Charles A. Canfield (May 15, 1848 – August 15, 1913) was an American oilman and real estate developer. He pioneered oil drilling in California and Mexico. He also co-founded Beverly","title":"Charles A. Canfield"},{"id":"6383949","text":"appointed as a member of the War Industries Board (Petroleum Service Division), as well as the Director of the Bureau of Sales in the Alien Property Custodian's office during World War I. Guffey suffered financial setbacks in oil speculation during World War I. He was indicted by a federal grand jury for misuse of funds under his control as Sales Director. The charges were later dropped as part of a deal made during the Harding/Coolidge administrations' Teapot Dome Scandal. Guffey served as a member of the Democratic National Committee from 1920 through 1928. Guffey and his lieutenant, David L. Lawrence","title":"Joseph F. Guffey"},{"id":"11687680","text":"the field to the northeast, towards Bakersfield. Many oil fields underlie the southwestern portion of Kern County. Adjacent to the Buena Vista field to the southwest is the enormous Midway-Sunset Oil Field, the largest in California and third-largest in the United States, and just north of the Buena Vista field is the Elk Hills Oil Field, famous for the Teapot Dome scandal as one of the illicit leases that brought corruption charges upon the administration of Warren G. Harding. Until January 1, 1958, the Buena Vista field was considered to be part of the larger Midway-Sunset Field to the southwest;","title":"Buena Vista Oil Field"},{"id":"13287920","text":"office was leased as cover for German spies seeking to prevent America's intervention in World War I (then called \"The Great War\"). The plot involved an attempt to draw the United States into a diversionary war with Mexico and Japan. The plot was exposed on March 1, 1917, with news reports of an intercepted telegram decoded by British cryptographers, the notorious \"Zimmermann Telegram\", which prompted President Woodrow Wilson to declare war against Germany a month later. Shortly afterward, the entire building was leased by the Sinclair Oil Company, responsible for the Teapot Dome scandal of 1922. Prior to the 1974","title":"Liberty Tower (Manhattan)"},{"id":"19890715","text":"the United States Armed Forces. The federal statute was passed by the United States 89th Congressional session and enacted into law by the 36th President of the United States Lyndon Johnson on November 3, 1966. The Oil Pollution Act of 1924 was repealed by the United States 91st Congressional session enactment of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1970. The United States statute was confirmed as a federal law by the 37th President of the United States Richard Nixon on April 3, 1970. Oil Pollution Act of 1924 Oil Pollution Act of 1924 is a United States federal","title":"Oil Pollution Act of 1924"},{"id":"18981968","text":"lot from him. He knows where all the bodies are buried.\" Kael observed, \"It's an odd, cryptic speech. In the first draft, Raymond \"literally\" knew where the bodies were buried: Mankiewicz had dished up a nasty version of the scandal sometimes referred to as the Strange Death of Thomas Ince.\" Referring to the suspicious 1924 death of the American film mogul after being a guest on Hearst's yacht, and noting that Kael's principal source was Houseman, film critic Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote that \"it seems safe to conclude, even without her prodding, that some version of the story must have cropped","title":"Sources for Citizen Kane"},{"id":"4302351","text":"whom he became embroiled in the Teapot Dome scandal. McLean falsely told investigating Senator Thomas J. Walsh that he had given Fall a $100,000 loan when, in fact, Fall had illegally received money from private oil companies. When Walsh threatened to have McLean charged with perjury, McLean admitted the falsity of his claim. This admission was later characterized as \"the first climactic sensation\" and \"the smoking gun\" of the scandal. The McLean marriage ended with much publicized and bitterly contested divorce proceedings, initiated by Mrs. McLean on grounds of infidelity in October 1931. Edward McLean filed for divorce in a","title":"Edward Beale McLean"},{"id":"6236586","text":"by BP for all costs related to the oil spill, including those arising under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. In December 2015, U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ordered Anadarko to pay a civil fine under the Clean Water Act of $159.5 million, or $50 per barrel of oil spilled as a result of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig explosion. The judge stated Anadarko was not at fault for the spill, but the company's 25% ownership stake made it responsible. Barbier wrote that the $159.5 million fine \"strikes the appropriate balance between Anadarko's lack of culpability and the extreme seriousness","title":"Anadarko Petroleum"},{"id":"12764323","text":"Director Smith also served as Chairman of a three-man commission appointed by President Calvin Coolidge in March 1924, after the Teapot Dome scandal, to study the efficient management of the naval petroleum reserves, and as Chairman of the Advisory Committee to the Cabinet-level Federal Oil Conservation Board established in December 1924 to reappraise Federal oil policies. In the fall of 1929, the first Hoover budget called for increased funds for scientific agencies, including $100,000 for fundamental research in geologic sciences, the first substantial increase in Federal funds for geologic investigations since 1915. In the spring of 1930, Congress appropriated $2.87","title":"George Otis Smith"},{"id":"504737","text":"1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending, and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California, who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians, would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election. The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially, though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan; Edward Doheny for example, whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal, ranked highly in the Democratic party of California, contributing highly","title":"1924 United States presidential election"},{"id":"15029664","text":"all out of his own money. Other problems included the possibility of his workers being drafted to serve in the army (which he solved by writing to Hylan), and the low salaries of his workers, which averaged less than $4,000 a year (approximately $ today). In 1924, Norris was called in to investigate the mysterious insanity and deaths of workers in a plant that made tetraethyllead. It was mostly made in Standard Oil's plant at the Bayway Refinery in New Jersey. TEL was compounded in a small red brick building which was soon nicknamed the \"looney gas building\", due to","title":"Charles Norris (medical examiner)"},{"id":"11679773","text":"dwarfed a year later by the colossal Lakeview Gusher, by which California's largest oil field, the Midway-Sunset in Kern County, was first known. In the early years of the field, competition was fierce between different oil companies, with a particularly sharp conflict between a group of independent oil producers and Standard Oil, which operated as a gigantic trust until its breakup by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1911. According to an article published in the New York Times in 1905, Standard attempted to force its competitors out of business by artificially holding down the price of oil to as little","title":"Coalinga Oil Field"},{"id":"6398737","text":"oil museums in Kern County, California and the libraries and museums in the area around Silver City, New Mexico, as well as the period photography, which played a large part in shaping his screenplay and the film. Oil! Oil! is a novel by Upton Sinclair, first published in 1926–27 and told as a third-person narrative, with only the opening pages written in the first person. The book was written in the context of the Harding administration's Teapot Dome Scandal and takes place in Southern California. It is a social and political satire skewering the human foibles of all its characters.","title":"Oil!"},{"id":"8936044","text":"of Fame trainer Max Hirsch. He remained a maiden until his fifth start. Hirsch raced him until he won the Champagne Stakes for two-year-olds, then sold him to Harry F. Sinclair of Sinclair Oil (famous for his close connection to the 29th President of the United States, Warren G. Harding, and involved in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal). Sinclair took enormous pleasure in his recently purchased no-expense-spared Rancocas Stable in New Jersey while buying every horse that took his fancy. The trainer, Hall of Famer Sam Hildreth, not as well-heeled as Sinclair nor as happy about the horse—a superstitious man,","title":"Grey Lag"},{"id":"20187799","text":"escape and there is hope the missing will be accounted for.\" A later dispatch by the United Press stated that practically all of the 36 crew were accounted for at dawn. The total loss of the dock and the steamer was put at $1,500,000. SS Alden Anderson The SS \"Alden Anderson\" was a tanker ship owned and operated by the Associated Oil Company. The vessel was named for Alden Anderson, lieutenant governor of the State of California, from 1903 to 1907. It was destroyed by fire on the night of 29-30 October 1924. The oil tanker SS \"Alden Anderson\", of","title":"SS Alden Anderson"},{"id":"2987110","text":"playing poker for money if they liked it, but it irked me to see it in the White House. Several of Harding's Ohio Gang associates lost no time enriching themselves at the public expense. Soon rumblings began to be heard over possible malfeasance in various government departments, including Daugherty's Department of Justice. Then on April 14, 1922, the \"Wall Street Journal\" broke a sensational story about a secret bribery scheme involving oil company kickbacks to government officials in exchange for the granting of extraordinarily favorable oil extraction leases via single-bid contracts. The next day Wyoming Democratic Senator John B. Kendrick","title":"Harry M. Daugherty"},{"id":"3601129","text":"attorney was former politician Joseph Weldon Bailey, who clashed frequently with the judge. The jury found Cook guilty on 14 counts of fraud, and, in November 1923, Judge Killits sentenced Cook and 13 other oil company promoters to prison terms. Cook drew the longest sentence, 14 years 9 months. His attorney appealed the verdict, but the conviction was upheld. Cook was imprisoned until 1930. Roald Amundsen, who believed he owed his life to Cook's extrication of the \"Belgica\", visited him several times. Cook was pardoned by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940, ten years after his release and shortly before","title":"Frederick Cook"},{"id":"504740","text":"reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border. The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest. At the time, however, he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received \"an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement,\" since the Doheny companies had \"several hundred million dollars of property at stake, our services, had they been effective, would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee.\" In fact, the lawyer received","title":"1924 United States presidential election"},{"id":"793219","text":"of 1921. He was convicted of bribery in 1929, and served one year in prison, for his part in the controversy. A major factor in the scandal was a transfer of certain oil leases from the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy to that of the Department of the Interior, at Fall's behest. Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt—already facing criticism related to his alleged hostility to environmentalism and his support of the development and use of federal lands by foresting, ranching, and other commercial interests, and for banning The Beach Boys from playing a 1983 Independence Day","title":"United States Department of the Interior"},{"id":"19705702","text":"pressure, he refused to dismiss Denby, who instead resigned of his own accord in March 1924. That same month, after Daugherty refused to resign, Coolidge fired him. Coolidge also replaced the Director of the Bureau of Investigation, William J. Burns, with J. Edgar Hoover. The investigation by Pomerene and Roberts, combined with the departure of the scandal-tarred Harding appointees, served to disassociate Coolidge from the Harding administration's misdeeds. By May 1924, Harding's scandals had largely receded from public attention, though a separate scandal involving former Postmaster General Will H. Hays would briefly garner headlines in 1928. During Coolidge's presidency, the","title":"Presidency of Calvin Coolidge"},{"id":"5420143","text":"were rumours that the two were having an affair. The full story was never clear. The police were not called until three hours after the shots had been fired, despite several members of the family being at home and having heard the yelling. The Los Angeles authorities immediately blamed Plunkett in the murder-suicide. In addition to the indictment of Edward Doheny in the Teapot Dome scandal, both Doheny and Plunkett had been indicted in the alleged bribe of Albert Fall—as Ned (accompanied by Plunkett) had delivered the money. They had already gone through some trials. Raymond Chandler, a former oil","title":"Edward L. Doheny"},{"id":"20527981","text":"'motor spirit'. In 1924 Vacuum Oil opened its bulk petroleum products terminal at Pulpit Point, a small peninsula at Hunter's Hill on Sydney Harbour. In October of that year, the company-owned oil tanker \"H.T Harper\" – built in 1921 – arrived at this new facility with a 1.8 million gallon bulk cargo of 'gasoline'. About the \"H.T.Harper\", it was noted that, \"\"Every precaution is taken to prevent fire.\"\" The amount of 'case oil' shipped to Australia declined after 1924 and from that year some petroleum was refined locally. Thereafter, 'case oil' shipped by sea was more commonly kerosene, or other","title":"SS Canastota"},{"id":"1088986","text":"\"Ethyl\" that had been proposed by Kettering in its marketing materials, thereby avoiding the negative connotation of the word \"lead\". Early research into \"engine knocking\" (also called \"pinging\" or \"pinking\") was also led by A.H. Gibson and Harry Ricardo in England and Thomas Boyd in the United States. The discovery that lead additives modified this behavior led to the widespread adoption of their use in the 1920s, and therefore more powerful, higher-compression engines. In 1924, Standard Oil of New Jersey (ESSO/EXXON) and General Motors created the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation to produce and market TEL. Deepwater, NJ across the river from","title":"Tetraethyllead"},{"id":"16905903","text":"Frank Tinney Frank Aloysius Robert Tinney (March 29, 1878 – November 28, 1940) was an American blackface comedian and actor. Tinney achieved considerable success in vaudeville and on Broadway in the early 20th century. Comedian Joe Cook considered Tinney \"the greatest natural comic ever developed in America.\" Tinney's career and marriage were ruined after he was accused of beating his mistress, Ziegfeld girl Imogene \"Bubbles\" Wilson in May 1924. Although he was never formally charged, the ensuing publicity ruined his reputation. Tinney suffered a number of health problems after the scandal and eventually had a nervous breakdown. He never regained","title":"Frank Tinney"},{"id":"2951638","text":"is credited with hastening the breakup of Standard Oil, which came about in 1911, when the Supreme Court of the United States found the company to be violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. The subsequent decision splintered the company into 34 \"baby Standards.\" The value of Rockefeller's shares rose after the breakup as the new companies had a positive development on the stock exchange. The original book was a two-volume hardcover set. An abridged paperback edition was released later. The inspiration behind \"The History of Standard Oil Company\" was largely fueled by Ida Tarbell's childhood experiences. Her father, Franklin Tarbell, worked","title":"The History of the Standard Oil Company"},{"id":"248003","text":"Vend\" was able to maintain its monopoly due to trade union assistance, and material advantages (primarily coal geography). During the early 20th century, as a result of comparable monopolistic practices in the Australian coastal shipping business, the Vend developed as an informal and illegal collusion between the steamship owners and the coal industry, eventually resulting in the High Court case Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd v. R. & AG. Standard Oil was an American oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it became the largest oil refiner in the world. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and","title":"Monopoly"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"17449260\",\n \"text\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company The Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company (PAT) was an oil company founded in 1916 by the American oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny after he had made a huge oil strike in Mexico. Pan American profited from fuel demand during World War I, and from the subsequent growth in use of automobiles. For several years Pan American was the largest American oil company, with holdings in the United States, Mexico, Colombia and Venezuela. In 1924 Pan American was involved in the Teapot Dome scandal over irregularities in the award of a U.S. government oil\",\n \"title\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2898226\",\n \"text\": \"of the scandal to erupt in April 1922 when the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\" reported that Secretary Fall had decided that two of his friends, oilmen Harry F. Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corporation) and Edward L. Doheny (Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company), should be given leases to drill in parts of these Naval Reserves without open bidding. His acceptance of bribes for the leases resulted in the Teapot Dome scandal. During congressional hearings concerning the scandal in 1924 he explained the concept of oil field drainage with a remark that was later adapted as a line of dialogue in the 2007 film\",\n \"title\": \"Albert B. Fall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20305470\",\n \"text\": \"in the 1920s and 30s. His most notable case was his defense of oil tycoon Edward L. Doheny and the Pan-American Petroleum and Transport Company in a series of trials from 1924 to 1930. In what came to be known as the Teapot Dome scandal, Doheny was accused of bribing Interior Secretary Albert Fall to lease the oil production rights at Elk Hills Oil Field. The company was forced to cancel its lease, but Hogan succeeded in clearing Doheny on charges of bribery and conspiracy to defraud the government. In 1935 he successfully defended Andrew Mellon on charges of tax\",\n \"title\": \"Frank J. Hogan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17449267\",\n \"text\": \"Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. On 24 January 1924 Doheny testified before the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Lands and Surveys, and admitted that he had loaned Fall $100,000 in cash with no security some months before the oilfield leasing arrangement was made. Doheny said the loan was a personal one. Pan American\",\n \"title\": \"Pan American Petroleum and Transport Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420138\",\n \"text\": \"prices were high. The Mexican Petroleum Company was the largest in Mexico, and Mexico was the largest oil producer in the world. In 1922 Albert B. Fall, U.S. Secretary of the Interior, leased the oil field at Elk Hills, California, to the Pan American Petroleum & Transport Company. Around the same time, the Teapot Dome Field in Wyoming was leased to Sinclair Consolidated Oil Corporation. Both oilfields were part of the US Navy's petroleum reserves. Neither lease was subject to competitive bidding. In 1924 rumors about corruption in the deals escalated into the Teapot Dome scandal. Doheny's reputation was somewhat\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186980\",\n \"text\": \"oil fields to friends who were heads of oil companies in exchange for over $400,000 in personal loans. Despite attempts to keep the deal secret, the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\" leaked news of the leasing, and the Senate decided to launch an inquiry into the matter. The investigation began in October 1923 after Harding's death, and the Senate Committee on Lands and Public Surveys, which carried out the inquiry, concluded in 1924 that the Teapot Dome and Elk Hills leases to the oil companies had been fraudulent and corrupt. Both Denby and Fall were forced to resign from office as a\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin Denby (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549708\",\n \"text\": \"April 1922 when the Wall Street Journal reported that United States Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall had granted an oil lease to Sinclair Oil without competitive bidding. The oil field lease was for government land in Wyoming that had been created as an emergency reserve for the United States Navy. What became known as the Teapot Dome scandal, ultimately led to a United States Senate establishing a Committee on Public Lands and Surveys to conduct hearings into the circumstances surrounding the government oil lease. The result was a finding of fraud and corruption which led to a number\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6134420\",\n \"text\": \"county road to Union Ave. (old US 99 and SR 99 Business), where it becomes Panama Rd. Highway 119 is commonly known as Taft Highway. It passes through some of Kern County's most famous oil fields, including the Midway-Sunset, the third-largest oil field in the United States; the Buena Vista Oil Field; and runs adjacent to the Elk Hills Oil Field, formerly the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, infamous as one of the two illicit leases – the other being Teapot Dome – part of the scandal which marred the administration of President Warren G. Harding in the 1920s. SR\",\n \"title\": \"California State Route 119\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2898138\",\n \"text\": \"was badly hurt by the revelation that he had previously accepted a $25,000 contribution from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in 1922 in the Teapot Dome scandal. McAdoo had returned the normal-course contribution once he learned of Doheny's possible bribes to Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall to get oil leases. At the 1924 Democratic National Convention, McAdoo notably did not reject the endorsement of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Despite these Doheny and KKK issues, McAdoo led after the first ballot of the convention, and on dozens of ballots thereafter, before John W. Davis won the\",\n \"title\": \"William Gibbs McAdoo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14043598\",\n \"text\": \"to the capitol as a freelance reporter. His early work on the Teapot Dome Scandal disclosed that Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, had accepted a bribe of $230,000 to lease oil lands in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California to branches of Standard Oil. His performance convinced Bovard to rehire him in 1924. In that same year he was sent to Chicago to cover the trial of Nathan Leopold and Richard Loeb, both 19, who had abducted and murdered 14-year-old Bobby Franks. Loeb and Leopold were both the sons of very wealthy families. In 1925, he was sent\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Y. Anderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2736549\",\n \"text\": \"He was the manager of Warren G. Harding's successful campaign for the Presidency of the United States in the 1920 election and was subsequently appointed Postmaster General. While serving in the Harding Administration, he became peripherally involved in the Teapot Dome scandal. Oilman Harry Ford Sinclair devised a scheme in which twenty-five cents was diverted from the sale of every barrel of oil sold from the oil field leases that were the focus of the Teapot Dome scandal. Sinclair testified that he \\\"loaned\\\" Will H. Hays, then-chairman of the Republican National Committee, $185,000 worth of Liberty Bonds, later getting back\",\n \"title\": \"Will H. Hays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420125\",\n \"text\": \"American Petroleum & Transport Company, one of the largest oil companies in the world in the 1920s. In the 1920s, Doheny was implicated in the Teapot Dome Scandal and accused of offering a $100,000 bribe to United States Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall. Doheny was twice acquitted of offering the bribe, but Fall was convicted of accepting it. Doheny and his second wife and widow, Carrie Estelle, were noted philanthropists in Los Angeles, especially regarding Catholic schools, churches and charities. The character J. Arnold Ross in Upton Sinclair's 1927 novel \\\"Oil!\\\" (the inspiration for the 2007 film \\\"There Will\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9019837\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot located in Zillah, Washington, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 117 First Avenue, the station is an example of novelty architecture. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming. The station was built in 1922 on what\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229501\",\n \"text\": \"that keep me walking the floor nights!\\\" The only scandal which was openly discovered during Harding's lifetime was in the Veteran's Bureau. Yet the gossip became rampant after the suicides of Charles Cramer and Jess Smith. Harding responded aggressively to all of this with a mixture of grief, anger and perplexity. The most notorious scandal was Teapot Dome, most of which came to light after Harding's death. This affair concerned an oil reserve in Wyoming that was covered by a teapot-shaped rock formation. For years, the country had taken measures to ensure the availability of petroleum reserves, particularly for the\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3221314\",\n \"text\": \"on Public Lands, their images were tarnished. At the New York state election, 1924, Roosevelt was the Republican nominee for Governor of New York. His cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) spoke out on Ted's \\\"wretched record\\\" as Assistant Secretary of the Navy during the oil scandals. In return, Ted said of FDR: \\\"He's a maverick! He does not wear the brand of our family.\\\" Eleanor Roosevelt, more closely related to Ted by blood but married to FDR, had been infuriated by these remarks. She dogged Ted on the New York State campaign trail in a car fitted with a \\\"papier-mâché\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3522798\",\n \"text\": \"purpose \\\"to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red-light menace generally conceived by the sticks\\\". Though \\\"dry\\\" organizations that supported continuing the prohibition of alcohol opposed the choice of New York, it won McAdoo's grudging consent in the fall of 1923, before the oil scandals made Smith a serious threat to him. (McAdoo's candidacy was hurt by the revelation that he had accepted money from Edward L. Doheny, an oil tycoon implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal.) McAdoo's own adopted state, California, had played host to the Democrats in 1920. McAdoo swept the primaries\",\n \"title\": \"1924 Democratic National Convention\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12253204\",\n \"text\": \"commanding the small (four or five Marine) detachment that was dispatched by Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall to evict a drilling rig crew belonging to the Mutual Oil Company from the Teapot Dome oil field in Natrona County, Wyoming on July 30, 1922, and thus precipitating one of the major sources of scandal during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. (The eviction preceded without incident; the officials of the company even fed lunch to Captain Schuler and the men of his detachment after drilling operations had ceased.) (pages 81–83, Teapot Dome, Morris R. Werner and Starr, John, Viking\",\n \"title\": \"George K. Shuler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387963\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 19211923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. The leases were the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies, Fall became the first presidential cabinet member to go to prison; no one was convicted of paying the bribes. Before the Watergate scandal,\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11390531\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. history. Oil is also plentiful throughout the state. In 1924, irregularities over the allocation of naval reserves near Casper resulted in the Teapot Dome Scandal. Natural gas, bentonite and uranium have also been mined through the state's history. One exception is the copper mines in Carbon County west of Encampment. The Ferris-Haggarty Mine Site supplied copper for the electrification of the world in the late 1800s and early 1900s. After 1890 Wyoming pageants and parades, as well as school courses, increasingly told a nostalgic story of Wyoming as rooted in the frontier West. During the 1940s, Wyoming millionaire William\",\n \"title\": \"History of Wyoming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"318858\",\n \"text\": \"then and Kettering was directly warned by Robert Wilson of MIT, Reid Hunt of Harvard, Yandell Henderson of Yale, and Charles Kraus of the University of Potsdam in Germany about its use. Kraus had worked on tetraethyllead for many years and called it \\\"a creeping and malicious poison\\\" that had killed a member of his dissertation committee. On 27 October 1924, newspaper articles around the nation told of the workers at the Standard Oil refinery near Elizabeth, New Jersey who were producing TEL and were suffering from lead poisoning. By 30 October, the death toll had reached five. In November,\",\n \"title\": \"Gasoline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9019839\",\n \"text\": \"First Avenue. Teapot Dome Service Station The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot located in Zillah, Washington, United States, that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Located at 117 First Avenue, the station is an example of novelty architecture. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming. The station was built in 1922\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome Service Station\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2499527\",\n \"text\": \"were practical. In 1924, a delegation from the American Sinclair Oil Corporation visited Shukhov. Sinclair Oil apparently wished to suggest that the patent of Burton and Humphreys, in use by Standard Oil, was derived from Shukhov's patent for oil cracking, as described in the Russian patent. If that could be established, it could strengthen the hand of rival American companies wishing to invalidate the Burton-Humphreys patent. In the event Shukhov satisfied the Americans that in principle Burton's method closely resembled his 1891 patents, though his own interest in the matter was primarily to establish that \\\"the Russian oil industry could\",\n \"title\": \"Cracking (chemistry)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549712\",\n \"text\": \"Ford Sinclair retired as president of Sinclair Oil and Gas Company in January 1949. He died a wealthy man in Pasadena, California in 1956 and was interred in the Roman Catholic Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles. Harry Ford Sinclair Harry Ford Sinclair (July 6, 1876 in Benwood, West Virginia – November 10, 1956 in Pasadena, California) was an American industrialist, founder of Sinclair Oil. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome Scandal, and served six months in prison for jury tampering. Afterwards he returned to his former life and enjoyed its prosperity until his death. He was an avid\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387964\",\n \"text\": \"Teapot Dome was regarded as the \\\"greatest and most sensational scandal in the history of American politics\\\". It damaged the reputation of the Harding administration, which was already severely diminished by its controversial handling of the Great Railroad Strike of 1922 and Harding's veto of the Bonus Bill in 1922. In the early 20th century, the U.S. Navy largely converted from coal to fuel oil. To ensure that the Navy would always have enough fuel available, several oil-producing areas were designated as naval oil reserves by President Taft. In 1921, President Harding issued an executive order that transferred control of\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455244\",\n \"text\": \"that it had to do with Smith but, when Hoover enquired as to Daugherty's possible involvement, Harding refused to answer. The scandal which has likely done the greatest damage to Harding's reputation is Teapot Dome. Like most of the administration's scandals, it came to public light after Harding's death, and he was not aware of the illegal aspects. Teapot Dome involved an oil reserve in Wyoming which was one of three set aside for the use of the Navy in a national emergency. There was a longstanding argument that the reserves should be developed; Wilson's first Interior Secretary Franklin Knight\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2705894\",\n \"text\": \"number of promissory notes and prepared to weather the Depression with the remaining supply of cash. Between 1921 and 1922, Sinclair leased oil production rights to Teapot Dome in Wyoming without competitive bidding. This led to the Teapot Dome scandal. During the Great Depression, Sinclair saved a number of other petroleum companies from receivership or bankruptcy, and acquired others to expand its operations. In 1932, Sinclair purchased the assets of Prairie Oil and Gas's pipeline and producing companies in the southern United States, and the Rio Grande Oil Company in California. The purchase of Prairie also gave Sinclair a 65%\",\n \"title\": \"Sinclair Oil Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5227140\",\n \"text\": \"of \\\"felon\\\" (derived from fallen, morally). Various sources attribute the origin of fall guy to Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot. This has been largely discredited. One popular myth is that the word's origin dates to the 1920s, during the administration of U.S. President Warren G. Harding (1921–1923), when Albert B. Fall, a U.S. Senator from New Mexico who served as Secretary of the Interior during Harding's years in office, became notorious for his involvement in the infamous Teapot Dome Scandal. Though this is a popular story, references to 'fall guy' and Albert Fall have not been found. The book\",\n \"title\": \"Fall guy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"980572\",\n \"text\": \"adding \\\"new energy and independence into the agency\\\", as well as increasing the commission's (and, by extension, his own) power. In 1922, Long won a lawsuit against the Cumberland Telephone & Telegraph Company for unfair rate increases, Long successfully argued the case on appeal before the United States Supreme Court resulting in cash refunds totaling $440,000 being sent to 80,000 overcharged customers. After the case, Chief Justice William Howard Taft described Long as one of the best legal minds he had ever encountered. Long ran for governor of Louisiana in the election of 1924, attacking outgoing Governor Parker, Standard Oil,\",\n \"title\": \"Huey Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3228218\",\n \"text\": \"in his annual message to Congress a suggestion that he might open talks with the Soviet Union on trade—the Bolshevik government had not been recognized since the 1917 October Revolution and Borah had long urged relations. Under pressure from the Old Guard, Coolidge quickly walked back his proposal, depressing Borah, who concluded the president had deceived him. In early 1924, the Teapot Dome scandal broke, and although Coolidge had no involvement in the affair, some of the implicated cabinet officers, including Attorney General Harry Daugherty, remained in office, backed by the Old Guard. Coolidge sought the support of Borah in\",\n \"title\": \"William Borah\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11649763\",\n \"text\": \"that brought on the Teapot Dome scandal which ruined the reputation of the administration of Warren G. Harding, now commonly considered to be one of the most corrupt in U.S. history. In 1927 the U.S. Supreme Court invalidated the lease, and returned the Elk Hills to the U.S. government. The oil field went largely untapped, held as a reserve, until the mid-1970s, when Congress passed the Naval Petroleum Reserves Production Act in response to the 1973-1974 Arab Oil Embargo. In 1976 the Ford Administration opened the lands for drilling and production again. NPR-1, operated by Williams Brothers Engineering Company, reached\",\n \"title\": \"Elk Hills Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877044\",\n \"text\": \"member. Burns later refused to turn over Department of Justice documents to Congressional investigators, who in turn began investigating the BOI; Senate hearing revelations of BOI misdeeds were avidly covered in the press, and became known as the Daugherty-Burns scandal. Burns' BOI field agents made visits to the offices of newspapers around the country who had presented the BOI's actions in a negative light; their clumsy attempts to intimidate newspaper editors caused a backlash in public opinion and Congress. Burns was forced to resign in 1924 at the request of Attorney General Harlan Fiske Stone and on May 10, 1924,\",\n \"title\": \"William J. Burns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5420139\",\n \"text\": \"tainted by a bribe paid to the Secretary of the Interior, Albert B. Fall in 1921. He made the \\\"gift\\\" of $100,000 in connection with obtaining a lease of 32,000 acres (130 km²) of government-owned land used for the Elk Hills Naval Petroleum Reserve near Taft, California. The resulting scandal broke soon after that, over similar bribes Fall accepted for leasing Teapot Dome in Wyoming. Doheny (his son Ned, who had delivered the money, and his assistant Hugh Plunkett, were also indicted) was charged with bribing Fall but, in 1930, was acquitted. Nevertheless, Fall was convicted of accepting the bribe.\",\n \"title\": \"Edward L. Doheny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387969\",\n \"text\": \"forgotten to cover up: Doheny's $100,000 loan to Fall. This discovery broke open the scandal. Civil and criminal suits related to the scandal continued throughout the 1920s. In 1927, the Supreme Court ruled that the oil leases had been corruptly obtained. The Court invalidated the Elk Hills lease in February 1927, and the Teapot Dome lease in October. Both reserves were returned to the Navy. In 1929, Albert Fall was found guilty of accepting bribes from Doheny. Conversely, in 1930, Edward L. Doheny was acquitted of paying bribes to Fall. Further, Doheny's corporation foreclosed on Fall's home in Tularosa Basin,\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18813305\",\n \"text\": \"Leo Koretz Leopold Koretz (1879–1925) was an American lawyer and stockbroker who ran an elaborate Ponzi scheme in Chicago, called the \\\"Bayano oil fraud,\\\" which garnered an estimated $30 million (about $400 million today) from dozens of investors in Chicago. The scheme used fraudulent claims of oil interests in Panama in a criminal career that predated his contemporary, Charles Ponzi. Koretz was so trusted and admired that after Ponzi's fraud was exposed in 1920, his investors nicknamed him \\\"Our Ponzi,\\\" never suspecting they were being duped as well. Leopold Koretz was born to German Jewish parents on July 30, 1879\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Koretz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387972\",\n \"text\": \"recently for the alleged misconduct during the Trump administration and of Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke it is not the only time that members of the United States cabinet have been so accused. Teapot Dome has been described as the previous \\\"high water mark\\\" of cabinet corruption. Teapot Dome scandal The Teapot Dome scandal was a bribery scandal involving the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding from 19211923. Secretary of the Interior Albert Bacon Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming, and two locations in California, to private oil companies at low rates\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2823070\",\n \"text\": \"Henry W. O'Melveny. On March 5, 1929, President Hoover nominated Wilbur as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior confirmed by the Senate, and assumed office the same day. His tenure ended on March 4, 1933, as Hoover left office. As Interior Secretary, Wilbur addressed corruption in granting contracts for naval oil reserves, which had caused controversy during the Harding administration's Teapot Dome scandal. Wilbur promulgated a policy that no new oil leases would be granted to private individuals except when mandated by law. Wilbur was criticized by political opponents for his allocation of power from Boulder Dam to private utilities.\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Lyman Wilbur\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17184165\",\n \"text\": \"in the American economy and political arena. In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge created the Federal Oil Conservation Board in an effort to control oil production and stabilize the oil market. However, The American Petroleum Institute (API), representing over 500 oil companies, opposed the program because it feared many of its affiliated oil corporations would go out of business. Ultimately, through API’s resistance, Coolidge’s program never gained sufficient power. In 1929, however, the sense of crisis in the oil market grew as vast amounts of oil supplies were going unused in Southern California and throughout the US. The API reversed its\",\n \"title\": \"History of oil in California through 1930\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12330604\",\n \"text\": \"in the public eye suffered badly after publication of Ida M. Tarbell's classic exposé \\\"The History of the Standard Oil Co.\\\" in 1904, leading to a growing outcry for the government to take action against the company. By 1911, with public outcry at a climax, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Standard Oil must be dissolved and split into 34 companies. Two of these companies were Jersey Standard (\\\"Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey\\\"), which eventually became Exxon, and Socony (\\\"Standard Oil Co. of New York\\\"), which eventually became Mobil. Over the next few decades, Jersey Standard\",\n \"title\": \"ExxonMobil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387968\",\n \"text\": \"two years, Walsh pushed forward while Fall stepped backward, covering his tracks as he went. No evidence of wrongdoing was initially uncovered, as the leases were legal enough, but records kept disappearing mysteriously. Fall had made the leases appear legitimate, but his acceptance of the money was his undoing. By 1924, the remaining unanswered question was how Fall had become so rich so quickly and easily. Money from the bribes had gone to Fall's cattle ranch and investments in his business. Finally, as the investigation was winding down with Fall apparently innocent, Walsh uncovered a piece of evidence Fall had\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229507\",\n \"text\": \"the early days of the Calvin Coolidge administration, then resigned on March 28, 1924, amidst allegations that he accepted bribes from bootleggers. Daugherty was later tried and acquitted twice for corruption. Both juries hung—in one case, after 65 hours of deliberation. Daugherty's famous defense attorney, Max D. Steuer, blamed all corruption allegations against Daugherty on Jess Smith, an aide at the Justice Department who had committed suicide. Harding's Attorney General hired William J. Burns to run the Justice Dept.'s Bureau of Investigation, Burns was said to be unabashed in his willingness to conduct unauthorized searches and seizures of political enemies\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6398728\",\n \"text\": \"Oil! Oil! is a novel by Upton Sinclair, first published in 1926–27 and told as a third-person narrative, with only the opening pages written in the first person. The book was written in the context of the Harding administration's Teapot Dome Scandal and takes place in Southern California. It is a social and political satire skewering the human foibles of all its characters. The main character is James Arnold Ross Jr., nicknamed Bunny, son of an oil tycoon. Bunny's sympathetic feelings toward oilfield workers and socialists provoke arguments with his father throughout the story. The novel served as a loose\",\n \"title\": \"Oil!