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838260565_12506-13209 | There have been a number of legal challenges in the US against healthcare providers who have started hiring based on gender of physicians . Dr Mircea Veleanu argued , in part , that his former employers discriminated against him by accommodating the wishes of female patients who had requested female doctors for intimate exams . A male nurse complained about an advert for an all - female obstetrics and gynaecology practice in Columbia , Maryland claiming this was a form of sexual discrimination . Dr David Garfinkel , a New Jersey - based ob - gyn sued his former employer after being fired due to , as he claimed , `` because I was male , I was n't drawing as many patients as they 'd expected '' . | Gynaecology |
838260565_13210-13537 | So far , all legal challenges by male gynaecologists to remove patient choice have failed due to there being protection in law for ' bona fide occupational qualification ' which in previous cases involving wash - room attendants and male nurses have recognized a justification for gender - based requirements for certain jobs . | Gynaecology |
831327308_231-488 | `` Bye and Bye I 'm Goin ' to See the King '' Single by Blind Willie Johnson Released 1930 ( 1930 ) Format 10 - inch 78 rpm record Recorded New Orleans , Louisiana , December 10 , 1929 Genre Gospel blues Length 2 : 53 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Unknown | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_489-835 | `` Bye and Bye We 're ( or , I 'm ) Going to See the King '' is a Christian song from the African - American musical tradition . It is known by a variety of titles , including `` I Would n't Mind Dying ( If Dying Was All ) '' and `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' . It was recorded seven times before 1930 , using the preceding titles . | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_836-944 | It has been most often recorded in gospel or gospel blues style , but also in other styles such as country . | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_1049-1725 | The song consists of several four - line verses ( quatrains ) and a repeated refrain . The words both of verses and of refrain often differ from one artist to another . A standard feature is that the refrain consists of four lines , the first three of which are identical . Common variants of those three lines include `` Bye and bye we 're ( or , I 'm ) going to see the King '' and `` Holy , holy , holy is His name '' . The fourth line almost always begins `` ( I ) would n't ( or , do n't ) mind dying '' . It concludes in various ways in different versions , for example `` If dying was all '' , or `` But I got ta go by myself '' , or `` Because I 'm a child of God '' . | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_1726-2017 | `` The King '' is a title of the Christian God . Many versions include a verse which refers to the vision of the chariot in the Book of Ezekiel , Chapter 1 . A line found in many versions , `` He said he saw him coming with his dyed garments on '' , alludes to the Book of Isaiah at 63 : 1 : | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_2087-2374 | `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' Single by Washington Phillips Released 1930 ( 1930 ) Format 10 - inch 78 rpm record Recorded Dallas , Texas , December 2 , 1929 Genre Gospel blues Length 3 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Washington Phillips Producer ( s ) Frank B. Walker | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_2375-2796 | Titles like `` Bye and Bye We 're Going to See the King '' and `` I Would n't Mind Dying ( If Dying Was All ) '' are taken from the refrain . The title of the 1929 version by Washington Phillips , `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' , whose verses differ markedly from other versions , was presumably chosen to indicate that he intended it as a companion song to his `` Mother 's Last Word to Her Son '' of 1927 . | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_2974-3064 | This list of songs or music - related items is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_3065-6034 | 1926 -- Arizona Dranes , `` Bye and Bye We 're Going to See the King '' 10 '' 78rpm single Okeh 8438 - B 1927 -- Blind Mamie Forehand , `` Would n't Mind Dying If Dying Was All '' 10 '' 78rpm single Victor 20574 - A 1927 -- Norfolk Jubilee Quartet , `` I Would n't Mind Dying If Dying Was All '' 10 '' 78rpm single Paramount 12630 - B 1928 -- Golden Leaf Quartet , `` I Would n't Mind Dying '' 10 '' 78rpm single Brunswick 7050 1928 -- Rev. I.B. Ware with Wife and Son , `` I Would n't Mind Dying ( but I Gotta Go by Myself ) '' 10 '' 78rpm single Vocalion 1235 1929 -- Blind Willie Johnson , `` Bye and Bye I 'm Goin ' to See the King '' 10 '' 78rpm single Columbia 14504 - D 1929 -- Washington Phillips , `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' 10 '' 78rpm single Columbia 14511 - D 1932 -- Carter Family , `` I Would n't Mind Dying '' 10 '' 78rpm single Victor 23807 1939 -- Carter Family , `` I Would n't Mind Dying '' radio broadcast 1939 -- Smith Casey , `` I Would n't Mind Dying If Dying Was All '' 1939 -- The Dixie Hummingbirds , `` Would n't Mind Dying '' 10 '' 78rpm single Decca 7667 1956 -- Dorothy Love Coates and the Original Gospel Harmonettes , `` I Would n't Mind Dying '' on the album Get on Board 1961 -- Reverend Pearly Brown , `` By and By ( I 'm Gonna See the King ) '' on the album Georgia Street Singer 1965 -- Mississippi Fred McDowell , `` Bye and Bye '' / `` Would n't Mind Dying '' 1981 -- Flora Molton and the Truth Band , `` Bye and Bye I 'm Going To See the King '' on the album Living Country Blues USA , Vol. 3 1986 -- R. Stevie Moore , `` I Would n't Mind Dyin ' '' on the album Glad Music 1994 -- Ben Harper , hidden track on the album Welcome to the Cruel World 2002 -- K.M. Williams , `` Bye and Bye , I 'm Goin ' to See the King '' on the album Blind Willie 's Hymns 2003 -- John and Heidi Cerrigione , `` A Mother 's Last Word to Her Daughter '' on the album Wood Stoves and Bread Loaves 2003 -- Davis Coen , `` Bye and Bye I 'm Goin ' to See the King '' on the album Cryin ' the Blues 2004 -- Crush Collision Trio , `` Bye and Bye I 'm Going to See the King '' on the album Cold in Hand 2005 -- Flat Mountain Girls , `` Would n't Mind Dyin ' '' on the album Honey Take Your Whiskers Off 2006 -- Catfish Keith , `` Bye and Bye , I 'm Going to See the King '' on the album Rolling Sea 2007 -- Francesco Garolfi , `` Bye and Bye , I 'm Going to See the King '' on the album The Blues I Feel 2009 -- Catfish Keith , `` By and By I 'm Going to See the King '' on the album Live at the Half Moon 2010 -- Heaven And , `` Bye and Bye I 'm Going To See the King '' on the album Bye and Bye I 'm Going To See the King 2010 -- Willie Salomon , `` By and By I 'm Gonna See the King '' on the album Let Your Light Shine 2011 -- Catfish Keith , `` By and By , I 'm Going to See the King '' on the album A True Friend Is Hard to Find : Gospel Retrospective 2012 -- Ryan McGiver , `` I Would n't Mind Dying '' on the album Troubled in Mind | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_6056-6186 | These songs have similar titles to the song which is the subject of this article , but are different from it and from each other : | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
