
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"lesion",
".",
"Days",
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",",
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"test",
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"provided",
"us",
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"the",
"cause",
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".",
"Differential",
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"The",
"finding",
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"liver",
"abscess",
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"the",
"question",
"of",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"with",
"different",
"aetiologies",
",",
"each",
"with",
"certain",
"particularities",
":",
"1",
".",
"Firstly",
",",
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"must",
"consider",
"the",
"possible",
"routes",
"by",
"which",
"the",
"microbial",
"inoculum",
"has",
"reached",
"the",
"liver",
"parenchyma",
",",
"which",
"generates",
"an",
"initial",
"immune",
"response",
"that",
"becomes",
"insufficient",
"to",
"control",
"the",
"infection",
",",
"leading",
"to",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
".",
"This",
"inoculum",
"can",
"reach",
"the",
"liver",
"via",
"the",
"hepatic",
"artery",
"(",
"distant",
"bacteraemia",
"from",
"another",
"source",
")",
",",
"via",
"the",
"portal",
"vein",
"(",
"due",
"to",
"infection",
"in",
"the",
"territory",
"that",
"is",
"taken",
"up",
"by",
"this",
"structure",
",",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"colitis",
",",
"appendicitis",
"or",
"diverticulitis",
")",
"or",
"via",
"the",
"biliary",
"tree",
"(",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"cause",
",",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"ascending",
"biliary",
"infection",
"from",
"the",
"digestive",
"tract",
",",
"obstructive",
"pathology",
"due",
"to",
"lithiasis",
",",
"neoplasms",
"or",
"surgical",
"or",
"endoscopic",
"manipulations",
"of",
"this",
"pathway",
")",
".",
"Contiguous",
"extension",
"from",
"neighbouring",
"structures",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"stomach",
",",
"duodenum",
"or",
"the",
"ascending-transverse",
"portion",
"of",
"the",
"colon",
"is",
"also",
"a",
"possibility",
"that",
",",
"although",
"less",
"frequent",
",",
"must",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
".",
"2",
".",
"Microbiological",
"isolation",
"is",
"highly",
"variable",
",",
"and",
"may",
"point",
"to",
"one",
"or",
"other",
"aetiopathogeny",
".",
"Most",
"abscesses",
"are",
"polymicrobial",
",",
"and",
"the",
"representation",
"of",
"anaerobes",
"is",
"assumed",
"to",
"be",
"underestimated",
"given",
"the",
"difficulty",
"of",
"their",
"culture",
"and",
"characterisation",
"in",
"the",
"laboratory",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"gas",
"in",
"the",
"abscess",
"prompted",
"us",
"to",
"discuss",
"with",
"the",
"interventional",
"radiologist",
"that",
"the",
"sample",
"obtained",
"from",
"the",
"puncture",
"be",
"inoculated",
"directly",
"from",
"the",
"liver",
"puncture",
"syringe",
",",
"in",
"addition",
"to",
"standard",
"culture",
"jars",
",",
"into",
"anaerobic",
"jars",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"isolate",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"germ",
"if",
"present",
",",
"and",
"to",
"make",
"the",
"microbiologist",
"aware",
"of",
"our",
"suspicion",
".",
"Monomicrobial",
"bacterial",
"liver",
"abscesses",
"are",
"often",
"caused",
"by",
"enterobacteria",
"such",
"as",
"Escherichia",
"coli",
"and",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
"and",
"are",
"usually",
"related",
"to",
"the",
"biliary",
"tract",
".",
"The",
"isolation",
"of",
"gram-positive",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
"and",
"Streptococcus",
"spp",
".",
"(",
"especially",
"those",
"of",
"the",
"milleri",
"group",
")",
"is",
"often",
"due",
"to",
"bacteraemia",
"from",
"another",
"source",
",",
"and",
"may",
"be",
"accompanied",
"by",
"infectious",
"foci",
"at",
"other",
"levels",
"and",
"mucocutaneous",
"stigmata",
"that",
"oblige",
"us",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"infectious",
"endocarditis",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"culture",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
"was",
"positive",
"with",
"a",
"polymicrobial",
"flora",
"with",
"a",
"significant",
"presence",
"of",
"Granulicatella",
"adiacens",
",",
"a",
"germ",
"related",
"to",
"endocarditis",
",",
"which",
"could",
"have",
"led",
"us",
"to",
"think",
"of",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"this",
"entity",
",",
"but",
"the",
"existence",
"of",
"polymicrobial",
"flora",
"in",
"the",
"abscess",
"and",
"the",
"negative",
"blood",
"cultures",
",",
"without",
"previous",
"antibiotherapy",
",",
"led",
"us",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"this",
"origin",
".",
"We",
"will",
"also",
"suspect",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"haematogenous",
"dissemination",
"when",
"we",
"find",
"multiple",
"small",
"abscesses",
"instead",
"of",
"a",
"solitary",
"abscess",
",",
"as",
"was",
"the",
"case",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"making",
"a",
"haematogenous",
"cause",
"unlikely",
"a",
"priori",
".",
"Another",
"possibility",
"could",
"be",
"a",
"liver",
"abscess",
"due",
"to",
"Entamoeba",
"histolytica",
",",
"which",
"is",
"often",
"preceded",
"by",
"diarrhoea",
"with",
"pathological",
"products",
",",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"and",
"fever",
"(",
"dysentery",
")",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"an",
"epidemiological",
"history",
"of",
"travel",
"to",
"an",
"endemic",
"area",
"(",
"usually",
"developing",
"countries",
")",
"in",
"the",
"previous",
"six",
"months",
"should",
"raise",
"suspicion",
"of",
"this",
"aetiology",
".",
"This",
"abscess",
"usually",
"appears",
"as",
"a",
"single",
"abscess",
"in",
"70-80",
"%",
"of",
"cases",
",",
"with",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"location",
"being",
"the",
"posterior",
"area",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"hepatic",
"lobe",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"distribution",
"of",
"the",
"portal",
"circulation",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
",",
"although",
"from",
"a",
"developing",
"country",
",",
"had",
"not",
"visited",
"him",
"for",
"three",
"years",
"and",
"did",
"not",
"report",
"diarrhoea",
",",
"although",
"this",
"does",
"not",
"exclude",
"cases",
"that",
"appear",
"years",
"later",
",",
"but",
"given",
"the",
"positive",
"culture",
"for",
"pyogenic",
"bacteria",
",",
"it",
"was",
"not",
"considered",
"necessary",
"to",
"request",
"serology",
"for",
"this",
"amoeba",
"or",
"its",
"investigation",
"in",
"stool",
".",
"Nevertheless",
",",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"was",
"given",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
"and",
"metronidazole",
"instead",
"of",
"piperacillin",
"/",
"tazobactam",
"(",
"another",
"possible",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"for",
"liver",
"abscess",
",",
"especially",
"if",
"the",
"cause",
"is",
"nosocomial",
"or",
"in",
"immunocompromised",
"patients",
"where",
"P",
".",
"aeruginosa",
"may",
"be",
"responsible",
"for",
"the",
"abscess",
")",
"because",
"initially",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"Entamoeba",
"hystolitica",
"(",
"single",
"abscess",
",",
"possible",
"epidemiology",
")",
"was",
"considered",
",",
"which",
"is",
"generally",
"sensitive",
"to",
"metronidazole",
".",
"Other",
"aetiologies",
"in",
"our",
"environment",
"that",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
"in",
"liver",
"abscesses",
"based",
"on",
"epidemiology",
"are",
"miliary",
"tuberculosis",
"(",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"multiple",
"lesions",
",",
"although",
"it",
"should",
"also",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
"in",
"abscesses",
"where",
"microbiological",
"isolation",
"has",
"not",
"been",
"achieved",
"in",
"patients",
"at",
"risk",
"for",
"tuberculous",
"infection",
")",
",",
"hydatid",
"cysts",
"(",
"Echinococcus",
"granulosus",
",",
"often",
"easily",
"differentiated",
"with",
"imaging",
"tests",
")",
"in",
"people",
"in",
"contact",
"with",
"livestock",
"and",
"dogs",
",",
"and",
"fungi",
"such",
"as",
"Candida",
"spp",
".",
"(",
"a",
"rare",
"aetiology",
"that",
"usually",
"occurs",
"in",
"cases",
"of",
"polymicrobial",
"abscesses",
"where",
"it",
"can",
"be",
"found",
"as",
"an",
"accompanying",
"pathogen",
"or",
"more",
"rarely",
"in",
"isolation",
"in",
"the",
"immunocompromised",
")",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"we",
"must",
"also",
"take",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"neoplastic",
"pathology",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"acute",
"symptoms",
"(",
"5",
"days",
")",
"accompanied",
"by",
"fever",
"and",
"no",
"data",
"of",
"constitutional",
"syndrome",
"or",
"other",
"focality",
"or",
"suspicious",
"findings",
"in",
"complementary",
"tests",
"(",
"chest",
"X-ray",
",",
"abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
",",
"etc",
".",
")",
"did",
"not",
"make",
"us",
"consider",
"this",
"possibility",
"as",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
".",
"Evolution",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"after",
"drawing",
"blood",
"cultures",
",",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
"2",
"g",
"every",
"24",
"hours",
"and",
"metronidazole",
"500",
"mg",
"every",
"6",
"hours",
",",
"both",
"administered",
"intravenously",
".",
"On",
"the",
"third",
"day",
"of",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"liver",
"lesion",
"was",
"punctured",
"without",
"incident",
",",
"with",
"aspiration",
"of",
"the",
"contents",
"and",
"insertion",
"of",
"a",
"pig-tail",
"catheter",
"for",
"drainage",
",",
"obtaining",
"purulent",
"fluid",
"from",
"which",
"samples",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"Microbiology",
"where",
",",
"after",
"5",
"days",
",",
"a",
"polymicrobial",
"flora",
"formed",
"by",
"gram-positive",
"cocci",
"and",
"gram-negative",
"bacilli",
"was",
"isolated",
",",
"with",
"a",
"greater",
"presence",
"of",
"Granulicatella",
"adiacens",
"(",
"6",
"cfu",
")",
".",
"On",
"day",
"+",
"12",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
"and",
"in",
"view",
"of",
"the",
"scant",
"debit",
"from",
"the",
"hepatic",
"drainage",
"catheter",
",",
"a",
"new",
"ultrasound",
"check-up",
"was",
"performed",
"to",
"assess",
"its",
"removal",
"or",
"repositioning",
".",
"In",
"this",
"check-up",
",",
"a",
"reduction",
"in",
"the",
"size",
"of",
"the",
"abscess",
"was",
"observed",
"(",
"46",
"x",
"29",
"mm",
")",
"and",
"the",
"radiologist",
"was",
"struck",
"by",
"the",
"presence",
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An elderly patient with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, peripheral arterial disease and chronic renal failure was admitted to the intensive care unit in spring 2020 with acute dyspnoea. A week earlier, the patient had noticed some fatigue, with fever and dyspnoea, which did not improve after treatment with cefpodoxime at a dose of 200 mg twice daily for 5 days. A chest CT scan revealed multiple bilateral ground-glass opacities with subpleural condensation. An RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection from a nasopharyngeal swab confirmed the diagnosis of COVID-19.
One day after hospital admission, the patient presented with an erythematous, scaly periumbilical patch with rapid progression of other scaly, scaly plaques on the sides of the trunk and thighs. Some lesions on the arms, shoulders and back were papular. The digitate papulosquamous rash clinically resembled pityriasis rosea. A skin biopsy of the left shoulder revealed foci of spongiosis with focal epidermal parakeratosis and a few spongiotic vesicles with clusters of lymphocytes and Langerhans cells. A moderate lymphohistiocytic infiltrate was observed in the superficial dermis, associated with dermal papillary oedema. We performed an RT-PCR test on a fresh skin biopsy specimen and the result was negative for SARS-CoV-2. Blood test results, including HIV serology, treponemal and non-treponemal antigen testing and PCR for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, were negative, while Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) PCR results were positive, with a viral load of 4.6 log10 copies/mL, indicative of EBV replication. Serum markers indicated reactivation and ruled out acute mononucleosis. The skin rash resolved spontaneously within one week. The patient died of COVID-19-associated disease.
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53-year-old woman diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis at the age of 29 years due to the presence of multiple facial lesions (sebaceous adenoma). History of fibrocystic breast mastopathy and colloid goitre. Her parents and children showed no signs of the disease. She reported two palpebral lesions two years earlier that caused itching and tearing in the right eye. On examination, she presented multiple facial lesions with a butterfly wing distribution, flat in appearance, well demarcated (some overlapping), reddish and non desquamative, measuring approximately 0.4 to 0.8 cm in the longest axis. At the periungual level on both fingers and toes she has fibromas (Koeman's tumours), and a hypopigmented spot on the chest. On the left lower eyelid there were two lesions affecting the free edge of the eyelid, nodular, cystic in appearance and yellowish-white in colour, located on the middle 1/3 and outer 1/3 of the eyelid, measuring 0.5 and 0.3 cm in diameter. The clinical diagnosis was epidermal inclusion cysts. The rest of the examination, both ophthalmological (fundus) and systemic (cranial, thoracic and abdominal CT scans) were normal. Surgical treatment consisted of resection of the two palpebral tumours using two wedges that encompassed the lesions, with good cosmetic and functional results. The histopathological diagnosis was angiofibroma due to the presence of a pronounced collagenous proliferation associated with angiomatous hyperplasia. After 18 months of follow-up there has been no evidence of recurrence.
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A 13-year-old female patient with allergy to rosaceous fruits and hazelnut (LTP) and contact dermatitis due to colophony, who presented 15 to 20 minutes after administration of MULTIHANCE contrast medium (dimeglumine gadobenate) with dyspnoea, inspiratory stridor, eyelid oedema, ocular reddening, nasal pruritus and generalised urticaria, treated with oral corticoids and antihistamines, which subsided completely in 2 to 3 hours.
Allergological study performed (7 months after the event): Prick test with dimeglumine gadobenate and gadodiamide (undiluted): Negative. Intradermal reaction negative with gadodiamide at 1/100 and 1/10.
With dimeglumine gadobenate at 1/100, 2 mm papule enlargement and erythema; and at 1/10, positive result with 18 mm erythema and 6 mm papule enlargement.
Enlargement of the study:
Negative skin prick test and intradermal reaction to gadoteridol, gadoteric acid, gadoxetate and gadobutrol. Provocations up to recommended doses (0.1 mmol/kilo of body weight), gadodiamide and gadobutrol were negative.
We present a case of anaphylaxis to dimeglumine gadobenate in paediatric age documented with a positive skin test. To our knowledge there is only one reported case in paediatric age of allergic reaction (without anaphylaxis) to gadolinium-based contrast medium (gadoteridol). Tolerance to other GCBMs is checked to rule out cross-reactivity and to offer safe alternatives to the patient.
| [
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{
"text": "female patient",
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"end": 28
},
{
"text": "hazelnut",
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{
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{
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] | en |
A 36-year-old woman, with no previous history, who started with paraesthesia in the thumb of the right hand followed, 2 days later, by weakness in pincer movements. Two days later, she developed dorsiflexion paresis of the left foot and painful paresthesia on the dorsum of the left foot. She was admitted one week after the start of the week of evolution, with grade 3 paresis on the Medical Research Council (MRC) scale of the right opponens and abductor pollicis brevis (ACP) and grade 4 MRC of the muscles dependent on the left external popliteal sciatic muscle (CPE) together with tactile and painful hypoaesthesia in the first and second fingers of the right hand and on the dorsum of the left foot. He was in good general condition with no fever, skin lesions or adenopathies. Five days after admission, new neurological alterations appeared, consisting of grade 3 MRC paresis of the deltoid and left triceps brachii and paraesthesia in the external face of the left arm and both calves.
Complementary studies performed included erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), haemogram, elemental biochemistry of blood and urine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study, coagulation study including platelets, mean platelet volume, prothrombin time, International Normalised Ratio (INR) and fibrinogen, proteinogram, immunoglobulins, complement C3 and C4 fractions, cryoglobulins, antibody antibody antibody, antibody antibody antibody, immunoglobulin antibody, antibody antibody antibody antibody, antibody antibody antibody antibody, antibody antibody antibody antibody, cryoglobulins, antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA), anti-cardiolipin antibodies IgG and IgM and anti-ganglioside GM1 and GD1b, rheumatoid factor, serology for lues (RPR), Borrelia burgdorferi and hepatitis B and C, Mantoux, electrocardiogram (ECG), chest X-ray, brain, thoracic and abdominal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The findings of these examinations were within the normal range.
During admission, two neurophysiological studies were performed, as detailed in table 1. The first, performed 9 days after the onset of symptoms, highlighted the absence of motor potential (MP) of the left SPC and a reduction in the amplitude of the right median MP with wrist, elbow and axillary stimuli compared to that obtained with palmar stimulation. The electromyogram (EMG) of the right PCA showed a simple maximal effort pattern with few motor unit potentials (MUPs) of normal characteristics and no spontaneous activity. No spontaneous or voluntary activity was recorded in the left tibialis anterior (TA). In the second study performed at 15 days of evolution, changes in the sensory conduction of several nerves, which had previously shown no alterations, were observed. These included a reduction in the amplitude of the sensory potential of the left superficial peroneal nerve, absence of sensory responses in the sural nerves and in the right median nerve on stimulation of the third finger, and a decrease in the amplitude of those obtained from the first and second fingers. As in the first study, no PMs were obtained from the left SPC. The amplitude of the PMs of the right median was reduced, including that corresponding to stimulation on the palm, which had decreased with respect to that of the previous study. EMG showed spontaneous activity in the form of fibrillations and positive waves, abundant in the right PCA and scarce in the left TA and pedio. As in the previous study, the H-reflex and F waves of ulnar, posterior tibial, left medial and right CPE were normal and no proximal motor conduction blocks were observed in the left medial and both ulnar nerves, with normal values up to Erb's point.
A biopsy of the left sural nerve showed axonal degeneration and perivascular inflammatory infiltrate compatible with vasculitis infarction.
Treatment with 60 mg/day of prednisone was started, with subjective improvement of muscle weakness and painful paraesthesias. Subsequently, the prednisone dose was gradually reduced. At 9 months, 45 mg every other day, improvement of paresthesias in the lower extremities and proximal strength in the left upper extremity. Sensory-motor deficit persisted in the right hand and marked paresis in the left EPC territory. A third neurophysiological study performed at 9 months showed no significant changes with respect to the previous one, except for the reappearance of the low-amplitude sensory potential in the right sural nerve. In the EMG, moderate spontaneous activity persisted in the right PCA and left AT, with markedly deficient maximal effort patterns and PUMs with signs of active, irregular (polyphasic and polyturns) and unstable reinnervation.
| [
"A",
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",",
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A 26-year-old man presented to the emergency department with sudden right-sided pleural chest pain and progressive dyspnoea of 3 days' evolution. The patient had not travelled in the previous two weeks and had no history of chest trauma, fever, cough or other systemic symptoms. He was otherwise healthy and was not taking any medication. His partner had been presenting with a non-productive cough for a week. The patient preferred not to disclose further details.
On examination, vital signs showed normal temperature, blood pressure and pulse (118/80 and 122 bpm). He had mild respiratory distress with normal oxygen saturation on room air. His body mass index was 17.6 kg/m2. His blood work revealed lymphocytopenia (0.69 [normal 1.0-3.2] × 109/L). Chest X-ray showed a large right pneumothorax with complete collapse of the right lung, without mediastinal shift.
Because of the patient's respiratory symptoms, a nasopharyngeal swab was performed for RT-PCR testing, which demonstrated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A chest drainage tube was placed and subsequently removed; the physician wore full personal protective equipment, including an N95 mask, for the procedure.
After 48 hours, the patient's symptoms and pneumothorax subsided. He was discharged from the hospital in stable condition and then reported a complete disappearance of symptoms, via video call, on day 1 after discharge.
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A 3-year-old preschooler consulted for recurrent diffuse abdominal pain, of about 12 weeks' evolution, predominantly postprandial, accompanied from the beginning by abundant diarrhoeal stools, with slight weight loss, without fever or micturition syndrome.
PERSONAL HISTORY
Not relevant, introduction of food according to the corresponding age charts, good hygiene.
FAMILY HISTORY
No family history of inflammatory bowel disease or food intolerances.
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
Conscious and BEG oriented. Well hydrated, normal colour. Cardiopulmonary auscultation normal.abdomen: soft and depressible, slightly painful on palpation diffusely, no masses or megaliths, peristalsis preserved. Lower limbs: no oedema, pulses present. Neurological: normal.
INITIAL ATTITUDE
Treatment was started with gastrointestinal transit regulators, soft diet and paracetamol, without success for a week, so auxiliary tests were requested, continuing symptomatic treatment. Biochemistry: Glucose 86 mg/dL 74 Urea 21 mg/dL. Creatinine 0.20 mg.Urate 4.2 mg/dL 3 Bilirubin 0.2 mg/dL Alanine aminotransferase: 16 IU/L Aspartate aminotransferase: 32 IU/L Cholesterol: 196 mg/dL Triglycerides: 146 mg/dL Thyrotropin:
0.970 μIU/mL Urine sediment: normal. Stool: stool culture negative, antigenic detection of Rotavirus, Adenovirus and Giardia lamblia negative. Parasitological study (concentration): negative Haematology: Haemoglobin 13.1 g/dL Haematocrit 38.9% Mean corpuscular volume 80.2 fL Mean corpuscular haemoglobin 27.0 pgr/cell Mean corpuscular haemoglobin conc. 33. 7 gr/dL Erythrocyte distribution width 13.4 % Leucocytes 13620 /μL Neutrophils 54.9 %, Lymphocytes 34.5 % ,Monocytes 9.5 % , Eosinophils: 0.9 %, Basophils 0.2 % ,Neutrophils 7.48 x10e9/L Platelets 528 000/L Mean platelet volume 8.0 fL
EVOLUTION
On arrival of results the problem was still present, so studies were performed Stool: Haemoglobin;15ng/mL Calprotectin;242 ug/g stool (100 mg/g stool: positive.) Digestion of immediate principles: normal (no malabsorptive signs) Autoimmunity Anti-transglutaminase IgA 35 U/mL Immunoglobulin A; 180 mg/dL Antiendomysial IgA 100 U/mL.
With the diagnosis of coeliac disease, the patient was referred to paediatric gastroenterology.
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
Celiac Disease
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{
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{
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"end": 374
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{
"text": "family",
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{
"text": "Adenovirus",
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{
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{
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] | en |
A 27-year-old patient with no past history of interest came to the emergency department with fever and headache of 8 days' evolution. Initially the fever subsided with paracetamol but in the last two days it reached 40oC and she began to feel drowsy and disorientated, when she decided to consult. Cranial CT and MRI were requested, which confirmed an occupation of all the paranasal sinuses on the left side. The frontal sinus showed dehiscence of its posterior wall, as well as a collection compatible with left frontal subdural empyema. The maxillary sinus was in contact with root remnants from teeth 26 and 27, which were identified as the possible origin of the infectious process.
The empyema was drained by means of a left frontal craniotomy by neurosurgery, CENS with opening and washing of the paranasal sinuses, and culture of surgical samples. In a second stage, root debris exodontia was also performed by maxillofacial surgery.
The patient was hospitalised for 10 days on intravenous antibiotic treatment, initially with Meropenem + Linezolid, and after the result of multisensitive Parvimona Micra cultures, he was switched to Metronidazole. He was discharged without sequelae.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 37-year-old male patient consulted the Emergency Department for a headache of one month's duration. He reported that since adolescence he had suffered sporadic episodes of pulsating hemicranial headache with associated photophobia and phonophobia, for which he had never consulted the doctor. He was a smoker of about 20 cigarettes a day and had only one relevant personal history of surgery in childhood, following trauma to the right elbow. He reported a perianal abscess two months before the onset of the headache, which was treated satisfactorily with cloxacillin, without requiring drainage, and otitis media one month earlier, which resolved after seven days of treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.
Approximately one month prior to her attendance at the emergency department, she began to suffer from a pulsating right hemicranial headache of several days' duration. The pain persisted throughout the day, being more intense in the afternoon, and was maintained during the night, although it allowed the patient to rest. During the first few days it was accompanied by a slight sensation of dizziness and pain on palpation of the paranasal sinuses. As this did not subside with the usual analgesia, the patient decided to consult his general practitioner, who diagnosed him with headache and sinusitis and prescribed analgesia with anti-inflammatory drugs and metamizole, as well as antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin. The clinical course included the possibility of evaluating a migraine study, which was ruled out as the patient showed initial improvement after treatment.
However, in just seven days the clinical picture continued to progress, with headache persisting with similar characteristics, but now accompanied by fever, diarrhoeal stools and nausea with vomiting. The pain worsened with Valsalva manoeuvres and was associated with photophobia and phonophobia. The patient then sought urgent care in primary care, where he was diagnosed with tension headache and gastroenteritis, and a normal laboratory test was requested. Despite correct analgesic and antiemetic treatment, the patient showed a clear deterioration, with prostration and a tendency to sleep throughout the day, and three days later his family decided to take him to the Emergency Department.
Physical examination
On arrival at the Emergency Department, the patient was attended on a stretcher as he presented significant pain. On first inspection, the degree of prostration and sensitivity to noise and light, as well as the impression of gravity that he conveyed, stood out. He was conscious and oriented in space and person, but not in time. He kept his eyes closed unless verbally stimulated, with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13 (O3, V4, M6). The general physical examination was normal, with only slight discomfort on abdominal palpation. He was afebrile and normal colour. The neurological examination revealed pain on palpation of the paranasal sinuses. Pupils were isochoric and normoreactive. There were no alterations in campimetry or cranial nerves. There was a decrease in strength 4/5 in the left extremities, as well as slight hyposthesia in the left extremities compared to the right. Reflexes were normal and the Romberg test was negative, with no gait alterations. She showed no dysmetria in the toe-nose test or in the heel-knee test. No meningismus was detected.
Complementary tests
- A basic blood count, biochemistry and coagulation were requested, showing a slight neutrophilia (81.6%) without leukocytosis, with no other parameters outside the normal range.
- Urinalysis, chest X-ray and electrocardiogram were normal.
- A cranial computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast showed an expansive right temporal intraaxial lesion 58 mm in diameter, rounded, with fine ring-shaped uptake and right hemispheric perilesional oedema with a 16 mm midline displacement, compatible with right temporal abscess. Cranial CT scan with contrast, showing right temporal abscess, with significant midline shift.
Diagnosis
Right brain abscess of otogenic origin.
Treatment
Treatment was started in the Emergency Department with dexamethasone every 6 h and antibiotherapy combined with ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The Neurosurgery Department was contacted urgently and performed urgent drainage of the abscess. The Otolaryngology Department performed tympanoplasty and radical mastoidectomy in the same surgical procedure.
Evolution
The patient had a good postoperative evolution, without complications, maintaining a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 at all times and without alterations in the neurological examination. The neuroimaging tests showed normal postoperative changes, without intracranial collections and with decreased midline displacement.
Microbiological examination of the material removed during surgery (pus and abscess capsule) revealed that the abscess had been produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae. The patient was admitted to the neurosurgery ward for 23 days, receiving antibiotic treatment. During the patient's admission, serology was performed, which revealed infection by hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, both of which were unknown. On discharge he was treated with ceftriaxone for eight weeks.
| [
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{
"text": "adolescence",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 135,
"end": 146
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{
"text": "childhood",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 407,
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 29,
"end": 36
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{
"text": "male patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 24,
"end": 36
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{
"text": "personal",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 376,
"end": 384
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{
"text": "general practitioner",
"label": "HUMAN",
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"end": 1281
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{
"text": "patient",
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"start": 4948,
"end": 4955
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 5050,
"end": 5057
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{
"text": "hepatitis B virus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 5123,
"end": 5140
}
] | en |
CLINICAL HISTORY
A 64-year-old man consulted for progressive dyspnoea of one month's duration. He began with a fever of 39oC and dry cough, for which he was treated for a week with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oral corticosteroids; the fever disappeared but the dry cough persisted, and he returned to the emergency department for progressive dyspnoea until minimal effort (functional class III/IV), accompanied by cough, pleuritic pain and mild haemoptysis; without clinical improvement despite treatment after three weeks of evolution.
Personal history
Patient was a former mine worker. Well-controlled hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ex-smoker and moderate ex-drinker. In 2002 he was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukaemia undergoing treatment with cycles of chemotherapy and intensified treatment with autologous haematopoietic progenitor transplant. Since then he has been in complete remission of his haematological disease with follow-up by the external consultation of the haematology service, and at the time of the picture he was untreated for this reason.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
On admission, the patient had a basal oxygen saturation of 87%; BP 100/80 mmHg; temperature 36.8oC; heart rate 70 bpm. Conscious and oriented; skin pallor, good hydration; strength, sensitivity and reflexes preserved, without meningeal signs or neurological focality. Tachypnoea and intolerance to decubitus stood out, with normal jugular venous pressure. There was abolition of the murmur in the right pulmonary apex, with the presence of rhonchi and bibasal crackles predominantly on the right. Oedema with malleolar fovea in both lower limbs. On abdominal palpation there was a discrete splenomegaly. There were bilateral axillary lymphadenopathies.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Blood count: leukocytes 4.5 x 109/L, segmented 2.94 x 109/L, haemoglobin 14.3 g/dL, platelets (microscopic count) 180 x 109/L, reticulocytes 1.6%. Peripheral blood smear: platelet aggregates are observed. No blasts or significant pathological findings were observed. Biochemical profile: glucose 199 mg/dL, triglycerides 171 mg/dL, rest normal. Baseline arterial blood gases: pH 7.43; pO2 87.9 mmHg; pCO2 48 mmHg; HCO3 31.8 mmol/L; EB 6.6. Chest X-ray: cavitated image in L.S.D. Antigenuria against Legionella and Pneumococcus were also negative.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
When pneumonia is suspected, the presence of other diseases with similar symptoms and signs should be ruled out, such as tuberculosis, congestive heart failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, atelectasis, allergic pneumonitis, lung damage due to drugs and/or radiotherapy, lung cancer, sarcoidosis and others.
EVOLUTION
Given the suspicion of infection as the cause of the symptoms, the patient was given bronchodilators and broad-spectrum antibiotics (intravenous ceftazidime and amikacin). During his admission he remained afebrile, but his clinical condition progressively worsened, and the following tests were performed: Chest CT scan: image with areas of cavitation in the external region of the caudal half of the right upper lobe, suggestive of fungal superinfection or epidermoid carcinoma of the lung or pulmonary TB, with signs of air trapping and pulmonary infiltrates in the right hemithorax, both in the LS and lower lobe. Bronchoscopy: bronchial tree with erythema in L.S.D. without images suggestive of malignancy; Serial bronchial aspirate bronchoscopy: negative. Sputum mycobacterial culture: negative; Sputum × 3 and bronchial aspirate cytology: inflammatory smear with absence of cells suggestive of malignancy. Serology for M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, C. Burnetti and L. pneumophila: negative. Echocardiography with no significant findings. After bronchoscopy, the patient suffered an episode of severe bronchospasm, requiring the use of high doses of systemic corticosteroids and aerosols. After stabilisation, a week later, the bronchoscopy was repeated, showing a diffusely inflamed, thickened mucosa with a fine vascular network, and a new BAS was taken for microbiology and pathological anatomy. After antibiotic treatment, bronchodilators and systemic corticoids, the patient initially improved, but a week later, he began to experience an increase in his usual dyspnoea, until he became resting with cough, yellowish expectoration and pleuritic pain in the left hemithorax accompanied by orthopnoea and desaturation, with tachypnoea, use of accessory muscles, labial and acral cyanosis and severe diffuse bronchospasm, with no significant radiological changes. 48 h after fibrobronchoscopy, Microbiology reported the growth of a filamentous fungus in the culture media, identified as Aspergillus niger. Given the suspicion of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, due to the poor clinical evolution of the patient, the microbiological and cytological findings and the risk factors he presented (broad spectrum antibiotherapy and prolonged systemic corticotherapy at high doses), treatment was started with voriconazole (400 mg/12 h iv. followed by 200 mg /12 h iv.). Despite specific treatment, the patient's respiratory condition worsened, with severe bronchospasm, forcing an increase in high-dose systemic corticosteroids and O2 with 100% FiO2. The patient developed severe plateletopenia (<50,000) and diarrhoeal syndrome secondary to voriconazole treatment, right heart failure, acute respiratory failure and died.
| [
"CLINICAL",
"HISTORY",
"A",
"64-year-old",
"man",
"consulted",
"for",
"progressive",
"dyspnoea",
"of",
"one",
"month",
"'",
"s",
"duration",
".",
"He",
"began",
"with",
"a",
"fever",
"of",
"39oC",
"and",
"dry",
"cough",
",",
"for",
"which",
"he",
"was",
"treated",
"for",
"a",
"week",
"with",
"amoxicillin-clavulanic",
"acid",
"and",
"oral",
"corticosteroids",
";",
"the",
"fever",
"disappeared",
"but",
"the",
"dry",
"cough",
"persisted",
",",
"and",
"he",
"returned",
"to",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
"for",
"progressive",
"dyspnoea",
"until",
"minimal",
"effort",
"(",
"functional",
"class",
"III",
"/",
"IV",
")",
",",
"accompanied",
"by",
"cough",
",",
"pleuritic",
"pain",
"and",
"mild",
"haemoptysis",
";",
"without",
"clinical",
"improvement",
"despite",
"treatment",
"after",
"three",
"weeks",
"of",
"evolution",
".",
"Personal",
"history",
"Patient",
"was",
"a",
"former",
"mine",
"worker",
".",
"Well-controlled",
"hypertension",
"and",
"type",
"2",
"diabetes",
"mellitus",
".",
"Ex-smoker",
"and",
"moderate",
"ex-drinker",
".",
"In",
"2002",
"he",
"was",
"diagnosed",
"with",
"acute",
"myeloid",
"leukaemia",
"undergoing",
"treatment",
"with",
"cycles",
"of",
"chemotherapy",
"and",
"intensified",
"treatment",
"with",
"autologous",
"haematopoietic",
"progenitor",
"transplant",
".",
"Since",
"then",
"he",
"has",
"been",
"in",
"complete",
"remission",
"of",
"his",
"haematological",
"disease",
"with",
"follow-up",
"by",
"the",
"external",
"consultation",
"of",
"the",
"haematology",
"service",
",",
"and",
"at",
"the",
"time",
"of",
"the",
"picture",
"he",
"was",
"untreated",
"for",
"this",
"reason",
".",
"PHYSICAL",
"EXAMINATION",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"a",
"basal",
"oxygen",
"saturation",
"of",
"87",
"%",
";",
"BP",
"100",
"/",
"80",
"mmHg",
";",
"temperature",
"36",
".",
"8oC",
";",
"heart",
"rate",
"70",
"bpm",
".",
"Conscious",
"and",
"oriented",
";",
"skin",
"pallor",
",",
"good",
"hydration",
";",
"strength",
",",
"sensitivity",
"and",
"reflexes",
"preserved",
",",
"without",
"meningeal",
"signs",
"or",
"neurological",
"focality",
".",
"Tachypnoea",
"and",
"intolerance",
"to",
"decubitus",
"stood",
"out",
",",
"with",
"normal",
"jugular",
"venous",
"pressure",
".",
"There",
"was",
"abolition",
"of",
"the",
"murmur",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"pulmonary",
"apex",
",",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"rhonchi",
"and",
"bibasal",
"crackles",
"predominantly",
"on",
"the",
"right",
".",
"Oedema",
"with",
"malleolar",
"fovea",
"in",
"both",
"lower",
"limbs",
".",
"On",
"abdominal",
"palpation",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"discrete",
"splenomegaly",
".",
"There",
"were",
"bilateral",
"axillary",
"lymphadenopathies",
".",
"COMPLEMENTARY",
"TESTS",
"Blood",
"count",
":",
"leukocytes",
"4",
".",
"5",
"x",
"109",
"/",
"L",
",",
"segmented",
"2",
".",
"94",
"x",
"109",
"/",
"L",
",",
"haemoglobin",
"14",
".",
"3",
"g",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"platelets",
"(",
"microscopic",
"count",
")",
"180",
"x",
"109",
"/",
"L",
",",
"reticulocytes",
"1",
".",
"6",
"%",
".",
"Peripheral",
"blood",
"smear",
":",
"platelet",
"aggregates",
"are",
"observed",
".",
"No",
"blasts",
"or",
"significant",
"pathological",
"findings",
"were",
"observed",
".",
"Biochemical",
"profile",
":",
"glucose",
"199",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"triglycerides",
"171",
"mg",
"/",
"dL",
",",
"rest",
"normal",
".",
"Baseline",
"arterial",
"blood",
"gases",
":",
"pH",
"7",
".",
"43",
";",
"pO2",
"87",
".",
"9",
"mmHg",
";",
"pCO2",
"48",
"mmHg",
";",
"HCO3",
"31",
".",
"8",
"mmol",
"/",
"L",
";",
"EB",
"6",
".",
"6",
".",
"Chest",
"X-ray",
":",
"cavitated",
"image",
"in",
"L",
".",
"S",
".",
"D",
".",
"Antigenuria",
"against",
"Legionella",
"and",
"Pneumococcus",
"were",
"also",
"negative",
".",
"DIFFERENTIAL",
"DIAGNOSIS",
"IN",
"THE",
"EMERGENCY",
"DEPARTMENT",
"When",
"pneumonia",
"is",
"suspected",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"other",
"diseases",
"with",
"similar",
"symptoms",
"and",
"signs",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
",",
"such",
"as",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"congestive",
"heart",
"failure",
",",
"pulmonary",
"thromboembolism",
",",
"atelectasis",
",",
"allergic",
"pneumonitis",
",",
"lung",
"damage",
"due",
"to",
"drugs",
"and",
"/",
"or",
"radiotherapy",
",",
"lung",
"cancer",
",",
"sarcoidosis",
"and",
"others",
".",
"EVOLUTION",
"Given",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"infection",
"as",
"the",
"cause",
"of",
"the",
"symptoms",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"given",
"bronchodilators",
"and",
"broad-spectrum",
"antibiotics",
"(",
"intravenous",
"ceftazidime",
"and",
"amikacin",
")",
".",
"During",
"his",
"admission",
"he",
"remained",
"afebrile",
",",
"but",
"his",
"clinical",
"condition",
"progressively",
"worsened",
",",
"and",
"the",
"following",
"tests",
"were",
"performed",
":",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
":",
"image",
"with",
"areas",
"of",
"cavitation",
"in",
"the",
"external",
"region",
"of",
"the",
"caudal",
"half",
"of",
"the",
"right",
"upper",
"lobe",
",",
"suggestive",
"of",
"fungal",
"superinfection",
"or",
"epidermoid",
"carcinoma",
"of",
"the",
"lung",
"or",
"pulmonary",
"TB",
",",
"with",
"signs",
"of",
"air",
"trapping",
"and",
"pulmonary",
"infiltrates",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"hemithorax",
",",
"both",
"in",
"the",
"LS",
"and",
"lower",
"lobe",
".",
"Bronchoscopy",
":",
"bronchial",
"tree",
"with",
"erythema",
"in",
"L",
".",
"S",
".",
"D",
".",
"without",
"images",
"suggestive",
"of",
"malignancy",
";",
"Serial",
"bronchial",
"aspirate",
"bronchoscopy",
":",
"negative",
".",
"Sputum",
"mycobacterial",
"culture",
":",
"negative",
";",
"Sputum",
"×",
"3",
"and",
"bronchial",
"aspirate",
"cytology",
":",
"inflammatory",
"smear",
"with",
"absence",
"of",
"cells",
"suggestive",
"of",
"malignancy",
".",
"Serology",
"for",
"M",
".",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"C",
".",
"pneumoniae",
",",
"C",
".",
"Burnetti",
"and",
"L",
".",
"pneumophila",
":",
"negative",
".",
"Echocardiography",
"with",
"no",
"significant",
"findings",
".",
"After",
"bronchoscopy",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"suffered",
"an",
"episode",
"of",
"severe",
"bronchospasm",
",",
"requiring",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"high",
"doses",
"of",
"systemic",
"corticosteroids",
"and",
"aerosols",
".",
"After",
"stabilisation",
",",
"a",
"week",
"later",
",",
"the",
"bronchoscopy",
"was",
"repeated",
",",
"showing",
"a",
"diffusely",
"inflamed",
",",
"thickened",
"mucosa",
"with",
"a",
"fine",
"vascular",
"network",
",",
"and",
"a",
"new",
"BAS",
"was",
"taken",
"for",
"microbiology",
"and",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
".",
"After",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
",",
"bronchodilators",
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"systemic",
"corticoids",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"initially",
"improved",
",",
"but",
"a",
"week",
"later",
",",
"he",
"began",
"to",
"experience",
"an",
"increase",
"in",
"his",
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",",
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"yellowish",
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",",
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",",
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",",
"labial",
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"acral",
"cyanosis",
"and",
"severe",
"diffuse",
"bronchospasm",
",",
"with",
"no",
"significant",
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".",
"48",
"h",
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"fibrobronchoscopy",
",",
"Microbiology",
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"growth",
"of",
"a",
"filamentous",
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"the",
"culture",
"media",
",",
"identified",
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",",
"treatment",
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"/",
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".",
"Despite",
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",",
"the",
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"O2",
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"FiO2",
".",
"The",
"patient",
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"plateletopenia",
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"<",
"50",
",",
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"and",
"diarrhoeal",
"syndrome",
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",",
"right",
"heart",
"failure",
",",
"acute",
"respiratory",
"failure",
"and",
"died",
"."
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17-month-old boy, with negative FA for atopy and AP: atopic dermatitis, Bronchitis disneizante. Sensitisation to mites.
The child, playing with unpeeled raw potatoes, developed urticaria on his hands, lip angioedema and conjunctivitis, and was treated with antihistamines.
A few weeks later, while handling a peach, he presented a similar clinical picture. They also reported that after eating pumpkin and courgette he had profuse diarrhoea at the time of ingestion with no other associated symptoms, and after eating Nutella he complained of oral itching.
Tolerates cooked potato and other fruits, has never eaten peach or nuts.
Results:
CT(Prick): with inhalant extracts, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, latex, flours and panallergens: positive to mites, peach, hazelnut, walnut and peanut.
CT(prick/prick) with raw potato skin and flesh: positive, with cooked flesh and skin: negative.
Total IgETotal:139kUI/L
Specific IgE (kUA/L): Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus:58, rPru p3:10,4, rPru p1-p4: < 0,1, pumpkin:0,97,
peanut:0,43, rAra h1,h2,h3,h8: <0,1, rAra h9(LTP):1,58,
Hazelnut: 0,27, rCor a1,a8(LTP),a9: < 0,1,rCor a14:0,29.
Walnut: 5,16, rJug r1:0,67, rJug r3 (LTP): 4,94. Other fruits and vegetables (potato...): <0.1.
SDS-PAGE IgE binding is observed on Prup3 and on a potato protein of pm: 60kDa which does not seem to belong to the LTPs group.
Controlled exposure test (CEP) to peanut negative. PEC to walnut: anaphylaxis with the second dose (1/8 of walnut).
Conclusions:
In conclusion this is a child with atopic dermatitis, sensitised to mites who presents LTP syndrome (allergy to peach and nuts) and allergy to raw potato, which does not seem to be related to his sensitisation to LTP.
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Male, 21 years old with no medical, toxic, personal or family history. He travelled to Ceuta and Melilla in the last month.
He consulted for asthenia and diffuse abdominal pain. It started 15 days after the trip, with progressive abdominal pain, intensity 4/10 (VAS), without concomitants.
Physical examination: jaundice and petechiae on the trunk. Abdomen: painful on palpation, predominantly in the right hypochondrium. The rest of the examination was normal. CBC: leukocytes 5,110/mm3 (65%N; 20.9%L; 12.8%M); haemoglobin: 15.5 g/dL; haematocrit 45% and platelets 20,000/mm3. GOT 5020 U/L, GTP 5500 U/L, GGT 181 U/L, total bilirubin 10 mg/dL and CRP 8.4 mg/dL, prothrombin activity 68% and prothrombin time 13.9 sec. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound were normal. The following differential diagnoses were made: acute hepatitis of possible infectious, medicinal, toxic, autoimmune, ischaemic origin; and less probably secondary to Wilson's disease, hypothyroidism and coeliac disease. Evolution: no clinical or analytical improvement. HIV, HAV, HBV, HEV, HCV, Rickettsia, Brucella, Leptospira, and Q fever; CMV, HSV, VZV, herpes virus type 8, toxins, autoimmunity and coeliac disease negative. After 15 days of admission without clinical improvement: pancytopenia (leukocytes: 550/mm3 (50% neutrophils; 41.9% lymphocytes, 5.8% monocytes); haemoglobin: 9.5 g/dL, platelets 10,000mm3). Consultation with haematology indicated transfusion of platelets and intravenous human immunoglobulin, corticosteroids and cyclosporine, with no analytical response and coagulation deterioration was observed, so a liver biopsy was ruled out. Chest and abdominal CT scan: 13 cm splenomegaly. Subsequent laboratory tests: worsening of pancytopenia (leukocytes 450/mm3 (50%N; 42%L; 6%M ); Hb 8.6 g/dL; haematocrit 25%; platelets 9000/mm3; fibrinogen 100 mg/dl; elevated ferritin and triglycerides (350 mg/dl), total bilirubin 18 mg/dl; GOT 3000 U/l; GPT 4500 U/l). Haemophagocytic syndrome was suspected and a bone marrow biopsy was performed which showed the presence of haemophagocytes in the aspirate, confirming the diagnosis. Specific treatment was started and a bone marrow transplant was proposed. The patient developed sepsis due to Pseudomonas aeuriginosa and died despite treatment. Acute markers of Epstein Barr infection were positive (anti VCA-IgG negative, anti EBNA IgG negative, anti VCA-IgM positive).
Final Diagnosis
Haemophagocytic syndrome secondary to Epstein Barr infection.
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{
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{
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] | en |
The patient was a 27-year-old man who had suffered from pneumonia as a child and was a non-smoker and non-smoker. He was diagnosed with extrinsic bronchial asthma and allergic rhinoconjunctivitis with hypersensitivity to grasses and olive trees. He needed inhaled corticosteroids sporadically. After significant physical exertion (he was a costalero in a procession during a local festival and had slept very little) in the summer of 2003, he began to experience pain in the right hemithorax that sometimes radiated to the right upper limb and increased with deep breathing. Subsequently, he developed a fever and a feeling of dyspnoea, for which he went to the hospital emergency department. Clinical examination on admission revealed a poor general condition and a lesion in the scar phase on the abdominal wall that could correspond to a boil. Vesicular murmur was diminished at the right base. Cardiac and neurological examinations were normal. There were no organomegalies.
There was leukocytosis (from 12,000/cubic mm to 18,700/cubic mm) with neutrophilia, the rest of the haematological parameters being within normal limits. There was no eosinophilia. Creatinine increased during admission to 1.6 mg/dl and urea to 61 mg/dl. Other biochemical values were: total bilirubin: 2.19 mg/dl, direct fraction: 1.33 mg/dl, LDH: 687 IU/l, GOT: 61 IU/l; GPT: 111 IU/l, GGT: 521 IU/l, alkaline phosphatase 509 IU/l. Sedimentation rate reached 71 mm in the first hour. Serology for HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses were negative. Serial blood cultures were performed and were positive for susceptible Staphylococcus aureus methicillin.
Transthoracic echocardiography showed normal images without pericardial effusion. Ten days after admission, a warm, erythematous lesion appeared in the right parasternal region, which disappeared on digitopressure and was about 5 x 5 cm. Fluid was aspirated from the lesion, the culture of which was also positive for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus. Ultrasound of the abdomen was normal. Chest CT scan showed a left pleural effusion with interstitial prominence. There were three small nodular images in the right upper lobe, left upper lobe and another subpleural image of less than one centimetre in size compatible with small staphylococcal abscesses (Fig. 1). The CT scan of the abdomen was normal, with no presence of lymphadenopathy or free cavity fluid. The bone scan showed intensely increased osteogenic activity at the level of the sternal joint compatible with arthritis at that level. An MRI of the sternum was performed. There was gadolinium uptake at the joint of the manubrium with the sternal body, extending to the middle of the manubrium and the proximal third of the sternal body, with enlargement and uptake in the adjacent soft tissues, both anterior and posterior. These findings were compatible with arthritis at that level and highly suggestive of osteomyelitis. There were no signs of bone destruction. The clinical course was good with antibiotic treatment consisting of intravenous (IV) cloxacillin for 15 days at a dose of 2 g/6 hours and IV gentamicin for 7 days at a dose of 5 mg/kg/24 hours. He did not require intensive care at any time during his evolution. Subsequently, oral treatment with rifampicin (dose of 600 mg/24 h) and levofloxacin (dose of 500 mg, every 24 h) was continued for two months. The parasternal dermal lesion took five weeks to disappear. To rule out primary immunodeficiency, the patient underwent a screening test with the following results: normal complement levels, lymphocyte subpopulations and markers, granulocyte oxidative capacity and lymphocyte function (the latter with expression of activation markers in response to different stimuli). Protective levels for specific IgG against tetanus toxoid, Haemophilus By pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide. Slightly elevated levels of IgE and IgG4 with normality in the remaining immunoglobulins and IgG subclasses (IgE = 170 IU/l, normal range: 0-100 IU/l; Ig G4 = 3,910 mg/l, normal range: 80-1,400 mg/l). Isohemagglutinin titres could not be assessed due to lack of samples. This study was performed when the patient was discharged and two months after the onset of the disease.
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Anamnesis
A 46-year-old patient with a personal history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, former injecting drug addict (heroin), HIV positive on monotherapy with DRV/r with good control (CD4 440 and undetectable viral load), HCV genotype 1b coinfection with no signs of portal hypertension and under follow-up by Dermatology for neutrophilic dermatosis. He was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department in August 2012 for a clinical picture of progressive weakness and visual disturbances associated with a deterioration in the level of consciousness. A normal lumbar puncture was performed, syphilis and toxoplasma serology was negative, herpes simplex PCR 1, 2 and varicella were negative. The infectious origin of the process was ruled out, and Neurology was notified for assessment.