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13663862\",\n \"text\": \"an emergency. It was one of several related fields in the area, the largest of which was the Salt Creek Oil Field. By comparison with the Salt Creek Field's peak production of of 1923, the Teapot Dome field had about 64 wells, with a few producing more than . In February 2015, the field was sold by the Department of Energy. Teapot Rock Teapot Rock is a distinctive sedimentary rock formation in Natrona County, Wyoming that lent its name to a nearby oil field that became notorious as the focus of a bribery scandal during the Presidential administration of Warren\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10717358\",\n \"text\": \"Fund for purchases of prints and drawings. The purchaser in 1918 was the self-made oil millionaire Harry F. Sinclair, who lived in the house until 1930. Sinclair is best known for founding Sinclair Oil in 1916 and was made notorious by his involvement in the Teapot Dome scandal in 1922. After Sinclair sold it in 1930 it became known as the Augustus and Anne van Horne Stuyvesant House; the unmarried brother and sister, descendents of Peter Stuyvesant, had moved from their house at 3 East 57th Street, when that stretch of Fifth Avenue had become unalterably commercial. Since 1955 it\",\n \"title\": \"Harry F. Sinclair House\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19250567\",\n \"text\": \"The Baldwin Hills area had tempted drillers for years, but all early attempts to find oil were unsuccessful, probably because erosion and faulting made the anticlinal structure appear farther east than it really was. The first well to find oil was completed September 28, 1924 by Standard Oil Company, one of the predecessors of Chevron Corporation. Development of the field commenced rapidly but in a more orderly way than was usual for a Los Angeles Basin oil field. Peak production occurred less than a year after the first well was installed. The first companies to work the field were Associated\",\n \"title\": \"Inglewood Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"918474\",\n \"text\": \"Progressive nominee Robert M. La Follette Sr. as a dangerous radical who sympathized with the Bolsheviks. Dawes was elected Vice President of the United States on November 4, 1924 with more popular votes than the candidates from the Democratic and Progressive parties combined. The inauguration was held on March 4, 1925. On March 10, the president's nomination of Charles B. Warren to be United States Attorney General was being debated. In the wake of the Teapot Dome scandal and other scandals, Democrats and Progressive Republicans objected to the nomination because of Warren's close association with the Sugar Trust. At midday,\",\n \"title\": \"Charles G. Dawes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4551987\",\n \"text\": \"Eighth Circuit. He served on the court from 1922 until his death in 1933. In 1926, he wrote the Eighth Circuit's ruling in the principal civil suit arising from the Teapot Dome scandal. Reversing a federal district court in Wyoming, the appellate court panel ordered the lower court to cancel the Mammoth Oil Co.'s leases, demand an accounting of the oil which had been taken from Teapot Dome, and enjoin the company was enjoined from trespassing further on U.S. Government property. While a sitting federal judge, Kenyon was the subject of numerous offers of appointive and elective office. In January\",\n \"title\": \"William S. Kenyon (Iowa politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890714\",\n \"text\": \"the 68th United States Congressional session and confirmed as a federal law by the 29th President of the United States Warren G. Harding on June 7, 1924. The 1924 environmental law provided seven codified sections defining territorial jurisdiction for the United States inland navigable waters. The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 amended the 1924 public law requiring vessel ownerships to recover oil discharges in relationship to the adjoining shorelines and navigable waters of the United States. The 1966 amendment designated the authority of the Act to the U.S. Department of the Interior with a provision allowing enforcement activities by\",\n \"title\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1008241\",\n \"text\": \"industry is cotton farming. According to the United States Census Bureau, Buttonwillow has an area of , all of it land. Buttonwillow is also locally known as the cotton country, due to the abundant planting of cotton in the vicinity. Beginning about south of town along Elk Hills Road, between Buttonwillow and Taft, is the enormous Elk Hills Oil Field, formerly the Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 1, which figured prominently in the Teapot Dome scandal that tarnished the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Occidental Petroleum bought the reserve from the U.S. Department of Energy in 1998, and is the\",\n \"title\": \"Buttonwillow, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3601128\",\n \"text\": \"continued expeditions. In 1919, Cook started promoting startup oil companies in Fort Worth. In April 1923, Cook and 24 other Fort Worth oil promoters were indicted in a federal crackdown on fraudulent oil company promotions. Three of Cook's employees pleaded guilty, but Cook insisted on his innocence and was put on trial. Joining him in the trial was his head advertising copywriter, S. E. J. Cox, who had been previously convicted of mail fraud in connection with his own oil company promotions. Among other deceptive practices, Cook was charged with paying dividends from stock sales, rather than from profits. Cook's\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Cook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14948033\",\n \"text\": \"technological development, while social and political instability drove off the foreign investments. The Revolution did not, in fact, destroy the industrial sector, either its factories, extractive facilities, or its industrial entrepreneurs, so that once the fighting stopped in 1917, production resumed. The full text of the Bucareli Treaty, published after it was signed, verifies the absence of prohibitions on technology or anything similar. When Plutarco Elías Calles took office on December 1, 1924, one of the main points of contention between the U.S. and Mexico still was oil. Calles quickly rejected the Bucareli Treaty and began drafting a new oil\",\n \"title\": \"Bucareli Treaty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387971\",\n \"text\": \"Fountains rode home from a meeting at Fall's ranch. Another significant outcome was the Supreme Court's ruling in \\\"McGrain v. Daugherty\\\" (1927) which, for the first time, explicitly established that Congress had the power to compel testimony. The field was then idled for 49 years, but went back into production in 1976. After earning over $569 million in revenue having extracted of oil over the previous 39 years, in February 2015, the Department of Energy sold the oil field for $45 million to Stranded Oil Resources Corp. Although this scandal has been infamously used as a basis of comparison most\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455127\",\n \"text\": \"Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States from 1921 until his death in 1923, a member of the Republican Party. At that time, he was one of the most popular U.S. Presidents, but the subsequent exposure of scandals that took place under his administration such as Teapot Dome eroded his popular regard, as did revelations of an affair by Nan Britton, one of his mistresses. In historical rankings of the U.S. Presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst. Harding lived in rural Ohio all his\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18813311\",\n \"text\": \"Koretz was buried the following afternoon in a graveside service at Waldheim Cemetery in Forest Park, Illinois. Leo Koretz Leopold Koretz (1879–1925) was an American lawyer and stockbroker who ran an elaborate Ponzi scheme in Chicago, called the \\\"Bayano oil fraud,\\\" which garnered an estimated $30 million (about $400 million today) from dozens of investors in Chicago. The scheme used fraudulent claims of oil interests in Panama in a criminal career that predated his contemporary, Charles Ponzi. Koretz was so trusted and admired that after Ponzi's fraud was exposed in 1920, his investors nicknamed him \\\"Our Ponzi,\\\" never suspecting they\",\n \"title\": \"Leo Koretz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6552817\",\n \"text\": \"#5858 in its honor. Among the jockeys who rode for Rancocas Stable were Hall of Famers Earl Sande and Laverne Fator. Sinclair's Rancocas Stable set the record as top money winner in a single season in 1923 that stood until 1941 when it was broken by Calumet Farm. Personal problems culminating in a prison term for his part in what became known in American history as the Teapot Dome scandal (Sinclair sold US oil reserves to private interests for his own aggrandizement), forced Harry Sinclair to sell his horses and the farm. In 1943, William Helis purchased the farm and\",\n \"title\": \"Rancocas Farm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13347903\",\n \"text\": \"on a single day, August 1, 1923. Soon the Powell field was pumping more oil than the combined oil production of the day in the states of Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and West Virginia. The Powell oil field produced wealth and tragedy in great proportions. On May 10, 1923, a spark ignited the derrick floor. The fire caused 13 men to die from horrible burns. At peak production the Powell field boasted more than 500 pumping wells and produced some of oil per day. By the late 1920s the Powell field had been pumped\",\n \"title\": \"Powell Oil Field\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6549702\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair Harry Ford Sinclair (July 6, 1876 in Benwood, West Virginia – November 10, 1956 in Pasadena, California) was an American industrialist, founder of Sinclair Oil. He was implicated in the 1920s Teapot Dome Scandal, and served six months in prison for jury tampering. Afterwards he returned to his former life and enjoyed its prosperity until his death. He was an avid owner of sports properties, one of the principal financial backers of baseball's Federal League and a force in U.S. thoroughbred racing. Horses from his stable won the Kentucky Derby and three Belmont Stakes. Harry Sinclair was\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Ford Sinclair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"455250\",\n \"text\": \"any other. Daugherty's Ohio lobbying and back room maneuvers were not considered to qualify him for his office. When the scandals broke in 1923 and 1924, Daugherty's many enemies were delighted at the prospect of connecting him with the dishonesty, and assumed he had taken part in Teapot Dome, though Fall and Daugherty were not friends. In February 1924, the Senate voted to investigate the Justice Department, where Daugherty remained Attorney General. Democratic Montana Senator Burton K. Wheeler was on the investigating committee and assumed the role of prosecutor when hearings began on March 12, 1924. Jess Smith had engaged\",\n \"title\": \"Warren G. Harding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1993994\",\n \"text\": \"In 1920 the US Department of Justice brought suit against the National Linseed Oil Trust for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. Several co-defendants were named, including the Archer-Daniels Manufacturing Company. The suit alleged all of these companies were acting in collusion to raise prices, citing a spike in linseed oil costs between 1916 and 1918, when the price rose from $.50 per gallon to $1.80. In 1993, the company was the subject of a lysine price-fixing investigation by the U.S. Justice Department. Senior ADM executives were indicted on criminal charges for engaging in price-fixing within the international lysine market. Three\",\n \"title\": \"Archer Daniels Midland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6521927\",\n \"text\": \"surely come to be considered for entry into the pantheon of such great American scandals as the Yazoo land scandals, Credit Mobilier, Teapot Dome, Billy Sol Estis [\\\"sic\\\"], the salad oil scandals, the Savings & Loan scandals, WorldCom, and Enron.\\\" Brickman has published (as of summer 2016) fifteen articles on asbestos litigation, and testified on the subject three times before Congressional committees (see publications list and External Links below). The subject is also addressed in his 2011 book, \\\"Lawyer Barons.\\\" In January 2005, Professor Brickman was an invited contributor to a Presidential colloquy on tort reform in asbestos litigation, with\",\n \"title\": \"Lester Brickman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2937476\",\n \"text\": \"suspect. Most subsequent writers have done the same. However, Normand's career had already slowed, and her reputation was tarnished. According to George Hopkins, who sat next to her at Taylor's funeral, Normand wept inconsolably. In 1924, Normand's chauffeur Joe Kelly shot and wounded millionaire oil broker and amateur golfer Courtland S. Dines with her pistol. Normand's co-star in many films, Roscoe Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape and manslaughter of actress Virginia Rappe. Although Arbuckle was acquitted, the scandal destroyed his career, and his films were banned from exhibition for a short time. Since\",\n \"title\": \"Mabel Normand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18030100\",\n \"text\": \"his life. The first show was held in Tulsa on October 8–14, 1923. The city had been dubbed \\\"Oil Capital of the World\\\" and headquarters of many major oil companies and suppliers, so it seemed a logical choice.The venue was vacant ground downtown between Main to Cheyenne streets and from Archer to Cameron streets. Despite heavy rains during the week, and the fact that the city was still trying to recover from the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, the IPE drew enough visitors to be considered a success. The organizers decided to repeat the show annually. From 1924 through 1927,\",\n \"title\": \"International Petroleum Exposition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3877045\",\n \"text\": \"J. Edgar Hoover took over the position on a provisional basis. Burns also became indirectly involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, involving the secret leasing of naval oil reserve lands to private companies. In November 1927, Harry F. Sinclair went on trial in federal court for conspiracy to defraud the U. S. in the leasing of the Teapot Dome naval oil reserve. At the request of Sinclair oil executive Henry Mason Day, Burns secretly hired a squad of 14 men from the William J. Burns Detective Agency to \\\"investigate\\\" his jurors. Day arranged for their compensation and received their daily\",\n \"title\": \"William J. Burns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3130195\",\n \"text\": \"M. La Follette, and legislation for agricultural price supports. In the 1920s, as Chairman of the Public Lands Committee, Nye uncovered the fact that Warren G. Harding's interior secretary Albert B. Fall had uncompetitively leased a government oil field to Mammoth Oil Company, in return for contributions to the Republican National Committee. The resulting scandal gave Nye the nickname of \\\"Gerald the Giant-Killer\\\". Between 1934 and 1936, Nye headed an investigation of the munitions industry. The Special Committee on Investigation of the Munitions Industry investigated profiteering in the munitions and banking industry and the possibility that greed was a significant\",\n \"title\": \"Gerald Nye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2951637\",\n \"text\": \"The History of the Standard Oil Company The History of the Standard Oil Company is a 1904 book by journalist Ida Tarbell. It is an exposé about the Standard Oil Company, run at the time by oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, the richest figure in American history. Originally serialized in nineteen parts in \\\"McClure's\\\" magazine, the book is a seminal example of muckraking, and inspired many other journalists to write about trusts, large businesses that (in the absence of strong antitrust laws in the 19th century) attempted to gain monopolies in various industries. \\\"The History of the Standard Oil Company\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The History of the Standard Oil Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19890713\",\n \"text\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924 Oil Pollution Act of 1924 is a United States federal statute establishing regulations for coastal navigable waters with regards to intentional fossil fuel discharges from seagoing vessels. The Act of Congress grants the Secretary of War authority to evaluate the oil volume discharge from a vessel while assessing if coastal navigable waters have a potential toxicity posing a deleterious condition for human health and seafood contamination. The 1924 United States statute provides judicial penalties encompassing civil and criminal punishment for violations of the prescribed regulations as stated in the Act. The legislation was passed by\",\n \"title\": \"Oil Pollution Act of 1924\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3186975\",\n \"text\": \"Edwin Denby (politician) Edwin Denby (February 18, 1870 – February 8, 1929) was an American lawyer and politician who served as Secretary of the Navy in the administrations of Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge from 1921 to 1924. He also played a notable role in the infamous Teapot Dome scandal which took place during the Harding presidency. He was the son of Charles Harvey Denby, grandson of Graham N. Fitch, brother of Charles Denby, Jr., and uncle of dance critic Edwin Orr Denby. Denby was born in Evansville, Indiana, where he attended the public schools. In 1885, his father,\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin Denby (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6749814\",\n \"text\": \"introduced a bill to reform the Sherman Act in 1908, but it was defeated in Congress. In the aftermath of a series of scandals involving major insurance companies, Roosevelt sought to establish a National Bureau of Insurance to provide federal regulation, but this proposal was also defeated. Roosevelt continued to launch anti-trust suits in his second term, and a suit against Standard Oil in 1906 would lead to that company's break-up in 1911. In addition to the anti-trust suits and major regulatory reform efforts, the Roosevelt administration also won the cooperation of many large trusts, who consented to regulation by\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3362623\",\n \"text\": \"whimsically remarked that one of his \\\"fond plans\\\" was to \\\"drill the deepest well in the world\\\", comparing his quest to the Earth's center to Amundsen's South Pole expedition and Robert Peary's North Pole expeditions. On January 14, 1924, Hughes Sr. died of a heart attack caused by an embolism at his company's offices on the fifth floor of the Humble Oil Building in Houston at the age of 54. After his death, his only child, Howard Jr., assumed control of the company as its 75% owner at the age of 19. In his will, Hughes Sr. had left the\",\n \"title\": \"Howard R. Hughes Sr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1387966\",\n \"text\": \"without competitive bidding. This manner of leasing was legal under the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920. The lease terms were very favorable to the oil companies, which secretly made Fall a rich man. Fall had received a no-interest loan from Doheny of $100,000 (about $ today) in November 1921. He received other gifts from Doheny and Sinclair totaling about $404,000 (about $ today). This money changing hands was illegal, not the leases. Fall attempted to keep his actions secret, but the sudden improvement in his standard of living was suspect. In April 1922, a Wyoming oil operator wrote to his\",\n \"title\": \"Teapot Dome scandal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11090740\",\n \"text\": \"During the Teapot Dome Scandal hearings in 1924, Vanderlip testified about what he believed to be a scandal during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Because he spoke out vigorously in defense of the public's right to know about various issues, Vanderlip was forced to resign from the boards of directors of almost 40 companies. He subsequently led a quieter life at his homes in New York and California. After two weeks' hospitalization at New York Hospital, Vanderlip died there on June 30, 1937, at age 72. On May 19, 1903, Vanderlip married Mabel Narcissa Cox in her home\",\n \"title\": \"Frank A. Vanderlip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9307358\",\n \"text\": \"Martin W. Littleton Martin Wiley Littleton (January 12, 1872 – December 19, 1934) was an American attorney known for his involvement in a number of high-profile trials during the early 1900s, including serving as chief defense counsel for Harry Kendall Thaw at his second trial in 1908 for the murder of renowned architect Stanford White, and defending Harry Ford Sinclair, the head of Sinclair Oil, from criminal charges resulting from the Teapot Dome scandal. Littleton also served one term as United States Representative from New York from 1911 to 1913, and was borough president of Brooklyn. Littleton initially supported himself\",\n \"title\": \"Martin W. Littleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"413849\",\n \"text\": \"in the summer of 1904, to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries. He said Roosevelt overruled his Secretary of Interior Ethan A. Hitchcock and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the Osage lands to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company. The New York \\\"Sun\\\" made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil, a refinery who financially benefited from the pipeline, had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 (equivalent to $ million in ) after Roosevelt's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise. Roosevelt branded Haskell's allegation as \\\"a lie, pure and simple\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"Theodore Roosevelt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6232486\",\n \"text\": \"the executive branch, and the Office of Management and Budget for the estimation of spending for the executive branch. In 1924, Senator James Couzens (Michigan) introduced a resolution in the Senate for the creation of a Select Committee to investigate the Bureau of Internal Revenue. At the time, there were reports of inefficiency and waste in the Bureau and allegations that the method of making refunds created the opportunity for fraud. One of the issues investigated by the Select Committee was the valuation of oil properties. The Committee found that there appeared to be no system, no adherence to principle,\",\n \"title\": \"United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2387728\",\n \"text\": \"Parker and Lee Founded in 1904 by Ivy Lee and George F. Parker in New York City. The firm rose quickly in the years immediately after its founding, gaining lucrative clients like the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in 1906, which was at the time under public scrutiny for denying information and interviews to journalists. Parker and Lee also worked for the Colorado Fuel & Iron Company during the controversial 1915 oilmen's strike, and later worked to end the American trade embargo on the Soviet Union. The firm came under fire during WWII because it had done consulting work for German industrial\",\n \"title\": \"Parker and Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17224309\",\n \"text\": \"had a son, Charles O. Canfield. He was married to Pearl, who divorced him in 1930. The couple served as witnesses to the marriage of silent film stars Marie Prevost and Kenneth Harlan in October 1924. In 1910, he moved into the newly built Canfield-Wright House in Del Mar, California. He died on August 15, 1913, and was buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Los Angeles. Charles A. Canfield Willie Esterhuyse Willem Petrus \"Willie\" Esterhuyse (born 19 August 1936) is an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, a columnist and critic","title":"Willie Esterhuyse"},{"id":"1455284","text":"garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor, for \"Kiss of the Spider Woman\". He received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986) and \"Broadcast News\" (1987). Hurt remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions, including \"Henry V\", \"Fifth of July\", \"Richard II\" and \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\". Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of \"Hurlyburly\". After playing a diversity of character roles in the following decade, Hurt earned","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"3155481","text":"William S. Hart William Surrey Hart (December 6, 1864 – June 23, 1946) was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered as a foremost western star of the silent era who \"imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity.\" During the late 1910s and early 1920s, he was one of the most consistently popular movie stars, frequently ranking high among male actors in popularity contests held by movie fan magazines. Hart was born in Newburgh, New York, to Nicholas Hart (c. 1834–1895) and Rosanna Hart (c. 1839–1909). William had two brothers, who died very","title":"William S. Hart"},{"id":"3829795","text":"Dunlop Manufacturing Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. is a manufacturer of musical accessories, especially effects units, based in Benicia, California, United States. Founded in 1965 by Jim Dunlop, Sr., the company grew from a small home operation to a large manufacturer of music gear. Dunlop has acquired several well-known effects pedal brands, including Cry Baby, MXR and Way Huge. Scottish immigrant Jim Dunlop founded the Jim Dunlop Company in 1965 as a part-time business while working as a processing and chemical engineer at Barr and Stroud in Glasgow. He was an apprentice of creator of the first hip replacement, William \"Bill\" Wallace.","title":"Dunlop Manufacturing"},{"id":"20247194","text":"against the United States, first in Newport Beach, California in April 1977 and next at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in March 1978. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. William Hester was born on May 7, 1912 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He graduated from Millsaps College in 1933. During World War II, Hester participated in the Red Ball Express. He was awarded a Bronze Star Medal for his service. Hester began his career as a salesman and distributor of air conditioners made by White Trucks, Carrier and General Electric. In 1955, he began a new","title":"William Hester"},{"id":"10492531","text":"taking place along Stourbridge Road, as well as council housing in the 1920s and 1930s to rehouse families from slums. These including 220 \"Homes for Heroes\" which were built in the mid-1920s when council housing development in Dudley was in its early stages. Since the mid-1980s, the main roads around Woodside have been plagued with congestion due to its close proximity to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, and the fact that the centre's road links are very much the same to how they existed at the time of its opening. The footballer William Ball was born at Woodside in 1886.","title":"Woodside, Dudley"},{"id":"34331","text":"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in","title":"Bill Clinton"},{"id":"9132876","text":"of Financial Law and Ethics at Queen Mary, University of London. In 2018, he was appointed to sit part-time as a Deputy Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong William Blair (judge) Sir William James Lynton Blair (born 31 March 1950) is a retired British judge. He was previously a Queen's Counsel, specialising in domestic and international banking and finance law. He is the elder brother of former British prime minister Tony Blair. Blair was born in Scotland to Leo Charles Lynton Blair, a barrister and later a lecturer in law, and Hazel Corscadden. Like his brother Tony, the","title":"William Blair (judge)"},{"id":"4724923","text":"the best front men I ever worked with...At his best he was a superb forensic interviewer...Sadly, as his career drifted, he let drink overwhelm his personality. Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \"Today\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The","title":"Bill Grundy"},{"id":"10389649","text":"William Miller Macmillan William Miller Macmillan (1 October 1885 in Aberdeen, Scotland – 23 October 1974 in Long Wittenham, Berkshire), England is regarded as a founder of the liberal school of South African historiography and as a forerunner of the radical school of historiography that emerged in the 1970s. He was also a critic of colonial rule and an early advocate of self-government for colonial territories in Africa and of what became known as development aid. Macmillan was born in Aberdeen, Scotland on 1 October 1885. He was the son of the Reverend John Macmillan (born Glen Urquhart, Inverness, Scotland","title":"William Miller Macmillan"},{"id":"21010583","text":"Flag of East Lothian The East Lothian flag is the flag of the Scottish county of East Lothian (Haddingtonshire). It was registered with the Flag Institute on 13 December 2018 following its announcement at a reception hosted by the Lord Provost. This saltire design on blue reflects the local birthplace of the national flag, with the cross in gold signifying the wealth of the county’s farmlands and reputation as the granary of Scotland. The lion rampant is a traditional emblem of the county – it appears in many local coats of arms while King William the Lion was born in","title":"Flag of East Lothian"},{"id":"13204522","text":"William Papas William \"Bill\" Papas (15 July 1927 – 19 June 2000) was a political cartoonist and caricaturist, book author and illustrator, and watercolourist. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for \"The Guardian\", \"The Sunday Times\" and \"Punch\". His work has won international acclaim and is included in many private and corporate collections around the world. Papas was born in Ermelo, Union of South Africa, and was educated at Pretoria Boys High School. His father, Kostas Papas, was a successful Greek immigrant, one of the town's leading citizens. At the age of 15, he ran away from home to","title":"William Papas"},{"id":"15857038","text":"nature of his raids on rebels and patriot civilians. The Cunningham family emigrated from Scotland late in the 17th century, settling in Augusta County, Virginia. William was born in Virginia in 1756. When William was 10, the Cunningham family migrated to Ninety-Six, South Carolina along the Saluda River in 1766, an area known for its fierce Whig-Tory rivalry that occasionally spilled into violence. William is represented as a lively, honest man with a quick temper. He was an expert horseman, for which he gained popularity among his peers. When the revolution began, the Cunninghams quickly became one of the most","title":"Bloody Bill Cunningham"},{"id":"1455288","text":"gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan's neo-noir classic \"Body Heat\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he later also co-starred in \"The Big Chill\" (1983). He appeared in the thriller \"Gorky Park\" opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Actor for \"Kiss of the Spider Woman\" in 1985. He has received three additional Oscar nominations: Best Actor for \"Children of a Lesser God\" (1986) and \"Broadcast News\" (1987; he was thus nominated for Best Actor","title":"William Hurt"},{"id":"5431148","text":"David James Duncan David James Duncan (born 1952) is an American novelist and essayist, best known for his two bestselling novels, \"The River Why\" (1983) and \"The Brothers K\" (1992). Both novels received the Pacific Northwest Booksellers award; \"The Brothers K\" was a New York Times Notable Book in 1992 and won a Best Books Award from the American Library Association. In 2008, \"The River Why\" was adapted into a \"low-budget film\" of the same name starring William Hurt and Amber Heard. On April 30, 2008, the film rights to \"The River Why\" became the subject of a lawsuit by","title":"David James Duncan"},{"id":"151360","text":"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \"X Saves the World\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \"Bust Generation\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\". On the American television program \"Survivor\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \"\", the","title":"Generation X"},{"id":"8879333","text":"History of Berkshire Historically, Berkshire has been bordered to the north by the ancient boundary of the River Thames. However, much of the border with Oxfordshire for the western part of the county was moved in 1974. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage, previously in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. MG (part of Morris Motors) was founded in Abingdon in 1929. The Vale of White Horse and parts of Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were previously part of Berkshire, but were lost to the county in 1974. Conversely, the Slough","title":"History of Berkshire"},{"id":"2312669","text":"William Halcrow Sir William Halcrow (4 July 1883 – 31 October 1958) was one of the most notable English civil engineers of the 20th century, particularly renowned for his expertise in the design of tunnels and for projects during the Second World War. Halcrow was born in Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, (at 9 Shakespeare Terrace) at a time when Sunderland was the site of extensive railway and harbour developments. He joined the London-based firm of PW and CS Meik as a pupil (coincidentally, engineering brothers Patrick Meik and Charles Meik were also born in Bishopwearmouth) in the early 1900s and one of","title":"William Halcrow"},{"id":"1037574","text":"that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council. Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell. Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and the \"white flight\" from","title":"Richmond Hill, Georgia"},{"id":"5992721","text":"heads of many at home, his approach inspired many British pop invaders of the 1980s, including Tears for Fears, Human League and Culture Club ... He was a punk eclectic with a heart of golden oldies and Joe Cocker's pipes. A seedy sophisticate, Mr. DeVille was decades ahead of his time.\" \"With Mink DeVille:\" \"As Willy DeVille:\" Willy DeVille Willy DeVille (born William Paul Borsey Jr., August 25, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. During his thirty-five-year career, first with his band Mink DeVille (1974–1986) and later on his own, Deville created original songs rooted","title":"Willy DeVille"},{"id":"7092556","text":"lifetime he always was willing to share access to the material with serious researchers. At his death, August 9, 1992, he left the collection to The Historic New Orleans Collection, where it continues to be a valuable resource for researchers. His obituary in \"The Times\" noted that: \"Russell was the single most influential figure in the revival of New Orleans jazz that began in the 1940s.\" Bill Russell (composer) William \"Bill\" Russell (February 26, 1905, Canton, Missouri – August 9, 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana) was an American music historian and modernist composer. Named Russell William Wagner at birth, when he","title":"Bill Russell (composer)"},{"id":"7928580","text":"the King Kong Kongfrontation ride designed by Alexander and Bob Ward, and several of the exterior set streets on the \"back lot.\" Henry Bumstead Lloyd Henry \"Bummy\" Bumstead (March 17, 1915 – May 24, 2006) was an American cinematic art director and production designer. In a career that spanned over fifty-five years he won two Academy Awards: the first for \"To Kill a Mockingbird\", and the second for \"The Sting\". In addition, he was nominated for Alfred Hitchcock's \"Vertigo\" and Clint Eastwood's \"Unforgiven\". Bumstead was born in Ontario, California and, following his graduation from University of Southern California, joined Paramount","title":"Henry Bumstead"},{"id":"20541059","text":"Harry Hurt III Harry Hurt III (born November 13, 1951) is an American author and journalist. He was formerly senior editor of the \"Texas Monthly\" and a \"Newsweek\" correspondent, and his articles have appeared in publications such has \"The New York Times\", \"Sports Illustrated\", \"Esquire\" and \"Playboy\". His books include \"Texas Rich\", a biography of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt and family; and \"Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump\" (1993), an unauthorized biography of real estate mogul Donald Trump. Hurt was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Margaret (Birting) Hurt and Harry Hurt Jr., who was","title":"Harry Hurt III"},{"id":"16671102","text":"William Staub William Edward Staub (November 3, 1915 – July 19, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer who invented and developed the first consumer treadmill for home use, the PaceMaster 600, during the late 1960s. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, who helped to popularize Staub's invention, has described Staub as \"a pioneer in exercise — not for the athlete, but for the masses.\" Staub was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 1915. He lived in Clifton, New Jersey, for most of his life, residing in the town for more than seventy years. He originally moved to New Jersey to work","title":"William Staub"},{"id":"1508604","text":"as an homage to the themes of racial mixing and boundary-crossing that are features of much of his work. In 2011, Hanson made \"Too Big to Fail\", based on the 2009 Andrew Ross Sorkin book of the same name about the beginnings of the financial crisis of 2007–2010. The film, produced by Hanson's production company Deuce Three Productions for HBO, featured among its all-star cast William Hurt as Treasury Secretary and former Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson, and Cynthia Nixon as his liaison to the press; James Woods as Richard Fuld of Lehman Brothers; and Paul Giamatti as Ben Bernanke.","title":"Curtis Hanson"},{"id":"2658446","text":"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \"generational shift\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\".","title":"History of the United States (1991–2008)"},{"id":"2370685","text":"at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin, Prince William, in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, that would have led to his being born in the peerage. Phillips was therefore the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch to be born without a title or courtesy title for more than 500 years. Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981) and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin, and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the","title":"Peter Phillips"},{"id":"3605453","text":"being difficult, he had a sense of humor, as evidenced by naming his third daughter Shanda Lear (), which is homophonic with \"chandelier\". The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea. In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 \"all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money — that aviation might grow.\" Bill Lear William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for","title":"Bill Lear"},{"id":"12375233","text":"Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published little until \"Briggflatts\" in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, born in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, though some view him as a post-modernist. Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were poet Dylan Thomas and novelist Graham Greene whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s, while Evelyn Waugh, W.H. Auden continued publishing into the 1960s. Postmodern literature is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and","title":"English literature"},{"id":"13712820","text":"William Miller (criminal) William \"Billy the Killer\" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he committed numerous bank heists in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Oklahoma, and teamed up with George Birdwell and Pretty Boy Floyd during the early 1930s. Miller was born in Ironton, Ohio in 1906. He first earned his nickname \"Billy the Killer\" when, on September 18, 1925, the 19-year-old Miller killed his brother Joseph in a fight over a woman. Tried in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, he was acquitted of murder on the grounds that he","title":"William Miller (criminal)"},{"id":"7124674","text":"nepotism strictly forbidden to Anglo-Protestants. In these circumstances, an interesting question arises: are contemporary WASPs entitled to recognition as an historic people? If not, why not? Drew Fraser Andrew William Fraser (also known as Drew Fraser) (born 1944) is a Canadian-born academic and was an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Law at Macquarie University in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fraser holds a BA (Hons) and an LLB from Queen's University, an LLM from Harvard University, and an MA from the University of North Carolina. His most recent book is \"The WASP Question\" (2011). Fraser studied advanced constitutional","title":"Drew Fraser"},{"id":"7015909","text":"the Best\" in 1987 – jointly with 'Sweet Magic' – and the Award of Garden Merit in 1993. Royal William rose The Royal William rose, registered under the cultivar name 'KORzaun', is a red hybrid tea rose. It was developed by Reimer Kordes from the cultivar 'Feuerzauber' (Kordes 1973) and is available under several other marketing names, such as , , and . According to \"The Ultimate Rose Book\", the rose was introduced in 1983, when Britain celebrated the birth of Prince William, second in line to the British throne. The Royal William rose has been planted in Windsor Great","title":"Royal William rose"},{"id":"1482435","text":"functional analysis on Hilbert spaces, the spectral theory in particular. Paul Dirac used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron. Prominent contributors to the 20th century's mathematical physics (although the list contains some typically theoretical, not mathematical, physicists and leaves many contributors out; please also note that since the page can be edited by anyone, sometimes less deserved mentions can pop up in the list) include, ordered by birth date, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) [1824–1907], Oliver Heaviside [1850–1925], Jules Henri Poincaré [1854–1912] , David Hilbert","title":"Mathematical physics"},{"id":"16708676","text":"and the post-war Balkans. He died the same day at Elmhurst Hospital, where he was taken after he was found lying near the park's public pool. His acquaintance Alexander Bonich was questioned by the police on the following day, when he admitted to killing Klinger. William Klinger William Klinger (24 September 1972 − 31 January 2015) was a Croatian historian who specialized in modern Croatian and Yugoslav history as well as history of communism and nationalism. Klinger was born on 24 September 1972 in Rijeka, SFR Yugoslavia, but his family roots are reportedly in Pakrac. He graduated summa cum laude","title":"William Klinger"},{"id":"7813901","text":"river blindness. He has held various positions during his career: Also known as \"Bill Foege,\" he is noted for his height of . Foege and his wife Paula had three sons, the eldest of whom died in 2007. He has been described as a \"religious man\"; between 1997 and 2006 he served on the Board of Regents of Pacific Lutheran University. William Foege William Herbert Foege M.D., M.P.H. (; born March 12, 1936) is an American epidemiologist who is credited with \"devising the global strategy that led to the eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s\". Foege also \"played a","title":"William Foege"},{"id":"913970","text":"economic growth and technical development. Although the interstate highway system barely touched the county, it did provide valuable access via Interstate 24 to nearby Chattanooga. Two notable figures who were born in the county early in the twentieth century were singer/entertainer Dinah Shore and entrepreneur/philanthropist John Templeton. He later became a British subject and was awarded a knighthood. During the last decades of the 19th and the first of the 20th, Tennessee, like other southern states, passed laws and constitutional amendments establishing Jim Crow: racial segregation in public facilities, restrictions of voting for blacks, and similar measures. There were few","title":"Franklin County, Tennessee"},{"id":"14441396","text":"in 2007. In April 2008 he returned to China and visited family and friends for the first time in eleven years. Currently, he lives in New York city with his wife, the writer, Zhang Ling. William Rock was born in Lorain, Ohio on July 3. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and lived his early adult life in Los Angeles, California. He applied for and received his Irish citizenship while living in Paris in 1992. He studied drawing at the California Art Institute and taught himself to paint and sculpt by traveling to museums around the world. He has been","title":"Century Mountain"},{"id":"4179616","text":"the United Kingdom national commemoration of the First World War memorial stones are to be laid in the birth places of the recipients. Dobson was born in Ovingham, Northumberland on 19 November 1886. Northumberland County Council organised a church service to unveil the VC Memorial Stone to Frederick Dobson VC on 27 September 2014. Frederick William Dobson Frederick William Dobson, VC (9 November 1886 – 15 November 1935) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Dobson","title":"Frederick William Dobson"},{"id":"5694996","text":"William Mervyn William Mervyn Pickwoad (3 January 1912 – 6 August 1976) was an English actor best known for his portrayal of the bishop in the clerical comedy \"All Gas and Gaiters\", the old gentleman in \"The Railway Children\" and Inspector Charles Rose in \"The Odd Man\" and its sequels. Mervyn was born in Nairobi, British East Africa, but educated in Britain at Forest School, Snaresbrook, before embarking on a stage career, spending five years in provincial theatre. He made his West End debut in \"The Guinea Pig\" at the Criterion Theatre in 1946, before parts in plays such as","title":"William Mervyn"},{"id":"3953735","text":"William Poole William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was a founder of the street gang the Bowery Boys and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th century New York City. Poole was born in Sussex County, New Jersey to parents of English descent. In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a butcher shop in Washington Market, Manhattan. Poole trained in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company","title":"William Poole"},{"id":"10751905","text":"William Turk William Turk was an American ragtime pianist, who played in the early 1900s in Texas. He was reputably so obese that he could not put his left hand in front of his stomach. So he invented techniques playing with his left hand to the side. This is rumoured to be where boogie woogie and stride piano playing came from. The piano sound was originally imitating the sounds of a train and a chainsaw, as it was within the logging camps that he was born. The genre of music initially was known as Dudlow Joe, after one of the","title":"William Turk"},{"id":"3333518","text":"led to reach the final match of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and to win the 1988 UEFA European Championship. He is credited with the invention of a major football playing style and set of tactics known as \"Total Football\" in the 1970s. He was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999 and in 2007 the greatest post-war football coach by \"The Times\". Michels was born in Amsterdam and grew up at the Olympiaweg, a street near the Olympic Stadium. He celebrated his ninth birthday on 9 February 1936, when he received a pair of football boots and","title":"Rinus Michels"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1455283\",\n \"text\": \"William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir \\\"Body Heat\\\" (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in \\\"Gorky Park\\\" (1983). In 1985, Hurt\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13880967\",\n \"text\": \"W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England in 1920. He attended the Glasgow University where he studied naval architecture and worked at the Glasgow shipyard during World War II. In 1948, Crealock and three friends pooled their money, purchased an old cutter, and set out \\\"to study the\",\n \"title\": \"W. I. B. Crealock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455296\",\n \"text\": \"a friend were threatened at gunpoint but were let go several hours later. Hurt is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455285\",\n \"text\": \"his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller \\\"A History of Violence\\\" (2005). Other notable films in recent years have included \\\"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\\\" (2001), \\\"The Village\\\" (2004), \\\"Syriana\\\" (2005), \\\"The Good Shepherd\\\" (2006), \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), \\\"Into the Wild\\\" (2007), \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (2010) and his role as Thunderbolt Ross in \\\"The Incredible Hulk\\\" (2008), \\\"\\\" (2016) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Hurt was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord Hurt, who worked for the State Department. With his father, he lived in\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13880976\",\n \"text\": \"he did so \\\"just to show I'm not afraid the boat's going to sink.\\\" Crealock died at his home in Carlsbad, California, in September 2009. He was survived by his wife, Lynne (Banner) Crealock, a daughter, a stepson and a grandson. W. I. B. Crealock William Ion Belton Crealock (23 August 1920 – 26 September 2009) was a yacht designer and author. He was one of the world's leading yacht designers from the 1960s through the 1990s, and his yachts were owned by the famous and wealthy, including Walter Cronkite and William Hurt. Crealock was born in Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex, England\",\n \"title\": \"W. I. B. Crealock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20224477\",\n \"text\": \"impossible to answer (e.g., ‘In which decade of the 20th century was Pablo Picasso born?’ The answer is impossible as he was born in the 19th century). If a contestant buzzes in and identifies it as \\\"impossible\\\", their opponents lose two lives, but they lose two lives of their own if they give an answer to an impossible question or say \\\"impossible\\\" to a question that is possible and so has a correct answer. The finalist who makes it to this round now faces a question, based on a random category, in which they have ten seconds to pick three\",\n \"title\": \"Impossible (game show)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422596\",\n \"text\": \"and \\\"Dogville\\\" (2003), as well as BBC TV series \\\"Merlin\\\" (2008–2012). In 2012, he was honoured with the Lifetime Achievement BAFTA Award, in recognition of his \\\"outstanding contribution to cinema\\\". He was knighted in 2015 for his services to drama. Hurt was born on 22 January 1940 in Chesterfield, Derbyshire, the son of Phyllis (née Massey; 1907–1975), an engineer and one-time actress, and Arnold Herbert Hurt (1904–1999), a mathematician who became a Church of England clergyman and served as vicar of Shirebrook, Derbyshire. Hurt's father was also Vicar of St John's parish in Sunderland, County Durham. In 1937, he moved\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271341\",\n \"text\": \"on his personal life. He made a musical comeback with the release of \\\"Devil's Playground\\\" (2005) and again with \\\"Kings & Queens of the Underground\\\" (2014). Idol became an American citizen on November 14, 2018. Billy Idol was born William Michael Albert Broad in Stanmore, Middlesex on 30 November 1955. In 1958, when Idol was two years old, his parents moved to Patchogue, New York. The family returned to England four years later with Idol and his younger sister, Jane (who had been born in the U.S.), settling in Dorking, Surrey. In 1971, the family moved to Bromley, southeast London,\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17310705\",\n \"text\": \"William F. Hooley William F. Hooley (16 April 1861 – 12 October 1918) was a British-born American bass singer and pioneer recording artist who was popular as a solo singer, as a monologist, and as a member of several of the most successful vocal groups of the early twentieth century, including The Haydn Quartet and The American Quartet. Hooley was born in Whitechapel, London, to a family of Irish origin. Although his son claimed that William was born in Cork, Ireland, a suggestion repeated elsewhere, the claim is disproved by other evidence. He moved to the US as a child,\",\n \"title\": \"William F. Hooley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2755897\",\n \"text\": \"William Fox (producer) William Fox (born as Wilhelm Fuchs January 1, 1879 – May 8, 1952) was a Hungarian-American motion picture executive, who founded the Fox Film Corporation in 1915 and the Fox West Coast Theatres chain in the 1920s. Although he lost control of his movie empire in 1930, his name lives on in the names of various media ventures, which are currently either owned by Rupert Murdoch, such as the Fox Broadcasting Company and the Fox News Channel, or by The Walt Disney Company, such as 20th Century Fox and 21st Century Fox Fox was born in Tolcsva,\",\n \"title\": \"William Fox (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4724912\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \\\"Today\\\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The son of a Foreman at Gorton Locomotive Works (Gorton Tank), Bill Grundy was born in Manchester in 1923 and educated at the University of Manchester, where\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Grundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13071684\",\n \"text\": \"William Montague Cobb Dr. William Montague Cobb (1904 - 1990) was a pioneering 20th-century physical anthropologist. As the first African American to earn a Ph.D in anthropology, and the only one until after the Korean War, his main focus in the anthropological discipline was studying the concept of race and the negative impact it has on communities of color. Cobb prolifically wrote both popular and scholarly articles during the course of his career and trained an untold number of students. Cobb was born on October 12, 1904 in Washington DC. His mother, Alexizne Montague Cobb grew up in Massachusetts and\",\n \"title\": \"William Montague Cobb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10798304\",\n \"text\": \"The Kingdom by the Sea The Kingdom by the Sea (1983) is a written account of a three-month-long journey taken by novelist Paul Theroux round the United Kingdom in the summer of 1982. Starting his journey in London, he takes a train to Margate on the English coast. He then travels roughly clockwise round the British coastline, mainly by train, getting as far north as Cape Wrath. He ends his journey in Southend. 1982 was the summer of the Falklands War and the year when Prince William was born. The title of the book is taken from the opening lines\",\n \"title\": \"The Kingdom by the Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11910385\",\n \"text\": \"William Brice William Brice (April 23, 1921 – March 3, 2008) was an artist known for his large-scale abstract paintings. Born to actress Fanny Brice and professional gambler Julius W. \\\"Nicky\\\" Arnstein, on April 23, 1921, he spent his early years living with his mother and his sister, Frances (later the wife of producer Ray Stark), while their father was in prison on a variety of charges stemming from a history of thefts, swindles, and confidence schemes. Artists such as Clifford Odets and the Gershwin brothers were frequent visitors. William's talent was recognized early, and even in childhood, he had\",\n \"title\": \"William Brice\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455286\",\n \"text\": \"Lahore, Mogadishu and Khartoum. After his parents divorced, his mother married Henry Luce III (a son of publisher Henry Luce) during Hurt's childhood. Hurt graduated from Middlesex School in 1968 where he was vice president of the Dramatics Club and had the lead role in several school plays. His high school yearbook predicted: \\\"With characteristics such as these, you might even see him on Broadway.\\\" Hurt attended Tufts University and studied theology, but turned instead to acting and joined the Juilliard School (Drama Division \\\"Group 5\\\": 1972–1976). Two of his classmates there were the late actors Christopher Reeve and Robin\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3420329\",\n \"text\": \"movie actress and television personality Faye Emerson in 1950. They were divorced seven years later. He then married Ruth Einsiedel in 1958 and raised two children, Hans and Heidi. Hans was married to Sandra Watson for 18 years, before divorcing in 2000. Heidi was married to actor William Hurt from 1989 to 1992, and they have two sons. Skitch and Ruth Henderson owned and operated \\\"The Silo,\\\" a renowned store, art gallery, and cooking school in New Milford, Connecticut from 1972 until his death. In 2003 Ruth and Skitch Henderson co-founded the Hunt Hill Farm Trust, an effort to preserve\",\n \"title\": \"Skitch Henderson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422619\",\n \"text\": \"received an honorary degree of Doctor of Letters from the University of Hull. In 2012 he was appointed the first Chancellor of Norwich University of the Arts. On 23 January 2013, he was made an Honorary Doctor of Arts by the University of Lincoln, at Lincoln Cathedral. John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \\\"simply the greatest actor in the world\\\". Hurt came to prominence\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7171792\",\n \"text\": \"he regarded his life and work. The spare and deceptively simple renderings of Lakeland landscapes reflect the simplicity of his belief, whilst revealing the depth of his knowledge. William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a\",\n \"title\": \"William Heaton Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6807523\",\n \"text\": \"in 1993. Since leaving the game Whitehurst has trained greyhounds, ran several public houses in his native South Yorkshire and worked in the building trade and in the stores at BP Saltend and Drax Power Station. In 2008, he was found guilty of benefit fraud and given a suspended prison sentence. Source: Billy Whitehurst William Whitehurst (born 10 June 1959) is an English retired professional footballer active during the 1980s and 1990s. Whitehurst's robust style of play attracted much notoriety and he is considered by many to have been the hardest player to have played the game. Whitehurst was born\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Whitehurst\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19446190\",\n \"text\": \"William L. Schultz William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz (November 25, 1923–June 7, 2009), was a late 20th century American circus performer (acrobat and flying trapeze artist), national paddleball champion, national racquetball champion, U.S. Marine, Big Time wrestler, the youngest executive director of the YMCA, and poet. He also sparred with John Wayne and other Hollywood celebrities. William ‘Bill’ L. Schultz was born in 1923 in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, USA into his father, William ('Billy', 'Lester') Schultz's Circus. Born into a circus family, Schultz developed into an acrobat and all-around athlete. Following high school and one year at the University of Wisconsin (UW),\",\n \"title\": \"William L. Schultz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422592\",\n \"text\": \"John Hurt Sir John Vincent Hurt (22 January 1940 – 25 January 2017) was an English actor whose screen and stage career spanned more than 50 years. Hurt was regarded as one of Britain's finest actors; director David Lynch described him as \\\"simply the greatest actor in the world\\\". Hurt came to prominence for his role as Richard Rich in the film \\\"A Man for All Seasons\\\" (1966) and gained BAFTA Award nominations for his portrayals of Timothy Evans in \\\"10 Rillington Place\\\" (1971) and Quentin Crisp in television film \\\"The Naked Civil Servant\\\" (1975) – winning his first BAFTA\",\n \"title\": \"John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6794438\",\n \"text\": \"Mirza Ghalib Street Mirza Ghalib Street, previously known as Free School Street, is a street that joins S. N. Banerjee Road with Park Street in Central Kolkata. Lindsay Street and Sudder Street are some of the important streets that cross the Free School Street. The Mirza Ghalib Street-Sudder Street area is famous for cheap hotels and eateries. Many foreign visitors reside in these cheap hotels. The used book and record shops sport an eclectic collection due to trade with generations of budget travellers the world over. The street also has the house William Makepeace Thackeray was born in, the West\",\n \"title\": \"Mirza Ghalib Street\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18358810\",\n \"text\": \"the next generation. They are said to be loyal to their organisations, enjoy the notion of lifetime employment and prefer to be valued or needed as opposed to rewarded with recognition or money. An article by Emma Simon in the \\\"Daily Telegraph\\\" describes them as the 'post war generation' who have enjoyed an \\\"unbroken run of good-luck\\\". Generation X is the generation born after the Western post-World War II Baby Boomers between approximately 1965 and 1980. The term was noted by photographer Robert Capa in the early 1950s. Of the generation, Capa said \\\"We named this unknown generation, The Generation\",\n \"title\": \"Generations in the workforce\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3204486\",\n \"text\": \"on Gallup's list of most admired men and women 61 times, more than any man or woman in history. Grant Wacker writes that by the mid-1960s, he had become the \\\"Great Legitimator\\\": \\\"By then his presence conferred status on presidents, acceptability on wars, shame on racial prejudice, desirability on decency, dishonor on indecency, and prestige on civic events\\\". William Franklin Graham Jr. was born on November 7, 1918, in the downstairs bedroom of a farmhouse near Charlotte, North Carolina. He was of Scots-Irish descent and was the eldest of four children born to Morrow (née Coffey) and William Franklin Graham\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8206596\",\n \"text\": \"with Laylah Ali in 2002, the Foundation has awarded the William H. Johnson Prize annual to an early career African American artist. In 2012, the U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in Johnson's honor, recognizing him as one of the nation's foremost African-American artists and a major figure in 20th-century American art. The stamp, the 11th in the \\\"American Treasures\\\" series, showcases his painting \\\"Flowers\\\" (1939–40), which depicts brightly colored blooms on a small red table. William Johnson (artist) William Henry Johnson (March 18, 1901 – April 13, 1970) was a Black American painter. Born in Florence, South Carolina, he\",\n \"title\": \"William Johnson (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4931451\",\n \"text\": \"William Whiteley William Whiteley (29 September 1831 – 24 January 1907) was an English entrepreneur of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the founder of the William Whiteley Limited retail company whose eponymous department store became the Whiteleys shopping centre. Whiteley was born in Yorkshire in the small village of Purston, situated between Wakefield and Pontefract. His father was a prosperous corn dealer, who had little interest in rearing his son, leaving William to be raised by an uncle. He left school at the age of 14, and started work at his uncle's farm. He would have\",\n \"title\": \"William Whiteley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11637185\",\n \"text\": \"(Wright) McCain (born 1912). McCain was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. John McCain's grandparents were natives of Arkansas, Mississippi, and Texas, and much of his ancestry was Southern on both his mother's side and father's side. The McCain family's patrilineal ancestral home is in Mississippi's Carroll County; they owned and ran a plantation in Teoc from 1848 until 1952. The plantation had slaves before the American Civil War – some of whose descendants share the surname and call themselves the \\\"black McCains\\\" – and sharecroppers afterward; influential blues guitarist Mississippi John Hurt was born on the plantation to one of\",\n \"title\": \"Early life and military career of John McCain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455292\",\n \"text\": \"Hurt's 2009 Sundance film \\\"The Yellow Handkerchief\\\" was released in theaters on February 26, 2010 by Samuel Goldwyn Films. He was in the Thailand-based 2011 thriller \\\"Hellgate\\\" alongside Cary Elwes and Paula Taylor, directed by John Penney. In September 2010, Hurt played United States Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson in the HBO film \\\"Too Big to Fail\\\", an adaptation of Andrew Ross Sorkin's book. He also starred as Captain Ahab in the 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville's novel \\\"Moby-Dick\\\". Hurt is fluent in French and maintains a home outside Paris. He is the step-grandson of Henry Luce, founder\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371209\",\n \"text\": \"global Transition town network) which looks after Dursley's Secret Garden, among other projects. Continuing urban sprawl now joins Dursley and the nearby village of Cam. Dursley has a number of licensed premises and the Old Spot pub is regularly voted Gloucestershire 'Pub of the Year'. The pub was also named as 2007 CAMRA National Pub of the year. Around 1496, the famous Christian writer and martyr, William Tyndale was born near here, probably at Slimbridge. Mikael Pedersen invented the Pedersen bicycle in Dursley in the 19th century. The nearest railway station is at on the Bristol and Gloucester Railway, with\",\n \"title\": \"Dursley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12662648\",\n \"text\": \"the incumbent Democrat, Tom Perriello. On December 23, 2015, Hurt announced that he would not seek reelection at the end of his current term. Hurt was born in New York City, where he lived for about nine years. His father, Henry Hurt, was a journalist and editor for \\\"Reader's Digest\\\". In 1986, Henry wrote a book questioning the findings of the Warren Commission called \\\"Reasonable Doubt: An Investigation into the Assassination of John F. Kennedy\\\". Hurt was raised in Chatham, Virginia, attended Hargrave Military Academy and graduated from Episcopal High School in Alexandria. He earned a bachelor's degree in English\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Hurt (politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271338\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band Generation X. Subsequently, he embarked on a solo career which led to international recognition and made Idol one of the lead artists during the MTV-driven \\\"Second British Invasion\\\" in the United States. The name \\\"Billy Idol\\\" was inspired by a schoolteacher's description of him as \\\"idle\\\". Idol began his music career in late 1976 as a guitarist in the punk rock band\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469572\",\n \"text\": \"research and practice of science led to advancement in the fields of communication, engineering, travel, medicine, and war. 20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"269637\",\n \"text\": \"McCutcheon, Taj Mahal, Bruce Cockburn, David Johansen, Bill Morrissey, Gillian Welch, Josh Ritter, Chris Smither, Guthrie Thomas, Parsonsfield, and Rory Block. Hurt was born in Teoc, Carroll County, Mississippi, and raised in Avalon, Mississippi. He taught himself to play guitar at the age of nine, stealthily playing the guitar of a friend of his mother's, who often stayed at the Hurt home while courting a woman who lived nearby. As a youth he played old-time music for friends and at dances. He worked as a farmhand and sharecropper into the 1920s. His fast, highly syncopated style of playing was meant\",\n \"title\": \"Mississippi John Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14061233\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Hurt Hugh Harrison (Harry) Hurt, Jr., (December 13, 1927 – November 29, 2009) was an American researcher on motorcycle safety. He was the author of the 1981 Hurt Report, described as \\\"the most comprehensive motorcycle safety study of the 20th century.\\\" Hurt was born in Big Spring in West Texas, and grew up in there He was an only child, and his father worked in the banking industry. Hurt graduated from Texas A&M University in 1950, and was an air transport pilot for the United States Navy during the Korean War. He married Joan Beene in 1950, and having\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15773290\",\n \"text\": \"William Lakin Turner William Lakin Turner (25 February 1867 – 21 October 1936) was an English landscape artist. William Lakin Turner was born to George Turner and his wife, Eliza Turner (born Lakin) (1837–1900) in 1867 in Barrow upon Trent. He was educated locally before he boarded at Trent College. He was the eldest of four children and his talent for art followed his father's abilities. His father was a part-time farmer but he also painted landscapes and he had a number of successful students including David Payne and Louis Bosworth Hurt. He is not known to be related to\",\n \"title\": \"William Lakin Turner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7171785\",\n \"text\": \"William Heaton Cooper William Heaton Cooper RA (6 October 1903 – 1995) was a notable English impressionistic landscape artist who worked predominantly in watercolours, most famous for his paintings of the Lake District. Since the 1950s, he has become known as one of the most celebrated British landscape artists of the 20th century. Heaton Cooper was born in Coniston, Cumbria, in the English Lake District in 1903, the third child to a Norwegian mother, Mathilde, and the landscape artist Alfred Heaton Cooper. William Heaton Cooper was strongly influenced by his father's artistic style. Alfred lived entirely by his painting and\",\n \"title\": \"William Heaton Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"844762\",\n \"text\": \"This also failed to weaken North Vietnam's will to fight, and the Government of South Vietnam—a factor largely out of Westmoreland's control—never succeeded in establishing enough legitimacy to quell defections to the Viet Cong. William Childs Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, on March 26, 1914 to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper middle class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. At the age of 15, William became an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts, and was recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy\",\n \"title\": \"William Westmoreland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14289644\",\n \"text\": \"William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both mentally and physically, by the First World War. Lamb completed his training in 1915 as a right-handed artist. A war wound incapacitated his right hand, so that after the war he had to retrain as a left-hander. His urge to create was in no way diminished and his preferred medium was sculpture. Lamb's most productive period was from 1924 to 1933. As a result\",\n \"title\": \"William Lamb (sculptor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4487763\",\n \"text\": \"Nations from 1976 to 1977. He also served on the boards of several high-profile corporations and was associated with the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations. William Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 while the Scranton family was on vacation at a cottage in Madison, Connecticut. He was the son of Worthington Scranton, a wealthy Pennsylvania businessman, and Marion Margery (Warren) Scranton, a member of the Republican National Committee for over two decades. Despite her own involvement in politics, his mother tried to dissuade him from entering politics because of his childhood struggles with asthma. She feared\",\n \"title\": \"William Scranton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2937246\",\n \"text\": \"the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting and is best known for his urban landscapes peopled with human figures often referred to as \\\"matchstick men\\\". Notable English artists of the mid-20th century and after include: Graham Sutherland (1903-1980); Carel Weight (1908-1997); Ruskin Spear (1911-1990); pop art pioneers Richard Hamilton (1922-2011), Peter Blake (b. 1932), and David Hockney (b. 1937); and op art exemplar Bridget Riley (b. 1931). Following the development of Postmodernism, English art became in some respect synonymous toward the end of the 20th century with the Turner Prize; the prize, established in 1984 and named\",\n \"title\": \"English art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5030656\",\n \"text\": \"Fox Film had begun in the silent era in 1915 under founder William Fox. Twentieth Century Pictures of 1933, merged with Fox Studios in 1935 to form 20th Century-Fox (the hyphen was dropped a half century later in 1985 under Australian Rupert Murdoch). For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have been founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary. However, in recent years it has now claimed the 1935 merger as its founding date. Twentieth Century Pictures Twentieth Century Pictures was an independent Hollywood motion picture production company created in 1933 by Joseph Schenck\",\n \"title\": \"Twentieth Century Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"541723\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Joel William Martin Joel (born May 9, 1949) is an American singer-songwriter, composer and pianist. Commonly nicknamed the \\\"Piano Man\\\", he has been making music since the 1960s, releasing popular albums throughout the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. He was born in 1949 in The Bronx, New York, and grew up on Long Island, New York, both places that influenced his music. After dropping out of high school, Joel took part in two short-lived bands, The Hassles and Attila, before signing a record deal with Family Productions and kicking off a solo career in 1971 with his first release, \\\"Cold\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Joel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3415341\",\n \"text\": \"first space age that lasted from the 1950s with the launch of Sputnik to the mid-1980s. Electrification spread rapidly in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century electric power was for the most part only available to wealthy people in a few major cities such as New York, London, Paris, and Newcastle upon Tyne, but by the time the World Wide Web was invented in 1990 an estimated 62 percent of homes worldwide had electric power, including about a third of households in the rural developing world. Birth control also became widespread during the 20th century. Electron microscopes\",\n \"title\": \"History of technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455295\",\n \"text\": \"on CNN on April 13, 2009, Hurt's agent declined to respond, but Hurt issued a statement the following day, which said: \\\"My own recollection is that we both apologized and both did a great deal to heal our lives. Of course, I did and do apologize for any pain I caused. And I know we have both grown. I wish Marlee and her family nothing but good.\\\" Hurt has four children: one with Sandra Jennings, two with Heidi Henderson, and one with French actress, film director and screenwriter Sandrine Bonnaire. During filming of \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\", Hurt and\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16077291\",\n \"text\": \"this organization worked towards eliminating segregation in housing, schooling, the workplace, voting, and transportation. The NAACP also promoted anti-lynching across America. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was a relatively successful man in 19th-century America, considering his race. He was born American, in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, after slavery had been abolished. Du Bois frequently questioned the conditions that black Americans faced on a daily basis. Though he and his colleague, Booker T. Washington, a very influential black leader of the time, eventually hoped to achieve the same result, they had different visions of how they were going to obtain it. Du\",\n \"title\": \"Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12271364\",\n \"text\": \"worked with producer Trevor Horn, Horn's former Buggles and Yes bandmate Geoff Downes and Greg Kurstin. Idol's autobiography, entitled \\\"Dancing With Myself\\\", was published on 7 October 2014. Idol's current band consists of: Former members The MTV Video Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony established in 1984 by MTV. The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Billy Idol William Michael Albert Broad (born 30 November 1955), known professionally as Billy Idol, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor. He first achieved fame in the 1970s as a member of the punk rock band\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Idol\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4212309\",\n \"text\": \"solo exhibitions: The book \\\"William Dobell: An Artist's Life\\\" by Elizabeth Donaldson published in 2010 includes many of Dobell's works, as well as archival photographs. A biography of Dobell, \\\"Bill: The Life of William Dobell\\\", by Scott Bevan was published in 2014. William Dobell Sir William (Bill) Dobell (24 September 189913 May 1970) was a renowned Australian portrait and landscape artist of the 20th century. Dobell won the Archibald Prize, Australia's premier award for portrait artists on three separate occasions. The Dobell Prize is named in his honour. Dobell was born in Cooks Hill, a working-class neighbourhood of Newcastle, New\",\n \"title\": \"William Dobell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455287\",\n \"text\": \"Williams. Hurt began his career in stage productions, only later acting in films. From 1977 to 1989, he was a member of the acting company at Circle Repertory Company. He won an Obie Award for his debut appearance there in Corinne Jacker's \\\"My Life\\\", and won a 1978 Theatre World Award for his performances in \\\"Fifth of July\\\", \\\"Ulysses in Traction\\\", and \\\"Lulu\\\". In 1979, Hurt played Hamlet under the direction of Marshall W. Mason opposite Lindsay Crouse and Beatrice Straight. His first major film role was in the science-fiction film \\\"Altered States\\\" where his performance as an obsessed scientist\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469545\",\n \"text\": \"20th century The 20th (twentieth) century was a century that began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000. It was the tenth and final century of the 2nd millennium. It is distinct from the century known as the 1900s which began on January 1, 1900 and ended on December 31, 1999. The 20th century was dominated by a chain of events that heralded significant changes in world history as to redefine the era: flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nuclear power and space exploration, nationalism and decolonization, the Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts;\",\n \"title\": \"20th century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4084857\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Grayson Larry Grayson (31 August 1923 – 7 January 1995), born William Sulley White, was an English comedian and television presenter who was best known in the 1970s and early '80s. He is best remembered for hosting the BBC's popular series \\\"The Generation Game\\\" and for his high camp and English music hall humour. His camp stand-up act consisted mainly of anecdotes about a cast of imaginary friends; the most frequently mentioned were Everard and Slack Alice. He is often cited as one of the first gay entertainers to have enjoyed mass appeal, although he never made any reference\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Grayson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17500184\",\n \"text\": \"(part of the Hundred Days Offensive). After the war, Ivon Murdoch was a farmer at Wantabadgery, New South Wales. The children of Andrew Chrystal Murdoch and Annie Murdoch (née Esler) included a prominent concert pianist, William David Murdoch (born 1888, Bendigo, Victoria – died 1942, Holmbury St Mary, England), A daughter of Sir Walter and Violet Murdoch, Dr Catherine King (née Murdoch) (born 1904, Surrey Hills, Victoria – died 2000), was a pioneering radio broadcaster in Western Australia. Rupert Murdoch , , born in Melbourne, is a major international media proprietor – he chairs two United States-based companies that control\",\n \"title\": \"Murdoch family\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"576776\",\n \"text\": \"amidst fears that he was favourable toward Germany. He was voted the third greatest British prime minister of the 20th century in a poll of 139 academics organised by MORI, and in 2002 he was named among the 100 Greatest Britons following a UK-wide vote. Lloyd George was born on 17 January 1863 in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, to Welsh parents, and was brought up as a Welsh-speaker. He is so far the only British Prime Minister to have been Welsh and to have spoken English as a second language. His father, William George, had been a teacher in both London and\",\n \"title\": \"David Lloyd George\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8956152\",\n \"text\": \"Machine Age The Machine Age is an era that includes the early 20th century, sometimes also including the late 19th century. An approximate dating would be about 1880 to 1945. Considered to be at a peak in the time between the first and second world wars, it forms a late part of the Second Industrial Revolution. The 1940s saw the beginning of the Atomic Age, where modern physics saw new applications such as the atomic bomb, the first computers, and the transistor. The Digital Revolution ended the intellectual model of the machine age founded in the mechanical and heralding a\",\n \"title\": \"Machine Age\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14289662\",\n \"text\": \"unknown to the wider world. Nonetheless it shows Lamb as a master, possibly the best sculptor that Scotland has produced. Apart from the sculpture, his drawings, water-colours and etchings are all remarkable. They achieve the aim of the Scottish Renaissance by illustrating the life and the countryside of the Scottish Lowlands realistically and in humble terms. WLC: William Lamb's correspondence WLD: William Lamb's diaries William Lamb (sculptor) William Lamb (1 June 1893 – 12 January 1951) was a Scottish sculptor and artist. He was a survivor of the “lost generation” who came of age in 1914, and was scarred, both\",\n \"title\": \"William Lamb (sculptor)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15321811\",\n \"text\": \"e.g. presently and previously: Esterhuyse was portrayed by William Hurt in the 2009 film Endgame. His awards includes the Stals Prize for Philosophy by the Academy of Arts and Science 1984. In 2003 the University of Stellenbosch awarded him an honorary doctorate. He was awarded The Order of Luthuli in Silver by the President of South Africa. Other awards are: \\\"Willie Esterhuyse .\\\" Stellenbosch Writers. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Apr. 2011. Willie Esterhuyse Willem Petrus \\\"Willie\\\" Esterhuyse (born 19 August 1936) is an emeritus professor of philosophy and business ethics at the University of Stellenbosch, a columnist and critic\",\n \"title\": \"Willie Esterhuyse\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455284\",\n \"text\": \"garnered critical acclaim and multiple acting awards, including an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for Best Actor, for \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\". He received another two Academy Award nominations for his lead performances in \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" (1986) and \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987). Hurt remained an active stage actor throughout the 1980s, appearing in Off-Broadway productions, including \\\"Henry V\\\", \\\"Fifth of July\\\", \\\"Richard II\\\" and \\\"A Midsummer Night's Dream\\\". Hurt received his first Tony Award nomination in 1985 for the Broadway production of \\\"Hurlyburly\\\". After playing a diversity of character roles in the following decade, Hurt earned\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3155481\",\n \"text\": \"William S. Hart William Surrey Hart (December 6, 1864 – June 23, 1946) was an American silent film actor, screenwriter, director and producer. He is remembered as a foremost western star of the silent era who \\\"imbued all of his characters with honor and integrity.\\\" During the late 1910s and early 1920s, he was one of the most consistently popular movie stars, frequently ranking high among male actors in popularity contests held by movie fan magazines. Hart was born in Newburgh, New York, to Nicholas Hart (c. 1834–1895) and Rosanna Hart (c. 1839–1909). William had two brothers, who died very\",\n \"title\": \"William S. Hart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3829795\",\n \"text\": \"Dunlop Manufacturing Dunlop Manufacturing, Inc. is a manufacturer of musical accessories, especially effects units, based in Benicia, California, United States. Founded in 1965 by Jim Dunlop, Sr., the company grew from a small home operation to a large manufacturer of music gear. Dunlop has acquired several well-known effects pedal brands, including Cry Baby, MXR and Way Huge. Scottish immigrant Jim Dunlop founded the Jim Dunlop Company in 1965 as a part-time business while working as a processing and chemical engineer at Barr and Stroud in Glasgow. He was an apprentice of creator of the first hip replacement, William \\\"Bill\\\" Wallace.\",\n \"title\": \"Dunlop Manufacturing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20247194\",\n \"text\": \"against the United States, first in Newport Beach, California in April 1977 and next at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee in March 1978. He was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1981. William Hester was born on May 7, 1912 in Hazlehurst, Mississippi. He graduated from Millsaps College in 1933. During World War II, Hester participated in the Red Ball Express. He was awarded a Bronze Star Medal for his service. Hester began his career as a salesman and distributor of air conditioners made by White Trucks, Carrier and General Electric. In 1955, he began a new\",\n \"title\": \"William Hester\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10492531\",\n \"text\": \"taking place along Stourbridge Road, as well as council housing in the 1920s and 1930s to rehouse families from slums. These including 220 \\\"Homes for Heroes\\\" which were built in the mid-1920s when council housing development in Dudley was in its early stages. Since the mid-1980s, the main roads around Woodside have been plagued with congestion due to its close proximity to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre, and the fact that the centre's road links are very much the same to how they existed at the time of its opening. The footballer William Ball was born at Woodside in 1886.\",\n \"title\": \"Woodside, Dudley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"34331\",\n \"text\": \"Official Organizations Interviews, speeches, and statements Media coverage Other Bill Clinton William Jefferson Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the presidency, he was the Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, and again from 1983 to 1992, and the Attorney General of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideologically a New Democrat and many of his policies reflected a centrist \\\"Third Way\\\" political philosophy. Clinton was born and raised in\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Clinton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9132876\",\n \"text\": \"of Financial Law and Ethics at Queen Mary, University of London. In 2018, he was appointed to sit part-time as a Deputy Judge of the High Court of Hong Kong William Blair (judge) Sir William James Lynton Blair (born 31 March 1950) is a retired British judge. He was previously a Queen's Counsel, specialising in domestic and international banking and finance law. He is the elder brother of former British prime minister Tony Blair. Blair was born in Scotland to Leo Charles Lynton Blair, a barrister and later a lecturer in law, and Hazel Corscadden. Like his brother Tony, the\",\n \"title\": \"William Blair (judge)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4724923\",\n \"text\": \"the best front men I ever worked with...At his best he was a superb forensic interviewer...Sadly, as his career drifted, he let drink overwhelm his personality. Bill Grundy William Grundy (18 May 1923 – 9 February 1993) was an English television presenter and host of \\\"Today\\\", a regional news programme broadcast on Thames Television. In the latter role, he earned national infamy for his interview with the Sex Pistols in 1976 during which he contemptuously encouraged a barrage of profanity. The interview destroyed Grundy's career, elevated the Sex Pistols to notoriety, and signalled the arrival of mainstream punk rock. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Grundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10389649\",\n \"text\": \"William Miller Macmillan William Miller Macmillan (1 October 1885 in Aberdeen, Scotland – 23 October 1974 in Long Wittenham, Berkshire), England is regarded as a founder of the liberal school of South African historiography and as a forerunner of the radical school of historiography that emerged in the 1970s. He was also a critic of colonial rule and an early advocate of self-government for colonial territories in Africa and of what became known as development aid. Macmillan was born in Aberdeen, Scotland on 1 October 1885. He was the son of the Reverend John Macmillan (born Glen Urquhart, Inverness, Scotland\",\n \"title\": \"William Miller Macmillan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21010583\",\n \"text\": \"Flag of East Lothian The East Lothian flag is the flag of the Scottish county of East Lothian (Haddingtonshire). It was registered with the Flag Institute on 13 December 2018 following its announcement at a reception hosted by the Lord Provost. This saltire design on blue reflects the local birthplace of the national flag, with the cross in gold signifying the wealth of the county’s farmlands and reputation as the granary of Scotland. The lion rampant is a traditional emblem of the county – it appears in many local coats of arms while King William the Lion was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Flag of East Lothian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13204522\",\n \"text\": \"William Papas William \\\"Bill\\\" Papas (15 July 1927 – 19 June 2000) was a political cartoonist and caricaturist, book author and illustrator, and watercolourist. In the 1960s and 1970s he worked for \\\"The Guardian\\\", \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" and \\\"Punch\\\". His work has won international acclaim and is included in many private and corporate collections around the world. Papas was born in Ermelo, Union of South Africa, and was educated at Pretoria Boys High School. His father, Kostas Papas, was a successful Greek immigrant, one of the town's leading citizens. At the age of 15, he ran away from home to\",\n \"title\": \"William Papas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15857038\",\n \"text\": \"nature of his raids on rebels and patriot civilians. The Cunningham family emigrated from Scotland late in the 17th century, settling in Augusta County, Virginia. William was born in Virginia in 1756. When William was 10, the Cunningham family migrated to Ninety-Six, South Carolina along the Saluda River in 1766, an area known for its fierce Whig-Tory rivalry that occasionally spilled into violence. William is represented as a lively, honest man with a quick temper. He was an expert horseman, for which he gained popularity among his peers. When the revolution began, the Cunninghams quickly became one of the most\",\n \"title\": \"Bloody Bill Cunningham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1455288\",\n \"text\": \"gained him wide recognition. His performance with Richard Crenna, Ted Danson and newcomer Kathleen Turner in Lawrence Kasdan's neo-noir classic \\\"Body Heat\\\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he later also co-starred in \\\"The Big Chill\\\" (1983). He appeared in the thriller \\\"Gorky Park\\\" opposite Lee Marvin. He received the Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Actor for \\\"Kiss of the Spider Woman\\\" in 1985. He has received three additional Oscar nominations: Best Actor for \\\"Children of a Lesser God\\\" (1986) and \\\"Broadcast News\\\" (1987; he was thus nominated for Best Actor\",\n \"title\": \"William Hurt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5431148\",\n \"text\": \"David James Duncan David James Duncan (born 1952) is an American novelist and essayist, best known for his two bestselling novels, \\\"The River Why\\\" (1983) and \\\"The Brothers K\\\" (1992). Both novels received the Pacific Northwest Booksellers award; \\\"The Brothers K\\\" was a New York Times Notable Book in 1992 and won a Best Books Award from the American Library Association. In 2008, \\\"The River Why\\\" was adapted into a \\\"low-budget film\\\" of the same name starring William Hurt and Amber Heard. On April 30, 2008, the film rights to \\\"The River Why\\\" became the subject of a lawsuit by\",\n \"title\": \"David James Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"151360\",\n \"text\": \"describes Generation X employees as those born from the early 1960s to the early 1980s. Author Jeff Gordinier, in his 2008 book \\\"X Saves the World\\\", defines Generation X as those born roughly between 1961 and 1977 but possibly as late as 1980. Canadian author and professor David Foot divides the post-boomer generation into two groups: Generation X, born between 1960 and 1966; and the \\\"Bust Generation\\\", born between 1967 and 1979, In his book \\\"Boom Bust & Echo: How to Profit from the Coming Demographic Shift\\\". On the American television program \\\"Survivor\\\", for their 33rd season, subtitled \\\"\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Generation X\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8879333\",\n \"text\": \"History of Berkshire Historically, Berkshire has been bordered to the north by the ancient boundary of the River Thames. However, much of the border with Oxfordshire for the western part of the county was moved in 1974. Alfred the Great was born in Wantage, previously in Berkshire but now in Oxfordshire. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. MG (part of Morris Motors) was founded in Abingdon in 1929. The Vale of White Horse and parts of Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were previously part of Berkshire, but were lost to the county in 1974. Conversely, the Slough\",\n \"title\": \"History of Berkshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2312669\",\n \"text\": \"William Halcrow Sir William Halcrow (4 July 1883 – 31 October 1958) was one of the most notable English civil engineers of the 20th century, particularly renowned for his expertise in the design of tunnels and for projects during the Second World War. Halcrow was born in Bishopwearmouth, Sunderland, (at 9 Shakespeare Terrace) at a time when Sunderland was the site of extensive railway and harbour developments. He joined the London-based firm of PW and CS Meik as a pupil (coincidentally, engineering brothers Patrick Meik and Charles Meik were also born in Bishopwearmouth) in the early 1900s and one of\",\n \"title\": \"William Halcrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1037574\",\n \"text\": \"that capacity since 1989. The city is governed by a mayor and a four-member city council. Richmond Hill was the location of the discovery in 2004 of Benjaman Kyle, a man who suffers from retrograde amnesia as a result of a severe beating. In 2015, he was identified as William Burgess Powell. Real estate development in Richmond Hill has generally followed trends represented in the United States as a whole. Post-Civil War populations remained relatively stable until the arrival of industrialist Henry Ford in the 1930s. In the early 1970s, subdivisions began to spring up, and the \\\"white flight\\\" from\",\n \"title\": \"Richmond Hill, Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5992721\",\n \"text\": \"heads of many at home, his approach inspired many British pop invaders of the 1980s, including Tears for Fears, Human League and Culture Club ... He was a punk eclectic with a heart of golden oldies and Joe Cocker's pipes. A seedy sophisticate, Mr. DeVille was decades ahead of his time.\\\" \\\"With Mink DeVille:\\\" \\\"As Willy DeVille:\\\" Willy DeVille Willy DeVille (born William Paul Borsey Jr., August 25, 1950 – August 6, 2009) was an American singer and songwriter. During his thirty-five-year career, first with his band Mink DeVille (1974–1986) and later on his own, Deville created original songs rooted\",\n \"title\": \"Willy DeVille\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7092556\",\n \"text\": \"lifetime he always was willing to share access to the material with serious researchers. At his death, August 9, 1992, he left the collection to The Historic New Orleans Collection, where it continues to be a valuable resource for researchers. His obituary in \\\"The Times\\\" noted that: \\\"Russell was the single most influential figure in the revival of New Orleans jazz that began in the 1940s.\\\" Bill Russell (composer) William \\\"Bill\\\" Russell (February 26, 1905, Canton, Missouri – August 9, 1992, New Orleans, Louisiana) was an American music historian and modernist composer. Named Russell William Wagner at birth, when he\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Russell (composer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7928580\",\n \"text\": \"the King Kong Kongfrontation ride designed by Alexander and Bob Ward, and several of the exterior set streets on the \\\"back lot.\\\" Henry Bumstead Lloyd Henry \\\"Bummy\\\" Bumstead (March 17, 1915 – May 24, 2006) was an American cinematic art director and production designer. In a career that spanned over fifty-five years he won two Academy Awards: the first for \\\"To Kill a Mockingbird\\\", and the second for \\\"The Sting\\\". In addition, he was nominated for Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"Vertigo\\\" and Clint Eastwood's \\\"Unforgiven\\\". Bumstead was born in Ontario, California and, following his graduation from University of Southern California, joined Paramount\",\n \"title\": \"Henry Bumstead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20541059\",\n \"text\": \"Harry Hurt III Harry Hurt III (born November 13, 1951) is an American author and journalist. He was formerly senior editor of the \\\"Texas Monthly\\\" and a \\\"Newsweek\\\" correspondent, and his articles have appeared in publications such has \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"Sports Illustrated\\\", \\\"Esquire\\\" and \\\"Playboy\\\". His books include \\\"Texas Rich\\\", a biography of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt and family; and \\\"Lost Tycoon: The Many Lives of Donald J. Trump\\\" (1993), an unauthorized biography of real estate mogul Donald Trump. Hurt was born in Houston, Texas, the son of Margaret (Birting) Hurt and Harry Hurt Jr., who was\",\n \"title\": \"Harry Hurt III\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16671102\",\n \"text\": \"William Staub William Edward Staub (November 3, 1915 – July 19, 2012) was an American mechanical engineer who invented and developed the first consumer treadmill for home use, the PaceMaster 600, during the late 1960s. Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper, who helped to popularize Staub's invention, has described Staub as \\\"a pioneer in exercise — not for the athlete, but for the masses.