Smxldo/wiki-stem-filtered · Datasets at Hugging Face

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858	Below is a list of notable low-code development platforms. Implementations AppSheet is a no-code application from Google that offers users the ability to create applications for mobile, tablet and web. Acceleo is an open-source code generator for Eclipse used to generate any textual language (Java, PHP, Python, etc	List of low-code development platforms	15,000
859	The following is a list of Mac software – notable computer applications for current macOS operating systems. For software designed for the classic Mac OS, see List of old Macintosh software. Audio software Digital audio workstations Ableton Live Ardour Cubase Digital Performer GarageBand Logic Pro and MainStage REAPER Reason Renoise Steinberg 2019 Mac Pro Audio editing Audacity – digital audio editor DJing djay – digital music mixing software Mixxx – DJ mix software Notation software Impro-Visor Finale LilyPond Overture Misc audio tools Audio Hijack – audio recorder baudline – signal analyzer Cog – open source audio player, supports multiple formats fre:ac – open source audio converter and CD ripper ixi software – free improvisation and sketching tools Jaikoz – music file mass tagger Max – Cycling 74's visual programming language for MIDI, audio, video; with MSP, Jitter ReBirth – virtual synth program simulates Roland TR-808, TB-303 Recycle – music loop editor Discontinued audio apps Adobe Soundbooth – music and soundtrack editing Audion – media player BIAS Peak – mastering iTunes – audio/video Jukebox by Apple Logic Express – prosumer music production by Apple Logic Studio – music writing studio package by Apple Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops Apple Qmaster and Qadministrator Mainstage – program to play software synthesizers live QuickTime Pro – pro version of QuickTime Soundtrack Pro – post production audio editor WaveBurner – CD mastering and production software RiffWorks – guitar recording and online song collaboration software Chat (text, voice, image, video) Active Adium – multi-protocol IM client aMSN ChitChat Colloquy – freeware advanced IRC and SILC client Discord Fire – open source, multiprotocol IM client FaceTime – videoconferencing between Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch iMessage – instant messaging between Mac, and iDevices Ircle Irssi – IrssiX and MacIrssi Kopete LiveChat Microsoft Messenger for Mac Microsoft Teams Palringo Psi (instant messenger) Skype Snak Ventrilo – audio chatroom application X-Chat Aqua Yahoo! Messenger Telegram Discontinued AOL Instant Messenger – discontinued as of December 15, 2017 Miiverse - discontinued as of November 7, 2017 iChat – instant messaging and videoconferencing (discontinued since OS X 10	List of Mac software	4
862	This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations. This software has played an important role in the field of mathematics. Open-source software in mathematics has become pivotal in education because of the high cost of textbooks	List of open-source software for mathematics	9
863	Microsoft is a developer of personal computer software. It is best known for its Windows operating system, the Internet Explorer and subsequent Microsoft Edge web browsers, the Microsoft Office family of productivity software plus services, and the Visual Studio IDE. The company also publishes books (through Microsoft Press) and video games (through Xbox Game Studios), and produces its own line of hardware	List of Microsoft software	4
864	This is a list of mobile device management software. General information Discontinued These are the discontinued Mobile Device Management solutions: Good Technology - acquired by BlackBerry on November 2, 2015. McAfee EMM - discontinued since January 11, 2017	List of Mobile Device Management software	15,103
875	This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as open-source. For more information about the philosophical background for open-source software, see free software movement and Open Source Initiative	List of free and open-source software packages	4
876	The following list contains a list of computer programs that are built to take advantage of the OpenCL or WebCL heterogeneous compute framework. Graphics ACDSee Adobe Photoshop Affinity Photo Capture One Blurate darktable FAST: imaging Medical GIMP HALCON by MVTec Helicon Focus ImageMagick Musemage Pathfinder, GPU-based font rasterizer PhotoScan seedimg CAD and 3D modelling Autodesk Maya Blender GPU rendering with NVIDIA CUDA and OptiX & AMD OpenCL Houdini LuxRender Mandelbulber Audio, video, and multimedia AlchemistXF CUETools DaVinci Resolve by Blackmagic Design FFmpeg has a number of OpenCL filters gr-fosphor GNU Radio block for RTSA-like spectrum visualization HandBrake Final Cut Pro X KNLMeansCL: Denoise plugin for AviSynth Libav OpenCV RealFlow Hybrido2 Sony Catalyst Vegas Pro by Magix Software GmbH vReveal by MotionDSP Total Media Theatre by ArcSoft x264 x265 h. 265/HEVC possible Web (including WebCL) Google Chrome (experimental) Mozilla Firefox (experimental) Office Collabora Online LibreOffice Calc Games Military Operations, operational level real-time strategy game where the complete army is simulated in real-time using OpenCL Planet Explorers is using OpenCL to calculate the voxels	List of OpenCL applications	15,103
877	Given a transformation between input and output values, described by a mathematical function , optimization deals with generating and selecting the best solution from some set of available alternatives, by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set, computing the output of the function and recording the best output values found during the process. Many real-world problems can be modeled in this way. For example, the inputs can be design parameters of a motor, the output can be the power consumption, or the inputs can be business choices and the output can be the obtained profit	List of optimization software	4
881	This is a list of links to articles on software used to manage Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. The distinction between the various functions is not entirely clear-cut; for example, some viewers allow adding of annotations, signatures, etc. Some software allows redaction, removing content irreversibly for security	List of PDF software	4
882	Personal finance software can be used to track spending, create budgets, and plan for future expenses. Some software differs by feature support, software code and development transparency, mobile app features, import methods, Monetization model, privacy and data storage practices. Risks The use of expense tracking, budgeting, and other personal finance software carries some risk, most notably is due to the disclosure of a username, password, or other account credentials used to automatically synchronize banking information with an expense tracking application	List of personal finance software	4
884	This article lists applications and other software implementations using the PKCS #11 standard. Applications FreeOTFE – disk encryption system (PKCS #11 can either be used to encrypt critical data block, or as keyfile storage) Mozilla Firefox – a web browser Mozilla Thunderbird – an email client OpenDNSSEC – a DNSSEC signer OpenSSL – TLS/SSL library (with engine_pkcs11) GnuTLS – TLS/SSL library Network Security Services library developed by Mozilla OpenVPN – VPN system StrongSwan – VPN system TrueCrypt – disk encryption system (PKCS #11 only used as trivial keyfile storage) TrouSerS – an open-source TCG Software Stack OpenSC – smartcard library OpenSSH – a Secure Shell implementation (since OpenSSH version 5. 4) OpenDS – an open source directory server	List of applications using PKCS 11	15,000
886	For the purposes of this list, a portable application is software that can be used from portable storage devices such as USB flash drives, digital audio players, PDAs or external hard drives. To be considered for inclusion, an application must be executable on multiple computers from removable storage without installation, and without writing settings or data onto a computer's non-removable storage. This includes modified portable versions of non-portable applications	List of portable software	15,103
890	Quantum chemistry computer programs are used in computational chemistry to implement the methods of quantum chemistry. Most include the Hartree–Fock (HF) and some post-Hartree–Fock methods. They may also include density functional theory (DFT), molecular mechanics or semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods	List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software	15,006
894	This list of RNA structure prediction software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used for RNA structure prediction. Single sequence secondary structure prediction. Single sequence tertiary structure prediction Comparative methods The single sequence methods mentioned above have a difficult job detecting a small sample of reasonable secondary structures from a large space of possible structures	List of RNA structure prediction software	15,006
896	List of software that implements the Real-Time Messaging Protocol, primarily known from Adobe Flash. RTMP live video encoder software Adobe Media Flash Live Encoder FFmpeg Nimble Streamer Transcoder Open Broadcaster Software XSplit Broadcaster Wirecast Wowza Transcoder, a module part of the Wowza Streaming Engine RTMP server software The primary motivation for RTMP was to be a protocol for playing Flash video (Adobe Flash Player) maintaining persistent connections and allows low-latency communication, but in July 2017, Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player at the end of 2020, and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash. Due to this RTMP streaming support is declining rapidly	List of RTMP software	4