831327308_6187-6470 | 2010 -- Jason Moon , `` I Would n't Mind Dying Now '' on the album Naked Under All These Clothes `` Bye and Bye When the Morning Comes '' / `` We 'll Understand It Better Bye and Bye '' , a different gospel song `` We Shall See the King ( When He Comes ) '' , a different gospel song | Bye and Bye We're Going to See the King |
838217921_202-669 | In economics , the demand curve is the graph depicting the relationship between the price of a certain commodity and the amount of it that consumers are willing and able to purchase at any given price . It is a graphic representation of a market demand schedule . The demand curve for all consumers together follows from the demand curve of every individual consumer : the individual demands at each price are added together , assuming independent decision - making . | Demand curve |
838217921_670-1247 | Demand curves are used to estimate behaviors in competitive markets , and are often combined with supply curves to estimate the equilibrium price ( the price at which sellers together are willing to sell the same amount as buyers together are willing to buy , also known as market clearing price ) and the equilibrium quantity ( the amount of that good or service that will be produced and bought without surplus / excess supply or shortage / excess demand ) of that market . In a monopolistic market , the demand curve facing the monopolist is simply the market demand curve . | Demand curve |
838217921_1248-1434 | Demand curves are usually considered as theoretical structures that are expected to exist in the real world , but real world measurements of actual demand curves are difficult and rare . | Demand curve |
838217921_1807-2003 | According to convention , the demand curve is drawn with price on the vertical ( y ) axis and quantity on the horizontal ( x ) axis . The function actually plotted is the inverse demand function . | Demand curve |
838217921_2004-2567 | The demand curve usually slopes downwards from left to right ; that is , it has a negative association . The negative slope is often referred to as the `` law of demand '' , which means people will buy more of a service , product , or resource as its price falls . The demand curve is related to the marginal utility curve , since the price one is willing to pay depends on the utility . However , the demand directly depends on the income of an individual while the utility does not . Thus it may change indirectly due to change in demand for other commodities . | Demand curve |
838217921_2568-2965 | However , with Veblen goods , such as status symbols , the utility value of the good is largely the price and demand is higher at higher prices and the demand curve may curve upwards . With a Giffen good the price is taken by the market as a signal of quality , irrespective of the true nature of the product , and hence demand may be very low when priced low and increase at higher price points . | Demand curve |
838217921_2995-3505 | The demand curve is often graphed as a straight line of the form Q = a − bP where a and b are parameters . The constant `` a '' embodies the effects of all factors other than price that affect demand . If income were to change , for example , the effect of the change would be represented by a change in the value of `` a '' and be reflected graphically as a shift of the demand curve . The constant `` b '' is the slope of the demand curve and shows how the price of the good affects the quantity demanded . | Demand curve |
838217921_3506-3748 | The graph of the demand curve uses the inverse demand function in which price is expressed as a function of quantity . The standard form of the demand equation can be converted to the inverse equation by solving for P or P = a / b − Q / b . | Demand curve |
838217921_3749-3976 | More plainly , in the equation P = a − bQ , `` a '' is the intercept where price is zero ( where the demand curve intercepts the X-axis ) , `` b '' is the slope of the demand curve , `` Q '' is quantity and `` P '' is price . | Demand curve |
838217921_3977-4617 | There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change . It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve , and a shift in a demand curve . Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes . When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts . These `` other variables '' are part of the demand function . They are `` merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function . '' Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis . | Demand curve |
838217921_4633-5540 | The shift of a demand curve takes place when there is a change in any non-price determinant of demand , resulting in a new demand curve . Non-price determinants of demand are those things that will cause demand to change even if prices remain the same -- in other words , the things whose changes might cause a consumer to buy more or less of a good even if the good 's own price remained unchanged . Some of the more important factors are the prices of related goods ( both substitutes and complements ) , income , population , and expectations . However , demand is the willingness and ability of a consumer to purchase a good under the prevailing circumstances ; so , any circumstance that affects the consumer 's willingness or ability to buy the good or service in question can be a non-price determinant of demand . As an example , weather could be a factor in the demand for beer at a baseball game . | Demand curve |
838217921_5541-6240 | When income increases , the demand curve for normal goods shifts outward as more will be demanded at all prices , while the demand curve for inferior goods shifts inward due to the increased attainability of superior substitutes . With respect to related goods , when the price of a good ( e.g. a hamburger ) rises , the demand curve for substitute goods ( e.g. chicken ) shifts out , while the demand curve for complementary goods ( e.g. tomato sauce ) shifts in ( i.e. there is more demand for substitute goods as they become more attractive in terms of value for money , while demand for complementary goods contracts in response to the contraction of quantity demanded of the underlying good ) . | Demand curve |
838217921_6266-6905 | Changes in disposable income , the magnitude of the shift also being related to the income elasticity of demand . Changes in tastes and preferences -- tastes and preferences are assumed to be fixed in the short - run . This assumption of fixed preferences is a necessary condition for aggregation of individual demand curves to derive market demand . Changes in expectations . Changes in the prices of related goods ( substitutes and complements ) Population size and composition N.B. Whilst variations in the price of the actual product affects the overall quantity demanded , economists do not consider price to affect the demand curve . | Demand curve |
838217921_6956-7054 | A number of business publications have published opinion pieces on the actions that raise demand . | Demand curve |