\\\" Staub was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 3, 1915. He lived in Clifton, New Jersey, for most of his life, residing in the town for more than seventy years. He originally moved to New Jersey to work\",\n \"title\": \"William Staub\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1508604\",\n \"text\": \"as an homage to the themes of racial mixing and boundary-crossing that are features of much of his work. In 2011, Hanson made \\\"Too Big to Fail\\\", based on the 2009 Andrew Ross Sorkin book of the same name about the beginnings of the financial crisis of 2007–2010. The film, produced by Hanson's production company Deuce Three Productions for HBO, featured among its all-star cast William Hurt as Treasury Secretary and former Goldman Sachs CEO Henry Paulson, and Cynthia Nixon as his liaison to the press; James Woods as Richard Fuld of Lehman Brothers; and Paul Giamatti as Ben Bernanke.\",\n \"title\": \"Curtis Hanson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2658446\",\n \"text\": \"US history and the first born after WWII. Historians and political analysts immediately referred to him as marking a \\\"generational shift\\\" in American politics similar to when John F. Kennedy had become the first president born in the 20th century. His promising to focus on and resolve some of the United States' many domestic issues, he entered office with high expectations. Immediately, however, he was hurt when he had to withdraw major nominees (over nonpayment of taxes). Clinton's surgeon general, Jocelyn Elders, attracted controversy over public remarks that \\\"it would be good for parents to teach their children about masturbation\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"History of the United States (1991–2008)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2370685\",\n \"text\": \"at birth and remained so until the birth of his cousin, Prince William, in 1982. His parents were said to have refused offers from his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, that would have led to his being born in the peerage. Phillips was therefore the first legitimate grandchild of a monarch to be born without a title or courtesy title for more than 500 years. Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981) and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin, and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Phillips\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3605453\",\n \"text\": \"being difficult, he had a sense of humor, as evidenced by naming his third daughter Shanda Lear (), which is homophonic with \\\"chandelier\\\". The 75-year-old Lear died of leukemia in Reno, Nevada on May 14, 1978. His remains were cremated and scattered at sea. In 1944, Harry Bruno included William P. Lear in a list of 87 \\\"all-time greats in American aviation ... [who] gambled their necks, their brains and their money — that aviation might grow.\\\" Bill Lear William Powell Lear (June 26, 1902 – May 14, 1978) was an American inventor and businessman. He is best known for\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Lear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12375233\",\n \"text\": \"Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting, born in 1901, published little until \\\"Briggflatts\\\" in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, born in Ireland in 1906, continued to produce significant works until the 1980s, though some view him as a post-modernist. Among British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were poet Dylan Thomas and novelist Graham Greene whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s, while Evelyn Waugh, W.H. Auden continued publishing into the 1960s. Postmodern literature is both a continuation of the experimentation championed by writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and\",\n \"title\": \"English literature\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13712820\",\n \"text\": \"William Miller (criminal) William \\\"Billy the Killer\\\" Miller (1906 – April 16, 1931) was an American bank robber and Depression-era outlaw. In his brief criminal career, he committed numerous bank heists in Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky and Oklahoma, and teamed up with George Birdwell and Pretty Boy Floyd during the early 1930s. Miller was born in Ironton, Ohio in 1906. He first earned his nickname \\\"Billy the Killer\\\" when, on September 18, 1925, the 19-year-old Miller killed his brother Joseph in a fight over a woman. Tried in Beaver County, Pennsylvania, he was acquitted of murder on the grounds that he\",\n \"title\": \"William Miller (criminal)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7124674\",\n \"text\": \"nepotism strictly forbidden to Anglo-Protestants. In these circumstances, an interesting question arises: are contemporary WASPs entitled to recognition as an historic people? If not, why not? Drew Fraser Andrew William Fraser (also known as Drew Fraser) (born 1944) is a Canadian-born academic and was an Associate Professor in the Department of Public Law at Macquarie University in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Fraser holds a BA (Hons) and an LLB from Queen's University, an LLM from Harvard University, and an MA from the University of North Carolina. His most recent book is \\\"The WASP Question\\\" (2011). Fraser studied advanced constitutional\",\n \"title\": \"Drew Fraser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7015909\",\n \"text\": \"the Best\\\" in 1987 – jointly with 'Sweet Magic' – and the Award of Garden Merit in 1993. Royal William rose The Royal William rose, registered under the cultivar name 'KORzaun', is a red hybrid tea rose. It was developed by Reimer Kordes from the cultivar 'Feuerzauber' (Kordes 1973) and is available under several other marketing names, such as , , and . According to \\\"The Ultimate Rose Book\\\", the rose was introduced in 1983, when Britain celebrated the birth of Prince William, second in line to the British throne. The Royal William rose has been planted in Windsor Great\",\n \"title\": \"Royal William rose\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1482435\",\n \"text\": \"functional analysis on Hilbert spaces, the spectral theory in particular. Paul Dirac used algebraic constructions to produce a relativistic model for the electron, predicting its magnetic moment and the existence of its antiparticle, the positron. Prominent contributors to the 20th century's mathematical physics (although the list contains some typically theoretical, not mathematical, physicists and leaves many contributors out; please also note that since the page can be edited by anyone, sometimes less deserved mentions can pop up in the list) include, ordered by birth date, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) [1824–1907], Oliver Heaviside [1850–1925], Jules Henri Poincaré [1854–1912] , David Hilbert\",\n \"title\": \"Mathematical physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16708676\",\n \"text\": \"and the post-war Balkans. He died the same day at Elmhurst Hospital, where he was taken after he was found lying near the park's public pool. His acquaintance Alexander Bonich was questioned by the police on the following day, when he admitted to killing Klinger. William Klinger William Klinger (24 September 1972 − 31 January 2015) was a Croatian historian who specialized in modern Croatian and Yugoslav history as well as history of communism and nationalism. Klinger was born on 24 September 1972 in Rijeka, SFR Yugoslavia, but his family roots are reportedly in Pakrac. He graduated summa cum laude\",\n \"title\": \"William Klinger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7813901\",\n \"text\": \"river blindness. He has held various positions during his career: Also known as \\\"Bill Foege,\\\" he is noted for his height of . Foege and his wife Paula had three sons, the eldest of whom died in 2007. He has been described as a \\\"religious man\\\"; between 1997 and 2006 he served on the Board of Regents of Pacific Lutheran University. William Foege William Herbert Foege M.D., M.P.H. (; born March 12, 1936) is an American epidemiologist who is credited with \\\"devising the global strategy that led to the eradication of smallpox in the late 1970s\\\". Foege also \\\"played a\",\n \"title\": \"William Foege\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"913970\",\n \"text\": \"economic growth and technical development. Although the interstate highway system barely touched the county, it did provide valuable access via Interstate 24 to nearby Chattanooga. Two notable figures who were born in the county early in the twentieth century were singer/entertainer Dinah Shore and entrepreneur/philanthropist John Templeton. He later became a British subject and was awarded a knighthood. During the last decades of the 19th and the first of the 20th, Tennessee, like other southern states, passed laws and constitutional amendments establishing Jim Crow: racial segregation in public facilities, restrictions of voting for blacks, and similar measures. There were few\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin County, Tennessee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14441396\",\n \"text\": \"in 2007. In April 2008 he returned to China and visited family and friends for the first time in eleven years. Currently, he lives in New York city with his wife, the writer, Zhang Ling. William Rock was born in Lorain, Ohio on July 3. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and lived his early adult life in Los Angeles, California. He applied for and received his Irish citizenship while living in Paris in 1992. He studied drawing at the California Art Institute and taught himself to paint and sculpt by traveling to museums around the world. He has been\",\n \"title\": \"Century Mountain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4179616\",\n \"text\": \"the United Kingdom national commemoration of the First World War memorial stones are to be laid in the birth places of the recipients. Dobson was born in Ovingham, Northumberland on 19 November 1886. Northumberland County Council organised a church service to unveil the VC Memorial Stone to Frederick Dobson VC on 27 September 2014. Frederick William Dobson Frederick William Dobson, VC (9 November 1886 – 15 November 1935) was an English recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Dobson\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick William Dobson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5694996\",\n \"text\": \"William Mervyn William Mervyn Pickwoad (3 January 1912 – 6 August 1976) was an English actor best known for his portrayal of the bishop in the clerical comedy \\\"All Gas and Gaiters\\\", the old gentleman in \\\"The Railway Children\\\" and Inspector Charles Rose in \\\"The Odd Man\\\" and its sequels. Mervyn was born in Nairobi, British East Africa, but educated in Britain at Forest School, Snaresbrook, before embarking on a stage career, spending five years in provincial theatre. He made his West End debut in \\\"The Guinea Pig\\\" at the Criterion Theatre in 1946, before parts in plays such as\",\n \"title\": \"William Mervyn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3953735\",\n \"text\": \"William Poole William Poole (July 24, 1821 – March 8, 1855), also known as Bill the Butcher, was a founder of the street gang the Bowery Boys and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement in mid-19th century New York City. Poole was born in Sussex County, New Jersey to parents of English descent. In 1832, his family moved to New York City to open a butcher shop in Washington Market, Manhattan. Poole trained in his father's trade and eventually took over the family store. In the 1840s, he worked with the Howard (Red Rover) Volunteer Fire Engine Company\",\n \"title\": \"William Poole\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751905\",\n \"text\": \"William Turk William Turk was an American ragtime pianist, who played in the early 1900s in Texas. He was reputably so obese that he could not put his left hand in front of his stomach. So he invented techniques playing with his left hand to the side. This is rumoured to be where boogie woogie and stride piano playing came from. The piano sound was originally imitating the sounds of a train and a chainsaw, as it was within the logging camps that he was born. The genre of music initially was known as Dudlow Joe, after one of the\",\n \"title\": \"William Turk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3333518\",\n \"text\": \"led to reach the final match of the 1974 FIFA World Cup and to win the 1988 UEFA European Championship. He is credited with the invention of a major football playing style and set of tactics known as \\\"Total Football\\\" in the 1970s. He was named Coach of the Century by FIFA in 1999 and in 2007 the greatest post-war football coach by \\\"The Times\\\". Michels was born in Amsterdam and grew up at the Olympiaweg, a street near the Olympic Stadium. He celebrated his ninth birthday on 9 February 1936, when he received a pair of football boots and\",\n \"title\": \"Rinus Michels\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: William Hurt context: William H William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations of Kathleen Turner, in the neo-noir \\\"Body Heat\\\" (1981). He played another leading role, as Arkady Renko, in \\\"Gorky Park\\\" (1983). In 1985, Hurt\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 206,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: William Hurt context: his fourth Academy Award nomination for his supporting performance in David Cronenberg's crime thriller \\\"A History of Violence\\\" (2005). Other notable films in recent years have included \\\"A.I. Artificial Intelligence\\\" (2001), \\\"The Village\\\" (2004), \\\"Syriana\\\" (2005), \\\"The Good Shepherd\\\" (2006), \\\"Mr. Brooks\\\" (2007), \\\"Into the Wild\\\" (2007), \\\"Robin Hood\\\" (2010) and his role as Thunderbolt Ross in \\\"The Incredible Hulk\\\" (2008), \\\"\\\" (2016) and \\\"\\\" (2018). Hurt was born in Washington, D.C., the son of Claire Isabel (née McGill), who worked at Time Inc., and Alfred McChord Hurt, who worked for the State Department. With his father, he lived in\\n\\ntitle: William H context gained him wide recognition His Richard Crenna Ted Dans newcom Kathleen Lawrence Kasdan's neo-no \\\"Body Heat\\\" elevated Hurt to stardom, and he co-starred \\\"The Big Ch (198). He appeared in the thrGorky Park\\\" Lee Mar. He received Best Male Performance Prize at the Cannes Film Festival and the Academy for Best A forKiss of the Spider\\\" in 19. has received Oscar nomin: Best Actor for \\\"Children of a Lesser God (198) and \\\"roadcast News\\\" (1987; was nominated for Best Actor\\nis: as an to themes of mixing that of of his work.01 Hanson Big to Fail\\\",9 book of the same name about theinnings of the financial crisis0. The film produceds company De allstar cast Hurt asury SecretarymansOson andixon as hisison as andattike.\\n:: a friend were threatened at gunpoint but were let go several hours later. Hurt is a private pilot and owner of a Beechcraft Bonanza. William Hurt William McChord Hurt (born March 20, 1950) is an American actor. He received his acting training at the Juilliard School and began acting on stage in the 1970s. Hurt made his film debut in 1980 as a troubled scientist in Ken Russell's science-fiction feature \\\"Altered States\\\", for which he received a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. He subsequently played a leading role, as a lawyer who succumbs to the temptations\\n\\nIn which decade of the 20th century was William Hurt born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 545,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15290,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":79,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":79,"string":"79"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five","1965"],"string":"[\n \"one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-five\",\n \"1965\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"1965"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"20414346","text":"1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been","title":"RMK-BRJ"},{"id":"10909861","text":"threat and secrecy in the nuclear age and should not have been used to justify the imperial presidency. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic without congressional approval. The same year, he sent combat troops for the first time into Vietnam. The war lasted the longest in US history and resulted in the fourth largest number of US casualties after the Civil War and the two world wars. The Tonkin Gulf resolution authorized the president to use the military, as he required. That was transfer of war powers from Congress to the president. Lincoln","title":"The Imperial Presidency"},{"id":"447300","text":"remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were unilaterally dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. General William","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"7796924","text":"of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors and special forces in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"9332426","text":"the presidency unopposed. With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government (the Second Republic), the U.S. had a pliable, stable, and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal. With the advent of \"Rolling Thunder\", American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. The US Government deployment of ground forces to Da Nang had not been consulted with the","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11884334","text":"planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat","title":"CIA activities in Vietnam"},{"id":"7154165","text":"their utility. Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied","title":"Operation Crimp"},{"id":"14427199","text":"more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there. Ambassador Taylor reported to Washington that Prime Minister Quat was reluctant to accept the assignment of more U.S. soldiers to South Vietnam. The CIA warned in a memorandum that the introduction of U.S. ground forces into Vietnam might result in \"constant danger that the war weary people of South Vietnam will let the U.S. assume an","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"15374839","text":"presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205 and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. Before his assassination, Kennedy used military advisors and special forces in Vietnam almost exclusively. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"14428008","text":"and Vietnam's central highlands. Former President John F. Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, said in an oral interview for the Kennedy Library that President Kennedy had \"a strong, overwhelming reason for being in Vietnam and that we should win the war in Vietnam.\" Kennedy denied that any consideration had been given by the President to withdrawing from Vietnam. He equivocated on the introduction of U.S. ground troops into Vietnam, saying that \"we'd face that when we came to it.\" Viet Cong commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.","title":"1964 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"9826148","text":"of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units. This was abandoned in April 1965, and replaced by a new \"enclave strategy\" of defending key coastal population centres and installations. This strategy required the introduction","title":"Battle of Gang Toi"},{"id":"447243","text":"in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. In response the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to increase U.S. military presence, deploying ground combat units for the first time and increasing troop levels to 184,000. Every year onward there was significant build-up despite little progress, with Robert McNamara, one of the principal architects of the war, beginning to express doubts of victory by the end of 1966. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces,","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"20527991","text":"ROK and the division of United States troops, the US allowed General Charles H. \"Tick\" Bonesteel III to assume multiple posts as the Commander-in-chief, UN command; and Commander of US. Forces, Korea; Commanding General, US. Eighth Army (EUSA). On March 1965, the US deployed ground forces into Vietnam which marked the start of a series of escalating casualties. Kim Il-sung recognized an opportunity to achieve Korean unification in which the possibility of US retaliation and assistance towards South Korea would be minimal. He believed that the US would be preoccupied with fighting in Vietnam and become reluctant to bear the","title":"Uljin–Samcheok Landings"},{"id":"8445484","text":"committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces","title":"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion"},{"id":"8445488","text":"Okinawa. As the Marine presence grew in Vietnam, 2nd LAAM Battalion also joined the fight. 2nd LAAM Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the Chu Lai Air Base. On 8 March 1965, the United States Marine Corps became the first of the Armed Services to deploy large ground combat units to South Vietnam. 1st LAAM Battalion had already been deployed for four weeks by the time Marine ground combat troops arrived. More than 38,000 Marines made up the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) by the end of 1965 under the command of Major General Lewis W. Walt.","title":"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion"},{"id":"14299686","text":"the election of Richard Nixon, and the change of U.S. policy to Vietnamization, or giving the main combat role back to the South Vietnamese military. The North Vietnamese term for the large-scale introduction of U.S. ground forces, in 1965, is the \"Local War\", according to Gen. Trần Văn Trà, the [North Vietnamese] \" Party concluded, the \"United States was forced to introduce its own troops because it was losing the war. It had lost the political game in Vietnam...the situation allows us to shift our revolution to a new stage, that of decisive victory.\" The Party issued a resolution to","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"14427997","text":"Vietnam and the introduction of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam. By year's end, the 23,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \"advisers\" (although they participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of the reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years. U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and districts","title":"1964 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"4461083","text":"1972, the Politburo member and Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp planned simultaneous attacks to capture as much territory as possible and to defeat the US-supported South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). By then, the number of United States ground forces in South Vietnam had fallen to 65,000 from an all-time high of 543,000 in 1969; and the North Vietnamese correctly anticipated that the US was unwilling to commit ground troops again. An aerial armada consisting of United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 Stratofortresses, F-4 Phantom IIs, A-37 Dragonflies and US Navy planes from four aircraft carrier wings","title":"An Lộc"},{"id":"15345896","text":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (\"Sky Soldiers\") is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe. Activated in 1915, as the 173d Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers. Noted for its roles in","title":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team"},{"id":"14791913","text":"in Michael Barnhart (Ed.), Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1987). Paper on \"The 1965 Decision to Send U.S. Ground Forces to Vietnam,\" for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 16, 1987 in Washington D.C. William Conrad Gibbons William Conrad Gibbons (September 26, 1926 – July 4, 2015) was an American historian and foreign policy expert. Gibbons died at age 88. Gibbons was born in 1926 in Harrisonburg, Virginia, to Howard and Jessie Gibbons. He entered the University of Virginia in 1945. His studies were interrupted in order to serve in","title":"William Conrad Gibbons"},{"id":"447279","text":"lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a \"brush fire\" war in Vietnam. Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the \"danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did.\" By November 1963, there were 16,000 American","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427197","text":"of a full division of American troops. Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that \"Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN (South Vietnam) which I find difficult to understand.\" Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations, believing they should be restricted to coastal \"enclaves.\" General Westmoreland disagreed, believing that enclaves were \"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces...that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy.\" In Washington,","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11495110","text":"in the Vietnam War, from 1965 to 1969. In 1965, she helped land the first US ground troops at Chu Lai. On 1 January 1969, \"Bexar\" along with the other surviving attack transports from World War II were redesignated amphibious transports, \"Bexar\" receiving the designation LPA-237. \"Bexar\" was decommissioned on 7 August 1970 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1976. She was returned to the Maritime Administration on 1 July 1972, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 16 June 1982, she was sold for scrapping to C. W.","title":"USS Bexar (APA-237)"},{"id":"14299729","text":"but submitted that request. The President approved sending two Marine battalions on February 26. Other than possibly Westmoreland, they were seen purely as defensive troops. Westmoreland denies assuming they would be available for missions outside the base. The \"Pentagon Papers\" suggest he did see a wider mission, but there is no strong evidence that he did; these troops were the first U.S. land combat forces committed to the Asian mainland since the Korean War. Ambassador Taylor, a retired general with extensive combat experience, objected. His calculation was that one battalion would protect the base from any plausible direct VC ground","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"9332427","text":"South Vietnamese government. Instead the initial deployment and gradual build-up was a unilateral decision by the US government. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province. The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"12924110","text":"to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel","title":"Robert F. Kennedy"},{"id":"14427205","text":"were destroyed. Presidential adviser and future Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford in a letter to President Johnson said, \"I believe our ground forces in South Vietnam should be kept to a minimum, consistent with the protection of our installations and property in that country ... This could be a quagmire. It could turn into an open end commitment on our part that would take more and more ground troops, without a realistic hope of ultimate victory.\" \"Quagmire\" would later become a common word use to describe U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Eight hundred soldiers of the Australian Defence Force","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427189","text":"-- that the Pentagon and the military have been going at this thing the wrong way round from the very beginning: they have been concentrating on military results against guerrillas in the field, when they should have been concentrating on intense police control from the individual villager on up.\" Two battalions of U.S. Marines began to land on beaches near Da Nang. The arrival of the Marines heralded the direct involvement of American combat units in the Vietnam War. The Marines had the responsibility of guarding the Da Nang airbase but were ordered to \"not, repeat not, engage in day-to-day","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"439249","text":"and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively","title":"United States Army"},{"id":"8190051","text":"of US forces in Thailand in response to the worsening situation of the Royal Lao Government in the Laotian Civil War. The Marines were then moved north to the town of Nong Khai where they conducted field training exercises with the Royal Thai Army and civic action with Thai civilians. On 1 July with the situation in Laos stabilizing the Marines were flown from Udorn to the Philippines and then on to Okinawa. 3/9 became the first battalion-sized ground combat unit to be deployed to Vietnam when they landed on 8 March 1965 in Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam. Over","title":"3rd Battalion, 9th Marines"},{"id":"7796935","text":"what he was going to do.\" Sorensen added that, in his opinion, Vietnam \"was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it.\" U.S. involvement in the region escalated until his successor Lyndon Johnson directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson signed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. It reversed Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops, and reaffirmed the policy of assistance to the South Vietnamese. On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high","title":"John F. Kennedy"},{"id":"652153","text":"of two more divisions. More significantly, he also authorized a change in mission from defensive to offensive operations; he nevertheless continued to insist that this was not to be publicly represented as a change in existing policy. By the middle of June, the total U.S. ground forces in Vietnam were increased to 82,000 or by 150 percent. That same month, Ambassador Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective, and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse. General Westmoreland shortly thereafter recommended the president further increase ground troops from 82,000 to","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"13924508","text":"1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with the Tet Offensive in the midst of the Vietnam War, which reached its climax after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed legislation allowing for an increased maximum number of troops on the ground at one time (549,500). Likewise, it was the most expensive year of the war, costing $77.4 billion. Antiwar sentiment continued to grow after the occurrence","title":"1968 in the United States"},{"id":"5923935","text":"more equal relationship between the two nations. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from the north seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. The start of the hostilities can be traced to a speech given by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966, at the Workers'","title":"Korean DMZ Conflict"},{"id":"7346807","text":"task force ordered to impose a naval quarantine against arms shipments to Cuba. A new era opened on 8 March 1965 when the Marines were committed to ground action in South Vietnam. Beginning on 16 August 1965, the regiment was gradually deployed to South Vietnam. The transfer was completed by the arrival of the 2d Battalion on 27 May 1966. The nature of the war required the artillerymen to defend their own positions against numerous enemy probes and brought about a vastly increased employment of artillery by helicopters, both for displacement and resupply. The regimental history in Vietnam was characterized","title":"11th Marine Regiment (United States)"},{"id":"14299725","text":"Dart (or, more specifically, Flaming Dart I), of the broader Operation Rolling Thunder plan, which had not yet officially started. Alternatively, the North Vietnamese may have accepted the risk of being bombed, correctly predicting that even if ground troops were introduced, the U.S. would not risk the North's greatest fear: large-scale ground operations, beyond the South Vietnamese border, against the Ho Chi Minh trail. The Pleiku attack seems to have been a vital decision point for the U.S. While the introduction of U.S. ground troops had been discussed for years, there were no specific plans. Bundy's memorandum to Johnson about","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"9332474","text":"Tet, but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival. Meanwhile, the withdrawal of American troops, who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year, was continued as scheduled. By June only six infantry battalions remained. On August 12, the last American ground combat division left the country. However, the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh. Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese. After this, only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427221","text":"troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam. A brigade of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at Cam Rahn Bay and set up its base camp there. Sixty-one percent of Americans responded \"no\" to the following question by the Gallup Poll, \"Do you think the U.S. made","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"15345908","text":"first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country. Brigadier General Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong quickly and that they \"would be back in Okinawa by Christmas\". The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division; and the 1st Cavalry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 U.S. Army brigades to serve in the country. As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III Corps and II Corps","title":"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team"},{"id":"1637698","text":"at Huế. Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years","title":"Vietnam"},{"id":"6143666","text":"intervention in Vietnam, particularly the large force increase from 1965-1968. The term is used to convey the belief that military success can only be achieved through the direct physical presence of troops in a conflict area. As terminology, it was coined to concisely express a counter-view against the position that other means, such as aerial bombardment (as used both by Germany and the Allies in World War II, and massively by the United States in Vietnam), economic incentives, or satellite intelligence could achieve victory. The term is particularly applied currently (2010) to counter-insurgency operations. \"Boots on the Ground...\" is an","title":"Boots on the Ground"},{"id":"18427589","text":"Red Beach Base Area Red Beach Base Area (also known as Camp JJ Books, Camp Haskins, Camp Viking, Paddock Compound or Red Beach Camp) is a complex of former U.S. Marines, Navy and Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) logistics and support bases northwest of Danang. The base was located along Highway 1, 8 km northwest of Danang at Red Beach, the site of the landing of the 9th Marine Regiment, the first US combat troops deployed to South Vietnam on 8 March 1965. The area comprised a number of separate adjacent bases as follows: The base","title":"Red Beach Base Area"},{"id":"4718071","text":"Battle of Khe Sahn, 21 to 9 January 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh on 20 January – 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced). In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first","title":"5th Marine Division (United States)"},{"id":"447298","text":"5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintained regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh Trail, in light of the near constant bombardment","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"9332424","text":"Minh Trail. President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the Many Flags program to legitimise intervention and ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict. They were joined by the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The U.S. paid for (through","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427550","text":"The NSAM also called for South Vietnam to improve its military establishment and mobilize its resources to prosecute the war. Thus, Kennedy stopped short of what many of his advisers, including General Taylor, had advised: the introduction of U.S. combat soldiers into South Vietnam. Kennedy's decision not to introduce combat troops surprised the Defense Department which had been assembling forces to be assigned to Vietnam, including Farm Gate aircraft. However, Kennedy's decision was a visible and undeniable violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954, still technically in force. President Kennedy approved the use of herbicides in Viet Nam to kill","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"11229054","text":"America. Johnson described himself at the time as boxed in by unpalatable choices—between sending Americans to die in Vietnam and giving in to the communists. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist and if he did not he thought he risked being impeached. By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. Most of these soldiers were drafted after graduating from high school, and disproportionately came from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds. In early 1966, Robert Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed \"on a road from which there is","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"6658945","text":"Clark AB to the United States, and, in 1966, began making patient pickups in Vietnam. On 30 March 1972, North Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of South Vietnam, which came to be known as the Easter Offensive. The \"Vietnamization\" policy of the United States had resulted in the vast majority of US ground combat forces been withdrawn from South Vietnam with PACAF's tactical air units also being reduced. Military Airlift Command's C-141 force, accustomed to operating in and out of Vietnam from offshore were utilized for movement of large numbers of men and amounts of materiel to oppose the invasion.","title":"Military Airlift Command"},{"id":"14914665","text":"29 March 1975 when it fell to the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). It was located in Quảng Nam Province southeast of Da Nang Air Base on a strip of beach between China Beach and the Marble Mountains. On 28 July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would increase the number of its forces in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The arrival of additional USMC and United States Air Force squadrons at Da Nang AB led to severe overcrowding at the base and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (I MAW) began looking for an alternative site","title":"Marble Mountain Air Facility"},{"id":"15374841","text":"strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964. In early 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum – \"Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)\". \"Operation Ranch Hand\", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam. By the end of 1962, 109 American military personnel had been killed compared to 14 the previous year. During 1962, Viet Cong troops increased from 15,000 to 24,000. Depending on which assessment Kennedy accepted (Department of Defense or State) there had been zero","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"19178126","text":"says that the U.S. \"should develop as strong and persuasive a case as possible to demonstrate to the world the degree to which the Viet Cong is controlled, sustained and supplied\" from North Vietnam. The withdrawal of almost 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam took place, albeit described by the Pentagon Papers as an \"accounting exercise.\" The number of soldiers in South Vietnam was 16,752 in October and on December 31, 1963, was 15,894. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had made decisions on the Vietnam War based on optimistic reports from the American Embassy and MACV in Saigon and from","title":"National Security Action Memorandum 273"},{"id":"14427513","text":"of the U.S. Army to respond to Kennedy's emphasis on developing a greater capability in counterinsurgency, although the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group began providing counterinsurgency training to the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) and other security forces. The Kennedy Administration debated internally about introducing U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, but Kennedy decided against ground soldiers. The CIA began assisting Montagnard irregular forces, American pilots began flying combat missions to support South Vietnamese ground forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of herbicides (Agent Orange) to kill vegetation near roads threatened by the Viet Cong. By the end of the year,","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427215","text":"strikes, the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation. The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties. Maxwell Taylor resigned as U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam. Taylor had earlier been opposed to the introduction of U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam, proposing instead an intensified air campaign against North Vietnam. Taylor would be replaced by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., who returned to Saigon for his second stint as ambassador. The New York Times reported that the 173rd Airborne suffered 10 killed and 42 wounded on its sweep through","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14286666","text":"was redeployed with US 173rd Airborne Brigade and 1 RAR on Operation Silver City, sweeping the south-west sector of War Zone D. At the strategic level the ARVN and the South Vietnamese government had both rallied after appearing on the verge of collapse and the threat against Saigon subsided. General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, planned to adopt a more offensive strategy, and between January and December 1966 US troop levels rose from 210,000 to 327,000. The Australian government also increased its own commitment to the ground war in March 1966, announcing the deployment of a two","title":"Battle of Suoi Bong Trang"},{"id":"14427187","text":"of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam. Ambassador Taylor met with generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Minh in Saigon to request permission for the assignment of the Marines to Da Nang airbase. The generals raised no objections, but asked that the Marines arrive \"in the most inconspicuous way feasible.\" Operation Rolling Thunder was launched. 104 U.S. fighter-bombers and 19 South Vietnamese aircraft hit targets in the largest U.S. bombing raid to date against North Vietnam. Five U.S. planes and one South Vietnamese plane","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"767449","text":"a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south. There are no sources from Vietnam, the United States, or the Soviet Union that confirm the number of Chinese troops stationed in North Vietnam. However, the Chinese government later admitted to sending 320,000 Chinese soldiers to Vietnam during the 1960s and spent over $20 billion to support Hanoi's regular North Vietnamese Army and Việt Cộng guerrilla units. By early 1965, American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around Chu Lai and Da Nang, later to take on most of the fight as \"[m]ore and more","title":"Ho Chi Minh"},{"id":"18392300","text":"itself facing a volatile future there. In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy was presented with two potential courses of action in Vietnam. His staff members, Walter Rostow and retired General Maxwell Taylor recommended an increase in military advisers and a commitment of 8,000 U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. A conflicting recommendation by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff called for committing six American combat divisions, comprising 200,000 soldiers. Kennedy held a decision on combat troops in abeyance, though he forwarded 1,000 added advisers to South Vietnam, including Farm Gate instructors from the Special","title":"Sigma I-62 war game"},{"id":"1300610","text":"completed the course of study at the Naval War College, while earning a master's degree in International Relations from George Washington University in Washington, DC. Moore was transferred to Fort Benning and commanded 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry later to become a part of 11th Air Assault Division, undergoing air assault and air mobility training and tests. On July 28, 1965 President Lyndon Johnson announced that he was sending \"the Airmobile Division to Vietnam\". That same month the 11th Air Assault Division was re-designated the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and alerted for deployment to Vietnam. Moore's battalion was re-designated as 1st","title":"Hal Moore"},{"id":"849914","text":"he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General William Westmoreland's request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam. At the end of March 1968, however, the president agreed to send 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis, raising authorized strength to 549,500, a figure never reached. Even as he oversaw a continued buildup, Clifford preferred to emphasize the points Johnson had made in his March 31, 1968 address: that the South Vietnamese army could take over a greater share of the fighting, that the","title":"Clark Clifford"},{"id":"6289971","text":"only eight weeks. The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) exceeded that demanding goal by reaching REDCON-1 status on 28 July 1965 and deploying to Vietnam in mid-August, only six weeks after the division's organization. The men of 2nd Brigade boarded the USNS \"General Simon B. Buckner\" on 16 August 1965, en route to Vietnam. On 14 September 1965, the 2nd Brigade disembarked the USNS \"Buckner\" and marched onto Vietnamese shores at Qui Nhơn. 2nd Brigade continued its tradition of firsts by becoming the first brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to reach Vietnam. The brigade, consisting of 1/5 Cavalry, 2nd","title":"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)"},{"id":"13439507","text":"more successful than the 19th TASS because the Army allowed surveillance from a lower altitude than the USAF. After the Gulf of Tonkin incident served as the American \"casus belli\" in August 1964, the United States began to add large numbers of ground troops needing air support in South Vietnam. As of January, 1965, there were only 144 USAF airborne FACs to support them; 76 of these were assigned as advisers. There were also 68 VNAF FACs, but only 38 aircraft, in the four Vietnamese liaison squadrons. Yet the Rules of Engagement mandated a forward air controller direct all air","title":"Forward air control during the Vietnam War"},{"id":"17719771","text":"that Kennedy, because of his character and personality, might have considered, at a later date, a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. NSAM 273, approved November 26, 1963, one day after Kennedy's funeral, by new U.S. President Lyndon Johnson affirmed the withdrawal called for in NSAM 263. saying \"The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963.