Physical examination
General examination: bedridden patient in acceptable general condition, well hydrated and perfused, eupneic at rest and speech. Afebrile. Blood pressure 160/100 mmHg. Weight 85 kg. Cushingoid appearance. Cardiac auscultation with rhythmic tones, at a good frequency, without audible murmurs. Respiratory auscultation with preserved vesicular murmur with no added pathological sounds. Abdomen soft, depressible, not painful on palpation, no palpable masses or megaliths, no signs of peritoneal irritation. Lower limbs without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Papuloerythematous and pruritic lesions on the trunk. Neurological examination: good level of consciousness, oriented, emotional lability with a tendency to cry. No language disorders. Left homonymous hemianopsia. Motor balance: upper limbs 5/5. Left lower limb 5/5. Right lower limb 3/5 overall. No clear deficits in tactoalgesic sensitivity. Failure to recognise toes. REM more vivid in the right hemibody. Right extensor CPR, indifferent left. No dysmetria. Paretic gait.
Complementary tests
- CBC: creatinine 1.65 mg/dl GOT 47 IU/l, GPT 59 IU/l. Haemoglobin 12.7 g/dl. All other parameters within normal ranges.
- Electrocardiogram: sinus tachycardia at 100-110 bpm, normal PR, narrow QRS with normal axis. Deep S wave in V2-V3. rS in III and aVF. No significant cardiac repolarisation disturbances.
- Cerebrospinal fluid: normal cellularity, proteinorrachia of 60 mg/dl, rest normal, including ADA.
- Study of autoimmunity (ANA, ANCA) and normal hypercoagulability. Cryoglobulins negative.
- Serology negative (syphilis, toxoplasma, PCR HSV 1,2 and varicella) except HIV (undetectable viral load) and HCV (viral load > 4,000,000).
- Bilateral intracranial carotid artery and bilateral vertebral artery arteriography: multiple parietal irregularities and stenosis in the intracranial arteries in their distal segments affecting both anterior and posterior circulation. Also, moderate stenosis in the left P1 segment. Findings compatible with small vessel vasculitis. Arteriography showing parietal irregularities and stenosis of the distal intracranial arteries, compatible with small vessel vasculitis.
- Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT): multiple ischaemic lesions, some with haemorrhagic transformation, territorial and bilateral, in different stages. Cranial CT scan showing large cortical atrophy and multiple bilateral ischaemic lesions in different vascular territories.
- Echocardiography: severe LV hypertrophy with preserved EF.
- Electroencephalogram: bilateral and symmetrical fundamental activity, showing moderate signs of diffuse cerebral involvement. Diagnosis Central nervous system (CNS) HCV vasculitis with negative cryoglobulinaemia in an HIV and HCV positive patient.
Treatment
During his admission, treatment was started with a bolus of cyclophosphamide 750 mg and 3 boluses of 1 g/day of methylprednisolone for 3 days. Despite this, the evolution was torpid.
Evolution
In December 2012, he required a new admission to the Neurology Department due to progression of the pathology. He presented new multiple ischaemic brain lesions and several episodes of acute myocardial ischaemia, receiving conservative medical treatment. Given the patient's poor neurological condition, aggressive treatment for HCV was rejected, which, in addition, being genotype 1b, would have required a more aggressive treatment than usual and with worse results. At present, he is in a very poor clinical condition, with general conservative measures as the only treatment. Although he maintains haemodynamic stability, he is disorientated, he speaks and understands simple commands, cortical blindness, tendency to cephalic deviation to the right, tetraparesis: MSD 2/5, MSI 0/5, MID proximal 0/5, MID distal 3/5, MII proximal 0/5, distal 3/5.
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{
"text": "patient",
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"end": 31
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{
"text": "HCV genotype 1b",
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{
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"end": 4196
}
] | en |
A 19-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with fever (38.5°C) of 4 days' duration, followed by chest pain and skin rash. She had tachycardia (120 bpm) and an oxygen saturation of 97% on room air. Chest and abdominal examination was normal. Skin examination revealed an exanthem consisting of confluent, slightly erythematous macules affecting the trunk and extremities. On the palms and soles, the macules coalesced to form clearly demarcated areas of erythema, with islands of unaffected skin. Chest X-ray and chest CT scan yielded no relevant findings. An electrocardiogram revealed sinus tachycardia and diffuse ST-segment elevation; the troponin T value was 367 ng/L. The electrocardiogram showed normal ventricular activity, with no signs of pericardial effusion. Acute myopericarditis was diagnosed. Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis (18.2 x 10 9/L) with 6% lymphocytes and normal haemoglobin, thrombocyte and lactate dehydrogenase values. C-reactive protein (23.10 mg/L), D-dimer (1095 ng/mL) and fibrinogen (974 mg/dL) values were high. Tests for autoimmune diseases were negative. Serological tests ruled out Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, Coxsackie virus, parvovirus B19, hepatitis A-B-C virus, Treponema pallidum and HIV infections. Blood cultures were negative. A PCR test from a nasopharyngeal swab sample was positive for COVID-19 and negative for adenovirus, other coronaviruses, human enterovirus, influenza virus and parainfluenza virus. Treatment was initiated with ceftriaxone, low molecular weight heparin, acetylsalicylic acid, pantoprazole, hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir. Antiviral therapy and hydroxychloroquine were discontinued after 2 days due to the onset of nausea, diarrhoea and anaemia. Colchicine (0.5 mg twice daily) was started, with complete resolution of skin lesions, normalisation of ECG and progressive apyrexia. On day 8, a nasopharyngeal swab was negative for COVID-19 and the patient was discharged.
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A 24-year-old man, with no past history of interest, consulted in the emergency department for fever and a single painful lesion on the scrotum, of 12 hours' evolution. The patient reported a fever of up to 38oC of one week's evolution, labelled as pharyngotonsillitis, and treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. There was no history of trauma, exposure to animals, sexually transmitted diseases or tuberculosis. Examination revealed a flat, erythematous, circumscribed lesion with a necrotic border on the left hemiscrotal area that was painful on palpation. After 24 hours of evolution, there was evidence of an increase in the diameter of the lesion with a necrotic centre and erythematous borders.
Both testicles were normal on examination. There were no inguinal lymphadenopathies, leukocytosis (14000/ml) and increased glomerular sedimentation rate. Urine sediment and urine culture were normal.
Testicular ultrasound ruled out testicular involvement, except for oedema of the testicular lining. Chest and abdominal X-rays showed no abnormalities.
During his admission, serology was carried out for Lúes, V.I.H.1 and V.I.H.2, rickettsiae, as well as determination of antinuclear antibodies, urine culture and culture of urethral exudate, all of which were negative.
Treatment was started with third generation cephalosporin and NSAIDs for pain control. A histological study was not considered due to the good clinical evolution of the patient with the treatment given, and with disappearance of the lesion after 20 days.
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On 24/01/2018, a 50-year-old female patient, Argentinean, residing in El Tunal, department of Metan, province of Salta, was admitted to the Health Institution of Metan for a febrile condition with generalised arthralgias, abdominal pain and diarrhoea of 5 days' evolution.
The following day she was referred to the "Hospital Dr. Joaquín Castellanos" in General Güemes for evaluation by the medical surgery service. On admission, samples were taken for culture of the most frequent pathogens.
At 48h the patient was transferred to the Intensive Care Unit with a presumptive diagnosis of sepsis with abdominal focus, urinary tract infection and acute pancreatitis. Empirical treatment with omeprazole, ciprofloxacin, sodium heparin, oxygen, ketorolac was applied. At the evening examination the patient was found to be lucid, but with hypoventilation. A chest X-ray was requested, which showed a left basal infiltrate, and a CT scan showed free lung bases, liver, spleen, pancreas, adrenal glands and kidneys preserved, no retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, intestinal loops not distended, no evidence of free fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The condition worsened rapidly with tachypnoea, hypotension requiring vasopressors, acrocyanosis in the upper limbs and lividity-like lesions in the lower limbs. The patient required mechanical ventilation, antibiotic treatment with ciprofloxacin was discontinued and replaced by ampicillin-sulbactam and vancomycin.
After exhaustive questioning of family members, they reported the removal of a tick from the left lumbar region 3 days prior to the onset of symptoms.
Given the history collected, serum samples were taken and diagnostic tests were requested for dengue (RT-PCR, non-structural antigen -NS1-, IgM Mac ELISA), chikungunya (real-time PCR), hantavirus (IgM Mac ELISA) and rickettsiosis (indirect immunofluorescence). The determination of IgG and IgM specific for Rickettsia spp. was performed using the commercial kit Indirect Immunofluorescence (Focus Diagnostics) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Recent infection was considered as the detection of IgM titres≥1:64 and IgG≥1:256.
Additionally, skin biopsies of the purpuric rash and left lower limb region were taken for detection of Rickettsia spp. by PCR. Tissue samples were processed with the commercial DNeasy Blood & Tissue QIAGEN kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. Partial amplification of the following genes was performed: gltA, ompA, ompB, htrD and the 23S-5S rRNA intergenic spacer, according to the protocol described8. The amplification products obtained from the 23S-5S rRNA, ompA and ompB genes were sequenced with the Big Dye Terminator v 3.1 Cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) and analysed on the ABI 377 Genetic Analyzer sequencer (PE Applied Biosystems). The sequences obtained were compared with those deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) with the BLASTN tool, Nucleotide collection (nr/nt) database [National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)].
Samples for diagnosis of rickettsiosis were referred to the Special Bacteriology Service, INEI-ANLIS "Carlos G. Malbrán", CABA and the remaining samples to the Milagro Viejo Hospital, Salta. The patient was preventively covered with doxycycline 200mg/12h. Results: dengue-negative; chikungunya-negative; hantavirus-negative; rickettsiosis-IgG non-reactive (<1/64); IgM non-reactive (<1/64).
After 72h of hospitalisation, the patient suffered cardiorespiratory arrest and died. Serial blood and urine cultures were negative after 6 days of incubation.
20 days after the onset of symptoms, a confirmatory diagnosis was obtained by amplification and partial sequencing of the ompB and ompA genes. The sequences obtained showed 99% identity with strains available in GenBank of R. rickettsii, ompB and ompA genes, accession numbers: CP018914.1, CP018913.1, CP006010.1 and MF988095.1, CP018914.1, CP018913.1 respectively).
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A 73-year-old man with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and carotid stenosis presented to the emergency department with fever, respiratory distress and altered mental status. Systematic anamnesis revealed dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting and decreased oral intake for two days, but he reported no fever or chills at home. He had had contact with a sick person at home. Vital signs on first consultation were fever 38.3°C, tachycardia with a pulse of 102 bpm, hypoxaemia with a saturation of 85% on a 100% reservoir mask. The patient was intubated in the ED with a diagnosis of hypoxaemic respiratory failure. Because of the altered mental status, a cranial CT scan was performed, which showed loss of differentiation between grey and white matter in the left parietal and occipital lobes, consistent with acute infarction. A thoracic CT scan showed diffuse ground-glass opacities and bilateral peripheral patchy alveolar opacities, characteristic of atypical pneumonia or COVID-19 viral infection. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed no abnormal findings. Blood tests showed leukocytopenia and lymphocytopenia. Urinalysis showed results within normal limits. C-reactive protein was elevated at 26 mg/dl (0-0.4 mg/dl). D-dimer was not checked during the hospital course. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for COVID-19 detected the presence of the virus. Blood and urine cultures showed no growth. A new cranial CT scan showed evolution towards a large acute infarction of the left MCA area with hyperdense appearance of the left MCA vessels, consistent with an acute thrombus. The patient was not considered a suitable candidate for neurosurgical intervention or thrombolysis because of his condition. The patient was treated with aspirin and other symptomatic measures. Telemetry showed no abnormal heart rhythm. Finally, the family decided to take palliative measures and extubate the patient.
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A 43-year-old man from Morocco was admitted to our department for 4 days of painless mucocutaneous jaundice, coluria and generalised pruritus. The only history of interest was a treated tuberculosis, hypercholesterolemia under dietary treatment and mild smoking. Laboratory tests showed the following data: bilirubin 19.44 mg/dl, GOT 110 IU/ml, GPT 371 IU/ml, GGT 632 IU/ml, FA 787 IU/ml, LDH 394 IU/ml. Amylase and lipase were normal throughout. Hypergammaglobulinaemia (gamma globulin 1.56%) was also notable, with IgG 1840 IU/ml (751-1560 IU/ml). The CA 19-9 marker was 82 IU/ml. Autoantibodies (ANA, AMA, AMA-2, ANCA, LKM1, SMA, SLA and F-actin) and serologies for viruses and bacteria (HAV, HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV, EBV, VZV, HSV, parotidis virus, parvovirus B19, Brucella, Borrelia, Coxiella, Leishmania, Rickettsiae and Toxoplasma) were negative. Abdominal ultrasound showed dilatation of the intra- and extrahepatic bile duct and echoendoscopy (EUS) showed an enlarged pancreas with a 3 cm focal lesion at the level of the head and mild posterior dilatation of the pancreatic duct. The thoracoabdominal CT scan also showed an overall enlarged pancreas, hypodense, with a hypodense peripancreatic halo, with a smooth border, without involvement of the peripancreatic fat, and, at the retroperitoneal level, in the periaortic location with extension to bilateral iliac territory, a dense tissue surrounding these vascular structures like a case, all of which was compatible with autoimmune pancreatitis with retroperitoneal fibrosis. Given the persistence of pruritus and manifest cholestasis, percutaneous biliary drainage was performed and the cholangiography showed a stenosing lesion in the distal common bile duct suggestive of pancreatic neoplasia. In view of this possibility, as a first differential diagnosis, a fine needle puncture-aspiration guided by EUS was performed with negative cytology for malignant cells and negative Zielh staining. Given the absence of confirmation of neoplasia, and with the suspicion of autoimmune pancreatitis, an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed, observing dilatation of the main bile duct with a regular stenosis in its distal portion, of about 3-4 cm, of benign appearance, over which a plastic stent was placed. Treatment was started with corticosteroids (methylprednisolone at a dose of 32 mg/day) and the percutaneous drain was removed. With the diagnosis of probable PAI, the patient was discharged and followed up on an outpatient basis, with normalisation of all analytical parameters and resolution in the control abdominal CT scan, at one and four months, of the lesions described initially, with normalisation of the pancreatic size and appearance and disappearance of the retroperitoneal fibrosis. The dose of corticosteroids was progressively reduced until it was completely withdrawn at 4 months, and the biliary stent was also withdrawn. To date, after 24 months of follow-up, the patient has remained asymptomatic with no recurrence of autoimmune pancreatitis or retroperitoneal fibrosis.
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] | en |
We present a clinical case of a 2-year-old boy who presented with anaphylaxis after ingestion of lentils. His medical history includes cow's milk protein allergy, egg allergy, atopic skin and allergic rhinitis. At 8 months of age, after eating lentils, the patient suddenly developed urticaria with coughing and difficulty breathing, which self-limited after 10-20 minutes and he did not go to any health centre. Subsequently, they explain urticaria with the ingestion of chickpeas and white beans. No reaction with peanuts, peas or hazelnuts.
The allergological study showed eosinophilia of 4.5%, total IgE 859 KU/L, specific IgE (KU/L) lentils 32.3, chickpea 16.7, alpha-lactoalbumin 25.5, beta-lactoglobulin 25.9, casein 43.5, ovomucoid 2.29, ovalbumin 17. Positive skin prick test: D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, alpha-lactoalbumin and lentil. Negative for white beans, chickpeas and nuts. In the ISAC the vicilin-like storage proteins Ara h 1 0.7 ISU-E and Cor a 9 0.5 ISU-E. Pending oral challenge test on white beans and chickpeas.
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] | en |
A 52-year-old man with a doubtful allergy to penicillins, splenectomy for thrombocytopenia secondary to splenic sequestration in 1984. In 2007 he was admitted to the ICU for septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction secondary to pneumococcal CAP. Secondary to vasoactive drugs he developed necrosis due to vasoconstriction, which led to amputation of the distal phalanges of both hands and the first of the left foot. He is being treated with pregabalin and amitriptyline. As epidemiological history she has a dog, has not travelled in the last few months and denies risky sexual relations. She was admitted with a fever of 39oC of 3 days' evolution accompanied by a dry irritative cough and bilateral frontotemporal headache. Examination revealed no lymphadenopathies with normal oropharynx, skin and skin folds. Normal auscultation. Abdomen soft, non-painful, with laparotomy scar. Normal neurological examination. In the tests performed: AST, ALT, GGT 49.99, 220 U/l respectively and PCR 15 mg/dl, serology of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, M. pneumoniae, C. pneumoniae, Coxiella Burnetti, Legionella pneumophila, hepatotropic viruses, toxoplasma, rickettsia, leishmania were negative. Serial blood cultures were taken with fever and were pending at 48 hours. There were no chest X-ray findings.
After a single dose of ceftriaxone prescribed in the emergency department, the patient remained afebrile with persistent cough and was discharged with suspicion of viral infection. At 72 hours Bordetella holmesii multisensitive, from a respiratory focus in a splenectomised patient, was isolated in all batches of blood cultures. Treatment was started with ciprofloxacin.
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] | en |
We present the case of a 41-year-old black male, born in Nigeria, who had been living in Spain since the age of 24. He travelled to Nigeria on an almost annual basis and the last trip he had made was recently, returning 10 days before the time of consultation. She worked with her brother in a shop. She had been in a stable relationship for 4 years. He had no known drug allergies. He was a regular cannabis user. He had no medical history of interest and was not undergoing regular treatment.
She consulted in February 2017 for ten days of dyspnoea, cough and whitish expectoration. She also reported pleuritic pain on her left side. He also presented with asthenia, non-thermometric febrile sensation and unquantified weight loss. She also had non-pruritic and non-painful skin lesions that had started the previous month while she was in her own country. On examination he was in good general condition, conscious and oriented. Blood pressure was 108/75 mmHg, heart rate 80 beats per minute and oxygen saturation was 90% when breathing room air. He was afebrile. She had non-painful lymphadenopathies between one and two centimetres in diameter, with smooth borders and not adhered to deep planes at cervical, axillary and inguinal level. He had skin lesions on the trunk, upper and lower extremities consisting of hyperpigmented papules about 5 millimetres in diameter that affected the soles of the feet and palms. Cardiopulmonary auscultation was rhythmic, without murmurs or cardiac friction rubs, with bibasal rhonchi. The abdomen was soft, depressible, without masses or megaliths and not painful. The lower limbs showed no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis. Blood tests showed a haemoglobin of 16.3 g/dl, 7,820 leukocytes per microlitre with 3,430 neutrophils per microlitre, 3,110 lymphocytes per microlitre, 1,060 monocytes per microlitre, 120 eosinophils per microlitre and 263,000 platelets per microlitre. Coagulation was within normal limits. Basic biochemistry, C-reactive protein, liver profile and proteinogram were within normal. Legionella and pneumococcal antigenuria were negative. Chest X-ray showed a cardiac silhouette within the limits of normality, with a diffuse bilateral interstitial infiltrate, more marked in the lung bases, without mediastinal widening with free costophrenic sinuses. The electrocardiogram was normal.
With the initial suspicion of pulmonary tuberculosis, Mantoux test and sputum smear test were negative. In addition, PCR of nasopharyngeal exudate was performed, which was positive for influenza A non-H1N1 virus. Subsequently, a fibrobronchoscopy and a mycobacterial blood culture were requested. During the fibrobronchoscopy procedure, there was a significant hypoxaemia event that prevented the test from being carried out correctly, so it was interrupted and only samples could be taken by BAS for microbiology. Bronchopulmonary structures were described as normal. The following microbiological results were received: BAS culture for bacteria and fungi and staining for Pneumocystis jirovecii and mycobacteria negative. HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis serologies were negative. The proteinogram was normal. Pending culture in Löwestein medium.
Treatment with oseltamivir and levofloxacin was started as atypical bacterial pneumonia could not be ruled out. To complete the study of polyadenopathic syndrome with skin lesions, a CT scan of the chest and abdomen, biopsy of adenopathy and biopsy of the skin lesions were requested. Despite having started the correct treatment for influenza, on the fifth day of admission he presented clinical deterioration with increased dyspnoea and increased respiratory work, and was assessed by the intensive care department, which decided to admit him to the intensive care unit. The poor clinical condition required orotracheal intubation and haemodynamic support with vasoactive drugs.
Chest CT scan showed bilateral diffuse alveolar infiltrates in both lung fields with air bronchograms, condensation and areas of ground glass in relation to respiratory distress. In the left axillary region there were lymphadenopathies between 9.5 and 11.5 mm in short axis. There were no hilar or mediastinal adenopathies. Abdominal CT scan showed hepatomegaly with smooth contours and homogeneous density. Adenopathies of between 9 and 21 mm were observed at para-aortic, paracaval, interaortocaval and in both primitive iliac arteries. In addition, multiple lytic lesions were observed in the dorsolumbar spine, ribs, scapulae, clavicles and pelvis, the largest being 14 mm in the right iliac blade.
Differential diagnosis
We are dealing with a patient with no previous data of immunosuppression with pulmonary infiltrates, negative smear microscopy, a positive flu test and a poor clinical evolution despite having started the correct treatment. The presence of lymphadenopathy, multifocal lytic bone lesions and skin lesions lead us to question a series of possible diagnoses.
Among the autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis should be considered first and foremost. The skin lesions in sarcoidosis are very varied. The most common form is erythema nodosum. Involvement in the form of papules is also common but typically has a different distribution to that of our patient, extending over the face rather than the trunk and extremities. Bone involvement usually consists of arthritis or bone cysts in the phalanges of the hands and feet, which was not present in our patient. In addition, the absence of the typical hilar lymphadenopathy would be against the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
A disseminated fungal infection should be considered. Histoplasmosis is the most frequent cause of respiratory fungal infection. The duboissi variety is the most common with bone and skin involvement. Negative culture results obtained by BAS would contradict this diagnosis. In addition, the capsulatum variety is endemic in some countries in South America and the United States and the duboisii variety in Central Africa, neither being endemic in Nigeria. Another cause of disseminated mycosis is blastomycosis. Bone involvement is typically described as lytic lesions as in our case. The skin lesions of blastomycosis do not resemble those of our case as they are typically described as warty with irregular borders and grey or violet in colour along with microabscesses. It is also endemic in parts of the United States and Canada. Disseminated cryptococcosis presents with bone involvement with lytic forms, as in the case of our patient. Cutaneous involvement may be in the form of papules but also plaques or ulcers. In favour of the diagnosis would be the fact that the infection has a worldwide distribution, but against it would be the absence of meningoencephalitis, which is the most frequent involvement in cryptococcosis. With regard to tuberculosis, we know that a negative smear microscopy does not rule out the presence of pulmonary tuberculosis, as we are still awaiting culture in Löwestein's medium. However, it would be surprising if, given such extensive pulmonary involvement, the smear test was negative. It would be unlikely that our patient had extrapulmonary disseminated tuberculosis. Against this possibility, our patient has no HIV infection, no dissociated colostasis, no persistent fever, and no lymph nodes with a hypodense centre on imaging tests suggestive of necrosis. Bacillary angiomatosis would be another diagnosis to consider, caused by Bartonella henselae. This gram-negative bacillus is endemic worldwide. Its forms of bone involvement include lytic lesions as in our case. Against the diagnosis would be the fact that the patient does not have HIV infection, this being the group of patients in which this condition is most frequently described. Also against the diagnosis is the fact that the skin lesions start as red or purple vesicles and progressively spread. This was not the form of skin involvement in our patient. Another diagnostic possibility is Kaposi's sarcoma. Human herpes virus 8 is the causative agent and is the most common neoplasm in untreated HIV patients but also appears in other immunosuppressed states. At the cutaneous level, the presence of a multicentric vascular tumour produces purplish or red papules or macules that may coalesce and form plaques or nodules. Occasionally the nodules may penetrate soft tissue and invade bone. Negativity for HIV makes this diagnosis less likely, together with the fact that the skin lesions presented by our patient do not resemble those typically described in Kaposi's sarcoma. Given the polyadenopathic picture, we might think that it could be a lymphoproliferative syndrome and that this would not be ruled out until an adenopathic biopsy was available. In this case, a series of diagnoses could be considered. Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a multi-organ proliferative disorder of histiocytes that can affect bone, skin, lung and other organs such as spleen and liver. It can affect any age group but unlike in our case, it is more typically diagnosed in childhood. Hairy cell leukaemia is a rare lymphoproliferative process of B cells of the blood, bone marrow and spleen. Bone marrow biopsy would show fibrosis. In peripheral blood the leukaemic cells would show cytoplasmic projections that look like "hairy cells". In favour of this diagnosis is the fact that it is more frequently described in males than in females with a 4:1 ratio. Although it is considered uncommon, individuals have been described with the presence of lytic bone lesions and skin involvement, but unlike in our case, the most frequent skeletal involvement is usually in the femoral head or neck and other affected areas are the tibia, vertebrae and humerus.
Castelman's disease or also called angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia in its multicentric presentation is another possibility. Here human herpes virus 8 has been described as the aetiological agent of the disease in both HIV-infected and uninfected patients. In this case the lytic bone lesions are not as frequent and the skin lesions do not closely resemble those presented by our patient as they usually present as violaceous papules7. Adult T-cell leukaemia is related to human lymphotropic virus type 1. Clinically, it may present as lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, lytic bone lesions accompanied by hypercalcaemia and skin lesions that may vary widely. The incidence of this condition is higher in patients who come from areas where HTLV1 is endemic, as is the case in West Africa, where our patient came from8. A lymphoproliferative disorder associated with this virus cannot be ruled out in our patient.
Evolution
During his stay in the ICU he presented progressive clinical deterioration. It was decided to add methylprednisolone treatment due to the suspicion of respiratory distress syndrome. Antibiotic therapy was modified to levofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Oseltamivir was discontinued after 5 days of treatment. Several biopsies of the skin lesions were performed and samples were sent for microbiological and pathological examination. Cultures for fungi and mycobacteria were negative. PAS histochemical technique was performed and the report described a chronic perivascular and interstitial inflammatory infiltrate and no fungi were identified. HIV serology was again requested and was negative again. As a complication associated with mechanical ventilation, he presented bilateral pneumonia, with isolation of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in the BAS and blood culture. For this reason, antibiotic therapy was modified and amikacin and ertapenem were started. Laboratory tests showed a progressive increase in leukocytosis, reaching a maximum of 77,920 leukocytes with 70,360 neutrophils, 4900 lymphocytes, 5610 monocytes and 0 eosinophils. There was progressive thrombopenia with platelets reaching a value of 59,000 and progressive anaemia with haemoglobin reaching a value of 100g/L.
On the twentieth day of admission to the ICU he presented a significant haemodynamic deterioration requiring high doses of vasoactive drugs and extracorporeal renal depuration due to renal function failure. A chest X-ray was performed showing a cavity in the right middle lobe.
Galactomannan was requested in blood with a result of 4.41 U/ml and, given the high suspicion of a disseminated fungal infection, empirical treatment with liposomal amphotericin B and voriconazole was started. Two days after starting antifungal treatment and 23 days after admission to the ICU, he died. A necropsy was requested with the following report: Existence of bilateral cavitated necrotising pneumonia with positive culture for Aspergillus fumigatus and extensive associated diffuse alveolar damage. In the analysis of the mediastinal adenopathies, the following microscopic description was made: Lymph nodes with infiltration by a diffuse lymphoproliferative process, which does not completely erase the lymph node architecture, made up of cells of different sizes, with a predominance of medium-sized cells and the presence of large elements, somewhat pleomorphic. The IHC study showed a CD3(+)/CD5+/ CD7-, TCRbetaF1+, CD4+/CD8-, CD43(+), CD25+, PD.1-, CD56-/granzyme B-, TdT-/CD1a-, EBER-, CD30+- and S100- phenotype, with no accompanying follicular dendritic cells. A T rearrangement study was carried out and clonality was detected. A diagnosis of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia was established. Three weeks later a report was received from the Carlos III Institute with a positive result for HTLV1.
Final diagnosis
Severe bilateral influenza virus pneumonia. Bilateral acute necrotising pneumonia, cavitated by Aspergillus fumigatus with signs of angioinvasion. Adult T-cell lymphoma/leukaemia associated with HTLV1 infection.
| [
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"a",
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"the",
"correct",
"treatment",
".",
"The",
"presence",
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",",
"multifocal",
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"and",
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"series",
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"possible",
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".",
"Among",
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"autoimmune",
"diseases",
",",
"sarcoidosis",
"should",
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"and",
"foremost",
".",
"The",
"skin",
"lesions",
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"sarcoidosis",
"are",
"very",
"varied",
".",
"The",
"most",
"common",
"form",
"is",
"erythema",
"nodosum",
".",
"Involvement",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
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"is",
"also",
"common",
"but",
"typically",
"has",
"a",
"different",
"distribution",
"to",
"that",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"extending",
"over",
"the",
"face",
"rather",
"than",
"the",
"trunk",
"and",
"extremities",
".",
"Bone",
"involvement",
"usually",
"consists",
"of",
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"or",
"bone",
"cysts",
"in",
"the",
"phalanges",
"of",
"the",
"hands",
"and",
"feet",
",",
"which",
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"present",
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"our",
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".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"the",
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"and",
"skin",
"involvement",
".",
"Negative",
"culture",
"results",
"obtained",
"by",
"BAS",
"would",
"contradict",
"this",
"diagnosis",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"the",
"capsulatum",
"variety",
"is",
"endemic",
"in",
"some",
"countries",
"in",
"South",
"America",
"and",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"and",
"the",
"duboisii",
"variety",
"in",
"Central",
"Africa",
",",
"neither",
"being",
"endemic",
"in",
"Nigeria",
".",
"Another",
"cause",
"of",
"disseminated",
"mycosis",
"is",
"blastomycosis",
".",
"Bone",
"involvement",
"is",
"typically",
"described",
"as",
"lytic",
"lesions",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"case",
".",
"The",
"skin",
"lesions",
"of",
"blastomycosis",
"do",
"not",
"resemble",
"those",
"of",
"our",
"case",
"as",
"they",
"are",
"typically",
"described",
"as",
"warty",
"with",
"irregular",
"borders",
"and",
"grey",
"or",
"violet",
"in",
"colour",
"along",
"with",
"microabscesses",
".",
"It",
"is",
"also",
"endemic",
"in",
"parts",
"of",
"the",
"United",
"States",
"and",
"Canada",
".",
"Disseminated",
"cryptococcosis",
"presents",
"with",
"bone",
"involvement",
"with",
"lytic",
"forms",
",",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"Cutaneous",
"involvement",
"may",
"be",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"papules",
"but",
"also",
"plaques",
"or",
"ulcers",
".",
"In",
"favour",
"of",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"infection",
"has",
"a",
"worldwide",
"distribution",
",",
"but",
"against",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"meningoencephalitis",
",",
"which",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"involvement",
"in",
"cryptococcosis",
".",
"With",
"regard",
"to",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"we",
"know",
"that",
"a",
"negative",
"smear",
"microscopy",
"does",
"not",
"rule",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"pulmonary",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"as",
"we",
"are",
"still",
"awaiting",
"culture",
"in",
"Löwestein",
"'",
"s",
"medium",
".",
"However",
",",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"surprising",
"if",
",",
"given",
"such",
"extensive",
"pulmonary",
"involvement",
",",
"the",
"smear",
"test",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"It",
"would",
"be",
"unlikely",
"that",
"our",
"patient",
"had",
"extrapulmonary",
"disseminated",
"tuberculosis",
".",
"Against",
"this",
"possibility",
",",
"our",
"patient",
"has",
"no",
"HIV",
"infection",
",",
"no",
"dissociated",
"colostasis",
",",
"no",
"persistent",
"fever",
",",
"and",
"no",
"lymph",
"nodes",
"with",
"a",
"hypodense",
"centre",
"on",
"imaging",
"tests",
"suggestive",
"of",
"necrosis",
".",
"Bacillary",
"angiomatosis",
"would",
"be",
"another",
"diagnosis",
"to",
"consider",
",",
"caused",
"by",
"Bartonella",
"henselae",
".",
"This",
"gram-negative",
"bacillus",
"is",
"endemic",
"worldwide",
".",
"Its",
"forms",
"of",
"bone",
"involvement",
"include",
"lytic",
"lesions",
"as",
"in",
"our",
"case",
".",
"Against",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"would",
"be",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"patient",
"does",
"not",
"have",
"HIV",
"infection",
",",
"this",
"being",
"the",
"group",
"of",
"patients",
"in",
"which",
"this",
"condition",
"is",
"most",
"frequently",
"described",
".",
"Also",
"against",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"is",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"skin",
"lesions",
"start",
"as",
"red",
"or",
"purple",
"vesicles",
"and",
"progressively",
"spread",
".",
"This",
"was",
"not",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"skin",
"involvement",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"Another",
"diagnostic",
"possibility",
"is",
"Kaposi",
"'",
"s",
"sarcoma",
".",
"Human",
"herpes",
"virus",
"8",
"is",
"the",
"causative",
"agent",
"and",
"is",
"the",
"most",
"common",
"neoplasm",
"in",
"untreated",
"HIV",
"patients",
"but",
"also",
"appears",
"in",
"other",
"immunosuppressed",
"states",
".",
"At",
"the",
"cutaneous",
"level",
",",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"multicentric",
"vascular",
"tumour",
"produces",
"purplish",
"or",
"red",
"papules",
"or",
"macules",
"that",
"may",
"coalesce",
"and",
"form",
"plaques",
"or",
"nodules",
".",
"Occasionally",
"the",
"nodules",
"may",
"penetrate",
"soft",
"tissue",
"and",
"invade",
"bone",
".",
"Negativity",
"for",
"HIV",
"makes",
"this",
"diagnosis",
"less",
"likely",
",",
"together",
"with",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"skin",
"lesions",
"presented",
"by",
"our",
"patient",
"do",
"not",
"resemble",
"those",
"typically",
"described",
"in",
"Kaposi",
"'",
"s",
"sarcoma",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"polyadenopathic",
"picture",
",",
"we",
"might",
"think",
"that",
"it",
"could",
"be",
"a",
"lymphoproliferative",
"syndrome",
"and",
"that",
"this",
"would",
"not",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
"until",
"an",
"adenopathic",
"biopsy",
"was",
"available",
".",
"In",
"this",
"case",
",",
"a",
"series",
"of",
"diagnoses",
"could",
"be",
"considered",
".",
"Langerhans",
"cell",
"histiocytosis",
"is",
"a",
"multi-organ",
"proliferative",
"disorder",
"of",
"histiocytes",
"that",
"can",
"affect",
"bone",
",",
"skin",
",",
"lung",
"and",
"other",
"organs",
"such",
"as",
"spleen",
"and",
"liver",
".",
"It",
"can",
"affect",
"any",
"age",
"group",
"but",
"unlike",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"it",
"is",
"more",
"typically",
"diagnosed",
"in",
"childhood",
".",
"Hairy",
"cell",
"leukaemia",
"is",
"a",
"rare",
"lymphoproliferative",
"process",
"of",
"B",
"cells",
"of",
"the",
"blood",
",",
"bone",
"marrow",
"and",
"spleen",
".",
"Bone",
"marrow",
"biopsy",
"would",
"show",
"fibrosis",
".",
"In",
"peripheral",
"blood",
"the",
"leukaemic",
"cells",
"would",
"show",
"cytoplasmic",
"projections",
"that",
"look",
"like",
"\"",
"hairy",
"cells",
"\"",
".",
"In",
"favour",
"of",
"this",
"diagnosis",
"is",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"it",
"is",
"more",
"frequently",
"described",
"in",
"males",
"than",
"in",
"females",
"with",
"a",
"4",
":",
"1",
"ratio",
".",
"Although",
"it",
"is",
"considered",
"uncommon",
",",
"individuals",
"have",
"been",
"described",
"with",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"lytic",
"bone",
"lesions",
"and",
"skin",
"involvement",
",",
"but",
"unlike",
"in",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"most",
"frequent",
"skeletal",
"involvement",
"is",
"usually",
"in",
"the",
"femoral",
"head",
"or",
"neck",
"and",
"other",
"affected",
"areas",
"are",
"the",
"tibia",
",",
"vertebrae",
"and",
"humerus",
".",
"Castelman",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"or",
"also",
"called",
"angiofollicular",
"lymph",
"node",
"hyperplasia",
"in",
"its",
"multicentric",
"presentation",
"is",
"another",
"possibility",
".",
"Here",
"human",
"herpes",
"virus",
"8",
"has",
"been",
"described",
"as",
"the",
"aetiological",
"agent",
"of",
"the",
"disease",
"in",
"both",
"HIV-infected",
"and",
"uninfected",
"patients",
".",
"In",
"this",
"case",
"the",
"lytic",
"bone",
"lesions",
"are",
"not",
"as",
"frequent",
"and",
"the",
"skin",
"lesions",
"do",
"not",
"closely",
"resemble",
"those",
"presented",
"by",
"our",
"patient",
"as",
"they",
"usually",
"present",
"as",
"violaceous",
"papules7",
".",
"Adult",
"T-cell",
"leukaemia",
"is",
"related",
"to",
"human",
"lymphotropic",
"virus",
"type",
"1",
".",
"Clinically",
",",
"it",
"may",
"present",
"as",
"lymphadenopathy",
",",
"hepatosplenomegaly",
",",
"lytic",
"bone",
"lesions",
"accompanied",
"by",
"hypercalcaemia",
"and",
"skin",
"lesions",
"that",
"may",
"vary",
"widely",
".",
"The",
"incidence",
"of",
"this",
"condition",
"is",
"higher",
"in",
"patients",
"who",
"come",
"from",
"areas",
"where",
"HTLV1",
"is",
"endemic",
",",
"as",
"is",
"the",
"case",
"in",
"West",
"Africa",
",",
"where",
"our",
"patient",
"came",
"from8",
".",
"A",
"lymphoproliferative",
"disorder",
"associated",
"with",
"this",
"virus",
"cannot",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
"in",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"Evolution",
"During",
"his",
"stay",
"in",
"the",
"ICU",
"he",
"presented",
"progressive",
"clinical",
"deterioration",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"add",
"methylprednisolone",
"treatment",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"respiratory",
"distress",
"syndrome",
".",
"Antibiotic",
"therapy",
"was",
"modified",
"to",
"levofloxacin",
"and",
"ceftriaxone",
".",
"Oseltamivir",
"was",
"discontinued",
"after",
"5",
"days",
"of",
"treatment",
".",
"Several",
"biopsies",
"of",
"the",
"skin",
"lesions",
"were",
"performed",
"and",
"samples",
"were",
"sent",
"for",
"microbiological",
"and",
"pathological",
"examination",
".",
"Cultures",
"for",
"fungi",
"and",
"mycobacteria",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"PAS",
"histochemical",
"technique",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"the",
"report",
"described",
"a",
"chronic",
"perivascular",
"and",
"interstitial",
"inflammatory",
"infiltrate",
"and",
"no",
"fungi",
"were",
"identified",
".",
"HIV",
"serology",
"was",
"again",
"requested",
"and",
"was",
"negative",
"again",
".",
"As",
"a",
"complication",
"associated",
"with",
"mechanical",
"ventilation",
",",
"he",
"presented",
"bilateral",
"pneumonia",
",",
"with",
"isolation",
"of",
"extended-spectrum",
"beta-lactamase-producing",
"Klebsiella",
"pneumoniae",
"in",
"the",
"BAS",
"and",
"blood",
"culture",
".",
"For",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"antibiotic",
"therapy",
"was",
"modified",
"and",
"amikacin",
"and",
"ertapenem",
"were",
"started",
".",
"Laboratory",
"tests",
"showed",
"a",
"progressive",
"increase",
"in",
"leukocytosis",
",",
"reaching",
"a",
"maximum",
"of",
"77",
",",
"920",
"leukocytes",
"with",
"70",
",",
"360",
"neutrophils",
",",
"4900",
"lymphocytes",
",",
"5610",
"monocytes",
"and",
"0",
"eosinophils",
".",
"There",
"was",
"progressive",
"thrombopenia",
"with",
"platelets",
"reaching",
"a",
"value",
"of",
"59",
",",
"000",
"and",
"progressive",
"anaemia",
"with",
"haemoglobin",
"reaching",
"a",
"value",
"of",
"100g",
"/",
"L",
".",
"On",
"the",
"twentieth",
"day",
"of",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
"he",
"presented",
"a",
"significant",
"haemodynamic",
"deterioration",
"requiring",
"high",
"doses",
"of",
"vasoactive",
"drugs",
"and",
"extracorporeal",
"renal",
"depuration",
"due",
"to",
"renal",
"function",
"failure",
".",
"A",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"was",
"performed",
"showing",
"a",
"cavity",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"middle",
"lobe",
".",
"Galactomannan",
"was",
"requested",
"in",
"blood",
"with",
"a",
"result",
"of",
"4",
".",
"41",
"U",
"/",
"ml",
"and",
",",
"given",
"the",
"high",
"suspicion",
"of",
"a",
"disseminated",
"fungal",
"infection",
",",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"with",
"liposomal",
"amphotericin",
"B",
"and",
"voriconazole",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Two",
"days",
"after",
"starting",
"antifungal",
"treatment",
"and",
"23",
"days",
"after",
"admission",
"to",
"the",
"ICU",
",",
"he",
"died",
".",
"A",
"necropsy",
"was",
"requested",
"with",
"the",
"following",
"report",
":",
"Existence",
"of",
"bilateral",
"cavitated",
"necrotising",
"pneumonia",
"with",
"positive",
"culture",
"for",
"Aspergillus",
"fumigatus",
"and",
"extensive",
"associated",
"diffuse",
"alveolar",
"damage",
".",
"In",
"the",
"analysis",
"of",
"the",
"mediastinal",
"adenopathies",
",",
"the",
"following",
"microscopic",
"description",
"was",
"made",
":",
"Lymph",
"nodes",
"with",
"infiltration",
"by",
"a",
"diffuse",
"lymphoproliferative",
"process",
",",
"which",
"does",
"not",
"completely",
"erase",
"the",
"lymph",
"node",
"architecture",
",",
"made",
"up",
"of",
"cells",
"of",
"different",
"sizes",
",",
"with",
"a",
"predominance",
"of",
"medium-sized",
"cells",
"and",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"large",
"elements",
",",
"somewhat",
"pleomorphic",
".",
"The",
"IHC",
"study",
"showed",
"a",
"CD3",
"(",
"+",
")",
"/",
"CD5",
"+",
"/",
"CD7",
"-",
",",
"TCRbetaF1",
"+",
",",
"CD4",
"+",
"/",
"CD8",
"-",
",",
"CD43",
"(",
"+",
")",
",",
"CD25",
"+",
",",
"PD",
".",
"1",
"-",
",",
"CD56",
"-",
"/",
"granzyme",
"B",
"-",
",",
"TdT",
"-",
"/",
"CD1a",
"-",
",",
"EBER",
"-",
",",
"CD30",
"+",
"-",
"and",
"S100",
"-",
"phenotype",
",",
"with",
"no",
"accompanying",
"follicular",
"dendritic",
"cells",
".",
"A",
"T",
"rearrangement",
"study",
"was",
"carried",
"out",
"and",
"clonality",
"was",
"detected",
".",
"A",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"adult",
"T-cell",
"lymphoma",
"/",
"leukaemia",
"was",
"established",
".",
"Three",
"weeks",
"later",
"a",
"report",
"was",
"received",
"from",
"the",
"Carlos",
"III",
"Institute",
"with",
"a",
"positive",
"result",
"for",
"HTLV1",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Severe",
"bilateral",
"influenza",
"virus",
"pneumonia",
".",
"Bilateral",
"acute",
"necrotising",
"pneumonia",
",",
"cavitated",
"by",
"Aspergillus",
"fumigatus",
"with",
"signs",
"of",
"angioinvasion",
".",
"Adult",
"T-cell",
"lymphoma",
"/",
"leukaemia",
"associated",
"with",
"HTLV1",
"infection",
"."
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Our patient is a 56-year-old man with end-stage renal failure secondary to IgA nephropathy, confirmed by biopsy, on haemodialysis since the end of 2016. He has coronary artery disease with ischaemic cardiomyopathy and underwent percutaneous coronary intervention on the right coronary and anterior interventricular arteries shortly after the start of dialysis. He had an improvement in his cardiac ejection fraction from 44% in 2016 to 52% under optimal medical therapy. He started treatment with losartan 25 mg per day when diagnosed with ischaemic cardiomyopathy, which was then increased to the maximum tolerated dose of 100 mg per day about 12 months prior to this admission. The patient is a practising professional and complies with the prescribed medication and treatments. Until this time, he was on the lists for renal transplantation.
The patient had recently travelled to South Korea in early January 2020 and had returned to the United States in late January, but before the COVID-19 outbreak was identified in Daegu, South Korea. As of early March 2020, he was in good health with no relevant symptoms.
Five days prior to his admission, he presented to an emergency clinic with nausea, vomiting, intestinal colic and symptoms of fever; of note, he reported no respiratory complaints. He was diagnosed with viral gastroenteritis, given recommendations for symptom management and discharged. That same afternoon he attended our emergency department with the same symptoms. He presented with a fever of 37.8°C and his laboratory tests, including electrolytes, liver function tests, lactic acid and haemogram, were unremarkable. His chest X-ray at that time showed no significant focal consolidations, but there were mild patchy interstitial plots in the bilateral lung bases, indicative of possible atelectasis. His nausea subsided while in the ED and his symptoms were again attributed to viral gastroenteritis caused by "bad sushi" he had eaten the previous day. After discharge from the emergency department, he went home and reported that he was feeling better, except for mild diarrhoea.
Two days later he attended his usual outpatient haemodialysis treatment, where he reported feeling better since discharge from the ED, but still had intermittent diarrhoea, about twice a day. At that time he reported no cough or respiratory symptoms. At the end of dialysis, he had a fever of 38°C and blood cultures were taken which showed no bacterial growth. That same morning, after dialysis, he went to the cardiology office for a scheduled appointment, where he was observed coughing in the waiting room and was given strict precautionary recommendations considering his intention to travel for essential reasons.
The next day, the patient travelled on a commercial airline from Southern California to Utah, where he attended an emergency department with repeated intermittent vomiting and fever, but now also reported mild congestion and cough. A new chest x-ray showed "mild interstitial prominences and vague infiltrates at the base of the right lung". His flu tests were negative and he was prescribed azithromycin, based on the radiological findings. The next day he attended his scheduled haemodialysis session as a transient visitor at a local Utah dialysis centre, where he reported fever and general malaise, but was anxious to return to California because of his condition. He returned to Southern California that same afternoon on a commercial airline, ahead of schedule, because he was feeling quite ill, with ongoing fever and gastrointestinal symptoms. In addition, his respiratory symptoms, which were initially minimal, had progressed rapidly and his dyspnoea was increasing.
Shortly after returning to Southern California, he came to our emergency department for re-evaluation. In the ED, a new chest X-ray showed subtle patchy opacities in both lungs, new onset from the images 5 days earlier. A chest CT scan showed patchy, multifocal, bilateral ground-glass opacities, predominantly with peripheral distribution, raising suspicion of atypical pneumonia and possible viral infection. A COVID-19 test was performed, the result of which would take 48 hours, along with the usual biochemical and haematological tests, which revealed no abnormalities, except for a high procalcitonin value. An evaluation for other causes of atypical pneumonia was sent simultaneously, with no further results to date.
Imaging showed an evolution of interstitial pneumonitis due to COVID-19, with subsequent ARDS. The sequence of thoracic radiographs with increasing patchy opacities in both lungs is consistent with the evolution of the infectious process. A thoracic CT scan showed new patchy, multifocal, bilateral ground-glass opacities with mainly peripheral distribution. Centrilobular and bibasal septal thickening was seen. There was no pleural effusion or pneumothorax. Small biapical subpleural bullae and mild pulmonary emphysema were observed in the upper lobes. There was no evidence of atelectasis. These findings are more consistent with atypical pneumonia, which may be secondary to superinfection. The differential diagnosis includes pulmonary oedema.
The patient was admitted to the hospital with droplet and eye precautions in mind. Initially, he was noted to have a temperature of 38.1°C, but otherwise normal vitals. Antimicrobial therapy with ceftriaxone and azithromycin was started. For the next 24 h he remained febrile, with a temperature up to 38.3 °C, and a rapidly deteriorating respiratory status. Repeated chest X-rays showed evolving bilateral multifocal opacities consistent with atypical pneumonia and pulmonary oedema was suspected. He underwent dialysis on the evening of the second day of hospitalisation, but tolerated the treatment poorly, suffering from atrial fibrillation with high ventricular rate, despite minimal ultrafiltration. His respiratory condition worsened rapidly during the night and he had to be intubated and transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) with acute hypoxic respiratory failure and shock. His pulmonary status continued to deteriorate to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and the patient required mechanical ventilation with high positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP > 10 cm and FiO2 > 60%) as well as vasopressors. To maintain close control of his blood volume and metabolic parameters, continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration was applied. In view of ARDS, he was not considered a candidate for a remdesivir compassionate use trial, so treatment was started with hydroxychloroquine; on day 6 of hospitalisation, tocilizumab was administered in view of his haemodynamic instability with high values of inflammatory markers, including interleukin (IL)-6. With the impossibility of ruling out superimposed infection, he was also given broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment with vancomycin and piperacillin-tazobactam from day 6 of hospitalisation. His evolution is being closely monitored by a multidisciplinary team and, depending on his development, he may require paralysis as well as more aggressive pulmonary and haemodynamic support with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and prone position. At present, his vasopressure requirements remain variable, as does his PaO2/FiO2 ratio; he has remained in critical condition for the past 5 days.