899	Software-defined networking (SDN) is a marketing term which refers to software to configure and operate computer networks (especially data center networks) through a centralized software controller that dictates how the network behaves. The core of this new paradigm is the SDN controller. There are typically two sets of SDN controllers: SDN controllers for the network function virtualization (NFV) of a datacenter, SDN controllers for managing the programmable switches of a network	List of SDN controller software	4
902	The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is an early digital computer produced by IBM in the mid-1950s. It was the first mass produced computer in the world. Almost 2,000 systems were produced, the last in 1962, and it was the first computer to make a meaningful profit	IBM 650	15,005
917	The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers in a continuous form (e	History of computing hardware	15,127
918	A digital differential analyzer (DDA), also sometimes called a digital integrating computer, is a digital implementation of a differential analyzer. The integrators in a DDA are implemented as accumulators, with the numeric result converted back to a pulse rate by the overflow of the accumulator. The primary advantages of a DDA over the conventional analog differential analyzer are greater precision of the results and the lack of drift/noise/slip/lash in the calculations	Digital differential analyzer	9
921	One meaning of system console, computer console, root console, operator's console, or simply console is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the BIOS or boot loader, the kernel, from the init system and from the system logger. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a screen, and traditionally is a text terminal, but may also be a graphical terminal. System consoles are generalized to computer terminals, which are abstracted respectively by virtual consoles and terminal emulators	System console	15,005
923	An accounting machine, or bookkeeping machine or recording-adder, was generally a calculator and printer combination tailored for a specific commercial activity such as billing, payroll, or ledger. Accounting machines were widespread from the early 1900s to 1980s, but were rendered obsolete by the availability of low-cost computers such as the IBM PC. This type of machine is generally distinct from unit record equipment (some unit record machines were also called accounting machines)	Accounting machine	15,127
925	The project to build the M-1 or Automatic Digital Computer (ADC) M-1 (Russian: автоматическая цифровая вычислительная машина (АЦВМ) М-1, romanized: avtomaticheskaya tsifrovaya vychislitel'naya mashina (ATSVM) M-1) was completed at the end of 1951, at the Energetics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Overview In charge of the Laboratory of Electrosystems was Isaak Semenovich Brook (or Bruk), who obtained the first domestic patent with the title "Digital Computer with Common Bus" in 1948. Work to build the computer based on Brook's design began in 1950	Automatic Digital Computer M-1	15,127
926	The Autonetics RECOMP II was a computer first introduced in 1958. It was made by the Autonetics division of North American Aviation. It was attached to a desk that housed the input/output devices	Autonetics Recomp II	15,127
929	== Imperial College Computing Engines == ICCE I and ICCE II were digital computers built at the Imperial College Department of Mathematics in the post-war period. ICCE I The first Imperial College Computing Engine, ICCE I, was constructed by Sidney Michaelson, Tony Brooker and Keith Tocher in the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London in the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was a relay based machine which gave relatively slow but highly reliable service	Imperial College Computing Engine	15,127
931	DATAR, short for Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving, was a pioneering computerized battlefield information system. DATAR combined the data from all of the sensors in a naval task force into a single "overall view" that was then transmitted back to all of the ships and displayed on plan-position indicators similar to radar displays. Commanders could then see information from everywhere, not just their own ship's sensors	DATAR	15,006
933	The differential analyser is a mechanical analogue computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. It was one of the first advanced computing devices to be used operationally. The original machines could not add, but then it was noticed that if the two wheels of a rear differential are turned, the drive shaft will compute the average of the left and right wheels	Differential analyser	9
934	ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting) was a computer technology that automated bank bookkeeping and check processing. Developed at the nonprofit research institution SRI International under contract from Bank of America, the project began in 1950 and was publicly revealed in September 1955. Payments experts contend that ERMA "established the foundation for computerized banking, magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), and credit-card processing"	Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting	15,127
940	The MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) was a special-purpose digital computer used for solving systems of ordinary differential equations. It was the first computer to represent bits using voltage levels and whose entire logic was specified in Boolean algebra. Invented by Floyd Steele, MADDIDA was developed at Northrop Aircraft Corporation between 1946 and 1949 to be used as a guidance system for the Snark missile	Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer	9
942	Odra was a line of computers manufactured in Wrocław, Poland. The name comes from the Odra river that flows through the city of Wrocław. Overview The production started in 1959–1960	Odra (computer)	15,126
944	The Parametron Computer 1 (PC-1) was a binary, single-address computer developed at Professor Hidetosi Takahasi's Laboratory at the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, and was one of the first general purpose computers that used parametron components and dual frequency magnetic-core memory. Construction started in September 1957 and was completed on March 26, 1958. The PC-1 was used at Takahasi's Laboratory for research related both to hardware and software and the researchers in the Faculty of Science also used it for scientific computing	PC-1 (computer)	5
945	PERM (German: Programmierbare (Programmgesteuerte) Elektronische Rechenanlage München, lit. 'Munich Programmable (Program Controlled) Electronic Computing System') is a stored-program-controlled electronic computer, built in Munich under the auspices of Hans Piloty and Robert Sauer 1952–1956. Some jokingly called it Pilotys erstes RechenMonster ('Piloty's first calculating monster')	PERM (computer)	15,006
946	The Rice Institute Computer, also known as the Rice Computer or R1, was a 54-bit tagged architecture digital computer built during 1958–1961 (partially operational beginning in 1959) on the campus of Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States. Operating as Rice's primary computer until the middle 1960s, the Rice Institute Computer was decommissioned in 1971. The system initially used vacuum tubes and semiconductor diodes for its logic circuits; some later peripherals were built in solid-state emitter-coupled logic	Rice Institute Computer	15,127
955	In computer hardware, a word mark or flag is a bit in each memory location on some variable word length computers (e. g. , IBM 1401, 1410, 1620) used to mark the end of a word	Word mark (computer hardware)	4
956	The ZEBRA (Zeer Eenvoudige Binaire Reken Automaat translated Very Simple Binary Automatic Calculator) was one of the first computers to be designed in the Netherlands, (the first one was the "ARRA") and one of the first Dutch computers to be commercially available. It was designed by Willem van der Poel of the Netherlands Post, Telegraph and Telephone, and first delivered in 1958. The production run consisted of fifty-five machines, manufactured and marketed by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd	ZEBRA (computer)	15,126
960	Avalanche is a decentralized, open-source proof of stake blockchain with smart contract functionality. AVAX is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. History Avalanche began as a protocol for solving for consensus in a network of unreliable machines, where failures may be crash-fault or Byzantine	Avalanche (blockchain platform)	0
962	The Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm, published by Tushar Deepak Chandra and Sam Toueg in 1996, is an algorithm for solving consensus in a network of unreliable processes equipped with an eventually strong failure detector. The failure detector is an abstract version of timeouts; it signals to each process when other processes may have crashed. An eventually strong failure detector is one that never identifies some specific non-faulty process as having failed after some initial period of confusion, and, at the same time, eventually identifies all faulty processes as failed (where a faulty process is a process which eventually fails or crashes and a non-faulty process never fails)	Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm	15,011
963	A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The components of a cluster are usually connected to each other through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a server) running its own instance of an operating system	Computer cluster	15,126
965	A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus include agreeing on what transactions to commit to a database in which order, state machine replication, and atomic broadcasts	Consensus (computer science)	5