\" National Security Action Memorandum 263 National Security Action Memorandum Number 263 (NSAM-263) was a national security directive approved on 11 October 1963 by","title":"National Security Action Memorandum 263"},{"id":"4660808","text":"very proud of those pilots and others who were conducting the evacuation\". Nixon's pledge of Peace with Honor in Vietnam had become a humiliating defeat, which together with Watergate contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. For an operation of the size and complexity of Frequent Wind, casualties were relatively light. Marine corporals McMahon and Judge killed at the DAO compound were the only members of US forces killed in action during the operation and they were the last US ground casualties in Vietnam. A Marine AH-1J SeaCobra ran out of fuel while searching for","title":"Operation Frequent Wind"},{"id":"10701924","text":"situation in Southeast Asia worsened, the United States began to take a more active part in the Vietnam War. Operation Jungle Drum, towards the end of 1965, landed Marines in southern Thailand. With increasing American commitments in South Vietnam, \"Tom Green County\" participated in Operations Piranha and Double Eagle in January and February 1966. The latter was the first large-scale amphibious landing under combat conditions since Inchon. In June 1966 the ship came under the operational and administrative command of Landing Ship Squadron 9; and, in November, the ship commenced support commitments for the Vietnam Coastal Surveillance Force, engaged in","title":"USS Tom Green County (LST-1159)"},{"id":"3064312","text":"Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and conscription, and \"Vietnam paralysis\" are all the perceived results of the syndrome. There is a general consensus by global historians and even most military analysts that from a purely strategic point of view, the U.S. military was losing the war on the battlefield \"despite\" its","title":"Vietnam Syndrome"},{"id":"14427235","text":"\"There can be no substitute for victory when the objective is the defeat of communist aggression\", he said. Operation Game Warden (Task force 116) began. It was a U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam, prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam, and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways. After a visit to South Vietnam, Marine Corps General Victor Krulak wrote a report expressing disagreement with General Westmoreland's strategy of attrition. It was \"wasteful of American lives, promising a","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"20414360","text":"forces are bent on destruction, RMK- BRJ's ten years of accomplishment have been in my opinion one of the finest episodes in our nation's history\" (, p. 437). RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest","title":"RMK-BRJ"},{"id":"14299730","text":"attack, but that six, not three, battalions would be necessary to establish a sufficiently large area to prevent the VC firing on Da Nang with standard and easily portable 81mm mortars. The Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, and forwarded Westmoreland's request, with their agreement, on 26 February. Shortly before Johnson approved the sustained Operation Rolling Thunder plan on March 13, the Da Nang security force arrived on March 8. in response to Westmoreland's request of February 22 reflecting a concern with VC forces massing near the Marine air base at Da Nang, 3500 Marine ground troops arrived, the first U.S.","title":"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969"},{"id":"16541016","text":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations. Officially, however the Dirty Thirty (an unofficial adopted nickname) pilots were classed as \"advisors\", not combatants. The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated","title":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)"},{"id":"3798455","text":"Huu An orders his soldiers to \"kill all they send, and they will stop coming\". Eleven years later, the United States is fighting the Vietnam War. U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) is chosen to train and lead a battalion. After arriving in Vietnam, he learns that an American base has been attacked, and is ordered to take his 400 men after the enemy and eliminate the North Vietnamese attackers, despite the fact that intelligence has no idea of the number of enemy troops. Moore leads a newly created air cavalry unit into the Ia Drang Valley. After","title":"We Were Soldiers"},{"id":"20900608","text":"projects cannot fulfill themselves.\" In March 1972 the last U.S. ground combat division was withdrawn from Vietnam just as the North Vietnamese Army launched the Nguyễn Huệ or Easter Offensive. The U.S. responded by massively increasing its air war. “One main component was to be a flotilla of Seventh Fleet aircraft carriers (twice as many as in 1971) massed in the Gulf of Tonkin”. As the air and naval activity in the Pacific intensified, drastic changes occurred within the Navy. “During the remainder of the year, as many as four carriers…were on combat station in the Tonkin Gulf at one","title":"Stop Our Ship (SOS)"},{"id":"9109584","text":"to deploy to Da Nang. Arriving by C-130 on 8 April, by 9 April the HAWKs were operational at the base. On 8 March 1965, in coordination with the amphibious landing of the 9th Marine Regiment at Red Beach north of Da Nang, the 1st Battalion 3rd Marines landed at Da Nang AB from Naha Air Base, this marked the first deployment of US combat troops to South Vietnam. On 9 March HMM-365 was replaced by HMM-162. The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (9th MEB) were tasked with defending Da Nang AB, while overall responsibility for defending the Da Nang area","title":"Da Nang Air Base"},{"id":"5077504","text":"on. As public support decreased, opposition grew. The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a \"mistake to send troops to Vietnam\" in August 1965. At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. Three years later, in September 1968, 54% of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37% believed it was not a mistake. A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question, \"Have you ever felt the urge to","title":"Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"16541021","text":"Thirty pilots eventually rotated home during early 1963 and were replaced by a second contingent of American pilots. This detachment remained with the VNAF until December 1963 when they were withdrawn from Vietnam. Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived","title":"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)"},{"id":"1065469","text":"the 3d Battalion, 320th Artillery, was activated under Division Artillery to support the 4th Brigade. The units assigned and attached to the 3d Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division were as follows: The deployment of the 3rd Brigade took place with significant problems and controversy. In \"The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973,\" author Shelby L. Stanton describes how, other than the 82d, only two under-strength Marine and four skeletonized Army divisions were left stateside by the beginning of 1968. MACV, desperate for additional manpower, wanted the division to deploy to Vietnam, and","title":"82nd Airborne Division"},{"id":"5171126","text":"Group (MAAG), Vietnam was separated out from MAAG, Indochina in a reorganization into the different countries that the deployments were stationed. With this new date Fitzgibbon became the first person to die in the Vietnam War, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999. The former first two official casualties were U.S. Army major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Charles Ovnand who were killed on July 8, 1959. While McMahon and Judge were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam, they are not the last casualties of the Vietnam War (a term which also covers","title":"Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge"},{"id":"4712595","text":"the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations against mainland China. 1954–1955: China: Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands. 1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming \"All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense","title":"Timeline of United States military operations"},{"id":"14427219","text":"Vietnam. President Johnson met with his top military advisers. In the course of the discussion, General Wallace M. Greene, Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers. He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment. Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. The first surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by North Vietnam brought down a U.S. F-4C Phantom","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"3064322","text":"brought about because of the Vietnam War and with feelings of doubt over the morality of America's intentions and actions during the war. Reagan, however, argued that America had fought for \"a noble cause\" and blamed the war in Vietnam exclusively on North Vietnam's aggression: Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and","title":"Vietnam Syndrome"},{"id":"490933","text":"be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces. In 1966, the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the \"Sheridan\" was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform. In 1968, 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969. Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War: they were not used. The Sheridans' 152mm main guns were used in combat operations in","title":"MGM-51 Shillelagh"},{"id":"11228878","text":"1969, sapping the strength of the domestic anti-war movement. Despite the failure of Operation Lam Son 719, which was designed to be the first major test of the South Vietnamese Army since the implementation of Vietnamization, the drawdown of American soldiers in Vietnam continued throughout Nixon's tenure. In early 1970, Nixon sent U.S. and South Vietnamese soldiers into Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese bases, expanding the ground war out of Vietnam for the first time. He had previously approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named \"Operation Menu\"), without the consent","title":"Presidency of Richard Nixon"},{"id":"1713070","text":"the director of the CIA. He believed that \"it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration.\" During the second half of 1967 the administration had become alarmed by criticism, both inside and outside the government, and by reports of declining public support for its Vietnam policies. According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. This trend was fueled not by a","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"1317750","text":"was refused. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 2/9) (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Randall W. Austin) was then in a training exercise on Okinawa and it received orders on the night of 13 May to return to camp and prepare for departure by air at dawn on 14 May. On the morning of 14 May BLT 2/9 boarded Air Force C-141s at Kadena Air Base to fly to Thailand. The 9th Marine Regiment had been the first U.S. ground combat force committed to the Vietnam War in 1965, but in May 1975 only a few of the officers and NCOs from","title":"Mayaguez incident"},{"id":"1713172","text":"assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: \"In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them.\" Wheeler's promptings were influenced by the severe strain imposed upon the U.S. military by the Vietnam commitment, one which had been undertaken without the mobilization of its reserve forces. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. By obliquely ordering Westmoreland to demand more forces, Wheeler was attempting to solve","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"2242369","text":"sent to the region at once. After making his report to the Cabinet and the Chiefs of Staff, Taylor reflected on the decision to send troops to South Vietnam: \"I don't recall anyone who was strongly against, except one man, and that was the President. The President just didn't want to be convinced that this was the right thing to do... It was really the President's personal conviction that U.S. ground troops shouldn't go in.\" Taylor opposed the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that overthrew and killed President Ngo Dinh Diem. A series of short-lived juntas followed, and after Taylor was","title":"Maxwell D. Taylor"},{"id":"14133380","text":"officers; while many RVN officers had their post through political connections, others would have been outstanding commanders in any army. At the same time, the U.S. was beginning to explore withdrawing forces. The USMC 1st Composite Radio Company deployed, on January 2, 1962, to Pleiku, South Vietnam as Detachment One. After Davis' death in December, it became obvious to the Army Security Agency that thick jungle made tactical ground collection exceptionally dangerous, and direction-finding moved principally to aircraft platforms. In addition to the U.S. advisers, in August 1962, 30 Australian Army advisers was sent to Vietnam to operate within the","title":"War in Vietnam (1959–1963)"},{"id":"13439503","text":"U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff granted the newly re-established 1st Air Commando Group authority to strike communist insurgents. On 8 February 1962, the Air Operations Center for Vietnam was set up at Tan Son Nhut on the outskirts of Saigon; it would be the command and control network for forward air control. In April 1962, a USAF study concluded only 32 American FACs were required for Vietnam service; by the time the last of the 32 had been assigned a year later, they were obviously insufficient. On 14 April 1962, the VNAF began training Forward Air Guides (FAGs) as ground","title":"Forward air control during the Vietnam War"},{"id":"8637496","text":"effort to win Vietnamese hearts and minds and drove many into the ranks of the VC instead. Therefore, some authors cite Operation Cedar Falls as a major example for the misconceptions of the US strategy in Vietnam and for its morally-troublesome consequences. The planning for Operation Cedar Falls evolved out of the broader strategic aims which MACV, the United States' unified command structure for its military forces in South Vietnam, had formulated for 1967. Following the war's earlier stages, in which the insertion of major US ground troops had averted the collapse of the South Vietnamese regime and during which","title":"Operation Cedar Falls"},{"id":"849886","text":"with the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff over Vietnam strategy became the subject of public speculation, frequent rumors surfaced that he would leave office. In an early November 1967 memorandum to Johnson, McNamara's recommendation to freeze troop levels, stop bombing North Vietnam and for the U.S. to hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam was rejected outright by the President. McNamara's recommendations amounted to his saying that the strategy of the United States in Vietnam which had been pursued to date had failed. McNamara later stated he \"never heard back\" from Johnson regarding the memo. Largely as a","title":"Robert McNamara"},{"id":"14427198","text":"D.C. about 20,000 people gathered to protest the Vietnam War. This was the first large protest against the war in the United States. China rescinded the order to its air force to not attack American war planes violating Chinese air space. Over the next three years, 12 American war planes and several reconnaissance planes were shot down over China. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \"it would take","title":"1965 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14429408","text":"Operation Ranch Hand mission began. Defoliants (Agent Orange) were sprayed from U.S. aircraft along several miles of Highway 15 leading from the port of Vũng Tàu to the airforce base at Biên Hòa near Saigon. Although the United States wished to keep the use of defoliants secret, the South Vietnamese government announced publicly that defoliants supplied by the U.S. were being used to kill vegetation near highway routes. Operation Chopper was the first combat operation for American soldiers in Vietnam. U.S. pilots transported about 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers by helicopter to land and attack Viet Cong guerrillas about 10 miles","title":"1962 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"9797100","text":"Vietnam from 25 June 1965, to 19 March 1970. On 23 June 1965, Private First Class Gerold Worster arrived by plane in Saigon, in the Republic of Vietnam. Not only was Gerold the first soldier from the 1st Infantry Division, known as the \"Big Red One\", he was also the first member of the 7th Artillery to set foot on Vietnamese soil. Even as he climbed from the plane, his comrades were loading aboard the USNS \"General W. H. Gordon\" for the trip to Vietnam. On 12 July, Charlie Battery of the 1st Battalion, 7th Artillery made landfall at Cam","title":"7th Field Artillery Regiment"},{"id":"3913698","text":"troops. The paratroopers also captured an underground radio transmitter. This operation heralded a new era of air mobility for the U.S. Army, which had been slowly growing as a concept since the Army formed twelve helicopter battalions in 1952 as a result of the Korean War. These new battalions eventually formed a sort of modern-day cavalry for the Army. Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21","title":"Operation Chopper (Vietnam)"},{"id":"3376239","text":"with US forces if the situation warranted it. As Johnson saw it, the communist units would always keep their casualties below what they considered a prohibitive level, and could not be swept away by US firepower. He did, however, acknowledge that the U.S. Commander in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, had little choice but to engage the enemy's main formations, which had to be prevented from securing base areas where they could concentrate. Johnson was instrumental in altering the focus to a counterinsurgency approach, but was frustrated at the US Congress' refusal to provide the manpower necessary for successful pacification. In","title":"Harold Keith Johnson"},{"id":"9332411","text":"interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society, however, including the US congress.. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000. The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead. Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan, anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. During 1961, his","title":"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"14427554","text":"the threat of the insurgency, relying on social and economic programs as well as military measures to create an anti-communist movement among the Montagnard people who traditionally mistrusted Vietnamese of all political persuasions. Air Force General Curtis LeMay urged the Joint Chiefs of Staff to try to persuade President Kennedy to approve the introduction of substantial combat forces into South Vietnam. \"The first fruits\" of the Taylor mission arrived in Saigon: 32 CH-21 Shawnee 20-passenger helicopters, four single-engine training planes, and about 400 American soldiers. Secretary of Defense McNamara met with senior U.S. military leaders in Hawaii to discuss the","title":"1961 in the Vietnam War"},{"id":"447242","text":"National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963. By 1964 there were 23,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, but this escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,","title":"Vietnam War"},{"id":"491867","text":"Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves. The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong","title":"United States Navy SEALs"},{"id":"2475945","text":"Vietnamization Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to \"expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops.\" Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens'","title":"Vietnamization"},{"id":"20414338","text":"RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest in history up to that time (, p.v), (, p. 58), and . Over the ten-year life of the contract, RMK-BRJ trained 200,000 Vietnamese workers in construction and","title":"RMK-BRJ"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"20414346\",\n \"text\": \"1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10909861\",\n \"text\": \"threat and secrecy in the nuclear age and should not have been used to justify the imperial presidency. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson sent 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic without congressional approval. The same year, he sent combat troops for the first time into Vietnam. The war lasted the longest in US history and resulted in the fourth largest number of US casualties after the Civil War and the two world wars. The Tonkin Gulf resolution authorized the president to use the military, as he required. That was transfer of war powers from Congress to the president. Lincoln\",\n \"title\": \"The Imperial Presidency\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447300\",\n \"text\": \"remained in the field for four days. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were unilaterally dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. General William\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796924\",\n \"text\": \"of Phuoc Vinh. Kennedy increased the number of military advisors and special forces in the area, from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but he was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President Kennedy sent Roger Hilsman, then director of the State Department's Bureau of Intelligence and Research, to assess the situation in Vietnam. There, Hilsman\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332426\",\n \"text\": \"the presidency unopposed. With the installation of the Thieu and Ky government (the Second Republic), the U.S. had a pliable, stable, and semi-legitimate government in Saigon with which to deal. With the advent of \\\"Rolling Thunder\\\", American airbases and facilities needed to be constructed and manned for the aerial effort. On March 8, 1965, 3,500 United States Marines came ashore at Da Nang as the first wave of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, adding to the 25,000 U.S. military advisers already in place. The US Government deployment of ground forces to Da Nang had not been consulted with the\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11884334\",\n \"text\": \"planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat\",\n \"title\": \"CIA activities in Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7154165\",\n \"text\": \"their utility. Although the initial American commitment to the war in Vietnam had been limited to advice and materiel support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Crimp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427199\",\n \"text\": \"more than six months, perhaps a year or two to...break the will of the DRV/VC [North Vietnam and the Viet Cong] by denying them victory.\\\" On this date the U.S. had 33,000 U.S. military personnel in Vietnam and another 20,000 scheduled to be there. Ambassador Taylor reported to Washington that Prime Minister Quat was reluctant to accept the assignment of more U.S. soldiers to South Vietnam. The CIA warned in a memorandum that the introduction of U.S. ground forces into Vietnam might result in \\\"constant danger that the war weary people of South Vietnam will let the U.S. assume an\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374839\",\n \"text\": \"presence, initially seizing the provincial capital of Phuoc Vinh. By the end of 1961 the American advisers in Vietnam numbered 3,205 and that number increased from 11,000 in 1962 to 16,000 by late 1963, but Kennedy was reluctant to order a full-scale deployment of troops. Before his assassination, Kennedy used military advisors and special forces in Vietnam almost exclusively. A year and three months later on March 8, 1965, his successor, President Lyndon Johnson, committed the first combat troops to Vietnam and greatly escalated U.S. involvement, with forces reaching 184,000 that year and 536,000 in 1968. In late 1961, President\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14428008\",\n \"text\": \"and Vietnam's central highlands. Former President John F. Kennedy's brother, Robert Kennedy, said in an oral interview for the Kennedy Library that President Kennedy had \\\"a strong, overwhelming reason for being in Vietnam and that we should win the war in Vietnam.\\\" Kennedy denied that any consideration had been given by the President to withdrawing from Vietnam. He equivocated on the introduction of U.S. ground troops into Vietnam, saying that \\\"we'd face that when we came to it.\\\" Viet Cong commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.\",\n \"title\": \"1964 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9826148\",\n \"text\": \"of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units. This was abandoned in April 1965, and replaced by a new \\\"enclave strategy\\\" of defending key coastal population centres and installations. This strategy required the introduction\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Gang Toi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447243\",\n \"text\": \"in which a U.S. destroyer was alleged to have clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft. In response the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave Lyndon B. Johnson authorization to increase U.S. military presence, deploying ground combat units for the first time and increasing troop levels to 184,000. Every year onward there was significant build-up despite little progress, with Robert McNamara, one of the principal architects of the war, beginning to express doubts of victory by the end of 1966. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces,\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20527991\",\n \"text\": \"ROK and the division of United States troops, the US allowed General Charles H. \\\"Tick\\\" Bonesteel III to assume multiple posts as the Commander-in-chief, UN command; and Commander of US. Forces, Korea; Commanding General, US. Eighth Army (EUSA). On March 1965, the US deployed ground forces into Vietnam which marked the start of a series of escalating casualties. Kim Il-sung recognized an opportunity to achieve Korean unification in which the possibility of US retaliation and assistance towards South Korea would be minimal. He believed that the US would be preoccupied with fighting in Vietnam and become reluctant to bear the\",\n \"title\": \"Uljin–Samcheok Landings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8445484\",\n \"text\": \"committing large units to battle. The United States entered the war to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam as part of their wider strategy of containment. The U.S. was involved in Vietnam as early as 1950, when military advisors were sent to assist the French in the First Indochina War. The U.S. continued its advisory assistance to South Vietnam during the 1950s, with U.S. troop levels tripling in 1961 and tripling again a year later. U.S. combat units were deployed to Vietnam beginning in 1965 after the Tonkin Gulf Resolution, which authorized the President to deploy U.S. conventional forces\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8445488\",\n \"text\": \"Okinawa. As the Marine presence grew in Vietnam, 2nd LAAM Battalion also joined the fight. 2nd LAAM Battalion was tasked with providing air defense for the Chu Lai Air Base. On 8 March 1965, the United States Marine Corps became the first of the Armed Services to deploy large ground combat units to South Vietnam. 1st LAAM Battalion had already been deployed for four weeks by the time Marine ground combat troops arrived. More than 38,000 Marines made up the III Marine Amphibious Force (III MAF) by the end of 1965 under the command of Major General Lewis W. Walt.\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Low Altitude Air Defense Battalion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299686\",\n \"text\": \"the election of Richard Nixon, and the change of U.S. policy to Vietnamization, or giving the main combat role back to the South Vietnamese military. The North Vietnamese term for the large-scale introduction of U.S. ground forces, in 1965, is the \\\"Local War\\\", according to Gen. Trần Văn Trà, the [North Vietnamese] \\\" Party concluded, the \\\"United States was forced to introduce its own troops because it was losing the war. It had lost the political game in Vietnam...the situation allows us to shift our revolution to a new stage, that of decisive victory.\\\" The Party issued a resolution to\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427997\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam and the introduction of U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam. By year's end, the 23,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \\\"advisers\\\" (although they participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of the reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years. U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnam Dương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and districts\",\n \"title\": \"1964 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4461083\",\n \"text\": \"1972, the Politburo member and Army General Võ Nguyên Giáp planned simultaneous attacks to capture as much territory as possible and to defeat the US-supported South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). By then, the number of United States ground forces in South Vietnam had fallen to 65,000 from an all-time high of 543,000 in 1969; and the North Vietnamese correctly anticipated that the US was unwilling to commit ground troops again. An aerial armada consisting of United States Air Force (USAF) B-52 Stratofortresses, F-4 Phantom IIs, A-37 Dragonflies and US Navy planes from four aircraft carrier wings\",\n \"title\": \"An Lộc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15345896\",\n \"text\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team The 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team (\\\"Sky Soldiers\\\") is an airborne infantry brigade combat team of the United States Army based in Vicenza, Italy. It is the United States European Command's conventional airborne strategic response force for Europe. Activated in 1915, as the 173d Infantry Brigade, the unit saw service in World War II but is best known for its actions during the Vietnam War. The brigade was the first major United States Army ground formation deployed in Vietnam, serving there from 1965 to 1971 and losing almost 1,800 soldiers. Noted for its roles in\",\n \"title\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14791913\",\n \"text\": \"in Michael Barnhart (Ed.), Congress and U.S. Foreign Policy (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1987). Paper on \\\"The 1965 Decision to Send U.S. Ground Forces to Vietnam,\\\" for the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, April 16, 1987 in Washington D.C. William Conrad Gibbons William Conrad Gibbons (September 26, 1926 – July 4, 2015) was an American historian and foreign policy expert. Gibbons died at age 88. Gibbons was born in 1926 in Harrisonburg, Virginia, to Howard and Jessie Gibbons. He entered the University of Virginia in 1945. His studies were interrupted in order to serve in\",\n \"title\": \"William Conrad Gibbons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447279\",\n \"text\": \"lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a \\\"brush fire\\\" war in Vietnam. Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the \\\"danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did.\\\" By November 1963, there were 16,000 American\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427197\",\n \"text\": \"of a full division of American troops. Ambassador Taylor had not been present at the meeting and he protested that \\\"Recent actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground forces have tended to create an eagerness in some quarters to deploy forces into SVN (South Vietnam) which I find difficult to understand.\\\" Taylor opposed the introduction of American ground troops for offensive operations, believing they should be restricted to coastal \\\"enclaves.\\\" General Westmoreland disagreed, believing that enclaves were \\\"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces...that would leave the decision of when and where to strike to the enemy.\\\" In Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11495110\",\n \"text\": \"in the Vietnam War, from 1965 to 1969. In 1965, she helped land the first US ground troops at Chu Lai. On 1 January 1969, \\\"Bexar\\\" along with the other surviving attack transports from World War II were redesignated amphibious transports, \\\"Bexar\\\" receiving the designation LPA-237. \\\"Bexar\\\" was decommissioned on 7 August 1970 and struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 September 1976. She was returned to the Maritime Administration on 1 July 1972, and laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet at Suisun Bay, California. On 16 June 1982, she was sold for scrapping to C. W.\",\n \"title\": \"USS Bexar (APA-237)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299729\",\n \"text\": \"but submitted that request. The President approved sending two Marine battalions on February 26. Other than possibly Westmoreland, they were seen purely as defensive troops. Westmoreland denies assuming they would be available for missions outside the base. The \\\"Pentagon Papers\\\" suggest he did see a wider mission, but there is no strong evidence that he did; these troops were the first U.S. land combat forces committed to the Asian mainland since the Korean War. Ambassador Taylor, a retired general with extensive combat experience, objected. His calculation was that one battalion would protect the base from any plausible direct VC ground\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332427\",\n \"text\": \"South Vietnamese government. Instead the initial deployment and gradual build-up was a unilateral decision by the US government. On May 5 the U.S. 173rd Airborne Brigade became the first U.S. Army ground unit committed to the conflict in South Vietnam. On August 18, Operation Starlite began as the first major U.S. ground operation, destroying an NLF stronghold in Quảng Ngãi Province. The North Vietnamese had already sent units of their regular army into southern Vietnam beginning in late 1964. Some officials in Hanoi had favored an immediate invasion of the South, and a plan was developed to use PAVN units\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12924110\",\n \"text\": \"to appear antipathetic to the president's agenda. But by April, Kennedy was advocating a halt to the bombing to Johnson, who acknowledged that Kennedy played a part in influencing his choice to temporarily cease bombing the following month. Kennedy cautioned Johnson against sending combat troops as early as 1965, but Johnson chose instead to follow the recommendation of the rest of his predecessor's still intact staff of advisers. In July, after Johnson made a large commitment of American ground forces to Vietnam, Kennedy made multiple calls for a settlement through negotiation. The next month, John Paul Vann, a lieutenant colonel\",\n \"title\": \"Robert F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427205\",\n \"text\": \"were destroyed. Presidential adviser and future Secretary of Defense Clark Clifford in a letter to President Johnson said, \\\"I believe our ground forces in South Vietnam should be kept to a minimum, consistent with the protection of our installations and property in that country ... This could be a quagmire. It could turn into an open end commitment on our part that would take more and more ground troops, without a realistic hope of ultimate victory.\\\" \\\"Quagmire\\\" would later become a common word use to describe U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. Eight hundred soldiers of the Australian Defence Force\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427189\",\n \"text\": \"-- that the Pentagon and the military have been going at this thing the wrong way round from the very beginning: they have been concentrating on military results against guerrillas in the field, when they should have been concentrating on intense police control from the individual villager on up.\\\" Two battalions of U.S. Marines began to land on beaches near Da Nang. The arrival of the Marines heralded the direct involvement of American combat units in the Vietnam War. The Marines had the responsibility of guarding the Da Nang airbase but were ordered to \\\"not, repeat not, engage in day-to-day\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"439249\",\n \"text\": \"and retreats by both sides and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army's entry into the war, the returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953. The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point for the U.S. Army due to the use of drafted personnel, the unpopularity of the war with the U.S. public and frustrating restrictions placed on the military by U.S. political leaders. While U.S. forces had been stationed in South Vietnam since 1959, in intelligence and advising/training roles, they were not deployed in large numbers until 1965, after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. U.S. forces effectively\",\n \"title\": \"United States Army\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8190051\",\n \"text\": \"of US forces in Thailand in response to the worsening situation of the Royal Lao Government in the Laotian Civil War. The Marines were then moved north to the town of Nong Khai where they conducted field training exercises with the Royal Thai Army and civic action with Thai civilians. On 1 July with the situation in Laos stabilizing the Marines were flown from Udorn to the Philippines and then on to Okinawa. 3/9 became the first battalion-sized ground combat unit to be deployed to Vietnam when they landed on 8 March 1965 in Da Nang, Republic of Vietnam. Over\",\n \"title\": \"3rd Battalion, 9th Marines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7796935\",\n \"text\": \"what he was going to do.\\\" Sorensen added that, in his opinion, Vietnam \\\"was the only foreign policy problem handed off by JFK to his successor in no better, and possibly worse, shape than it was when he inherited it.\\\" U.S. involvement in the region escalated until his successor Lyndon Johnson directly deployed regular U.S. military forces for fighting the Vietnam War. After Kennedy's assassination, President Johnson signed NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963. It reversed Kennedy's decision to withdraw 1,000 troops, and reaffirmed the policy of assistance to the South Vietnamese. On June 10, 1963, Kennedy, at the high\",\n \"title\": \"John F. Kennedy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652153\",\n \"text\": \"of two more divisions. More significantly, he also authorized a change in mission from defensive to offensive operations; he nevertheless continued to insist that this was not to be publicly represented as a change in existing policy. By the middle of June, the total U.S. ground forces in Vietnam were increased to 82,000 or by 150 percent. That same month, Ambassador Taylor reported that the bombing offensive against North Vietnam had been ineffective, and that the South Vietnamese army was outclassed and in danger of collapse. General Westmoreland shortly thereafter recommended the president further increase ground troops from 82,000 to\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13924508\",\n \"text\": \"1968 in the United States 1968 in the United States was marked by several major historical events. It is often considered to be one of the most turbulent and traumatic years of the 20th century in the United States. The year began with the Tet Offensive in the midst of the Vietnam War, which reached its climax after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed legislation allowing for an increased maximum number of troops on the ground at one time (549,500). Likewise, it was the most expensive year of the war, costing $77.4 billion. Antiwar sentiment continued to grow after the occurrence\",\n \"title\": \"1968 in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5923935\",\n \"text\": \"more equal relationship between the two nations. With its growing economic strength and the security guarantee of the United States, the threat of a conventional invasion from the north seemed increasingly remote. Following the escalation of the Vietnam War with the deployment of ground combat troops in March 1965, South Korea sent the Capital Division and the 2nd Marine Brigade to South Vietnam in September 1965, followed by the White Horse Division in September 1966. The start of the hostilities can be traced to a speech given by North Korean leader Kim Il-sung on 5 October 1966, at the Workers'\",\n \"title\": \"Korean DMZ Conflict\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7346807\",\n \"text\": \"task force ordered to impose a naval quarantine against arms shipments to Cuba. A new era opened on 8 March 1965 when the Marines were committed to ground action in South Vietnam. Beginning on 16 August 1965, the regiment was gradually deployed to South Vietnam. The transfer was completed by the arrival of the 2d Battalion on 27 May 1966. The nature of the war required the artillerymen to defend their own positions against numerous enemy probes and brought about a vastly increased employment of artillery by helicopters, both for displacement and resupply. The regimental history in Vietnam was characterized\",\n \"title\": \"11th Marine Regiment (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299725\",\n \"text\": \"Dart (or, more specifically, Flaming Dart I), of the broader Operation Rolling Thunder plan, which had not yet officially started. Alternatively, the North Vietnamese may have accepted the risk of being bombed, correctly predicting that even if ground troops were introduced, the U.S. would not risk the North's greatest fear: large-scale ground operations, beyond the South Vietnamese border, against the Ho Chi Minh trail. The Pleiku attack seems to have been a vital decision point for the U.S. While the introduction of U.S. ground troops had been discussed for years, there were no specific plans. Bundy's memorandum to Johnson about\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332474\",\n \"text\": \"Tet, but it was very evident that it was totally dependent on U.S. airpower for its survival. Meanwhile, the withdrawal of American troops, who numbered less than 100,000 at the beginning of the year, was continued as scheduled. By June only six infantry battalions remained. On August 12, the last American ground combat division left the country. However, the U.S. continued to operate the base At Long Binh. Combat patrols continued there until November 11 when the U.S. handed over the base to the South Vietnamese. After this, only 24,000 American troops remained in Vietnam and President Nixon announced that\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427221\",\n \"text\": \"troops in South Vietnam to 125,000 and an increase in the draft of young Americans into the military from 17,000 to 35,000 per month, but he declined to activate the Reserve and National Guard. Johnson's announcement represented a quantum leap in the American commitment and was followed quickly by massive increases in the number of U.S. troops deployed to South Vietnam. A brigade of the 101st Airborne Division arrived at Cam Rahn Bay and set up its base camp there. Sixty-one percent of Americans responded \\\"no\\\" to the following question by the Gallup Poll, \\\"Do you think the U.S. made\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15345908\",\n \"text\": \"first major ground combat unit of the United States Army to serve in the country. Brigadier General Williamson boldly predicted on arrival that his men would defeat the Viet Cong quickly and that they \\\"would be back in Okinawa by Christmas\\\". The 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division; the 2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry Division; and the 1st Cavalry Division quickly followed the 173rd into Vietnam, the first of what would eventually be 25 U.S. Army brigades to serve in the country. As larger US Army commands were established in Vietnam, the brigade was assigned to the III Corps and II Corps\",\n \"title\": \"173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1637698\",\n \"text\": \"at Huế. Facing an increasing casualty count, rising domestic opposition to the war, and growing international condemnation, the US began withdrawing from ground combat roles in the early 1970s. This process also entailed an unsuccessful effort to strengthen and stabilise South Vietnam. Following the Paris Peace Accords of 27 January 1973, all American combat troops were withdrawn by 29 March 1973. In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phước Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. South Vietnam was briefly ruled by a provisional government for almost eight years\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6143666\",\n \"text\": \"intervention in Vietnam, particularly the large force increase from 1965-1968. The term is used to convey the belief that military success can only be achieved through the direct physical presence of troops in a conflict area. As terminology, it was coined to concisely express a counter-view against the position that other means, such as aerial bombardment (as used both by Germany and the Allies in World War II, and massively by the United States in Vietnam), economic incentives, or satellite intelligence could achieve victory. The term is particularly applied currently (2010) to counter-insurgency operations. \\\"Boots on the Ground...\\\" is an\",\n \"title\": \"Boots on the Ground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18427589\",\n \"text\": \"Red Beach Base Area Red Beach Base Area (also known as Camp JJ Books, Camp Haskins, Camp Viking, Paddock Compound or Red Beach Camp) is a complex of former U.S. Marines, Navy and Army and Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) logistics and support bases northwest of Danang. The base was located along Highway 1, 8 km northwest of Danang at Red Beach, the site of the landing of the 9th Marine Regiment, the first US combat troops deployed to South Vietnam on 8 March 1965. The area comprised a number of separate adjacent bases as follows: The base\",\n \"title\": \"Red Beach Base Area\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4718071\",\n \"text\": \"Battle of Khe Sahn, 21 to 9 January 9 July 1968 and was awarded a Presidential Unit Citation for its actions at Khe Sanh on 20 January – 1 April 1968 while attached to the 3rd Marine Division (Reinforced). In February 1968, General William Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam asked for help in Vietnam because of the Communist Tet offensive. President Johnson then committed more troops to the war effort. On 12 February 1968, the 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, was ordered to Vietnam and deployed on 17 to 19 February. The 27th Marines became the first\",\n \"title\": \"5th Marine Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447298\",\n \"text\": \"5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.\\\" The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were much lower: 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. During this phase, the use of captured equipment decreased, while greater numbers of ammunition and supplies were required to maintained regular units. Group 559 was tasked with expanding the Ho Chi Minh Trail, in light of the near constant bombardment\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332424\",\n \"text\": \"Minh Trail. President Johnson had already appointed General William C. Westmoreland to succeed General Harkins as Commander of MACV in June 1964. Under Westmoreland, the expansion of American troop strength in South Vietnam took place. American forces rose from 16,000 during 1964 to more than 553,000 by 1969. With the U.S. decision to escalate its involvement it had created the Many Flags program to legitimise intervention and ANZUS Pact allies Australia and New Zealand agreed to contribute troops and matériel to the conflict. They were joined by the Republic of Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines. The U.S. paid for (through\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427550\",\n \"text\": \"The NSAM also called for South Vietnam to improve its military establishment and mobilize its resources to prosecute the war. Thus, Kennedy stopped short of what many of his advisers, including General Taylor, had advised: the introduction of U.S. combat soldiers into South Vietnam. Kennedy's decision not to introduce combat troops surprised the Defense Department which had been assembling forces to be assigned to Vietnam, including Farm Gate aircraft. However, Kennedy's decision was a visible and undeniable violation of the Geneva Accords of 1954, still technically in force. President Kennedy approved the use of herbicides in Viet Nam to kill\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229054\",\n \"text\": \"America. Johnson described himself at the time as boxed in by unpalatable choices—between sending Americans to die in Vietnam and giving in to the communists. If he sent additional troops he would be attacked as an interventionist and if he did not he thought he risked being impeached. By October 1965, there were over 200,000 troops deployed in Vietnam. Most of these soldiers were drafted after graduating from high school, and disproportionately came from economically-disadvantaged backgrounds. In early 1966, Robert Kennedy harshly criticized Johnson's bombing campaign, stating that the U.S. may be headed \\\"on a road from which there is\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6658945\",\n \"text\": \"Clark AB to the United States, and, in 1966, began making patient pickups in Vietnam. On 30 March 1972, North Vietnam launched an all-out invasion of South Vietnam, which came to be known as the Easter Offensive. The \\\"Vietnamization\\\" policy of the United States had resulted in the vast majority of US ground combat forces been withdrawn from South Vietnam with PACAF's tactical air units also being reduced. Military Airlift Command's C-141 force, accustomed to operating in and out of Vietnam from offshore were utilized for movement of large numbers of men and amounts of materiel to oppose the invasion.