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History
Personal history Male, 44 years old, from Bolivia, accountant by profession in his country, had been living in Spain for three years. His personal history included Guillain-Barré syndrome in his youth, pulmonary tuberculosis, incorrectly treated, and malaria. In 2005 he was admitted to hospital in another region due to septic shock secondary to infection by a filamentous dimorphic fungus, and was diagnosed with disseminated histoplasmosis after isolation in bronchoaspirate, blood cultures and bone marrow. Sexually transmitted HIV infection was detected with an initial CD4+ cell count of 139 cells/μL and high viral load. He was treated with amphotericin B and continued secondary prophylaxis with itraconazole 200 mg/day, trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole 400 mg/day (primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis jirovecii) and treatment with emtricitabine + tenofovir + efavirenz was started with good virological response, maintaining CD4+ cell count around 200.
Current illness
The patient attended the emergency department with headaches, vomiting, gait disturbance and slurred speech of one week's duration.
Physical examination
Physical examination revealed nuchal rigidity, fever of 38oC, slurred speech and gait ataxia. The rest of the examination was unremarkable.
Complementary examinations
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained was a clear fluid at normal pressure with 110 lymphocyte-predominant cells (90%), protein 384 mg/dL, glycorrhachia 24 mg/dL and ADA 18 U/L. CSF culture, smear microscopy, luteum and India ink were negative.
Blood tests were unremarkable. Sputum microbiological studies and blood cultures were negative. Chest X-ray showed fibrous tracts in the right upper lobe and residual granulomas. Cranial CT scan showed signs of cortico-subcortical atrophy.
Evolution
Suspicion of tuberculous meningoencephalitis led to treatment with four drugs, with a slight initial improvement in both clinical symptoms and CSF parameters.
Two months later, he was readmitted for similar symptoms and a new lumbar puncture was performed with the following characteristics: glycosuria 35 mg/dL, protein 310 mg/dL, 100 cells with a predominance of lymphocytes (90%), ADA 14 U/L. Culture, smear microscopy, India ink and fungal culture were negative. Again the CT scan and cranial MRI with contrast were unremarkable. Tuberculostatic treatment with four drugs was maintained due to the suspicion of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis while awaiting Lowenstein culture and antibiogram. Clinically, the patient deteriorated progressively with incoercible vomiting that only subsided with dexamethasone, diplopia, slurred speech, sphincter relaxation, disorientation and inability to walk. Given the severity of the symptoms, the lack of response to treatment and the history of fungal sepsis, it was decided to start empirical treatment with amphotericin B with a rapid clinical response, which was maintained for four weeks and secondary prophylaxis with itraconazole was continued.
Cultures, smear microscopy, Lowenstein, mycobacteria PCR, lue serology and India ink staining were negative. CSF serology for Brucella, Borrelia, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1, 2 and herpes viruses group 6, 7 and 8, Toxoplasma gondii, Enterovirus and JC virus was negative. In serum, serology against Taenia solium was negative as was PCR determination for Histoplasma capsulatum, although serology was positive for IgG. Serology for Blastomyces, Coccidioides and Paracoccidiodes was negative.
Four months after this episode, the patient was readmitted with the same symptoms. The CSF characteristics were similar to those of previous admissions. It was decided to initiate prolonged treatment for four months with liposomal amphotericin B and to continue secondary prophylaxis with weekly liposomal amphotericin B. The evolution has been favourable with no recurrence. The evolution has been favourable with no subsequent recurrences and normalisation of CSF cytobiochemical parameters.
Clinical judgement
Neurohistoplasmosis.
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A 12-year-old boy with a history of rhinoconjunctivitis due to allergic sensitisation to spring pollens, subclinical sensitisation to LTP, and atopic dermatitis who presented 30 minutes after ingesting eucalyptus and menthol sweets: dyspnoea, pruritus and generalised wheals accompanied by erythema and facial angioedema which subsided with oral antihistamines. Six months earlier, he had a similar immediate episode with eucalyptus chewing gum, resolved in the emergency department with intravenous treatment. On examination: total IgE: 500kU/L. Prick by prick with eucalyptus, peppermint and peppermint leaves: weak positive/controls negative. Perioral test with caramel: negative. Slow oral challenge with candy involved, presenting 60 minutes after testing the whole candy: generalised wheals, genital itching and nasal congestion. It resolved after prescribing dexchlorpheniramine, methylprednisolone and adrenaline according to weight. The use of the allergens involved was prohibited.
- We present a very rare case of anaphylaxis following ingestion of eucalyptus and menthol candy in a paediatric patient.
- Given the allergological results, we can assume that an IgE-mediated mechanism was responsible for the reaction presented by the patient.
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Woman, 84 years old, hypertensive, retired teacher, admitted for general syndrome of 5 months' evolution, with 4 loose stools/day, arthralgias without arthritis, intermittent fever and hypertransaminasemia. A CT scan, colonoscopy, gastroscopy and ERCP were performed. She was assessed by 9 specialists. ANAs, rheumatoid factor, quantiferon, stool digestion and T. Whipple were negative. The case was not documented microbiologically despite serial blood cultures, urine cultures and stool cultures. No underlying neoplastic process was observed. During the 2 months of prolonged hospitalisation, the diagnoses were: choledocholithiasis with sphincterotomy, acute post-ERCP pancreatitis, permanent atrial fibrillation and jejunal gastrointestinal haemorrhage after starting anticoagulation. He presented 2 episodes of knee arthritis and pleural effusion, both fluids compatible with an inflammatory process, and 2 episodes of exanthema initially attributed to metamizole, with fever persisting. At this point, the patient was transferred to the Internal Medicine Department where the patient was assessed globally and the available information was integrated. Serum ferritin was 5492 mg/dl and glycosylated ferritin was 14% (VR 50-80). Fulfilling Yamaguchi criteria (2 major and 3 minor) she was diagnosed with adult Still's disease.
Explaining the prognosis and potential complications to the patient, she expressed her desire to "go for it"; however, she provided an advance directives document in case its application was necessary. She was discharged with corticoids, anticoagulation and rehabilitation sessions in the gym 3 times/week. She was readmitted 2 months later with fever and diarrhoea, in the context of bacteraemia due to Listeria monocytogenes and pseudomembranous colitis due to Clostridium difficile. Physical examination revealed cachexia, amyotrophies, bed rest and the onset of pressure ulcers on both heels. At that time, the patient stated that "I have been thinking a lot these days and I have decided that I am going to throw in the towel". After clarifying her doubts, the patient reaffirmed her decision, with a Drane competence level of 3. She exercised her right to refuse treatment and the therapeutic effort was adjusted, once she was able to say goodbye to a son who had travelled from abroad.
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] | en |
Personal history: 54-year-old woman with a history of obesity and hypertension on treatment with Enalapril 20 mg/day. No known drug allergies. Family history: No consanguinity of her parents. Father with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 and deceased of lung cancer. Mother died at the age of 94 with no pathologies of interest. Sister lives healthy and brother with DM type 2. Present illness: She attended the Emergency Department of the HUVN with fever associated with abdominal pain.
Emergency examination: Poor general condition, conscious, oriented and cooperative. BP: 105/67, Ta38o. Obesity with truncal predominance; generalised hirsutism.
Cardio-respiratory auscultation: Eupneic, without pathological noises with oxygen saturation: 96%, heart rate: 102 bpm. Abdomen: painful palpation in the right hypochondrium. Lower limbs without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis.
General laboratory tests: Glu: 118 mg/dl, HbA1c: 5.8%; Cr: 0.75 mg/dl; Na+: 139 meq/L K+: 4.5 meq/l, GOT: 68 U/L; GPT: 71 U/L; GGT: 112 U/L; CRP: 312. Leukocytes: 18400 thousand (86% N) Cholesterol: 205 mg/dl; TG: 297 mg/dl.
Abdominal CT in the ER: There are 3 liver lesions of irregular confluent contours and showing a wall that is intensely enhanced after administration of iv contrast. The largest of these lesions is located in segment 6-7 and is approximately 6.5 x 6 x 4.5 cm in size. The other 2 lesions are located in segments 4 and 6 and have a diameter of approximately 2.5 cm.
Clinical judgement on admission: Hepatic abscess (by culture of the exudate and blood cultures it is not possible to make an exact microbiological diagnosis).
Treatment: Admitted to the infectious diseases department. She was treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, and the liver abscess was completely resolved with drainage by means of a Pigtail catheter. The patient's clinical evolution was positive, with cessation of fever and abdominal pain.
After 2 weeks, a follow-up abdominal CT scan was performed, which reported good progress in the resolution of the liver abscess and the absence of the uterus and adnexa.
Due to these unexpected findings, the Endocrinology Department was consulted. The patient confirmed that she had primary amenorrhoea for which she had never consulted and severe hirsutism since puberty.
Endocrinological examination: obesity with truncal predominance, weight: 103.3 kg; T: 160; BMI: 40.35 kg/m2. CC: 112 cm. No goitre. Mild-moderate facial hirsutism but severe on the chest. Linea alba and androgenic distribution of pubic hair. No deep-toned voice. No androgenic alopecia. Mammary hypoplasia. External genitalia explored in hospital bed: Apparently feminine with absence of inguinal masses.
Gynaecological examination: Vulva with moderate hypertrophy of the labia majora and bilateral palpable nodules, minimal enlargement of the clitoris and vaginal blind hole approximately 1 cm in diameter.
Hormonal study: LH: 12.3 mIU/ml; FSH: 29 mIU/ml, Testosterone (T): 364 ng/dl (N<75), Free T: 8.42 ng/dl (N<0.95), Dihydrotestosterone (DHT): 0.42; TL/DHT: 20.04 (N<10). PSA: <0.01 ng/ml, Rest normal.
Karyotype: 46,XY
Pelvic ultrasound: No testicles or prostate were identified. External genitalia ultrasound: In the right labium majus, there was evidence of a right testicle with homogeneous echostructure, without evidence of solid nodular lesions. Dilatation of the vascular plexus with a basal diameter of 2.5 mm.
In the left labium majus, the left testicle was identified with heterogeneous echostructure in which there was evidence of a solid intraparenchymal lesion with foci of gross calcification, irregular contours of approximately 18 x 13 mm. No hydrocele. Isolated left inguinal adenopathy.
Testicular germ cell tumour markers: B-HCG: <0.5 mIU/ml, Alpha-Fetoprotein: 1.7 ng/ml (N<9), LDH: 205 U/L (N<247).
Genetic study: blood was collected in Edta to isolate leukocytes and complete PCR amplification of the exons of the SRD5A2 gene (coding for the enzyme 5-alpha reductase2) located on chromosome 2p23.1 was performed. The patient presented in compound heterozygosis 2 different pathogenic variants: c.344G>a (p. GLY115Asp) and c.679C>t (p.Arg227Ter).
Clinical judgement: ADS/DSD 46,XY due to 5-alpha reductase 2 deficiency with testicular tumour. Treatment: Left orchidectomy is scheduled and preservation of the right testicle is decided. The patient wishes reassignment to male gender with reconstructive surgery for which she is referred to the Andalusian Health Service referral unit.
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Anamnesis
A 61-year-old woman with a personal history of hiatus hernia, childhood tuberculosis and correctly treated hepatitis B virus.
Her gynaecological history includes surgery in 2001 for right adnexectomy for cystic mature teratoma.
In 2006, she underwent an appendectomy at another hospital for mucus in the abdominal cavity. Pathology revealed mucinous cystadenoma of the appendix, with lesion-free surgical resection margins.
In January 2013, she visited the gynaecology outpatient clinic for postmenopausal metrorrhagia, as well as abdominal discomfort with slight postprandial abdominal distension. No nausea or vomiting. No alterations in bowel habits. No other symptoms.
Physical examination
Vital signs within normal limits. Acceptable general condition, normohydrated and normoperfused. Eupneic. PCA: nondescript. Abdomen: distended, discomfort on palpation in the hypogastrium and right iliac fossa. No masses or visceromegaly palpable. Hydro-aerial noises present. Blumberg negative. Murphy negative. MMII: perimalleolar oedema. Vaginal examination: long posterior cervix, no pain on cervical mobilisation or at the fundus pouch of Douglas. The size and consistency of the uterus appear normal. No adnexal masses are palpable.
Complementary tests
Given the patient's age and clinical features, in view of the anodyne examination, additional tests were requested to rule out gynaecological pathology:
"Blood tests: Hb 10.2 g/dl, all other parameters within normal range.
"Tumour markers: CEA 9.5; CA 19.9: 120.4; HE4 54.4. Ca 125 112.4.
"A transvaginal ultrasound was performed, showing free fluid in the pelvis and a 37 mm hyperechogenic image in the left adnexal area.
"In view of these findings, an abdominopelvic CT scan was requested, which revealed findings compatible with peritoneal carcinomatosis, extensive involvement of the greater omentum infiltrated by multiple masses and peritoneal adenopathies; an enlargement of the left adnexa was visualised.
"Following the CT scan report of peritoneal carcinomatosis with alteration of the left adnexa, ovarian adenocarcinoma is the first possibility.
Diagnosis
Based on the radiological findings described above, a diagnostic laparatomy with intraoperative biopsy was performed in February 2013. The pathological anatomy revealed infiltration of peritoneal implants, tube, left ovary and meso intestine by mucinous adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry studies were performed, showing strong positivity for CK20 and negative for CK7, suggesting a primary intestinal origin; there were no mutations in KRAS and NRAS.
With these data, the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis due to pseudomyxoma peritonei was established and the case was presented to the tumour committee, deciding to refer to the reference hospital to assess the possibility of Sugarbarker perinectomy and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
Treatment
On 15 May 2013 a laparotomy was performed, finding peritoneal carcinomatosis due to very advanced peritoneal pseudomyxoma peritoneum, with a carcinomatosis index greater than 30, disseminated disease throughout the small intestine, and radical surgery was therefore ruled out.
Palliative resection of both omentum, cholecystectomy and nodules larger than 5 cm were performed, and intraoperative hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was administered with palliative intent of mitomycin at a dose of 10 mg/m2 in a 90-minute infusion and cisplatin 50 mg/m2, with good postoperative evolution.
Evolution
The first post-surgery CT scan (July 2013) showed progression of the disease with respect to the February study, showing little response to chemotherapy.
From the clinical point of view, the patient was asymptomatic, so after considering various options, palliative chemotherapy FOLFOX 6 was administered starting on 13/8/2013, of which she received 13 cycles, from cycle 7 without oxyplatin due to maintained grade 2 neurotoxicity.
In the control CT scan after 10 cycles, minimal pelvic progression was observed, but in agreement with the patient it was decided to continue treatment.
Last cycle on 2/9/2014, with CT scan at that time stable in size in relation to the previous study.
In March 2015, the control CT scan showed mild/moderate progression of the disease compared to the previous study. It was discussed again in the tumour committee, contraindicating a new surgery, so second-line chemotherapy with XELIRI was considered at that time, with a dose reduction due to previous toxicity. Started on 14/4/2015.
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{
"text": "woman",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 24,
"end": 29
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{
"text": "childhood",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 72,
"end": 81
},
{
"text": "personal",
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{
"text": "hepatitis B virus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 117,
"end": 134
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
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"text": "patient",
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{
"text": "patient",
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] | en |
This is a 24-year-old woman with unstable type 1 diabetes mellitus.
She was diagnosed with diabetes at four years of age after a metabolic syndrome, has extrinsic bronchial asthma (which she controlled with immunotherapy) and no chronic complications related to diabetes.
She had good metabolic control until puberty but since then has had several admissions for diabetic ketoacidosis and poor chronic metabolic control (HbA1c=11.8.).
Two years ago, treatment was started with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on pump with improved metabolic control (HbA1c=8.2). However, a few months later, he was admitted again with ketoacidosis. On this occasion, the condition was accompanied by general malaise, abdominal pain and febrile fever.
On admission, elevated acute phase reactants and an analytical pattern typical of cholestasis were observed. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound were normal, as well as urine sediment. Blood cultures were taken and were positive for Gram-negative germs, and antibiotic treatment was started, adjusted according to the antibiogram.
In view of the suspicion of acute cholangitis, a cholangioresonance scan was requested, which revealed an anatomical variant of the cystic duct, although it was not clear whether this anomaly justified the clinical manifestations. The patient continued with febrile peaks and persistently positive blood cultures for different Gram-negative germs increasingly resistant to the prescribed antibiotics. During all this time, metabolic control was very irregular, despite treatment with intravenous insulin in continuous perfusion, requiring insulin doses ranging from fifteen to ninety units per day and alternating prolonged hypoglycaemia with episodes of ketotic hyperglycaemia.
For all these reasons, it was decided to perform an exploratory laparotomy with cholecystectomy, the anatomopathological study of which revealed a slight inflammation of the bile ducts, which could be related to a sepsis liver or acute cholangitis.
After the operation, the patient remained afebrile for a week and improved metabolic control, but after this time there were new febrile peaks with positive blood cultures. The following tests were performed, all of them without pathology: cranial, sinus and thoracic-abdominal CT, gastroscopy and colonoscopy with biopsy, gastrointestinal transit, gallium scintigraphy, echocardiography and ERCP.
After this, the symptoms resolved spontaneously and the patient was discharged with a diagnosis of bacteraemia of unaffiliated origin.
Three months later, she presented a new episode of ketoacidosis, this time without accompanying infectious symptoms. The patient denies insulin omission or dietary transgressions. However, on downloading the data from the insulin pump, we observed several irregularities. (omission of bolus and basal, administration of nocturnal bolus).
During admission, she again presented very irregular metabolic control with large variations in plasma glycaemia levels, despite intensive insulin treatment, and it was therefore decided to transfer her to another referral hospital.
At this centre, the patient persisted with poor glycaemic control, alternating episodes of ketoacidosis with profound and prolonged hypoglycaemias, so she was diagnosed with unstable diabetes mellitus and underwent a pancreas transplant. 48 hours after the transplant, a transplantectomy was necessary following thrombosis of the splenic vein and necrosis of the graft.
The patient is currently being treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin by means of an infusion pump, persists with poor metabolic control (HbA1c=10.9) and has presented three admissions for ketoacidosis in the last 6 months, one of them accompanied by fever and positive blood cultures for oral and vaginal flora germs simultaneously.
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Male aged 2 years and 6 months. Previously healthy. Well nourished. Good growth. Good neuropsychic development. Schooled. Received the corresponding vaccinations according to the country's Scheme Certificate. He has presented repeated skin infections diagnosed as impetigo secondary to insect bites and scratching, these infections were treated with antibiotic therapy.
His current illness began 3 days prior to admission with fever up to 39.7oC, partial refusal of food, weakness and tendency to sleep. Partial seizure with secondary generalisation. Consultation and admission with diagnosis of probable central nervous system (CNS) infection. On examination: soporous, febrile, haemoglobin O2 saturation (SatO2) measured with pulse oximeter of 98% with free flow mask. No polypnoea, no respiratory function. Good bilateral air entry, no rales. Heart rate 130cpm, well beat sounds without murmurs. Pulses present. Normotensive. Well perfused. Numerous impetiginised lesions on lower limbs predominantly on legs, some in crusted stage, others melisseria and scars of previous ones. Psychoneuromucular, no meningeal signs, tone and strength preserved, no motor deficits. Osteotendinous reflexes present and symmetrical in all four limbs. Initial laboratory tests: haemoglobin (Hb) 12.7 g/dL, leukocytosis (WBC) 14,100 elements/mm3, 78% polymorphonuclear (PMN), platelets 257,000 elements/mm3. C-reactive protein (CRP) 51.3 mg/l. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): WBC 50 /mm3 (mostly PMN), normal protein and glucuroraxia. Bacteriological study of CSF and investigation of viral agents of meningoencephalitis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was requested, and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was performed within 48 hours of onset of the disease, which was reported as normal. Hospitalised in the paediatric ward, treatment was started with ceftriaxone and acyclovir at the usual doses. He continued to be sleepy, irritable, tachycardia and dereprosy. New lesions on palms and soles were added and due to neurological compromise he was admitted to intermediate care (CIP). Examination on admission: Glasgow Scale (GSC) 15, irritable, SatO297% on air. Apyretic, pustular indurated lesion on the anterior aspect of the right hemithorax, rest of the lesions already mentioned. Sinus tachycardia 167 bpm, no murmurs, normotensive, full pulses, recovery time (RT) less than 2 seconds. Good air entry, no rales. No neck or trunk rigidity. No motor deficit. The treatment started was maintained with the addition of vancomycin. Repeated blood tests showed an increase in CRP264 mg/dl, leukocytosis 4,600 elements/mm3, plateletopenia 103,000 elements/mm3, mobilisation of liver enzymes: TGO 87 U/L, TGP 88 U/L. Normal glomerular renal function. Skin lesion and blood cultures showed sensitive Staphylococcus aureusmeticillinus (SAMS), CSF culture and PCR for Herpes virus were negative.
A few hours after admission, an intense systolic murmur was noted in the mesocardium. In view of the diagnosis of probable infective endocarditis with encephalic embolisation, a Doppler echocardiogram was performed, which showed "thickening of both leaflets in the mitral valve with a small image adhering to the septal leaflet compatible with vegetation. Mild to moderate mitral insufficiency. Good systolic function". Encephalic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows: "lesions compatible with septic embolism with moderate perilesional oedema". Other emboligenic foci were ruled out. Treatment was maintained with vancomycin and gentamicin in therapeutic range. The paediatric cardiac surgery team was consulted and initially maintained a wait-and-see attitude regarding the surgical approach, with serial controls with echocardiography. The patient was placed on apyrexia on the 17th day of treatment. Echocardiograms showed worsening mitral insufficiency and persistent vegetations. He repeated encephalic embolisation with left hemiplegia and a new MRI was performed which confirmed ischaemic infarction in the putamen area. After a joint assessment with the neuropaediatrician and heart surgeons, cardiac surgery was performed to clean the valve, attempting to repair it with pericardium, which failed, leaving the patient with a mechanical valve and hypocoagulation. Atrioventricular block requiring corticoids and external pacemaker for 15 days, later returning to sinus rhythm. Good evolution, with improvement of haemiparesis with physiotherapy.
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An 84-year-old male patient, with a history of aortic valve replacement and infiltrating urothelial carcinoma, admitted with the diagnosis of radicular enteritis. He was referred to the Radiodiagnosis Department for acute abdominal pain associated with haemodynamic instability. An abdominopelvic CT scan was performed in the angiovascular, portal and elimination phases. Multiple cuneiform hypodense areas in splenic parenchyma, cortico-subcortical, compatible with infarcts. Moderate amount of dense free fluid of perisplenic location. Central perihilar hyperdense area is identified, which is isodense with the vessels in all phases of the study and early repletion of the splenic vein, findings suggestive of associated vascular malformation. A liquid-contrast level is observed in the gastro-splenic ligament suggestive of active bleeding. The interventional radiologist performed selective arteriography of the splenic artery, where contrast extravasation was seen in the splenic hilum, a lesion of rounded morphology and early repletion of the splenic vein, findings related to active bleeding, pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula.
The diagnosis of atraumatic splenic rupture secondary to splenic infarction was made. It has an incidence of 0.1%-0.5% and is classified according to whether it occurs in a previously healthy or pathological spleen. Criteria according to Crate for atraumatic splenic rupture in a healthy spleen: -Absence of trauma. -Absence of injury to other organs that can be associated with splenic pathology. -Absence of splenic scarring. -Macroscopically and microscopically normal spleen. -Negative serology for recent viral infection. Entities that favour atraumatic splenic rupture: - Infectious affectation (mononucleosis) - Haematological affectation - Congenital alterations (haemangiomas) - Other entities (pancreatitis).
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A 14 year old boy came to the clinic with urticarial symptoms immediately after eating several mushrooms. He also presented with rhinoconjunctivitis in September.
The symptoms had occurred after the ingestion of thistle mushroom
(Pleurotus eryngii) and Juniper mushroom (Leucopaxillus candidus / Clitocybe candida ).
It tolerates cooked mushrooms without problems.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Prick-prick with raw and cooked mushrooms: with positive result for all of them.
Prick-prick to pneumoallergens: with positive result to Alternaria.
A western blot was performed to see the allergenic characteristics of mushrooms and Alternaria.
Results:
Prick-prick with fresh and cooked mushrooms were positive, as well as SPT to Alternaria, Cladosporium, Penicillium and Aspergillus. All other inhalants were negative. Alternaria-specific IgE: positive
The Alternaria blot showed several reactive IgE proteins, with two proteins being recognised. One of approximately 14 kDa compatible with Alt a 1 and another of 45 kDa that could be compatible with Alt a 6 (enolase).
Conclusions:
We present a case of immediate reaction after ingestion of cooked mushrooms, with recognition of the allergens of the ingested species and the fungus Alternaria alternata.
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A 66-year-old patient attended the emergency department with symptoms of approximately 4-5 days of evolution of incoercible hiccups, accompanied by nausea without vomiting and asthenia, as well as a weight loss of about 8 kg in the last month. His only personal history was hypertension on enalapril 20 mg. Native of Equatorial Guinea. He has been in Spain for 20 years. Has not had malaria and has never taken quinine. He works as an underground cleaner. Physical examination: BEG. Black race. No jaundice. Continuous hiccups throughout the examination with pain on palpation of the epigastrium, without irradiation or signs of peritoneal irritation. Complementary tests: ECG, chest and abdominal X-ray with no findings. Laboratory tests: CRP 22.5 mg/dL, Bil 1.73 mg/dL, Na 128 mEq/L, GPT 200U/L, GGT 241U/L, LDH 670U/L; Hb 11.2 g/dL, Hct 32.8%, MCV 85.5 fl, Plaq 139,000; microhaematuria, the rest normal. Evolution: omeprazole 40 mg and metoclopramide iv were administered. In view of the analytical findings, Coombs and serology for Paul Bunnell were requested. Three hours after administering the medication, the patient continued with hiccups, so he was prescribed chlorpromazine im without improvement. Meanwhile we have the results of the analysis where Paul Bunnell appears negative and direct Coombs positive.
Provisional judgement: The patient had haemolytic anaemia with microhaematuria-proteinuria and mild thrombopenia (Evans syndrome to be ruled out), hypertransaminasemia and hyperbilirubinaemia in relation to the above and treatment-resistant hiccups. Plan: admission is decided, requesting a blood test with serology, an iron study to locate the origin of haemolytic anaemia (CMV, HIV, hepatitis, Leishmania, malaria and syphilis) and a basic control blood test. On the way up to the ward, he had two fever peaks of 39oC, and when the Ta was lowered, the patient's hiccups improved. The haematologist confirms that the Coombs' test is a false positive due to cross-reaction with circulating antibody, with no schistocytes in smears or other evidence of haemolysis. She began to suffer abdominal pain with selective pain in the right hypochondrium, and underwent an abdominal ultrasound where hepatosplenomegaly and 3 hepatic cysts were observed. After 24 h of admission: positive results for Leishmania, so treatment was started with liposomal amphotericin B and a bone marrow aspirate showed massive infestation by intra- and extracellular Leishmania.
Definitive judgement: visceral leishmaniasis and hiccups in relation to dysthermia.
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Two-year-old male infant. Family history of no interest. Personal history: Normal pregnancy, delivery and neonatal period.
Under follow-up for allergy to legumes, diagnosed at ten months of age due to a generalised urticarial reaction to lentils and chickpeas, with a legume-free diet since then. The week before the consultation, he reported an immediate generalised skin reaction after eating peas.
At this visit the mother describes episodes of erythema in the right maxillary area with ipsilateral ocular involvement which resolves within hours after the administration of corticoids. It has occurred on 5-6 occasions, in relation to the ingestion of previously tolerated food. She did not report any dietary transgressions or accidental reaction to legumes.
Physical examination with no pathological findings.
Complementary examination: Peanut, ac(ige)19.2 Ku.arb/l; Green bean, ac 0.36Ku.arb/l; lentils 39.6 Ku.arb/l. Chickpea 46.5 Ku.arb/l. Pea 49.3 Ku.arb/l; white bean 4.09 Ku.arb/l.
Results:
Upon clinical suspicion of Frey's Syndrome, the parents are reassured , explaining the nature of the picture and an appointment is made for annual review.
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] | en |
A 16 year old female student, in good general condition, came to our Unit, claiming to have been raped two months prior to the interview. She had not reported the incident due to personal reasons. She consulted about lesions in her mouth of approximately two weeks' evolution, which caused difficulty in phonation and swallowing.
During the anamnesis, the patient showed insecurity and concealment in her answers.
Examination of the buccal mucosa revealed the typical opaline, slightly raised, greyish-white plaques of syphilitic secondarily and other white lesions surrounded by a red halo, some multiple and some solitary. In figure 1, the white plaques can be seen in both commissures and, in the lower labial mucosa, in the midline, three more plaques. The one closest to the sulcus, opaline white, well circumscribed. Another plaque, approximately 2 cm in diameter, shows a small central red area, and close to the semimucosa, another similar one can be observed.
In figure 2, similar plaques are found on the left edge of the tongue, near the tip and in the posterior area. On the right edge, in the middle and posterior part, two similar plaques, each 1.5 cm in diameter, can also be seen. Close to the tip of the tongue, on the edges and extended towards the ventral side, a rough surface can be seen in figure 3. It was clinically diagnosed as hairy leukoplakia (LV) and could not be removed by scraping. The patient gave authorisation for an HIV test, which was carried out the following day and the result of which was delivered in person approximately thirty days later. After a first reactive VDRL (128 dls), the fluorescent treponema antibody test (FTA-ABS), the treponema haematoagglutination test (TPHA), and a spirochete demonstration of the exudate from one of the oral lesions or "dark field test" were requested, with a positive result. A mucosal biopsy was performed with a presumptive diagnosis of hairy leukoplakia. Due to the high serology titres obtained, classical treatment for syphilis with benzathine penicillin injections was immediately instituted. The result of the LV biopsy was confirmed. The patient did not return to the clinic and did not withdraw the HIV result, which was reactive. We have tried to locate the young woman to inform her of her condition, monitor the effectiveness of the syphilis treatment, and establish a possible treatment and follow-up of her immunodeficiency.
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] | en |
A 48-year-old man with no past history of interest consulted in the emergency department for fever and headache.
Present illness
He started 5 days ago with general malaise, nausea and fever (39.5oC). On the day of consultation he presented with vomiting, photophobia, prostration and acute onset holocranial headache, which progressively increased in intensity up to 9/10 VAS. Physical examination: blood pressure: 135/60 mmHg, temperature: 39.4oC, HR: 105 bpm, O2 saturation: 94 %. Eyes: conjunctival congestion. Neurological examination: Conscious, oriented in time, space and person. Normal language (nomination, repetition, fluency, comprehension). Bradypsychia. No dysphasia. No dysarthria. Normal confrontational campimetry. Reactive isochoric pupils. Normal EOM. Normal lower torques. Normal muscle tone. Muscle strength: global and segmental 5/5 in 4 limbs. Myotatic reflexes present and symmetrical. Plantar cutaneous reflex: bilateral flexor. Sensitivity: no asymmetry detected. No dysmetry (heel-knee, toe-nose). Correct gait (heels, toes and tandem). Nuchal and spinal rigidity. Kernig and Brudzinski present.
Complementary studies
Laboratory tests were correct except for leukocytosis: 11,000/mm3, CRP: 5.1 mg/dL and procalcitonin: 15 ng/ml. HIV and syphilis: negative. Chest X-ray and CT scan of the brain: normal. CSF yellowish. Glucose 60 mg/dL (glycaemia: 110 mg/dL), protein 0.6 g/l (0 - 0.45). Leukocytes 100 lymphocytes (85%) Adenosine deaminase, VDRL and PCR for herpes negative. Gram: negative. CSF sample was sent for study. Treatment with IV Ceftriaxone was prescribed. CSF: positive antibodies for Borrellia and in blood samples the immunoblot VlsE P83 sg bands, IGM, IGG and Wester blot against Borrellia were positive. PCR sequenced Borrellia garinii. The patient recalled arthropod bites 3-4 weeks before the onset of symptoms.
Definitive diagnosis
Neuroborreliosis.
Evolution
Favourable with complete remission after 14 days of treatment.
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Reason for consultation
Increased dyspnoea and cough
Personal history
- No known allergies.
- Type II DM on treatment with oral antidiabetics.
- HT in treatment with Telmisartan 40 mg.
- Active smoker of 10 cigarettes/day.
- Occasional drinker.
- COPD with FEV1 of 60%.
- He has had two exacerbations in the last year, the last one 7 months ago.
- He is being treated with long-acting beta-2 and long-acting anticholinergics.
CURRENT HISTORY
He consults because for the last 3 days he has been experiencing an increase in his usual dyspnoea with cough and expectoration in greater quantity than usual and of a greenish colour. The situation has not improved despite the treatment given by his doctor and in the last 12 hours the dyspnoea has become minimal effort which prevents him from washing himself every day, for which he consults.
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Conscious and oriented in time and space. Central cyanosis. BP: 185/110, HR of 130 bpm, RR of 28 rpm. O2 Sat of 89%, To of 36.8oC, blood glucose of 240. - AC: Rhythmic, no audible murmurs. - AP: Expiratory wheezing in both lung fields with isolated rhonchi. - ABD: Soft depressible, no visceromegaly or masses. Not painful. - EEII: Minimal pretibial oedema. Pulses present and symmetrical. Complementary explorations were requested and treatment was started with: - Oxygen therapy: Ventimask mask with a FiO2 of 0.3. - Beta 2 (salbutamol 5 mg) + anticholinergics (Ipratropium 0.5 mg) nebulised and repeated initially every 4 hours. - Systemic corticosteroids (80 mg iv). This is a severe exacerbation of COPD and all severe exacerbations benefit from treatment with systemic corticosteroids. Follow with 40 mg/iv/6 hours thereafter. - Antibiotics (moxifloxacin 400 mg IV/24 h).
COMPLEMENTARY EXPLORATIONS
Chest X-ray: Cardiomegaly. Slightly congestive hilarity with minimal interstitial pattern at this level. Vascular redistribution with increased vascular distribution at the bases. No infiltrates. ECG: Sinus rhythm at 110 bpm. No repolarisation alterations.
BIOCHEMISTRY
GLUCOSE 265 mg/dl [ 70 - 110 ] UREA 26 mg/dl [ 15 - 50 ] CREATININE 1 mg/dl [ 0.6 - 1.3 ] SODIUM 142 mmol/L [ 135 - 148 ] POTASSIUM 3. 8 mmol/L [ 3.6 - 5.2 ] HEMATOLOGY LEUCOCYTES 10.12 x10^3/uL [ 4.8 - 10.8 ] NEUTROPHILES 87.5 % [ 43 - 65 ] LYMPOCYTES 5.6 % [ 20.5 - 45. 5 ] MONOCYTES 6.8 % [ 5.5 - 11.7 ] EOSINOPHILES 0 % [ 0.9 - 2.9 ] BASOPHILES 0.1 % [ 0.2 - 1 ] HEMOGLOBIN 16.6 g/dL [ 14 - 18 ] HEMATOCRITES 49. 7 % [ 42 - 52 ] PLAKETS 191 x10^3/uL [ 130 - 400 ] ARTERIAL GASOMETRY pH 7.3 pCO2 77.3 mmHg pO2 54.5 mmHg cHCO3 37.4 mmol/L O2 Sat 89%.
Given the analytical findings of respiratory acidosis and an x-ray with a semiology that may suggest incipient heart failure, together with the malleolar oedema, it was decided to add furosemide to the treatment and venous gasometric control in one hour, in case it was necessary to initiate non-invasive mechanical ventilation.
EVOLUTION, WAITING AND OBSERVATION
After 60 minutes with correct treatment, a gasometric control was carried out with the following results: Venous gasometry pH 7.31 pCO2 74.3 mmHg pO2 44.5 mmHg HCO3 36.4 mmol/L Pulse oximetry 91%.
In view of the scarce improvement despite correct treatment, it was decided to start non-invasive mechanical ventilation in BiPAP mode with an IPAP of 16 and an EPAP of 6 and a FiO2 of 0.3 Some time later a new venous blood gas analysis was performed in which we can see: Venous blood gas pH 7.383 pCO2 59.1 mmHg pO2 27.6 mmHg cHCO3 34.4 mmol/L O2 saturation of 95% O2 saturation of 95%.
It was decided to maintain NIV, continuing with the treatment mentioned above and after 10 hours the patient presented the following blood gases: pH 7.467 pCO2 46.1 mmHg pO2 49.3 mmHg HCO3 32.9 mmol/L O2 saturation of 97%.
RESOLUTION, ORIENTATION AND TRANSFER
It was decided to start progressive withdrawal of non-invasive mechanical ventilation and admission to the pneumology ward for monitoring and definitive treatment. Treatment on admission - Diabetic diet without salt.
- Oxygen therapy: Ventimask mask with FiO2 of 0.28
- Brocodilators: Beta 2 (salbutamol 400 μg) + anticholinergics (Ipratropium 120 μg) with spacer chamber every 6 hours.
- Systemic corticosteroids: methylprednisolone 40 mg/iv/6 hours.
- Antibiotics: Moxifloxacin 400 mg iv/24 hours.
- Furosemide 20 mg iv/24 hours.
- Enoxaparin 40 mg sc/24 h.
- Telmisartan 40 mg iv/24h.
- Glucometer before breakfast, lunch and dinner with insulin regimen.
CLINICAL TRIAL
MODERATE COPD WITH SEVERE EXACERBATION DUE TO BACTERIAL INFECTION.
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A 6-year-old girl presented with a 24-hour history of fever, weakness and vomiting.
Personal history: pneumonia at 4 years of age and admission to the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit for meningococcal meningitis at 5 years of age. Routine vaccinations up to date, plus pneumococcal vaccine (13-valent conjugate).
Physical examination revealed a fair general condition and nuchal rigidity. Lumbar puncture: neutrophilic pleocytosis and blood tests: characteristics of bacterial infection. He was admitted with intravenous cefotaxime. Meningitis due to Neisseira meningitidis (non-agglutinable serotype) was confirmed. Prophylaxis with rifampicin was administered to close contacts. Good evolution, being discharged on the eighth day of admission.
Results:
In view of recurrent meningococcal infection, an immunological study was performed, highlighting complement C5 deficiency. The genetic study detected a mutation in homozygosis (c.960_962del/p. Asn320del). Family study: one brother with homozygosis due to the same mutation with a history of meningitis and three brothers with heterozygosis with normal C5 values and no history of interest.
In view of congenital C5 deficiency, prophylactic treatment with benzathine penicillin and meningococcal vaccination (serogroup B) was instituted.
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43-year-old man with no known drug allergies, ex-smoker since the age of 30 years of 15 pack-years and with a personal history of mild mixed dyslipidaemia and probable gastritis due to Helicobacter pylori. Independent for all basic activities of daily living. Chronic treatment with esomeprazole 20 mg and fenofibrate.
Consultation in the emergency department for pain in the right hypochondrium radiating to the epigastrium of 5 months' evolution with worsening in the last few days accompanied by dysphagia to solids, loss of 5 kilograms of weight in the last two months, asthenia and loss of appetite. She has not presented diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, pruritus or profuse sweating.
Examination revealed a temperature of 37.5oC, mucocutaneous pallor, pain in the right hypochondrium and epigastrium and non-painful palpation of two fingers across the spleen. He presented with left axillary and bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, non-painful, rolling, 1 centimetre in diameter.
Laboratory tests showed: leukocytes 15800/uL (neutrophils 8000/uL, lymphocytes 5300/uL), haemoglobin 6.8 mg/dL and platelets 46000/uL. The peripheral blood smear showed dysplastic erythroblasts, myelocytes and metamyelocytes, red blood cells in tears or dacryocytes (see attached image) and 1-2% schistocytes, all compatible with leukoerythroblastic syndrome.
Peripheral blood flow cytometry showed a leukoerythroblastic picture with peripheral blood discharge of immature myeloid elements. Chest and abdominal CT scan showed parietal thickening of a duodenal segment, moderate splenomegaly and marked generalised blastomatous bone involvement (possible haematological pathology or metastatic involvement to be assessed). At gastroscopy, the cardia was stenosed and friable. Bone marrow biopsy showed an increase in bone trabeculation, as well as stromal fibrosis with a marked and profound decrease in the cell population affecting all 3 series. Presence of epithelial neoplastic proliferation arranged in small, slightly cohesive epithelial clusters showing epithelial elements with a "signet ring" pattern (see attached image). Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for cytokeratin AE1/AE3, E-cadherin and very focally for cytokeratin 7. The definitive diagnosis was gastric adenocarcinoma with bone and bone marrow infiltration. The patient was transferred to the Medical Oncology service for treatment and follow-up.
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"text": "Helicobacter pylori",
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"text": "patient",
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] | en |
A thirteen-year-old woman presented with fever for 12 days accompanied by left axillary adenopathy. Initial examination was negative except for scratches on the left hand. Initial laboratory data included: leukocytes 4,700 (32% lymphocytes; 9% monocytes and 51% granulocytes); ESR 14 mm/h; CRP 2.4 mg/dl; negative blood culture. Given the persistence of fever and the presence of lymphadenopathy, Cat Scratch Disease was suspected, serology for Bartonella henselae was performed and treatment with rifampicin was started, with the fever disappearing 3 days after starting treatment. Subsequently, the diagnosis was confirmed when the serology was positive for Bartonella henselae.
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] | en |
Anamnesis
An 81-year-old woman came to the emergency department with disseminated skin lesions of 2 weeks' evolution. These lesions had been appearing progressively and were evolving towards ulceration and suppuration. He reported local pain as the only associated symptomatology; there was no general malaise; there had been no fever or associated shivering, nor any other symptoms at other levels. Medical history included: allergy to clavulanic acid, hypothyroidism on levothyroxine replacement therapy, dyslipidaemia on statin therapy, hypertension on treatment with indapamide and osteoporosis treated with risendronic acid. The recent medical history included a patellar fracture treated conservatively, which had obliged the patient to stay for 3 months in a medium-stay home for rehabilitation treatment; she had been discharged home 3 weeks earlier.
Physical examination
She presented multiple nodular lesions 1-4 cm in diameter, located on the abdomen and limbs, in different stages of evolution: some were very inflammatory in appearance with significant perilesional cellulitis, and others were open to the outside, which drained purulent content with the slightest compression. In some of the lesions, several drainage orifices could be seen. In addition, in the area of the pubic hair, pustules centred by hair follicles were observed.
Complementary examinations
The lesions were cultured and an eyelet biopsy was performed, one part of which was sent for microbiological study and the other for anatomopathological study. In the two direct swab samples and in the biopsy culture, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) grew.
The skin biopsy showed dense polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltrates with microabcessification and some foci of necrosis. There were no granulomas or signs of vasculitis.
During hospital admission, the patient suffered a febrile peak, so blood cultures were taken and were negative.
With the microbiological isolation and the history of the febrile episode, it was decided to rule out Staphylococcus aureus involvement at other levels: an echocardiogram, chest X-ray and fundus study by ophthalmology were performed, all without findings of septic metastases.
Diagnosis
Multiple MRSA abscesses.
Treatment
It was decided to admit the patient with empirical antibiotic treatment using piperacillin-tazobactam 4 g/500 mg every 8 hours associated with linezolid 600 mg every 12 hours, with the intention of covering both gram-positive and gram-negative multiresistant germs.
A history of recent long-term institutionalisation was the reason for the choice of this combination. Daily dressings with fusidic acid ointment, silicone dressings and non-compressive bandages were performed. Once MRSA isolation was confirmed, it was decided to withdraw peracillin-tazobactam and to maintain treatment with linezolid only, which was maintained for two weeks.
Evolution
With antibiotic therapy, the lesions resolved completely. During her admission, the patient was treated for preventive medicine and underwent specific decolonisation treatment.
| [
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] | en |
Eight-year-old patient with no personal or family history of interest. She came to the emergency department because, coinciding with a catarrhal process with odynophagia without fever, she suddenly presented with coprolalia, selective memory disorder (she did not remember and confused some names of people she knew), anomalous behaviour with hyperactivity and compulsive movements. He does not lose consciousness and there is no alteration of muscle tone or strength. The family describes the picture as an explosive and surprising behavioural alteration. The episode lasts a few minutes and when he arrives at the emergency department he is calmer, although he continues to show language alterations and confusion in relation to his family and the environment in which he finds himself. He reports catarrhal symptoms and a sore throat. He is afebrile.
No exanthema was observed on examination; cardiopulmonary auscultation was normal. ENT examination: tonsillar exudation. Abdomen: soft, without visceromegaly. Sensitivity, tone, strength and osteotendinous reflexes are normal. There were no signs of neurological focality.
Blood tests showed 18 400 leukocytes (86 segmented, three segmented, three white blood cells, six lymphocytes, three monocytes), and 260 000 platelets. Biochemistry with no alterations in the basic screening, C-reactive protein (CRP): 11 mg/l. A throat swab was taken and was positive for Streptococcus pyogenes (group A).
She was admitted for observation and study of the process and antibiotic treatment was started with amoxicillin, which ended ten days later. The neuropsychiatric symptoms disappeared completely 24 hours after admission. Given the rapid resolution and the child's good general condition, it was decided to discharge him from hospital and continue with outpatient treatment.
When we saw him at the primary care clinic, the patient was asymptomatic, with no alterations in the physical and neurological examination. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram were requested and found to be normal. He was seen for a catarrhal process three months later, with no recurrence of the symptoms described in the previous episode of tonsillitis. He remained without relapses.
He has undergone tonsillar exudate tests on two occasions for infectious processes, both of which were negative. Carrier status has also been ruled out, although anti-streptolysin O (ASLO) antibody levels have not been determined as there have been no further clinical relapses.
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] | en |
Physical examination
The patient was in good general condition, normal colour, well hydrated and perfused, eupneic. The examination revealed a violaceous lesion on the left breast in the upper area of the inner quadrant measuring 2 cm and another violaceous, indurated and painful lesion with underlying ecchymosis measuring about 5 cm over the scar. Palpation revealed no peripheral lymph nodes. The rest of the examination is unremarkable.
Additional tests
A biopsy was taken of the larger lesion, which was non-specific and showed no signs of malignancy. In view of the increase in size of the lesion and its necrotic appearance, in December 2016, the patient was referred to the dermatology department, who repeated the biopsy, obtaining the same results.
It was therefore decided to perform surgical excision of the skin lesion by Dermatology on 31 December 2016, and the histology was reported as compatible with cutaneous angiosarcoma.
A thoracoabdominal CT scan was performed to stage the disease, showing an increase in breast density with associated skin thickening, suspicious for malignancy, with no evidence of mediastinal or intra-abdominal lymphadenopathy.
Diagnosis
Conventional cutaneous angiosarcoma of 4.5 cm, histological grade 3 (according to the FNCLCC grading system), tumour extension to subcutaneous cellular tissue, mitotic index of 24 mitoses/10 CGA with free margins. Immunohistochemistry positive for CD34 and negative for HHV8 with a Ki 67 of 60%. TNM stage: pT1a Nx Mx.
Treatment
Given the suspicion of persistence of the disease and rapid local growth, the case was evaluated by the breast tumour committee together with Nephrology and Gynaecology, and it was decided to perform a simple mastectomy of the left breast, which was carried out in February 2017.
Evolution
She was referred to the oncology department in February 2017 for follow-up and subsequent treatment, and the patient was found to be asymptomatic with ECOG 0.
In March 2017, a PET scan was performed to update the status of the disease, showing an 8 mm hypermetabolic subcutaneous nodule with SULpeak 1.9 located in the region anterior to the proximal end of the left clavicle, and which looked like pathological lymphadenopathy (reference SULpeak 2.65). A soft tissue ultrasound was performed, showing the suspicious lymphadenopathy measuring 12 x 10 mm, in subcutaneous fatty tissue, neither adherent nor bone-dependent, and a percutaneous biopsy was performed.
The results of the pathological anatomy revealed necrotic tissue without being able to recognise lymph nodes. Immunohistochemistry showed expression of CD31, CD34 and factor VIII, with negative expression of oestrogen receptors, suggesting angiosarcoma metastasis.
In April 2017, the metastasis was surgically resected with free edges.
Given the absence of macroscopic residual disease observed in a new PET scan (May 2017), radiotherapy treatment was ruled out and it was decided, after reassessing the case together with Nephrology, to administer paclitaxel at a dose of 80 mg/m2 weekly with adjuvant intent, which was started on 5 June 2017. Currently, he has three cycles of the 12 planned, administered without incident and maintaining stable renal function (baseline creatinine around 3.5).
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Anamnesis
A 42-year-old male, Ecuadorian, came to the emergency department for frontal and left periorbital headache, of one week's evolution, lasting 3-5 minutes and with five episodes per day, of increasing intensity and frequency, without photophobia, rhinorrhoea, lacrimation, or modification after Valsalva manoeuvres. It was progressively accompanied by diplopia when looking horizontally to the left, as well as upper and middle left facial hypoaesthesia, and during his admission he also presented hypoaesthesia and paresis of the mandibular musculature, as well as complete left facial paralysis, without fever or other systemic or neurological symptoms.
Her personal history included no cerebrovascular risk factors, but there was an episode similar to the current one of headache and diplopia 5 years earlier, for which she attended another hospital, without a clear diagnosis, which resolved completely. He had been living in Spain for 15 years, the last trip to his country of origin being 3 years ago. He worked in construction. Father died of stroke. She reported no intake of toxic substances, drugs or herbal products.
Physical examination
Conscious and oriented in all three spheres. Well hydrated and nourished. Temperature 36.8 oC, blood pressure 140/96 mmHg, heart rate 64 bpm. Good distal perfusion. Eupneic. Absence of cutaneous-mucosal lesions. Pupils isochoric and normoreactive to light, no meningismus. Fundus of the eyes without alterations. Paresis of the VI nerve, with hypoaesthesia in the V1,V2,V3 territory, paresis of the mandibular musculature and ipsilateral upper and lower facial paralysis on the left side, with no other alterations. Strength and sensibility in all its modalities symmetrically preserved in all four extremities. Symmetrical and normoactive myotatic reflexes, with bilateral flexor plantar cutaneous reflex. Coordination, posture and gait within normal limits.