838217921_7096-7330 | Market or aggregate demand is the summation of individual demand curves . In addition to the factors which can affect individual demand there are three factors that can affect market demand ( cause the market demand curve to shift ) : | Demand curve |
838217921_7331-7504 | a change in the number of consumers , a change in the distribution of tastes among consumers , a change in the distribution of income among consumers with different tastes . | Demand curve |
838217921_7579-7732 | Decrease in price of a substitute Increase in price of a complement Decrease in income if good is normal good Increase in income if good is inferior good | Demand curve |
838217921_7772-8412 | There is movement along a demand curve when a change in price causes the quantity demanded to change . It is important to distinguish between movement along a demand curve , and a shift in a demand curve . Movements along a demand curve happen only when the price of the good changes . When a non-price determinant of demand changes the curve shifts . These `` other variables '' are part of the demand function . They are `` merely lumped into intercept term of a simple linear demand function . '' Thus a change in a non-price determinant of demand is reflected in a change in the x-intercept causing the curve to shift along the x axis . | Demand curve |
838217921_8446-8742 | If a commodity is sold in whole units , and these are valuable for a consumer , then the individual demand curve can hardly be approximated by a continuous curve . It is a set function of the price , defined by a price above which no unit is bought , a price range for which one is bought , etc . | Demand curve |
838217921_8770-9074 | If the local currency is dollars , for example , then the units of measurement of the variable `` price '' are `` dollars per unit of the good '' and the units of measurement of `` quantity '' are `` units of the good per time ( e.g. , per week or per year ) . Thus quantity demanded is a flow variable . | Demand curve |
838217921_9161-9449 | PED is a measure of the sensitivity of the quantity variable , Q , to changes in the price variable , P. Elasticity answers the question of how much the quantity will change in percentage terms for a 1 % change in the price , and is thus important in determining how revenue will change . | Demand curve |
838217921_9450-9998 | The elasticity of demand indicates how sensitive the demand for a good is to a price change . If the PED is between zero and 1 , demand is said to be inelastic ; if PED equals 1 , the demand is unitary elastic ; and if the Price elasticity of demand is greater than 1 , demand is elastic . A low coefficient implies that changes in price have little influence on demand . A high elasticity indicates that consumers will respond to a price rise by buying a lot less of the good and that consumers will respond to a price cut by buying a lot more ... | Demand curve |
838217921_10028-10336 | A sales tax on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve , if the price axis in the graph represents the price including tax . Similarly , a subsidy on the commodity does not directly change the demand curve , if the price axis in the graph represents the price after deduction of the subsidy . | Demand curve |
838217921_10337-10548 | If the price axis in the graph represents the price before addition of tax and / or subtraction of subsidy then the demand curve moves inward when a tax is introduced , and outward when a subsidy is introduced . | Demand curve |
800920998_120-845 | The Show , the After - Party , the Hotel Studio album by Jodeci Released July 18 , 1995 Recorded 1994 - 1995 Dajhelon Studios ( Rochester , New York ) Genre R&B , hip hop soul , soul Length 68 : 45 Label Uptown / MCA Producer Andre Harrell ( exec . ) , Dalvin DeGrate , DeVante Swing , Timbaland , Stevie J . Jodeci chronology Diary of a Mad Band ( 1993 ) Diary of a Mad Band 1993 The Show , the After - Party , the Hotel ( 1995 ) Back to the Future : The Very Best of Jodeci ( 2005 ) Back to the Future : The Very Best of Jodeci 2005 Singles from The Show , the After - Party , the Hotel `` Freek'n You '' Released : May 30 , 1995 `` Love U 4 Life '' Released : October 31 , 1995 `` Get On Up '' Released : January 11 , 1996 | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_846-1094 | The Show , the After - Party , the Hotel is the third studio album from American R&B group Jodeci , released July 18 , 1995 on Uptown Records and distributed through MCA Records . The album was recorded at Dajhelon Studios in Rochester , New York . | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_1095-1375 | The album peaked at number two on the Billboard 200 chart and was the third album from the group to reach number one on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . By September 1995 , it was certified platinum by the RIAA , and it has sold 1,570,000 copies in the US as of March 2015 . | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_1551-1670 | Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly Los Angeles Times The Village Voice B -- | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_1724-2214 | Ron Wynn of Allmusic felt the album itself was poorly edited and sequenced , and though he was critical of the group 's overindulgent tendencies and refusal to emphasize radio hits , still stated the album had enough good moments `` to make it worthwhile for most urban contemporary listeners . '' Dimitri Ehrlich of Entertainment Weekly gave note to the group 's vocal harmonies and the album 's production but felt the work lacked mature lyrics , taking away from Jodeci 's authenticity . | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_2238-3365 | No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer Length 1 . `` The Show '' Donald Earle DeGrate , Jr . 1 : 24 2 . `` Bring on Da ' Funk '' DeGrate Dalvin DeGrate Cedric Renard Hailey Timothy Mosley Joel Hailey 3 : 56 3 . `` Room 723 '' DeGrate 1 : 06 4 . `` Fun 2 Nite '' DeGrate Cedric Renard Hailey Mr. Dalvin Stevie J 3 : 52 5 . `` Room 577 '' DeGrate 1 : 12 6 . `` S - More '' DeGrate Melissa Elliott Cedric Renard Hailey Dalvin DeGrate Mr. Dalvin Stevie J 3 : 42 7 . `` The After - Party '' DeGrate 0 : 16 8 . `` Get On Up '' DeGrate Cedric Renard Hailey Joel Hailey Mr. Dalvin 3 : 47 9 . `` Room 499 '' DeGrate 1 : 05 10 . `` Can We Flo ? '' DeGrate 4 : 17 11 . `` Zipper '' DeGrate 1 : 26 12 . `` Let 's Do It All '' DeGrate 5 : 51 13 . `` P.I.B. 4 Play '' DeGrate 1 : 30 14 . `` Pump It Back '' DeGrate 6 : 23 15 . `` D.J. Don Jeremy '' DeGrate 1 : 37 16 . `` Freek'n You '' DeGrate 6 : 19 17 . `` Room 454 : DeVante 's Inhermission '' DeGrate 2 : 11 18 . `` Time & Place '' DeGrate Mosley 6 : 00 19 . `` Fallin ' '' DeGrate 2 : 00 20 . `` Love U 4 Life '' DeGrate 4 : 50 21 . `` 4U '' DeGrate 1 : 13 22 . `` Good Luv '' DeGrate 4 : 48 | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_3485-3777 | Year Single Peak chart positions U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Dance Music / Club Play Singles U.S. Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales U.S. Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Singles & Tracks U.S. Rhythmic Top 40 1995 `` Freek'n You '' 14 14 21 `` Love U 4 Life '' 31 -- 15 8 22 `` Get On Up '' 22 10 6 15 | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