\",\n \"title\": \"Military Airlift Command\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14914665\",\n \"text\": \"29 March 1975 when it fell to the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN). It was located in Quảng Nam Province southeast of Da Nang Air Base on a strip of beach between China Beach and the Marble Mountains. On 28 July 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that the U.S. would increase the number of its forces in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000. The arrival of additional USMC and United States Air Force squadrons at Da Nang AB led to severe overcrowding at the base and the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing (I MAW) began looking for an alternative site\",\n \"title\": \"Marble Mountain Air Facility\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374841\",\n \"text\": \"strengthen the tie between them and the central government. By November 1963 the program waned and officially ended in 1964. In early 1962, Kennedy formally authorized escalated involvement when he signed the National Security Action Memorandum – \\\"Subversive Insurgency (War of Liberation)\\\". \\\"Operation Ranch Hand\\\", a large-scale aerial defoliation effort, began on the roadsides of South Vietnam. By the end of 1962, 109 American military personnel had been killed compared to 14 the previous year. During 1962, Viet Cong troops increased from 15,000 to 24,000. Depending on which assessment Kennedy accepted (Department of Defense or State) there had been zero\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19178126\",\n \"text\": \"says that the U.S. \\\"should develop as strong and persuasive a case as possible to demonstrate to the world the degree to which the Viet Cong is controlled, sustained and supplied\\\" from North Vietnam. The withdrawal of almost 1,000 U.S. military personnel from South Vietnam took place, albeit described by the Pentagon Papers as an \\\"accounting exercise.\\\" The number of soldiers in South Vietnam was 16,752 in October and on December 31, 1963, was 15,894. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson had made decisions on the Vietnam War based on optimistic reports from the American Embassy and MACV in Saigon and from\",\n \"title\": \"National Security Action Memorandum 273\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427513\",\n \"text\": \"of the U.S. Army to respond to Kennedy's emphasis on developing a greater capability in counterinsurgency, although the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group began providing counterinsurgency training to the South Vietnamese army (ARVN) and other security forces. The Kennedy Administration debated internally about introducing U.S. combat troops into South Vietnam, but Kennedy decided against ground soldiers. The CIA began assisting Montagnard irregular forces, American pilots began flying combat missions to support South Vietnamese ground forces, and Kennedy authorized the use of herbicides (Agent Orange) to kill vegetation near roads threatened by the Viet Cong. By the end of the year,\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427215\",\n \"text\": \"strikes, the U.S. 173rd Airborne began another sweep through Zone D with 2,500 men and ARVN and Australian participation. The allies claimed to have inflicted 100 Viet Cong casualties. Maxwell Taylor resigned as U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam. Taylor had earlier been opposed to the introduction of U.S. ground troops into South Vietnam, proposing instead an intensified air campaign against North Vietnam. Taylor would be replaced by Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., who returned to Saigon for his second stint as ambassador. The New York Times reported that the 173rd Airborne suffered 10 killed and 42 wounded on its sweep through\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14286666\",\n \"text\": \"was redeployed with US 173rd Airborne Brigade and 1 RAR on Operation Silver City, sweeping the south-west sector of War Zone D. At the strategic level the ARVN and the South Vietnamese government had both rallied after appearing on the verge of collapse and the threat against Saigon subsided. General William Westmoreland, commander of US forces in Vietnam, planned to adopt a more offensive strategy, and between January and December 1966 US troop levels rose from 210,000 to 327,000. The Australian government also increased its own commitment to the ground war in March 1966, announcing the deployment of a two\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Suoi Bong Trang\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427187\",\n \"text\": \"of the cost of the deployment of the Koreans and provided economic incentives to South Korea for its support of South Vietnam. Ambassador Taylor met with generals Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Minh in Saigon to request permission for the assignment of the Marines to Da Nang airbase. The generals raised no objections, but asked that the Marines arrive \\\"in the most inconspicuous way feasible.\\\" Operation Rolling Thunder was launched. 104 U.S. fighter-bombers and 19 South Vietnamese aircraft hit targets in the largest U.S. bombing raid to date against North Vietnam. Five U.S. planes and one South Vietnamese plane\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"767449\",\n \"text\": \"a similar number of PAVN personnel to go south. There are no sources from Vietnam, the United States, or the Soviet Union that confirm the number of Chinese troops stationed in North Vietnam. However, the Chinese government later admitted to sending 320,000 Chinese soldiers to Vietnam during the 1960s and spent over $20 billion to support Hanoi's regular North Vietnamese Army and Việt Cộng guerrilla units. By early 1965, American combat troops began arriving in South Vietnam, first to protect the airbases around Chu Lai and Da Nang, later to take on most of the fight as \\\"[m]ore and more\",\n \"title\": \"Ho Chi Minh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18392300\",\n \"text\": \"itself facing a volatile future there. In October 1961, President John F. Kennedy was presented with two potential courses of action in Vietnam. His staff members, Walter Rostow and retired General Maxwell Taylor recommended an increase in military advisers and a commitment of 8,000 U.S. combat troops to South Vietnam. A conflicting recommendation by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff called for committing six American combat divisions, comprising 200,000 soldiers. Kennedy held a decision on combat troops in abeyance, though he forwarded 1,000 added advisers to South Vietnam, including Farm Gate instructors from the Special\",\n \"title\": \"Sigma I-62 war game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1300610\",\n \"text\": \"completed the course of study at the Naval War College, while earning a master's degree in International Relations from George Washington University in Washington, DC. Moore was transferred to Fort Benning and commanded 2nd Battalion, 23rd Infantry later to become a part of 11th Air Assault Division, undergoing air assault and air mobility training and tests. On July 28, 1965 President Lyndon Johnson announced that he was sending \\\"the Airmobile Division to Vietnam\\\". That same month the 11th Air Assault Division was re-designated the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) and alerted for deployment to Vietnam. Moore's battalion was re-designated as 1st\",\n \"title\": \"Hal Moore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"849914\",\n \"text\": \"he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General William Westmoreland's request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam. At the end of March 1968, however, the president agreed to send 24,500 more troops on an emergency basis, raising authorized strength to 549,500, a figure never reached. Even as he oversaw a continued buildup, Clifford preferred to emphasize the points Johnson had made in his March 31, 1968 address: that the South Vietnamese army could take over a greater share of the fighting, that the\",\n \"title\": \"Clark Clifford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6289971\",\n \"text\": \"only eight weeks. The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) exceeded that demanding goal by reaching REDCON-1 status on 28 July 1965 and deploying to Vietnam in mid-August, only six weeks after the division's organization. The men of 2nd Brigade boarded the USNS \\\"General Simon B. Buckner\\\" on 16 August 1965, en route to Vietnam. On 14 September 1965, the 2nd Brigade disembarked the USNS \\\"Buckner\\\" and marched onto Vietnamese shores at Qui Nhơn. 2nd Brigade continued its tradition of firsts by becoming the first brigade of the 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) to reach Vietnam. The brigade, consisting of 1/5 Cavalry, 2nd\",\n \"title\": \"2nd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439507\",\n \"text\": \"more successful than the 19th TASS because the Army allowed surveillance from a lower altitude than the USAF. After the Gulf of Tonkin incident served as the American \\\"casus belli\\\" in August 1964, the United States began to add large numbers of ground troops needing air support in South Vietnam. As of January, 1965, there were only 144 USAF airborne FACs to support them; 76 of these were assigned as advisers. There were also 68 VNAF FACs, but only 38 aircraft, in the four Vietnamese liaison squadrons. Yet the Rules of Engagement mandated a forward air controller direct all air\",\n \"title\": \"Forward air control during the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17719771\",\n \"text\": \"that Kennedy, because of his character and personality, might have considered, at a later date, a unilateral withdrawal of American forces from Vietnam. NSAM 273, approved November 26, 1963, one day after Kennedy's funeral, by new U.S. President Lyndon Johnson affirmed the withdrawal called for in NSAM 263. saying \\\"The objectives of the United States with respect to the withdrawal of U. S. military personnel remain as stated in the White House statement of October 2, 1963.\\\" National Security Action Memorandum 263 National Security Action Memorandum Number 263 (NSAM-263) was a national security directive approved on 11 October 1963 by\",\n \"title\": \"National Security Action Memorandum 263\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4660808\",\n \"text\": \"very proud of those pilots and others who were conducting the evacuation\\\". Nixon's pledge of Peace with Honor in Vietnam had become a humiliating defeat, which together with Watergate contributed to the crisis of confidence that affected America throughout the 1970s. For an operation of the size and complexity of Frequent Wind, casualties were relatively light. Marine corporals McMahon and Judge killed at the DAO compound were the only members of US forces killed in action during the operation and they were the last US ground casualties in Vietnam. A Marine AH-1J SeaCobra ran out of fuel while searching for\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Frequent Wind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10701924\",\n \"text\": \"situation in Southeast Asia worsened, the United States began to take a more active part in the Vietnam War. Operation Jungle Drum, towards the end of 1965, landed Marines in southern Thailand. With increasing American commitments in South Vietnam, \\\"Tom Green County\\\" participated in Operations Piranha and Double Eagle in January and February 1966. The latter was the first large-scale amphibious landing under combat conditions since Inchon. In June 1966 the ship came under the operational and administrative command of Landing Ship Squadron 9; and, in November, the ship commenced support commitments for the Vietnam Coastal Surveillance Force, engaged in\",\n \"title\": \"USS Tom Green County (LST-1159)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3064312\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and conscription, and \\\"Vietnam paralysis\\\" are all the perceived results of the syndrome. There is a general consensus by global historians and even most military analysts that from a purely strategic point of view, the U.S. military was losing the war on the battlefield \\\"despite\\\" its\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427235\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"There can be no substitute for victory when the objective is the defeat of communist aggression\\\", he said. Operation Game Warden (Task force 116) began. It was a U.S. and South Vietnamese Navy operation in the Mekong Delta and near Saigon to patrol the rivers and coastal waters of South Vietnam, prevent the infiltration of soldiers and supplies from North Vietnam, and deny the Viet Cong access to the waterways. After a visit to South Vietnam, Marine Corps General Victor Krulak wrote a report expressing disagreement with General Westmoreland's strategy of attrition. It was \\\"wasteful of American lives, promising a\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20414360\",\n \"text\": \"forces are bent on destruction, RMK- BRJ's ten years of accomplishment have been in my opinion one of the finest episodes in our nation's history\\\" (, p. 437). RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14299730\",\n \"text\": \"attack, but that six, not three, battalions would be necessary to establish a sufficiently large area to prevent the VC firing on Da Nang with standard and easily portable 81mm mortars. The Joint Chiefs of Staff disagreed, and forwarded Westmoreland's request, with their agreement, on 26 February. Shortly before Johnson approved the sustained Operation Rolling Thunder plan on March 13, the Da Nang security force arrived on March 8. in response to Westmoreland's request of February 22 reflecting a concern with VC forces massing near the Marine air base at Da Nang, 3500 Marine ground troops arrived, the first U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963–1969\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16541016\",\n \"text\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived in Vietnam and had participated in combat operations. Officially, however the Dirty Thirty (an unofficial adopted nickname) pilots were classed as \\\"advisors\\\", not combatants. The original group of pilots deployed in 1962 rotated\",\n \"title\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3798455\",\n \"text\": \"Huu An orders his soldiers to \\\"kill all they send, and they will stop coming\\\". Eleven years later, the United States is fighting the Vietnam War. U.S. Army Lieutenant Colonel Hal Moore (Mel Gibson) is chosen to train and lead a battalion. After arriving in Vietnam, he learns that an American base has been attacked, and is ordered to take his 400 men after the enemy and eliminate the North Vietnamese attackers, despite the fact that intelligence has no idea of the number of enemy troops. Moore leads a newly created air cavalry unit into the Ia Drang Valley. After\",\n \"title\": \"We Were Soldiers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20900608\",\n \"text\": \"projects cannot fulfill themselves.\\\" In March 1972 the last U.S. ground combat division was withdrawn from Vietnam just as the North Vietnamese Army launched the Nguyễn Huệ or Easter Offensive. The U.S. responded by massively increasing its air war. “One main component was to be a flotilla of Seventh Fleet aircraft carriers (twice as many as in 1971) massed in the Gulf of Tonkin”. As the air and naval activity in the Pacific intensified, drastic changes occurred within the Navy. “During the remainder of the year, as many as four carriers…were on combat station in the Tonkin Gulf at one\",\n \"title\": \"Stop Our Ship (SOS)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9109584\",\n \"text\": \"to deploy to Da Nang. Arriving by C-130 on 8 April, by 9 April the HAWKs were operational at the base. On 8 March 1965, in coordination with the amphibious landing of the 9th Marine Regiment at Red Beach north of Da Nang, the 1st Battalion 3rd Marines landed at Da Nang AB from Naha Air Base, this marked the first deployment of US combat troops to South Vietnam. On 9 March HMM-365 was replaced by HMM-162. The 9th Marine Expeditionary Brigade (9th MEB) were tasked with defending Da Nang AB, while overall responsibility for defending the Da Nang area\",\n \"title\": \"Da Nang Air Base\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5077504\",\n \"text\": \"on. As public support decreased, opposition grew. The Gallup News Service began asking the American public whether it was a \\\"mistake to send troops to Vietnam\\\" in August 1965. At the time less than a quarter of Americans polled, 24%, believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 60% of Americans polled believed the opposite. Three years later, in September 1968, 54% of Americans polled believed it was a mistake to send troops to Vietnam while 37% believed it was not a mistake. A 1965 Gallup Poll asked the question, \\\"Have you ever felt the urge to\",\n \"title\": \"Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16541021\",\n \"text\": \"Thirty pilots eventually rotated home during early 1963 and were replaced by a second contingent of American pilots. This detachment remained with the VNAF until December 1963 when they were withdrawn from Vietnam. Dirty thirty (Vietnam) The first U.S. soldiers to take an official role in the Vietnam War were a group of pilots called the Dirty Thirty. They were U.S. Air Force pilots sent to Vietnam in 1962 and 1963, to assist the South Vietnamese air force (VNAF) in military airlift and transport missions. They primarily flew as co-pilots alongside VNAF pilots on these missions. Other G.I.s had survived\",\n \"title\": \"Dirty thirty (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1065469\",\n \"text\": \"the 3d Battalion, 320th Artillery, was activated under Division Artillery to support the 4th Brigade. The units assigned and attached to the 3d Brigade of the 82nd Airborne Division were as follows: The deployment of the 3rd Brigade took place with significant problems and controversy. In \\\"The Rise and Fall of an American Army: U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam, 1965–1973,\\\" author Shelby L. Stanton describes how, other than the 82d, only two under-strength Marine and four skeletonized Army divisions were left stateside by the beginning of 1968. MACV, desperate for additional manpower, wanted the division to deploy to Vietnam, and\",\n \"title\": \"82nd Airborne Division\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5171126\",\n \"text\": \"Group (MAAG), Vietnam was separated out from MAAG, Indochina in a reorganization into the different countries that the deployments were stationed. With this new date Fitzgibbon became the first person to die in the Vietnam War, Fitzgibbon's name was added to the Vietnam Memorial Wall in 1999. The former first two official casualties were U.S. Army major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester Charles Ovnand who were killed on July 8, 1959. While McMahon and Judge were the last American ground casualties in Vietnam, they are not the last casualties of the Vietnam War (a term which also covers\",\n \"title\": \"Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4712595\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Seventh Fleet to prevent Chinese Communist attacks upon Formosa and Chinese Nationalist operations against mainland China. 1954–1955: China: Naval units evacuated U.S. civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands. 1955–1964: Vietnam: First military advisors sent to Vietnam on February 12, 1955. By 1964, US troop levels had grown to 21,000. On August 7, 1964, US Congress approved Gulf of Tonkin resolution affirming \\\"All necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States. . .to prevent further aggression. . . (and) assist any member or protocol state of the Southeast Asian Collective Defense\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of United States military operations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427219\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam. President Johnson met with his top military advisers. In the course of the discussion, General Wallace M. Greene, Jr. estimated that winning the Vietnam War would take 5 years and 500,000 American soldiers. He said that he believed the American people would back such a commitment. Johnson was skeptical that Americans would support such a large commitment and opted instead for a gradual buildup of American forces and escalation of the war as recommended by General Westmoreland, the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. The first surface-to-air missile (SAM) fired by North Vietnam brought down a U.S. F-4C Phantom\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3064322\",\n \"text\": \"brought about because of the Vietnam War and with feelings of doubt over the morality of America's intentions and actions during the war. Reagan, however, argued that America had fought for \\\"a noble cause\\\" and blamed the war in Vietnam exclusively on North Vietnam's aggression: Vietnam Syndrome Vietnam Syndrome, in U.S. politics, is a term used to refer to public aversion to American overseas military involvements, following the domestic controversy over the Vietnam War, which ended in 1975. Since the early 1980s, the combination of a public opinion apparently biased against war, a relative reluctance to deploy ground troops and\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam Syndrome\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"490933\",\n \"text\": \"be air transportable and provide antitank support for airborne forces. In 1966, the US Army began pressing General Westmoreland to field the tank in South Vietnam, but he declined, stating that with no main gun ammunition, the \\\"Sheridan\\\" was basically nothing more than a $300,000 machine gun platform. In 1968, 152mm main gun ammo became available, and the M551 General Sheridan was deployed to South Vietnam for combat operations in January 1969. Shillelagh missiles did not prove to be a problem in the Vietnam War: they were not used. The Sheridans' 152mm main guns were used in combat operations in\",\n \"title\": \"MGM-51 Shillelagh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11228878\",\n \"text\": \"1969, sapping the strength of the domestic anti-war movement. Despite the failure of Operation Lam Son 719, which was designed to be the first major test of the South Vietnamese Army since the implementation of Vietnamization, the drawdown of American soldiers in Vietnam continued throughout Nixon's tenure. In early 1970, Nixon sent U.S. and South Vietnamese soldiers into Cambodia to attack North Vietnamese bases, expanding the ground war out of Vietnam for the first time. He had previously approved a secret B-52 carpet bombing campaign of North Vietnamese positions in Cambodia in March 1969 (code-named \\\"Operation Menu\\\"), without the consent\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Richard Nixon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713070\",\n \"text\": \"the director of the CIA. He believed that \\\"it was a political problem ... [Helms] didn't want the agency ... contravening the policy interest of the administration.\\\" During the second half of 1967 the administration had become alarmed by criticism, both inside and outside the government, and by reports of declining public support for its Vietnam policies. According to public opinion polls, the percentage of Americans who believed that the U.S. had made a mistake by sending troops to Vietnam had risen from 25 percent in 1965 to 45 percent by December 1967. This trend was fueled not by a\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1317750\",\n \"text\": \"was refused. 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines (BLT 2/9) (commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Randall W. Austin) was then in a training exercise on Okinawa and it received orders on the night of 13 May to return to camp and prepare for departure by air at dawn on 14 May. On the morning of 14 May BLT 2/9 boarded Air Force C-141s at Kadena Air Base to fly to Thailand. The 9th Marine Regiment had been the first U.S. ground combat force committed to the Vietnam War in 1965, but in May 1975 only a few of the officers and NCOs from\",\n \"title\": \"Mayaguez incident\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713172\",\n \"text\": \"assessment of the situation, pointing out dangers that his on-the-spot commander did not consider palpable, concluding: \\\"In summary, if you need more troops, ask for them.\\\" Wheeler's promptings were influenced by the severe strain imposed upon the U.S. military by the Vietnam commitment, one which had been undertaken without the mobilization of its reserve forces. The Joint Chiefs had repeatedly requested national mobilization, not only to prepare for a possible intensification of the war, but also to ensure that the nation's strategic reserve did not become depleted. By obliquely ordering Westmoreland to demand more forces, Wheeler was attempting to solve\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2242369\",\n \"text\": \"sent to the region at once. After making his report to the Cabinet and the Chiefs of Staff, Taylor reflected on the decision to send troops to South Vietnam: \\\"I don't recall anyone who was strongly against, except one man, and that was the President. The President just didn't want to be convinced that this was the right thing to do... It was really the President's personal conviction that U.S. ground troops shouldn't go in.\\\" Taylor opposed the 1963 South Vietnamese coup that overthrew and killed President Ngo Dinh Diem. A series of short-lived juntas followed, and after Taylor was\",\n \"title\": \"Maxwell D. Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14133380\",\n \"text\": \"officers; while many RVN officers had their post through political connections, others would have been outstanding commanders in any army. At the same time, the U.S. was beginning to explore withdrawing forces. The USMC 1st Composite Radio Company deployed, on January 2, 1962, to Pleiku, South Vietnam as Detachment One. After Davis' death in December, it became obvious to the Army Security Agency that thick jungle made tactical ground collection exceptionally dangerous, and direction-finding moved principally to aircraft platforms. In addition to the U.S. advisers, in August 1962, 30 Australian Army advisers was sent to Vietnam to operate within the\",\n \"title\": \"War in Vietnam (1959–1963)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13439503\",\n \"text\": \"U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff granted the newly re-established 1st Air Commando Group authority to strike communist insurgents. On 8 February 1962, the Air Operations Center for Vietnam was set up at Tan Son Nhut on the outskirts of Saigon; it would be the command and control network for forward air control. In April 1962, a USAF study concluded only 32 American FACs were required for Vietnam service; by the time the last of the 32 had been assigned a year later, they were obviously insufficient. On 14 April 1962, the VNAF began training Forward Air Guides (FAGs) as ground\",\n \"title\": \"Forward air control during the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8637496\",\n \"text\": \"effort to win Vietnamese hearts and minds and drove many into the ranks of the VC instead. Therefore, some authors cite Operation Cedar Falls as a major example for the misconceptions of the US strategy in Vietnam and for its morally-troublesome consequences. The planning for Operation Cedar Falls evolved out of the broader strategic aims which MACV, the United States' unified command structure for its military forces in South Vietnam, had formulated for 1967. Following the war's earlier stages, in which the insertion of major US ground troops had averted the collapse of the South Vietnamese regime and during which\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Cedar Falls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"849886\",\n \"text\": \"with the President and the Joint Chiefs of Staff over Vietnam strategy became the subject of public speculation, frequent rumors surfaced that he would leave office. In an early November 1967 memorandum to Johnson, McNamara's recommendation to freeze troop levels, stop bombing North Vietnam and for the U.S. to hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam was rejected outright by the President. McNamara's recommendations amounted to his saying that the strategy of the United States in Vietnam which had been pursued to date had failed. McNamara later stated he \\\"never heard back\\\" from Johnson regarding the memo. Largely as a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert McNamara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427198\",\n \"text\": \"D.C. about 20,000 people gathered to protest the Vietnam War. This was the first large protest against the war in the United States. China rescinded the order to its air force to not attack American war planes violating Chinese air space. Over the next three years, 12 American war planes and several reconnaissance planes were shot down over China. In a meeting in Hawaii, Ambassador Taylor finally agreed to the introduction of U.S. combat ground forces into South Vietnam. In a memo to the President the next day, Secretary of Defense McNamara described the military consensus that \\\"it would take\",\n \"title\": \"1965 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14429408\",\n \"text\": \"Operation Ranch Hand mission began. Defoliants (Agent Orange) were sprayed from U.S. aircraft along several miles of Highway 15 leading from the port of Vũng Tàu to the airforce base at Biên Hòa near Saigon. Although the United States wished to keep the use of defoliants secret, the South Vietnamese government announced publicly that defoliants supplied by the U.S. were being used to kill vegetation near highway routes. Operation Chopper was the first combat operation for American soldiers in Vietnam. U.S. pilots transported about 1,000 South Vietnamese soldiers by helicopter to land and attack Viet Cong guerrillas about 10 miles\",\n \"title\": \"1962 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9797100\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam from 25 June 1965, to 19 March 1970. On 23 June 1965, Private First Class Gerold Worster arrived by plane in Saigon, in the Republic of Vietnam. Not only was Gerold the first soldier from the 1st Infantry Division, known as the \\\"Big Red One\\\", he was also the first member of the 7th Artillery to set foot on Vietnamese soil. Even as he climbed from the plane, his comrades were loading aboard the USNS \\\"General W. H. Gordon\\\" for the trip to Vietnam. On 12 July, Charlie Battery of the 1st Battalion, 7th Artillery made landfall at Cam\",\n \"title\": \"7th Field Artillery Regiment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3913698\",\n \"text\": \"troops. The paratroopers also captured an underground radio transmitter. This operation heralded a new era of air mobility for the U.S. Army, which had been slowly growing as a concept since the Army formed twelve helicopter battalions in 1952 as a result of the Korean War. These new battalions eventually formed a sort of modern-day cavalry for the Army. Operation Chopper (Vietnam) Operation Chopper occurred on January 12, 1962 and was the first time U.S. forces participated in major combat in the Vietnam War. In December 1961, the USS Core (T-AKV-41) docked in Saigon with 82 U.S. Army Piasecki H-21\",\n \"title\": \"Operation Chopper (Vietnam)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3376239\",\n \"text\": \"with US forces if the situation warranted it. As Johnson saw it, the communist units would always keep their casualties below what they considered a prohibitive level, and could not be swept away by US firepower. He did, however, acknowledge that the U.S. Commander in Vietnam, General William Westmoreland, had little choice but to engage the enemy's main formations, which had to be prevented from securing base areas where they could concentrate. Johnson was instrumental in altering the focus to a counterinsurgency approach, but was frustrated at the US Congress' refusal to provide the manpower necessary for successful pacification. In\",\n \"title\": \"Harold Keith Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9332411\",\n \"text\": \"interests being disturbed due to the rise of this communist expansion and strived to take any measure to end it. Their actions came to be questioned by other segments of government and society, however, including the US congress.. Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3,812,000. The conflict also resulted in 58,318 US soldiers dead. Feb 1965 - Operation Rolling Thunder begins In 1961 the new administration of President John F. Kennedy remained essentially committed to the bi-partisan, anti-communist foreign policies inherited from the administrations of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower. During 1961, his\",\n \"title\": \"Role of the United States in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14427554\",\n \"text\": \"the threat of the insurgency, relying on social and economic programs as well as military measures to create an anti-communist movement among the Montagnard people who traditionally mistrusted Vietnamese of all political persuasions. Air Force General Curtis LeMay urged the Joint Chiefs of Staff to try to persuade President Kennedy to approve the introduction of substantial combat forces into South Vietnam. \\\"The first fruits\\\" of the Taylor mission arrived in Saigon: 32 CH-21 Shawnee 20-passenger helicopters, four single-engine training planes, and about 400 American soldiers. Secretary of Defense McNamara met with senior U.S. military leaders in Hawaii to discuss the\",\n \"title\": \"1961 in the Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"447242\",\n \"text\": \"National Liberation Front), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam, also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare, and had launched armed struggles from 1959 onward. U.S. involvement escalated in 1960 under President John F. Kennedy, with troop levels gradually surging under the MAAG program from just under a thousand in 1959 to 16,000 in 1963. By 1964 there were 23,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam, but this escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnam War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"491867\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces. At the beginning of 1962, the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military, the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) was formed. In March 1962, SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves. The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963. The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong\",\n \"title\": \"United States Navy SEALs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475945\",\n \"text\": \"Vietnamization Vietnamization was a policy of the Richard Nixon administration to end U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War through a program to \\\"expand, equip, and train South Vietnamese forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops.\\\" Brought on by the Viet Cong's Tet Offensive, the policy referred to U.S. combat troops specifically in the ground combat role, but did not reject combat by the U.S. Air Force, as well as the support to South Vietnam, consistent with the policies of U.S. foreign military assistance organizations. U.S. citizens'\",\n \"title\": \"Vietnamization\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20414338\",\n \"text\": \"RMK-BRJ RMK-BRJ was an American construction consortium of four of the largest American companies, put together by the United States Navy during the Vietnam War to build critically needed infrastructure in South Vietnam so that the Americans could escalate the introduction of American combat troops and materiel into Vietnam. This construction contract, amounting to $1.9 billion (equivalent to $14 billion in 2017 dollars), completed a construction program deemed to be the largest in history up to that time (, p.v), (, p. 58), and . Over the ten-year life of the contract, RMK-BRJ trained 200,000 Vietnamese workers in construction and\",\n \"title\": \"RMK-BRJ\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle RMK-BRJ context: 1964, the deteriorating political situation of the southern government after the assassination of President Ngô Đình Diệm, and an increase in Viet Cong large unit actions, the U.S. government decided to introduce American ground combat troops into Vietnam. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines of the 3rd Marine Division landed over the beach at Da Nang to protect the airfield at Da Nang, now operated by the U.S. Air Force (, pp. 99–102) and (, p. 19). In the first five months of 1965, U.S. troop levels increase to 55,000. By the end of 1965, 200,000 troops had been\\n\\nIn what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 213,\n \"origin_tokens\": 214,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: CIA activities in Vietnam context planning an immediate takeover, but are concentrating on psychological operations to increase unrest in the south and among American forces. Special National Intelligence Estimate 10-9-65, was done to assess the reactions, in various parts of the world, to an escalation of US attacks on North Vietnam. This estimate is especially significant in the conflict between the White House and the military & intelligence community. By summer of 1965 there were more than 125000 US ground troops in Vietnam and there did not seem to be an end in sight for their continuous arrival. In August 1965, after Prime Minister Quat\\n\\ntitle: 1964 the Vietnam War context and the introduction U.S. combat troops South. By year's end, the 2,000 U.S. military personnel in South Vietnam were still technically \\\"advisers\\\" (although participated in many air and ground operations with the ARVN), but Johnson was contemplating U.S. ground troops. At the time, most of reports and conversations mentioned below were secret; they were not made public for many years U.S. Ambassador to South Vietnam Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. reported to Washington that the new President of South Vietnamương Văn Minh told him that he opposed American soldiers going into villages and\\n\\ntitle15 in the Vietnam War: of a of troops Ambassador Taylor had not been present at and he protested actions relating to the introduction of U.S. ground tended to createagern in some quarters to deploy into SV (South Vietnam) which difficult understand.\\\" Taylor opposed introduction American ground for offensive, bel they be restricted coast \\\"enclaves General Westmoreland disagreed, believing enclaves were \\\"an inglorious, static use of U.S. forces... would the and where strike to the enemy.\\\" Washingtontitle64 the:s President John Kennedy, said inal President Kennedy strong,ming being in that Vietnam.\\\" Kennedy denied that any from equated on the. ground troops into, that \\\"we face that V commandos eluded detection and placed an explosive on the USS Card, an escort aircraft carrier of World War II vintage.\\n\\nIn what year were US ground troops first dispatched to Vietnam?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 479,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14376,\n \"ratio\": \"30.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":80,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":80,"string":"80"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bras","Bras (disambiguation)"],"string":"[\n \"Bras\",\n \"Bras (disambiguation)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bras"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"10150","text":"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \"only the ball","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"2997926","text":"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova","title":"Pavel Bure"},{"id":"10151","text":"should bounce\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film \"Me, Myself & Irene\" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in \"FHM\" and \"Maxim\". Kournikova was named one of \"People's\" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \"hottest female athlete\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in \"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"10121","text":"Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the \"Spice Girls of Tennis\". Kournikova retired at the age of 21 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis. She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show \"The Biggest Loser\", replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"387112","text":"Association (WTA) doubles team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova, two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Finals Doubles champions, dubbed themselves the \"Spice Girls of tennis\" in 1999. Hingis and Kournikova, along with fellow WTA players Venus and Serena Williams, were also labelled the \"Spice Girls of tennis\", then later the “Spite Girls”, by the media in the late 1990s due to their youthfulness, popularity, and brashness. Wax sculptures of the Spice Girls are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussauds New York wax museum. The sculptures of the Spice Girls (sans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December 1999,","title":"Spice Girls"},{"id":"12481831","text":"Spike Lee's \"Girl 6\", as well as a recurring role on the second season of \"New York Undercover\". In 1998, \"Time\" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the \"Modern Muses\" cover of the Millennium Issue of American \"Vogue\", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"1999044","text":"Banks modeled as a teenager, including a cover of \"Teen\" magazine. She entered the industry under the name \"Mirage\", but began calling herself \"Briana Banks\" in 1999, after having the first of two breast enlargement operations. Having had aspirations of being a supermodel, she chose the professional surname \"Banks\" after model Tyra Banks. Her first appearance using the new name was in the film \"Decadent Whores 9\". In June 2001, Banks was \"Penthouse\" magazine's Pet of the Month. On October 13, 2006, Banks reportedly filed a federal lawsuit seeking more than US$ 75,000 in damages against Doc Johnson Enterprises, charging","title":"Briana Banks"},{"id":"12481839","text":"CFDA’s ceremony on June 4. Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she revealed, \"I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them.\" Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, \"There is prejudice. It is","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"4591034","text":"Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed","title":"Isabeli Fontana"},{"id":"10120","text":"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"20445958","text":"During her reign, she was also crowned Miss Model International. After her reign as Miss Russia ended, she crowned Yelena Rogozhina as her successor. Petrova was later offered a contract with Ford Models, but declined due to the fact that they would have required her to lose weight, learn English, and cut her hair short. Petrova went on to represent Russia in the Miss Universe 1999 competition, where she was unplaced. On 16 September 2000, Petrova was killed by a single gunshot to the head while outside of her apartment in Cheboksary, two days before her 20th birthday. Her boyfriend,","title":"Alexandra Petrova"},{"id":"1472408","text":"worked in campaigns for Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines. In 1999, she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign, succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years. After modelling for a few years, Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000. She is signed to Independent Models in London. Guillory explained that she \"became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people. Because possibly I don't like myself\", and later said \"I hate acting, really hate","title":"Sienna Guillory"},{"id":"1957268","text":"Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge","title":"Heidi Klum"},{"id":"10142","text":"was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles. Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"18960142","text":"not on achievement but on her exotic beauty and on a sad and cynical marketing campaign.\" Janice Forsyth, director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario, compared her to tennis' Anna Kournikova, who had never won a WTA Tour singles tournament but became well-known after appearing in numerous photo shoots and product advertisements. Jones rejected these criticisms, saying that her critics should be supporting the U.S. Olympic athletes, whereas instead they just \"ripped me to shreds.\" Jones also stated that \"The New York Times\" did not do its research properly, since, unlike Kournikova, she","title":"Lolo Jones"},{"id":"10839998","text":"Sanja Papić Sanja Papić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сања Папић, born 25 June 1984 in Novi Sad, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Serbia and Montenegro at Miss Universe 2003 where she placed 3rd Runner-Up and Miss Europe 2003 where she placed 2nd Runner-Up. In September 2003, Papić finished as a runner-up at the Miss Europe contest in Paris. In November, she left for New York in the company of Roberto Cavalli as his muse. She had been Omega Watches Ambassador (alongside Michael Schumacher, Anna Kournikova and Cindy Crawford), following a contract between Omega and","title":"Sanja Papić"},{"id":"10148","text":"doubles specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Fleming. Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"10153","text":"back up to third place among athletes in terms of search popularity in 2010. In October 2010, Kournikova headed to NBC's \"The Biggest Loser\" where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge. In May 2011, it was announced that Kournikova would join \"The Biggest Loser\" as a regular celebrity trainer in season 12. She did not return for season 13. In November 2010, she became an American citizen. In 2011, \"Men's Health\" named her one of the \"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\", ranking her at No. 29. Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"13398977","text":"Colette Pechekhonova Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model. Pechekhonova was born on March 12, 1980 in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg. She was a student of ballet from a young age. While in college studying medicine, she sent pictures of herself to various agencies. The owner of one of them, Cros Coitton of Parisian agency Nathalie Models, noticed her photo and signed her almost immediately. Pechekhonova's debut into the fashion world was at the Spring/Summer 1999 Fendi show. She walked a total of 40 shows that season, making her an international success. After signing with New York Model Management in 1999,","title":"Colette Pechekhonova"},{"id":"2056098","text":"\"Two and a Half Men\" as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the CBS hit TV show \"How I Met Your Mother\". Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi advertising in 2004. He's also starred in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos and for Viceroy watches. In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16","title":"Enrique Iglesias"},{"id":"2501979","text":"and French \"Numéro\". Kass's first \"Vogue\" cover was French \"Vogue\" in November 1997. Her career was launched by Anna Wintour, and by 1999, Kass was walking the runway for numerous and diverse top designers, such as Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, and Dolce & Gabbana; and posing in advertisements for designers and brands, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Donna Karan, Dsquared2, Versace, Givenchy, Fendi, Max Mara, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Narciso Rodriguez, and even General Motors. She also appeared in a Gap denim advertising campaign, and was a spokesperson for Revlon cosmetics, Sephora, and the Christian","title":"Carmen Kass"},{"id":"3527866","text":"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American \"Vogue\" as one of the \"Modern Muses\". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on \"America's Next Top Model\" (\"ANTM\"), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of \"ANTM\" participants on the show until she announced during a","title":"Paulina Porizkova"},{"id":"1957242","text":"Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \"Germany's Next Topmodel\" and the reality show \"Project Runway\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has","title":"Heidi Klum"},{"id":"13117461","text":"Tyra Banks also wore the 1995 Million Dollar Miracle Bra during the 1999 fashion show. As of 2018, the fantasy bra has been worn by 8 times by a Brazilian model, 5 times by an American model, 4 times by a German model, and 3 times by a Czech model. The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bündchen earned a place in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed","title":"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show"},{"id":"12611369","text":"Nike's account in 1999 with Wieden+Kennedy marked the return of celebrity endorsements to Nike campaigns, including athletes such as Olympic runner Suzy Favor-Hamilton. \"Pretty\" continued this trend, and showcased the debut of Maria Sharapova as a spokesperson for the brand. Maria Sharapova had been playing tennis professionally since 2001, and became the youngest girl to reach the final at the junior Australian Open the following year, at the age of 14. In 2004, Sharapova became the third-youngest winner of the women's Wimbledon Championships. By 2005, she was ranked Number 1 in the world. \"Pretty\" was filmed and released in the","title":"Pretty (advertisement)"},{"id":"571158","text":"Girls football photo session (by chance, she wore the kit of his club Manchester United for the feature as the group's manager was a supporter). Of their initial meeting, she said, \"I didn't really know who he was. I was never into football.\" The couple announced their engagement in 1998 and were dubbed \"Posh and Becks\" by the media. She collects handbags, and owns over 100 Birkin bags, made by Hermès, which are widely considered the most valuable and sought-after, including a £100,000 shocking pink one, and worth a total of more than £1.5 million. On 4 July 1999 they","title":"Victoria Beckham"},{"id":"9738554","text":"smiling behind a large pair of red knickers on a washing line, saying \"is it a genuine Emin (£10,000)\" and thinking, \"or a worthless fake?\". This is a reference to Tracey Emin's \"My Bed\", literally a display of her (dishevelled) bed with detritus which included a pair of her knickers, shown in the 1999 Turner Prize at Tate Britain. The image was painted over a few days and in a final 24-hour non stop stint. \"My painting of Serota has become an icon of the Stuckist movement because it states our position in art,\" said Thomson. \"We are for new","title":"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision"},{"id":"14256781","text":"Sassoon and Bumble and Bumble. While serving as a judge in a Northern Ontario Model Search, he met Elmer Olsen, a model scout and a former hairdresser. Olsen was impressed by Verrilli’s training history and invited him to get in touch if he was ever in Toronto. When Verrilli moved to the Toronto area in 1999, he did get in touch. After one haircut, Olsen was so pleased, he started sending all his models to Verrilli. One of those models was Daria Werbowy Daria Werbowy, who became a regular client. Once her career began to take off, Verrilli styled her","title":"Mario Verrilli"},{"id":"5523086","text":"and began a marketing blitz around the K-Swiss brand. Award-winning Creative Director, Mindy Gale led her NY based agency team in developing and producing K-Swiss advertising and publicity campaigns from 1997 through 2008. The \"I Wear My K-Swiss\" multi-media campaign ran for five consecutive years, targeting young urban consumers in print and on TV. A re-branding campaign appealing to a wider modern female target, featuring Anna Kournikova rolled out in 2007. Advertising campaigns encouraged users to personalize the trademark stripes under the slogan \"Put Your Spin on It.\" The brand includes their color changing K-Swiss Tongue Twister in 2003, the","title":"K-Swiss"},{"id":"10982949","text":"more). He was one of four active doubles players at the time of the Masters Cup to have completed a career Grand Slam (with Bob and Mike Bryan, and Daniel Nestor), and two year-end championships titles, in 1994 and 2006. Björkman, who mainly partnered during his career with Jan Apell, Nicklas Kulti, Todd Woodbridge, Max Mirnyi and Kevin Ullyett, also finished runner-up at two mixed doubles Grand Slam finals at Wimbledon, with Anna Kournikova in 1999, and Alicia Molik in 2007, and was part of the Sweden Davis Cup team for their last three championships in 1994, 1997 and 1998.","title":"2008 Tennis Masters Cup"},{"id":"9690479","text":"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for \"Too Funky\" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with","title":"Anja Rubik"},{"id":"11557750","text":"as a career. When she was a teenager, she attended an all-girls school, which was very strict about her grades and attendance. She was given time off school to pursue her modelling, with the proviso that she keep her grades up. Much of her initial modelling work was during her school holidays. Throughout Gold's modelling career, her social life has been chronicled by the tabloids despite her keeping a relatively low profile. In her early career, she allegedly dated Westlife singer Mark Feehily in 1999. The pair kept a low profile due to his boy band status, with the exception","title":"Lauren Gold"},{"id":"18894034","text":"Panhellenic Women's Track & Field Championship. From 1984 to 1997 she had an international career as a model, and in 1990 she was chosen by CNN as one of the ten most beautiful models in the world. She collaborated for many years with Serge Lutens, a well-known French photographer, designer and producer in the world of fashion, while also having the good fortune to collaborate with the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, and is the model most recognized as spokesperson for that brand, and whose face was published in international campaigns. In 1997 she returned to Greece, and from 2004 she","title":"Elena Kountoura"},{"id":"1790468","text":"Tyra Banks Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American television personality, producer, businesswoman, actress, author, former model and occasional singer. Born in Inglewood, California, she began her career as a model at the age of 15, and was the first woman of African American descent to be featured on the covers of \"GQ\" and the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\", on which she appeared twice. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005. By the early 2000s, Banks was one of the world's top-earning models. Banks began acting on television in 1993 on \"The Fresh Prince","title":"Tyra Banks"},{"id":"14596989","text":"sewing apparel for major clothing manufacturers; seat belts, airbags and motor coils in vehicles; construction; surgical threads; ornament strings; and artificial hair. Gosen specialises in tennis, soft tennis and badminton sporting goods. The brand has been in the industry for more than 60 years, and its products have been previously approved by the International Tennis Federation, the Indonesia Badminton Association and the Badminton World Federation. Top players such as Rod Laver, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Chris Evert Lloyd, Conchita Martínez and Anna Kournikova have also previously used and promoted this brand. Gosen was one of the world's first companies that","title":"Gosen (company)"},{"id":"14994342","text":"her appearances on the court. In particular, her fur-lined clothing worn at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships caught the attention of observers. In 2001, the \"Sunday Mirror\" quoted Pericoli as saying \"I became famous because of my clothes, not my playing.\" and \"I didn't make any money from tennis, but if I'd been born 30 years later I would have become terribly rich like Anna Kournikova\". On 7 May 2015, in the presence of the President of Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Giovanni Malagò, was inaugurated in the Olympic Park of the Foro Italico in Rome, along \"Viale delle Olimpiadi\", the","title":"Lea Pericoli"},{"id":"4591038","text":"in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would","title":"Isabeli Fontana"},{"id":"4918649","text":"in Děčín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, at age 15, she landed a runway appearance, as well as gigs for commercial and print advertising. She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada. In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine \"Vogue\", and, after moving to New York City at the age of 17,","title":"Karolína Kurková"},{"id":"4304089","text":"Bill Chen. Phil Hellmuth's \"Play Poker Like the Pros\" book published in 2003. Statistics based on real play with their associated actual value in real bets. In poker communities, it is common for hole cards to be given nicknames. While most combinations have a nickname, stronger handed nicknames are generally more recognized, the most notable probably being the \"Big Slick\" - Ace and King of the same suit, although an Ace-King of any suit combination is less occasionally referred to as an Anna Kournikova, derived from the initials AK and because it \"looks really good but rarely wins.\" Hands can","title":"Texas hold 'em starting hands"},{"id":"214845","text":"the \"popular actor even more popular\". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by \"this woman who seemed to have so many different talents\". By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star. She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989). On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress \"had a low-cut neck that extended","title":"Jennifer Lopez"},{"id":"12481853","text":"1999, Campbell has released 16 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand. Naomi Campbell Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a Jamaican English model, actress and singer. Recruited at the age of 15, she established herself amongst the most recognizable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and the 1990s and was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press. In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, which include an R&B-pop studio album and several acting appearances","title":"Naomi Campbell"},{"id":"7445841","text":"waiting for the down elevator, she took the stairs instead, where she met modeling agency owner Eileen Ford. As Graham remembered in a 1999 interview, she had started chatting with Mrs Ford on the stairs, and by the time they were outside, Mrs Ford handed Graham her card and suggested that she think about becoming a model. Because Graham had not found a teaching job yet and was working as a bookkeeper, she decided to try modeling for a few years to make extra money to furnish her small apartment. Graham's early work as a model included a photo shoot","title":"Karen Graham"},{"id":"1419057","text":"Hufkens in Brussels. In 2017, Emin and Lehmann Maupin ended their working relationship. Charles Saatchi, who was best known as the most high-profile, high-spending collector of contemporary British art, bought \"My Bed\" (1998) for £150,000 ($248,000) from Lehmann Maupin's \"Every Part of Me's Bleeding,\" the exhibition that won the artist a nomination for the 1999 Turner Prize. In 2013, on the occasion of a Christie's London sale that raised a total of 3.1 million pounds ($5 million) in aid of the Saatchi Gallery's policy of free entry, \"To Meet My Past\" (2002) sold for $778,900, establishing a new record for","title":"Tracey Emin"},{"id":"17292188","text":"Paulina Tomborowska Paulina Tomborowska (born 1975) is a Polish model and Polish TV journalist (\"Polsat Café\"). She began working as a model at age 16 in 1991. Initially, she took part in television commercials and fashion shows, including for Polish fashion designer Anna Brodzinska. In 1995, she signed international contracts in Tokyo and Milan. Her height of was an ideal fit to the Japanese fashion market. For nearly four years, she moved between Warsaw, Tokyo and Milan. At the beginning of 1999, she returned to the Poland and became one of the most successful models in the country, in addition","title":"Paulina Tomborowska"},{"id":"10136","text":"also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year. Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lindsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals (Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"2501977","text":"Carmen Kass Carmen Kass (born 14 September 1978) is an Estonian model and former political candidate. Considered a supermodel by the fashion industry, she has worked as the face of Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Valentino, Chanel, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Dior, Céline, Givenchy, and, for ten consecutive years, Michael Kors. In the year 2002, she was estimated to have been the second-highest-paid model in the world. Outside of modeling, Kass ran for the European Parliament in 2004 and was the president of the Estonian Chess Federation from 2004 to 2011. Kass was born in Tallinn and grew up in","title":"Carmen Kass"},{"id":"3649049","text":"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \"Supermodel of Brazil\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford \"Supermodel of the World\" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com","title":"Adriana Lima"},{"id":"3649083","text":"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \"Supermodel of Brazil\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford","title":"Adriana Lima"},{"id":"9973300","text":"she was an occasional actress on the USA Network's \"Up All Night with Rhonda Shear\". Whilst trying to get her recording career off the ground, to make a living she began a small modelling agency in 1988, which quickly evolved into an illicit escort business servicing a financially exclusive clientele. On June 8, 1999, Gibson was arrested in a sting operation in West Los Angeles and charged with pimping and pandering. At the time of her arrest the prosecuting authorities stated that Gibson ran one of the largest prostitution procurement operations since Heidi Fleiss, employing around 300 women. Her subsequent","title":"Jody Gibson"},{"id":"16217923","text":"Arbor and during the Fall of 2018, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. Barry Klarberg Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star","title":"Barry Klarberg"},{"id":"2088449","text":"character's image; \"Playboy\" was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to \"Tomb Raider\". Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in \"Angel of Darkness\" from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in \"Legend\". She was the first model","title":"Lara Croft"},{"id":"1595130","text":"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \"white collection\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris","title":"Philip Treacy"},{"id":"5847572","text":"a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees. Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova. In government and the military, the equivalent position is","title":"Business manager"},{"id":"12625463","text":"delegation is considered to be the greatest honor bestowed on an American by the United States Olympic Committee. In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports, according to a State Department fact sheet. In 1999, she launched her career as a model by starting on the runway. She modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen by opening his London show, on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft","title":"Aimee Mullins"},{"id":"3165645","text":"Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at an ITF tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round. The next year, she won an ITF event in Moscow, Russia without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148 Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11 Anna Kournikova in the second","title":"Vera Zvonareva"},{"id":"6060847","text":"Playmate of the Year (album) Playmate of the Year is the third studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead, it is also their final album released via Columbia Records. The woman modelling on the album cover is American model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson who was a \"Playboy\" Playmate in 1999 and named \"Playmate of the Year\" in 2000, of which the album refers to. The album cover and its CD case content also closely resembles the album cover and CD case content of the band's follow-up release \"Stupid Fat Americans\". In the beginning of the video the","title":"Playmate of the Year (album)"},{"id":"9472782","text":"because she had already received a more lucrative offer by that time. Since the time of her victory, Kahnovich has become a very successful model, having walked in fashion shows for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce and Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan. Cycle two was held exactly one year after the first one and saw victory for Svetlana Sergienko, who was asked by Russian president Vladimir Putin to join the parliament as a representative for the growing modeling industry in Russia. The show was discontinued after four cycles and returned under the","title":"Ty - supermodel"},{"id":"7249643","text":"caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year. He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International","title":"Hussein Chalayan"},{"id":"10976280","text":"has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 1996 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \"Um, the money.\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.","title":"Kirsty Hume"},{"id":"3651784","text":"Alessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Corine Maria Ambrósio (; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress. Ambrosio is known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's PINK line. Ambrosio was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2017 and has modeled for brands such as Next, Armani Exchange, Christian Dior, and Ralph Lauren. In 2012, she was ranked number six on \"Forbes\" list of the highest-paid models, estimated to have earned $6.6 million in one year. She is often cited by the popular media as one of the world's sexiest","title":"Alessandra Ambrosio"},{"id":"1320546","text":"will be co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Laura Dern, and Chris Cooper. In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \"Teen Vogue\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated","title":"Emma Watson"},{"id":"9563017","text":"consider getting plastic surgery. Despite that, she managed to get signed by an agency that sent her to work in Paris, France. A few years later, she was signed by Elite Model Management, and subsequently by Ford Models. McMenamy's modeling career mainly spanned the years 1985 to 1998, when she worked for many of the world's top designers and international fashion houses, such as Versace, Giorgio Armani, Valentino, Todd Oldham, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Gianfranco Ferré, Lanvin, Isaac Mizrahi, Yohji Yamamoto, Thierry Mugler, Comme des Garçons, Chloé, and Moschino. During the early stage of","title":"Kristen McMenamy"},{"id":"274024","text":"Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year. Mattel earned the first grant for Disney Princess doll licenses in 2000. In December 2000, Mattel sued the band Aqua, saying their song \"Barbie Girl\" violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a","title":"Mattel"},{"id":"5568840","text":"Baby Phat Baby Phat is an American apparel brand developed by model and entrepreneur Kimora Lee Simmons in 1999. The brand is the high-end line of Russell Simmons' Phat Fashions LLC label, and is carried in mid-market department stores, including Macy's and Dillard's. The label caters to female urban wear. In 2004, the label's parent company was acquired by Kellwood Company for $140 million. Baby Phat was established under Phat Fashions LLC in 1999 as an extension of the urban menswear brand Phat Farm. Initially, the Baby Phat symbol was placed on simple T-shirts and gifted as party favors to","title":"Baby Phat"},{"id":"13224695","text":"cover of the Italian Glamour magazine, and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and the Italian Vogue. Mallmann went to New York and returned to her country as a supermodel. She appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in June 1999 and was chosen by US TV channel E! as \"Celebrity of the Year\" in 1999. Her career includes runway and advertisements for designers such as Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, Alberta Ferretti, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Chanel 'Allure' perfume, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Gianni Versace, Jean Paul Gaultier, Lacoste, Yves Saint","title":"Shirley Mallmann"},{"id":"7207229","text":"were very controversial). Meisel also shoots Prada campaigns each season — having done so since 2004. In April 2008 he shot friend Madonna for \"Vanity Fair\", and later in the year he shot her for the 2009 spring campaign by Louis Vuitton. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui for whom he also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. As one of the most powerful photographers in the fashion industry, Meisel is credited with \"discovering\" or promoting the careers of many successful models, including Linda Evangelista, Guinevere Van Seenus, Karen Elson,","title":"Steven Meisel"},{"id":"2005504","text":"producer Michael Winner. Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique \"Akademi\". Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported","title":"Lady Victoria Hervey"},{"id":"2263455","text":"Rodman married model Carmen Electra in November 1998 at the Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Electra filed for divorce in April 1999. In 1999 Rodman met Michelle Moyer, with whom he had a son, Dennis Junior (D.J., born 2000) and a daughter, Trinity (born 2001). Moyer and Rodman married in 2003 on his 42nd birthday. Michelle Rodman filed for divorce in 2004, although the couple spent several years attempting to reconcile. The marriage was officially dissolved in 2012 when Michelle Rodman again petitioned the court to grant a divorce. It was reported that Rodman owed $860,376","title":"Dennis Rodman"},{"id":"13239176","text":"Ashfield to a 'state of the art' factory on \"Bridge Foot\" (A517) in Belper. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold all of its lingerie brands to PD Enterprise, as part of a company known as Courtaulds Legwear. Pretty Polly was the first hosiery company to advertise on TV in 1980. In 1994 Laura Bailey modelled for the company, then in 1998, Eva Herzigová became the face (and legs) of Pretty Polly advertising. Sara Cox also modelled their hosiery. In 1999 the company launched their first bras, known as bbras. In 2003, English singer Rachel Stevens became the face of PP","title":"Pretty Polly (hosiery)"},{"id":"12898403","text":"Giovanni was attending a junior college to major in Biology and waitressing five nights a week when she began modeling, having attained 17.5 credits by the semester when she was discovered. She began modeling at the end of 1999, initially to pay for college. About six months into modeling, she was made \"Penthouse\" magazine's Pet for the month of September 2000. Her pictorial was shot by Suze Randall. Around this time she was accepted to University of California, San Diego as a junior transfer student with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English writing. However, she decided not","title":"Aria Giovanni"},{"id":"4955319","text":"pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs. In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 via a distribution sales agreement with Albion Cosmetics. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year","title":"Anna Sui"},{"id":"12260844","text":"Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \"You are a Supermodel\", the Russian adaptation of \"America's Next Top Model\" created by Tyra Banks. \"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show was taped and the final was aired. When","title":"Ksenia Kahnovich"},{"id":"5372830","text":"Wheeler to go to Milan and appear in his fashion show. Later that year, she was stopped in England on her way to a salon by noted fashion photographer Mario Testino. By the age of 17, Wheeler was on the cover of French \"Vogue\" and part of a Gucci advertisement campaign. Although she continued to go to school at The King's School, Canterbury—in Luxmoore House—Wheeler would often take off days to shoot for fashion companies, such as Calvin Klein, Prada, and The Gap. In 1999, \"The Face\" magazine declared her the 'Model of the Millennium'. Designers have continued to embrace","title":"Jacquetta Wheeler"},{"id":"7090776","text":"the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Anna Kournikova, who became the #17 seed. 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Jana Novotná was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. This was to be the final Grand Slam tournament in which Graf would appear. This tournament saw a number of surprises, including a first round defeat of World No. 1 and first seed Martina Hingis at the hands of Australian qualifier and World No. 129","title":"1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles"},{"id":"7506328","text":"Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \"T Models\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management was sued by model Alexia Palmer. Palmer alleged that 80% of her wages were taken away from her as \"expenses\" and that she had been paid less than $4000 over a two-year period. The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2016. In July 2015, it was reported that Trump Model Management and Trump Management Group LLC combined had requested US visas for","title":"Trump Model Management"},{"id":"10123","text":"has said, \"We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning\". Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at age five. Describing her early regimen, she said, \"I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that","title":"Anna Kournikova"},{"id":"17741259","text":"in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen’s win, three Indians made a total sweep in 2000: Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra and Dia Mirza went on to win Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International (predecessor of Miss Earth pageant) titles respectively. In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant and in 2017, Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title.
× Did not compete
↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India
I AM She – Miss Universe","title":"India at Big Four international beauty pageants"},{"id":"13224693","text":"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \"Classique\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked","title":"Shirley Mallmann"},{"id":"14872414","text":"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"14872413","text":"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"7506329","text":"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \"T Models\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management","title":"Trump Model Management"},{"id":"1967772","text":"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \"Viva La Radio\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \"Smash Hits\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working","title":"Lolly (singer)"},{"id":"12260846","text":"most successful contestants of the \"Top Model\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \"You are a Supermodel\", the Russian adaptation of \"America's Next Top Model\" created by Tyra Banks. \"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show","title":"Ksenia Kahnovich"},{"id":"7480664","text":"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \"Dolly\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the","title":"Anna Rawson"},{"id":"4290130","text":"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \"Morning Glory\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \"gold digger\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe","title":"Wendi Deng Murdoch"},{"id":"4585096","text":"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \"Vogue\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \"House of Style\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her","title":"Amber Valletta"},{"id":"11582125","text":"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \"Demi's Birthday Suit\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \"Disappearing Model\". The work appeared on \"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow","title":"Joanne Gair"},{"id":"7237025","text":"clarified in a 2004 interview, \"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich","title":"Chad Michael Murray"},{"id":"1446766","text":"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the","title":"Venus Williams"},{"id":"592747","text":"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied","title":"Model (person)"},{"id":"5822944","text":"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \"Vogue Paris\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes","title":"Daria Werbowy"},{"id":"4994652","text":"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \"Forbes\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder","title":"Natalia Vodianova"},{"id":"11030224","text":"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \"Amazone\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand","title":"Anand Jon"},{"id":"12247243","text":"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \"Shots in the Dark\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \"Seed,\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \"Phantoms\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \"Nowhere\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \"Southie\" (1996),","title":"Rose McGowan"},{"id":"20910525","text":"wearing a \"knock off\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\" in \"The New York Times\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \"underground\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"4320468","text":"and the \"Miss Dior\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \"Christian Dior Couture\" in 1995. Also, the \"La Parisienne\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \"Parisian Chic\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano","title":"Christian Dior SE"},{"id":"4918650","text":"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \"Vogue\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her","title":"Karolína Kurková"},{"id":"7740717","text":"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s","title":"Jean Dessès"},{"id":"2088448","text":"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \"Playboy\", which used the character and \"Tomb Raider\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the","title":"Lara Croft"},{"id":"4643307","text":"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \"Nylon\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen","title":"Nylon (magazine)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10150\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2997926\",\n \"text\": \"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova\",\n \"title\": \"Pavel Bure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10151\",\n \"text\": \"should bounce\\\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film \\\"Me, Myself & Irene\\\" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in \\\"FHM\\\" and \\\"Maxim\\\". Kournikova was named one of \\\"People's\\\" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \\\"hottest female athlete\\\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in \\\"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10121\",\n \"text\": \"Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the \\\"Spice Girls of Tennis\\\". Kournikova retired at the age of 21 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis. She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\", replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387112\",\n \"text\": \"Association (WTA) doubles team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova, two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Finals Doubles champions, dubbed themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\" in 1999. Hingis and Kournikova, along with fellow WTA players Venus and Serena Williams, were also labelled the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\", then later the “Spite Girls”, by the media in the late 1990s due to their youthfulness, popularity, and brashness. Wax sculptures of the Spice Girls are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussauds New York wax museum. The sculptures of the Spice Girls (sans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481831\",\n \"text\": \"Spike Lee's \\\"Girl 6\\\", as well as a recurring role on the second season of \\\"New York Undercover\\\". In 1998, \\\"Time\\\" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the \\\"Modern Muses\\\" cover of the Millennium Issue of American \\\"Vogue\\\", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999044\",\n \"text\": \"Banks modeled as a teenager, including a cover of \\\"Teen\\\" magazine. She entered the industry under the name \\\"Mirage\\\", but began calling herself \\\"Briana Banks\\\" in 1999, after having the first of two breast enlargement operations. Having had aspirations of being a supermodel, she chose the professional surname \\\"Banks\\\" after model Tyra Banks. Her first appearance using the new name was in the film \\\"Decadent Whores 9\\\". In June 2001, Banks was \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet of the Month. On October 13, 2006, Banks reportedly filed a federal lawsuit seeking more than US$ 75,000 in damages against Doc Johnson Enterprises, charging\",\n \"title\": \"Briana Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481839\",\n \"text\": \"CFDA’s ceremony on June 4. Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she revealed, \\\"I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them.\\\" Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, \\\"There is prejudice. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591034\",\n \"text\": \"Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10120\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20445958\",\n \"text\": \"During her reign, she was also crowned Miss Model International. After her reign as Miss Russia ended, she crowned Yelena Rogozhina as her successor. Petrova was later offered a contract with Ford Models, but declined due to the fact that they would have required her to lose weight, learn English, and cut her hair short. Petrova went on to represent Russia in the Miss Universe 1999 competition, where she was unplaced. On 16 September 2000, Petrova was killed by a single gunshot to the head while outside of her apartment in Cheboksary, two days before her 20th birthday. Her boyfriend,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Petrova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1472408\",\n \"text\": \"worked in campaigns for Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines. In 1999, she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign, succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years. After modelling for a few years, Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000. She is signed to Independent Models in London. Guillory explained that she \\\"became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people. Because possibly I don't like myself\\\", and later said \\\"I hate acting, really hate\",\n \"title\": \"Sienna Guillory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957268\",\n \"text\": \"Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10142\",\n \"text\": \"was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles. Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18960142\",\n \"text\": \"not on achievement but on her exotic beauty and on a sad and cynical marketing campaign.\\\" Janice Forsyth, director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario, compared her to tennis' Anna Kournikova, who had never won a WTA Tour singles tournament but became well-known after appearing in numerous photo shoots and product advertisements. Jones rejected these criticisms, saying that her critics should be supporting the U.S. Olympic athletes, whereas instead they just \\\"ripped me to shreds.\\\" Jones also stated that \\\"The New York Times\\\" did not do its research properly, since, unlike Kournikova, she\",\n \"title\": \"Lolo Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10839998\",\n \"text\": \"Sanja Papić Sanja Papić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сања Папић, born 25 June 1984 in Novi Sad, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Serbia and Montenegro at Miss Universe 2003 where she placed 3rd Runner-Up and Miss Europe 2003 where she placed 2nd Runner-Up. In September 2003, Papić finished as a runner-up at the Miss Europe contest in Paris. In November, she left for New York in the company of Roberto Cavalli as his muse. She had been Omega Watches Ambassador (alongside Michael Schumacher, Anna Kournikova and Cindy Crawford), following a contract between Omega and\",\n \"title\": \"Sanja Papić\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10148\",\n \"text\": \"doubles specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Fleming. Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10153\",\n \"text\": \"back up to third place among athletes in terms of search popularity in 2010. In October 2010, Kournikova headed to NBC's \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge. In May 2011, it was announced that Kournikova would join \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" as a regular celebrity trainer in season 12. She did not return for season 13. In November 2010, she became an American citizen. In 2011, \\\"Men's Health\\\" named her one of the \\\"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\\\", ranking her at No. 29. Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13398977\",\n \"text\": \"Colette Pechekhonova Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model. Pechekhonova was born on March 12, 1980 in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg. She was a student of ballet from a young age. While in college studying medicine, she sent pictures of herself to various agencies. The owner of one of them, Cros Coitton of Parisian agency Nathalie Models, noticed her photo and signed her almost immediately. Pechekhonova's debut into the fashion world was at the Spring/Summer 1999 Fendi show. She walked a total of 40 shows that season, making her an international success. After signing with New York Model Management in 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Colette Pechekhonova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2056098\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Two and a Half Men\\\" as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the CBS hit TV show \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\". Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi advertising in 2004. He's also starred in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos and for Viceroy watches. In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16\",\n \"title\": \"Enrique Iglesias\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501979\",\n \"text\": \"and French \\\"Numéro\\\". Kass's first \\\"Vogue\\\" cover was French \\\"Vogue\\\" in November 1997. Her career was launched by Anna Wintour, and by 1999, Kass was walking the runway for numerous and diverse top designers, such as Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, and Dolce & Gabbana; and posing in advertisements for designers and brands, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Donna Karan, Dsquared2, Versace, Givenchy, Fendi, Max Mara, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Narciso Rodriguez, and even General Motors. She also appeared in a Gap denim advertising campaign, and was a spokesperson for Revlon cosmetics, Sephora, and the Christian\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3527866\",\n \"text\": \"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American \\\"Vogue\\\" as one of the \\\"Modern Muses\\\". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" (\\\"ANTM\\\"), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of \\\"ANTM\\\" participants on the show until she announced during a\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Porizkova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957242\",\n \"text\": \"Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \\\"Germany's Next Topmodel\\\" and the reality show \\\"Project Runway\\\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13117461\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks also wore the 1995 Million Dollar Miracle Bra during the 1999 fashion show. As of 2018, the fantasy bra has been worn by 8 times by a Brazilian model, 5 times by an American model, 4 times by a German model, and 3 times by a Czech model. The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bündchen earned a place in the \\\"Guinness World Records\\\" as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12611369\",\n \"text\": \"Nike's account in 1999 with Wieden+Kennedy marked the return of celebrity endorsements to Nike campaigns, including athletes such as Olympic runner Suzy Favor-Hamilton. \\\"Pretty\\\" continued this trend, and showcased the debut of Maria Sharapova as a spokesperson for the brand. Maria Sharapova had been playing tennis professionally since 2001, and became the youngest girl to reach the final at the junior Australian Open the following year, at the age of 14. In 2004, Sharapova became the third-youngest winner of the women's Wimbledon Championships. By 2005, she was ranked Number 1 in the world. \\\"Pretty\\\" was filmed and released in the\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty (advertisement)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"571158\",\n \"text\": \"Girls football photo session (by chance, she wore the kit of his club Manchester United for the feature as the group's manager was a supporter). Of their initial meeting, she said, \\\"I didn't really know who he was. I was never into football.\\\" The couple announced their engagement in 1998 and were dubbed \\\"Posh and Becks\\\" by the media. She collects handbags, and owns over 100 Birkin bags, made by Hermès, which are widely considered the most valuable and sought-after, including a £100,000 shocking pink one, and worth a total of more than £1.5 million. On 4 July 1999 they\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Beckham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9738554\",\n \"text\": \"smiling behind a large pair of red knickers on a washing line, saying \\\"is it a genuine Emin (£10,000)\\\" and thinking, \\\"or a worthless fake?\\\". This is a reference to Tracey Emin's \\\"My Bed\\\", literally a display of her (dishevelled) bed with detritus which included a pair of her knickers, shown in the 1999 Turner Prize at Tate Britain. The image was painted over a few days and in a final 24-hour non stop stint. \\\"My painting of Serota has become an icon of the Stuckist movement because it states our position in art,\\\" said Thomson. \\\"We are for new\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14256781\",\n \"text\": \"Sassoon and Bumble and Bumble. While serving as a judge in a Northern Ontario Model Search, he met Elmer Olsen, a model scout and a former hairdresser. Olsen was impressed by Verrilli’s training history and invited him to get in touch if he was ever in Toronto. When Verrilli moved to the Toronto area in 1999, he did get in touch. After one haircut, Olsen was so pleased, he started sending all his models to Verrilli. One of those models was Daria Werbowy Daria Werbowy, who became a regular client. Once her career began to take off, Verrilli styled her\",\n \"title\": \"Mario Verrilli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5523086\",\n \"text\": \"and began a marketing blitz around the K-Swiss brand. Award-winning Creative Director, Mindy Gale led her NY based agency team in developing and producing K-Swiss advertising and publicity campaigns from 1997 through 2008. The \\\"I Wear My K-Swiss\\\" multi-media campaign ran for five consecutive years, targeting young urban consumers in print and on TV. A re-branding campaign appealing to a wider modern female target, featuring Anna Kournikova rolled out in 2007. Advertising campaigns encouraged users to personalize the trademark stripes under the slogan \\\"Put Your Spin on It.\\\" The brand includes their color changing K-Swiss Tongue Twister in 2003, the\",\n \"title\": \"K-Swiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10982949\",\n \"text\": \"more). He was one of four active doubles players at the time of the Masters Cup to have completed a career Grand Slam (with Bob and Mike Bryan, and Daniel Nestor), and two year-end championships titles, in 1994 and 2006. Björkman, who mainly partnered during his career with Jan Apell, Nicklas Kulti, Todd Woodbridge, Max Mirnyi and Kevin Ullyett, also finished runner-up at two mixed doubles Grand Slam finals at Wimbledon, with Anna Kournikova in 1999, and Alicia Molik in 2007, and was part of the Sweden Davis Cup team for their last three championships in 1994, 1997 and 1998.\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Tennis Masters Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9690479\",\n \"text\": \"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for \\\"Too Funky\\\" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with\",\n \"title\": \"Anja Rubik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11557750\",\n \"text\": \"as a career. When she was a teenager, she attended an all-girls school, which was very strict about her grades and attendance. She was given time off school to pursue her modelling, with the proviso that she keep her grades up. Much of her initial modelling work was during her school holidays. Throughout Gold's modelling career, her social life has been chronicled by the tabloids despite her keeping a relatively low profile. In her early career, she allegedly dated Westlife singer Mark Feehily in 1999. The pair kept a low profile due to his boy band status, with the exception\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Gold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18894034\",\n \"text\": \"Panhellenic Women's Track & Field Championship. From 1984 to 1997 she had an international career as a model, and in 1990 she was chosen by CNN as one of the ten most beautiful models in the world. She collaborated for many years with Serge Lutens, a well-known French photographer, designer and producer in the world of fashion, while also having the good fortune to collaborate with the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, and is the model most recognized as spokesperson for that brand, and whose face was published in international campaigns. In 1997 she returned to Greece, and from 2004 she\",\n \"title\": \"Elena Kountoura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1790468\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American television personality, producer, businesswoman, actress, author, former model and occasional singer. Born in Inglewood, California, she began her career as a model at the age of 15, and was the first woman of African American descent to be featured on the covers of \\\"GQ\\\" and the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", on which she appeared twice. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005. By the early 2000s, Banks was one of the world's top-earning models. Banks began acting on television in 1993 on \\\"The Fresh Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Tyra Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14596989\",\n \"text\": \"sewing apparel for major clothing manufacturers; seat belts, airbags and motor coils in vehicles; construction; surgical threads; ornament strings; and artificial hair. Gosen specialises in tennis, soft tennis and badminton sporting goods. The brand has been in the industry for more than 60 years, and its products have been previously approved by the International Tennis Federation, the Indonesia Badminton Association and the Badminton World Federation. Top players such as Rod Laver, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Chris Evert Lloyd, Conchita Martínez and Anna Kournikova have also previously used and promoted this brand. Gosen was one of the world's first companies that\",\n \"title\": \"Gosen (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14994342\",\n \"text\": \"her appearances on the court. In particular, her fur-lined clothing worn at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships caught the attention of observers. In 2001, the \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" quoted Pericoli as saying \\\"I became famous because of my clothes, not my playing.