Complementary tests
- General biochemistry, haemogram, coagulation, autoimmunity, CRP, ESR, electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic spectrum, angiotensin converting enzyme, tumour markers, urine sediment, electrocardiogram and chest X-ray were performed without alterations.
- Lumbar puncture: opening pressure 14 cm of water. Crystal clear fluid, no blockages. Cerebrospinal fluid cytobiochemistry within normal limits, flow cytometry and cytology negative for malignant cells. Normal CSF IgG index and absence of oligoclonal bands.
- Microbiology: negative serology for syphilis, HIV, Borrelia, hepatotropic viruses. Mantoux negative. Sputum BAAR negative.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT) (without contrast): asymmetry in the region of the left cavernous sinus compared to the right, as well as mucosal thickening of the left maxillary sinus. Axial cranial CT scan without contrast. 1B. Axial cranial T1-weighted MRI with fat-suppressed contrast. There is a hyperdense image in the left cavernous sinus that picks up contrast on MRI.
- Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without and with contrast: there is thickening of the left cavernous sinus region, which appears isointense in T2 and with homogeneous enhancement after contrast administration. It is associated with thickening and uptake of the dura covering the base of the left temporal lobe, as well as the free edge of the tentorium. There is also thickening and uptake of the left cranial nerve V at its exit through the foramen ovale, without involvement of perineural structures. Coronal cranial MRI coronal T1 with contrast and fat suppression. Pre-treatment. Two months post-treatment. Decreased uptake in the cavernous sinus and dura mater overlying the base of the temporal lobe.
- Thoracic-abdominal-pelvic CT scan: no alterations.
- PET-CT scan: bilateral and symmetrical increase in metabolic activity in the palatine tonsils, of an inflammatory-infectious nature. No adenopathy with metabolic activity or other foci suggesting abnormal metabolic activity were observed.
- Bilateral tonsillar biopsy: no findings of malignant cells.
Diagnosis
Tolosa-Hunt syndrome.
Treatment
Treatment was started with non-steroidal analgesics and prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for a week, with good response, and continued with a stepwise descending regimen.
Evolution
Improvement of the headache and cranial nerve involvement, resolving completely. Successive radiological controls were carried out by means of cranial MRI which showed a significant decrease in the size of the lesions.
| [
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 79-year-old woman with a personal history of arterial hypertension under pharmacological treatment, with no other notable medical or surgical history. She was referred to the emergency department by her primary care physician for a suspected cervical abscess following an arthropod bite, requesting its surgical removal. The patient reported having been stung in an urban environment at the cervical level 24 hours earlier, having observed local erythema in the following hours as well as intense pruritus. She had not applied any previous topical treatment, nor had she recently introduced any new drugs. She reported being in good general condition, although she had difficulty falling asleep due to the pruritus. Neither the patient nor her relative had observed any pre-existing cervical alterations prior to the bite. The anamnesis did not reveal any other relevant epidemiological history.
Physical examination
In the general physical examination, the patient was in good general condition, although she was noticeably nervous, which she attributed to pruritus. In addition, she had a significant elevation of blood pressure (210/120 mmHg), with heart rate and basal oxygen saturation within the normal range. No fever was noted. On cardiac auscultation the patient was rhythmic, although a unilateral carotid murmur in the right laterocervical area (where the patient reported having been stung) was striking. On dermatological examination, a circular pulsatile area was observed at the level of the right laterocervical region, in its proximal portion. More distally, a poorly demarcated erythematous plaque was observed, with a slight increase in local temperature, with a smaller habonous plaque inside it, which had a central point. There were no other notable findings, including a systematic neurological examination.
Complementary examinations
A referral to vascular surgery was made on suspicion of a pre-existing supra-aortic trunk anomaly, which was clinically more evident due to the elevated blood pressure. A Doppler ultrasound scan showed turbulent flow at the level of the right common carotid artery, with suspicion of a tortuous trajectory at the level of the brachiocephalic trunk. For a correct study of the case, it was recommended that an angio-CT scan of the supra-aortic trunks be performed on a scheduled basis.
Diagnosis
Arthropod bite in the cervical region, coinciding with the area of dolichoectasia of the right common carotid artery, in a patient with a hypertensive emergency.
Treatment
The first priority for this patient in the Emergency Department was to reduce blood pressure, for which oral antihypertensive treatment was started. In addition, an oral antihistamine (2 mg dexchlorpheniramine maleate) and a topical corticosteroid (0.1% mometasone furoate) were administered to manage the arthropod bite.
Evolution
We questioned the patient and family about the previous existence of the pulsatile cervical mass and they reported that they had never observed it before. After correction of the blood pressure, the cervical pulsatile area was practically imperceptible, although the unilateral carotid murmur persisted. On discharge, the patient was referred to the Vascular Surgery and Neurology Departments to complete the study and start prophylactic antiplatelet treatment. Two weeks after the ED visit, the patient was examined and the cervical erythematous plaque disappeared completely, with the absence of associated pruritus.
Based on the above, a diagnosis of cervical arthropod bite was made, coinciding with dolichoectasia of the right common carotid artery, manifested as a pulsatile cervical mass in the context of a hypertensive emergency.
Based on the above, the diagnosis of cervical arthropod bite, coincident with right common carotid dolichoectasia, manifested as a cervical pulsatile mass in the context of a hypertensive emergency, was reached.
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Anamnesis
A 68-year-old man with a history of hypertension, dyslipidaemia and ischaemic heart disease. In 2015, prosthesis placement due to abdominal aortic aneurysm. Heavy smoker with clinical criteria of chronic bronchitis and dyspnoea on moderate exertion.
In April 2016, he was diagnosed with stage IV microcytic carcinoma of the right lower lobe (LID), with lymph node and pancreatic metastases. At diagnosis, tumour markers: CEA 7.5 and neurospecific enolase 69.
First-line chemotherapy treatment with carboplatin-etoposide was started, showing a partial response of the lung mass and pancreatic and lymph node metastases in CT after 3 cycles with a decrease in neurospecific enolase. After the 4th cycle, a treatment schedule was established with a 20% reduction due to haematological toxicity: G1 thrombopenia and G3 anaemia.
In additional controls by the Palliative Medicine Unit, dexamethasone 4 mg a day was prescribed as an orexigen and home oxygen therapy with nasal goggles at 2 l/minute. As a result, she developed hyperglycaemia secondary to corticoid treatment, requiring the start of subcutaneous insulin.
Prior to the 6th cycle, assessed in the emergency department for increased dyspnoea, a derevaluation CT scan was performed which showed mediastinal and hilar lymph node progression. Stable lung mass. Administration of the 6th cycle of carboplatin-etoposide was suspended, and second-line treatment with oral topotecan was proposed and started in October 2016.
She was admitted from the emergency department on the 5th day of the first cycle of topotecan due to febrile neutropenia with probable respiratory focus. Although there was no evidence of infiltrate in the chest X-ray, treatment was started with intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy: cefepime.
During the first days of admission, the patient reported discomfort in the oral cavity and on examination: G1 mucositis and thrush, adding intravenous fluconazole and oral nystatin to the antibiotic treatment.
On 22 October 2016, he began to experience intense pain in the left mandibular region associated with oedema in the left maxillary region and ipsilateral lower palpebral region.
Physical examination
During the examination: exophthalmos of 3 mm in the left eye. Limitation to supraduction of the eye with isochoric and reactive pupils without afferent pupillary defect. No decrease in visual acuity. In the oral cavity: greyish-black eschar in the left hard hemipalate, 3 cm in anteroposterior diameter and 2 cm in transverse diameter. No other lesions in the oral cavity or palpable cervical adenopathies. During the directed anamnesis: the palate lesion had appeared in the previous 24 hours. Nasal fibroscopy performed by Otorhinolaryngology showed haematic debris and septal perforation with blackish tissue obstructing the left nostril.
Complementary tests
Clindamycin was added to cover anaerobic germs and an urgent assessment and biopsy of the necrotic lesion in the palate was requested by Maxillofacial Surgery. An urgent facial CT scan was performed: it showed signs of ethmoidal sinusopathy with the presence of liquid gas levels, an increase in soft tissue in the left mandibular region and discontinuity of the platysma muscle in the neck. Fluconazole was discontinued and treatment with liposomal amphotericin B 5 mg/kg body weight every 24 hours was started due to suspicion of mucormycosis.
Diagnosis
Palate biopsy culture confirms isolation of filamentous fungus compatible with Rhizopus.
Treatment
He was assessed by Otorhinolaryngology, where urgent surgery was considered on 24 October 2016.
The surgical protocol describes: mucormycosis affecting the anterior 2/3 of the hard palate, left maxilla, nasal septum, left orbit and ipsilateral posterior and anterior ethmoidal cells. Orbital exenteration en bloc with left maxilla and palate, significant necrosis of the lateral nasal wall and lamina papyracea. Thrombosis of ethmoidal arteries and minimal Mucor imprint at the base of the skull at the level of the posterior ethmoid (postoperative CT scan).
After surgery, the patient required enteral nutrition by nasogastric tube. Treatment was maintained with amphotericin B at a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight with the addition of caspofungin, as sensitivity to antifungal treatment was confirmed in the microbiological study of the surgical specimen.
Evolution
Unfavourable post-surgical evolution, with clinical worsening in the days following the operation: increased sensation of dyspnoea and analgesia in continuous perfusion due to pain at craniofacial level.
Progression of necrotic lesion on the surgical scar on the palate, despite continued antifungal treatment.
A control cranial and thoracoabdominal CT scan showed post-surgical changes from the left maxillectomy and exenteration of the orbit with occupation of the left frontal, ethmoidal and sphenoidal sinuses. The chest showed an increase in lung mass and mediastinal adenopathy with the appearance of bilateral diffuse infiltrates and right pleural effusion related to pulmonary oedema or an infectious process. CT scan reports pulmonary progression of the neoplastic disease.
Significant clinical, respiratory and global deterioration persisted and, in view of the poor evolution, analgesic perfusion was increased, limiting the therapeutic effort, and he died eleven days after surgery.
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 1827,
"end": 1834
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{
"text": "anaerobic germs",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 2891,
"end": 2906
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{
"text": "filamentous fungus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3461,
"end": 3479
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{
"text": "Rhizopus",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3496,
"end": 3504
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{
"text": "Mucor",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3974,
"end": 3979
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{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 4095,
"end": 4102
}
] | en |
A 40-year-old patient was referred to our centre after a month of treatment with intravenous and oral corticosteroids and oral ciprofloxacin for a process that started as bilateral papillitis and evolved into bilateral panuveitis. Our clinical history shows that the patient is a homosexual with risky practices, has a doubtful allergy to penicillin and tetracyclines and four months before the onset of the ocular symptoms he presented a palmo-plantar exanthema together with acute pharyngitis, treated with oral erythromycin for a week.
On ophthalmological examination, visual acuity was 0.05 in the right eye (OD, amblyopic eye) and finger counts at 20 cm in the OI. There was a relative afferent pupillary defect in the right eye. Biomicroscopy showed moderate cellularity and fine retrokeratotic precipitates in the OD, intense cellularity in the OI, hypopyon 1 mm and posterior synechiae. Funduscopic examination of both eyes revealed vitritis, papillitis and chorioretinitis plaques. Physical examination revealed bilateral, non-painful, mobile latero-cervical lymphadenopathy.
Laboratory tests showed the following values: CD 4 522 cells/μl, viral load 35,000 copies/ml, positive RPR of 1/64 and positive HAART and IgG (ELISA). The patient was diagnosed as HIV+ stage A1 and possible secondary lupetic secondary infection with ocular involvement, so a lumbar puncture was performed with a cell count of 5 cells/μl, total protein 234 mg/dl, glucose 80 mg/dl (simultaneous glycaemia 89) and VDRL negative.
With these results, treatment was started with intravenous benzylpenicillin at a dose of 4 million units every 4 hours, starting at low doses and in slow infusion in the day hospital of the Allergy Unit. On the second day of administration the patient developed arthralgias and self-limited rash interpreted as Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction. On the ninth day, a rash suggestive of toxicoderma reappeared and treatment had to be discontinued. It was decided to continue with oral erythromycin for two weeks given the patient's possible allergic history.
The evolution was favourable in 2-3 weeks, visual acuity was 1/3 in OD and 1 in OI with resolution of the skin lesions and ocular inflammation, with only a few hypopigmented plaques remaining in the areas of the retinal lesions.
| [
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14-year-old patient with no drug allergies or personal history of interest except migraine. No regular medication, occasional intake of NSAIDs. She started on 20th December with general malaise, odynophagia and a feeling of dystrophy. Initially, symptomatic treatment was started in primary care for suspected viral pharyngotonsillary symptoms without improvement, and fever persisted. Ten days later, she was seen in the emergency department of our hospital, blood cultures were taken and oral antimicrobial treatment with Cefditoren was started, also without improvement. At 72 hours, blood cultures identified gram-positive cocci growth in chains (Streptococcus or Enterococcus spp. pending identification and antibiogram). Using the PROA programme and monitoring of bacteraemia, the patient is notified for admission, the patient's condition is identified and intravenous treatment is administered.
Complementary tests and evolution
Blood cultures: Fusobacterium necrophorum sensitive to penicillin, cefoxitin, carba, clindamycin and metronidazole.
Cervico-thoracic angio-CT scan: findings suggestive, given the clinical picture, of bilateral patchy and cavitated pneumonic condensations and partial thrombosis of the right jugular vein (fig 1).
On arrival on the ward, the patient deteriorated, with a tendency to hypotension, tachypnoea and the need for supplementary oxygen therapy, for which reason the ICU was consulted and she was admitted to the ICU with an initial diagnosis of Lemierre's syndrome: bacteraemia due to Fusobacterium necrophorum. Pulmonary septic embolism. Septic thrombosis of the jugular vein.
The evolution was torpid and slowly progressive but finally favourable, having started antimicrobial treatment with beta-lactam and metronidazole, with subsequent de-escalation to antibiogram-directed sodium penicillin. Bilateral chest drainage was required due to empyema.
After 2 weeks in ICU, she was transferred to the hospital ward with complete resolution of the alterations present on admission, remaining afebrile and asymptomatic, maintaining anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH).
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Anamnesis
We present a twelve-year-old boy, with no known drug allergies or medical or surgical history of interest, who was admitted to paediatrics for a respiratory complaint consisting of fever up to 38°C, cough, rhinorrhoea and arthromyalgia.
Due to this episode, the patient had received antibiotic treatment with amoxicillin, and alternating paracetamol and ibuprofen as antipyretic therapy.
Approximately seven days after the onset of the respiratory symptoms, the patient began to present extensive dermatosis in the form of inflammatory lesions in the form of nummular erythematous plaques centred by blisters.
Physical examination
These lesions had a bull's-eye morphology and affected the face, trunk and extremities, as well as the oral, ocular and genital mucosa, where he had extensive erosions and haemorrhagic crusts. There was no palmo-plantar involvement.
Erosions and haemorrhagic crusts on the oral mucosa.
Target-shaped lesions: plaques centred by erosions secondary to the rupture of blisters.
Complementary tests
The haemogram showed leukocytosis with a left shift and the biochemistry showed an increase in acute phase reactants. Blood cultures were negative. Serology for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) was positive at a titre of 1/1280, so this microorganism was considered to be responsible for the patient's respiratory symptoms.
Diagnosis
Stevens-Johnson syndrome secondary to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Treatment
The patient was treated with azithromycin as a selective antimicrobial against the causative agent. Fluconazole and intravenous acyclovir were also prescribed. In addition, a regimen of topical treatment of the lesions was established with sulphadiazine silver and fusidic acid three times a day, paying special attention to the genital region to avoid retraction sequelae. For pain control, metamizole and rescue morphine chloride were used.
Evolution
The evolution of the lesions was very satisfactory. After admission, no new lesions developed and those present at the time of diagnosis showed rapid re-epithelialisation. At present, the residual hypopigmented areas have recovered their normal tone and the patient has no scarring or secondary adhesions.
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An 84-year-old woman was admitted to the emergency department with a cough of one week's duration, associated with dyspnoea and haemoptotic expectoration since the previous day, the reason for her consultation. His personal history included arterial hypertension, hyperthyroidism with endothoracic goitre and non-anticoagulated atrial fibrillation. Tuberculosis in childhood with chronic bronchiectasis and left lower lobectomy in 2001. No respiratory function studies are available. In June 2008 he presented with recurrent pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis for cardiac tamponade, with a diagnosis of probable tuberculous pericarditis based on clinical, pericardial fluid biochemistry with lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated ADA and LDH and MRI findings. Bacterial cultures were negative but no mycobacterial studies were performed.
Correct treatment was completed with four drugs rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol for 2 months, followed by rifampicin and isoniazid for six months, without clinical relapse, although with persistence of residual lateral effusion. Currently on treatment with: levothyroxine 175 mcg, sertraline 50 mg, furosemide 40 mg, omeprazole 20 mg, lormetazepam 2 mg, metamizole 575 mg, ASA 100mg.
The patient presented with a cough of one week's evolution together with haemoptotic expectoration (up to 14 spoonfuls/day) in the last 24 hours, accompanied by dyspnoea without fever or dysthermic sensation. No semiology of heart failure. No history of respiratory infections in the last year, no weight loss or other associated symptoms. Examination on arrival at the ED revealed: no fever, tachypnoea at 30 breaths/minute, with a baseline oxygen saturation of 85%. He presented tachycardia with atrial fibrillation at 140 systoles per minute and blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg. Auscultation showed generalised hypoventilation in the left hemithorax, rhonchi and scattered subcrepitant sounds in both lung fields with arrhythmic cardiac tones without murmurs or extratonos. There was no jugular ingurgitation, hepatomegaly or oedema in the lower limbs.
Among the complementary tests performed, the chest X-ray showed opacity in the left hemithorax due to probable pleural effusion plus an ipsilateral atelectasis component without displacement of the trachea and mediastinum. Emergency laboratory tests showed a deterioration of renal function with creatinine of 2.9 mg/dl and urea of 138 mg/dl. Acute phase reactants were elevated with a C-reactive protein (CRP) of 200 mg/l and 31,000 leukocytes (96% PMN). The coagulation study showed an INR of 1.3. The rest of the blood tests showed values within the normal range. A diagnostic thoracentesis was performed, obtaining a chocolate-coloured fluid, and samples were sent to microbiology and biochemistry. Pleural fluid (PF) biochemistry showed 120,000 cells, 90% PMN, LDH 60,000 mU/mL, glucose 2.03 g/l, protein 31.4 g/l, and ADA 15 mU/mL, pH was not determined. Gram and Ziehl-Neelsen stain of pleural fluid (LP) were negative. Serial cultures of bacteria and mycobacteria in sputum were repeated and empirical antibiotherapy with piperacillin-tazobactam was started.
Given the suspected diagnosis of empyema, based on the macroscopic characteristics of the LP, it was decided to place an endothoracic drainage, which was attempted twice without success, for which reason a CT scan of the chest was requested. No pleural effusion was found, and therefore empyema, but instead an abscess was observed in the left lower lobe, with thickened, hypercapillary and anfractuous walls measuring 67x50x70mm with liquefied contents and bubbles inside, corresponding to the liquid drained by thoracentesis. He also presented complete atelectasis of the lingula and left lower lobe, with a ground-glass pattern in the areas of aerated lung accompanied by centrilobular nodules in the left apex. After a chest CT scan, a diagnosis of chronic bronchiectasis infection with a micronodular pattern complicated by abscess in the left lower lobe was established.
Differential diagnosis
We are dealing with a patient with a diagnosis of chronic bronchiectasis secondary to previous pulmonary TB, who was admitted with signs of superinfection and a lung abscess was observed in the chest CT scan. Given this condition, a differential diagnosis should be made with the main aetiological agents in order to choose an appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment. The most common cause of lung abscess is anaerobic bacteria: Peptostreptococcus, Prevotella, Bacteroides and Fusobacterium spp. from the patient's mouth. Other germs causing lung abscess are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomona aeruginosa, enterobacteria (Klebsiella sp. most frequent), Legionella and Haemophilus influenzae spp. These frequently cause bronchiectasis superinfection, the first two being common in patients with frequent superinfections and who have previously received cycles of antibiotherapy. Other microorganisms involved, although less common, are bacteria of the order Actinomycetales such as Nocardia, Actinomyces spp. And, given the presence of an associated micronodular pattern, we must consider the possibility of tuberculous and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. In addition to bacteria, it is important to include in the differential diagnosis fungal infections such as Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Cryptococcus, Mucor and Pneumocystis spp. In the absence of microbiological isolation, it is decided to perform bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for sampling, sending bacterial and mycobacterial cultures of the BAL.
Evolution
Given the suspicion of superinfection of chronic bronchiectasis and formation of secondary lung abscess, infection by anaerobic bacteria was considered the most likely cause. After two weeks of empirical treatment with piperacillin-tazobactam with adequate clinical response, the patient was discharged with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid at a dose of 875/125 mg every 8 hours. Ten days after discharge, the patient was readmitted for a new episode of dyspnoea, cough and haemoptotic expectoration. The chest X-ray showed no radiological progression of the process. She was admitted and, during hospitalisation on the ward, the results of the mycobacterial cultures obtained from sputum and ABL samples were received.
Final diagnosis
In the mycobacterial culture obtained from sputum, M. intracellulare grew in two of two cultures obtained on different days, with a growth time of less than 14 days. Likewise, the LBA culture was received in which M. intracellulare also grew, with no other isolates in the aerobic and anaerobic culture. The final diagnosis was bronchiectasis infection with micronodular infiltrate by M. intracellulare and lung abscess probably secondary to M. intracellulare. Treatment with clarithromycin, rifampicin and ethambutol was completed for one year after sputum negative, with no clinical recurrence or new sputum isolation.
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"INR",
"of",
"1",
".",
"3",
".",
"The",
"rest",
"of",
"the",
"blood",
"tests",
"showed",
"values",
"within",
"the",
"normal",
"range",
".",
"A",
"diagnostic",
"thoracentesis",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"obtaining",
"a",
"chocolate-coloured",
"fluid",
",",
"and",
"samples",
"were",
"sent",
"to",
"microbiology",
"and",
"biochemistry",
".",
"Pleural",
"fluid",
"(",
"PF",
")",
"biochemistry",
"showed",
"120",
",",
"000",
"cells",
",",
"90",
"%",
"PMN",
",",
"LDH",
"60",
",",
"000",
"mU",
"/",
"mL",
",",
"glucose",
"2",
".",
"03",
"g",
"/",
"l",
",",
"protein",
"31",
".",
"4",
"g",
"/",
"l",
",",
"and",
"ADA",
"15",
"mU",
"/",
"mL",
",",
"pH",
"was",
"not",
"determined",
".",
"Gram",
"and",
"Ziehl-Neelsen",
"stain",
"of",
"pleural",
"fluid",
"(",
"LP",
")",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"Serial",
"cultures",
"of",
"bacteria",
"and",
"mycobacteria",
"in",
"sputum",
"were",
"repeated",
"and",
"empirical",
"antibiotherapy",
"with",
"piperacillin-tazobactam",
"was",
"started",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"suspected",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"empyema",
",",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"macroscopic",
"characteristics",
"of",
"the",
"LP",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"place",
"an",
"endothoracic",
"drainage",
",",
"which",
"was",
"attempted",
"twice",
"without",
"success",
",",
"for",
"which",
"reason",
"a",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"chest",
"was",
"requested",
".",
"No",
"pleural",
"effusion",
"was",
"found",
",",
"and",
"therefore",
"empyema",
",",
"but",
"instead",
"an",
"abscess",
"was",
"observed",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"lower",
"lobe",
",",
"with",
"thickened",
",",
"hypercapillary",
"and",
"anfractuous",
"walls",
"measuring",
"67x50x70mm",
"with",
"liquefied",
"contents",
"and",
"bubbles",
"inside",
",",
"corresponding",
"to",
"the",
"liquid",
"drained",
"by",
"thoracentesis",
".",
"He",
"also",
"presented",
"complete",
"atelectasis",
"of",
"the",
"lingula",
"and",
"left",
"lower",
"lobe",
",",
"with",
"a",
"ground-glass",
"pattern",
"in",
"the",
"areas",
"of",
"aerated",
"lung",
"accompanied",
"by",
"centrilobular",
"nodules",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"apex",
".",
"After",
"a",
"chest",
"CT",
"scan",
",",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"chronic",
"bronchiectasis",
"infection",
"with",
"a",
"micronodular",
"pattern",
"complicated",
"by",
"abscess",
"in",
"the",
"left",
"lower",
"lobe",
"was",
"established",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"We",
"are",
"dealing",
"with",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"a",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"chronic",
"bronchiectasis",
"secondary",
"to",
"previous",
"pulmonary",
"TB",
",",
"who",
"was",
"admitted",
"with",
"signs",
"of",
"superinfection",
"and",
"a",
"lung",
"abscess",
"was",
"observed",
"in",
"the",
"chest",
"CT",
"scan",
".",
"Given",
"this",
"condition",
",",
"a",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"should",
"be",
"made",
"with",
"the",
"main",
"aetiological",
"agents",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"choose",
"an",
"appropriate",
"empirical",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
".",
"The",
"most",
"common",
"cause",
"of",
"lung",
"abscess",
"is",
"anaerobic",
"bacteria",
":",
"Peptostreptococcus",
",",
"Prevotella",
",",
"Bacteroides",
"and",
"Fusobacterium",
"spp",
".",
"from",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"mouth",
".",
"Other",
"germs",
"causing",
"lung",
"abscess",
"are",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
",",
"Pseudomona",
"aeruginosa",
",",
"enterobacteria",
"(",
"Klebsiella",
"sp",
".",
"most",
"frequent",
")",
",",
"Legionella",
"and",
"Haemophilus",
"influenzae",
"spp",
".",
"These",
"frequently",
"cause",
"bronchiectasis",
"superinfection",
",",
"the",
"first",
"two",
"being",
"common",
"in",
"patients",
"with",
"frequent",
"superinfections",
"and",
"who",
"have",
"previously",
"received",
"cycles",
"of",
"antibiotherapy",
".",
"Other",
"microorganisms",
"involved",
",",
"although",
"less",
"common",
",",
"are",
"bacteria",
"of",
"the",
"order",
"Actinomycetales",
"such",
"as",
"Nocardia",
",",
"Actinomyces",
"spp",
".",
"And",
",",
"given",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"an",
"associated",
"micronodular",
"pattern",
",",
"we",
"must",
"consider",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"tuberculous",
"and",
"non-tuberculous",
"mycobacteria",
".",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"bacteria",
",",
"it",
"is",
"important",
"to",
"include",
"in",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"fungal",
"infections",
"such",
"as",
"Aspergillus",
",",
"Coccidioides",
",",
"Histoplasma",
",",
"Blastomyces",
",",
"Cryptococcus",
",",
"Mucor",
"and",
"Pneumocystis",
"spp",
".",
"In",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"microbiological",
"isolation",
",",
"it",
"is",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"bronchoscopy",
"with",
"bronchoalveolar",
"lavage",
"(",
"BAL",
")",
"for",
"sampling",
",",
"sending",
"bacterial",
"and",
"mycobacterial",
"cultures",
"of",
"the",
"BAL",
".",
"Evolution",
"Given",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"superinfection",
"of",
"chronic",
"bronchiectasis",
"and",
"formation",
"of",
"secondary",
"lung",
"abscess",
",",
"infection",
"by",
"anaerobic",
"bacteria",
"was",
"considered",
"the",
"most",
"likely",
"cause",
".",
"After",
"two",
"weeks",
"of",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"with",
"piperacillin-tazobactam",
"with",
"adequate",
"clinical",
"response",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
"with",
"amoxicillin-clavulanic",
"acid",
"at",
"a",
"dose",
"of",
"875",
"/",
"125",
"mg",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
".",
"Ten",
"days",
"after",
"discharge",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"readmitted",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"episode",
"of",
"dyspnoea",
",",
"cough",
"and",
"haemoptotic",
"expectoration",
".",
"The",
"chest",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"no",
"radiological",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"process",
".",
"She",
"was",
"admitted",
"and",
",",
"during",
"hospitalisation",
"on",
"the",
"ward",
",",
"the",
"results",
"of",
"the",
"mycobacterial",
"cultures",
"obtained",
"from",
"sputum",
"and",
"ABL",
"samples",
"were",
"received",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"In",
"the",
"mycobacterial",
"culture",
"obtained",
"from",
"sputum",
",",
"M",
".",
"intracellulare",
"grew",
"in",
"two",
"of",
"two",
"cultures",
"obtained",
"on",
"different",
"days",
",",
"with",
"a",
"growth",
"time",
"of",
"less",
"than",
"14",
"days",
".",
"Likewise",
",",
"the",
"LBA",
"culture",
"was",
"received",
"in",
"which",
"M",
".",
"intracellulare",
"also",
"grew",
",",
"with",
"no",
"other",
"isolates",
"in",
"the",
"aerobic",
"and",
"anaerobic",
"culture",
".",
"The",
"final",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"bronchiectasis",
"infection",
"with",
"micronodular",
"infiltrate",
"by",
"M",
".",
"intracellulare",
"and",
"lung",
"abscess",
"probably",
"secondary",
"to",
"M",
".",
"intracellulare",
".",
"Treatment",
"with",
"clarithromycin",
",",
"rifampicin",
"and",
"ethambutol",
"was",
"completed",
"for",
"one",
"year",
"after",
"sputum",
"negative",
",",
"with",
"no",
"clinical",
"recurrence",
"or",
"new",
"sputum",
"isolation",
"."
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Anamnesis
The patient consulted for fever up to 38.6 oC of 24 hours of evolution accompanied by dystrophic syndrome and vomiting. She had received a second course of pembrolizumab seven days before. She presented with occasional mild self-limited abdominal pain without alterations in bowel habits. Occasional cough with whitish expectoration. The patient was receiving wound dressings on the right thigh, due to suppuration. She was treated with clindamycin for this reason.
Physical examination
"BP: 155/63 mm Hg, HR 91 bpm, Ta: 38.1 oC, SatO2: 92 %, PS 1.
"General condition: fair. Eupneic at rest. Skin pallor. Well hydrated.
"Head and neck: small bilateral laterocervical lymphadenopathies. They are not painful on palpation. Oral cavity with lesions compatible with thrush. No tonsillar exudates. Normal bilateral otoscopy. No nuchal rigidity.
"AC: rhythmic at a good frequency. No murmurs were heard.
"AP: mvc in both hemithoraxes with scarce dry bibasal crackles.
"Abdomen: globular, soft, depressible. No palpable masses or megaliths. Pain on palpation in CDH with doubtful Murphy. Normal RHA. No hernial stitches or blowing pulses. In the right inguinal region there is a small excrescent lesion on the basis of a surgical lesion. On the inner side of the right lower limb (MID) there were 3 punctate suppurative lesions with granulation tissue with purulent secretion and perilesional inflammatory signs. Oedema with scant perimalleolar fovea in the MID. Homans negative.
Complementary tests
Among the complementary tests performed on arrival at the emergency department, the following were of note:
"Haemogram: red blood cells 3.68 haemoglobin 9.2. Haematocrit 30.2. Mean corpuscular volume 82.1.
"Mean erythrocyte corpuscular haemoglobin 25. Erythrocyte mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration 30.5. Erythrocyte distribution range 15.8. Leucocytes 0,2. Neutrophils % 6,2.
"Neutrophils 0. Lymphocytes % 93.8. Lymphocytes 0,2. Monocytes % 0. Eosinophils % 0. Eosinophils 0. Basophils % 0. Basophils 0. Platelets 312.
"Coagulation: prothrombin time ratio 1,31. Prothrombin activity 72. Prothrombin time 14.7. INR 1.31. Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) 38. aPTT ratio 1,16. Derivative fibrinogen 7.35.
"Biochemistry: urea 40 blood creatinine 0.95. Total protein 6.7. Total bilirubin 0,35. Sodium
"135. Potassium 4,59. Creatine kinase 30. Aspartate amino transferase (GOT) 13. Amylase 46. CRP 195.
"Urine: specific gravity 1.020. pH 6. Ketones 10. Glucose negative. Nitrite negative. Bilirubin negative. Proteins 100. Urobilinogen 0.2. Red cells negative. Leucocytes negative.
"Venous blood gases: Ph 7.42. nA 136. k 4.5. cA 1.10. gLUC 220. lAC 1.4. hTCO 3 4%. hco3- 24.0.
"tHBC 9.9.
"Posteroanterior plain chest X-ray: no images of infiltrates or condensation were identified.
Blood cultures x 2, urine culture, MID wound culture and oral mucosal plaque culture were taken.
Diagnosis
The patient's diagnostic judgement was compatible with grade IV (profound) febrile neutropenia, surgical wound infection and oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Treatment
Hospital admission was decided. Reverse isolation, rest and absolute diet were recommended, as well as administration of G-CSF and empirical antibiotic therapy with intravenous meropenem and vancomycin.
After positive wound culture in MID for pseudomona aeruginosa, treatment was adjusted according to the antibiogram, de-escalating to intravenous ceftazidime. Intravenous fluconazole was added to the treatment due to Candida albicans growth in oral mucosal plaque culture.
Evolution
The patient showed clear clinical improvement, maintaining her usual BP. However, after more than ten days of admission, the serum neutrophil count remained at 0 mil/mm3. The case was discussed with haematology, who recommended a bone marrow study. A bone marrow aspirate was performed, which was reported as a phenotypic study without evidence of infiltration by haemopathy and absence of myeloid series (agranulocytosis).
Flow cytometry analysis of the sample obtained from the aspirate was requested, with findings consistent with agranulocytosis, striking plasmacytosis and relative increase in red series. A population of cells was also described, not negligible in some areas, with a non-hematological appearance, without forming nests, possibly related to metastatic melanoma.
In view of the confirmation of MO infiltration by melanoma and given that the patient is still (one month after admission) with absolutely no neutrophil count, we ruled out further active oncological treatment. Referral to the Palliative Care Unit for symptomatic treatment was agreed with the patient and family.
| [
"Anamnesis",
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A 61 year old male patient who, while admitted to hospital, began to experience intense pain in the right shoulder of sudden onset (~24 hours).
On examination, the shoulder showed signs of erythema, swelling, increased circumference and moderate functional impotence. There was also a known hepato-splenomegaly, with no palpable peripheral adenopathies. The rest of the physical examination by apparatus was normal.
The patient, an active farmer from the La Ribera area, had been diagnosed with stage C (IV) hyperleukocytic chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B (B-CLLL) 4 weeks earlier after consulting for prolonged toxic syndrome without fever. The patient had so far received one session of leukapheresis, which was performed in the ICU of our centre after implanting a central venous catheter, together with hyperhydration and rasburicase, and 2 cycles of CHOP chemotherapy, the last one two weeks before the current episode. As associated infectious complications until then, she had presented fever secondary to a focus of phlebitis in the upper extremity ten days earlier. Blood cultures, both from peripheral vein blood and transcatheter blood, had isolated two microorganisms, a gram-negative bacterium (Acinetobacter baumannii-multidrug-resistant complex) and a gram-positive coccus (Enterococcus faecalis). The initial empirical antibiotic therapy with piperacillin-tazobactam plus vancomycin was adapted to a regimen of ampicillin/sulbactam and colistin, both intravenously. The vascular access involved in the phlebitis was replaced with a new implantation in another body area.
At the time of onset of pain and phlebotic signs in the right shoulder the patient was on the 10th day of targeted antibiotic treatment, afebrile, stable, and with resolving inflammatory signs of phlebitis without cellulitis or panniculitis. There was no profound neutropenia but anaemia, marked thrombopenia and global hypogammaglobulinaemia. A differential diagnosis was made and a number of clinical options and possible syndromes were raised, thus requesting several new complementary examinations. Plain radiography of the right shoulder showed no relevant findings, no calcifications or crystals. Doppler ultrasound of the upper limb showed a permeable deep venous system of the extremity, as did the jugular veins, with no signs of thrombosis, cellulitis or other findings of pathological significance. Febrile fever appeared at 37.7oC and new blood cultures were taken. A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the right shoulder was also performed, showing marked intermuscular oedema and trabeculation of the fat in that region, associated with a significant effusion in the subacromiodeltoid bursa and in the subscapular recess, with involvement of the acromioclavicular joint, all suggestive of an extensive inflammatory process with synovitis; He also had a hyposignal of the entire bone marrow of the acromion, clavicle and humeral metaphyseal region, this last sign being highly suggestive of leukaemic infiltration. There were no bone erosions in the humeral head, nor in the bony glenoid, nor alterations in the rotator cuff.
At this point it was decided to perform the planned shoulder arthrocentesis after infusing the platelet pools necessary for the safe practice of joint puncture, and both the blood cultures and the joint fluid culture obtained allowed the final aetiological diagnosis to be reached.
Evolution
The swelling and phlogosis of the shoulder that had appeared during the combined antibiotic treatment did not improve in the following days, but the arthrocentesis partially relieved the patient's discomfort. The synovial fluid obtained (8 cc) was yellowish, slightly cloudy and had inflammatory characteristics in the cytobiochemical study. It had been seeded both directly on solid media and in blood culture bottles with enriched liquid media and incubated in automated systems. When both the last blood cultures performed and the blood culture bottles seeded with the joint fluid showed positivity for microbial growth, the usual acridine orange and Gram stains were performed (interestingly without clear observation of bacteria) and subsequent transfers to standard solid media (blood agar, chocolate agar) and to special solid media for nutritionally demanding and/or cell wall-deficient bacteria. In addition, prolonged incubation of these transfers to solid media in appropriate atmospheres was carried out. With this system, after 10-12 days it was possible to isolate in both samples (blood culture blood and synovial fluid) some very particular colonies belonging to bacteria of the genus Mycoplasma, and subsequently identified as Mycoplasma hominis. No other microorganisms were recovered in the culture of the synovial fluid on standard media. Doxycycline IV antibiotics (100 mg/12h) were added to the antibiotic treatment and the patient experienced a marked clinical improvement of joint pain in successive days and a progressive reduction of the articular flogotic signs, as well as a gradual disappearance of the synovial effusion. He was subsequently discharged on oral doxycycline, which was well tolerated, for a total of 4 weeks of arthritis treatment. In the outpatient follow-up, clinical and imaging (MRI) controls showed complete resolution of the osteoarticular infection of the shoulder, leaving only a slight sequelae in terms of the range of motion of some movements. Currently, the patient is stable and on an outpatient basis for follow-up of his B-CLL, which showed response to the chemotherapy treatments administered.Once the stored bottles of the first blood cultures were recovered, in those in which A. baumannii-complex and E. faecalis had been isolated in blood, we proceeded to follow a similar microbiological system to that already described with the later samples, and we also managed to isolate colonies of M. hominis.
FINAL SYNDROMIC AND AETIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSIS:
Mycoplasma hominis (M. hominis) septic arthritis of the shoulder in a patient with B-CLL and previous vascular catheter infection with phlebitis.
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Anamnesis
53-year-old woman from Ecuador, a former smoker of 15 cigarettes/day for 15 years, with a BMI of 25 and dyslipidaemia. Cholecystectomy for biliary colic. She does not take regular treatment (she took atorvastatin for a few months, abandoning the treatment by her own decision). She has 4 healthy children, with no family history of cancer of interest.
She consulted in February 2015 due to steatorrhoea and weight loss of 10 kg in one year. A study of malabsorption and colonoscopy were started with no findings. A CT scan showed mild hepatic steatosis and a 1 cm cystic image in the head of the pancreas. The study was completed with cholangioresonance and MRI of the pancreas, with a 3 cm pancreatic mass suspicious of tumour. To confirm the diagnosis, an upper endoscopic ultrasound was performed, revealing an ill-defined 3 cm mass, biopsies of which were not representative. Due to the suspicion of pancreatic tumour, the patient underwent scheduled cephalic duodenopancreatectomy in December 2015, with complete resection and pathological anatomy of infiltrating pancreatic adenocarcinoma of 1.3 cm associated with papillary intraductal mucinous neoplasia with high-grade dysplasia, infiltration of peripancreatic adipose tissue, free surgical edges and absence of metastasis in 31 isolated lymph nodes, stage pT3, N0, Mx.
The extension study was negative, and in January 2016 he started adjuvant gemcitabine, receiving 6 cycles until June 2016, with good tolerance.
In July 2016 she consulted for pain in the right hypochondrium and ascites.
Physical examination
On arrival at the emergency department:
"Stable vitals with a tendency to tachycardia. BP 109/82 mm Hg, HR 105 bpm, SpO2 97% baseline. Afebrile. Mucocutaneous jaundice.
"ACP: fine bibasal crackles. CVM.
"ABD: very distended, no ascites on tension. Pain in HCD and epigastrium on deep palpation, Murphy negative. No Blumberg. Bilateral renal percussion fist negative.
"MMII: oedema with fovea up to the root of the limbs, no signs of DVT, pulses present.
Complementary tests
Laboratory tests showed hyperbilirubinaemia, with total bilirubin 3.3 mg/dl (mostly direct), with cholestasis (GGT 220 U/L) and normal cytolysis enzymes (GPT 22 U/l, GOT 43 U/l), together with macrocytic anaemia (Hb 8.8 g/dl with MCV 103 fL) and new onset coagulopathy (prothrombin activity 32% and APTT 55.7 seconds).
He was admitted for further investigation and a differential diagnosis was established:
"Infectious aetiology ruled out: ascitic fluid with no evidence of peritonitis. Hepatitis A virus (IgM negative, IgG positive), hepatitis B (HBs Ag negative, HBcIgG negative), hepatitis C (HCV Ac negative), hepatitis E (IgG, IgM and PCR negative), Epstein-Barr virus (IgM negative), cytomegalovirus (IgM positive, PCR < 150 copies), HIV (negative combo) were ruled out.
"The clinical history and the absence of clinical-analytical data suggesting such an aetiology ruled out the presence of an oenolic aetiology.
"Tumour aetiology was ruled out: ascitic fluid cytology was negative for malignant cells. CT and MRI scans were performed without finding tumour recurrence, showing "possible hepatic toxicity on severe steatosis with a fat fraction of 43.5%". A PET scan was performed with the only finding being "pathological hepatic uptake".
"Vascular aetiology (Budd-Chiari, thrombosis) was ruled out due to the absence of findings in the imaging and haematological tests, with the only finding being a polyclonal increase in IgG in relation to cirrhosis.
"Autoimmune aetiology ruled out: 2 negative samples for anti-mitochondrial, anti-smooth muscle, anti-LKM antibodies. Antinuclear antibodies (ENA, DNA) positive 1/80 in a granular and insignificant manner.
"Genetic causes are ruled out: alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency due to normal levels.
"Wilson's disease was initially suspected due to ceruloplasmin < 10U/l, normalising in the second sample and with normal 24-hour urine copper (and absence of copper deposits in the liver biopsy).
"Other rare and less likely causes were ruled out: haemochromatosis (normal liver function, ferritin and transferrin saturation before starting chemotherapy), celiac disease, granulomatous diseases, heart failure (echocardiogram with normal ventricular function).
"Drugs: once other probable causes were ruled out, the drugs received in the last 6 months were analysed (ciprofloxacin for urinary tract infection for 10 days during treatment with gemcitabine, atorvastatin for a few weeks, which the patient stopped on her own decision, gemcitabine).
Diagnosis
With suspicion of acute non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a liver biopsy was performed: submassive hepatic necrosis with ballooning of the hepatocytes, highly suggestive of NASH of probable pharmacological cause. Since, with the exception of gemcitabine, the other drugs were administered within a short period of time, this complication was attributed to gemcitabine and the drug agency was notified.
Treatment
During admission, the patient received supportive treatment, presenting several episodes of hepatic encephalopathy that were managed conservatively, as well as nosocomial pneumonia that required intravenous antibiotherapy and oxygen therapy, with progressive improvement.
Evolution
After 3 months of hospitalisation, the patient was discharged in October 2016 with clinical improvement and continues to be followed up in Medical Oncology and Digestive Medicine, with no new episodes of decompensation and no data of tumour recurrence to date.
| [
"Anamnesis",
"53-year-old",
"woman",
"from",
"Ecuador",
",",
"a",
"former",
"smoker",
"of",
"15",
"cigarettes",
"/",
"day",
"for",
"15",
"years",
",",
"with",
"a",
"BMI",
"of",
"25",
"and",
"dyslipidaemia",
".",
"Cholecystectomy",
"for",
"biliary",
"colic",
".",
"She",
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"not",
"take",
"regular",
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"(",
"she",
"took",
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"a",
"few",
"months",
",",
"abandoning",
"the",
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"by",
"her",
"own",
"decision",
")",
".",
"She",
"has",
"4",
"healthy",
"children",
",",
"with",
"no",
"family",
"history",
"of",
"cancer",
"of",
"interest",
".",
"She",
"consulted",
"in",
"February",
"2015",
"due",
"to",
"steatorrhoea",
"and",
"weight",
"loss",
"of",
"10",
"kg",
"in",
"one",
"year",
".",
"A",
"study",
"of",
"malabsorption",
"and",
"colonoscopy",
"were",
"started",
"with",
"no",
"findings",
".",
"A",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"mild",
"hepatic",
"steatosis",
"and",
"a",
"1",
"cm",
"cystic",
"image",
"in",
"the",
"head",
"of",
"the",
"pancreas",
".",
"The",
"study",
"was",
"completed",
"with",
"cholangioresonance",
"and",
"MRI",
"of",
"the",
"pancreas",
",",
"with",
"a",
"3",
"cm",
"pancreatic",
"mass",
"suspicious",
"of",
"tumour",
".",
"To",
"confirm",
"the",
"diagnosis",
",",
"an",
"upper",
"endoscopic",
"ultrasound",
"was",
"performed",
",",
"revealing",
"an",
"ill-defined",
"3",
"cm",
"mass",
",",
"biopsies",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"not",
"representative",
".",
"Due",
"to",
"the",
"suspicion",
"of",
"pancreatic",
"tumour",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"underwent",
"scheduled",
"cephalic",
"duodenopancreatectomy",
"in",
"December",
"2015",
",",
"with",
"complete",
"resection",
"and",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
"of",
"infiltrating",
"pancreatic",
"adenocarcinoma",
"of",
"1",
".",
"3",
"cm",
"associated",
"with",
"papillary",
"intraductal",
"mucinous",
"neoplasia",
"with",
"high-grade",
"dysplasia",
",",
"infiltration",
"of",
"peripancreatic",
"adipose",
"tissue",
",",
"free",
"surgical",
"edges",
"and",
"absence",
"of",
"metastasis",
"in",
"31",
"isolated",
"lymph",
"nodes",
",",
"stage",
"pT3",
",",
"N0",
",",
"Mx",
".",
"The",
"extension",
"study",
"was",
"negative",
",",
"and",
"in",
"January",
"2016",
"he",
"started",
"adjuvant",
"gemcitabine",
",",
"receiving",
"6",
"cycles",
"until",
"June",
"2016",
",",
"with",
"good",
"tolerance",
".",
"In",
"July",
"2016",
"she",
"consulted",
"for",
"pain",
"in",
"the",
"right",
"hypochondrium",
"and",
"ascites",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"On",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
":",
"\"",
"Stable",
"vitals",
"with",
"a",
"tendency",
"to",
"tachycardia",
".",
"BP",
"109",
"/",
"82",
"mm",
"Hg",
",",
"HR",
"105",
"bpm",
",",
"SpO2",
"97",
"%",
"baseline",
".",
"Afebrile",
".",
"Mucocutaneous",
"jaundice",
".",
"\"",
"ACP",
":",
"fine",
"bibasal",
"crackles",
".",
"CVM",
".",
"\"",
"ABD",
":",
"very",
"distended",
",",
"no",
"ascites",
"on",
"tension",
".",
"Pain",
"in",
"HCD",
"and",
"epigastrium",
"on",
"deep",
"palpation",
",",
"Murphy",
"negative",
".",
"No",
"Blumberg",
".",
"Bilateral",
"renal",
"percussion",
"fist",
"negative",
".",
"\"",
"MMII",
":",
"oedema",
"with",
"fovea",
"up",
"to",
"the",
"root",
"of",
"the",
"limbs",
",",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"DVT",
",",
"pulses",
"present",
".",
"Complementary",
"tests",
"Laboratory",
"tests",
"showed",
"hyperbilirubinaemia",
",",
"with",
"total",
"bilirubin",
"3",
".",
"3",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
"(",
"mostly",
"direct",
")",
",",
"with",
"cholestasis",
"(",
"GGT",
"220",
"U",
"/",
"L",
")",
"and",
"normal",
"cytolysis",
"enzymes",
"(",
"GPT",
"22",
"U",
"/",
"l",
",",
"GOT",
"43",
"U",
"/",
"l",
")",
",",
"together",
"with",
"macrocytic",
"anaemia",
"(",
"Hb",
"8",
".",
"8",
"g",
"/",
"dl",
"with",
"MCV",
"103",
"fL",
")",
"and",
"new",
"onset",
"coagulopathy",
"(",
"prothrombin",
"activity",
"32",
"%",
"and",
"APTT",
"55",
".",
"7",
"seconds",
")",
".",
"He",
"was",
"admitted",
"for",
"further",
"investigation",
"and",
"a",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"established",
":",
"\"",
"Infectious",
"aetiology",
"ruled",
"out",
":",
"ascitic",
"fluid",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"peritonitis",
".",
"Hepatitis",
"A",
"virus",
"(",
"IgM",
"negative",
",",
"IgG",
"positive",
")",
",",
"hepatitis",
"B",
"(",
"HBs",
"Ag",
"negative",
",",
"HBcIgG",
"negative",
")",
",",
"hepatitis",
"C",
"(",
"HCV",
"Ac",
"negative",
")",
",",
"hepatitis",
"E",
"(",
"IgG",
",",
"IgM",
"and",
"PCR",
"negative",
")",
",",
"Epstein-Barr",
"virus",
"(",
"IgM",
"negative",
")",
",",
"cytomegalovirus",
"(",
"IgM",
"positive",
",",
"PCR",
"<",
"150",
"copies",
")",
",",
"HIV",
"(",
"negative",
"combo",
")",
"were",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"\"",
"The",
"clinical",
"history",
"and",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"clinical-analytical",
"data",
"suggesting",
"such",
"an",
"aetiology",
"ruled",
"out",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"an",
"oenolic",
"aetiology",
".",
"\"",
"Tumour",
"aetiology",
"was",
"ruled",
"out",
":",
"ascitic",
"fluid",
"cytology",
"was",
"negative",
"for",
"malignant",
"cells",
".",
"CT",
"and",
"MRI",
"scans",
"were",
"performed",
"without",
"finding",
"tumour",
"recurrence",
",",
"showing",
"\"",
"possible",
"hepatic",
"toxicity",
"on",
"severe",
"steatosis",
"with",
"a",
"fat",
"fraction",
"of",
"43",
".",
"5",
"%",
"\"",
".",
"A",
"PET",
"scan",
"was",
"performed",
"with",
"the",
"only",
"finding",
"being",
"\"",
"pathological",
"hepatic",
"uptake",
"\"",
".",
"\"",
"Vascular",
"aetiology",
"(",
"Budd-Chiari",
",",
"thrombosis",
")",
"was",
"ruled",
"out",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"findings",
"in",
"the",
"imaging",
"and",
"haematological",
"tests",
",",
"with",
"the",
"only",
"finding",
"being",
"a",
"polyclonal",
"increase",
"in",
"IgG",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"cirrhosis",
".",
"\"",
"Autoimmune",
"aetiology",
"ruled",
"out",
":",
"2",
"negative",
"samples",
"for",
"anti-mitochondrial",
",",
"anti-smooth",
"muscle",
",",
"anti-LKM",
"antibodies",
".",
"Antinuclear",
"antibodies",
"(",
"ENA",
",",
"DNA",
")",
"positive",
"1",
"/",
"80",
"in",
"a",
"granular",
"and",
"insignificant",
"manner",
".",
"\"",
"Genetic",
"causes",
"are",
"ruled",
"out",
":",
"alpha-1-antitrypsin",
"deficiency",
"due",
"to",
"normal",
"levels",
".",
"\"",
"Wilson",
"'",
"s",
"disease",
"was",
"initially",
"suspected",
"due",
"to",
"ceruloplasmin",
"<",
"10U",
"/",
"l",
",",
"normalising",
"in",
"the",
"second",
"sample",
"and",
"with",
"normal",
"24-hour",
"urine",
"copper",
"(",
"and",
"absence",
"of",
"copper",
"deposits",
"in",
"the",
"liver",
"biopsy",
")",
".",
"\"",
"Other",
"rare",
"and",
"less",
"likely",
"causes",
"were",
"ruled",
"out",
":",
"haemochromatosis",
"(",
"normal",
"liver",
"function",
",",
"ferritin",
"and",
"transferrin",
"saturation",
"before",
"starting",
"chemotherapy",
")",
",",
"celiac",
"disease",
",",
"granulomatous",
"diseases",
",",
"heart",
"failure",
"(",
"echocardiogram",
"with",
"normal",
"ventricular",
"function",
")",
".",
"\"",
"Drugs",
":",
"once",
"other",
"probable",
"causes",
"were",
"ruled",
"out",
",",
"the",
"drugs",
"received",
"in",
"the",
"last",
"6",
"months",
"were",
"analysed",
"(",
"ciprofloxacin",
"for",
"urinary",
"tract",
"infection",
"for",
"10",
"days",
"during",
"treatment",
"with",
"gemcitabine",
",",
"atorvastatin",
"for",
"a",
"few",
"weeks",
",",
"which",
"the",
"patient",
"stopped",
"on",
"her",
"own",
"decision",
",",
"gemcitabine",
")",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"With",
"suspicion",
"of",
"acute",
"non-alcoholic",
"steatohepatitis",
"(",
"NASH",
")",
",",
"a",
"liver",
"biopsy",
"was",
"performed",
":",
"submassive",
"hepatic",
"necrosis",
"with",
"ballooning",
"of",
"the",
"hepatocytes",
",",
"highly",
"suggestive",
"of",
"NASH",
"of",
"probable",
"pharmacological",
"cause",
".",
"Since",
",",
"with",
"the",
"exception",
"of",
"gemcitabine",
",",
"the",
"other",
"drugs",
"were",
"administered",
"within",
"a",
"short",
"period",
"of",
"time",
",",
"this",
"complication",
"was",
"attributed",
"to",
"gemcitabine",
"and",
"the",
"drug",
"agency",
"was",
"notified",
".",
"Treatment",
"During",
"admission",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"received",
"supportive",
"treatment",
",",
"presenting",
"several",
"episodes",
"of",
"hepatic",
"encephalopathy",
"that",
"were",
"managed",
"conservatively",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"nosocomial",
"pneumonia",
"that",
"required",
"intravenous",
"antibiotherapy",
"and",
"oxygen",
"therapy",
",",
"with",
"progressive",
"improvement",
".",
"Evolution",
"After",
"3",
"months",
"of",
"hospitalisation",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
"in",
"October",
"2016",
"with",
"clinical",
"improvement",
"and",
"continues",
"to",
"be",
"followed",
"up",
"in",
"Medical",
"Oncology",
"and",
"Digestive",
"Medicine",
",",
"with",
"no",
"new",
"episodes",
"of",
"decompensation",
"and",
"no",
"data",
"of",
"tumour",
"recurrence",
"to",
"date",
"."