800920998_3878-4564 | Arranging : Dalvin DeGrate , Missy Elliott , Danger J Art Direction : Robert Reives Bass : Darryl Pearson Engineering : Jimmy Douglass , Steve Sola , DeVante Swing , Steve Young , Danger J Executive Producer : Andre Harrell , Suge Knight Guitar : Darryl Pearson Guitar ( Acoustic ) : DeVante Swing Mastering : Roger Talkov Mixing : Jimmy Douglass , DeVante Swing Multi-Instruments : Darryl Pearson , DeVante Swing , Danger J , Stevie J Production : Dalvin DeGrate , DeVante Swing Production Coordination : Debra Young Vocal Arranging : DeVante Swing Vocals ( Background ) : Playa , DeVante Swing , Ginuwine , Timbaland & Missy Elliott Writers : DeVante Swing , Static Major , Ginuwine , | The Show, the After Party, the Hotel |
783993913_126-771 | The Board of Higher Secondary Education Kerala , located at the 4th floor of the Housing Board Building in Santhi Nagar , Thiruvananthapuram , Kerala ( 8 ° 29 ′ 37 '' N 76 ° 57 ′ 08 '' E / 8.493489 ° N 76.952321 ° E / 8.493489 ; 76.952321 Coordinates : 8 ° 29 ′ 37 '' N 76 ° 57 ′ 08 '' E / 8.493489 ° N 76.952321 ° E / 8.493489 ; 76.952321 ) , is the regulatory body of higher secondary schools in Kerala . It was formed in 1990 to reorganize secondary and collegiate education in the Indian state of Kerala . The board provides Higher Secondary Examination and offers courses in humanities and commerce . | Kerala Higher Secondary Examination Board |
818564963_138-1074 | A smart city is an urban area that uses different types of electronic data collection sensors to supply information which is used to manage assets and resources efficiently . This includes data collected from citizens , devices , and assets that is processed and analyzed to monitor and manage traffic and transportation systems , power plants , water supply networks , waste management , law enforcement , information systems , schools , libraries , hospitals , and other community services . The smart city concept integrates information and communication technology ( ICT ) , and various physical devices connected to the network ( the Internet of things or IoT ) to optimize the efficiency of city operations and services and connect to citizens . Smart city technology allows city officials to interact directly with both community and city infrastructure and to monitor what is happening in the city and how the city is evolving . | Smart city |
818564963_1075-1646 | Information and communication technology ( ICT ) is used to enhance quality , performance and interactivity of urban services , to reduce costs and resource consumption and to increase contact between citizens and government . Smart city applications are developed to manage urban flows and allow for real - time responses . A smart city may therefore be more prepared to respond to challenges than one with a simple `` transactional '' relationship with its citizens . Yet , the term itself remains unclear to its specifics and therefore , open to many interpretations . | Smart city |
818564963_1647-1901 | Other terms that have been used for similar concepts include cyberville , digital city , electronic communities , flexicity , information city , intelligent city , knowledge - based city , MESH city , telecity , teletopia , Ubiquitous city , wired city . | Smart city |
818564963_1902-2855 | Major technological , economic and environmental changes have generated interest in smart cities , including climate change , economic restructuring , the move to online retail and entertainment , ageing populations , urban population growth and pressures on public finances . The European Union ( EU ) has devoted constant efforts to devising a strategy for achieving ' smart ' urban growth for its metropolitan city - regions . The EU has developed a range of programmes under ' Europe 's Digital Agenda `` . In 2010 , it highlighted its focus on strengthening innovation and investment in ICT services for the purpose of improving public services and quality of life . Arup estimates that the global market for smart urban services will be $400 billion per annum by 2020 . Examples of Smart City technologies and programs have been implemented in Dubai , Milton Keynes , Southampton , Amsterdam , Barcelona , Madrid , Stockholm , China and New York . | Smart city |
818564963_3441-3686 | Due to the breadth of technologies that have been implemented under the smart city label , it is difficult to distill a precise definition of a smart city . Deakin and Al Wear list four factors that contribute to the definition of a smart city : | Smart city |
818564963_3687-4087 | The application of a wide range of electronic and digital technologies to communities and cities The use of ICT to transform life and working environments within the region The embedding of such Information and Communications Technologies ( ICTs ) in government systems The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs and people together to enhance the innovation and knowledge that they offer . | Smart city |
818564963_4088-4479 | Deakin defines the smart city as one that utilises ICT to meet the demands of the market ( the citizens of the city ) , and that community involvement in the process is necessary for a smart city . A smart city would thus be a city that not only possesses ICT technology in particular areas , but has also implemented this technology in a manner that positively impacts the local community . | Smart city |
818564963_4514-6660 | Giffinger et al. 2007 : `` Regional competitiveness , transport and Information and Communication Technologies economics , natural resources , human and social capital , quality of life , and participation of citizens in the governance of cities . '' Smart Cities Council : `` A smart city is one that has digital technology embedded across all city functions . '' Caragliu and Nijkamp 2009 : `` A city can be defined as ' smart ' when investments in human and social capital and traditional ( transport ) and modern ( ICT ) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high quality of life , with a wise management of natural resources , through participatory action and engagement . '' Frost & Sullivan 2014 : `` We identified eight key aspects that define a Smart City : smart governance , smart energy , smart building , smart mobility , smart infrastructure , smart technology , smart healthcare and smart citizen . '' Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Smart Cities : `` A smart city brings together technology , government and society to enable the following characteristics : smart cities , a smart economy , smart mobility , a smart environment , smart people , smart living , smart governance . '' Business Dictionary : `` A developed urban area that creates sustainable economic development and high quality of life by excelling in multiple key areas ; economy , mobility , environment , people , living , and government . Excelling in these key areas can be done so through strong human capital , social capital , and / or ICT infrastructure . '' Indian Government 2014 : `` Smart City offers sustainability in terms of economic activities and employment opportunities to a wide section of its residents , regardless of their level of education , skills or income levels . '' Department for Business , Innovation and Skills , UK 2013 : `` The concept is not static , there is no absolute definition of a smart city , no end point , but rather a process , or series of steps , by which cities become more ' liveable ' and resilient and , hence , able to respond quicker to new challenges . '' | Smart city |