967	Data synchronization is the process of establishing consistency between source and target data stores, and the continuous harmonization of the data over time. It is fundamental to a wide variety of applications, including file synchronization and mobile device synchronization. Data synchronization can also be useful in encryption for synchronizing public key servers	Data synchronization	5
974	In engineering, a fail-safe is a design feature or practice that, in the event of a specific type of failure, inherently responds in a way that will cause minimal or no harm to other equipment, to the environment or to people. Unlike inherent safety to a particular hazard, a system being "fail-safe" does not mean that failure is impossible or improbable, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure. That is, if and when a "fail-safe" system fails, it remains at least as safe as it was before the failure	Fail-safe	4
977	Fencing is the process of isolating a node of a computer cluster or protecting shared resources when a node appears to be malfunctioning. As the number of nodes in a cluster increases, so does the likelihood that one of them may fail at some point. The failed node may have control over shared resources that need to be reclaimed and if the node is acting erratically, the rest of the system needs to be protected	Fencing (computing)	9
978	FlockDB was an open-source distributed, fault-tolerant graph database for managing wide but shallow network graphs. It was initially used by Twitter to store relationships between users, e. g	FlockDB	15,006
985	Lockstep systems are fault-tolerant computer systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel. The redundancy (duplication) allows error detection and error correction: the output from lockstep operations can be compared to determine if there has been a fault if there are at least two systems (dual modular redundancy), and the error can be automatically corrected if there are at least three systems (triple modular redundancy), via majority vote. The term "lockstep" originates from army usage, where it refers to synchronized walking, in which marchers walk as closely together as physically practical	Lockstep (computing)	9
987	A log-structured filesystem is a file system in which data and metadata are written sequentially to a circular buffer, called a log. The design was first proposed in 1988 by John K. Ousterhout and Fred Douglis and first implemented in 1992 by Ousterhout and Mendel Rosenblum for the Unix-like Sprite distributed operating system	Log-structured file system	15,006
988	In the context of virtualization, where a guest simulation of an entire computer is actually merely a software virtual machine (VM) running on a host computer under a hypervisor, migration (also known as teleportation) is the process by which a running virtual machine is moved from one physical host to another, with little or no disruption in service. Subjective effects Ideally, the process is completely transparent, resulting in no disruption of service (or downtime). In practice, there is always some minor pause in availability, though it may be low enough that only hard real-time systems are affected	Migration (virtualization)	15,002
991	N-version programming (NVP), also known as multiversion programming or multiple-version dissimilar software, is a method or process in software engineering where multiple functionally equivalent programs are independently generated from the same initial specifications. The concept of N-version programming was introduced in 1977 by Liming Chen and Algirdas Avizienis with the central conjecture that the "independence of programming efforts will greatly reduce the probability of identical software faults occurring in two or more versions of the program". The aim of NVP is to improve the reliability of software operation by building in fault tolerance or redundancy	N-version programming	15,000
992	NonStop is a series of server computers introduced to market in 1976 by Tandem Computers Inc. , beginning with the NonStop product line. It was followed by the Tandem Integrity NonStop line of lock-step fault tolerant computers, now defunct (not to be confused with the later and much different Hewlett-Packard Integrity product line extension)	NonStop (server computers)	15,005
993	NonStop SQL is a commercial relational database management system that is designed for fault tolerance and scalability, currently offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise. The latest version is SQL/MX 3. 4	NonStop SQL	15,000
994	OpenVMS, often referred to as just VMS, is a multi-user, multiprocessing and virtual memory-based operating system. It is designed to support time-sharing, batch processing, transaction processing and workstation applications. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, telecommunications operators, network information services, and industrial manufacturers	OpenVMS	15,005
995	Operational availability in systems engineering is a measurement of how long a system has been available to use when compared with how long it should have been available to be used. Definition Operational availability is a management concept that evaluates the following. Diagnostic down time Criticality Fault isolation down time Logistics delay down time Corrective maintenance down timeAny failed item that is not corrected will induce operational failure	Operational availability	15,005
996	Parallel Computers, Inc. was an American computer manufacturing company, based in Santa Cruz, California, that made fault-tolerant computer systems based around the Unix operating system and various processors in the Motorola 68000 series. History The company was founded in 1983 and was premised on the idea of providing a less expensive alternative to existing fault-tolerant solutions, one that would be attractive to smaller businesses	Parallel Computers, Inc.	15,003
997	Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors. Consensus is the process of agreeing on one result among a group of participants. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communications may experience failures	Paxos (computer science)	5
999	Raft is a consensus algorithm designed as an alternative to the Paxos family of algorithms. It was meant to be more understandable than Paxos by means of separation of logic, but it is also formally proven safe and offers some additional features. Raft offers a generic way to distribute a state machine across a cluster of computing systems, ensuring that each node in the cluster agrees upon the same series of state transitions	Raft (algorithm)	15,006
1,057	MORT (Mortal Obligate RNA Transcript (also known as ZNF667-AS1)) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of the intergenic type (lincRNA) that is specific to humans and great apes. The MORT transcript is produced in all mortal cell types, but is lost in a large fraction of the most common human cancers and therefore might have a tumor suppressive function. Genomic location The MORT gene is located on human chromosome 19, at position 56,989,000–57,007,000 (hg19) within a cluster of zinc finger genes (ZNF genes)	MORT (long non-coding RNA)	5
1,074	In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also often associated with alternative covalent modifications of histones. Reprogrammings that are both large scale (10% to 100% of epigenetic marks) and rapid (hours to a few days) occur at three life stages of mammals	Reprogramming	15,000
1,075	The epigenetics of schizophrenia is the study of how inherited epigenetic changes are regulated and modified by the environment and external factors and how these changes influence the onset and development of, and vulnerability to, schizophrenia. Epigenetics concerns the heritability of those changes, too. Schizophrenia is a debilitating and often misunderstood disorder that affects up to 1% of the world's population	Epigenetics of schizophrenia	0
1,081	Michael Kirtland Skinner is a U. S. biologist specializing in reproductive biology and epigenetics	Michael Skinner (biologist)	15,127
1,091	Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed	Transvection (genetics)	15,002
1,100	A memetic algorithm (MA) in computer science and operations research, is an extension of the traditional genetic algorithm (GA) or more general evolutionary algorithm (EA). It may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem. It uses a suitable heuristic or local search technique to improve the quality of solutions generated by the EA and to reduce the likelihood of premature convergence	Memetic algorithm	9
1,104	Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is an evolutionary algorithm for generating mathematical functions describing a given set of data. MEP is a Genetic Programming variant encoding multiple solutions in the same chromosome. MEP representation is not specific (multiple representations have been tested)	Multi expression programming	15,000
1,105	Mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity of the chromosomes of a population of a genetic or, more generally, an evolutionary algorithm (EA). It is analogous to biological mutation. The classic example of a mutation operator of a binary coded genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state	Mutation (genetic algorithm)	15,006
1,110	The population model of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) describes the structural properties of its population to which its members are subject. A population is the set of all proposed solutions of an EA considered in one iteration, which are also called individuals according to the biological role model. The individuals of a population can generate further individuals as offspring with the help of the genetic operators of the procedure	Population model (evolutionary algorithm)	15,006
1,112	The promoter based genetic algorithm (PBGA) is a genetic algorithm for neuroevolution developed by F. Bellas and R. J	Promoter based genetic algorithm	15,003