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47-year-old woman, moderate smoker, diagnosed in 1999 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) without subsequent flares, vasculitis, dubious mitral endocarditis, mesangial-focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, and antiphospholipid syndrome with four miscarriages. Echocardiography in 2010 showed double mitral lesion with predominantly moderate insufficiency. She was admitted to another hospital for dyspnoea, with anaemia, bilateral infiltrates and dark sputum with suspected alveolar haemorrhage (AH). ANA and lupus anticoagulant positive, other immunological studies negative; elevated ESR and Cr 1.46mg/dl. Cyclophosphamide and corticosteroids were started with improvement in <72 hours with radiological resolution. Echocardiography showed moderate mitral stenosis, atrial dilatation and severe pulmonary hypertension. On discharge she persisted with some dyspnoea. She was readmitted three months later for respiratory worsening, fever and cough with expectoration, and a thoracic X-ray and tomography were performed, compatible with pulmonary oedema (confirmed by tomography), and she was referred to our hospital in case she required cardiac intervention. She was treated with prednisone, cyclophosphamide, Synthrom, losartan, pantoprazole, calcium carbonate/cholecalciferol.
On arrival: Hb 10.4g/dl; urea 189mg/dl; Cr 2.3mg/dl; CRP 249.1mg/l; PCT 1.07ng/dl; proBNP 3,307pg/ml; INR 4.77. Sputum culture, pneumococcal antigenuria, blood culture and urine culture were requested; empirical antibiotherapy with cefepime and levofloxacin was started. Laboratory tests showed ESR 124, biochemistry with normal immunoglobulins and complement, proteinogram with moderate inflammatory pattern; urinalysis with proteinuria; ANA, ANCA PR3 and MPO, ENA, dsDNA and antiMBG negative; anticardiolipin and antiB2GP both IgG+, IgM-. Cyclophosphamide was suspended and atovaquone was started. New echocardiography showed rheumatic mitral valve disease with moderate stenosis and mild insufficiency, mild-moderate pulmonary hypertension. After >72 hours with antibiotic therapy, he presented two febrile peaks, elevated CRP, persistent respiratory symptoms, hypoxaemia and radiography with bilateral infiltrates which, as he was also an immunosuppressed patient, we suspected Pneumocystis and started cotrimoxazole.
Fibrobronchoscopy was performed with culture samples (bacterial, mycological, Actinomyces) which were negative, pathological anatomy and PCR of P. jirovecii which was positive. Cotrimoxazole was maintained with clinical, analytical and radiological improvement.
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Anamnesis
84 year old woman with a personal history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis, all of which were under pharmacological treatment. She came to the emergency department with fever of 48 hours' evolution, associated with urinary symptoms and skin lesions on the buttock and right leg of less than 12 hours' evolution. The relatives reported that for the last month and a half the patient had presented neuropathic pain in the same limb for which she had been receiving treatment with tramadol and oral lyrica and for which she had visited the emergency department on several occasions, having received treatment with intramuscular (IM) metamizole the previous week.
Physical examination
Stuporous patient with hypotension of 80/60, tachycardia of 150 bpm and fever of 37.7 oC. On the buttock, trochanteric region and external lateral aspect of the right thigh, plaque of extensive and diffuse pinkish erythema, not palpable and with unclear limits, with a decrease in local temperature with respect to the rest of the limb. On it there were several plaques, some smaller pearly white and others purplish, several centimetres in size; with a peripheral white halo of very clear geographical borders, not infiltrated and not palpable. There was a more intense erythematous area in the upper outer quadrant of the buttock, poorly demarcated, with a central, punctiform, violaceous spot.
Complementary examinations
A blood test was carried out which showed: - Acute renal failure (urea 180 mg/dL and creatine 2.30 mg/dL), CRP over 90 with procalcitonin 46.34 ng/mL.
- Urine pyuria with bacteriuria.
- In haemogram anaemia of 10.8 g/dL haemoglobin and platelets of 114,000 platelets/mL, as well as the presence of a leukocyte count within the normal range (8,400/mL) but absolute and relative neutrophilia (8,000 and 94.8%, respectively) with 84% of semen and 4% of white blood cells.
- Coagulation with derived fibrinogen of 917 mg/dL.
- A plain radiograph of the hip and pelvis showed an increase in volume of the right buttock and thigh compared to the contralateral side, as well as thickening and reticulation of the subcutaneous cellular tissue with a delimited area of clustered gas bubbles.
A skin sample was taken for microscopic examination showing acute and chronic ischaemic changes with epidermal atrophy, oedema and acute and chronic inflammation; as well as purpura and signs of vasculitis in the vascular structures of the subcutaneous cellular tissue.
Diagnosis
Septic shock in the context of necrotising fasciitis secondary to IM injection of metamizole.
Treatment
The patient was admitted for intravenous antibiotic treatment and fasciotomy and emergency surgical debridement was performed by the traumatology department.
Evolution
During surgery, a large amount of malodorous liquid material was drained, after which the patient showed initial clinical improvement with a good level of consciousness, normalisation of renal function and sepsis parameters. During the same period, microbiological culture samples were taken, which were positive for Escherichia coli, and targeted antimicrobial therapy was initiated.
Despite this initial improvement, during the following days the skin lesions continued to spread, with new necrotic plaques appearing and requiring up to four more surgical debridements. In all of them, samples were obtained for microbiological study and were repeatedly positive for multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, only sensitive to tigecycline. Despite the therapeutic effort, the patient continued to worsen, ending in exitus 7 days after the last surgical drainage.
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{
"text": "woman",
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] | en |
Anamnesis
A 46-year-old woman, with no known adverse drug reactions, ex-smoker, hypertensive on treatment with ramipril 5 mg/day (with good control) and dyslipidaemia on dietary treatment as the only personal history of interest, who since 2006 presented with tingling in the left hand and foot. In September 2008 he began to experience progressive clumsiness in his left lower limb. Since then she has stopped driving because she cannot feel the pedal and when going down stairs she has to watch where she is leaning to avoid falling. She has suffered several sprains. She also reports that when she eats she has to squeeze objects and look at them in order to put them correctly in her mouth. She denies loss of strength. She reports alternating episodes of diarrhoea with constipation, dry mouth and generalised arthralgias.
Physical examination
Normal fundoscopy. Higher functions preserved. No campimetric defects on confrontation. Mid pupils reactive to light. Normal pursuit and saccadic eye movements. Rest of cranial nerves normal. Normal balance, tone and muscle trophism. Sensibility: hypoaesthesia and hypoalgesia in the left upper limb up to the upper third of the forearm and in the left lower limb up to the proximal third of the thigh with dysaesthetic sensations. Vibratory present in left fingers and left knee, normal in right limbs. Positional present in left elbow and knee, normal in right limbs. No sensory extinction. Generalised arreflexia except for hypoactive right tricipital. Bilateral cutaneous-plantar flexor reflex. Pseudoathetosis in the left upper limb. No dysmetria. Gait with increased base and pseudodystonic posture in the left lower limb. Unstable tandem. Positive Romberg (fall in 5 seconds).
Cardiorespiratory auscultation: rhythmic at 65 systoles/minute. No heart murmurs or laterocervical murmurs. No other air sounds were heard.
Complementary tests
- Blood tests: normal including vitamin B12 and folic acid.
- HIV serology, luetics and hepatic markers negative.
- Negative anti-neuronal and anti-ganglioside.
- Negative ANA, antigliadin and antitransglutaminase.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): normal cytobiochemistry. Serology negative.
- Cranial and cervico-dorso-lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): normal.
- ENG: decreased amplitudes of sensory action potentials with predominance in the left limbs, being absent in the left lower limb, preserving conduction velocities. Motor action potentials are normal. F waves present normal characteristics and latencies. The H response on the left side over the soleus is abolished and a very low amplitude response is obtained on the right side.
- Thoracic-abdominal computed tomography (CT): normal.
- Positron emission tomography (PET): normal.
- Schirmer's test: pathological (< 10 mm). Lacrimal hyposecretion.
- Salivary gland biopsy: no histological alterations.
- Biopsy of the sural nerve: axonal degeneration, regeneration cluster and loss of myelinated fibres.
Diagnosis
Asymmetric sensory neuronopathy of undetermined aetiology. Possible Sjögren's disease.
Treatment
Treatment with prednisone at 1 mg/kg body weight was started.
Evolution
During the 7 years of evolution the clinical worsening of the patient has been progressive, without the treatment prescribed having served to improve or prevent the progression of the disease. She shows increasing difficulty in manipulating objects or buttoning her buttons, and great difficulty in handling her left leg. The patient continues to have significant ocular and oral dryness, requiring her to drink large amounts of water daily.
| [
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The patient, a 43-year-old male, came to our hospital with fever of five days' duration and pain in the right hemiabdomen. He had no medical history of interest, and had only been admitted on one previous occasion due to a perianal fistula. He was not undergoing regular treatment and had no known drug allergies. He had a smoking habit of one pack a day, but did not consume alcohol or other intoxicants. She had no pets and denied recent exposure to animals. He also reported no risky sexual activities. The patient worked as an agricultural engineer, frequently travelling abroad for work.
The symptoms started on the return flight after a trip to California, where he had stayed for three days. During his stay, the patient had slept in a hotel, had no contact with animals or known insect bites, and had not eaten raw products. On that flight, he started with a fever of up to 39oC together with sweating, chills and intermittent pain in the right hemiabdomen. He reported no urinary or respiratory symptoms at the time, although he had dark urine colouring.
Once back in Spain, the patient attended the emergency department of our centre due to persistent fever, but after a normal physical examination and improvement with symptomatic treatment, he was discharged. However, two days later, as the fever did not abate, he consulted again and was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department for further investigation. At that time, the patient was in good general condition, with a temperature of 38oC and normal vital signs. Physical examination revealed scleral jaundice, with pain on palpation of the epigastrium and right hemiabdomen, with positive Blumberg's and Murphy's signs, indicative of peritoneal irritation. She had a small wound with no signs of superinfection on her right hand, which she reported had been caused by a strawberry plant a fortnight earlier. Laboratory tests showed normal levels of electrolytes, calcium, creatinine, glucose and urea. The haemogram revealed lymphopenia of 250 x103 cells/μL and cholestasis pattern with total bilirubin of 2.59 mg/dl, GOT of 71.50 U/L, GPT of 73.60 U/L and C-reactive protein (CRP) 264.24 mg/l. The plain abdominal X-ray showed no notable abnormalities.
Differential diagnosis.
In the case of a patient with fever and abdominal pain after a recent trip, the diagnostic process will consider whether or not the infection is related to the trip itself, as well as the common causes of infection that are distributed worldwide in developed countries1,2 . At the beginning of the diagnostic process, the severity of the condition should be assessed, which will determine the need for hospitalisation, as well as the possible risk of transmission. It is important to note that there are other non-infectious pathologies that may also be accompanied by fever, such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism in the "economy class syndrome", or drug-induced fever. Therefore, in this case, within the differential diagnosis of a patient with fever and acute onset abdominal pain, "common" or non-travel-related causes should be ruled out, considering liver, spleen and biliary tract diseases, such as acute cholecystitis (lithiasis or alliasis), or acute cholangitis, as well as hepatic or splenic abscess, or septic thrombophlebitis. Other gastrointestinal diseases that should be ruled out are acute appendicitis, acute diverticulitis and ischaemic colitis. The presence of a possible intra-abdominal abscess with secondary peritonitis should also be considered.
However, taking into account the epidemiological background of the trip, which was not to a developing country, and the short incubation period (the symptoms appeared during the return flight), with digestive symptoms, the possibility of leptospirosis or acute hepatitis A and B should be considered. In addition, given that the patient had been in a rural environment, given the risk of arthropod or tick bites, rickettsiosis, Lyme disease and Q fever should be ruled out.
Other diseases to consider in a patient with febrile syndrome, abdominal pain and a recent trip are malaria, dengue and yellow fever in case of mosquito bites; and trypanosomiasis, leishamiasis and bartolenosis in case of the risk of a fly bite. The risk of these diseases will be determined by the origin of the traveller and the incubation time. In the case of our patient, the origin of California does not constitute a risk area for the contagion of these diseases.
If the patient had consumed unsafe water or raw food, it would be necessary to rule out enterobacterial infections such as Salmonella spp. or parasitic infections, although he did not present eosinophilia: helminths (Ascaris spp, Trichinella spp, Taenia solium...) and protozoa (Toxoplasma, Entamoeba histolytica...). It would also be necessary to consider the diagnosis of listeriosis and salmonellosis, which are more likely in the case of consumption of unpasteurised dairy products. Our patient had initially denied eating raw food or drinking water. Finally, although the patient did not report contact with animals, the fact that he came from a rural and forestry area should be considered in the differential diagnosis of entities such as brucellosis, tularaemia and plague, among others.
Evolution
On admission, blood cultures were taken and treatment was started with ceftriaxone 1 gram intravenous (iv) daily, metronizadol 500 mg iv every 8 hours and doxycycline 100 mg orally every 12 hours. Serology for Rickettsia spp, Coxiella spp. (ELISA), as well as cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A and B, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), all of which were negative.
An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan without contrast showed gas in the portal venous system, affecting practically the entire left hepatic lobe, part of the right, as well as some mesenteric vessels, a finding that could be related to pylephlebitis. In addition, there was splenomegaly of 17 cm in diameter, with two non-specific nodular hypodense images of approximately 1 and 1.5 cm, respectively, which could correspond to two abscesses. Non-contrast abdominal CT scan: presence of gas in the portal venous system and splenomegaly 17 cm in diameter, with two non-specific nodular hypodense nodular images, approximately 1 and 1.5 cm in diameter.
In the hypogastrium there was a tubular image with wall thickening and increased density, which was reported as probable Meckel's diverticulitis. After 24 hours the patient's clinical condition worsened, with persistent fever, abdominal pain and elevated inflammatory parameters. For this reason, he was evaluated by the general surgeons and urgent surgery was decided. It was decided to perform exploratory laparoscopy, finding purulent free fluid in both subphrenic and Douglas spaces, with an image of diverticula about 30 cm long in the proximity of the ileocaecal valve, inflamed and in intimate contact with the ileum wall, which nevertheless appeared to have an independent meso. It was decided to perform ileal resection including the inflamed bowel segment with latero-lateral anastomosis through a Pfanestiel incision to assist the laparoscopic approach. Removal of the specimen to perform the extracorporeal anastomosis, revealing the duplicated and inflamed intestinal segment.
No alterations were observed at the splenic level. Intraoperative cultures were all negative and the biopsy of the surgical specimen showed a significant inflammatory, ulcerative and congestive infiltration of a segment of small intestine in relation to an intestinal duplicity.
After surgery the patient remained stable with improvement of inflammatory parameters. Doxycycline was discontinued, continuing treatment with ceftriaxone and metronidazole at equal doses for two more weeks. The patient experienced a complicated postoperative period with paralytic ileus and the appearance of an enterocutaneous fistula, which subsequently resolved. After four weeks of hospitalisation, the patient was discharged, being reviewed two weeks later in the outpatient clinic, with good general condition and normal laboratory tests.
Final diagnosis
Portal pneumatosis and pylephlebitis, secondary to inflammation of intestinal duplication.
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"signs",
".",
"Physical",
"examination",
"revealed",
"scleral",
"jaundice",
",",
"with",
"pain",
"on",
"palpation",
"of",
"the",
"epigastrium",
"and",
"right",
"hemiabdomen",
",",
"with",
"positive",
"Blumberg",
"'",
"s",
"and",
"Murphy",
"'",
"s",
"signs",
",",
"indicative",
"of",
"peritoneal",
"irritation",
".",
"She",
"had",
"a",
"small",
"wound",
"with",
"no",
"signs",
"of",
"superinfection",
"on",
"her",
"right",
"hand",
",",
"which",
"she",
"reported",
"had",
"been",
"caused",
"by",
"a",
"strawberry",
"plant",
"a",
"fortnight",
"earlier",
".",
"Laboratory",
"tests",
"showed",
"normal",
"levels",
"of",
"electrolytes",
",",
"calcium",
",",
"creatinine",
",",
"glucose",
"and",
"urea",
".",
"The",
"haemogram",
"revealed",
"lymphopenia",
"of",
"250",
"x103",
"cells",
"/",
"μL",
"and",
"cholestasis",
"pattern",
"with",
"total",
"bilirubin",
"of",
"2",
".",
"59",
"mg",
"/",
"dl",
",",
"GOT",
"of",
"71",
".",
"50",
"U",
"/",
"L",
",",
"GPT",
"of",
"73",
".",
"60",
"U",
"/",
"L",
"and",
"C-reactive",
"protein",
"(",
"CRP",
")",
"264",
".",
"24",
"mg",
"/",
"l",
".",
"The",
"plain",
"abdominal",
"X-ray",
"showed",
"no",
"notable",
"abnormalities",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
".",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"fever",
"and",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"after",
"a",
"recent",
"trip",
",",
"the",
"diagnostic",
"process",
"will",
"consider",
"whether",
"or",
"not",
"the",
"infection",
"is",
"related",
"to",
"the",
"trip",
"itself",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"common",
"causes",
"of",
"infection",
"that",
"are",
"distributed",
"worldwide",
"in",
"developed",
"countries1",
",",
"2",
".",
"At",
"the",
"beginning",
"of",
"the",
"diagnostic",
"process",
",",
"the",
"severity",
"of",
"the",
"condition",
"should",
"be",
"assessed",
",",
"which",
"will",
"determine",
"the",
"need",
"for",
"hospitalisation",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"the",
"possible",
"risk",
"of",
"transmission",
".",
"It",
"is",
"important",
"to",
"note",
"that",
"there",
"are",
"other",
"non-infectious",
"pathologies",
"that",
"may",
"also",
"be",
"accompanied",
"by",
"fever",
",",
"such",
"as",
"thrombophlebitis",
"or",
"pulmonary",
"embolism",
"in",
"the",
"\"",
"economy",
"class",
"syndrome",
"\"",
",",
"or",
"drug-induced",
"fever",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"in",
"this",
"case",
",",
"within",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"fever",
"and",
"acute",
"onset",
"abdominal",
"pain",
",",
"\"",
"common",
"\"",
"or",
"non-travel-related",
"causes",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
",",
"considering",
"liver",
",",
"spleen",
"and",
"biliary",
"tract",
"diseases",
",",
"such",
"as",
"acute",
"cholecystitis",
"(",
"lithiasis",
"or",
"alliasis",
")",
",",
"or",
"acute",
"cholangitis",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"hepatic",
"or",
"splenic",
"abscess",
",",
"or",
"septic",
"thrombophlebitis",
".",
"Other",
"gastrointestinal",
"diseases",
"that",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
"are",
"acute",
"appendicitis",
",",
"acute",
"diverticulitis",
"and",
"ischaemic",
"colitis",
".",
"The",
"presence",
"of",
"a",
"possible",
"intra-abdominal",
"abscess",
"with",
"secondary",
"peritonitis",
"should",
"also",
"be",
"considered",
".",
"However",
",",
"taking",
"into",
"account",
"the",
"epidemiological",
"background",
"of",
"the",
"trip",
",",
"which",
"was",
"not",
"to",
"a",
"developing",
"country",
",",
"and",
"the",
"short",
"incubation",
"period",
"(",
"the",
"symptoms",
"appeared",
"during",
"the",
"return",
"flight",
")",
",",
"with",
"digestive",
"symptoms",
",",
"the",
"possibility",
"of",
"leptospirosis",
"or",
"acute",
"hepatitis",
"A",
"and",
"B",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"given",
"that",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"been",
"in",
"a",
"rural",
"environment",
",",
"given",
"the",
"risk",
"of",
"arthropod",
"or",
"tick",
"bites",
",",
"rickettsiosis",
",",
"Lyme",
"disease",
"and",
"Q",
"fever",
"should",
"be",
"ruled",
"out",
".",
"Other",
"diseases",
"to",
"consider",
"in",
"a",
"patient",
"with",
"febrile",
"syndrome",
",",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"and",
"a",
"recent",
"trip",
"are",
"malaria",
",",
"dengue",
"and",
"yellow",
"fever",
"in",
"case",
"of",
"mosquito",
"bites",
";",
"and",
"trypanosomiasis",
",",
"leishamiasis",
"and",
"bartolenosis",
"in",
"case",
"of",
"the",
"risk",
"of",
"a",
"fly",
"bite",
".",
"The",
"risk",
"of",
"these",
"diseases",
"will",
"be",
"determined",
"by",
"the",
"origin",
"of",
"the",
"traveller",
"and",
"the",
"incubation",
"time",
".",
"In",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"the",
"origin",
"of",
"California",
"does",
"not",
"constitute",
"a",
"risk",
"area",
"for",
"the",
"contagion",
"of",
"these",
"diseases",
".",
"If",
"the",
"patient",
"had",
"consumed",
"unsafe",
"water",
"or",
"raw",
"food",
",",
"it",
"would",
"be",
"necessary",
"to",
"rule",
"out",
"enterobacterial",
"infections",
"such",
"as",
"Salmonella",
"spp",
".",
"or",
"parasitic",
"infections",
",",
"although",
"he",
"did",
"not",
"present",
"eosinophilia",
":",
"helminths",
"(",
"Ascaris",
"spp",
",",
"Trichinella",
"spp",
",",
"Taenia",
"solium",
".",
".",
".",
")",
"and",
"protozoa",
"(",
"Toxoplasma",
",",
"Entamoeba",
"histolytica",
".",
".",
".",
")",
".",
"It",
"would",
"also",
"be",
"necessary",
"to",
"consider",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"listeriosis",
"and",
"salmonellosis",
",",
"which",
"are",
"more",
"likely",
"in",
"the",
"case",
"of",
"consumption",
"of",
"unpasteurised",
"dairy",
"products",
".",
"Our",
"patient",
"had",
"initially",
"denied",
"eating",
"raw",
"food",
"or",
"drinking",
"water",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"although",
"the",
"patient",
"did",
"not",
"report",
"contact",
"with",
"animals",
",",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"he",
"came",
"from",
"a",
"rural",
"and",
"forestry",
"area",
"should",
"be",
"considered",
"in",
"the",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"entities",
"such",
"as",
"brucellosis",
",",
"tularaemia",
"and",
"plague",
",",
"among",
"others",
".",
"Evolution",
"On",
"admission",
",",
"blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"taken",
"and",
"treatment",
"was",
"started",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
"1",
"gram",
"intravenous",
"(",
"iv",
")",
"daily",
",",
"metronizadol",
"500",
"mg",
"iv",
"every",
"8",
"hours",
"and",
"doxycycline",
"100",
"mg",
"orally",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
".",
"Serology",
"for",
"Rickettsia",
"spp",
",",
"Coxiella",
"spp",
".",
"(",
"ELISA",
")",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"cytomegalovirus",
"(",
"CMV",
")",
",",
"hepatitis",
"A",
"and",
"B",
",",
"Epstein",
"Barr",
"virus",
"(",
"EBV",
")",
",",
"all",
"of",
"which",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"An",
"abdominal",
"computed",
"tomography",
"(",
"CT",
")",
"scan",
"without",
"contrast",
"showed",
"gas",
"in",
"the",
"portal",
"venous",
"system",
",",
"affecting",
"practically",
"the",
"entire",
"left",
"hepatic",
"lobe",
",",
"part",
"of",
"the",
"right",
",",
"as",
"well",
"as",
"some",
"mesenteric",
"vessels",
",",
"a",
"finding",
"that",
"could",
"be",
"related",
"to",
"pylephlebitis",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"was",
"splenomegaly",
"of",
"17",
"cm",
"in",
"diameter",
",",
"with",
"two",
"non-specific",
"nodular",
"hypodense",
"images",
"of",
"approximately",
"1",
"and",
"1",
".",
"5",
"cm",
",",
"respectively",
",",
"which",
"could",
"correspond",
"to",
"two",
"abscesses",
".",
"Non-contrast",
"abdominal",
"CT",
"scan",
":",
"presence",
"of",
"gas",
"in",
"the",
"portal",
"venous",
"system",
"and",
"splenomegaly",
"17",
"cm",
"in",
"diameter",
",",
"with",
"two",
"non-specific",
"nodular",
"hypodense",
"nodular",
"images",
",",
"approximately",
"1",
"and",
"1",
".",
"5",
"cm",
"in",
"diameter",
".",
"In",
"the",
"hypogastrium",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"tubular",
"image",
"with",
"wall",
"thickening",
"and",
"increased",
"density",
",",
"which",
"was",
"reported",
"as",
"probable",
"Meckel",
"'",
"s",
"diverticulitis",
".",
"After",
"24",
"hours",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"clinical",
"condition",
"worsened",
",",
"with",
"persistent",
"fever",
",",
"abdominal",
"pain",
"and",
"elevated",
"inflammatory",
"parameters",
".",
"For",
"this",
"reason",
",",
"he",
"was",
"evaluated",
"by",
"the",
"general",
"surgeons",
"and",
"urgent",
"surgery",
"was",
"decided",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"exploratory",
"laparoscopy",
",",
"finding",
"purulent",
"free",
"fluid",
"in",
"both",
"subphrenic",
"and",
"Douglas",
"spaces",
",",
"with",
"an",
"image",
"of",
"diverticula",
"about",
"30",
"cm",
"long",
"in",
"the",
"proximity",
"of",
"the",
"ileocaecal",
"valve",
",",
"inflamed",
"and",
"in",
"intimate",
"contact",
"with",
"the",
"ileum",
"wall",
",",
"which",
"nevertheless",
"appeared",
"to",
"have",
"an",
"independent",
"meso",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"ileal",
"resection",
"including",
"the",
"inflamed",
"bowel",
"segment",
"with",
"latero-lateral",
"anastomosis",
"through",
"a",
"Pfanestiel",
"incision",
"to",
"assist",
"the",
"laparoscopic",
"approach",
".",
"Removal",
"of",
"the",
"specimen",
"to",
"perform",
"the",
"extracorporeal",
"anastomosis",
",",
"revealing",
"the",
"duplicated",
"and",
"inflamed",
"intestinal",
"segment",
".",
"No",
"alterations",
"were",
"observed",
"at",
"the",
"splenic",
"level",
".",
"Intraoperative",
"cultures",
"were",
"all",
"negative",
"and",
"the",
"biopsy",
"of",
"the",
"surgical",
"specimen",
"showed",
"a",
"significant",
"inflammatory",
",",
"ulcerative",
"and",
"congestive",
"infiltration",
"of",
"a",
"segment",
"of",
"small",
"intestine",
"in",
"relation",
"to",
"an",
"intestinal",
"duplicity",
".",
"After",
"surgery",
"the",
"patient",
"remained",
"stable",
"with",
"improvement",
"of",
"inflammatory",
"parameters",
".",
"Doxycycline",
"was",
"discontinued",
",",
"continuing",
"treatment",
"with",
"ceftriaxone",
"and",
"metronidazole",
"at",
"equal",
"doses",
"for",
"two",
"more",
"weeks",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"experienced",
"a",
"complicated",
"postoperative",
"period",
"with",
"paralytic",
"ileus",
"and",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"an",
"enterocutaneous",
"fistula",
",",
"which",
"subsequently",
"resolved",
".",
"After",
"four",
"weeks",
"of",
"hospitalisation",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
",",
"being",
"reviewed",
"two",
"weeks",
"later",
"in",
"the",
"outpatient",
"clinic",
",",
"with",
"good",
"general",
"condition",
"and",
"normal",
"laboratory",
"tests",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Portal",
"pneumatosis",
"and",
"pylephlebitis",
",",
"secondary",
"to",
"inflammation",
"of",
"intestinal",
"duplication",
"."
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A 44-year-old woman with a history of migraine, with no other medical history of interest, consulted for a fever of up to 39oC and left hemicranial headache with migraine-like characteristics of 4 days' evolution. The medical history included generalised arthralgias with possible arthritis of the wrists and knees, with no other symptoms. From the epidemiological point of view, she denies risky sexual relations or recent travel. She lives in a rural area and has contact with a cat and cattle, reporting tick bites in the previous 2 months, with no skin lesions. He denies the use of toxic substances, drugs, herbal products or unpasteurised dairy products. The general and neurological examination was unremarkable, with elevated acute phase reactants (CRP 17 mg/dl), thrombopenia (66 x 1000/μl) and a predominantly cholestatic liver profile alteration (GPT 95 U/l, GOT 110 U/l, GGT 193 U/l, Alkaline Phosphatase 118 U/l, LDH 439 U/l, Bilirubin 3. 5 mg/dl), with negative serology (HIV, HAV, HBV, HCV, EBV, CMV, lupus, Borrelia, Toxoplasma, Coxiella, Bartonella henselae, Bartonella quintana and R. conorii) and Rose Bengal, chest X-ray, abdominal ultrasound (evidence of hepatic LOEs compatible with haemangiomas), cranial CT scan and lumbar puncture with no findings. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started, but the fever persisted and in the following 48 hours the patient developed focal peritonism in the right hypochondrium. An abdominal CT scan was performed showing homogeneous hepatomegaly, previously described haemangiomas and significant perivesicular and periportal oedema (figure 1), without conclusive signs of cholecystitis. Given these findings, cholecystectomy was performed with excellent subsequent evolution. There was no evidence of microbiological isolation in abdominal fluid or blood cultures. Open liver biopsy showed evidence of acute hepatitis, with lymphohistiocytic aggregates grouped in non-necrotising microgranulomas, with no evidence of HBV, CMV or HSV antigens, and with immunohistochemistry compatible with a mixed lymphocyte phenotype of predominantly T and CD68-positive macrophages. In light of the histological findings and based on Coxiella Phase II IgG seroconversion (Coxiella Phase I and II IgG negative on admission; Phase I IgG negative, Phase II IgG positive > 1/512 at 15 days) the diagnosis of Q fever was confirmed.
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A 66-year-old woman presented with difficulty walking and acute fatigue of 72 hours' duration; she had had a fever and cough ten days earlier, with spontaneous resolution of the fever after a few days. He also reported a transient pruritic dorsal rash, but had no gastrointestinal symptoms or relevant medical history, except for mild hypertension treated with beta-blockers. A CT scan of the lung showed bilateral ground-glass opacities, but the first rhinopharyngeal smear for SARS-CoV-2 was negative; initial blood tests and blood gases were unremarkable. On examination, the patient was paraparesis, with rapidly progressive symmetrical weakness in the lower extremities, leading to falls and paraplegia. She also had distal upper extremity weakness (Medical Research Council scale score 4/5) and diffuse areflexia, but no clear sensory deficits. A lumbar puncture showed typical albumin-cytological imbalance (0 cells/uL, 108 mg/dL protein), leading to immediate initiation of i.v. immunoglobulin therapy (0.4 g/kg for 5.5 days). (0.4 g/kg for 5 days) with a presumptive diagnosis of GBS. Ten days after symptom onset, a nerve conduction study revealed absent F waves with diffuse prolonged distal motor latencies and reduced distal compound muscle action potential amplitudes, with slightly reduced conduction velocities, suggesting a mixed pattern of demyelination and axonal damage; no sensory nerve action potential was observed. SARS-CoV-2 was not detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), while serological tests were not available at the time; anti-glycolipid antibodies were also not detected.
In the meantime, the patient had been admitted to a subintensive care unit as her second smear had tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, so a combination treatment of antiretrovirals (lopinavir and ritonavir) and hydroxychloroquine was started, maintaining reasonable respiratory function with oxygen therapy.
However, the woman had no improvement from previous treatment with i.v. immunoglobulins and developed progressive weakness in all limbs, dysaesthesia and unilateral facial paralysis. She also required treatment for transient episodes of disorientation with psychomotor excitement. In addition, gas exchange worsened, with sudden desaturation requiring intubation and admission to the intensive care unit, where she was treated for multi-organ failure, deep vein thrombosis and superimposed bacterial infection (aspiration pneumonia).
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A 41-year-old man from Spain, currently working in advertising. He has no known allergies or pathological history of interest and does not take any medication. History of previous trips to Thailand, Morocco and Mexico. Vaccinated against tetanus-diphtheria, typhoid fever, hepatitis A and B. He came for consultation in May, as in June he will be going on a 30-day tourist trip to Vietnam, with accommodation in guesthouses and hostels. He will be accompanied by two friends and will cycle along the coast of the country. The tour includes arrival in Hanoi, a boat trip across Halong Bay and return to Hanoi from where he will cycle through different areas starting in Hué and continuing through Da Nang, Qui Nho, Nha Trang until arriving in HoChi Minh, to visit the Cuchi tunnels and from this city he will return to Spain.
Bearing in mind that this traveller will be travelling by bicycle and that dogs living in the street are particularly attracted to moving vehicles, his case poses a real risk; therefore, the rabies vaccine would be the other vaccine we would advise in this case.
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{
"text": "man",
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{
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] | en |
Personal history
Male, 27 years old, from Ghana, resident in Spain for two years. He lived in a foster home. No risk factors for the acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases or toxic habits. No other history of interest.
Present illness
She came to the emergency department with a fever of up to 39oC together with general malaise, fever and shivering of fifteen days of evolution. She did not report any other accompanying symptoms.
Physical examination
The patient was conscious, oriented and cooperative. He was febrile (39oC) and had an arterial oxygen saturation of 98%, with a heart rate of around 95 bpm. The neurological examination did not reveal any noteworthy findings. No axillary, cervical or supraclavicular lymph nodes were palpable. The pharyngeal examination, cardiorespiratory auscultation, abdominal palpation and examination of the lower limbs were normal.
Complementary examinations
The haemoglobin level was 10.3 g/dL, leukocytes 2,770/μL, (LUC 7.6%), and 99,000 platelets/μL. The CD4+ lymphocyte count was 247 cells/μL. Biochemistry showed elevated liver enzymes (GOT 555 IU/L, GPT 292 IU/L, GGT 459 IU/L, alkaline phosphatase 405 IU/L, total bilirubin 3.6 mg/dL), LDH 3,572 IU/L and beta-2-microglobulin 4.1 mg/L. Acute phase reactants were progressively elevated (C-reactive protein from 12.3 to 216 mg/dL and sedimentation rate from 37 to 49 mm/h). Antinuclear and anti-DNA antibodies were negative. The proteinogram showed polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. In the anaemia study, iron overload was detected, and in terms of coagulation, prothrombin activity was 64%. Peripheral blood smear showed polychromasia with basophilic stippling and no schistocytes. Serology for Rickettsia, Brucella, Coxiella, Chlamydia, lupus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Toxoplasma, Cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus and HIV were negative. Blood cultures were negative. As for hepatitis markers, he had negative antibodies to hepatitis A and C virus; positive hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen; positive HBV core antibody; negative IgM surface antigen antibody; negative HBV e antigen; negative HBV PCR viral load 1,377,881 IU/mL (log 6.13); positive hepatitis D virus antibodies. Chest X-ray and echocardiography were normal. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scan of the chest and abdomen revealed moderate hepatosplenomegaly (spleen 17.6 cm in its major axis).
Diagnostic test
Bone marrow aspirate: presence of Leishmania.
Clinical judgement
Visceral leishmaniasis. Chronic hepatitis B virus hepatitis B with delta superinfection.
Evolution
After diagnosis, the patient was treated with liposomal amphotericin B 4 mg/kg/day for five days and then continued with 4 mg/kg/day for five weeks. An ampoule of vitamin K was also administered daily. Within 48 hours of starting treatment, the fever disappeared and the patient remained asymptomatic since then. Laboratory parameters showed a tendency to normalisation (GOT 128 IU/L, GPT 150 IU/L, total bilirubin 1.7 mg/dL, LDH 997 IU/L, prothrombin activity 81% and CD4+ 608). The patient was referred to the Digestive Unit for further follow-up of his liver pathology.
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Anamnesis
A 56-year-old patient with a history of HIV infection on treatment with Dolutegravir/ Abacavir/Lamivudine (Triumeq®) for the last two months reported a pruritic and itchy rash of one month's evolution affecting the face and neck.
The patient denied fever or general malaise and did not present pruritus in any other area of the body. He did not precisely relate the appearance of the rash to any precipitant.
Physical examination
On examination, the patient presented follicular papules and pustules, some of them erosive, distributed over the chin, manidibular branches, malar areas, auricular pavilions and neck, slightly infiltrated to the touch, not painful on palpation.
There were no lesions on the trunk or extremities, no mucosal lesions or lesions in the genital area, and no submandibular or periauricular lymphadenopathies were palpable.
Complementary examinations
Given the different diagnostic suspicions, we decided to order a blood test, we took an exudate from one of the pustules for culture, a sample was taken from a lesion for PCR of herpes simplex virus and we performed a skin biopsy for histological study of one of the lesions.
Blood tests showed an improvement in the CD4+ lymphocyte count, which had risen from 200/L to 475/L following the start of treatment, with no other notable alterations.
The exudate sample taken from one of the pustules showed growth of mixed cutaneous flora, but this was not diagnostically relevant.
PCR for HSV 1 and 2 was negative.
The skin biopsy showed a lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with abundant eosinophils, preferentially perifollicular in distribution, but also with a superficial perivascular component accompanied by interstitial eosinophilia. A vesicle with serous material and mixed inflammatory infiltrate composed of polymorphonuclear and eosinophils was observed in the epidermis. The epithelium of the follicular infundibulum was also dotted with eosinophils with a pattern of eosinophilic spongiosis.
Diagnosis
With these clinicopathological and analytical findings, the diagnosis of eosinophilic folliculitis was established, probably in the context of immune reconstitution in HIV patients after starting antiretroviral therapy.
Treatment
Prior to obtaining the results of the complementary tests and given the clinical suspicion of a herpetic infection with onset of dissemination, treatment was started with Valacyclovir 1 g every 12 hours and an appointment was made for a review in 9 days. Once the results of the complementary tests were obtained and the diagnosis established, treatment was started with methylprednisolone aceponate 1 mg/g in emulsion, with a check-up in one month.
Evolution
At the first check-up nine days after the first consultation, the patient was stable with no new lesions and no improvement, so it was decided to continue treatment with Valacyclovir for a further week while awaiting the results of the biopsy and PCR, with an appointment in two weeks. Two weeks later, with a definitive diagnosis, treatment with topical corticosteroids was started, with a further check-up in one month. At the last check-up the patient showed a notable improvement with fewer lesions and these were less pruritic, coinciding both with the start of treatment with topical methylprednisolone aceponate and with a stabilisation of the CD4 lymphocyte count.
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Anamnesis
Male patient with no medical or surgical history of interest, who presented at the age of 20 years with a clinical presentation of headache of three weeks' evolution, predominantly occipital and later with binocular diplopia.
Physical examination
Only mild pupillary asymmetry and binocular diplopia were noted.
Complementary tests
A computed tomography (CT) scan showed moderate hydrocephalus due to the presence of a mass in the posterior wall of the third ventricle/pineal gland and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the skull and spine showed pineal origin of the mass and absence of dissemination through the neuroaxis. On 11 May 2016 he underwent cerebrospinal fluid diversion and biopsy of the lesion showing a papillary pattern associated with a more diffuse pattern with ependymal-like rosettes with positive cytokeratins on immunohistochemistry.
Diagnosis
Localised papillary tumour of the pineal region.
Treatment
The patient was reoperated on 31 May 2016 by suprainfratentorial craniotomy for excision of the mass, achieving a complete resection. Subsequently, adjuvant radiotherapy treatment was decided on the surgical site with a dose of 52.2 Gy in 29 sessions, which were administered between July and September 2016.
Evolution
In November 2016, recurrence was detected in November 2016 due to locoregional leptomeningeal dissemination at the level of the cerebellar hemispheres in a control MRI. It was decided to administer craniospinal radiotherapy with a total dose of 52.2 Gy, which was completed in December 2016. On 30/01/2017 he started chemotherapy treatment with lomustine + cisplatin + vincristine. In August 2017, the patient completed five cycles of chemotherapy with a complete radiological response and acceptable tolerance, highlighting sensory neuropathy and decreases in the three series of the haemogram as toxicity.
Subsequently, two additional cycles were administered with dose reduction due to haematological toxicity, after which the patient was followed up.
In May 2018, the patient again presented radiological tumour progression. On 28/5/2018 he restarted treatment with lomustine + cisplatin + vincristine given the previous response, progressing radiologically after three cycles. On 18/9/2018 he started a second line of treatment with temozolamide, presenting after two cycles a significant radiological tumour progression (with massive cranial meningeal dissemination and at the level of the cauda equina) and clinical progression due to the appearance of left sciatic syndrome refractory to conventional analgesia and oral corticosteroids, requiring the administration of analgesic radiotherapy at the lumbosacral level. After radiotherapy, on 30/11/2018, the patient started a third line of chemotherapy with etoposide with dose reduction due to previous haematological toxicity, presenting radiological tumour stabilisation but poor haematological tolerance, which forced him to switch to an oral metronomic regimen and constant delays.
In March 2019, the patient developed febrile neutropenia with pulmonary superinfection by Pneumocystis jirovecii, requiring prolonged hospitalisation. Despite the additive stabilisation of the disease, given the clinical progression (reappearance of diplopia) and the high haematological toxicity to etoposide, it was decided to switch to a new line of treatment with bevacizumab, which started on 8/4/2019.
Since hospital discharge, the patient remains with established paraplegia secondary to tumour dissemination in the cauda equina and steroid myopathy. He is currently on four courses of treatment with bevacizumab and is awaiting MRI re-evaluation of the disease.
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"text": "Male patient",
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{
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{
"text": "patient",
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] | en |
We present the case of a three-year-old preschooler who presented to his health centre with a bitemporal headache, daily, in the evening, lasting for hours, which subsided after analgesia. The pain does not occur during sleep and does not interfere with her daily activities. There is no aura, sonophobia or photophobia. No vomiting or other symptoms. Personal history of no interest. Normal psychomotor and postnatal development. Physical and neurological examination was normal. Referred to Ophthalmology, where pathology was ruled out. A blood test was requested, with a ferritin level of 8 ng/ml, and the haemogram and other biochemistry were anodine. Following this, treatment with oral iron was started.
Two months later, she consulted Neuropaediatrics for persistent headache and was referred to Neuropaediatrics (normal brain magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]) and an analytical control was performed to assess the previous iron deficiency, determining IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies (> 128 U/ml) and IgA (normal). Subsequently, a biopsy was obtained confirming coeliac disease with Marsh type II-III villous atrophy, and low-resolution histocompatibility system typing (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]) was performed, obtaining a DQ2 haplotype of coeliac susceptibility in cis. Following diagnosis, the patient was started on a gluten-free diet and progressed favourably, with disappearance of the headache and correction of ferritin levels.