818564963_6686-6830 | It has been suggested that a smart city ( also community , business cluster , urban agglomeration or region ) uses information technologies to : | Smart city |
818564963_6831-7489 | Make more efficient use of physical infrastructure ( roads , built environment and other physical assets ) through artificial intelligence and data analytics to support a strong and healthy economic , social , cultural development . Engage effectively with local people in local governance and decision by use of open innovation processes and e-participation , improving the collective intelligence of the city 's institutions through e-governance , with emphasis placed on citizen participation and co-design . Learn , adapt and innovate and thereby respond more effectively and promptly to changing circumstances by improving the intelligence of the city . | Smart city |
818564963_7490-7939 | They evolve towards a strong integration of all dimensions of human intelligence , collective intelligence , and also artificial intelligence within the city . The intelligence of cities `` resides in the increasingly effective combination of digital telecommunication networks ( the nerves ) , ubiquitously embedded intelligence ( the brains ) , sensors and tags ( the sensory organs ) , and software ( the knowledge and cognitive competence ) '' . | Smart city |
818564963_7940-8032 | These forms of intelligence in smart cities have been demonstrated in three ways : Bletchley | Smart city |
818564963_8089-9521 | Orchestration intelligence : Where cities establish institutions and community - based problem solving and collaborations , such as in Bletchley Park , where the Nazi Enigma cypher was decoded by a team led by Alan Turing . This has been referred to as the first example of a smart city or an intelligent community . Empowerment intelligence : Cities provide open platforms , experimental facilities and smart city infrastructure in order to cluster innovation in certain districts . These are seen in the Kista Science City in Stockholm and the Cyberport Zone in Hong Kong . Similar facilities have also been established in Melbourne . Hong Kong Cyberport 1 and Cyberport 2 Buildings Instrumentation intelligence : Where city infrastructure is made smart through real - time data collection , with analysis and predictive modelling across city districts . There is much controversy surrounding this , particularly with regards to surveillance issues in smart cities . Examples of Instrumentation intelligence have been implemented in Amsterdam . This is implemented through : A common IP infrastructure that is open to researchers to develop applications . Wireless meters and devices transmit information at the point in time . A number of homes being provided with smart energy meters to become aware of energy consumption and reduce energy usage Solar power garbage compactors , car recharging stations and energy saving lamps . | Smart city |
818564963_9577-9960 | Innovation economy Urban infrastructure Governance Innovation in industries , clusters , districts of a city Transport Administration services to the citizen Knowledge workforce : Education and employment Energy / Utilities Participatory and direct democracy Creation of knowledge - intensive companies Protection of the environment / Safety Services to the citizen : Quality of life | Smart city |
818564963_9961-10214 | According to David K. Owens , the former executive vice president of the Edison Electric Institute , two key elements that a smart city must have are an integrated communications platform and a `` dynamic resilient grid . '' Both are large investments . | Smart city |
818564963_10235-10444 | In order to achieve an accurate description and explanation of the concept of Smart City it is needed to first analyse the topic through a specific framework . The framework is divided into 4 main dimensions : | Smart city |
818564963_10475-10706 | Several concepts of the Smart city rely heavily on the use of technology ; a technological Smart City is not just one concept but there are different combinations of technological infrastructure that build a concept of smart city . | Smart city |
818564963_10707-11159 | Digital city : it combines service oriented infrastructure , innovation services and communication infrastructure ; Yovanof , G.S. & Hazapis , G.N. define a digital city `` a connected community that combines broadband communications infrastructure ; a flexible , service - oriented computing infrastructure based on open industry standards ; and , innovative services to meet the needs of governments and their employees , citizens and businesses '' . | Smart city |
818564963_11160-11293 | The main purpose is to create an environment in which citizens are interconnected and easily share information anywhere in the city . | Smart city |
818564963_11294-14044 | Virtual city : In these kinds of cities functions are implemented in a cyberspace ; it includes the notion of hybrid city , which consists of a reality with real citizens and entities and a parallel virtual city of real entities and people . Have a smart city that is virtual means that in some cities it is possible the coexistence between these two reality , however the issue of physical distance and location is still not easy to manage . The vision of the world without distance still remains unmet in many ways . In practice this idea is hold up through physical IT infrastructure of cables , data centers , and exchanges . Information city : It collects local information and delivered them to the public portal ; In that city , many inhabitants are able to live and even work on the Internet because they could obtain every information through IT infrastructures , thanks to the sharing information method among citizens themselves . Using this approach , an information city could be an urban centre both economically and socially speaking ; the most important thing is the linkage among civic services , people interactions and government institutions . Intelligent city : it involves function as research or technological innovation to support learning and innovation procedure . The notion emerges in a social context in which knowledge , learning process and creativity have great importance and the human capital is considered the most precious resource within this type of technological city . In particular one of the most significant feature of an intelligent city is that every infrastructure is up to date , that means have the latest technology in telecommunications , electronic and mechanical technology . According to Komninos and Sefertzi , the attempt to build an `` intelligent '' Smart City is more a radical innovation rather than an incremental innovation owing to a big quantity of efforts to use IT trying to transform the daily life . Ubiquitous city ( U-city ) : It creates an environment that connect citizens to any services through any device . According to Anthopoulos , L. , & Fitsilis , P. , U-city is a further extension of digital city concept because of the facility in terms of accessibility to every infrastructure . This makes easier to the citizen the use of any available devices to interconnect them . Its goal is to create a city where any citizen can get any services anywhere and anytime through any kind of devices . It is important to highlights that the ubiquitous city is different from the above virtual city : while the virtual city creates another space by visualizing the real urban elements within the virtual space , U-city is given by the computer chips inserted to those urban elements . | Smart city |