1,114	Selection is the stage of a genetic algorithm or more general evolutionary algorithm in which individual genomes are chosen from a population for later breeding (e. g. , using the crossover operator)	Selection (genetic algorithm)	15,006
1,115	In mathematics, the spiral optimization (SPO) algorithm is a metaheuristic inspired by spiral phenomena in nature. The first SPO algorithm was proposed for two-dimensional unconstrained optimization based on two-dimensional spiral models. This was extended to n-dimensional problems by generalizing the two-dimensional spiral model to an n-dimensional spiral model	Spiral optimization algorithm	15,011
1,125	Kleptoplasty or kleptoplastidy is a process in symbiotic relationships whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts from algae, are sequestered by the host. The word is derived from Kleptes (κλέπτης) which is Greek for thief. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact	Kleptoplasty	0
1,131	Phycotechnology refers to the technological applications of algae, both microalgae and macroalgae. Uses Sewage reclamation Currently micro-algae are being exploited for environmental protection as the species of Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Scenedesmus carry out selective uptake, accumulation and biodegradation of pollutants and thus help in remediation. They are used in biological reclamation of sewage since they can immobilize heavy metals from aquatic systems	Phycotechnology	5
1,136	A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) or a plant-like organism that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. The name Cryptogamae (from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō) 'to marry') means "hidden reproduction", referring to the fact that no seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as "thallophytes", "lower plants", and "spore plants" are also occasionally used	Cryptogam	0
1,163	A supergroup, in evolutionary biology, is a large group of organisms that share one common ancestor and have important defining characteristics. It is an informal, mostly arbitrary rank in biological taxonomy that is often greater than phylum or kingdom, although some supergroups are also treated as phyla. Eukaryotic supergroups Since the decade of 2000's, the eukaryotic tree of life (abbreviated as eToL) has been divided into 5–8 major groupings called 'supergroups'	Supergroup (biology)	9
1,177	Protozoology is the study of protozoa, the "animal-like" (i. e. , motile and heterotrophic) protists	Protozoology	0
1,190	Minions () are an all-male species of fictional yellow creatures that appear in Illumination's Despicable Me franchise. They are characterized by their childlike behavior and their language, which is largely unintelligible. The Minions serve as the official mascots for Illumination, and have also been described by The New York Times as "corporate icons" for Comcast in the years since their 2013 purchase of Illumination's parent company NBCUniversal; similar to Mickey Mouse for The Walt Disney Company, Bugs Bunny for Warner Bros	Minions (Despicable Me)	9
1,207	In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. If the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are greater than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together, the solvent particles pull the solute particles apart and surround them	Solution (chemistry)	9
1,217	In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye, usually must be larger than one micrometer, and will eventually settle, although the mixture is only classified as a suspension when and while the particles have not settled out. Properties A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium	Suspension (chemistry)	9
1,218	Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, such as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the amount of diluent in a swollen polymer exceeds the solubility limit as the temperature changes	Syneresis (chemistry)	9
1,230	MOLEC, the European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems, is a biannual scientific conference. It is held every two years usually late summer. The first conference was held in Trento, Italy in the year of 1976	European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems	15,003
1,235	ISSPIC, the International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, is an established biennial conference series on fundamental science of finite size effects and the possibility of controlling the properties of material at the nanometer scale, organized since 1976. The conference topics typically include atomic and molecular clusters and their assemblies, supported and free-standing nanostructures and particles, and other nanometer-scale systems. History and development The first ISSPIC conference was held in 1976 in Lyon	ISSPIC	15,005
1,237	The Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens (English: Conference for Nordic Students of Applied Chemistry) is a conference with the goal of letting students of applied chemistry collaborate with colleagues in the Nordic countries. NKK was first thought of and put to action more than thirty years ago, in the 1970s. The aim of the conferences was to let students of applied chemistry meet their colleagues from Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway	Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens	5
1,242	This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetaldehyde. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may require safety precautions. The directions on the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) should be followed	Acetaldehyde (data page)	15,006
1,243	This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Acetic acid (data page)	15,006
1,244	This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetone. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Acetone (data page)	15,006
1,245	This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetonitrile. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Acetonitrile (data page)	15,006
1,246	This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia. Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Vapor–liquid equilibrium data Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid	Ammonia (data page)	15,006
1,247	This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Aniline (data page)	15,006
1,250	This page provides supplementary chemical data on n-butane. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions	Butane (data page)	15,006
1,251	This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Carbon dioxide (data page)	5
1,253	This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon tetrachloride. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Carbon tetrachloride (data page)	5
1,255	This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloroform. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Chloroform (data page)	15,006
1,256	This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloromethane. Safety data sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the safety data sheet for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Chloromethane (data page)	15,006
1,257	This page provides supplementary chemical data on Cocaine in free base form. More commonly available "powder cocaine" is a hydrochloride salt whose properties will differ. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions	Cocaine (data page)	5
1,259	This page provides supplementary chemical data on 1,2-dichloroethane. Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Vapor pressure of liquid Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) annotation indicates temperature is equilibrium of vapor over solid	1,2-Dichloroethane (data page)	15,006
1,260	Please find below supplementary chemical data about dichloromethane. MSDS sheets The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Dichloromethane (data page)	15,006
1,261	This page provides supplementary chemical data on diethyl ether. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Diethyl ether (data page)	15,006
1,262	This page provides supplementary chemical data on dimethyl sulfoxide. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Dimethyl sulfoxide (data page)	15,006
1,263	This page provides supplementary chemical data on diphenylamine. Physical data Appearance: white to yellow crystals or powder Melting point: 52 - 54 °C Boiling point: 302 °C Vapour density: 5. 82 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 108 °C Flash point: 152 °C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 634 °C Autoignition temperature: 635 °C Water solubility: Slightly Specific gravity: 1	Diphenylamine (data page)	15,006
1,264	This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethane. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions	Ethane (data page)	15,006
1,265	This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol. Material Safety Data Sheet External MSDS Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Spectral data Vapor pressure of liquid Density of ethanol at various temperatures Data obtained from Lange 1967 These data correlate as ρ [g/cm3] = −8. 461834×10−4 T [°C] + 0	Ethanol (data page)	15,006
1,266	This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethyl acetate. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Ethyl acetate (data page)	15,006
1,267	This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethylene glycol. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Ethylene glycol (data page)	15,006
1,268	This page provides supplementary chemical data on formic acid. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Formic acid (data page)	15,006
1,269	This page provides supplementary chemical data on glycerol. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions	Glycerol (data page)	15,006