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{
"text": "Personal",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 352,
"end": 360
}
] | en |
A 41 year old female patient, born in the south of Ecuador, daughter of butcher parents, living in Spain since 1998, with no recent trips to her country of origin and no medical history. She attended the emergency department on several occasions over 10 months for recurrent episodes of cervicalgia, headache in the occipital region, fever up to 38.5oC, nausea and vomiting. The cervical pain was throbbing and intense, and was accentuated when standing up and bending down; she progressively noticed ramps in her legs and less strength in her hands when handling objects. Physical examination revealed pain on posterior cervical palpation, with no meningeal signs, although there was slight resistance to cervical flexion, minimal weakness distal to hand pressure, generalised hyperreflexia predominantly in the lower limbs and right clonus. Fundus examination was normal. An outpatient brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed, which showed signal hyperintensity in the diffusion study, located in the left posterior parasagittal occipital region. Given the suspicion of cervical myelopathy with possible migraine status, it was decided to admit the patient for study. A number of complementary tests were performed, including a serology for Borrelia burgdorferii (IgG positive). The CMR was repeated, where the area of hyperintensity persisted, also including periventricular substance and dilatation of the ventricular system. The cervical vertebral study was normal. Computed Axial Tomography of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis was normal. Lumbar puncture was performed, obtaining normotensive CSF, clear, glucose 49mg/dL, protein 63.2mg/dL, leukocytes 69 cells/uL (PMN 15%, MN 85%), red blood cells 21 cells/uL, albumin 43.6 mg/dL; Ziehl, Gram and Cryptococcus Ag stain negative; cultures negative; CSF cytology showed mature lymphoid cells without atypia. The patient worsened and a new CMR was performed, showing signs of hydrocephalus and contrast uptake by the meninges. Given the clinical suspicion of chronic meningitis with progressive hydrocephalus and signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension, neurosurgical intervention was decided: Despite this, clinical worsening persisted (refractory headache, nausea, vomiting, ataxia and nystagmus), so it was decided to re-intervene on suspicion of DVP dysfunction, placing an external ventricular shunt (EVS) for a week, with a new intervention to place a new DVP and remove the previous DVP. Anatomopathological results were obtained, showing no significant pathology. A new CMR was performed which showed an improvement, which was confirmed by a clinical improvement and a diagnosis of chronic meningitis due to possible neurosarcoidosis with secondary progressive hydrocephalus was made, and it was decided to start steroid treatment. In one of the physical examinations, right supraclavicular swelling and redness in the posterior cervical region were observed, which had not existed before: the CAT scan showed no alterations. A new lumbar puncture was performed, obtaining CSF with mild pleocytosis. Following these findings, it was concluded that there were no signs of infection but rather of recurrence due to a reduction in corticosteroid treatment, and it was recommended that the antibiotic be discontinued and the corticosteroids be increased. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis and other possible diagnoses were questioned, as the patient had normal angiotensin-converting enzyme and negative Quantiferon. Another CMR was performed, which showed contrast uptake in the pachygyria and leptomeninges of the posterior aspect of the bulbomedullary transition to the end of the second cervical vertebra together with the appearance of a liquid cyst at the level of C3, of the left pontocerebellar and retrocerebellar angles, and it was suggested that the cysts were postmeningitis arachnoid cysts. Cervical pain associated with vomiting persisted, so a new CMR was performed, showing a centred midline and the presence of two cystic lesions inside the left lateral ventricle, with the end of the catheter located in the third ventricle, and a cystic image persisted in the left pontocerebellar angle with a similar size, also showing an extension of the cystic lesion caudal and left posterolateral to the level of the C3 vertebra. Subsequently, he began to show behavioural changes and gait disturbance; he had a fall in the street with TBI, hand tremor, difficulty walking, more frequent vomiting, urinary incontinence, no fever. Hydrocephalus was again detected and it was decided to re-intervene due to DVP dysfunction. Subsequently, she presented multiple complications with persistent headache and gait instability. He suffered several episodes of DVP obstruction that required surgical reintervention. Physical examination revealed deterioration of the general condition, without neurological focality, broad base of support, oedematisation of the face and neck, cushingoid facies, tremor in both hands, despite the reduction of corticoids. We postulate the possibility of reactivation of her chronic meningitis after discontinuation of corticosteroid treatment. Finally, given the clinical manifestations and findings, a new brain biopsy was performed on suspicion of arreabsorptive hydrocephalus secondary to probable chronic meningitis-neurosarcoidosis. During surgery, multiple cysts were found to have emerged at the subarachnoid and infracerebellar levels. The pathological anatomy was reported as a piece of cystectomy in cisterna magna: scalloped cyst and fibrous wall of parasitic origin, although it cannot be confirmed due to the absence of the parasite, a cysticercosis is the most congruent. Multiple microbiological studies were carried out with the biopsy, being negative for tuberculosis, fungi, amoebae. Finally, the PCR for Taenia solium in the brain biopsy was positive, so it was decided to start treatment with praziquantel and albendazole, in view of the diagnostic confirmation of neurocysticercosis. Unfortunately, the patient continues with poor evolution and still has episodes of obstruction of the PVD, which have led to multiple complications related to prolonged hospitalisation. This case highlights the importance of this type of pathology and the relevance of highlighting the epidemiological background of patients, which we often forget and makes us direct the diagnostic process based on pathologies that we see in our area much more frequently.
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",",
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"gait",
"disturbance",
";",
"he",
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"fall",
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"street",
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",",
"hand",
"tremor",
",",
"difficulty",
"walking",
",",
"more",
"frequent",
"vomiting",
",",
"urinary",
"incontinence",
",",
"no",
"fever",
".",
"Hydrocephalus",
"was",
"again",
"detected",
"and",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"re-intervene",
"due",
"to",
"DVP",
"dysfunction",
".",
"Subsequently",
",",
"she",
"presented",
"multiple",
"complications",
"with",
"persistent",
"headache",
"and",
"gait",
"instability",
".",
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"several",
"episodes",
"of",
"DVP",
"obstruction",
"that",
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"surgical",
"reintervention",
".",
"Physical",
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"of",
"the",
"general",
"condition",
",",
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"focality",
",",
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"base",
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"support",
",",
"oedematisation",
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"face",
"and",
"neck",
",",
"cushingoid",
"facies",
",",
"tremor",
"in",
"both",
"hands",
",",
"despite",
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"reduction",
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"corticoids",
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"We",
"postulate",
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"possibility",
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"reactivation",
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"her",
"chronic",
"meningitis",
"after",
"discontinuation",
"of",
"corticosteroid",
"treatment",
".",
"Finally",
",",
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"the",
"clinical",
"manifestations",
"and",
"findings",
",",
"a",
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"brain",
"biopsy",
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"performed",
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"suspicion",
"of",
"arreabsorptive",
"hydrocephalus",
"secondary",
"to",
"probable",
"chronic",
"meningitis-neurosarcoidosis",
".",
"During",
"surgery",
",",
"multiple",
"cysts",
"were",
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"to",
"have",
"emerged",
"at",
"the",
"subarachnoid",
"and",
"infracerebellar",
"levels",
".",
"The",
"pathological",
"anatomy",
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"a",
"piece",
"of",
"cystectomy",
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"cisterna",
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":",
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"cyst",
"and",
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"wall",
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",",
"although",
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"the",
"absence",
"of",
"the",
"parasite",
",",
"a",
"cysticercosis",
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"most",
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".",
"Multiple",
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"studies",
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"the",
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",",
"being",
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"for",
"tuberculosis",
",",
"fungi",
",",
"amoebae",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"the",
"PCR",
"for",
"Taenia",
"solium",
"in",
"the",
"brain",
"biopsy",
"was",
"positive",
",",
"so",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
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"start",
"treatment",
"with",
"praziquantel",
"and",
"albendazole",
",",
"in",
"view",
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"the",
"diagnostic",
"confirmation",
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"neurocysticercosis",
".",
"Unfortunately",
",",
"the",
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"with",
"poor",
"evolution",
"and",
"still",
"has",
"episodes",
"of",
"obstruction",
"of",
"the",
"PVD",
",",
"which",
"have",
"led",
"to",
"multiple",
"complications",
"related",
"to",
"prolonged",
"hospitalisation",
".",
"This",
"case",
"highlights",
"the",
"importance",
"of",
"this",
"type",
"of",
"pathology",
"and",
"the",
"relevance",
"of",
"highlighting",
"the",
"epidemiological",
"background",
"of",
"patients",
",",
"which",
"we",
"often",
"forget",
"and",
"makes",
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"the",
"diagnostic",
"process",
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] | en |
We present the case of a 15-year-old female patient with fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngeal pain and cough, who was seen in the emergency department and diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis by serological tests (EBV VCA IgM IgM IFA: Positive).
Four days later, she returned to our hospital due to subjective worsening. She reported intense odynophagia and moderate dyspnoea on exertion. On examination, the patient was febrile, with inspiratory stridor and presented a very painful retropharyngeal and right laterocervical tumour.
Emergency laboratory tests showed normochromic-normochromic anaemia (Hb 9.30 g/dL, V.C.M 85.20 fL), elevated liver enzymes (GGT 115.00 U/L, AST (GOT) 57.00 U/L, ALT (GPT) 77.00 U/L), hyperglycaemia (Glucose 140.00 mg/dl), leucocytes 4.7 x10E3/microL with 44% lymphocytes.
An emergency cervical CT scan showed a hypodense, homogeneous collection located in the right retropharyngeal space, with extension to the right parapharyngeal space and bilateral laterocervical lymphadenopathies of radiologically significant size. On oropharyngeal inspection, there was bulging of the ipsilateral tonsil with protrusion of the retropharyngeal wall, compromising the airway.
A sample was sent to the microbiology department, which showed a positive culture for Clostridium sp and Prevotella.
On admission, the patient presented with productive cough, prolonged fever, abdominal distension and general malaise. A chest X-ray was performed, showing pleural effusion with right pulmonary condensation. Chest X-ray. Right pleural effusion with right pulmonary condensation.
A thoraco-abdominal CT scan was requested, showing numerous adenopathies in the prevascular, paratracheal and subcarinal space, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, alveolar occupations in the pulmonary parenchyma associated with right pleural effusion and a diffuse increase in mediastinal fat density suggestive of mediastinitis (without evidence of drainable collections). Thoracic CT scan. Lung parenchyma with patchy alveolar opacifications of ground glass attenuation with areas of alveolar consolidation in posterior segment of LSD and both lower lobes, findings suggestive of pneumonic process. Bilateral hilar adenopathies of inflammatory reactive appearance.
Both the episode of mediastinitis and the episode of pneumonia with parapneumonic effusion were resolved by antibiotic treatment (Imipenem associated with Vancomycin).
After 25 days in hospital the patient was discharged with medical treatment (Levofloxacin and Metronidazole).
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A 14-month-old infant presented with recurrent eczematous lesions, nappy rash and frequent folliculitis, with no other infectious symptoms or alterations in the examination. The paternal aunt presented in childhood with recurrent skin and respiratory infections, bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis; and in adulthood, skin abscesses and pneumonia, with bronchiectasis and cystic lesions in several lung segments. The father reports numerous respiratory infections in childhood and adulthood with the presence of bronchiectasis. Given the possibility of hyperIgE syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance (ADH), a chest X-ray, blood count, biochemistry, thyroid hormones, immunoglobulins, complement, and lymphocyte subpopulations were performed, with no alterations found, and an adequate vaccine response. IgE was determined, rising from 411 kU/L (14 months) to 822 kU/L (23 months). A genetic study was requested, and a previously undescribed heterozygous mutation in the STAT3 gene was detected, which was also found in the father and paternal aunt. Varicella vaccine was administered and hydration and topical corticosteroids were prescribed for eczematous lesions, oral antihistamines to relieve pruritus, and antibiotics for superinfected lesions.
Our patient is a heterozygous carrier of a previously undescribed mutation in the STAT 3 gene, suggestive of pathogenic HyperIgE syndrome with ADH, given the patient's clinical and family history.
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History
69-year-old woman No known drug allergies Arterial hypertension (AHT) Hypercholesterolaemia Bronchial asthma and pneumonia in 2009
Chronic atrophic gastritis and chronic liver disease due to hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Chondrocalcinosis Calcifying tendinitis of the right shoulder
Osteoporosis Hyperparathyroidism with parathyroidectomy in 2001
Bilateral sensorineural hearing loss Dry eye syndrome
Cardiological history
In 1978 he underwent mitral and aortic valve replacement with biological prostheses. In 1990, both prostheses malfunctioned, so a new replacement with two mechanical prostheses was performed. The aortic prosthesis was implanted at the level of the coronary ostium, making it necessary to perform two aortocoronary grafts (saphenous vein to the anterior interventricular and right coronary artery). In 2002 he was admitted for heart failure and haemolytic anaemia in relation to late periprosthetic dehiscence, so a new mitral valve replacement was performed with another mechanical prosthesis and new aortocoronary grafts (saphenous vein to the middle anterior descending artery and to the right coronary artery). In 2003, DDD pacemaker implantation was performed due to symptomatic sinus node disease with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cardiologically asymptomatic until 2014, when she was admitted several times for heart failure, most recently in August 2014.
Current illness
Patient admitted for a new episode of heart failure in December 2014. A control transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was performed, followed by a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) which confirmed the presence of two mitral periprosthetic leaks (one septal and one posterior).
Taking into account the patient's morbidity and the high surgical risk, the patient was scheduled for percutaneous leak closure. This procedure was performed on 08/01/2015 under general anaesthesia and with transesophageal echocardiography control in the haemodynamics room.
Initial access was via the right femoral vein and, after transseptal puncture, an attempt was made to cross the posterior mitral leak (as it was the largest) in an antegrade manner, without success. Therefore, it was decided to puncture the left femoral artery and cross the mechanical aortic prosthesis with a guide and a catheter with good haemodynamic tolerance. The posterior leak is crossed and the guidewire is captured in the left atrium (LA) with a loop, externalising via the right femoral vein, thus creating an arteriovenous (AV) shunt. The size of the defect by 3D TEE is 10x4 mm, so a 10x5mm Vascular Plug device is chosen for closure. A release sheath is advanced from the right femoral vein through the defect into the left ventricle (LV) and the device is released from the LV to the LA with good placement and effective closure of the defect (video 3 and figure 1). The procedure is completed and the left femoral artery puncture is closed with good results. The patient was extubated in the ward and transferred to the coronary unit for follow-up in good clinical condition.
Physical examination
BP: 110/48 mmHg. HR: 107 bpm. Sat.02: 100% (Reservoir at 100%). Afebrile. Conscious and oriented, good skin and mucous membrane colouring, good peripheral perfusion, eupneic at rest. Head and neck: no jugular ingurgitation. Cardiac auscultation: rhythmic, no murmurs. Pulmonary auscultation: preserved vesicular murmur.
Abdomen: soft, depressible, not painful on palpation, no signs of peritoneal irritation, no masses or megaliths. Sounds present. Lower extremities: no oedema. Pedial pulses present and symmetrical. No haematoma in puncture sites. Sensibility and mobility preserved.
COMPLEMENTARY TESTS
Preoperative TTE: LV neither dilated nor hypertrophic, with good global systolic function, apical aneurysm. The mechanical mitral prosthesis has a slight systolic Doppler signal. Aortic root not dilated. Mechanical aortic prosthesis with mild regurgitation and maximum gradient of 40 mmHg. Moderately dilated LA. Dilated right chambers. Right ventricle (RV) with moderate dysfunction. Moderate tricuspid regurgitation with RV-RA gradient of 65 mmHg. Estimated PsAP of 80 mmHg. RV pacing lead. No pericardial effusion. Preoperative TEE: mitral prosthesis with two periprosthetic leaks, one septal and one posterior, both moderate.
EVOLUTION
In subsequent outpatient controls, the patient reported feeling better, with improvement in her functional capacity. She has lost weight. In the subsequent control TTE she presented mild periprosthetic mitral insufficiency.
DIAGNOSIS
Leaks or periprosthetic mitral dehiscence.
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{
"text": "woman",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 20,
"end": 25
},
{
"text": "HCV",
"label": "SPECIES",
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"end": 221
},
{
"text": "hepatitis C virus",
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"end": 216
},
{
"text": "Patient",
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"end": 1415
},
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"text": "patient",
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"text": "patient",
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{
"text": "patient",
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}
] | en |
A seven-year-old girl born in Spain with no previous pathology was referred to the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit for painful left submandibular adenopathies of one month's duration, with no response to treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oral anti-inflammatory drugs.
The patient had no fever, night sweats or weight loss. She was not vaccinated with BCG. For one month a year she visits Morocco, where she has contact with animals (sheep, lambs) and consumes unpasteurised dairy products.
Physical examination revealed a left submandibular conglomerate of lymphadenopathies, painful on palpation, hard, non-rolling and non-adherent, the largest lymph node measuring 2 × 2 cm. The rest of the physical examination and anamnesis by apparatus showed no pathological findings.
Given the lack of response to treatment and taking into account the epidemiological data, a tuberculin test was performed, which was positive, with a 10 mm induration with vesicular pattern at 72 hours. Chest X-ray and abdominal ultrasound were normal.
Brucella, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) serologies were negative. CBC showed normal haemogram, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 47 mm/hour and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) (QuantiFERON(r)) was positive with a value of 10.15 (normal range: 0-0.35).
A fine needle aspiration puncture (FNA) of the adenopathy showed a thick, whitish material. Culture and cytology revealed a pattern of necrotising granulomatous lymphadenitis.
Given the limited involvement of the patient and the suspicion of tuberculous adenitis, initial home treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide was prescribed, pending culture of the sample obtained by FNA. The culture was positive for M. bovis, with an antibiogram showing resistance to pyrazinamide and sensitivity to streptomycin, ethambutol, isoniazid and rifampicin. For this reason, pyrazinamide was replaced by ethambutol for two months, followed by isoniazid and rifampicin until the end of six months. Mycobacterial cultures in gastric juice were negative. During this time, the patient attended regular check-ups at the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Department, which showed a good clinical evolution and complete resolution of the infectious process.
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A 43-year-old woman, a cleaner of cargo trucks in the port of Lirquén, was referred from a peripheral hospital with a history of sudden onset of high fever, chills, general malaise and severe dyspnoea for 7 days. She had a history of smoking 20 packs/year and reported having progressive dyspnoea for a year accompanied by a dry cough.
On physical examination, she was febrile, with a temperature of 38°C, polypneic, peripheral cyanosis and digital hypochromia. Chest examination showed bilateral velcro-like crackles.
General laboratory showed an LDH of 670 IU/l, severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure with a PaO2 of 51.9 mmHg breathing 50% supplemental oxygen; an alveolar-arterial PO2 difference of 49.6 mm Hg, leucocyte count of 4,940 /mm3, C-reactive protein of 1 mg/ml and procalcitonin of 0.05 μg/l. Renal and liver function were normal.
The chest X-ray at that time showed a bilateral diffuse infiltrate without pleural effusion or cardiomegaly and the echocardiogram showed only mild dilatation of the left atrium with good biventricular function.
A preliminary diagnosis of multilobar pneumonia of viral aetiology was made, as it was mid-June and therefore the influenza season in our country. Treatment was started with oseltamivir, bronchodilators and, despite clinical guidelines to the contrary, steroids at a dose of 100 mg of cortisol ev every 8 h. Subsequently, both the viral panel for influenza, parainfluenza and other respiratory viruses and the HIV test were negative.
A high-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) scan showed diffuse, bilateral ground-glass attenuation with diffuse septal thickening, a pattern known as crazy paving, with preservation of lung volumes. The patient remained in respiratory failure and faced with a probable exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, she received three boluses of 1 g methylprednisolone followed by prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg daily, with no improvement after 23 days of therapy.
Functional respiratory tests showed a mild restrictive pattern on spirometry with a FVC of 1.87 l (69%), an FEV1 of 1.86 l (73%) and severe exercise limitation, walking only 258 m in 6 min (68%) with haemoglobin desaturation at 68% at the end of the test. On that occasion it was impossible to perform a diffusion study of carbon monoxide (DLCO).
A video bronchoscopy was normal and bronchoalveolar lavage found no germs or neoplastic cells. In the case of a severe patient who did not respond to treatment, it was decided to perform a surgical biopsy by videothoracoscopy. The operative specimen showed maintenance of the pulmonary architecture with alveoli filled with amorphous eosinophilic material that stained positively with Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS), findings consistent with the diagnosis of Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis.
The postoperative period was torpid, requiring support with non-invasive mechanical ventilation; she had bilateral pneumothorax and bilateral pleural drainage was installed, increasing the inflammatory parameters with an image of cavitated consolidation in the apical segment of the left lower lobe, for which antibiotic therapy based on meropenem and vancomycin was added.
Once recovered from the acute symptoms, the patient underwent total pulmonary lavage (TPL) under general anaesthesia using 14 l of physiological solution for each lung according to the protocol recommended by international guidelines, without obtaining changes in both gas exchange parameters and images, and furthermore, a worsening of her functional alterations was observed. In fact, the post-LPT chest CT scan was practically the same as that obtained on admission. One month post LPT the patient maintained a PaO2 of 53.3 mmHg with a FiO2 of 50%; FVC had decreased to 1.51 l (50%), FEV1 to 1.47 l (58%), DLCO was 27% and on 6MCT the distance travelled was only 330 m with a haemoglobin desaturation of 64%. This situation persisted for several months, which prevented her from the minimal activities of a normal life depending on the use of supplementary O2.
In this patient, given the imaging context, the differential diagnosis to consider was broad, but it was very important to rule out an acute exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, due to the high morbidity and mortality associated with it, especially considering the one-year evolution prior to hospitalisation in a patient who smoked. However, despite this time, the lung volumes were respected, the tomographic pattern was diffuse and not predominantly subpleural, there was no traction bronchiectasis, no apico-basal gradient and no pannalisation. There was no evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema either, as there was no history of heart disease, an anodyne echocardiogram and the images did not show cardiomegaly, circulatory redistribution or pleural effusion; a viral pneumonia in general shows a bilateral patchy infiltrate and not as diffuse and uniform as in the current case and otherwise the viral panel was negative. There were no immunosuppression elements, no cysts or pneumothorax to consider a Pneumocystis jirovesii pneumonia and the HIV test was negative. Finally, when faced with a crazy paving pattern, we must also consider the diagnosis of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage, but in this patient there was never haemoptysis, progressive anaemisation, alterations in renal function and bronchoscopy ruled out alveolar bleeding.
Treatment
After the failure of LPT and obtaining the patient's informed consent and the agreement of the Local Ethics Committee of our hospital, which reviews case by case the alternatives proposed for patients requiring non-traditional measures, we decided to resort to the use of a product rarely used in the clinic for pulmonary lavage, but with strong evidence of its physical and chemical properties: excellent oxygen carrier, very low surface tension and very high propagation coefficient a perfluorocarbon: PFC (Perflubron) with which we performed weekly 4 bronchoscopic lobar lavages under local anaesthesia and with 28% supplementary O2 on an outpatient basis. Each lavage was performed by impacting the instrument into the lobar segment to be treated, instilling through the working channel, successive 20 ml aliquots of FFP until the aspirated fluid was clear. The first lobe to be flushed was the right upper lobe, followed by the middle lobe, left upper division (lingula and left upper lobe) and left lower lobe. An average of 250 ml of FFP was used during each procedure lasting an average of 60 min. The effect of FFP instillation is seen in the tube on the left showing the alveolar fluid aspirated after instillation of saline. The one on the right shows the fluid recovered immediately after FFP instillation. After completion of the lavage cycles, treatment was supplemented with 5 sessions of plasmapheresis with the intention of removing possible circulating anti-granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) antibodies, whose titration we were unable to perform, in order to ensure the absence of future disease outbreaks. The results were surprising and were obtained almost immediately. Gas exchange was normalised, with a PaO2 of 89.9 mmHg breathing room air, the alveolar-arterial PO2 difference was 19 mmhg; respiratory function indices improved to near normal values: FVC = 2.28 l (75%), FEV1 = 1.99 l (77%), DLCO increased to double its initial value reaching 55.6% and on TC6M the distance travelled increased to 429 m without haemoglobin desaturation at the end of the test. Chest CT scan showed almost total disappearance of alveolar infiltrates and among the biochemical results, LDH decreased to 154 IU/l.
During the pulmonary lavage procedure with FFP, each time the product was instilled, there was a significant increase in oximetry, which decreased when the instilled product was aspirated, but remained permanently above the baseline oximetry value of 92%, and the proteinaceous fluid that flooded the alveoli was easily aspirated and removed.
The patient was discharged home, asymptomatic after the fifth plasmapheresis session.
One month after discharge, she returned to her usual work, with no limitations. Seven months after the procedure, she was asymptomatic, maintaining normal exercise capacity, with no need for medication. Pulmonary function continued to improve with a FVC of 2.89 l (100%) and FEV1 of 2.27 l (92%) and a TC6M with a distance travelled of 465 m without haemoglobin desaturation. These values are maintained one year after FFP washout and plasmapheresis sessions.
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"apico-basal",
"gradient",
"and",
"no",
"pannalisation",
".",
"There",
"was",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"cardiogenic",
"pulmonary",
"oedema",
"either",
",",
"as",
"there",
"was",
"no",
"history",
"of",
"heart",
"disease",
",",
"an",
"anodyne",
"echocardiogram",
"and",
"the",
"images",
"did",
"not",
"show",
"cardiomegaly",
",",
"circulatory",
"redistribution",
"or",
"pleural",
"effusion",
";",
"a",
"viral",
"pneumonia",
"in",
"general",
"shows",
"a",
"bilateral",
"patchy",
"infiltrate",
"and",
"not",
"as",
"diffuse",
"and",
"uniform",
"as",
"in",
"the",
"current",
"case",
"and",
"otherwise",
"the",
"viral",
"panel",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"There",
"were",
"no",
"immunosuppression",
"elements",
",",
"no",
"cysts",
"or",
"pneumothorax",
"to",
"consider",
"a",
"Pneumocystis",
"jirovesii",
"pneumonia",
"and",
"the",
"HIV",
"test",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"when",
"faced",
"with",
"a",
"crazy",
"paving",
"pattern",
",",
"we",
"must",
"also",
"consider",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"diffuse",
"alveolar",
"haemorrhage",
",",
"but",
"in",
"this",
"patient",
"there",
"was",
"never",
"haemoptysis",
",",
"progressive",
"anaemisation",
",",
"alterations",
"in",
"renal",
"function",
"and",
"bronchoscopy",
"ruled",
"out",
"alveolar",
"bleeding",
".",
"Treatment",
"After",
"the",
"failure",
"of",
"LPT",
"and",
"obtaining",
"the",
"patient",
"'",
"s",
"informed",
"consent",
"and",
"the",
"agreement",
"of",
"the",
"Local",
"Ethics",
"Committee",
"of",
"our",
"hospital",
",",
"which",
"reviews",
"case",
"by",
"case",
"the",
"alternatives",
"proposed",
"for",
"patients",
"requiring",
"non-traditional",
"measures",
",",
"we",
"decided",
"to",
"resort",
"to",
"the",
"use",
"of",
"a",
"product",
"rarely",
"used",
"in",
"the",
"clinic",
"for",
"pulmonary",
"lavage",
",",
"but",
"with",
"strong",
"evidence",
"of",
"its",
"physical",
"and",
"chemical",
"properties",
":",
"excellent",
"oxygen",
"carrier",
",",
"very",
"low",
"surface",
"tension",
"and",
"very",
"high",
"propagation",
"coefficient",
"a",
"perfluorocarbon",
":",
"PFC",
"(",
"Perflubron",
")",
"with",
"which",
"we",
"performed",
"weekly",
"4",
"bronchoscopic",
"lobar",
"lavages",
"under",
"local",
"anaesthesia",
"and",
"with",
"28",
"%",
"supplementary",
"O2",
"on",
"an",
"outpatient",
"basis",
".",
"Each",
"lavage",
"was",
"performed",
"by",
"impacting",
"the",
"instrument",
"into",
"the",
"lobar",
"segment",
"to",
"be",
"treated",
",",
"instilling",
"through",
"the",
"working",
"channel",
",",
"successive",
"20",
"ml",
"aliquots",
"of",
"FFP",
"until",
"the",
"aspirated",
"fluid",
"was",
"clear",
".",
"The",
"first",
"lobe",
"to",
"be",
"flushed",
"was",
"the",
"right",
"upper",
"lobe",
",",
"followed",
"by",
"the",
"middle",
"lobe",
",",
"left",
"upper",
"division",
"(",
"lingula",
"and",
"left",
"upper",
"lobe",
")",
"and",
"left",
"lower",
"lobe",
".",
"An",
"average",
"of",
"250",
"ml",
"of",
"FFP",
"was",
"used",
"during",
"each",
"procedure",
"lasting",
"an",
"average",
"of",
"60",
"min",
".",
"The",
"effect",
"of",
"FFP",
"instillation",
"is",
"seen",
"in",
"the",
"tube",
"on",
"the",
"left",
"showing",
"the",
"alveolar",
"fluid",
"aspirated",
"after",
"instillation",
"of",
"saline",
".",
"The",
"one",
"on",
"the",
"right",
"shows",
"the",
"fluid",
"recovered",
"immediately",
"after",
"FFP",
"instillation",
".",
"After",
"completion",
"of",
"the",
"lavage",
"cycles",
",",
"treatment",
"was",
"supplemented",
"with",
"5",
"sessions",
"of",
"plasmapheresis",
"with",
"the",
"intention",
"of",
"removing",
"possible",
"circulating",
"anti-granulocyte-macrophage",
"colony",
"stimulating",
"factor",
"(",
"GM-CSF",
")",
"antibodies",
",",
"whose",
"titration",
"we",
"were",
"unable",
"to",
"perform",
",",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"ensure",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"future",
"disease",
"outbreaks",
".",
"The",
"results",
"were",
"surprising",
"and",
"were",
"obtained",
"almost",
"immediately",
".",
"Gas",
"exchange",
"was",
"normalised",
",",
"with",
"a",
"PaO2",
"of",
"89",
".",
"9",
"mmHg",
"breathing",
"room",
"air",
",",
"the",
"alveolar-arterial",
"PO2",
"difference",
"was",
"19",
"mmhg",
";",
"respiratory",
"function",
"indices",
"improved",
"to",
"near",
"normal",
"values",
":",
"FVC",
"=",
"2",
".",
"28",
"l",
"(",
"75",
"%",
")",
",",
"FEV1",
"=",
"1",
".",
"99",
"l",
"(",
"77",
"%",
")",
",",
"DLCO",
"increased",
"to",
"double",
"its",
"initial",
"value",
"reaching",
"55",
".",
"6",
"%",
"and",
"on",
"TC6M",
"the",
"distance",
"travelled",
"increased",
"to",
"429",
"m",
"without",
"haemoglobin",
"desaturation",
"at",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"the",
"test",
".",
"Chest",
"CT",
"scan",
"showed",
"almost",
"total",
"disappearance",
"of",
"alveolar",
"infiltrates",
"and",
"among",
"the",
"biochemical",
"results",
",",
"LDH",
"decreased",
"to",
"154",
"IU",
"/",
"l",
".",
"During",
"the",
"pulmonary",
"lavage",
"procedure",
"with",
"FFP",
",",
"each",
"time",
"the",
"product",
"was",
"instilled",
",",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"significant",
"increase",
"in",
"oximetry",
",",
"which",
"decreased",
"when",
"the",
"instilled",
"product",
"was",
"aspirated",
",",
"but",
"remained",
"permanently",
"above",
"the",
"baseline",
"oximetry",
"value",
"of",
"92",
"%",
",",
"and",
"the",
"proteinaceous",
"fluid",
"that",
"flooded",
"the",
"alveoli",
"was",
"easily",
"aspirated",
"and",
"removed",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"discharged",
"home",
",",
"asymptomatic",
"after",
"the",
"fifth",
"plasmapheresis",
"session",
".",
"One",
"month",
"after",
"discharge",
",",
"she",
"returned",
"to",
"her",
"usual",
"work",
",",
"with",
"no",
"limitations",
".",
"Seven",
"months",
"after",
"the",
"procedure",
",",
"she",
"was",
"asymptomatic",
",",
"maintaining",
"normal",
"exercise",
"capacity",
",",
"with",
"no",
"need",
"for",
"medication",
".",
"Pulmonary",
"function",
"continued",
"to",
"improve",
"with",
"a",
"FVC",
"of",
"2",
".",
"89",
"l",
"(",
"100",
"%",
")",
"and",
"FEV1",
"of",
"2",
".",
"27",
"l",
"(",
"92",
"%",
")",
"and",
"a",
"TC6M",
"with",
"a",
"distance",
"travelled",
"of",
"465",
"m",
"without",
"haemoglobin",
"desaturation",
".",
"These",
"values",
"are",
"maintained",
"one",
"year",
"after",
"FFP",
"washout",
"and",
"plasmapheresis",
"sessions",
"."
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This is a 59-year-old man with the only known history of bicuspid aortic valve with fusion of the left and right coronary leaflets causing moderate-severe aortic insufficiency (last echocardiography 6 months before the current episode). He has regular check-ups by Cardiology and has no associated dyspnoea, nor does he take any medication on a regular basis. The patient lives in a rural area and works in construction. He regularly goes out cycling in the countryside, having recently cycled the Camino de Santiago, and has contact with some animals, mainly dogs, goats and cows, although not in close contact. She has no pets and has not recently travelled abroad.
She consulted for symptoms of two months' evolution consisting of profuse sweating and non-thermometric dysthermic sensation, generalised asthenia and lumbar pain. For this reason she went to the emergency department for assessment, where a Rose Bengal test was requested, which was positive, and treatment was started with doxycycline 100mg/12h and rifampicin 900mg/24h, and she was subsequently referred to the outpatient Infectious Diseases department for assessment. Although the clinical manifestations were initially compatible, although doubtful due to the absence of direct contact with livestock, and in view of the infrequency of this entity in our environment in recent years, Rose Bengal, Brucella spp serology and blood culture were performed again, and a sample was sent to Hospital Carlos III (Madrid) with the intention of confirming or ruling out the presumptive diagnosis of brucellosis.
In the anamnesis and examination by organs and apparatus, there were no notable findings except for a systolic murmur predominantly aortic, with no stigmata suggestive of endocarditis. Given that the patient reported clinical improvement after the treatment given in the emergency department, it was decided to keep him waiting for the results, which were finally negative. The patient discontinued treatment due to gastrointestinal intolerance before the next visit to the clinic. Likewise, due to the clinical manifestations of dorsolumbar pain, and given the initial suspicion of brucellosis, it was decided to perform magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which also found no signs of spondylodiscitis due to Brucella spp. During the follow-up visit, after discontinuation of the aforementioned antibiotic treatment, the patient again presented clinical manifestations, with a daily fever of up to 38. 5oC of bacteremic characteristics, with associated general malaise, profuse sweating and asthenia, without any specific organ or apparatus focality, for which reason it was finally decided to admit him to hospital to obtain blood cultures and complete the study, given the persistence of fever and poor general condition.
Differential diagnosis
This is a patient with fever of intermediate duration (IDF), or even of prolonged duration, if we count the period prior to antibiotic treatment received, without a clear focus, so we will focus the differential diagnosis around IDF, even knowing that in up to 20% of cases, the aetiology remains unknown. Based on the patient's epidemiological context and personal history, the causes to be taken into account are as follows:
1. Bacterial infections: To highlight rickettsiosis as responsible for typhoid fevers and botonous fever (exanthematous rickettsiosis is more frequent in the countries of the Mediterranean basin), Coxiella burnetti as causative agent of Q fever, Brucella melitensis as responsible for human brucellosis; enteric or typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhy and paratyphi, Bartonella spp in cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis, human ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis, and, of course, tuberculosis.
2. Viral infections: caused by CMV, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B19, HSV 6,7 and 8, HIV.
3. Protozoal infections: Toxoplasmosis stands out.
4. Localised infections: intra-abdominal abscesses, infective endocarditis.
5. Autoimmune diseases: Adult Still's disease, mainly due to its usual clinical presentation in the form of fever.
6. Neoplasms: renal cell carcinoma and lymphoma may present relatively frequently as fever without focus.
7. Miscellaneous: Subacute thyroiditis.
Evolution
During hospital admission, several complementary tests were requested, which are detailed below. Serology for Brucella spp: negative for Ig M and Ig G; serology for Coxiella spp, Rickettsia spp, syphilis, hepatitis A, B, C virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): negative. IgG for CMV and EBV positive, Ig M negative. Laboratory tests showed elevated acute phase reactants including C-reactive protein (75 mg/L), procalcitonin (0.38 ng/mL), ferritin (1473 ng/mL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (69 mm/h) and rheumatoid factor (18.6 IU/mL). The autoimmunity study (including ANAs, ENAs, immunoglobulins and lymphocyte subpopulations) and IGRA were negative. In terms of imaging tests, a thoraco-abdominal-pelvic computed tomography (CT) scan was performed to rule out localised infections (intra-abdominal abscesses) or occult neoplasms (mainly lymphoma or renal cell carcinoma). Blood cultures were also taken and were positive for erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus sanguinis (viridans group) with a penicillin MIC of 0.03 mcg/ml in 6 serial blood cultures on 3 different days.
Given these initial analytical results, the majority of viral or bacterial infectious aetiologies (Coxiella ssp, Rickettsia ssp, HIV, syphilis, Hepatitis A, B and C, CMV, EBV) were reasonably ruled out. The initial diagnosis of brucellosis was dismissed after a second negative Rose Bengal, three negative serological series at different times, and a negative MRI for spondylodiscitis. Likewise, the negative autoimmunity study allowed us to reject an autoimmune aetiology (mainly adult Still's disease, as it did not meet the prescriptive diagnostic criteria of Cush or Yamaguchi, such as evanescent rash or lymphadenopathy); and the IGRA test, added to the previous results and a normal chest X-ray, made tuberculosis unlikely. Finally, the thyroid function test was normal, ruling out subacute thyroiditis.
Given the high suspicion of infective endocarditis due to positive repeat blood cultures with a typical microorganism isolated in a patient with previous valve disease, treatment was started with ceftriaxone 2 grams every 24 hours and gentamicin adjusted to the patient's weight, and a transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was requested, which showed an aortic valve with dysplastic leaflets, with preserved opening and severe prolapse of the right leaflet causing eccentric insufficiency directed to the anterior mitral leaflet, which was severe overall (a previous echography months earlier had shown moderate insufficiency), with no signs of endocarditis. In view of these findings, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed, which showed no new findings suggestive of endocarditis.
In addition to the negative TTE and TEE, a CT scan was performed, which showed no neoplasms or pathological lymphadenopathies, and no abscesses were observed in any location. The only finding was the presence of several splenic infarctions. At this point, the initial suspicion of endocarditis became even more important as a septic embolic phenomenon had occurred (we would add 1 major and 3 minor criteria) (Figure 1), and it was decided to schedule a second TEE within a week of the previous one, as well as a PET-CT scan, which reported relatively homogeneous uptake of non-specific myocardium. Finally, a second TEE was performed, which showed a vegetation with a maximum size of 7-8 mm compatible with subacute infective endocarditis on a native bicuspid aortic valve.
Final diagnosis
Aortic endocarditis due to S. sanguinis on a bicuspid valve.
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",",
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"/",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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")",
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"(",
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",",
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",",
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")",
",",
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",",
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"In",
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",",
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",",
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",",
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".",
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",",
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"3",
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"(",
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",",
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",",
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Anamnesis
56-year-old woman, active smoker until diagnosis, with a cumulative tobacco consumption of 20 pack-years. In January 2016, she began with clinical manifestations of cough with purulent expectoration without fever, orthopnoea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea, initially treated as a respiratory infection with bronchodilators and antibiotics.
She presented with a poor clinical evolution with the measures implemented, so she went to the emergency department of her referral hospital on 9 February 2018 due to severe dyspnoea.
After diagnosis of SVCS secondary to a large right supra-hilar mass, respiratory superinfection and global respiratory failure with acidosis requiring ventilatory support, she was transferred urgently to the Pneumology Department of our centre for non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV), study of the mass and specific treatment.
The following morning, Anatomical Pathology was contacted, who biopsied the supraclavicular adenopathic block, histologically confirming microcytic lung carcinoma.
Physical examination
BP 128/72 mm Hg. HR 120 bpm. O2 Sat. O2 97% with oxygen therapy with NIV with FiO2 50%. Conscious, oriented and cooperative. Poor peripheral perfusion, with lividity and acral cyanosis. Significant respiratory work, with tachypnoea and use of accessory muscles. Large right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy, stony in consistency, fixed to deep planes. Pulmonary auscultation with scattered rhonchi and left base crackles. Cardiac auscultation with rhythmic heart sounds.
Lower extremities without oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis.
Complementary tests
"Biochemistry: sodium, potassium, urea and creatinine normal, creatine kinase 186 U/l, troponin I 6.1 ng/l, CRP 32.54 mg/dl.
"Haemoglobin 15.7 g/dl, platelets 252,000/mcl, leukocytes 23,000/mcl, 87% polymorphonuclear.
"Coagulation: prothrombin rate 50 %.
"Baseline arterial blood gases: pO2 25.4 mm Hg, pCO2 70.7 mm Hg, SatO2 43.6 %, pH 7.287.
"Control blood gases with NIV: pO2 138 mm Hg, pCO2 55.2 mm Hg, pH 7.38, base excess 3.2, bicarbonate 29 mmol/l.
"Electrocardiogram: sinus tachycardia at 120 bpm.
"Portable chest X-ray: alveolar infiltrate in the left lung base, with air bronchogram, suggestive of pulmonary consolidation. Right supra-hilar mass.
"Chest CT scan: large right supra-hilar mass infiltrating the mediastinal structures extending to the contralateral side and towards the supraclavicular region, with infracarinal, bilateral hilar and right axillary lymphadenopathies in pathological range, all suggestive of primary lung neoplasia. Cavitated mass in the right upper lobe and pulmonary nodules in the left upper lobe, suggestive of metastasis. Alveolar-like infiltrates with areas of consolidation in the left lower lobe and lingula, as well as in the middle lobe, of probable acute inflammatory-infectious origin. Abundant collateral circulation in the left costal and perivertebral wall, secondary to collapse of the inferior vena cava by the previously described mass.
"Fine needle aspiration of the lesion in the right supraclavicular region: small cell neuroendocrine lung carcinoma (microcytic carcinoma).
Diagnosis
Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to small cell lung carcinoma, extensive disease due to supraclavicular involvement extending to the cervical and axillary region.
Treatment
After the biopsy was performed by Anatomical Pathology, Radiotherapy Oncology was contacted, who administered a flash of 8 Gy of decompressive radiotherapy on the hilar lesion, and Medical Oncology, who, after histological confirmation of microcytic lung carcinoma, prescribed the first cycle of carboplatin 4 AUC + etoposide 80 mg/m2 (at 80% dose intensity and avoiding cisplatin due to the patient's poor general condition), as a matter of urgency. Total dose for a body surface area of 1.5 m2: carboplatin 500 mg iv day 1 + etoposide 120 mg iv days 1, 2 and 3.
Evolution
The patient remained in the Pneumology Department with progressive improvement in general condition and less dependence on non-invasive mechanical ventilation, which was withdrawn and she was discharged after 14 days in hospital, without requiring home oxygen therapy. During admission, a CT scan of the skull, thorax and abdomen was performed, which showed a slight reduction in the mediastinal mass (7 days after treatment was started).
On an outpatient basis, a PET-CT scan was performed which showed local and distant metastatic lymph node involvement, as well as a hypermetabolic retroperitoneal lesion suggestive of metastasis.
The patient came to the outpatient clinic on the date of the second cycle reporting dyspnoea and productive cough, with leukocytosis and neutrophilia in the blood tests, requiring hospital admission again due to respiratory failure. Due to suspicion of respiratory infection of nosocomial origin, oxygen therapy and broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment was started. In view of the poor evolution in the following hours, he contacted Pneumology and it was decided to perform non-invasive mechanical ventilation until radiological re-evaluation of the disease.
A CT scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis showed a decrease in the size of the mediastinal and right hilar mass, but as a consequence necrosis with destruction of the right tracheal wall was observed, which communicated with a 4 cm air cavity, which fistulae to a peripheral cavitation of 5 cm. There is also a response of two pulmonary nodules, with cavitation and the presence of a hydro-aerial level inside. The appearance of airspace consolidation with bronchogram in the right lower lobe and multiple centrolobular nodules and a tree-shaped pattern in outbreak, predominantly in the lower lobes, compatible with an associated infectious-inflammatory process.
Given the poor short-term prognosis due to the alterations presented in the CT scan and the physical suffering of the patient despite the measures put in place, NIV was withdrawn and palliative sedation was started, and the patient finally died.
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{
"text": "woman",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 22,
"end": 27
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{
"text": "tobacco",
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"text": "patient",
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] | en |
A 37-year-old Moroccan man with no previous history. He came to the emergency department with fever of 38.5oC, weakness, myalgias and watery diarrhoea with 5-6 stools a day, without blood, for a week. He was treated with symptomatic treatment, without antibiotics. Two days later, after the diarrhoea had subsided, he consulted for persistent fever with marked asthenia. Examination revealed only pain on palpation in the right hypochondrium, with doubtful Murphy. Laboratory tests: total bilirubin 1 to 2.17 mg/dL (direct 0.89, indirect 1.28), GOT 50->70 mu/ml, GPT 60->109 mU/ml, CRP 143->238->300 mg/dL; 9660 leukocytes with neutrophilia. Renal function, ions, haemoglobin, platelets and coagulation normal. Systematic with two protein crossmatches and urobilinogen. Abdominal ultrasound: "findings suggestive of acute cholecystitis, without other alterations". General surgery indicated observation and re-evaluation, reluctant to perform surgery due to the doubtful clinical-radiological correlation. Given the lack of improvement and the worsening analytical findings, cholecystectomy was finally performed, finding on macroscopic examination a normal gallbladder with no signs of acute cholecystitis. On the ward he presented with fever for 5 days despite treatment with Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid, with no haemodynamic deterioration or any signs of focal disease. Blood cultures, urine culture, biliary culture and toxins for Clostridium difficile were negative. Consultation with Internal Medicine, which requested a chest X-ray (normal), IGRA test (negative) and serology, with the following results: IgG positive and IgM negative for CMV and EBV; negative for lupus, HIV, HBV, HCV, Brucella, Rickettssia; IgM and IgG positive for Coxiella burnetti. An abdominal CT scan was requested but the patient was discharged prior to its performance, with no subsequent follow-up. Finally, the pathological anatomy report was received: "Mild chronic cholecystitis. Bilio-lithiasic material adhering to mucosa". Perihepatic inflammation can generate confusing sonographic signs such as wall thickening, with positive sonographic Murphy, which in our case was refuted by macroscopic and then anatomopathological examination. However, although extremely unusual, cases of Q fever with acute alliasic cholecystitis have been described, with or without overlapping with the typical forms with pneumonia, hepatitis or pseudo-flu-like febrile symptoms. As in liver involvement, granuloma formation with central vacuoles and fibrin rings is characteristic, and it is possible to isolate the bacteria in the surgical specimen.
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An 86-year-old man came to the emergency department with deterioration of general condition, fever and a progressive lesion in the right hemicara of 12 hours' evolution.
His medical history included: long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus with suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c 8.4%) treated with metformin (850mg/8h), arterial hypertension treated with ARA-II, atrial fibrillation (AF) treated with diltiazem (60mg/12h) and anticoagulated with acenocoumarol. The patient was independent for instrumental activities of daily living.
He reported having shaved that morning with an electric shaver (which did not generate incised wounds) as usual. During the course of the day, a 2 cm diameter, indurated, purplish, non-pruritic, ill-defined, non-pruritic right malar papule appeared.
The lesion appeared 30 minutes after her arrival at the emergency department, 12 hours after the initial appearance. Right malar lesion of 5 cm in extension, indurated, violaceous, non-pruritic and ill-defined, with progressive addition of multiple intralesional vesicles, without fluctuating areas.
Within 10 hours, multiple intralesional vesicles appeared, together with a fever peak of 38oC, which led the patient to the emergency department. During his half-hour stay, and after the administration of 50mg of IV dexketoprofen, the lesion progressed to occupy almost the entire right hemiface and the formation of tension blisters with serohaematic content, approximately 1 cm in diameter and necrotic background, in the malar region; and a new febrile peak.
Lesion 15 hours after arrival at the emergency department. Progression of the lesion with extension to almost the entire right hemiface and submandibular space, together with growth of tension blisters with serohaematic content of more than 1 cm in size on an indurated plaque with a purplish background. All this was compatible with rapidly progressive right malar cellulitis.
On physical examination the patient remained haemodynamically stable with BP 141/71; HR 130, eupneic, Ta 38.3oC and Glasgow 13. The affected area did not show fluctuating areas, nor was it excessively painful. There were reactive cervical lymphadenopathies, without compromising the mobility of the cervical area or the airway.
Blood tests showed: glycaemia 274 mg/dl, 15,700 leukocytes/mm3 with a left shift and CRP 240 mg/L. The ECG showed AF with rapid ventricular response. Blood cultures were taken with and without fever, and cefazolin 500mg/8h IV and clindamycin 900mg/8h IV were started empirically. Intraflictene fluid was collected (by puncture, serum wash and aspiration) for urgent Gram staining and culture.
Within 3 hours of arrival at the ED it was reported that the Gram's stain showed positive cocci in a chain reaction. Given the high possibility of necrotic infection by S. pyogenes, it was decided to change cefazolin for penicillin G 4 mU/4h IV. At 24 hours of evolution the lesion did not show deep progression, nor did it exceed the already delimited superficial limits. It was decided to perform a superficial cleaning at the bedside with removal of the phlyctenas, revealing devitalised but not necrotic subcutaneous tissue.
After 36 hours of evolution, the patient began to experience sudden dyspnoea, desaturation, lisping voice, and progression of the lesion to the ipsilateral submandibular and laterocervical level with impaction to the contralateral cervical area. IV corticotherapy was started, and he was assessed by the ENT department, which ruled out airway compromise by fibroscopy. Computed tomography (CT) of the neck with contrast showed cellulitis of the hemiface and right lateral cervical region, with a phlegmonous collection measuring 40x16x33mm adjacent to the external margin of the masticator space and the right parotid, extending to the supraclavicular fossa. The patient was assessed by Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, who ruled out urgent surgery due to the absence of drainable collections.
Differential diagnosis
Given the rapid evolution of the lesion and the signs of systemic toxicity (fever, tachycardia, leukocytosis, elevated CRP), bacterial aetiology was assumed as the first option, ruling out others such as fungi or viruses. Even so, the location of the lesion makes it necessary to consider aetiologies such as actinomycosis of odontogenic focus, which is involved in cellulitis of the neck and head, but with a much more prolonged course. The participation of specific micro-organisms with very specific environmental antecedents, also with an abrupt and severe evolution, can be considered, such as: Aeromonas hydrophila (contact with fresh water), Vibrio vulnificus (brackish water, shellfish, cirrhotic patients), Bacillus anthracis (sheep, with anthrax being the characteristic lesion), Pasteurella multocida (cat or dog bite), Erysipelothrix rhusopathiae (plant trauma, with slow evolution), etc. In the absence of these antecedents and the history of minor trauma with shaving, it seems appropriate to disregard these agents in a first approach.
Non-infectious causes such as inflammatory diseases (pyoderma gangrenosum) or drug-induced exanthema are ruled out due to the lack of a history of diseases associated with connective tissue or a new introduction of drugs, or a change in drug dosage. In addition, there is a need for rapid action in the face of a probable rapidly progressive bacterial infection. We are therefore faced with a skin and soft tissue infection (STBI) of abrupt onset, with systemic repercussions, secondary to a traumatic trigger and with a rapid evolution.