818564963_14070-14224 | Human infrastructure ( i.e. , creative occupations and workforce , knowledge networks , voluntary organisations ) is a crucial axis for city development . | Smart city |
818564963_14225-16417 | Creative city : creativity is recognized as a key driver to smart city and it represents also a version of it . Social infrastructures , like for instance intellectual and social capital are indispensable factors to build a city that is smart according to the human framework . These infrastructures concern people and their relationship . Smart City benefits from social capital and it could be possible and easier to create a Smart city concept if there are mix of education and training , culture and arts , business and commerce as Bartlett , L. said . Learning city : according to Moser , M.A. , learning city is involved in building skilled workforce . This type of city in the human context improves the competitiveness in the global knowledge economy and Campbell ( 16 ) established a typology of cities that are learning to be smart : individually proactive city , city cluster , one - to - one link between cities , and city network . That lead a city to learn how it should be possible and realistic to be smart trough learning process followed by city workforce . Humane city : It exploits human potential , in particular the knowledge workforce . Following this approach , it is possible focus on education and builds a center of higher education , which is the city , obtaining better - educated individuals . According to Glaeser , E.L. , & Berry , C. R , this view moves a smart city concept in a city full of skilled workforces ; the same reasoning could be make for those high tech knowledge - sensitive industries which want to migrate in a so dynamic and proactive community . As a consequence of the above movement , the difference between Smart City and not are getting wider ; Smart places are getting smarter while other places getting less smarter because such places act as a magnet for creative people and workers ( Malanga , S. 2004 ) . Knowledge city : It is related to knowledge economy and innovation process ; this type of Smart City is very similar to a learning city , the only difference refers to `` a knowledge city is heavily related to knowledge economy , and its distinction is stress on innovation '' ( Dirks , S. , Gurdgiev , C. , & Keeling , M . ) . | Smart city |
818564963_16418-16753 | The concept of knowledge city is linked with similar evolving concepts of Smart City such as intelligent city and educating city . The most important feature of this city is the fundamental concept of knowledge - based urban development , which has become an important and widespread mechanism for the development of knowledge cities . | Smart city |
818564963_16787-18223 | According to Moser , M.A. , since 1990s the Smart Communities movement took shape as a strategy to broaden the base of users involved in IT . Members of these Communities are people that share their interest and work in a partnership with govern and other institutional organizations to push the use of IT to improve the quality of daily life as a consequence of different worsening in daily actions . Eger , J.M. said that a smart community makes a conscious and agreed - upon decision to deploy technology as a catalyst to solving its social and business needs . It is very important to understand that this use of IT and the consequent improvement could be more demanding without the institutional help ; indeed institutional involvement is essential to the success of smart community initiatives . Again Moser , M.A. explained that `` building and planning a smart community seeks for smart growth '' ; a smart growth is essential what the partnership between citizen and institutional organizations try to do that is a reaction to worsening trends in daily things , like for instance traffic congestion , school overcrowding and air pollution . However it is important noticed that technological propagation is not an end in itself , but only a means to reinventing cities for a new economy and society . To sum up , it could possible to assert that any Smart City initiatives necessitate the governance support for their success . | Smart city |
818564963_18224-18654 | The importance of these three different dimensions consist that only a link , correlation among them make possible a development of a real concept of Smart City . According to the definition of Smart City given by Caragliu , A. , Del Bo , C. , & Nijkamp , P. , a city is smart when investments in human / social capital and IT infrastructure fuel sustainable growth and enhance quality of life , through participatory governance . | Smart city |
818564963_18681-19144 | Smart cities use data and technology to create efficiencies , improve sustainability , create economic development , and enhance quality of life factors for people living and working in the city . It also means that the city has a smarter energy infrastructure . A more formal definition is this : `` ... An urban area that has securely integrated technology across the information ... and Internet of Things ( IoT ) sectors to better manage a city 's assets . '' | Smart city |
818564963_19145-19661 | A smart city is powered by `` smart connections '' for various items such as street lighting , smart buildings , distributed energy resources ( DER ) , data analytics , and smart transportation . Amongst these things , energy is paramount ; this is why utility companies play a key role in smart cities . Electric companies , working partnership with city officials , technology companies and a number of other institutions , are among the major players that helped accelerate the growth of America 's smart cities . | Smart city |
818564963_19698-20024 | New Internet technologies promoting cloud - based services , the Internet of Things ( IoT ) , real - world user interfaces , use of smart phones and smart meters , networks of sensors and RFIDs , and more accurate communication based on the semantic web , open new ways to collective action and collaborative problem solving . | Smart city |
818564963_20025-20327 | Online collaborative sensor data management platforms are on - line database services that allow sensor owners to register and connect their devices to feed data into an on - line database for storage and allow developers to connect to the database and build their own applications based on that data . | Smart city |
818564963_20328-20593 | In London , a traffic management system known as SCOOT optimises green light time at traffic intersections by feeding back magnetometer and inductive loop data to a supercomputer , which can co-ordinate traffic lights across the city to improve traffic throughout . | Smart city |