858

Below is a list of notable low-code development platforms. Implementations AppSheet is a no-code application from Google that offers users the ability to create applications for mobile, tablet and web. Acceleo is an open-source code generator for Eclipse used to generate any textual language (Java, PHP, Python, etc

List of low-code development platforms

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The following is a list of Mac software – notable computer applications for current macOS operating systems. For software designed for the classic Mac OS, see List of old Macintosh software. Audio software Digital audio workstations Ableton Live Ardour Cubase Digital Performer GarageBand Logic Pro and MainStage REAPER Reason Renoise Steinberg 2019 Mac Pro Audio editing Audacity – digital audio editor DJing djay – digital music mixing software Mixxx – DJ mix software Notation software Impro-Visor Finale LilyPond Overture Misc audio tools Audio Hijack – audio recorder baudline – signal analyzer Cog – open source audio player, supports multiple formats fre:ac – open source audio converter and CD ripper ixi software – free improvisation and sketching tools Jaikoz – music file mass tagger Max – Cycling 74's visual programming language for MIDI, audio, video; with MSP, Jitter ReBirth – virtual synth program simulates Roland TR-808, TB-303 Recycle – music loop editor Discontinued audio apps Adobe Soundbooth – music and soundtrack editing Audion – media player BIAS Peak – mastering iTunes – audio/video Jukebox by Apple Logic Express – prosumer music production by Apple Logic Studio – music writing studio package by Apple Apple Loops Utility – production and organisation of Apple Loops Apple Qmaster and Qadministrator Mainstage – program to play software synthesizers live QuickTime Pro – pro version of QuickTime Soundtrack Pro – post production audio editor WaveBurner – CD mastering and production software RiffWorks – guitar recording and online song collaboration software Chat (text, voice, image, video) Active Adium – multi-protocol IM client aMSN ChitChat Colloquy – freeware advanced IRC and SILC client Discord Fire – open source, multiprotocol IM client FaceTime – videoconferencing between Mac, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch iMessage – instant messaging between Mac, and iDevices Ircle Irssi – IrssiX and MacIrssi Kopete LiveChat Microsoft Messenger for Mac Microsoft Teams Palringo Psi (instant messenger) Skype Snak Ventrilo – audio chatroom application X-Chat Aqua Yahoo! Messenger Telegram Discontinued AOL Instant Messenger – discontinued as of December 15, 2017 Miiverse - discontinued as of November 7, 2017 iChat – instant messaging and videoconferencing (discontinued since OS X 10

List of Mac software

4

862

This is a list of open-source software to be used for high-order mathematical calculations. This software has played an important role in the field of mathematics. Open-source software in mathematics has become pivotal in education because of the high cost of textbooks

List of open-source software for mathematics

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863

Microsoft is a developer of personal computer software. It is best known for its Windows operating system, the Internet Explorer and subsequent Microsoft Edge web browsers, the Microsoft Office family of productivity software plus services, and the Visual Studio IDE. The company also publishes books (through Microsoft Press) and video games (through Xbox Game Studios), and produces its own line of hardware

List of Microsoft software

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864

This is a list of mobile device management software. General information Discontinued These are the discontinued Mobile Device Management solutions: Good Technology - acquired by BlackBerry on November 2, 2015. McAfee EMM - discontinued since January 11, 2017

List of Mobile Device Management software

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This is a list of free and open-source software packages, computer software licensed under free software licenses and open-source licenses. Software that fits the Free Software Definition may be more appropriately called free software; the GNU project in particular objects to their works being referred to as open-source. For more information about the philosophical background for open-source software, see free software movement and Open Source Initiative

List of free and open-source software packages

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876

The following list contains a list of computer programs that are built to take advantage of the OpenCL or WebCL heterogeneous compute framework. Graphics ACDSee Adobe Photoshop Affinity Photo Capture One Blurate darktable FAST: imaging Medical GIMP HALCON by MVTec Helicon Focus ImageMagick Musemage Pathfinder, GPU-based font rasterizer PhotoScan seedimg CAD and 3D modelling Autodesk Maya Blender GPU rendering with NVIDIA CUDA and OptiX & AMD OpenCL Houdini LuxRender Mandelbulber Audio, video, and multimedia AlchemistXF CUETools DaVinci Resolve by Blackmagic Design FFmpeg has a number of OpenCL filters gr-fosphor GNU Radio block for RTSA-like spectrum visualization HandBrake Final Cut Pro X KNLMeansCL: Denoise plugin for AviSynth Libav OpenCV RealFlow Hybrido2 Sony Catalyst Vegas Pro by Magix Software GmbH vReveal by MotionDSP Total Media Theatre by ArcSoft x264 x265 h. 265/HEVC possible Web (including WebCL) Google Chrome (experimental) Mozilla Firefox (experimental) Office Collabora Online LibreOffice Calc Games Military Operations, operational level real-time strategy game where the complete army is simulated in real-time using OpenCL Planet Explorers is using OpenCL to calculate the voxels

List of OpenCL applications

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Given a transformation between input and output values, described by a mathematical function , optimization deals with generating and selecting the best solution from some set of available alternatives, by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set, computing the output of the function and recording the best output values found during the process. Many real-world problems can be modeled in this way. For example, the inputs can be design parameters of a motor, the output can be the power consumption, or the inputs can be business choices and the output can be the obtained profit

List of optimization software

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881

This is a list of links to articles on software used to manage Portable Document Format (PDF) documents. The distinction between the various functions is not entirely clear-cut; for example, some viewers allow adding of annotations, signatures, etc. Some software allows redaction, removing content irreversibly for security

List of PDF software

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882

Personal finance software can be used to track spending, create budgets, and plan for future expenses. Some software differs by feature support, software code and development transparency, mobile app features, import methods, Monetization model, privacy and data storage practices. Risks The use of expense tracking, budgeting, and other personal finance software carries some risk, most notably is due to the disclosure of a username, password, or other account credentials used to automatically synchronize banking information with an expense tracking application

List of personal finance software

4

884

This article lists applications and other software implementations using the PKCS #11 standard. Applications FreeOTFE – disk encryption system (PKCS #11 can either be used to encrypt critical data block, or as keyfile storage) Mozilla Firefox – a web browser Mozilla Thunderbird – an email client OpenDNSSEC – a DNSSEC signer OpenSSL – TLS/SSL library (with engine_pkcs11) GnuTLS – TLS/SSL library Network Security Services library developed by Mozilla OpenVPN – VPN system StrongSwan – VPN system TrueCrypt – disk encryption system (PKCS #11 only used as trivial keyfile storage) TrouSerS – an open-source TCG Software Stack OpenSC – smartcard library OpenSSH – a Secure Shell implementation (since OpenSSH version 5. 4) OpenDS – an open source directory server

List of applications using PKCS 11

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For the purposes of this list, a portable application is software that can be used from portable storage devices such as USB flash drives, digital audio players, PDAs or external hard drives. To be considered for inclusion, an application must be executable on multiple computers from removable storage without installation, and without writing settings or data onto a computer's non-removable storage. This includes modified portable versions of non-portable applications

List of portable software

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Quantum chemistry computer programs are used in computational chemistry to implement the methods of quantum chemistry. Most include the Hartree–Fock (HF) and some post-Hartree–Fock methods. They may also include density functional theory (DFT), molecular mechanics or semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods

List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software

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894

This list of RNA structure prediction software is a compilation of software tools and web portals used for RNA structure prediction. Single sequence secondary structure prediction. Single sequence tertiary structure prediction Comparative methods The single sequence methods mentioned above have a difficult job detecting a small sample of reasonable secondary structures from a large space of possible structures

List of RNA structure prediction software

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896

List of software that implements the Real-Time Messaging Protocol, primarily known from Adobe Flash. RTMP live video encoder software Adobe Media Flash Live Encoder FFmpeg Nimble Streamer Transcoder Open Broadcaster Software XSplit Broadcaster Wirecast Wowza Transcoder, a module part of the Wowza Streaming Engine RTMP server software The primary motivation for RTMP was to be a protocol for playing Flash video (Adobe Flash Player) maintaining persistent connections and allows low-latency communication, but in July 2017, Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player at the end of 2020, and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash. Due to this RTMP streaming support is declining rapidly