The classification of IPPB is not unanimous, but we can establish several groups: uncomplicated infections, complicated infections, and the most severe ones: necrotising fasciitis and myonecrosis. In each case, we must consider the possible causative microbiological agent in order to determine the best course of action and treatment. The rapid evolution, the systemic and airway involvement, and the history of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, makes it appropriate to classify it as complicated IPPB, requiring observation and intravenous antibiotic treatment.
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are the most frequently isolated germs in community-acquired cellulitis, so empirical treatment should be effective for both. Although clinically difficult to distinguish, S. aureus infection tends to have a more prolonged progression, between 48-72h. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, which produce Panton-Valentine leukocidin as a virulence factor, cause rapidly progressive necrotising skin infections despite adequate treatment. Group B Streptococcus spp. are a cause of cellulitis in the elderly with comorbidity, but not as frequently as Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes), which manifests as a particularly aggressive form of cellulitis with early constitutional symptoms (fever, chills and malaise) and rapid progression of the lesion borders. Part of this virulence is secondary to the production of exotoxins released into tissues, which promote apoptosis of immune cells leading to tissue destruction and, in extreme cases, streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Therefore, it seems reasonable to consider S. pyogenes as a potential aetiology of the case presented here. Enterobacteriaceae, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are less frequent in the community, being more typical of immunocompromised patients or of nosocomial origin, with a less aggressive picture than that of our patient. Likewise, the polymicrobial origin of the picture is less likely, bearing in mind that the point of entry is the skin of the facial region, and not intrabuccal, where polymicrobial flora predominates, both gram-positive and gram-negative, together with anaerobes.
The most severe cases of IPPB, necrotising fasciitis and myonecrosis, affect not only the dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue, but also extend through the anatomical fasciae and/or muscle bundles, posing a great threat to the life of the individual and requiring urgent surgical assessment and treatment. In our case, both the non-crepitant presentation of our patient, the absence of gas in the imaging tests, and the absence of contaminated or surgical trauma make the diagnosis of necrotising IPPB unlikely. Furthermore, the CT scan ruled out involvement beyond the subcutaneous cellular tissue plane, despite the extension to the hypopharynx. Subsequent surgical evaluation also ruled out surgical intervention.
Key images in the CT scan of the neck with contrast, requested due to sudden dyspnoea 24 hours after arrival at the emergency department. The airway was occupied at the hypopharyngeal level by a phlegmonous collection measuring 40x16x33mm adjacent to the external margin of the masticator space and the right parotid gland. All this accompanied by cellulitis of the hemicara and right lateral cervical region, extending to the supraclavicular fossa.
Evolution
A diagnosis was made of complicated, rapidly progressive facial cellulitis, with possible hypopharyngeal abscess. The culture showed S. pyogenes group A with a penicillin MIC of 0.016. Blood cultures were negative. The evolution was favourable with 14 days of IV treatment with penicillin and clindamycin, and daily topical dressings with silver sulphadiazine. Leukocytosis disappeared and CRP normalised. There was progressive improvement of the cellulitis and mandibular induration, without requiring surgical approach. He was discharged with ad integrum recovery of his instrumental capacities.
Final diagnosis
Complicated facial cellulitis (right hemicara and cervical region) post-traumatic, rapidly progressive S. Pyogenes (group A) and hypopharyngeal collection (phlegmon) with airway compromise, in an elderly patient with poorly controlled diabetes.
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"chain",
"reaction",
".",
"Given",
"the",
"high",
"possibility",
"of",
"necrotic",
"infection",
"by",
"S",
".",
"pyogenes",
",",
"it",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"change",
"cefazolin",
"for",
"penicillin",
"G",
"4",
"mU",
"/",
"4h",
"IV",
".",
"At",
"24",
"hours",
"of",
"evolution",
"the",
"lesion",
"did",
"not",
"show",
"deep",
"progression",
",",
"nor",
"did",
"it",
"exceed",
"the",
"already",
"delimited",
"superficial",
"limits",
".",
"It",
"was",
"decided",
"to",
"perform",
"a",
"superficial",
"cleaning",
"at",
"the",
"bedside",
"with",
"removal",
"of",
"the",
"phlyctenas",
",",
"revealing",
"devitalised",
"but",
"not",
"necrotic",
"subcutaneous",
"tissue",
".",
"After",
"36",
"hours",
"of",
"evolution",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"began",
"to",
"experience",
"sudden",
"dyspnoea",
",",
"desaturation",
",",
"lisping",
"voice",
",",
"and",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"to",
"the",
"ipsilateral",
"submandibular",
"and",
"laterocervical",
"level",
"with",
"impaction",
"to",
"the",
"contralateral",
"cervical",
"area",
".",
"IV",
"corticotherapy",
"was",
"started",
",",
"and",
"he",
"was",
"assessed",
"by",
"the",
"ENT",
"department",
",",
"which",
"ruled",
"out",
"airway",
"compromise",
"by",
"fibroscopy",
".",
"Computed",
"tomography",
"(",
"CT",
")",
"of",
"the",
"neck",
"with",
"contrast",
"showed",
"cellulitis",
"of",
"the",
"hemiface",
"and",
"right",
"lateral",
"cervical",
"region",
",",
"with",
"a",
"phlegmonous",
"collection",
"measuring",
"40x16x33mm",
"adjacent",
"to",
"the",
"external",
"margin",
"of",
"the",
"masticator",
"space",
"and",
"the",
"right",
"parotid",
",",
"extending",
"to",
"the",
"supraclavicular",
"fossa",
".",
"The",
"patient",
"was",
"assessed",
"by",
"Maxillofacial",
"and",
"Plastic",
"Surgery",
",",
"who",
"ruled",
"out",
"urgent",
"surgery",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"drainable",
"collections",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"Given",
"the",
"rapid",
"evolution",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"and",
"the",
"signs",
"of",
"systemic",
"toxicity",
"(",
"fever",
",",
"tachycardia",
",",
"leukocytosis",
",",
"elevated",
"CRP",
")",
",",
"bacterial",
"aetiology",
"was",
"assumed",
"as",
"the",
"first",
"option",
",",
"ruling",
"out",
"others",
"such",
"as",
"fungi",
"or",
"viruses",
".",
"Even",
"so",
",",
"the",
"location",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"makes",
"it",
"necessary",
"to",
"consider",
"aetiologies",
"such",
"as",
"actinomycosis",
"of",
"odontogenic",
"focus",
",",
"which",
"is",
"involved",
"in",
"cellulitis",
"of",
"the",
"neck",
"and",
"head",
",",
"but",
"with",
"a",
"much",
"more",
"prolonged",
"course",
".",
"The",
"participation",
"of",
"specific",
"micro-organisms",
"with",
"very",
"specific",
"environmental",
"antecedents",
",",
"also",
"with",
"an",
"abrupt",
"and",
"severe",
"evolution",
",",
"can",
"be",
"considered",
",",
"such",
"as",
":",
"Aeromonas",
"hydrophila",
"(",
"contact",
"with",
"fresh",
"water",
")",
",",
"Vibrio",
"vulnificus",
"(",
"brackish",
"water",
",",
"shellfish",
",",
"cirrhotic",
"patients",
")",
",",
"Bacillus",
"anthracis",
"(",
"sheep",
",",
"with",
"anthrax",
"being",
"the",
"characteristic",
"lesion",
")",
",",
"Pasteurella",
"multocida",
"(",
"cat",
"or",
"dog",
"bite",
")",
",",
"Erysipelothrix",
"rhusopathiae",
"(",
"plant",
"trauma",
",",
"with",
"slow",
"evolution",
")",
",",
"etc",
".",
"In",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"these",
"antecedents",
"and",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"minor",
"trauma",
"with",
"shaving",
",",
"it",
"seems",
"appropriate",
"to",
"disregard",
"these",
"agents",
"in",
"a",
"first",
"approach",
".",
"Non-infectious",
"causes",
"such",
"as",
"inflammatory",
"diseases",
"(",
"pyoderma",
"gangrenosum",
")",
"or",
"drug-induced",
"exanthema",
"are",
"ruled",
"out",
"due",
"to",
"the",
"lack",
"of",
"a",
"history",
"of",
"diseases",
"associated",
"with",
"connective",
"tissue",
"or",
"a",
"new",
"introduction",
"of",
"drugs",
",",
"or",
"a",
"change",
"in",
"drug",
"dosage",
".",
"In",
"addition",
",",
"there",
"is",
"a",
"need",
"for",
"rapid",
"action",
"in",
"the",
"face",
"of",
"a",
"probable",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
"bacterial",
"infection",
".",
"We",
"are",
"therefore",
"faced",
"with",
"a",
"skin",
"and",
"soft",
"tissue",
"infection",
"(",
"STBI",
")",
"of",
"abrupt",
"onset",
",",
"with",
"systemic",
"repercussions",
",",
"secondary",
"to",
"a",
"traumatic",
"trigger",
"and",
"with",
"a",
"rapid",
"evolution",
".",
"The",
"classification",
"of",
"IPPB",
"is",
"not",
"unanimous",
",",
"but",
"we",
"can",
"establish",
"several",
"groups",
":",
"uncomplicated",
"infections",
",",
"complicated",
"infections",
",",
"and",
"the",
"most",
"severe",
"ones",
":",
"necrotising",
"fasciitis",
"and",
"myonecrosis",
".",
"In",
"each",
"case",
",",
"we",
"must",
"consider",
"the",
"possible",
"causative",
"microbiological",
"agent",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"determine",
"the",
"best",
"course",
"of",
"action",
"and",
"treatment",
".",
"The",
"rapid",
"evolution",
",",
"the",
"systemic",
"and",
"airway",
"involvement",
",",
"and",
"the",
"history",
"of",
"poorly",
"controlled",
"diabetes",
"mellitus",
",",
"makes",
"it",
"appropriate",
"to",
"classify",
"it",
"as",
"complicated",
"IPPB",
",",
"requiring",
"observation",
"and",
"intravenous",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
".",
"Staphylococcus",
"aureus",
"and",
"Streptococcus",
"pyogenes",
"are",
"the",
"most",
"frequently",
"isolated",
"germs",
"in",
"community-acquired",
"cellulitis",
",",
"so",
"empirical",
"treatment",
"should",
"be",
"effective",
"for",
"both",
".",
"Although",
"clinically",
"difficult",
"to",
"distinguish",
",",
"S",
".",
"aureus",
"infection",
"tends",
"to",
"have",
"a",
"more",
"prolonged",
"progression",
",",
"between",
"48-72h",
".",
"However",
",",
"methicillin-resistant",
"S",
".",
"aureus",
"strains",
",",
"which",
"produce",
"Panton-Valentine",
"leukocidin",
"as",
"a",
"virulence",
"factor",
",",
"cause",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
"necrotising",
"skin",
"infections",
"despite",
"adequate",
"treatment",
".",
"Group",
"B",
"Streptococcus",
"spp",
".",
"are",
"a",
"cause",
"of",
"cellulitis",
"in",
"the",
"elderly",
"with",
"comorbidity",
",",
"but",
"not",
"as",
"frequently",
"as",
"Group",
"A",
"Streptococcus",
"(",
"Streptococcus",
"pyogenes",
")",
",",
"which",
"manifests",
"as",
"a",
"particularly",
"aggressive",
"form",
"of",
"cellulitis",
"with",
"early",
"constitutional",
"symptoms",
"(",
"fever",
",",
"chills",
"and",
"malaise",
")",
"and",
"rapid",
"progression",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"borders",
".",
"Part",
"of",
"this",
"virulence",
"is",
"secondary",
"to",
"the",
"production",
"of",
"exotoxins",
"released",
"into",
"tissues",
",",
"which",
"promote",
"apoptosis",
"of",
"immune",
"cells",
"leading",
"to",
"tissue",
"destruction",
"and",
",",
"in",
"extreme",
"cases",
",",
"streptococcal",
"toxic",
"shock",
"syndrome",
".",
"Therefore",
",",
"it",
"seems",
"reasonable",
"to",
"consider",
"S",
".",
"pyogenes",
"as",
"a",
"potential",
"aetiology",
"of",
"the",
"case",
"presented",
"here",
".",
"Enterobacteriaceae",
",",
"including",
"Pseudomonas",
"aeruginosa",
",",
"are",
"less",
"frequent",
"in",
"the",
"community",
",",
"being",
"more",
"typical",
"of",
"immunocompromised",
"patients",
"or",
"of",
"nosocomial",
"origin",
",",
"with",
"a",
"less",
"aggressive",
"picture",
"than",
"that",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
".",
"Likewise",
",",
"the",
"polymicrobial",
"origin",
"of",
"the",
"picture",
"is",
"less",
"likely",
",",
"bearing",
"in",
"mind",
"that",
"the",
"point",
"of",
"entry",
"is",
"the",
"skin",
"of",
"the",
"facial",
"region",
",",
"and",
"not",
"intrabuccal",
",",
"where",
"polymicrobial",
"flora",
"predominates",
",",
"both",
"gram-positive",
"and",
"gram-negative",
",",
"together",
"with",
"anaerobes",
".",
"The",
"most",
"severe",
"cases",
"of",
"IPPB",
",",
"necrotising",
"fasciitis",
"and",
"myonecrosis",
",",
"affect",
"not",
"only",
"the",
"dermis",
"and",
"subcutaneous",
"cellular",
"tissue",
",",
"but",
"also",
"extend",
"through",
"the",
"anatomical",
"fasciae",
"and",
"/",
"or",
"muscle",
"bundles",
",",
"posing",
"a",
"great",
"threat",
"to",
"the",
"life",
"of",
"the",
"individual",
"and",
"requiring",
"urgent",
"surgical",
"assessment",
"and",
"treatment",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"both",
"the",
"non-crepitant",
"presentation",
"of",
"our",
"patient",
",",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"gas",
"in",
"the",
"imaging",
"tests",
",",
"and",
"the",
"absence",
"of",
"contaminated",
"or",
"surgical",
"trauma",
"make",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"necrotising",
"IPPB",
"unlikely",
".",
"Furthermore",
",",
"the",
"CT",
"scan",
"ruled",
"out",
"involvement",
"beyond",
"the",
"subcutaneous",
"cellular",
"tissue",
"plane",
",",
"despite",
"the",
"extension",
"to",
"the",
"hypopharynx",
".",
"Subsequent",
"surgical",
"evaluation",
"also",
"ruled",
"out",
"surgical",
"intervention",
".",
"Key",
"images",
"in",
"the",
"CT",
"scan",
"of",
"the",
"neck",
"with",
"contrast",
",",
"requested",
"due",
"to",
"sudden",
"dyspnoea",
"24",
"hours",
"after",
"arrival",
"at",
"the",
"emergency",
"department",
".",
"The",
"airway",
"was",
"occupied",
"at",
"the",
"hypopharyngeal",
"level",
"by",
"a",
"phlegmonous",
"collection",
"measuring",
"40x16x33mm",
"adjacent",
"to",
"the",
"external",
"margin",
"of",
"the",
"masticator",
"space",
"and",
"the",
"right",
"parotid",
"gland",
".",
"All",
"this",
"accompanied",
"by",
"cellulitis",
"of",
"the",
"hemicara",
"and",
"right",
"lateral",
"cervical",
"region",
",",
"extending",
"to",
"the",
"supraclavicular",
"fossa",
".",
"Evolution",
"A",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"made",
"of",
"complicated",
",",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
"facial",
"cellulitis",
",",
"with",
"possible",
"hypopharyngeal",
"abscess",
".",
"The",
"culture",
"showed",
"S",
".",
"pyogenes",
"group",
"A",
"with",
"a",
"penicillin",
"MIC",
"of",
"0",
".",
"016",
".",
"Blood",
"cultures",
"were",
"negative",
".",
"The",
"evolution",
"was",
"favourable",
"with",
"14",
"days",
"of",
"IV",
"treatment",
"with",
"penicillin",
"and",
"clindamycin",
",",
"and",
"daily",
"topical",
"dressings",
"with",
"silver",
"sulphadiazine",
".",
"Leukocytosis",
"disappeared",
"and",
"CRP",
"normalised",
".",
"There",
"was",
"progressive",
"improvement",
"of",
"the",
"cellulitis",
"and",
"mandibular",
"induration",
",",
"without",
"requiring",
"surgical",
"approach",
".",
"He",
"was",
"discharged",
"with",
"ad",
"integrum",
"recovery",
"of",
"his",
"instrumental",
"capacities",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Complicated",
"facial",
"cellulitis",
"(",
"right",
"hemicara",
"and",
"cervical",
"region",
")",
"post-traumatic",
",",
"rapidly",
"progressive",
"S",
".",
"Pyogenes",
"(",
"group",
"A",
")",
"and",
"hypopharyngeal",
"collection",
"(",
"phlegmon",
")",
"with",
"airway",
"compromise",
",",
"in",
"an",
"elderly",
"patient",
"with",
"poorly",
"controlled",
"diabetes",
"."
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Male patient, 42 years of age, from the canton of Santa Elena, now the province of the same name, and working in agriculture, producing various products, for which he moved frequently, always within the coastal region, including the rural areas of Portoviejo, Manabí. He came to the clinic with intense inflammatory erythema of the wings of the nose. Scar in the malar region. ENT examination showed total perforation of the septum. At the level of the malar region there is a fibrous scar, 4 cm in diameter, which according to the patient's reference was an ulceration diagnosed as leishmaniasis, about 7 years ago. The ulcer was not treated with any antimonial but only with local "natural" or "ancestral" medicine. This infection was acquired while working in the "mountain" of Portoviejo. The sample taken from the nasal mucosa showed amastigotes in the stained preparation and the leishmanin RDI was positive 18 mm. Treatment with trivalent antimonial, Repodral, was satisfactory with scarring, and the perforation remained permanent.
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An 89-year-old male patient with no pathological history of interest consulted for anorexia of one and a half months' duration accompanied by oedema of the hands and feet. He reported some episodes of rectorrhagia. Physical examination only revealed oedema with fovea limited to the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints. With the diagnosis of suspected RS3PE, therapy with prednisone 20 mg/24 hours was started, and the oedema disappeared completely after 5 days of treatment. Given that this syndrome can appear in association with other pathologies, the patient was studied.
In the complementary tests the haemoglobin was Hb 10.3 g/dL, with MCV 94.5 fl. The biochemistry, glucose, urea, creatinine, uric acid, total calcium, phosphate, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, total proteins, GPT, LDH, GGT, Na, K were normal. Cobalamins and folates were normal. Beta-2-microglobulin was normal. The proteinogram showed a monoclonal band to IgA lambda. C-reactive protein and ESR were normal. Interleukin 6 was normal. HIV serology was negative. Rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies and anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. PSA was normal. HLA-B27 phenotype was positive. Bence-Jones proteinuria was negative. Colonoscopy was normal. X-rays of the hands and feet showed no erosive lesions. Thoracic CT in the posterior segment of the LSD showed a pulmonary infiltrate adopting a branched (tree inbud) and nodular morphology; in the LM there was also an infiltrate of branched, nodular morphology and a subsegmental condensation with air bronchogram; biapical pleuroparenchymal tracts with thin-walled cylindrical bronchiectasis in LII and thickening of lingula, and pleura. Abdominal CT scan urinary bladder with thickening of the bladder floor, multiple diverticula, prostatic hypertrophy. Bronchoscopy showed a trachea and left bronchial tree with chronic inflammatory signs, including diverticula and anthracosis plaques throughout the bronchial tree; at the level of the right bronchial tree, in the bronchus intermedius a few mm before reaching the LM entrance, mucous infiltration was observed and at the LM entrance there was a mass of necrotic and very friable appearance that totally obstructed the entrance; a bronchial biopsy was not performed due to bleeding. Cytological examination of the BAS revealed an acute inflammatory smear. The Löwestein culture of the BAS was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The patient's progress showed that 5 days after starting corticosteroid treatment, the oedema of the hands and feet disappeared, and haemoglobin normalised one month later. Four months after starting prednisone, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified and isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide were prescribed, and corticosteroid treatment was suspended due to suspicion of Poncet's disease. Three months after starting the tuberculostatics and withdrawing the corticosteroids, the oedema in the hands and feet reappeared, so corticosteroid treatment was reintroduced.
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Anamnesis
A 43-year-old man, with no known allergies, no vascular risk factors or consumption of toxic substances, who underwent surgery in 2010 for a ruptured Achilles tendon, was transferred to the Emergency Department for presenting on five occasions with a sudden loss of visual acuity in the left visual field, followed by clonic movements in the left hemibody lasting seconds, without loss of consciousness. He also reported oppressive holocranial headache, associated with nausea and vomiting. He denied fever and cranioencephalic trauma, and did not remember having presented infectious symptoms in the last few weeks.
Physical examination
Hemodynamically stable, afebrile. Good general condition. Carotids rhythmic, symmetrical, no murmurs. No goitre or adenopathy. Cardiopulmonary auscultation: rhythmic, no murmurs. Bladder murmur preserved. Abdomen soft, depressible, non-painful, no masses or organomegaly, hydro-aerial sounds preserved. Extremities: no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis, pulses present and symmetrical.
Neurological examination: conscious and oriented. Hemineglect with left asomatognosia, anosognosia and astereognosia. Normal language. Pupils isochoric and normoreactive. Fundus without alterations. Left homonymous hemianopsia. Unrestricted extrinsic eye movements. No facial asymmetry or alteration of lower cranial pairs. Muscle balance 5/5 in all muscle groups. Normal muscle tone and trophism. Generalised osteotendinous reflexes 2/4. Bilateral cutaneous-plantar flexor reflex. Sensitivity preserved. No dysmetria or dysdiadochokinesia. Romberg negative. Normal gait. No meningeal signs.
Complementary tests
- Laboratory data: normal haemogram and coagulation. Ionogram, glycaemia, renal function, liver function and iron metabolism without findings. Normal thyroid hormones.
Tumour markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, Ca 125, Ca 15.3, Ca 19.9, alpha-fetoprotein and PSA) without alterations. Angiotensin converting enzyme 25.3 (20-60); rheumatoid factor 27.3 IU/ml (< 20); C3 152 mg/dl (75-135); C4 27 mg/dl (14-60); IgG, IgM and IgA normal; ANA negative; IgA transglutaminase 0.30 UA/l (< 10); beta-2-microglobulin 1.8 mg/dl. ESR 12 (0-20).
- Chest X-ray: increased hilarity. Cardiothoracic index in the normal range. No infiltrates or signs of pleural effusion.
- Cranial computed tomography (CT): ill-defined subcortical right parietooccipital hypodense area with dubious pathological contrast uptake.
- Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): right temporo-occipital lesion hyperintense in T2 and FLAIR with extension to the corpus callosum and the contralateral hemisphere, with ependymal infiltration. Irregular stippled enhancement after contrast administration. Brain MRI, FLAIR sequence. Hyperintense temporo-occipital lesion with extension to the corpus callosum and the contralateral hemisphere.
- Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) study: red blood cells 30/mcl, cells < 5/mcl. IgG 2.73 mg/dl (0-3.40); IgM 0.05 mg/dl (0-1.30), albumin 15.9 mg/dl (0-35); Tibbling index for IgG 1.05 (0.30-0.70); IgM index 0.14 (0.02-0.10). Specific CSF bands for IgG; beta-2-microglobulin 2 mg/l (1-1); angiotensin converting enzyme 25.3 ACE units (20-60); adenosine deaminase (ADA) 2.7 IU/l (0.5-3); glucose 0.69 g/l (0.45-0.80); total protein 232 mg/l (75-320); L-lactate 197 mg/l (110-210).
- Microbiological study: negative serology for syphilis, Brucella, Toxoplasma, Rickettsia, Borrelia, HIV, HBV and HCV, VZV, CMV, EBV, HSV and HV6, in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Sterile culture in CSF.
- Spectroscopy: image not suggestive of tumour tissue.
- Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT): bilateral and symmetrical uptake of bilateral mediastinal and hilar adenopathies that appear to be of inflammatory or infectious origin. No brain uptake is observed.
- Chest computed tomography (CT): bilateral mediastinal and hilar adenopathies at the limit of normality of probable infectious or granulomatous origin.
- Fibrobronchoscopy: puncture of the adenopathies, obtaining a sample for pathological anatomy, which reported a smear with the presence of bronchial wall and lymph node, in which a reactive pattern with granulomas was observed.
Diagnosis
Sarcoidosis with neurological (diffuse white matter lesion) and pulmonary manifestations (stage I according to radiological classification). Secondary focal epilepsy of the right temporal lobe.
Treatment and evolution
During hospitalisation, after initiation of valproate at a dose of 1,500 mg daily, the patient had no new epileptic seizures. The headache, the campimetric defect and the sensory-perceptual disturbances subsided spontaneously, and he was asymptomatic at the time of discharge. Once the diagnosis of sarcoidosis was confirmed by histological study, and tumour aetiology was ruled out, treatment with prednisone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks was indicated, and the parenchymal lesion disappeared in the control neuroimaging.
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"text": "Borrelia",
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"start": 3418,
"end": 3426
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"end": 3392
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"end": 3454
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{
"text": "Rickettsia",
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"end": 3416
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{
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"start": 3394,
"end": 3404
},
{
"text": "EBV",
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"end": 3459
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{
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"end": 3436
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{
"text": "HCV",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 3441,
"end": 3444
}
] | en |
Anamnesis
A 76-year-old male patient with a history of diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation anticoagulated with acenocoumarol, who came to the Urology Department with a clinical picture of 6 months' evolution, characterised by a nodule on the shaft of the penis.
Physical examination
On palpation, there was a 1 cm nodule surrounding a large part of the corpora cavernosa. On rectal examination, the prostate was palpated with a stony right lobe and an indurated left lobe. Locoregional adenopathies were not palpable.
Complementary tests
- Haemogram: leucocytosis of 12.81 mil/mm3 with relative lymphocytosis of 31.2%.
- Blood biochemistry: glucose 147 mg/dl, creatinine 1.38 mg/dl.
- Blood and urine sediment: leucocytes 20-30/field. Moderate bacteriuria.
- Urine culture: > 100,000 CFU/ml of Citrobacter koseri.
- B-HCG < 1.2 IUU/ml.
- Carcinoembryonic antigen 1.29 ng/ml.
- Alpha-fetoprotein 3.41 ng/ml.
- Prostate specific antigen (PSA): 26.48 ng/ml.
- CA 19.9 11.95 IU/ml.
- CA 15.3 7.5 U/ml.
- Penile ultrasound: in the right corpus cavernosum there is a nodule of 1 cm in diameter, hypoechogenic. At the base of the penis there is another nodule, located between the corpus spongiosum and the left corpus cavernosum, measuring 2 cm, bilobed and hypoechogenic. Both lesions are highly vascularised.
- Thoracic-abdominal computed tomography (CT): alterations at the level of the pulmonary parenchyma, in relation to images of bullae and nodule of undetermined characteristics in the left lung. Enlarged prostate (5 cm), with calcifications inside.
- Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): two nodules of 2 and 3 cm maximum axis were identified on the posterior aspect of the penis, infiltrating the corpora cavernosa, mainly the left one and the corpus spongiosum, with a slightly elevated signal intensity in all sequences with respect to the signal of the corpora cavernosa, with intense enhancement from the initial phases of the dynamic study. In the prostate gland, on the right side of the peripheral region, at the level of the base and the middle zone, a mass is identified that causes signal alteration, extending to the prostatic capsule in that location, also affecting the seminal vesicle on the same side.
Diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma of the prostate with synchronous penile metastases.
Treatment
Treatment was started with bicalutamide in combination with leuprorelin acetate.
Evolution
A biopsy of the penile nodule was performed. The anatomopathological study reported a biopsy of the corpus cavernosum with carcinoma infiltration. The immunohistochemical study showed that the neoplasm was positive for vimentin, CD10, Cam-5.2 and racemase; it was negative for cytokeratins (CK7, CK20 and CK5/6), uroplakin, placental alkaline phosphatase, CD117, PSA and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1). The lesion suggests renal origin due to the finding of clear cells (vimentin and CD 10 +); in addition, urothelial and prostatic tumours with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia should be ruled out due to the racemase + marker. The CT scan showed no lesions suggestive of a primary tumour in the kidney. Transurethral resection of the bladder was performed, as well as ureteral cytology and transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies. During the intraoperative period, stiffness in the penile urethra was observed in relation to metastasis and some priapism. He progressed slowly but favourably in the postoperative period, with haematuria that subsided with the usual conservative measures. Treatment with hormone blockade (bicalutamide) was started during her stay. The pathological anatomy report showed adenocarcinoma of the prostate, Gleason score 8 (3 + 5). The bladder catheter was removed, and he was discharged in good general condition, after spontaneous urination of non-hematuric urine. Subsequently, treatment was started with leuprorelin acetate. He currently has a decrease in prostate-specific antigen, which is 1.17 ng/ml, and the previous level of 26.48 ng/ml.
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{
"text": "male patient",
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"end": 36
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{
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"end": 782
},
{
"text": "Citrobacter koseri",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 822,
"end": 840
}
] | en |
This is a male infant, aged 11 months, with no previous history of interest, who consulted for several days because he presented with deviation of the oral commissure to the left, and during crying he was unable to complete closure of the right eyelid. As the only trigger, she reported catarrhal symptoms for the last week, and was afebrile. No history of recent vaccination. Physical examination showed good general condition, normal colour, well perfused, eupneic and with normal cardiopulmonary auscultation; and in addition to the data described above, neurological data showed good muscle tone, without alteration of reflexes, with incipient gait appropriate for his age. Otoscopy showed very erythematous eardrums, not bulging.
In the case of a patient with facial nerve palsy, it is necessary to consider whether it is a central lesion (upper motor neuron lesion) or a peripheral lesion (lower motor neuron), which will be distinguished by the involvement of the forehead muscles in peripheral facial palsy, which are unharmed in central facial palsy due to their bilateral innervation. Most cases are idiopathic. In second place in frequency in the paediatric age group is otitis media, followed by other infections caused by microorganisms such as HSV-1 virus, VZV (Ramsay-Hunt syndrome), Borrelia (Lyme disease)... Other non-infectious entities include traumatic causes (fracture of the skull), tumours (neurinoma, leukaemias, astrocytoma, etc.), vascular causes, myopathies, etc.
Oral corticosteroids were started, he was assessed by Otorhinolaryngology, implanting transtympanic drainage, and given the persistence of the symptoms on the 3rd day, an MRI was requested which showed an increase in size of the left half of the bulb and left inferior cerebellar peduncle, without contrast uptake; and hyperintensity in T2 and FLAIR sequence of periventricular white matter and subcortical subtly.
Suspecting possible encephalomyelitis, EEG was requested, which was normal, as well as CSF cytobiochemistry, with negative oligoclonal bands; and high-dose IV corticosteroids were started. She continued without improvement and a new symptom appeared as inspiratory stridor, with polypnoea, abundant sialorrhoea, PCA with bilateral subcrepitant sounds, as well as occasional choking. Afebrile at all times and without elevation of acute phase reactants. A chest X-ray was performed.
At this time, with the data provided, the most likely diagnosis and most appropriate management could be:
a. It is nosocomial viral laryngitis, probably due to parainfluenzae. I request PCR for respiratory viral pathogens and start nebulised budesonide.
b. Given his age, it may be foreign body aspiration. The airway should be checked with fibroscopy.
c. Probably bronchospasm. Salbutamol in chamber.
d. Could be right-sided pneumonia with effusion. I order a chest ultrasound and start high-flow oxygen therapy.
e. Stridor may be related to peripheral paralysis. Repeat neuroimaging.
Of these possibilities, the most likely diagnosis seems to be stridor.
Repeat MRI shows thickening and hyperintensity of the lesion observed in the bulb and peduncle, which has increased in size, with diffusion restriction. A mass spectroscopy study was completed with a pattern suggestive of a low-grade brainstem glial tumour.
The swallowing study showed problems with fluid intake and an increase in the oral phase of thicker textures. Stridor continues to progress, with severe respiratory distress (increased tachypnoea (55 rpm), use of accessory musculature with tugging at all three levels, desaturation despite nasal O2 goggles at 4 Lpm), more sialorrhoea and more frequent episodes of choking. A chest X-ray was performed.
Due to the high risk of aspiration and signs of impending respiratory failure, orotracheal intubation with TET No 4"5 is decided, with connection to mechanical ventilation. A volume control mode was used, programming a tidal volume (VT) of 7 ml/kg, in which, on performing an inspiratory prolongation manoeuvre, we obtained the screen on the ventilator.
After informing the family jointly with Neurosurgery and Oncology of the prognosis, a biopsy was performed to obtain an anatomopathological diagnosis, which showed histopathology compatible with a grade II diffuse astrocytoma of the brainstem, which continued to progress in the imaging tests, presenting an infiltrative pattern. The family was informed of the possibility of starting palliative chemotherapy in order to improve the laryngo-pharyngeal dysfunction, which they accepted after reaching a second opinion at the reference centre.
A first extubation attempt was made, which failed, and it was decided to postpone the second attempt after the first cycle of chemotherapy as a rescue with previous corticotherapy, which was also unsuccessful.
A tracheostomy was performed with placement of a 4"5 PED cannula by ENT, without incident, and a home respirator was requested, instructing family members in its use and in CPR techniques. Prophylaxis against Pneumocystis was started. He continued palliative chemotherapy with monitoring by Oncology until three months later (17 months of age) he was readmitted to the PICU for adenovirus pneumonia with superinfection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and associated bacteraemia due to Haemophilus influenzae (blood tests showed 3,710 leukocytes/mm3 and PCR 501 mg/L). The cannula was changed to 5.5 PED, improving ventilation. There was a progressive improvement after starting antibiotic therapy, with better quality of her respiratory dynamics, allowing her to switch back to her home respirator within a week with good tolerance. He continues to present isolated episodes of desaturation related to apnoea due to breath holding spasms, which, as they become more frequent and have greater repercussions, require remonitoring with a self-inflating bag by his family, so oral piracetam, a derivative of gamma-amino-butyric acid, which has been shown to reduce their frequency in two randomised clinical trials, is associated with this treatment. Progressive worsening continued with palliative treatment, until four months later (21 months of age) she presented with an episode of sudden somnolence, unresponsive to painful stimuli, a tendency to bradycardia with high blood pressure, bilateral arreactive mydriasis pupils, poor general condition and pale cyanotic colouring, with a modified Glasgow Coma Scale for infants of 3 points.
The severity of the situation and the patient's prognosis led to the initiation of morphine, which was increased as ventilator assistance decreased. He was finally discharged accompanied by his family.
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This is a 25-year-old female patient from Ukraine, diagnosed with diabetes secondary to pancreatic agenesis 5 years ago, admitted to our department from the emergency department for non-acidotic hyperglycaemic ketotic decompensation. Since diagnosis, the patient has had acceptable metabolic control with HbA1c below 7% with dietary treatment and exercise.
Her family history includes a diabetic great-grandfather and healthy parents and siblings.
In the anamnesis, on admission the patient reported poor metabolic control for the last two months, coinciding with the onset of frequent episodes of urinary tract infections, and recently aggravated by vulvovaginal candidiasis and paronychia on the fingers, with symptoms of polydipsia, intense polyuria and weight loss of 6.4 kg during this period.
Physical examination revealed: height 167 cm; weight 38.6 kg; BMI 13.4 kg/m2; BP 120/80 mmHg; HR 116 bpm; saturation 97%. Mandible in lantern jaw. Thyroid grade 0. Normal AC and AP. Abdomen soft and depressible, non-painful, without masses or megaliths. MMII without oedema and preserved peripheral pulses. Vibratory sensitivity, with preserved monofilament and osteotendinous reflexes. Erythematous and pruritic lesions in the vulvar and perianal region suggestive of candidiasis. Paronychia on the fourth finger of the right hand. Extensive diabetic dermopathy on legs and arms.
Complementary tests: normal haemogram, ESR 35 mm/h, glucose 552 mg/dL, Cr 0.8 mg/mL, total cholesterol 205 mg/dL, LDL-C 125 mg/dL, HDL-C 58 mg/dL. Normal liver profile except for GOT 54 IU (7-32), GPT 63 IU (5-31) and GGT 59 (7-32). Albumin/creatinine ratio: 0.6μg/mg. Glucose urine 5567 mg/dL. Urine methylketone 50 mg/dL. HbA1c 16.2%. Basal C-peptide 166 pmol/L (298-2350). Anti-GAD 0.2 KU/L (0-0.9), anti-IA2 0.2 KU/L (0-1) and anti-insulin (IAA) antibodies 77.2 nU/mL (N<40). IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies 0.82 KU/L (0-10). Anti-TG 149 (0-40) and anti-TPO 13.3 (0-35). TSH 3.1
Gynaecological examination: bicornuate uterus.
Fundus examination and normal retinography.
Abdominopelvic CT scan with contrast: dorsal agenesis of the pancreas.
Abdominal ECHO: multiple cortical cysts of less than 1 cm in the left kidney, diffuse throughout the left renal parenchyma with no evidence of dilatation of the pyelocaliceal system or other findings. Normal right kidney. Absence of pancreatic body and tail.
Culture of panadix exudate grew Klebsiella oxytoca and vulvovaginal culture was positive for Candida albicans.
With the suspicion of MODY type diabetes, a genetic study was requested by semiquantitative fluorescent PCR, detecting heterozygous deletion of at least exons 1 to 8 of the HNF1 β gene, which is associated with type 5.
Treatment was started with insulin glargine and insulin aspart 1.3 U/kg. Fluconazole was administered orally 100 mg/day (10 days) and a vaginal vaginal ovule in a single dose of clotrimazole 400 mg, and the fungal lesions disappeared.
Subsequent check-ups showed HbA1c levels of less than 6% with a progressive decrease in insulin to 0.5 U/kg 6 months after admission. Eight months after admission, the diabetic dermopathy disappeared and 18 months after admission, the patient had regained her initial weight and insulin requirements were maintained at 0.5 U/kg. Renal function has remained within normal limits and microalbuminuria is negative. She only maintains a slight increase in transaminases.
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A 45 year old patient from Mauritania, resident in Spain since 2002, who attended infectious diseases consultations due to the appearance of a "bultoma" on the sole of the left foot with progressive growth over a year of evolution. As epidemiological background of interest, the previous year he had returned to his country of origin for a month where he had been carrying out building work at home, barefoot, and the symptoms began later. He did not remember any trauma, stings or bites from animals in the area. No fever or other systemic symptoms. On examination, there was a rounded lump of 2 cm in diameter with a rubbery consistency, not adhering to deep layers, with no ulceration or associated signs of inflammation. There were no micro-organism entry sites or signs of arthritis. There were no other similar lumps on the skin or the presence of joint tophi. The following complementary tests were performed: blood tests: glucose 90 mg/dL, creatinine 0.83 mg/dL, biochemistry with normal liver function and ions, cholesterol 150 mg/dL, uric acid 10 mg/dL. Serology HIV, syphilis, Strongyloides, HCV negative, HBV serology compatible with past infection. X-ray of the affected foot: hallux valgus with no signs of osteomyelitis. Finally, dermatology was contacted to perform excision of the lesion without empirical treatment pending results.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis established in the case of subcutaneous lesions in patients from the tropics ranges from infectious causes typical of tropical medicine to infectious causes unrelated to the country of origin, such as syphilitic gummas, without forgetting non-infectious causes.
Infections: In this group, it is worth highlighting above all those caused by fungi that grow in warm and humid environments typical of the tropics. Subcutaneous mycoses include sporotrichosis, chromoblastomycosis, entomophthoromycosis and mycetoma. Lobomycosis and rhinosporidiosis fall into this classification; however, the former is located exclusively in South America, so it would not form part of the differential diagnosis of our patient, and in the latter case, the involvement of nasal mucous membranes is typical, so we will only refer to the first four.
These infections have in common that the aetiological agent is normally located in the soil and in fresh or dry plant material, such as splinters, thorns, etc... so the infection starts when the fungus is directly inoculated through trauma or when walking, which is why these infections mainly affect the lower limbs and are related to certain trades such as farmers, bricklayers... who are used to walking barefoot. Sporotrichosis is caused by the fungus Sporothrix sckenckii and after inoculation, after approximately 10 days it produces an indurated lesion known as a sporotrichotic chancre which grows progressively and drains spontaneously. The lesion may remain localised or may spread by lymphatic spread causing satellite lesions in the form of rubbery nodules and chronic verrucous plaques1 . Chromoblastomycosis is caused by hyphomycetes fungi of the family Dematiaceae (Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carrionii and Fonsecae pedrosa being the most important) and are characterised by the formation of black colonies. The lesions they cause may be verrucous or granulomatous nodules, or they may be smooth, firm tumours that take one to two months to appear. Characteristic is the appearance of haemopurulent black dots on their surface. Lymphatic spread is rare, although other adjacent lesions may appear by autoinoculation.
Entomophthoromycosis encompasses diseases caused by the genera Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus. It is highly prevalent in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Both fungi cause an indolent infection with granulomatous changes in the skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue without bone or systemic involvement. Individually, the disease caused by Basidiobolus ranarum is known as basidiobolomycosis. It presents as a solitary, hard, circumscribed mass usually located on the extremities. Clinically it can be confused with a soft tissue sarcoma.
Mycetoma is caused by different micro-organisms, namely
1) true fungi or eumycetoma and
2) aerobic actinomycetes, which are filamentous bacteria (Nocardia and Actinomyces) also called actinomycetoma.
Apart from this group of bacteria that cause mycetoma, other bacterial infections that can cause similar lesions such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium leprae must also be taken into account. Finally, with respect to protozoa, Leishmania spp would be another entity to take into account in our differential diagnosis. The cutaneous form can present as localised cutaneous, relapsing, diffuse cutaneous and mucocutaneous, although the latter is rare in Africa. In Mauritania, cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major is endemic in the south, in the region of Aloun-el-Arouss, Nema and on the borders with Mali and Senegal. Leishmania lesions are caused by the inoculation of the protozoan through the bite of its vector Phlebotomus in Africa or Lutzomyia in South America. They are located in exposed areas such as the face and arms and their appearance seems to coincide in some areas with the rainy season, according to the vector's life cycle.
Non-infectious: In addition to neoplastic lesions (such as soft tissue sarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma or warty carcinoma) or granulomatous reactions to foreign bodies, podoconiosis deserves special mention as a cause of lower limb lesions in developing countries. This is caused by an inflammatory reaction to mineral particles in the soil. These penetrate through the skin and are phagocytosed and transported by macrophages into the lymphatic system, causing inflammation and fibrosis of the vessels, obstruction of lymphatic drainage and eventually lymphoedema and elephantiasis. It is typically characterised by occurrence at high latitudes, where filarial transmission by mosquitoes does not occur.
Evolution
The lesion was biopsied and showed granulomatous inflammation with foreign body reaction and polymorphonuclear micro-abcesses, with no evidence of malignancy. Staining for microorganisms was performed and some granulomas distributed in a focal manner showed the presence of yeast-like structures with Splendore hoeppli phenomenon, positive by PAS and silver technique. All this was compatible with actinomycosis. Treatment with cotrimoxazole 800/160 mg 1 tablet every 12 hours associated with doxycycline 100 mg 1 tablet every 12 hours for 6 months. Subsequent visits showed a progressive decrease in the size of the lesion until its clinical resolution. Five months after treatment, an MRI of the foot showed a small fibrous lesion in the surgical site, which finally disappeared in a follow-up MRI performed one month after the end of antibiotic treatment.
Final diagnosis
Actinomycetoma
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"directly",
"inoculated",
"through",
"trauma",
"or",
"when",
"walking",
",",
"which",
"is",
"why",
"these",
"infections",
"mainly",
"affect",
"the",
"lower",
"limbs",
"and",
"are",
"related",
"to",
"certain",
"trades",
"such",
"as",
"farmers",
",",
"bricklayers",
".",
".",
".",
"who",
"are",
"used",
"to",
"walking",
"barefoot",
".",
"Sporotrichosis",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"the",
"fungus",
"Sporothrix",
"sckenckii",
"and",
"after",
"inoculation",
",",
"after",
"approximately",
"10",
"days",
"it",
"produces",
"an",
"indurated",
"lesion",
"known",
"as",
"a",
"sporotrichotic",
"chancre",
"which",
"grows",
"progressively",
"and",
"drains",
"spontaneously",
".",
"The",
"lesion",
"may",
"remain",
"localised",
"or",
"may",
"spread",
"by",
"lymphatic",
"spread",
"causing",
"satellite",
"lesions",
"in",
"the",
"form",
"of",
"rubbery",
"nodules",
"and",
"chronic",
"verrucous",
"plaques1",
".",
"Chromoblastomycosis",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"hyphomycetes",
"fungi",
"of",
"the",
"family",
"Dematiaceae",
"(",
"Phialophora",
"verrucosa",
",",
"Cladosporium",
"carrionii",
"and",
"Fonsecae",
"pedrosa",
"being",
"the",
"most",
"important",
")",
"and",
"are",
"characterised",
"by",
"the",
"formation",
"of",
"black",
"colonies",
".",
"The",
"lesions",
"they",
"cause",
"may",
"be",
"verrucous",
"or",
"granulomatous",
"nodules",
",",
"or",
"they",
"may",
"be",
"smooth",
",",
"firm",
"tumours",
"that",
"take",
"one",
"to",
"two",
"months",
"to",
"appear",
".",
"Characteristic",
"is",
"the",
"appearance",
"of",
"haemopurulent",
"black",
"dots",
"on",
"their",
"surface",
".",
"Lymphatic",
"spread",
"is",
"rare",
",",
"although",
"other",
"adjacent",
"lesions",
"may",
"appear",
"by",
"autoinoculation",
".",
"Entomophthoromycosis",
"encompasses",
"diseases",
"caused",
"by",
"the",
"genera",
"Basidiobolus",
"and",
"Conidiobolus",
".",
"It",
"is",
"highly",
"prevalent",
"in",
"tropical",
"Africa",
"and",
"Southeast",
"Asia",
".",
"Both",
"fungi",
"cause",
"an",
"indolent",
"infection",
"with",
"granulomatous",
"changes",
"in",
"the",
"skin",
"and",
"subcutaneous",
"cellular",
"tissue",
"without",
"bone",
"or",
"systemic",
"involvement",
".",
"Individually",
",",
"the",
"disease",
"caused",
"by",
"Basidiobolus",
"ranarum",
"is",
"known",
"as",
"basidiobolomycosis",
".",
"It",
"presents",
"as",
"a",
"solitary",
",",
"hard",
",",
"circumscribed",
"mass",
"usually",
"located",
"on",
"the",
"extremities",
".",
"Clinically",
"it",
"can",
"be",
"confused",
"with",
"a",
"soft",
"tissue",
"sarcoma",
".",
"Mycetoma",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"different",
"micro-organisms",
",",
"namely",
"1",
")",
"true",
"fungi",
"or",
"eumycetoma",
"and",
"2",
")",
"aerobic",
"actinomycetes",
",",
"which",
"are",
"filamentous",
"bacteria",
"(",
"Nocardia",
"and",
"Actinomyces",
")",
"also",
"called",
"actinomycetoma",
".",
"Apart",
"from",
"this",
"group",
"of",
"bacteria",
"that",
"cause",
"mycetoma",
",",
"other",
"bacterial",
"infections",
"that",
"can",
"cause",
"similar",
"lesions",
"such",
"as",
"Mycobacterium",
"tuberculosis",
"or",
"Mycobacterium",
"leprae",
"must",
"also",
"be",
"taken",
"into",
"account",
".",
"Finally",
",",
"with",
"respect",
"to",
"protozoa",
",",
"Leishmania",
"spp",
"would",
"be",
"another",
"entity",
"to",
"take",
"into",
"account",
"in",
"our",
"differential",
"diagnosis",
".",
"The",
"cutaneous",
"form",
"can",
"present",
"as",
"localised",
"cutaneous",
",",
"relapsing",
",",
"diffuse",
"cutaneous",
"and",
"mucocutaneous",
",",
"although",
"the",
"latter",
"is",
"rare",
"in",
"Africa",
".",
"In",
"Mauritania",
",",
"cutaneous",
"leishmaniasis",
"due",
"to",
"Leishmania",
"major",
"is",
"endemic",
"in",
"the",
"south",
",",
"in",
"the",
"region",
"of",
"Aloun-el-Arouss",
",",
"Nema",
"and",
"on",
"the",
"borders",
"with",
"Mali",
"and",
"Senegal",
".",
"Leishmania",
"lesions",
"are",
"caused",
"by",
"the",
"inoculation",
"of",
"the",
"protozoan",
"through",
"the",
"bite",
"of",
"its",
"vector",
"Phlebotomus",
"in",
"Africa",
"or",
"Lutzomyia",
"in",
"South",
"America",
".",
"They",
"are",
"located",
"in",
"exposed",
"areas",
"such",
"as",
"the",
"face",
"and",
"arms",
"and",
"their",
"appearance",
"seems",
"to",
"coincide",
"in",
"some",
"areas",
"with",
"the",
"rainy",
"season",
",",
"according",
"to",
"the",
"vector",
"'",
"s",
"life",
"cycle",
".",
"Non-infectious",
":",
"In",
"addition",
"to",
"neoplastic",
"lesions",
"(",
"such",
"as",
"soft",
"tissue",
"sarcoma",
",",
"Kaposi",
"'",
"s",
"sarcoma",
"or",
"warty",
"carcinoma",
")",
"or",
"granulomatous",
"reactions",
"to",
"foreign",
"bodies",
",",
"podoconiosis",
"deserves",
"special",
"mention",
"as",
"a",
"cause",
"of",
"lower",
"limb",
"lesions",
"in",
"developing",
"countries",
".",
"This",
"is",
"caused",
"by",
"an",
"inflammatory",
"reaction",
"to",
"mineral",
"particles",
"in",
"the",
"soil",
".",
"These",
"penetrate",
"through",
"the",
"skin",
"and",
"are",
"phagocytosed",
"and",
"transported",
"by",
"macrophages",
"into",
"the",
"lymphatic",
"system",
",",
"causing",
"inflammation",
"and",
"fibrosis",
"of",
"the",
"vessels",
",",
"obstruction",
"of",
"lymphatic",
"drainage",
"and",
"eventually",
"lymphoedema",
"and",
"elephantiasis",
".",
"It",
"is",
"typically",
"characterised",
"by",
"occurrence",
"at",
"high",
"latitudes",
",",
"where",
"filarial",
"transmission",
"by",
"mosquitoes",
"does",
"not",
"occur",
".",
"Evolution",
"The",
"lesion",
"was",
"biopsied",
"and",
"showed",
"granulomatous",
"inflammation",
"with",
"foreign",
"body",
"reaction",
"and",
"polymorphonuclear",
"micro-abcesses",
",",
"with",
"no",
"evidence",
"of",
"malignancy",
".",
"Staining",
"for",
"microorganisms",
"was",
"performed",
"and",
"some",
"granulomas",
"distributed",
"in",
"a",
"focal",
"manner",
"showed",
"the",
"presence",
"of",
"yeast-like",
"structures",
"with",
"Splendore",
"hoeppli",
"phenomenon",
",",
"positive",
"by",
"PAS",
"and",
"silver",
"technique",
".",
"All",
"this",
"was",
"compatible",
"with",
"actinomycosis",
".",
"Treatment",
"with",
"cotrimoxazole",
"800",
"/",
"160",
"mg",
"1",
"tablet",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
"associated",
"with",
"doxycycline",
"100",
"mg",
"1",
"tablet",
"every",
"12",
"hours",
"for",
"6",
"months",
".",
"Subsequent",
"visits",
"showed",
"a",
"progressive",
"decrease",
"in",
"the",
"size",
"of",
"the",
"lesion",
"until",
"its",
"clinical",
"resolution",
".",
"Five",
"months",
"after",
"treatment",
",",
"an",
"MRI",
"of",
"the",
"foot",
"showed",
"a",
"small",
"fibrous",
"lesion",
"in",
"the",
"surgical",
"site",
",",
"which",
"finally",
"disappeared",
"in",
"a",
"follow-up",
"MRI",
"performed",
"one",
"month",
"after",
"the",
"end",
"of",
"antibiotic",
"treatment",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Actinomycetoma"
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A 6-week-old boy was admitted on 23 March 2020 to the paediatric emergency department of the University Hospital of Amiens (France) with fever (38.9°C) of 12 hours' duration. He was born at 39 weeks' gestation, with Apgar scores at 1 minute and 5 minutes of 10 and 10, respectively. The infant did not regurgitate after delivery. The birth weight was 3,160g. The mother was 25 years old with no relevant medical history and, one week before admission, presented ageusia and anosmia, without fever or other associated symptoms. The father was 28 years old and only reported anosmia the day before admission.