818564963_20594-21059 | The city of Santander in Cantabria , northern Spain , has 20,000 sensors connecting buildings , infrastructure , transport , networks and utilities , offers a physical space for experimentation and validation of the IoT functions , such as interaction and management protocols , device technologies , and support services such as discovery , identity management and security In Santander , the sensors monitor the levels of pollution , noise , traffic and parking . | Smart city |
818564963_21060-21568 | Electronic cards ( known as smart cards ) are another common platform in smart city contexts . These cards possess a unique encrypted identifier that allows the owner to log into a range of government provided services ( or e-services ) without setting up multiple accounts . The single identifier allows governments to aggregate data about citizens and their preferences to improve the provision of services and to determine common interests of groups . This technology has been implemented in Southampton . | Smart city |
818564963_21586-21797 | This section relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( October 2017 ) | Smart city |
818564963_21798-21899 | A smart city roadmap consists of four / three ( the first is a preliminary check ) major components : | Smart city |
818564963_21900-23019 | Define exactly what is the community : maybe that definition can condition what you are doing in the subsequent steps ; it relates to geography , links between cities and countryside and flows of people between them ; maybe -- even -- that in some Countries the definition of City / community that is stated does not correspond effectively to what -- in fact -- happens in the real life Study The Community : Before deciding to build a smart city , first we need to know why . This can be done by determining the benefits of such an initiative . Study the community to know the citizens , the business 's needs -- know the citizens and the community 's unique attributes , such as the age of the citizens , their education , hobbies , and attractions of the city . Develop a Smart City Policy : Develop a policy to drive the initiatives , where roles , responsibilities , objective , and goals , can be defined . Create plans and strategies on how the goals will be achieved . Engage The Citizens : This can be done by engaging the citizens through the use of e-government initiatives , open data , sport events , etc . | Smart city |
818564963_23020-23576 | In short , People , Processes , and Technology ( PPT ) are the three principles of the success of a smart city initiative . Cities must study their citizens and communities , know the processes , business drivers , create policies , and objectives to meet the citizens ' needs . Then , technology can be implemented to meet the citizens ' need , in order to improve the quality of life and create real economic opportunities. This requires a holistic customized approach that accounts for city cultures , long - term city planning , and local regulations . | Smart city |
818564963_23577-24099 | `` Whether to improve security , resiliency , sustainability , traffic congestion , public safety , or city services , each community may have different reasons for wanting to be smart . But all smart communities share common attributes -- and they all are powered by smart connections and by our industry 's smarter energy infrastructure . A smart grid is the foundational piece in building a smart community . '' -- Pat Vincent - Collawn , chairman of the Edison Electric Institute and president and CEO of PNM Resources | Smart city |
818564963_24118-25182 | University research labs developed prototypes for intelligent cities . IGLUS is an action research project led by EPFL focused on developing governance systems for urban infrastructures . IGLUS announced a MOOC through Coursera . MIT Smart Cities Lab focuses upon intelligent , sustainable buildings , mobility systems ( GreenWheel Electric Bicycle , Mobility - on - Demand , CityCar , Wheel Robots ) ; the IntelCities research consortium for electronic government , planning systems and citizen participation ; URENIO developed intelligent city platforms for the innovation economy focusing on strategic intelligence , technology transfer , collaborative innovation , and incubation , while it promotes intelligent cities research and planning ; the Smart Cities Academic Network is working on e-governance and e-services in the North Sea region . The MK : Smart project is focusing on issues of sustainable energy use , water use and transport infrastructure alongside exploring how to promote citizen engagement alongside educating citizens about smart cities . | Smart city |
818564963_25210-25883 | Large IT , telecommunication and energy management companies such as Cisco , Schneider Electric , IBM and Microsoft market initiatives for intelligent cities . Cisco , launched the Global Intelligent Urbanization initiative to help cities using the network as the fourth utility for integrated city management , better quality of life for citizens , and economic development . IBM announced its SmarterCities to stimulate economic growth and quality of life in cities and metropolitan areas with the activation of new approaches of thinking and acting in the urban ecosystem . Sensor developers and startup companies are continually developing new smart city applications . | Smart city |
818564963_25884-25977 | Smart city technological companies exist in Israel , with Tel Aviv getting an award in 2014 . | Smart city |
818564963_26075-26788 | Major strategies and achievements related to the spatial intelligence of cities are listed in the Intelligent Community Forum awards from 1999 to 2010 , in the cities of Songdu and Suwon ( South Korea ) , Stockholm ( Sweden ) , Gangnam District of Seoul ( South Korea ) , Waterloo , Ontario ( Canada ) , Taipei ( Taiwan ) , Mitaka ( Japan ) , Glasgow ( Scotland , UK ) , Calgary ( Alberta , Canada ) , Seoul ( South Korea ) , New York City ( USA ) , LaGrange , Georgia ( USA ) , and Singapore , which were recognized for their efforts in developing broadband networks and e-services sustaining innovation ecosystems , growth , and inclusion . There are a number of cities actively pursuing a smart city strategy : | Smart city |
818564963_26927-28303 | The Amsterdam Smart City initiative which began in 2009 currently includes 170 + projects collaboratively developed by local residents , government and businesses . These projects run on an interconnected platform through wireless devices to enhance the city 's real time decision making abilities . The City of Amsterdam ( City ) claims the purpose of the projects is to reduce traffic , save energy and improve public safety . To promote efforts from local residents , the City runs the Amsterdam Smart City Challenge annually , accepting proposals for applications and developments that fit within the City 's framework . An example of a resident developed app is Mobypark , which allows owners of parking spaces to rent them out to people for a fee . The data generated from this app can then be used by the City to determine parking demand and traffic flows in Amsterdam . A number of homes have also been provided with smart energy meters , with incentives provided to those that actively reduce energy consumption . Other initiatives include flexible street lighting ( smart lighting ) which allows municipalities to control the brightness of street lights , and smart traffic management where traffic is monitored in real time by the City and information about current travel time on certain roads is broadcast to allow motorists to determine the best routes to take . | Smart city |