List of RTMP software

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899

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a marketing term which refers to software to configure and operate computer networks (especially data center networks) through a centralized software controller that dictates how the network behaves. The core of this new paradigm is the SDN controller. There are typically two sets of SDN controllers: SDN controllers for the network function virtualization (NFV) of a datacenter, SDN controllers for managing the programmable switches of a network

List of SDN controller software

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902

The IBM 650 Magnetic Drum Data-Processing Machine is an early digital computer produced by IBM in the mid-1950s. It was the first mass produced computer in the world. Almost 2,000 systems were produced, the last in 1962, and it was the first computer to make a meaningful profit

IBM 650

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The history of computing hardware covers the developments from early simple devices to aid calculation to modern day computers. The first aids to computation were purely mechanical devices which required the operator to set up the initial values of an elementary arithmetic operation, then manipulate the device to obtain the result. Later, computers represented numbers in a continuous form (e

History of computing hardware

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A digital differential analyzer (DDA), also sometimes called a digital integrating computer, is a digital implementation of a differential analyzer. The integrators in a DDA are implemented as accumulators, with the numeric result converted back to a pulse rate by the overflow of the accumulator. The primary advantages of a DDA over the conventional analog differential analyzer are greater precision of the results and the lack of drift/noise/slip/lash in the calculations

Digital differential analyzer

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One meaning of system console, computer console, root console, operator's console, or simply console is the text entry and display device for system administration messages, particularly those from the BIOS or boot loader, the kernel, from the init system and from the system logger. It is a physical device consisting of a keyboard and a screen, and traditionally is a text terminal, but may also be a graphical terminal. System consoles are generalized to computer terminals, which are abstracted respectively by virtual consoles and terminal emulators

System console

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An accounting machine, or bookkeeping machine or recording-adder, was generally a calculator and printer combination tailored for a specific commercial activity such as billing, payroll, or ledger. Accounting machines were widespread from the early 1900s to 1980s, but were rendered obsolete by the availability of low-cost computers such as the IBM PC. This type of machine is generally distinct from unit record equipment (some unit record machines were also called accounting machines)

Accounting machine

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The project to build the M-1 or Automatic Digital Computer (ADC) M-1 (Russian: автоматическая цифровая вычислительная машина (АЦВМ) М-1, romanized: avtomaticheskaya tsifrovaya vychislitel'naya mashina (ATSVM) M-1) was completed at the end of 1951, at the Energetics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Overview In charge of the Laboratory of Electrosystems was Isaak Semenovich Brook (or Bruk), who obtained the first domestic patent with the title "Digital Computer with Common Bus" in 1948. Work to build the computer based on Brook's design began in 1950

Automatic Digital Computer M-1

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The Autonetics RECOMP II was a computer first introduced in 1958. It was made by the Autonetics division of North American Aviation. It was attached to a desk that housed the input/output devices

Autonetics Recomp II

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== Imperial College Computing Engines == ICCE I and ICCE II were digital computers built at the Imperial College Department of Mathematics in the post-war period. ICCE I The first Imperial College Computing Engine, ICCE I, was constructed by Sidney Michaelson, Tony Brooker and Keith Tocher in the Department of Mathematics at Imperial College London in the late 1940s and early 1950s. It was a relay based machine which gave relatively slow but highly reliable service

Imperial College Computing Engine

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DATAR, short for Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving, was a pioneering computerized battlefield information system. DATAR combined the data from all of the sensors in a naval task force into a single "overall view" that was then transmitted back to all of the ships and displayed on plan-position indicators similar to radar displays. Commanders could then see information from everywhere, not just their own ship's sensors

DATAR

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The differential analyser is a mechanical analogue computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. It was one of the first advanced computing devices to be used operationally. The original machines could not add, but then it was noticed that if the two wheels of a rear differential are turned, the drive shaft will compute the average of the left and right wheels

Differential analyser

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ERMA (Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting) was a computer technology that automated bank bookkeeping and check processing. Developed at the nonprofit research institution SRI International under contract from Bank of America, the project began in 1950 and was publicly revealed in September 1955. Payments experts contend that ERMA "established the foundation for computerized banking, magnetic ink character recognition (MICR), and credit-card processing"

Electronic Recording Machine, Accounting

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The MADDIDA (Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer) was a special-purpose digital computer used for solving systems of ordinary differential equations. It was the first computer to represent bits using voltage levels and whose entire logic was specified in Boolean algebra. Invented by Floyd Steele, MADDIDA was developed at Northrop Aircraft Corporation between 1946 and 1949 to be used as a guidance system for the Snark missile

Magnetic Drum Digital Differential Analyzer

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Odra was a line of computers manufactured in Wrocław, Poland. The name comes from the Odra river that flows through the city of Wrocław. Overview The production started in 1959–1960

Odra (computer)

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The Parametron Computer 1 (PC-1) was a binary, single-address computer developed at Professor Hidetosi Takahasi's Laboratory at the Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, and was one of the first general purpose computers that used parametron components and dual frequency magnetic-core memory. Construction started in September 1957 and was completed on March 26, 1958. The PC-1 was used at Takahasi's Laboratory for research related both to hardware and software and the researchers in the Faculty of Science also used it for scientific computing

PC-1 (computer)

5

945

PERM (German: Programmierbare (Programmgesteuerte) Elektronische Rechenanlage München, lit. 'Munich Programmable (Program Controlled) Electronic Computing System') is a stored-program-controlled electronic computer, built in Munich under the auspices of Hans Piloty and Robert Sauer 1952–1956. Some jokingly called it Pilotys erstes RechenMonster ('Piloty's first calculating monster')

PERM (computer)

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The Rice Institute Computer, also known as the Rice Computer or R1, was a 54-bit tagged architecture digital computer built during 1958–1961 (partially operational beginning in 1959) on the campus of Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States. Operating as Rice's primary computer until the middle 1960s, the Rice Institute Computer was decommissioned in 1971. The system initially used vacuum tubes and semiconductor diodes for its logic circuits; some later peripherals were built in solid-state emitter-coupled logic

Rice Institute Computer

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In computer hardware, a word mark or flag is a bit in each memory location on some variable word length computers (e. g. , IBM 1401, 1410, 1620) used to mark the end of a word

Word mark (computer hardware)

4

956

The ZEBRA (Zeer Eenvoudige Binaire Reken Automaat translated Very Simple Binary Automatic Calculator) was one of the first computers to be designed in the Netherlands, (the first one was the "ARRA") and one of the first Dutch computers to be commercially available. It was designed by Willem van der Poel of the Netherlands Post, Telegraph and Telephone, and first delivered in 1958. The production run consisted of fifty-five machines, manufactured and marketed by the British company Standard Telephones and Cables, Ltd

ZEBRA (computer)

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Avalanche is a decentralized, open-source proof of stake blockchain with smart contract functionality. AVAX is the native cryptocurrency of the platform. History Avalanche began as a protocol for solving for consensus in a network of unreliable machines, where failures may be crash-fault or Byzantine

Avalanche (blockchain platform)

0

962

The Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm, published by Tushar Deepak Chandra and Sam Toueg in 1996, is an algorithm for solving consensus in a network of unreliable processes equipped with an eventually strong failure detector. The failure detector is an abstract version of timeouts; it signals to each process when other processes may have crashed. An eventually strong failure detector is one that never identifies some specific non-faulty process as having failed after some initial period of confusion, and, at the same time, eventually identifies all faulty processes as failed (where a faulty process is a process which eventually fails or crashes and a non-faulty process never fails)

Chandra–Toueg consensus algorithm

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963

A computer cluster is a set of computers that work together so that they can be viewed as a single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software. The components of a cluster are usually connected to each other through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a server) running its own instance of an operating system