On initial examination in the paediatric emergency department, the child was in good general condition, but slightly tearful and hypotonic, was well fed with formula milk and weighed 5,000g. His temperature was 38.2°C, pulse 160 bpm, respiratory rate 30 bpm, oxygen saturation (SpO2) 100% on room air and blood pressure 89/59 mmHg. The abdomen was soft; the liver was palpable 0.5 cm below the costal margin; the patient had no cough or dyspnoea. The rest of the examination findings were unremarkable.
Laboratory tests on admission revealed a white blood cell count of 8,500/mm3 (normal range: 5,000-18,000/mm3); lymphocytes 4,700/mm3 (normal range: 1,100-3,200/mm3); neutrophils 2. 000/mm3 (normal range: 1,800-6,300/mm3); haemoglobin (Hb) value of 10.9 g/dl (normal range: 9.4-14.1 g/dl) and thrombocyte count of 321,000/mm3 (normal range: 150,000-450,000/mm3). Lactate dehydrogenase concentration was 255 IU/L (normal range: 120-246 IU/L); renal and hepatic activity values were normal. Cytology and urine dipstick, procalcitonin and C-reactive protein did not give abnormal results. A rapid test for influenza A and B was negative. Because of the parents' symptoms, the child's age and symptoms (tearful, feverish and hypotonic), the child was admitted to the paediatric COVID-19 unit and aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures, cytobacteriological urinalysis and lumbar puncture were performed. SARS-CoV-2 testing was performed from nasopharyngeal swabs, urine, faeces and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
A few hours after hospitalisation, the child presented with excessive crying and an abdominal ultrasound was performed, with no relevant results. Pending microbiological tests, treatment was started with cefotaxime (200 mg/kg per day in four doses) and gentamicin (5 mg/kg per day in one dose) and probiotics.
The patient's clinical condition improved 24 hours after hospitalisation, with gradual remission of fever and initial hypotonia.
Oropharyngeal swabs and stool were positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Aerobic and anaerobic blood cultures were negative; CSF cultures were sterile (for bacteria and viruses: SARS-CoV-2, enterovirus ribonucleic acid, human herpesvirus 6, herpes simplex virus, adenovirus). Although the test strip was negative, a few days later the laboratory confirmed positive for Citrobacter koseri in the cytobacteriological urine test, with good sensitivity to the ongoing antibiotic treatment.
Five days after admission, taking into account the good health status and the normal results of blood and microbiological tests, the patient was discharged with indications for home monitoring for the following three weeks. In addition, taking into account the child's age, the parents would be contacted by telephone every other day for the next two weeks to monitor the child's health status. For the presence of C. koseri in the urine and the results of the antibiogram, the child was prescribed amoxicillin and clavulanic acid for the next 6 days.
Finally, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the stool (relatively abundant), probiotics were prescribed for the next 2 weeks.
Two weeks after discharge, the child was in good health, afebrile and without diarrhoea or vomiting. Parents were advised to continue home monitoring, with a visit to the doctor if necessary.
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A 27-year-old woman with no past history, resident of the hospital, presented with odynophagia followed by diffuse arthralgia and a rash of widespread pruritic erythematous plaques, with mainly facial and acral involvement. The diagnosis of urticaria was confirmed by a dermatologist. No triggers were found except for viral circumstances; the usual viral serum tests were negative. Antihistamine treatment was instituted. 48 hours later, she reported chills, chest pain and fever up to 39.2°C. She had moderate lymphocytopenia. He had moderate lymphocytopenia, liver tests were normal, and the C-reactive protein value was 49 mg/l. The COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 PCR) test was positive. She was treated with paracetamol and antihistamines were maintained, with slow improvement of symptoms.
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A 19-year-old woman with pain in the pubic area for 15 hours, refractory to analgesia. She presented with fever and asthenia. History of acute tonsillitis in the previous days.
Diagnosis: septic pulmonary embolism and septic arthritis of the pubis secondary to pharyngeal infection. Fusobacterium Necrophorum was isolated in sputum and surgical drainage of the pubis.
The patient underwent doppler ultrasound of the jugular veins and CT of the neck with contrast, ruling out thrombosis of the veins.
Septic emboli were found even without jugular vein thrombosis.
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Anamnesis
A 59-year-old man, with no known allergies or adverse reactions to medication, with a history of arterial hypertension on treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and enalapril. He consulted for lesions on the face and trunk of almost 4 months' duration, not pruritic or painful, which did not respond to treatment with topical or systemic corticosteroids. She reports no fever or other associated symptoms. He denies ingestion of new drugs, recent travel or insect bites.
Physical examination
Multiple erythematous-violaceous papules and plaques were observed in the frontal region, ill-defined, measuring
1 to 2 cm in size, very infiltrated and not painful on palpation. There was also a maculopapular and erythematous rash on the neck, anterior chest and upper back. No palmoplantar or mucosal involvement was observed, nor were cervical or axillary lymphadenopathies or visceromegaly palpable.
Complementary examinations
A skin biopsy was performed, which showed a dense inflammatory infiltrate in the basal lamina with a tendency to epidermotropism, and also a perivascular infiltrate in the superficial and deep dermis. Immunohistochemistry showed marked positivity for CD20 and less for CD3. No light chain restriction was observed.
Treponeme staining in skin biopsy, serum VDRL and treponemal IgG and IgM tests were positive.
Diagnosis
Secondary pseudolymphomatoid syphilis.
Treatment
Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million i.m. was administered.
Evolution
After antibiotic therapy, a rapid clinical improvement was observed, with complete resolution of the skin lesions.
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Male, 44 years old, from Morocco, smoker 1-2 cig/day. He works in gardening. No other personal or family history of interest. The patient was seen in the outpatient department of Internal Medicine for a condition of 2 weeks' evolution consisting of the presence of nodular, erythematous-violaceous facial lesions.
The patient was diagnosed with late onset HIV infection (CD4 60 uL, HIV load 317000 copies).
A biopsy of the lesions was performed and the result was non-specific. Kaposi's sarcoma vs. bacillary angiomatosis was suggested as a differential diagnosis.
Doxycycline 100 md/12 h vo was prescribed, with disappearance of the skin lesions a few days later.
Treatment was started with EGV/cobicistat, FTC, ABC (Stribild®).
After 10 days of treatment, the patient attended the emergency department for acute symptoms of general malaise, high fever, oligoanuria and hypotension. Laboratory tests showed a progressive increase in leukocytes and procalcitonin, with normal urine and chest X-ray. He was admitted to the ICU with a diagnosis of sepsis without evident focus. PCR was positive for Bartonella henselae in a skin lesion biopsy.
A diagnosis of trench fever exacerbated by HAART-induced immune reconstitution was made.
IV gentamicin and high-dose corticosteroids were added. He progressed favourably and was discharged and continued to be followed up in the infectious diseases department.
Immune reconstitution syndrome should be suspected in patients with HIV infection who, after starting ART, develop "paradoxical" reactivation of opportunistic infections previously controlled with treatment.
The usual pathogens with which it is described are M. tuberculosis, MAI, CMV, Cryptococcus, Pneumocystis and Herpes virus 8, but there are rarer cases associated with Bartonella such as ours.
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] | en |
A 43-year-old man with rhinoconjunctivitis due to grass and olive tree pollens, extensive LTP syndrome (fresh and processed fruit and vegetables), nut allergy and intolerance to NSAIDs who, after drinking horchata (a year earlier), developed anaphylaxis.
A prick test was performed with a commercial extract of fruits, nuts and pollens. Prick by prick with horchata, tiger nut extract, peach and apple skin and pulp and CAP to them. SDS PAGE and Western Blot were performed.
Prick positive to nuts, fruits and peach skin, apple, gramineae legumes, olive, ash and cupressaceae. Profilin negative. CAP >0.35 fruits (peach 13.60 IU/ml), nuts (Arah2 <0.35, rPrup3 16.20 IU7ml, rPrup4 <0.35), legumes and pollens.
WESTERN BLOT: SDS PAGE and Western blot were performed recognising proteins of 25 and 47 kDa and also a band of 14 kDa.
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] | en |
We present the case of a 44-year-old Spanish woman with a history of breast cancer 5 years ago in remission, which was treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She is being treated with tamoxifen, folic acid and IM vitamin B12. She denies toxic habits. Teacher by profession. No animals, no contact with the countryside. No previous trips.
She presented with "passing something when defecating" the day before the consultation, together with abdominal distension and discomfort of several months' duration. No nausea or vomiting. No abdominal pain. No diarrhoea or fever. In the general laboratory tests, there was a slight leucopenia (3.35x10^3nL) with 0.33x10^3nL eosinophils; the rest of the parameters were normal. The autoimmunity test was negative. Peripheral blood smear showed mild eosinophilia. A stool culture, Clostridium difficile toxin and parasites were requested on 2 batches of 3 samples collected every other day, all of which were negative. Based on the patient's eosinophilia, the differential diagnosis was made.
Differential diagnosis
The differential diagnosis of eosinophilia will depend on whether the patient is an immigrant or an autochthonous patient, a traveller or has HIV infection1. In our case, the patient is an autochthonous patient, so we must consider several major groups:
- Allergic reactions: such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, pharmacological reactions. In the western world, the main cause of eosinophilia tends to be allergic reactions, but we have ruled this out as our patient does not report any relevant history.
- Pharmacological: Drugs are a frequent cause of eosinophilia in Western countries, including antiepileptics, antidepressants, antihypertensives and antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones and sulphonamides. Her regular treatment with tamoxifen, acfol and optovite was not related to the eosinophilia.
- Neoplasms and haematological disorders: primary eosinophilic syndrome (HES), acute or chronic eosinophilic leukaemia in which immature eosinophils would be seen in the smear. In addition, other myeloid and lymphoid neoplasms are also included. Solid tumours, mainly adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach, large intestine), lung and squamous epithelium (cervix, vagina, penis, skin, nasopharynx, bladder). The smear showed mature eosinophils, so we ruled out haematological tumours. She had had breast cancer, but was being monitored by oncology and had been in complete remission for several years.
- Immunological and rheumatological diseases: here we found systemic autoimmune diseases (Churg Strauss, eosinophilic fasciitis, severe forms of rheumatoid arthritis or Wegener's granulomatosis). We ruled it out as the autoimmunity study was negative.
- Endocrine-metabolic diseases: adrenal insufficiency. This was ruled out on the basis of analytical results.
- Parasites and other infections: helminths are the most commonly identified infectious cause of infectious eosinophilia. Although they are more frequent in patients from tropical regions, there are also some parasitosis capable of producing eosinophilia in our environment. The native helminths that most frequently cause it are:
- Strongyloidiasis: Strongyloides stercolaris. Penetrates directly into the skin on contact with soil or water contaminated with human faeces. Can have a latency of years. - Toxocariasis: Toxocara canis and cati. Can be ingested with soil or food contaminated with dog or cat faeces. Severe systemic involvement.
- Trichinellosis: Trichinella spiralis. Transmitted by ingestion of undercooked meat, especially pork. Diagnosis of the above three would be made by serology.
- Anisakis spp: Associated with the ingestion of raw fish such as salted, smoked, pickled or undercooked fish. Diagnosis is made by visualisation of the worm recovered from emesis or by endoscopy. Detection of specific IgE.
- Echinococcus granulosus: humans are infected by ingestion of Echinococcus eggs present in contaminated food, water or soil.
- Fasciola hepatica, infection is acquired through ingestion of contaminated raw vegetables or water.
- Taenia spp: transmitted by ingestion of undercooked meat. Diagnosis is made by clinical history and morphometric features after visualisation of faecal eggs and rings.
Evolution
After this first consultation, we advised the patient to take a photograph if she passed this material through her anus again. The following week, the patient came in with only the image of a white elastic material almost a metre long, she subsequently reported tenesmus and emission of rings of similar characteristics to the previous one but smaller: 1 or 2 cm long and barely 1 mm thick, she brought this smaller material, which was sent to microbiology and the diagnosis was obtained. It was a proglottide of Taenia spp (probably T. saginata). After the diagnosis of taeniasis, he was treated with Praziquantel 5-10mg/kg body weight in a single dose (450mg). Stool monitoring was recommended for 3 months after treatment. The case was discussed with the preventive service, who indicated that hand washing and hygiene were necessary, but contacts did not need to take any special measures. She was subsequently reviewed in the outpatient Infectious Diseases department: since treatment she was completely asymptomatic and had no further discharge of the whitish material described above from the anus.
Final diagnosis
Taenia saginata infestation.
| [
"We",
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"a",
"44-year-old",
"Spanish",
"woman",
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",",
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",",
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"and",
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".",
"She",
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",",
"folic",
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"IM",
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"B12",
".",
"She",
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".",
"Teacher",
"by",
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".",
"No",
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",",
"no",
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"countryside",
".",
"No",
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".",
"She",
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"with",
"\"",
"passing",
"something",
"when",
"defecating",
"\"",
"the",
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",",
"together",
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"'",
"duration",
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"No",
"nausea",
"or",
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".",
"No",
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"No",
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"In",
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",",
"there",
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"(",
"3",
".",
"35x10",
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")",
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"0",
".",
"33x10",
"^",
"3nL",
"eosinophils",
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"Peripheral",
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"smear",
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".",
"A",
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",",
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"toxin",
"and",
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"3",
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"other",
"day",
",",
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".",
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"'",
"s",
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",",
"the",
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"diagnosis",
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"made",
".",
"Differential",
"diagnosis",
"The",
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"diagnosis",
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"eosinophilia",
"will",
"depend",
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"whether",
"the",
"patient",
"is",
"an",
"immigrant",
"or",
"an",
"autochthonous",
"patient",
",",
"a",
"traveller",
"or",
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"HIV",
"infection1",
".",
"In",
"our",
"case",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"is",
"an",
"autochthonous",
"patient",
",",
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"must",
"consider",
"several",
"major",
"groups",
":",
"-",
"Allergic",
"reactions",
":",
"such",
"as",
"atopic",
"dermatitis",
",",
"asthma",
",",
"allergic",
"rhinitis",
",",
"pharmacological",
"reactions",
".",
"In",
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"western",
"world",
",",
"the",
"main",
"cause",
"of",
"eosinophilia",
"tends",
"to",
"be",
"allergic",
"reactions",
",",
"but",
"we",
"have",
"ruled",
"this",
"out",
"as",
"our",
"patient",
"does",
"not",
"report",
"any",
"relevant",
"history",
".",
"-",
"Pharmacological",
":",
"Drugs",
"are",
"a",
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"eosinophilia",
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",",
"including",
"antiepileptics",
",",
"antidepressants",
",",
"antihypertensives",
"and",
"antibiotics",
"such",
"as",
"penicillins",
",",
"cephalosporins",
",",
"quinolones",
"and",
"sulphonamides",
".",
"Her",
"regular",
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"with",
"tamoxifen",
",",
"acfol",
"and",
"optovite",
"was",
"not",
"related",
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"the",
"eosinophilia",
".",
"-",
"Neoplasms",
"and",
"haematological",
"disorders",
":",
"primary",
"eosinophilic",
"syndrome",
"(",
"HES",
")",
",",
"acute",
"or",
"chronic",
"eosinophilic",
"leukaemia",
"in",
"which",
"immature",
"eosinophils",
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"seen",
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"smear",
".",
"In",
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",",
"other",
"myeloid",
"and",
"lymphoid",
"neoplasms",
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"Solid",
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",",
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"(",
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",",
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"(",
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",",
"vagina",
",",
"penis",
",",
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",",
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",",
"bladder",
")",
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"eosinophils",
",",
"so",
"we",
"ruled",
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"haematological",
"tumours",
".",
"She",
"had",
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"breast",
"cancer",
",",
"but",
"was",
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"had",
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"several",
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".",
"-",
"Immunological",
"and",
"rheumatological",
"diseases",
":",
"here",
"we",
"found",
"systemic",
"autoimmune",
"diseases",
"(",
"Churg",
"Strauss",
",",
"eosinophilic",
"fasciitis",
",",
"severe",
"forms",
"of",
"rheumatoid",
"arthritis",
"or",
"Wegener",
"'",
"s",
"granulomatosis",
")",
".",
"We",
"ruled",
"it",
"out",
"as",
"the",
"autoimmunity",
"study",
"was",
"negative",
".",
"-",
"Endocrine-metabolic",
"diseases",
":",
"adrenal",
"insufficiency",
".",
"This",
"was",
"ruled",
"out",
"on",
"the",
"basis",
"of",
"analytical",
"results",
".",
"-",
"Parasites",
"and",
"other",
"infections",
":",
"helminths",
"are",
"the",
"most",
"commonly",
"identified",
"infectious",
"cause",
"of",
"infectious",
"eosinophilia",
".",
"Although",
"they",
"are",
"more",
"frequent",
"in",
"patients",
"from",
"tropical",
"regions",
",",
"there",
"are",
"also",
"some",
"parasitosis",
"capable",
"of",
"producing",
"eosinophilia",
"in",
"our",
"environment",
".",
"The",
"native",
"helminths",
"that",
"most",
"frequently",
"cause",
"it",
"are",
":",
"-",
"Strongyloidiasis",
":",
"Strongyloides",
"stercolaris",
".",
"Penetrates",
"directly",
"into",
"the",
"skin",
"on",
"contact",
"with",
"soil",
"or",
"water",
"contaminated",
"with",
"human",
"faeces",
".",
"Can",
"have",
"a",
"latency",
"of",
"years",
".",
"-",
"Toxocariasis",
":",
"Toxocara",
"canis",
"and",
"cati",
".",
"Can",
"be",
"ingested",
"with",
"soil",
"or",
"food",
"contaminated",
"with",
"dog",
"or",
"cat",
"faeces",
".",
"Severe",
"systemic",
"involvement",
".",
"-",
"Trichinellosis",
":",
"Trichinella",
"spiralis",
".",
"Transmitted",
"by",
"ingestion",
"of",
"undercooked",
"meat",
",",
"especially",
"pork",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"of",
"the",
"above",
"three",
"would",
"be",
"made",
"by",
"serology",
".",
"-",
"Anisakis",
"spp",
":",
"Associated",
"with",
"the",
"ingestion",
"of",
"raw",
"fish",
"such",
"as",
"salted",
",",
"smoked",
",",
"pickled",
"or",
"undercooked",
"fish",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"is",
"made",
"by",
"visualisation",
"of",
"the",
"worm",
"recovered",
"from",
"emesis",
"or",
"by",
"endoscopy",
".",
"Detection",
"of",
"specific",
"IgE",
".",
"-",
"Echinococcus",
"granulosus",
":",
"humans",
"are",
"infected",
"by",
"ingestion",
"of",
"Echinococcus",
"eggs",
"present",
"in",
"contaminated",
"food",
",",
"water",
"or",
"soil",
".",
"-",
"Fasciola",
"hepatica",
",",
"infection",
"is",
"acquired",
"through",
"ingestion",
"of",
"contaminated",
"raw",
"vegetables",
"or",
"water",
".",
"-",
"Taenia",
"spp",
":",
"transmitted",
"by",
"ingestion",
"of",
"undercooked",
"meat",
".",
"Diagnosis",
"is",
"made",
"by",
"clinical",
"history",
"and",
"morphometric",
"features",
"after",
"visualisation",
"of",
"faecal",
"eggs",
"and",
"rings",
".",
"Evolution",
"After",
"this",
"first",
"consultation",
",",
"we",
"advised",
"the",
"patient",
"to",
"take",
"a",
"photograph",
"if",
"she",
"passed",
"this",
"material",
"through",
"her",
"anus",
"again",
".",
"The",
"following",
"week",
",",
"the",
"patient",
"came",
"in",
"with",
"only",
"the",
"image",
"of",
"a",
"white",
"elastic",
"material",
"almost",
"a",
"metre",
"long",
",",
"she",
"subsequently",
"reported",
"tenesmus",
"and",
"emission",
"of",
"rings",
"of",
"similar",
"characteristics",
"to",
"the",
"previous",
"one",
"but",
"smaller",
":",
"1",
"or",
"2",
"cm",
"long",
"and",
"barely",
"1",
"mm",
"thick",
",",
"she",
"brought",
"this",
"smaller",
"material",
",",
"which",
"was",
"sent",
"to",
"microbiology",
"and",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"was",
"obtained",
".",
"It",
"was",
"a",
"proglottide",
"of",
"Taenia",
"spp",
"(",
"probably",
"T",
".",
"saginata",
")",
".",
"After",
"the",
"diagnosis",
"of",
"taeniasis",
",",
"he",
"was",
"treated",
"with",
"Praziquantel",
"5-10mg",
"/",
"kg",
"body",
"weight",
"in",
"a",
"single",
"dose",
"(",
"450mg",
")",
".",
"Stool",
"monitoring",
"was",
"recommended",
"for",
"3",
"months",
"after",
"treatment",
".",
"The",
"case",
"was",
"discussed",
"with",
"the",
"preventive",
"service",
",",
"who",
"indicated",
"that",
"hand",
"washing",
"and",
"hygiene",
"were",
"necessary",
",",
"but",
"contacts",
"did",
"not",
"need",
"to",
"take",
"any",
"special",
"measures",
".",
"She",
"was",
"subsequently",
"reviewed",
"in",
"the",
"outpatient",
"Infectious",
"Diseases",
"department",
":",
"since",
"treatment",
"she",
"was",
"completely",
"asymptomatic",
"and",
"had",
"no",
"further",
"discharge",
"of",
"the",
"whitish",
"material",
"described",
"above",
"from",
"the",
"anus",
".",
"Final",
"diagnosis",
"Taenia",
"saginata",
"infestation",
"."
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A 60-year-old male patient consulted for severe pain, decreased visual acuity and redness in the left eye for a week. His family doctor indicated topical anti-inflammatory treatment and requested an assessment by the Ophthalmology Department. A diagnosis of acute left unilateral panuveitis was made, for which treatment with prednisone 60 mg/day was indicated. Given the lack of clinical improvement, an assessment by Internal Medicine was requested for a diagnostic study.
As pathological history, the patient had presented a case of facial herpes zoster 15 days prior to the current episode, which he treated with Famciclovir, with adequate resolution. The patient was a smoker, single, with occasional risky sexual relations, and lived in a rural environment. In the guided anamnesis, he had a dry cough of several months' evolution together with mechanical back pain of years of evolution, hyporexia and loss of about 2 kg of weight in the previous 2 months, without mentioning any other relevant symptoms. Ophthalmological examination revealed very intense Tyndall phenomenon without hypopyon, mild conjunctival hyperemia and iris rubeosis, IOP 18 mmHg. In the general physical examination: Haemodynamic stability, afebrile. Absence of pathological signs in the neck, normal temporal arteries. Scattered rhonchi in both hemithorax, rest of the RCA normal. Slight pain on palpation over the right hypochondrium without hepatomegaly or other significant findings. The rest of the physical examination was normal.
The aetiological study of unilateral uveitis in this patient requires screening for local or systemic infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases. Paranoplastic diseases are less likely and it should not be forgotten that up to 30% of uveitis (according to published series) are idiopathic. The ophthalmological evolution was torpid, with progressive erythema and left orbital swelling, and an increase in left IOP. The patient also presented respiratory worsening, with persistent dry cough and dyspnoea on minimal effort, for which parenteral antibiotic treatment (ceftriaxone) and ocular antihypertensive treatment was started and the patient was admitted to hospital. The differential diagnosis considered: primary ophthalmological infections (including viruses (herpes, HIV, CMV) and toxoplasma) and systemic infections (TB, lues and others), inflammatory diseases (sarcoidosis, systemic vasculitis) and paraneoplastic diseases due to solid T. (bronchopulmonary) or haematological (lymphoma).
Complementary tests:
The haemogram was normal. The biochemistry showed CRP 11 mg/dL, with the rest of the parameters being normal. ESR 16 mm 1h. Serology IgG CMV, negative viral load, positive IgG VVZ, positive HLA B51, normal or negative serology for HBV, HCV, Toxoplasma, HIV, lues, Borrelia, intradermal tuberculin test (mantoux with booster), ANA, HLA B27. An abdominal ultrasound was performed, which revealed multiple small hypodense lesions compatible with cysts. A CT scan of the chest and abdomen showed irregular alveolar pseudonodular foci measuring 20x17 mm and 10x19 mm in the lower lobe of the left lung and confirmed the ultrasound findings in the liver. Given the radiological findings, the study was continued to rule out pulmonary TB and vasculitis. Interferon gamma (Igra) analysis was performed, which was negative, in addition to bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage, the microbiological study of which showed no microorganisms (including mycobacteria). A cytological study was also performed, which was negative for malignant cells. ANCAs negative.
Evolution:
Despite antibiotic therapy and IOP control, the patient worsened clinically, with intense retroocular pain. A CT scan of the orbit showed thickening of the LA sclera, hyperdense images in the posterior pole within the vitreous humour, increased retroorbital fat and a punctate haemorrhage at the insertion point of the optic nerve, as well as a doubtful image of retroorbital cellulitis.
Vitrectomy was indicated for further diagnostic work-up. Vitrectomy is a technique not free of surgical risks, indicated to find a definitive diagnosis in patients with atypical manifestations, failure of empirical therapies or suspected underlying non-paraneoplastic processoneoplasm, especially in those patients with posterior involvement of the uvea. Samples were sent for anatomo-pathological study, in which there were no significant findings, and microbiological study. After several days we were informed of the growth of Nocardia otitiscaviarum. in the vitreous humour resistant to Imipenem, Tetracyclines, Clarithromycin, Amoxicillin, Cefotaxime and sensitive to TMP-SMX. The patient started treatment with TMP-SMX, achieving a progressive clinical, ophthalmological and respiratory improvement. After 2 months, the ocular inflammation and the hepatic and pulmonary lesions disappeared in control imaging tests.
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This is a 20-year-old male diagnosed in September 2003 with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, who was given intravenous induction chemotherapy and prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy using PL. After applying various treatment regimens for 8 months, complete remission of the disease was not achieved. Four lumbar punctures for intrathecal chemoprophylaxis were performed during this period without complications. Repeated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses were normal on all occasions. Platelet counts prior to these punctures were 34,000, 118,000, 338,000 and 161,000 platelets/mm3 respectively. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were normal, and no platelet transfusion was performed prior to LP. In May 2004, the patient was readmitted to hospital for a new cycle of chemotherapy and subsequently scheduled for a bone marrow transplant. A new LP was performed without incident, but on this occasion several platelet concentrates had to be trans-fused beforehand as the patient had a thrombocytopenia of 26,000/mm3. In the previous 2 months he had also required several transfusions due to a progressive tendency to thrombocytopenia (below 20,000/mm3). PT and APTT were normal. A few hours after the last LP, the patient required attention for isolated right sciatica. After about 48 hours, the radicular pain was associated with loss of strength in both MMII, which rapidly evolved into bilateral paraparesis, with only partial motor strength (3/5) in flexion-extension of the feet. No sensory or sphincter disturbances were observed. An emergency dorsolumbar MRI was performed, which showed an image suggestive of ventral intradural extraparenchymal haematoma compressing conus medullaris and cauda equina from D12 to L4. After intravenous gadolinium administration, no contrast uptake suggestive of an underlying lesion was observed. Subsequently, a decompressive laminectomy was performed from L1 to L4 and a longitudinal durotomy, after which the cauda equina was observed under high tension, contained by the intact arachnoid membrane. A small amount of subarachnoid blood clot compressed the conus medullaris dorsally. Exploration of the lateral areas showed the presence of a large ventral haematoma also contained by the arachnoid membrane. The arachnoid was then incised longitudinally and after separation of the dorsal roots of the cauda equina the clot was accessed. It was only possible to achieve a subtotal removal of the clot, as it was partially organised and adhered to the nerve roots. No macroscopic lesions were observed that could be the origin of the haematoma. The surgical procedure was completed with the closure of the dural plane using a lyophilised plastia to widen the space. The postoperative course was uneventful. The patient achieved a progressive recovery of strength and was able to ambulate on the fourth day, without sphincteric alterations or radicular pain, and reported only a slight residual cramping in the lower limbs. In the following weeks, oncological treatment and bone marrow transplant were continued, but the patient developed a series of systemic complications that finally led to multi-organ failure and his death one month after the surgery. A post-surgical lumbar MRI could not be performed due to the patient's poor clinical condition.
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A 58-year-old woman reported a productive cough, fatigue, fever and diarrhoea of five days' duration. Physical examination revealed diffuse rhonchi. Initial vital signs were: blood pressure 156/95 mmHg, pulse 130 bpm, oxygen saturation 82% with 5L nasal cannula, respiratory rate 24 bpm, temperature 38,7 °C. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral infiltrates predominantly in the lower lobe. Shortly afterwards she was intubated due to hypoxic respiratory failure and possible acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed sinus tachycardia and ascending ST-segment elevation in I and aVL, mild diffuse PR-segment descent and diffuse ST-segment and T-wave changes. Initial troponin I was negative but peaked at 11.02 ng/mL. Of note was the presence of leukocytopenia (absolute lymphocyte count of 1.04 K/cu mm). PCR RNA testing for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) was positive.
The patient had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. She stated that she had not travelled, but pointed out that her father was ill with similar symptoms.
Based on the initial clinical picture, electrocardiographic findings and increased troponin, the differential diagnosis was ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), stress cardiomyopathy and myopericarditis.
A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed apical, anterolateral, anteroseptal and mid to distal anterior akinetic segments, moderately hypokinetic mid and distal inferolateral segments and hyperdynamic basal segments. Apical ballooning was also noted. The LV ejection fraction was 20%. The right ventricular (RV) distal/apical third free septum was akinetic, with hyperdynamic RV septal basal motion. RV activity was mildly reduced.
The patient was admitted to the intensive care unit. Echocardiogram findings were classic for Takotsubo syndrome or exertional cardiomyopathy, and as the distribution of septal motion abnormalities did not correspond with ECG findings and increased troponin, STEMI seemed unlikely. In view of the COVID-19 infection, it was again decided to postpone coronary angiography. However, pharmacological treatment for acute coronary syndrome was started with dual antiplatelet therapy and anticoagulation with continuous i.v. heparin. For COVID-19, treatment with hydroxychloroquine was started but subsequently withdrawn after the echocardiogram because of the possible risk of worsening cardiomyopathy and QT lengthening; treatment with azithromycin was completed. Clinically, the patient developed shock, most likely cardiogenic/septic with a central venous oxygen saturation of 42%, and required dobutamine. Over the following days, the cardiogenic shock improved, with a central venous saturation of 65% and decreased dobutamine requirements. Six days later, a repeat echocardiogram was performed, which showed an improvement in global septal motion and an LV EF of 55%. From the rapid improvement seen on the follow-up echocardiogram, his cardiac picture appeared more consistent with exertional cardiomyopathy in the setting of a COVID-19 infection. This diagnosis was supported by the ECG, which revealed no evidence of Q-wave myocardial infarction.
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{
"text": "woman",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 15,
"end": 20
},
{
"text": "SARS-CoV-2",
"label": "SPECIES",
"start": 855,
"end": 865
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 897,
"end": 904
},
{
"text": "father",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 1044,
"end": 1050
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 1739,
"end": 1746
},
{
"text": "patient",
"label": "HUMAN",
"start": 2511,
"end": 2518
}
] | en |
We present the case of a 27-year-old woman of Chinese nationality, who did not understand Spanish, had no known drug allergies, no medical or surgical history of interest and had been correctly vaccinated during childhood in her country of origin. The patient first came to the emergency department of the health centre for a pruritic urticariform reaction of 24 hours' duration. At this first consultation, she was prescribed an intramuscular antihistamine and a delayed-release corticoid and was diagnosed with urticaria.
One day later the patient returned to the emergency department with an increase in lesions, reporting intense itching of the face, scalp, trunk, upper limbs and genitals. Several polymorphous lesions with a widespread distribution were observed, with haemorrhagic crusty lesions and other vesicular-pustular lesions two to five millimetres in diameter, some of them umbilicated in the central area. In the central abdominal region there was a necrotic crusty lesion that the patient said she had handled. After examination, she was diagnosed with chickenpox. She was referred home after taking a smear of the lesions, explaining to her the respiratory isolation measures that should be taken with her non-immunised cohabitants. She was prescribed oral acyclovir 800 mg every four hours, five times a day, with nightly rest for seven days, and antihistamines.
Seven days later, our patient attended the emergency department of our referral hospital for intense asthenia of 24 hours' duration with no other symptoms. The examination was completely normal, so in the absence of any abnormalities in both laboratory and radiological tests, it was decided to discharge her home.
Twelve hours later, the patient returned to the emergency department with suprapubic pain and asthenia. In the anamnesis she reported dysuria of two days' evolution and oligoanuria, with no concomitant febrile process. Cardiopulmonary auscultation was completely normal. Abdominal examination revealed suprapubic pain with palpation of the bladder balloon with positive suction in both renal fossae. Suspecting acute urinary retention, a bladder catheterisation was performed, revealing an emptying of 1,200 cc. Blood and urine tests were performed with results within normal parameters. The abdominal X-ray showed the presence of abundant retained faecal debris.
During re-evaluation in the observation room, the companion-translator reported a clear improvement in abdominal pain and said that the patient had been suffering from progressive loss of strength and weakness in the lower limbs for four days. The patient was re-evaluated, with marked cervical stiffness, normal cranial nerves, distal and proximal motor balance 5/5 in the upper limbs. In the lower extremities, flaccid paraparesis with motor balance 3/5 proximal and 4/5 distal. Osteotendinous reflexes with bilateral patellar hyporeflexia and abolition of Achilles reflexes. Bilateral plantar cutaneous reflex in flexion. Hypo-sensitivity in metatarsals below D5 (breast).
In view of the presence of neurological alterations, a craniocerebral computerised axial tomography (CAT) scan was ordered, where no focal intracranial lesions were observed and the cerebrospinal fluid spaces, as well as the differentiation of grey matter and white matter were normal.
Subsequently, a lumbar puncture was performed where clear fluid was observed and samples were sent for laboratory studies, and the patient was admitted to the neurology department with the diagnosis of suspected post-infectious incomplete transverse myelitis.
During his admission, a spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed, which showed an area of T2 hypersignal located at the level of the cervical spinal cord (C5-D1) with a small dilatation of the ependymal duct, most likely related to infectious myelopathy. The lesion showed mild hypointensity in T1. This confirmed the diagnosis of infectious myelitis in the cervical spinal cord.
CSF serology results for Borrelia, Brucella, syphilis, Epstein Barr virus (EBV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) were negative. Serum serology results were congruent with CSF, except for Varicella zoster virus which was positive. Human Immunodeficiency Virus serology was also requested with negative results. Therefore, her highly probable aetiological diagnosis was acute myelitis due to Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection.
Since her admission, given the high suspicion of acute myelitis due to VZV, treatment was started with i.v. acyclovir for the first ten days with the addition of i.v. corticosteroid.
The patient improved slowly but steadily, and finally, after a month of hospitalisation, the catheter was removed without any episode of acute urinary retention in the following days. On discharge she continued rehabilitation treatment.
| [
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")",
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")",
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"Immunodeficiency",
"Virus",
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"negative",
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",",
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"myelitis",
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"Varicella",
"zoster",
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"(",
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")",
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",",
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"myelitis",
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",",
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A 49-year-old parental drug user, with a history of chronic hepatopathy due to HCV and indefinite anticoagulation due to repeated deep vein thrombosis, who came to the emergency department for cervicalgia of one week's duration radiating to the 5th finger of the right arm with a previous episode of fever of 38oC and recent venipuncture. In the anamnesis she denied any infectious focus and her physical examination was anodyne. He had previously consulted for this reason and was discharged with symptomatic treatment. Despite this, he reported clinical worsening and showed an increase in acute phase reactants, so he was admitted for empirical treatment with ceftazidime and cloxacillin. HIV serology was negative. However, Serratia marcescens was isolated in 2/3 blood cultures, so antibiogram-directed treatment was started with cefepime, later changed to ertapenem on the advice of microbiology. An MRI was requested which showed extradural spinal cord compression at C5-C6 level due to an anterior epidural abscess with signs of incipient spondylodiscitis and an abscessed prevertebral collection from C3 to C6-C7. For this reason, neurosurgical assessment was requested, which ruled out intervention as there were no clinical signs of spinal cord compression at that time. During admission, the patient showed progressive symptomatic improvement, with less pain and a subjective increase in strength in both arms. Control blood cultures were sterile. Given the good evolution, after 3 weeks of targeted intravenous antibiotherapy, he was discharged with oral fosfomycin and ciprofloxacin until completing 6 weeks of treatment. Radiological control at 2 and 5 months confirmed the resolution of the abscess without signs of myelopathy.
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Reason for consultation
Difficulty in swallowing.
Individual approach (anamnesis, examination, complementary tests)
Anamnesis: the patient in our case is a 61 year old male with a personal history of being an ex-smoker of one packet of cigarettes a year. He came to our emergency department because he reported a sensation of choking and tightness in the throat that did not worsen with effort, as well as difficulty swallowing solids. According to our patient, the oppressive sensation lasted no more than two hours and self-limited spontaneously.
Physical examination: on arrival at the emergency department, the patient had a systolic blood pressure of 114 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure of 86 mmHg. The heart rate was 75 beats per minute and the SaO2 was 96%. Our patient was conscious, oriented and cooperative, well hydrated and haemodynamically stable.
Cardiorespiratory auscultation was rhythmic and without murmurs with good ventilation and no alterations in the vesicular murmur.
The abdomen was soft and depressible, not painful on palpation, with no masses or megaliths and no signs of peritonism.
The lower limbs showed no oedema or signs of deep vein thrombosis.
Complementary tests
As complementary tests it was decided to perform
Electrocardiogram: sinus rhythm at 68 bpm, normal PR interval, narrow QRS, without acute repolarisation alterations.
Blood tests with haemogram, biochemistry and coagulation, which were anodine, except for LDH of 897.
PA and L chest X-ray: perihilar image in the right upper pulmonary lobe.
Family and community approach
The patient is a 61-year-old male patient, independent for basic and instrumental activities of daily living. He is single and lives with his father. Good family support. Low socio-cultural level. He is regularly followed up for digestive pathology at his health centre.
Clinical judgement (list of problems, differential diagnosis)
Infectious granuloma.
Benign lung neoplasm: hamartoma, lipoma or fibroma. Malignant lung neoplasm: primary or metastatic. Rheumatoid nodule.
Wegener's granolomatosis.
Action plan and evolution
The findings are discussed with the pneumology department and a joint decision is made to admit the patient for further study.
Once admitted to the ward, the following is performed:
-Chest CT scan: right hilar mass with multiple mediastinal adenopathies and 2 metastases at the level of the hepatic hilum, as well as bone metastases at the left costal and sacral level. According to this, it would correspond to stage IV (T4N3M1c). The lung mass exerts a mass effect with partial compression of the superior vena cava.
-Fibrobronchoscopy: Complete obstruction was observed at the level of the right upper lobe with a clot at its entrance which was not removed. Brushings and biopsies of the infiltrations and the carina of the right upper lobe were performed.
Evolution
With an anatomopathological result of right Hiliar Microcytic Carcinoma of 68x80x60 mm extended to the mediastinum, liver and bone level, discharge was decided after the clinical and analytical stability of the patient, and a new appointment was made after being informed of the decision of the Tumour Committee of the Hospital Infanta Elena.
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This is a 44-year-old woman, religious, resident of Paredes de Nava and a native of Kenya, who consulted for a fever of up to 40oC with shivering for the last 6 days. Personal history of pancytopenia and rheumatoid arthritis.
He had travelled to his native country to visit his family, from where he had returned 4 days earlier and where he had been staying for a month. He had not taken any anti-infective prophylaxis. The fever was not accompanied by cough, expectoration or chest pain, but by diarrhoea with two to three liquid stools per day. He denied haemorrhages. Physical examination: 113 bpm, temperature 38.6oC, mild palpable splenomegaly, everything else being unremarkable.
CBC: haemoglobin 10 g/dL, leukocytes 2100/L and platelets 56000/L, (pancytopenia higher than usual). LDH 347 U/L, CRP 173 mg/L and procalcitonin 3.1 ng/mL. Bilirubin normal. Urine systemic: haemoglobin + and urobilinogen ++.
Abdominal ultrasound: spleen at the upper limit of normality. Blood cultures, stool culture, urine culture: negative. Chest and abdominal X-rays were normal.
Empirical treatment with doxycycline and ceftriaxone was started in the emergency department.
Once on the ward, given the suspicion of Malaria as the first option in the differential diagnosis, Malarone® (proguanil/atovaquone) 250/100mg, 4 tablets together daily for three consecutive days was started and the rest of the complementary tests were requested to rule out other possible causes of imported fever: B virus, C virus, HIV, Borrelia, Coxiella and Rikettsia serologies, in addition to the detection of malaria antigen in blood, which was positive for Plasmodium falciparum, so Malaria was finally diagnosed. No parasites were observed in the smear.
The diagnosis was made by means of a rapid diagnostic test that detects species-specific parasite antigen common to all species. The advantage is that it works like a pregnancy test and does not require experience on the part of the user.
The evolution was favourable, with disappearance of fever and anaemisation up to 7.7 g/dL haemoglobin, requiring transfusion of two red blood cell concentrates. On discharge she was asymptomatic and on review in the consultation room it was found that she did not become anaemic again.
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A 40-year-old man was followed up by the dermatology department for presenting painful nodular gluteal lesions with purulent drainage. He was histologically diagnosed with deep suppurative cystic folliculitis, compatible with acne conglobata, with positive culture for Staphylococcus aureus. He was treated with prednisone (15 mg/day), isotetricin and rifampicin without improvement. In addition, he had a one-year history of 25 kg weight loss and abdominal pain, with onset of fever in recent weeks. The patient was referred for admission. On physical examination he was cachectic, with multiple nodular lesions in the gluteal and perianal region with scarring between them, draining purulent material. Laboratory tests showed severe iron deficiency anaemia (Hb: 7.2 g/dl), increased acute phase reactants (CRP:13) and signs of malnutrition (albumin: 2.49 g/dl, cholesterol: 8.3 mg/dl). A colonoscopy was performed, showing pseudopolyps, ulcers and a mucous cobblestone appearance in the rectum and transverse colon, as well as two fistulous orifices; the histological diagnosis was inflammatory bowel disease of the Crohn's disease (CD) type. A pelvic MRI showed a left perianal fistula with extension to the left thigh root. Treatment was prescribed with high-dose steroids, 5-ASA, antibiotics and azathioprine, with a notable clinical and analytical improvement and practical resolution of the skin lesions. In this case, the existence of another diagnosis (acne conglobata) together with the presentation of CD as perianal disease (EPA) led to a delay in diagnosis, which may have been a determining factor in the development of these severe lesions.
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Clinical history
A 48-year-old woman from Marandúa (Vichada-Colombia) consulted for an erythematous lesion on the right ear, of 3 months' evolution. She denied any history of trauma or insect bite. He had self-medicated with oral fluconazole, corticosteroids and topical antibiotics, without improvement.
Physical examination
On the helix and right auricular concha there was an erythematous, oedematous, shiny, infiltrated, non-painful plaque with regular borders, with some pustules, and no palpable regional lymphadenopathy.
Histopathology
Skin biopsy showed epidermal hyperplasia with horny pustules, dermis with diffuse chronic inflammation rich in plasmacytes with epithelioid granulomas rich in giant cells and some polymorphonuclear cells in its centre, abscesses passing from the dermis to the infundibulae. Haematoxylin-eosin ×2.5 (A) and ×40 (B). Epidermal hyperplasia. Dermis with diffuse chronic inflammation rich in plasmacytes, with granulomas rich in giant cells and some neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells.
Other complementary tests
Direct examination and culture for Leishmania were negative. Culture for deep mycosis on Sabouraud agar and potato dextrose agar (PDA), after 10 days incubation at 25°C, was positive for Sporothrix schenckii. Sporothrix schenckii culture. On Sabouraud agar and potato dextrose at 25°C, after 10 days incubation.
The yeast-like phase on Seneca agar (nutrient agar for isolation of Leishmania spp.) was observed after 15 days of incubation. Microscopic imaging of the mycelial phase showed sympodial daisy-shaped conidiation. Yeast-like phase on Seneca agar, after 15 days incubation. Microscopic image of the mycelial phase, daisy-shaped microconidia.
Diagnosis
Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii.
Evolution and treatment
Treatment was indicated with oral itraconazole in pulses of 200mg/12h/7 consecutive days per month for 6 months1,2, with resolution of the clinical picture.
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Hakim Coleman, 25 years old, is a US Army veteran, now a student at a public university, who comes to the emergency department (ED) with his girlfriend and sister. On examination, he is a tall, slim, well-groomed young man with glasses. He speaks softly and has increased speech latency. Affect is flattened except when talking about his symptoms, when he shows anxiety.
Mr. Coleman explained that he had come to the ED at his sister's suggestion. She said that he could do with a "general check-up", because he had been having "migraines" and "hallucinations of a spiritual nature" for several days, which had been going on for 3 months. The headache consisted of bilateral "sharp, stabbing" sensations in different parts of the head, and a kind of "buzzing" along the midline of the brain that seemed to get worse when he thought about his vices. Mr. Coleman described his vices as "alcohol, cigarettes, not respecting my parents and girls". He denied guilt, anxiety or uneasiness about his military duties while serving in Iraq, but had joined an evangelical church four months earlier because he felt "eaten up with guilt" over "everything I've done". Three months earlier he began "hearing voices trying to make me feel guilty" almost every day.
The last auditory hallucination had occurred the day before. During those months he had observed strangers commenting on his past sins. Mr. Coleman believed that his migraines and guilt could be due to alcohol withdrawal. He had been drinking three or four cans of beer almost every day of the week for several years until he "gave it up" four months earlier, after joining the church. He still drank "one or two beers" every 2 weeks, but felt guilty afterwards. He said he had no alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as shaking and sweating. He had smoked cannabis up to twice a month for years, but had stopped completely when he joined the church. He denied using other drugs except once, 3 years ago, when he had taken cocaine without any problems. He slept well except for occasional nights when he only slept for a few hours in order to finish some academic work. Otherwise, Mr. Coleman said that he had no depressive, manic or psychotic symptoms and no violent ideation. He denied that he had symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In terms of stressors, he was overwhelmed by his current responsibilities, such as going to college and attending his church activities almost daily. At the beginning of the academic year he had been getting straight A's and now he was getting B's and C's. The patient's girlfriend and his sister were also stressors for him. The patient's girlfriend and sister were interviewed separately. They agreed that Mr. Coleman had become withdrawn and quiet, whereas before he had been a fun-loving, outgoing person. He had also never been particularly Teligious before. The sister believed that Mr. Coleman had been "brainwashed" by the church. The girlfriend, however, had attended several services with the patient and reported that several members of the congregation had told her that, although they had sometimes spoken to new members who felt guilty about their previous behaviour, none of them had ever had hallucinations, so they were very concerned about him. The patient's physical examination, including neurological examination, was normal, as was the blood system, blood alcohol and urinary toxicology. A computerised tomography (CT) scan of the skull was performed, which was also normal.
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"end": 3131
}
] | en |
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