818564963_28405-29533 | Barcelona has established a number of projects that can be considered ' smart city ' applications within its `` CityOS '' strategy . For example , sensor technology has been implemented in the irrigation system in Parc del Centre de Poblenou , where real time data is transmitted to gardening crews about the level of water required for the plants . Barcelona has also designed a new bus network based on data analysis of the most common traffic flows in Barcelona , utilising primarily vertical , horizontal and diagonal routes with a number of interchanges . Integration of multiple smart city technologies can be seen through the implementation of smart traffic lights as buses run on routes designed to optimise the number of green lights . In addition , where an emergency is reported in Barcelona , the approximate route of the emergency vehicle is entered into the traffic light system , setting all the lights to green as the vehicle approaches through a mix of GPS and traffic management software , allowing emergency services to reach the incident without delay . Much of this data is managed by the Sentilo Platform . | Smart city |
818564963_29559-30183 | In the summer of 2017 , the City of Columbus , Ohio began its pursuit of a smart city initiative . It partnered with American Electric Power Ohio to create a group of new electric vehicle charging stations . Many smart cities such as Columbus are using agreements such as this one to prepare for climate change , expand electric infrastructure , convert existing public vehicle fleets to electric cars , and create incentives for people to share rides when commuting . For doing this , the U.S. Department of Transportation gave the City of Columbus a $40 million grant . The city also received $10 million from Vulcan Inc . | Smart city |
818564963_30184-30579 | One key reason why the utility was involved in the picking of locations for new electric vehicle charging stations was to gather data . According to Daily Energy Insider , the group Infrastructure and Business Continuity for AEP said , `` You do n't want to put infrastructure where it wo n't be used or maintained . The data we collect will help us build a much bigger market in the future . '' | Smart city |
818564963_30580-30801 | Because autonomous vehicles are currently seeing `` an increased industrial research and legislative push globally '' , building routes and connections for them is another important part of Columbus is Smart City vision . | Smart city |
818564963_30824-31227 | Dublin finds itself as an unexpected capital for smart cities . The smart city programme for the city is run by Smart Dublin an initiative of the four Dublin Local Authorities to engage with smart technology providers , researchers and citizens to solve city challenges and improve city life . It includes Dublinked - Dublin 's open data platform that hosts open source data to smart city applications . | Smart city |
818564963_31252-32164 | PLANET is a project which has been designed by professionals , experts in urban planning and ' smart utilities ' , and a project characterised by developments in the Smart City concept . The ' smart ' city is now becoming more inclusive , opening up to a new target : low - medium income brackets . One of the universal concepts key to the Smart City project is its eco-sustainability : PLANET extends this concept strategically at an economic level . The sustainability of the costs and the investments becomes an essential priority of the ' Social Smart City ' . PLANET creates and implements this project while staying within the economic parameters imposed by government Social Housing programs ( Brazilian Minha Casa , Minha Vida ) . The Smart City does not need to be close to a pre-existing city : it is a new autonomous and functional city and , as such , it can attract both individuals and businesses . | Smart city |
818564963_32181-32948 | Madrid , Spain 's pioneering smart city , has adopted the MiNT Madrid Inteligente / Smarter Madrid platform to integrate the management of local services . These include the sustainable and computerized management of infrastructure , garbage collection and recycling , and public spaces and green areas , among others . The programme is run in partnership with IBMs INSA , making use of the latter 's Big Data and analytics capabilities and experience . Madrid is considered to have taken a bottom - up approach to smart cities , whereby social issues are first identified and individual technologies or networks are then identified to address these issues . This approach includes support and recognition for start ups through the Madrid Digital Start Up programme . | Smart city |
818564963_32969-33177 | In December 2015 , Manchester 's CityVerve project was chosen as the winner of a government - led technology competition and awarded £ 10m to develop an Internet of Things ( IoT ) smart cities demonstrator . | Smart city |
818564963_33178-33397 | Established in July 2016 , the project is being carried out by a consortium of 22 public and private organisations , including Manchester City Council , and is aligned with the city 's on - going devolution commitment . | Smart city |
818564963_33398-33661 | The project has a two - year remit to demonstrate the capability of IoT applications and address barriers to deploying smart cities , such as city governance , network security , user trust and adoption , interoperability , scalability and justifying investment . | Smart city |
818564963_33662-34027 | CityVerve is based on an open data principle that incorporates a ' platform of platforms ' which ties together applications for its four key themes : transport and travel ; health and social care ; energy and the environment ; culture and the public realm . This will also ensure that the project is scalable and able to be redeployed to other locations worldwide . | Smart city |
818564963_34051-34865 | Milton Keynes has a commitment to making itself a Smart City . Currently the mechanism through which this is approached is the MK : Smart initiative , a collaboration of local government , businesses , academia and 3rd sector organisations . The focus of the initiative is on making energy use , water use and transport more sustainable whilst promoting economic growth in the city . Central to the project is the creation of a state - of - the - art ' MK Data Hub ' which will support the acquisition and management of vast amounts of data relevant to city systems from a variety of data sources . These will include data about energy and water consumption , transport data , data acquired through satellite technology , social and economic datasets , and crowdsourced data from social media or specialised apps . | Smart city |
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