Computer cluster

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A fundamental problem in distributed computing and multi-agent systems is to achieve overall system reliability in the presence of a number of faulty processes. This often requires coordinating processes to reach consensus, or agree on some data value that is needed during computation. Example applications of consensus include agreeing on what transactions to commit to a database in which order, state machine replication, and atomic broadcasts

Consensus (computer science)

5

967

Data synchronization is the process of establishing consistency between source and target data stores, and the continuous harmonization of the data over time. It is fundamental to a wide variety of applications, including file synchronization and mobile device synchronization. Data synchronization can also be useful in encryption for synchronizing public key servers

Data synchronization

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974

In engineering, a fail-safe is a design feature or practice that, in the event of a specific type of failure, inherently responds in a way that will cause minimal or no harm to other equipment, to the environment or to people. Unlike inherent safety to a particular hazard, a system being "fail-safe" does not mean that failure is impossible or improbable, but rather that the system's design prevents or mitigates unsafe consequences of the system's failure. That is, if and when a "fail-safe" system fails, it remains at least as safe as it was before the failure

Fail-safe

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977

Fencing is the process of isolating a node of a computer cluster or protecting shared resources when a node appears to be malfunctioning. As the number of nodes in a cluster increases, so does the likelihood that one of them may fail at some point. The failed node may have control over shared resources that need to be reclaimed and if the node is acting erratically, the rest of the system needs to be protected

Fencing (computing)

9

978

FlockDB was an open-source distributed, fault-tolerant graph database for managing wide but shallow network graphs. It was initially used by Twitter to store relationships between users, e. g

FlockDB

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985

Lockstep systems are fault-tolerant computer systems that run the same set of operations at the same time in parallel. The redundancy (duplication) allows error detection and error correction: the output from lockstep operations can be compared to determine if there has been a fault if there are at least two systems (dual modular redundancy), and the error can be automatically corrected if there are at least three systems (triple modular redundancy), via majority vote. The term "lockstep" originates from army usage, where it refers to synchronized walking, in which marchers walk as closely together as physically practical

Lockstep (computing)

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987

A log-structured filesystem is a file system in which data and metadata are written sequentially to a circular buffer, called a log. The design was first proposed in 1988 by John K. Ousterhout and Fred Douglis and first implemented in 1992 by Ousterhout and Mendel Rosenblum for the Unix-like Sprite distributed operating system

Log-structured file system

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988

In the context of virtualization, where a guest simulation of an entire computer is actually merely a software virtual machine (VM) running on a host computer under a hypervisor, migration (also known as teleportation) is the process by which a running virtual machine is moved from one physical host to another, with little or no disruption in service. Subjective effects Ideally, the process is completely transparent, resulting in no disruption of service (or downtime). In practice, there is always some minor pause in availability, though it may be low enough that only hard real-time systems are affected

Migration (virtualization)

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991

N-version programming (NVP), also known as multiversion programming or multiple-version dissimilar software, is a method or process in software engineering where multiple functionally equivalent programs are independently generated from the same initial specifications. The concept of N-version programming was introduced in 1977 by Liming Chen and Algirdas Avizienis with the central conjecture that the "independence of programming efforts will greatly reduce the probability of identical software faults occurring in two or more versions of the program". The aim of NVP is to improve the reliability of software operation by building in fault tolerance or redundancy

N-version programming

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992

NonStop is a series of server computers introduced to market in 1976 by Tandem Computers Inc. , beginning with the NonStop product line. It was followed by the Tandem Integrity NonStop line of lock-step fault tolerant computers, now defunct (not to be confused with the later and much different Hewlett-Packard Integrity product line extension)

NonStop (server computers)

15,005

993

NonStop SQL is a commercial relational database management system that is designed for fault tolerance and scalability, currently offered by Hewlett Packard Enterprise. The latest version is SQL/MX 3. 4

NonStop SQL

15,000

994

OpenVMS, often referred to as just VMS, is a multi-user, multiprocessing and virtual memory-based operating system. It is designed to support time-sharing, batch processing, transaction processing and workstation applications. Customers using OpenVMS include banks and financial services, hospitals and healthcare, telecommunications operators, network information services, and industrial manufacturers

OpenVMS

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995

Operational availability in systems engineering is a measurement of how long a system has been available to use when compared with how long it should have been available to be used. Definition Operational availability is a management concept that evaluates the following. Diagnostic down time Criticality Fault isolation down time Logistics delay down time Corrective maintenance down timeAny failed item that is not corrected will induce operational failure

Operational availability

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996

Parallel Computers, Inc. was an American computer manufacturing company, based in Santa Cruz, California, that made fault-tolerant computer systems based around the Unix operating system and various processors in the Motorola 68000 series. History The company was founded in 1983 and was premised on the idea of providing a less expensive alternative to existing fault-tolerant solutions, one that would be attractive to smaller businesses

Parallel Computers, Inc.

15,003

997

Paxos is a family of protocols for solving consensus in a network of unreliable or fallible processors. Consensus is the process of agreeing on one result among a group of participants. This problem becomes difficult when the participants or their communications may experience failures

Paxos (computer science)

5

999

Raft is a consensus algorithm designed as an alternative to the Paxos family of algorithms. It was meant to be more understandable than Paxos by means of separation of logic, but it is also formally proven safe and offers some additional features. Raft offers a generic way to distribute a state machine across a cluster of computing systems, ensuring that each node in the cluster agrees upon the same series of state transitions

Raft (algorithm)

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1,057

MORT (Mortal Obligate RNA Transcript (also known as ZNF667-AS1)) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) of the intergenic type (lincRNA) that is specific to humans and great apes. The MORT transcript is produced in all mortal cell types, but is lost in a large fraction of the most common human cancers and therefore might have a tumor suppressive function. Genomic location The MORT gene is located on human chromosome 19, at position 56,989,000–57,007,000 (hg19) within a cluster of zinc finger genes (ZNF genes)

MORT (long non-coding RNA)

5

1,074

In biology, reprogramming refers to erasure and remodeling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development or in cell culture. Such control is also often associated with alternative covalent modifications of histones. Reprogrammings that are both large scale (10% to 100% of epigenetic marks) and rapid (hours to a few days) occur at three life stages of mammals

Reprogramming

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1,075

The epigenetics of schizophrenia is the study of how inherited epigenetic changes are regulated and modified by the environment and external factors and how these changes influence the onset and development of, and vulnerability to, schizophrenia. Epigenetics concerns the heritability of those changes, too. Schizophrenia is a debilitating and often misunderstood disorder that affects up to 1% of the world's population

Epigenetics of schizophrenia

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Michael Kirtland Skinner is a U. S. biologist specializing in reproductive biology and epigenetics

Michael Skinner (biologist)

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Transvection is an epigenetic phenomenon that results from an interaction between an allele on one chromosome and the corresponding allele on the homologous chromosome. Transvection can lead to either gene activation or repression. It can also occur between nonallelic regions of the genome as well as regions of the genome that are not transcribed

Transvection (genetics)

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A memetic algorithm (MA) in computer science and operations research, is an extension of the traditional genetic algorithm (GA) or more general evolutionary algorithm (EA). It may provide a sufficiently good solution to an optimization problem. It uses a suitable heuristic or local search technique to improve the quality of solutions generated by the EA and to reduce the likelihood of premature convergence

Memetic algorithm

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Multi Expression Programming (MEP) is an evolutionary algorithm for generating mathematical functions describing a given set of data. MEP is a Genetic Programming variant encoding multiple solutions in the same chromosome. MEP representation is not specific (multiple representations have been tested)

Multi expression programming

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Mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity of the chromosomes of a population of a genetic or, more generally, an evolutionary algorithm (EA). It is analogous to biological mutation. The classic example of a mutation operator of a binary coded genetic algorithm (GA) involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be flipped from its original state

Mutation (genetic algorithm)

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The population model of an evolutionary algorithm (EA) describes the structural properties of its population to which its members are subject. A population is the set of all proposed solutions of an EA considered in one iteration, which are also called individuals according to the biological role model. The individuals of a population can generate further individuals as offspring with the help of the genetic operators of the procedure

Population model (evolutionary algorithm)

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The promoter based genetic algorithm (PBGA) is a genetic algorithm for neuroevolution developed by F. Bellas and R. J

Promoter based genetic algorithm

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Selection is the stage of a genetic algorithm or more general evolutionary algorithm in which individual genomes are chosen from a population for later breeding (e. g. , using the crossover operator)

Selection (genetic algorithm)

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In mathematics, the spiral optimization (SPO) algorithm is a metaheuristic inspired by spiral phenomena in nature. The first SPO algorithm was proposed for two-dimensional unconstrained optimization based on two-dimensional spiral models. This was extended to n-dimensional problems by generalizing the two-dimensional spiral model to an n-dimensional spiral model

Spiral optimization algorithm

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Kleptoplasty or kleptoplastidy is a process in symbiotic relationships whereby plastids, notably chloroplasts from algae, are sequestered by the host. The word is derived from Kleptes (κλέπτης) which is Greek for thief. The alga is eaten normally and partially digested, leaving the plastid intact

Kleptoplasty

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Phycotechnology refers to the technological applications of algae, both microalgae and macroalgae. Uses Sewage reclamation Currently micro-algae are being exploited for environmental protection as the species of Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Scenedesmus carry out selective uptake, accumulation and biodegradation of pollutants and thus help in remediation. They are used in biological reclamation of sewage since they can immobilize heavy metals from aquatic systems

Phycotechnology

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A cryptogam (scientific name Cryptogamae) is a plant (in the wide sense of the word) or a plant-like organism that reproduces by spores, without flowers or seeds. The name Cryptogamae (from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kruptós) 'hidden', and γαμέω (gaméō) 'to marry') means "hidden reproduction", referring to the fact that no seed is produced, thus cryptogams represent the non-seed bearing plants. Other names, such as "thallophytes", "lower plants", and "spore plants" are also occasionally used

Cryptogam

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A supergroup, in evolutionary biology, is a large group of organisms that share one common ancestor and have important defining characteristics. It is an informal, mostly arbitrary rank in biological taxonomy that is often greater than phylum or kingdom, although some supergroups are also treated as phyla. Eukaryotic supergroups Since the decade of 2000's, the eukaryotic tree of life (abbreviated as eToL) has been divided into 5–8 major groupings called 'supergroups'

Supergroup (biology)

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Protozoology is the study of protozoa, the "animal-like" (i. e. , motile and heterotrophic) protists

Protozoology

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Minions () are an all-male species of fictional yellow creatures that appear in Illumination's Despicable Me franchise. They are characterized by their childlike behavior and their language, which is largely unintelligible. The Minions serve as the official mascots for Illumination, and have also been described by The New York Times as "corporate icons" for Comcast in the years since their 2013 purchase of Illumination's parent company NBCUniversal; similar to Mickey Mouse for The Walt Disney Company, Bugs Bunny for Warner Bros

Minions (Despicable Me)

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In chemistry, a solution is a special type of homogeneous mixture composed of two or more substances. In such a mixture, a solute is a substance dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. If the attractive forces between the solvent and solute particles are greater than the attractive forces holding the solute particles together, the solvent particles pull the solute particles apart and surround them

Solution (chemistry)

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In chemistry, a suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of a fluid that contains solid particles sufficiently large for sedimentation. The particles may be visible to the naked eye, usually must be larger than one micrometer, and will eventually settle, although the mixture is only classified as a suspension when and while the particles have not settled out. Properties A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium

Suspension (chemistry)

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Syneresis (also spelled 'synæresis' or 'synaeresis'), in chemistry, is the extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel, such as when serum drains from a contracting clot of blood. Another example of syneresis is the collection of whey on the surface of yogurt. Syneresis can also be observed when the amount of diluent in a swollen polymer exceeds the solubility limit as the temperature changes

Syneresis (chemistry)

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MOLEC, the European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems, is a biannual scientific conference. It is held every two years usually late summer. The first conference was held in Trento, Italy in the year of 1976

European Conference on the Dynamics of Molecular Systems

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ISSPIC, the International Symposium on Small Particles and Inorganic Clusters, is an established biennial conference series on fundamental science of finite size effects and the possibility of controlling the properties of material at the nanometer scale, organized since 1976. The conference topics typically include atomic and molecular clusters and their assemblies, supported and free-standing nanostructures and particles, and other nanometer-scale systems. History and development The first ISSPIC conference was held in 1976 in Lyon

ISSPIC

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The Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens (English: Conference for Nordic Students of Applied Chemistry) is a conference with the goal of letting students of applied chemistry collaborate with colleagues in the Nordic countries. NKK was first thought of and put to action more than thirty years ago, in the 1970s. The aim of the conferences was to let students of applied chemistry meet their colleagues from Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Norway

Nordisk Kemiteknolog Konferens

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetaldehyde. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may require safety precautions. The directions on the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) should be followed

Acetaldehyde (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetic acid. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Acetic acid (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetone. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Acetone (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on acetonitrile. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Acetonitrile (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on ammonia. Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Vapor–liquid equilibrium data Table data (above) obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) notation indicates equilibrium temperature of vapor over solid

Ammonia (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on aniline. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Aniline (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on n-butane. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions

Butane (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon dioxide. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Carbon dioxide (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on carbon tetrachloride. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Carbon tetrachloride (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloroform. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Chloroform (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on chloromethane. Safety data sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the safety data sheet for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Chloromethane (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on Cocaine in free base form. More commonly available "powder cocaine" is a hydrochloride salt whose properties will differ. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions

Cocaine (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on 1,2-dichloroethane. Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Vapor pressure of liquid Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. The (s) annotation indicates temperature is equilibrium of vapor over solid

1,2-Dichloroethane (data page)

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Please find below supplementary chemical data about dichloromethane. MSDS sheets The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Dichloromethane (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on diethyl ether. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Diethyl ether (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on dimethyl sulfoxide. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Dimethyl sulfoxide (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on diphenylamine. Physical data Appearance: white to yellow crystals or powder Melting point: 52 - 54 °C Boiling point: 302 °C Vapour density: 5. 82 (air = 1) Vapour pressure: 1 mm Hg at 108 °C Flash point: 152 °C (closed cup) Explosion limits: 634 °C Autoignition temperature: 635 °C Water solubility: Slightly Specific gravity: 1

Diphenylamine (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethane. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions

Ethane (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethanol. Material Safety Data Sheet External MSDS Structure and properties Thermodynamic properties Spectral data Vapor pressure of liquid Density of ethanol at various temperatures Data obtained from Lange 1967 These data correlate as ρ [g/cm3] = −8. 461834×10−4 T [°C] + 0

Ethanol (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethyl acetate. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Ethyl acetate (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on ethylene glycol. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Ethylene glycol (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on formic acid. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Formic acid (data page)

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This page provides supplementary chemical data on glycerol. Material Safety Data Sheet The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions

Glycerol (data page)

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