\\\" and \\\"I didn't make any money from tennis, but if I'd been born 30 years later I would have become terribly rich like Anna Kournikova\\\". On 7 May 2015, in the presence of the President of Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Giovanni Malagò, was inaugurated in the Olympic Park of the Foro Italico in Rome, along \\\"Viale delle Olimpiadi\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Lea Pericoli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591038\",\n \"text\": \"in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918649\",\n \"text\": \"in Děčín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, at age 15, she landed a runway appearance, as well as gigs for commercial and print advertising. She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada. In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine \\\"Vogue\\\", and, after moving to New York City at the age of 17,\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4304089\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Chen. Phil Hellmuth's \\\"Play Poker Like the Pros\\\" book published in 2003. Statistics based on real play with their associated actual value in real bets. In poker communities, it is common for hole cards to be given nicknames. While most combinations have a nickname, stronger handed nicknames are generally more recognized, the most notable probably being the \\\"Big Slick\\\" - Ace and King of the same suit, although an Ace-King of any suit combination is less occasionally referred to as an Anna Kournikova, derived from the initials AK and because it \\\"looks really good but rarely wins.\\\" Hands can\",\n \"title\": \"Texas hold 'em starting hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"214845\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"popular actor even more popular\\\". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by \\\"this woman who seemed to have so many different talents\\\". By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star. She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989). On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress \\\"had a low-cut neck that extended\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Lopez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481853\",\n \"text\": \"1999, Campbell has released 16 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand. Naomi Campbell Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a Jamaican English model, actress and singer. Recruited at the age of 15, she established herself amongst the most recognizable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and the 1990s and was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press. In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, which include an R&B-pop studio album and several acting appearances\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445841\",\n \"text\": \"waiting for the down elevator, she took the stairs instead, where she met modeling agency owner Eileen Ford. As Graham remembered in a 1999 interview, she had started chatting with Mrs Ford on the stairs, and by the time they were outside, Mrs Ford handed Graham her card and suggested that she think about becoming a model. Because Graham had not found a teaching job yet and was working as a bookkeeper, she decided to try modeling for a few years to make extra money to furnish her small apartment. Graham's early work as a model included a photo shoot\",\n \"title\": \"Karen Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1419057\",\n \"text\": \"Hufkens in Brussels. In 2017, Emin and Lehmann Maupin ended their working relationship. Charles Saatchi, who was best known as the most high-profile, high-spending collector of contemporary British art, bought \\\"My Bed\\\" (1998) for £150,000 ($248,000) from Lehmann Maupin's \\\"Every Part of Me's Bleeding,\\\" the exhibition that won the artist a nomination for the 1999 Turner Prize. In 2013, on the occasion of a Christie's London sale that raised a total of 3.1 million pounds ($5 million) in aid of the Saatchi Gallery's policy of free entry, \\\"To Meet My Past\\\" (2002) sold for $778,900, establishing a new record for\",\n \"title\": \"Tracey Emin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17292188\",\n \"text\": \"Paulina Tomborowska Paulina Tomborowska (born 1975) is a Polish model and Polish TV journalist (\\\"Polsat Café\\\"). She began working as a model at age 16 in 1991. Initially, she took part in television commercials and fashion shows, including for Polish fashion designer Anna Brodzinska. In 1995, she signed international contracts in Tokyo and Milan. Her height of was an ideal fit to the Japanese fashion market. For nearly four years, she moved between Warsaw, Tokyo and Milan. At the beginning of 1999, she returned to the Poland and became one of the most successful models in the country, in addition\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Tomborowska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10136\",\n \"text\": \"also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year. Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lindsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals (Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501977\",\n \"text\": \"Carmen Kass Carmen Kass (born 14 September 1978) is an Estonian model and former political candidate. Considered a supermodel by the fashion industry, she has worked as the face of Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Valentino, Chanel, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Dior, Céline, Givenchy, and, for ten consecutive years, Michael Kors. In the year 2002, she was estimated to have been the second-highest-paid model in the world. Outside of modeling, Kass ran for the European Parliament in 2004 and was the president of the Estonian Chess Federation from 2004 to 2011. Kass was born in Tallinn and grew up in\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649049\",\n \"text\": \"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford \\\"Supermodel of the World\\\" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649083\",\n \"text\": \"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9973300\",\n \"text\": \"she was an occasional actress on the USA Network's \\\"Up All Night with Rhonda Shear\\\". Whilst trying to get her recording career off the ground, to make a living she began a small modelling agency in 1988, which quickly evolved into an illicit escort business servicing a financially exclusive clientele. On June 8, 1999, Gibson was arrested in a sting operation in West Los Angeles and charged with pimping and pandering. At the time of her arrest the prosecuting authorities stated that Gibson ran one of the largest prostitution procurement operations since Heidi Fleiss, employing around 300 women. Her subsequent\",\n \"title\": \"Jody Gibson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16217923\",\n \"text\": \"Arbor and during the Fall of 2018, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. Barry Klarberg Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Klarberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088449\",\n \"text\": \"character's image; \\\"Playboy\\\" was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to \\\"Tomb Raider\\\". Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in \\\"Angel of Darkness\\\" from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in \\\"Legend\\\". She was the first model\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1595130\",\n \"text\": \"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \\\"white collection\\\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Treacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5847572\",\n \"text\": \"a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees. Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova. In government and the military, the equivalent position is\",\n \"title\": \"Business manager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12625463\",\n \"text\": \"delegation is considered to be the greatest honor bestowed on an American by the United States Olympic Committee. In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports, according to a State Department fact sheet. In 1999, she launched her career as a model by starting on the runway. She modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen by opening his London show, on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee Mullins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3165645\",\n \"text\": \"Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at an ITF tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round. The next year, she won an ITF event in Moscow, Russia without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148 Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11 Anna Kournikova in the second\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Zvonareva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6060847\",\n \"text\": \"Playmate of the Year (album) Playmate of the Year is the third studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead, it is also their final album released via Columbia Records. The woman modelling on the album cover is American model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson who was a \\\"Playboy\\\" Playmate in 1999 and named \\\"Playmate of the Year\\\" in 2000, of which the album refers to. The album cover and its CD case content also closely resembles the album cover and CD case content of the band's follow-up release \\\"Stupid Fat Americans\\\". In the beginning of the video the\",\n \"title\": \"Playmate of the Year (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472782\",\n \"text\": \"because she had already received a more lucrative offer by that time. Since the time of her victory, Kahnovich has become a very successful model, having walked in fashion shows for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce and Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan. Cycle two was held exactly one year after the first one and saw victory for Svetlana Sergienko, who was asked by Russian president Vladimir Putin to join the parliament as a representative for the growing modeling industry in Russia. The show was discontinued after four cycles and returned under the\",\n \"title\": \"Ty - supermodel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7249643\",\n \"text\": \"caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year. He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International\",\n \"title\": \"Hussein Chalayan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10976280\",\n \"text\": \"has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 1996 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\",\n \"title\": \"Kirsty Hume\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3651784\",\n \"text\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Corine Maria Ambrósio (; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress. Ambrosio is known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's PINK line. Ambrosio was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2017 and has modeled for brands such as Next, Armani Exchange, Christian Dior, and Ralph Lauren. In 2012, she was ranked number six on \\\"Forbes\\\" list of the highest-paid models, estimated to have earned $6.6 million in one year. She is often cited by the popular media as one of the world's sexiest\",\n \"title\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320546\",\n \"text\": \"will be co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Laura Dern, and Chris Cooper. In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \\\"Teen Vogue\\\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563017\",\n \"text\": \"consider getting plastic surgery. Despite that, she managed to get signed by an agency that sent her to work in Paris, France. A few years later, she was signed by Elite Model Management, and subsequently by Ford Models. McMenamy's modeling career mainly spanned the years 1985 to 1998, when she worked for many of the world's top designers and international fashion houses, such as Versace, Giorgio Armani, Valentino, Todd Oldham, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Gianfranco Ferré, Lanvin, Isaac Mizrahi, Yohji Yamamoto, Thierry Mugler, Comme des Garçons, Chloé, and Moschino. During the early stage of\",\n \"title\": \"Kristen McMenamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"274024\",\n \"text\": \"Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year. Mattel earned the first grant for Disney Princess doll licenses in 2000. In December 2000, Mattel sued the band Aqua, saying their song \\\"Barbie Girl\\\" violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mattel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5568840\",\n \"text\": \"Baby Phat Baby Phat is an American apparel brand developed by model and entrepreneur Kimora Lee Simmons in 1999. The brand is the high-end line of Russell Simmons' Phat Fashions LLC label, and is carried in mid-market department stores, including Macy's and Dillard's. The label caters to female urban wear. In 2004, the label's parent company was acquired by Kellwood Company for $140 million. Baby Phat was established under Phat Fashions LLC in 1999 as an extension of the urban menswear brand Phat Farm. Initially, the Baby Phat symbol was placed on simple T-shirts and gifted as party favors to\",\n \"title\": \"Baby Phat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224695\",\n \"text\": \"cover of the Italian Glamour magazine, and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and the Italian Vogue. Mallmann went to New York and returned to her country as a supermodel. She appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in June 1999 and was chosen by US TV channel E! as \\\"Celebrity of the Year\\\" in 1999. Her career includes runway and advertisements for designers such as Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, Alberta Ferretti, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Chanel 'Allure' perfume, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Gianni Versace, Jean Paul Gaultier, Lacoste, Yves Saint\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7207229\",\n \"text\": \"were very controversial). Meisel also shoots Prada campaigns each season — having done so since 2004. In April 2008 he shot friend Madonna for \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", and later in the year he shot her for the 2009 spring campaign by Louis Vuitton. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui for whom he also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. As one of the most powerful photographers in the fashion industry, Meisel is credited with \\\"discovering\\\" or promoting the careers of many successful models, including Linda Evangelista, Guinevere Van Seenus, Karen Elson,\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Meisel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2005504\",\n \"text\": \"producer Michael Winner. Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique \\\"Akademi\\\". Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Victoria Hervey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2263455\",\n \"text\": \"Rodman married model Carmen Electra in November 1998 at the Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Electra filed for divorce in April 1999. In 1999 Rodman met Michelle Moyer, with whom he had a son, Dennis Junior (D.J., born 2000) and a daughter, Trinity (born 2001). Moyer and Rodman married in 2003 on his 42nd birthday. Michelle Rodman filed for divorce in 2004, although the couple spent several years attempting to reconcile. The marriage was officially dissolved in 2012 when Michelle Rodman again petitioned the court to grant a divorce. It was reported that Rodman owed $860,376\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Rodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13239176\",\n \"text\": \"Ashfield to a 'state of the art' factory on \\\"Bridge Foot\\\" (A517) in Belper. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold all of its lingerie brands to PD Enterprise, as part of a company known as Courtaulds Legwear. Pretty Polly was the first hosiery company to advertise on TV in 1980. In 1994 Laura Bailey modelled for the company, then in 1998, Eva Herzigová became the face (and legs) of Pretty Polly advertising. Sara Cox also modelled their hosiery. In 1999 the company launched their first bras, known as bbras. In 2003, English singer Rachel Stevens became the face of PP\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty Polly (hosiery)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898403\",\n \"text\": \"Giovanni was attending a junior college to major in Biology and waitressing five nights a week when she began modeling, having attained 17.5 credits by the semester when she was discovered. She began modeling at the end of 1999, initially to pay for college. About six months into modeling, she was made \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet for the month of September 2000. Her pictorial was shot by Suze Randall. Around this time she was accepted to University of California, San Diego as a junior transfer student with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English writing. However, she decided not\",\n \"title\": \"Aria Giovanni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955319\",\n \"text\": \"pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs. In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 via a distribution sales agreement with Albion Cosmetics. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Sui\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260844\",\n \"text\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show was taped and the final was aired. When\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5372830\",\n \"text\": \"Wheeler to go to Milan and appear in his fashion show. Later that year, she was stopped in England on her way to a salon by noted fashion photographer Mario Testino. By the age of 17, Wheeler was on the cover of French \\\"Vogue\\\" and part of a Gucci advertisement campaign. Although she continued to go to school at The King's School, Canterbury—in Luxmoore House—Wheeler would often take off days to shoot for fashion companies, such as Calvin Klein, Prada, and The Gap. In 1999, \\\"The Face\\\" magazine declared her the 'Model of the Millennium'. Designers have continued to embrace\",\n \"title\": \"Jacquetta Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7090776\",\n \"text\": \"the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Anna Kournikova, who became the #17 seed. 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Jana Novotná was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. This was to be the final Grand Slam tournament in which Graf would appear. This tournament saw a number of surprises, including a first round defeat of World No. 1 and first seed Martina Hingis at the hands of Australian qualifier and World No. 129\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506328\",\n \"text\": \"Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management was sued by model Alexia Palmer. Palmer alleged that 80% of her wages were taken away from her as \\\"expenses\\\" and that she had been paid less than $4000 over a two-year period. The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2016. In July 2015, it was reported that Trump Model Management and Trump Management Group LLC combined had requested US visas for\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10123\",\n \"text\": \"has said, \\\"We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning\\\". Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at age five. Describing her early regimen, she said, \\\"I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17741259\",\n \"text\": \"in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen’s win, three Indians made a total sweep in 2000: Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra and Dia Mirza went on to win Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International (predecessor of Miss Earth pageant) titles respectively. In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant and in 2017, Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title.
× Did not compete
↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India
I AM She – Miss Universe\",\n \"title\": \"India at Big Four international beauty pageants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224693\",\n \"text\": \"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \\\"Classique\\\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872414\",\n \"text\": \"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872413\",\n \"text\": \"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506329\",\n \"text\": \"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967772\",\n \"text\": \"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \\\"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\\\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \\\"Viva La Radio\\\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \\\"Smash Hits\\\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working\",\n \"title\": \"Lolly (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260846\",\n \"text\": \"most successful contestants of the \\\"Top Model\\\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7480664\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \\\"Dolly\\\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Rawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4290130\",\n \"text\": \"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \\\"Morning Glory\\\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \\\"gold digger\\\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe\",\n \"title\": \"Wendi Deng Murdoch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585096\",\n \"text\": \"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \\\"Vogue\\\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \\\"House of Style\\\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her\",\n \"title\": \"Amber Valletta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11582125\",\n \"text\": \"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \\\"Demi's Birthday Suit\\\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \\\"Disappearing Model\\\". The work appeared on \\\"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\\\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow\",\n \"title\": \"Joanne Gair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7237025\",\n \"text\": \"clarified in a 2004 interview, \\\"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\\\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich\",\n \"title\": \"Chad Michael Murray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446766\",\n \"text\": \"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the\",\n \"title\": \"Venus Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"592747\",\n \"text\": \"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied\",\n \"title\": \"Model (person)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5822944\",\n \"text\": \"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \\\"Vogue Paris\\\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \\\"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes\",\n \"title\": \"Daria Werbowy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4994652\",\n \"text\": \"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \\\"Forbes\\\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder\",\n \"title\": \"Natalia Vodianova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11030224\",\n \"text\": \"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \\\"Amazone\\\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand\",\n \"title\": \"Anand Jon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247243\",\n \"text\": \"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \\\"Shots in the Dark\\\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \\\"Seed,\\\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \\\"Phantoms\\\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \\\"Nowhere\\\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \\\"Southie\\\" (1996),\",\n \"title\": \"Rose McGowan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910525\",\n \"text\": \"wearing a \\\"knock off\\\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \\\"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\\\" in \\\"The New York Times\\\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \\\"underground\\\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320468\",\n \"text\": \"and the \\\"Miss Dior\\\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \\\"Christian Dior Couture\\\" in 1995. Also, the \\\"La Parisienne\\\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \\\"Parisian Chic\\\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano\",\n \"title\": \"Christian Dior SE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918650\",\n \"text\": \"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \\\"Vogue\\\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7740717\",\n \"text\": \"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Dessès\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088448\",\n \"text\": \"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \\\"Playboy\\\", which used the character and \\\"Tomb Raider\\\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4643307\",\n \"text\": \"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \\\"Nylon\\\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen\",\n \"title\": \"Nylon (magazine)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Anna Kournikova context: subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Kirsty Hume context: has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 196 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\\n\\ntitle: Spice Girls context (WTA) team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournik two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Final Doubles dub themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis 1999 Hingis and Kournikova along with W players Ven and Serena Williams, label theSpice Girls of tennis then later “Sp by the in the late 1990s due to their youthness, popularity, brness W sculptures of Spice are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussaud New York wax museum. The sculptures of Spice (ans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December1999,\\n\\ntitle: Anna specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Flemingourn was with fellow P B, anHL hockey player. The two met in 999 when linked to Bs former teammate Sergei Fed. B K were have engaged in 0 aorter a photo them together in a where Bure supposedlyikova him the made head in Russia, were both heavily followed the asbrities, B any engagement.ournova,10 years\\n\\n: Anna was 7 doubles, both Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 524,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15059,\n \"ratio\": \"28.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":81,"string":"81"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Peter Thorkelson","Peter Tork"],"string":"[\n \"Peter Thorkelson\",\n \"Peter Tork\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Peter Tork"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"507207","text":"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"507180","text":"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"11800201","text":"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \"America's Best Dance Crew\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"507182","text":"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \"open, Nordic look,\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"265453","text":"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \"The Monkees\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \"Dance, Monkee, Dance\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782","title":"Martin Van Buren"},{"id":"424279","text":"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \"The Monkees\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"11800209","text":"Ricky Bobby\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \"Tearin' Up My Heart\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"424373","text":"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \"The Brady Bunch Movie\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12140599","text":"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \"The Monkees\", \"(Theme from) The Monkees\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"9283613","text":"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \"I'm a Believer\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a","title":"Samantha Juste"},{"id":"15656242","text":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"1971392","text":"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \"Tempered Blade\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He","title":"James Bowie"},{"id":"487513","text":"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \"Easy On You\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"487535","text":"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \"God is a verb, not a noun.\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"9054800","text":"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \"I'm a Believer\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"6043007","text":"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \"The Professor\" from \"Gilligan's Island\"), and Billy Beck,","title":"New Monkees"},{"id":"2970394","text":"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \"The New York Times\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"282016","text":"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"15656250","text":"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"424339","text":"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"282054","text":"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"12140586","text":"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"2970388","text":"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"17922839","text":"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"487507","text":"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \"Circus Boy\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"16752858","text":"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \"Stop Me\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"424381","text":"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"13352163","text":"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \"Frasier\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \"The Monkees\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,","title":"Manchester dialect"},{"id":"2061617","text":"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"424281","text":"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \"The Monkees\" as initially being \"a TV show about an imaginary band…","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"6045818","text":"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \"Daydream Believer\" and \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \"The Wilcox Three\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"424426","text":"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \"Manchester Gets it First\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483729","text":"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\" \"Me & Magdalena\" (Version 2) \"Terrifying\" \"Love's What I Want\" \"A Better World\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"424345","text":"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \"Head\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424377","text":"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that he \"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\" \"\"","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424374","text":"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \"fired\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \"Shoe Suede Blues.\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110743","text":"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"13959167","text":"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \"The Monkees\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \"Big Time Rush\" is","title":"Big Time Rush"},{"id":"424358","text":"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \"Do It in the Name of Love\" and \"Lady Jane\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\"Do It in the Name Of Love\" b/w \"Lady Jane\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12739895","text":"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \"missing and presumed drowned\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch","title":"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt"},{"id":"10228841","text":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"12140591","text":"also recorded for Colpix under the name \"Michael Blessing.\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \"Wool Hat.\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"424414","text":"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \"Easy Rider\" and \"Five Easy Pieces\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\" The \"Chicago Tribune\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061619","text":"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \"folk\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"5904777","text":"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \"Randy Scouse Git\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \"Randy Scouse Git\", included on their 1967 album \"Headquarters\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the","title":"Alf Garnett"},{"id":"7132703","text":"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424404","text":"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \"Fixing a Hole\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \"lost weekend\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \"The Hollywood Vampires\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \"Back in the U.S.\" singing \"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\", the theme from \"The Monkees\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \"Cuddly Toy\" and \"Daddy's Song\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \"Cuddly Toy\" would be recorded","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"7132698","text":"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424406","text":"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483719","text":"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"16752855","text":"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"12140587","text":"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"10943867","text":"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former","title":"Americans in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"654167","text":"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress","title":"Dizzy Gillespie"},{"id":"110713","text":"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \"Oliver!\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \"The Brady Bunch\" television show and later reprised parody film; \"Love, American Style\"; and \"My Two Dads\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"17922835","text":"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"19091083","text":"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"424284","text":"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\". Jones had previously starred as","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"114378","text":"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \"The Laughing Gnome\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \"David Bowie\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image","title":"David Bowie"},{"id":"12140611","text":"by noting, \"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \"Thirteen million dollars!\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \"Time\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \"The Monkees\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"282032","text":"Monkees\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\"Daydream Believer\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \"I never really left. It is","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"8790292","text":"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \"Showcase\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \"Jeannette Punchinello\" (Annette Funicello), \"Rock Hutsut\" (Rock Hudson), and \"Twiggly\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \"Showcase\" #71. The Maniaks as a","title":"The Maniaks"},{"id":"2929905","text":"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \"comfortable destitution\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \"For when you have company.\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.","title":"William Peter Blatty"},{"id":"424384","text":"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \"Good Times!\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \"Good Times!\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"4320645","text":"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After","title":"Don Kirshner"},{"id":"8645786","text":"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as","title":"David Frye"},{"id":"2621215","text":"comes from \"Cheers\", Niles' background is established over the course of \"Frasier\". Pierce described Niles as \"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same","title":"Niles Crane"},{"id":"6045825","text":"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \"Headquarters\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \"Daydream Believer\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"10228852","text":"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \"P.O. Box 9847\" as describing the TV special as being about \"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"4374211","text":"biopic \"Straight Outta Compton\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \"Compton\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap","title":"The D.O.C."},{"id":"14053687","text":"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \"Camp Cupcake\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \"Detroit News\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,","title":"Diane Hathaway"},{"id":"424370","text":"album \"Justus\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \"Justus\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\"Justus\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \"Justus\".","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061630","text":"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"18394792","text":"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday","title":"Buzz Busby"},{"id":"110721","text":"well as an album, \"Pool It!\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \"Justus\", the first album since 1967's \"Headquarters\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \"You're","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"7344567","text":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,","title":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"},{"id":"11481366","text":"D. W. Washburn \"D.W. Washburn\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \"Smokey Joe's Cafe\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \"It's Nice to Be with You,\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,","title":"D. W. Washburn"},{"id":"9138425","text":"Chicago Crime Commission \"Public Enemy Number Three\" when his brother Al was \"Public Enemy Number One\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \"Werra\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September","title":"Ralph Capone"},{"id":"1404262","text":"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \"Birdman of Alcatraz\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,","title":"Robert Stroud"},{"id":"14121324","text":"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and","title":"Philadelphia Club"},{"id":"1727058","text":"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of","title":"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"},{"id":"8058516","text":"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean","title":"Natural-born-citizen clause"},{"id":"8442765","text":"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \"Duke\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \"The Monkey Wrench Gang\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \"Wishin' and Hopin'\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out","title":"Franz Douskey"},{"id":"6732753","text":"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \"The Monkees at the Circus\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \"What 'is' that?\", Dolenz responds \"It's the theme song for an old TV series\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime","title":"Circus Boy"},{"id":"11458427","text":"What It's Worth,\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \"New Buffalo Springfield\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \"Holiday Rock Festival\" in San","title":"Dewey Martin (musician)"},{"id":"110741","text":"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"19091087","text":"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"20980861","text":"hit single \"Daydream Believer\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \"The Monkees\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \"White Christmas\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \"Christmas Is","title":"Christmas Is My Time of Year"},{"id":"5014649","text":"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,","title":"Sons of the American Revolution"},{"id":"358236","text":"\"Star Trek: The Original Series\" that he doubted the rumor about \"Pravda\", since \"Star Trek\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \"redshirt\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \"Star Trek\" made celebrities","title":"Star Trek: The Original Series"},{"id":"9054809","text":"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \" Revolutions per Monkee\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"5883758","text":"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \"Big Jim\", \"Diamond Jim\", and \"Jubilee Jim\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \"robber barons\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme","title":"James Fisk (financier)"},{"id":"4409558","text":"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \"Magic\" Juan Don \"Magic\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \"pimp\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd","title":"Don \"Magic\" Juan"},{"id":"424357","text":"single \"Oh My My\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \"Midnight Train\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \"Oh My My\" b/w \"I Love You Better\" single from the \"Changes\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \"Changes\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110744","text":"bad dreams all night long.\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\" \"Monkees\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"21010377","text":"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \"Jamal Khashoggi Way\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a","title":"James Harnett"},{"id":"5670145","text":"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \"Every Step of the Way,\" failed to chart. The book \"The Monkees Tale\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \"Pool It!\" and its two singles were recorded by \"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\" as opposed to \"The Monkees.\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \"MGBGT\" (the live B-side to the \"Heart and Soul\"","title":"Pool It!"},{"id":"16533259","text":"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start","title":"Big Trouble (band)"},{"id":"15809571","text":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \"Good Clean Fun\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \"The Monkees Present\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \"Good Clean Fun\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.","title":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)"},{"id":"11619022","text":"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \"More of the Monkees\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,","title":"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"507207\",\n \"text\": \"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507180\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800201\",\n \"text\": \"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \\\"America's Best Dance Crew\\\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507182\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \\\"open, Nordic look,\\\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265453\",\n \"text\": \"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \\\"The Monkees\\\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \\\"Dance, Monkee, Dance\\\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \\\"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\\\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Van Buren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424279\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \\\"The Monkees\\\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800209\",\n \"text\": \"Ricky Bobby\\\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \\\"Tearin' Up My Heart\\\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424373\",\n \"text\": \"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\\\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140599\",\n \"text\": \"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \\\"The Monkees\\\", \\\"(Theme from) The Monkees\\\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \\\"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\\\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9283613\",\n \"text\": \"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \\\"I'm a Believer\\\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Juste\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656242\",\n \"text\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1971392\",\n \"text\": \"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \\\"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\\\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \\\"Tempered Blade\\\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He\",\n \"title\": \"James Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487513\",\n \"text\": \"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \\\"Easy On You\\\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487535\",\n \"text\": \"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \\\"God is a verb, not a noun.\\\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054800\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \\\"I'm a Believer\\\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6043007\",\n \"text\": \"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \\\"Boom Boom\\\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \\\"The Professor\\\" from \\\"Gilligan's Island\\\"), and Billy Beck,\",\n \"title\": \"New Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970394\",\n \"text\": \"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \\\"The New York Times\\\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282016\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656250\",\n \"text\": \"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\\\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424339\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282054\",\n \"text\": \"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140586\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970388\",\n \"text\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922839\",\n \"text\": \"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\\\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487507\",\n \"text\": \"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \\\"Circus Boy\\\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752858\",\n \"text\": \"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \\\"Stop Me\\\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424381\",\n \"text\": \"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13352163\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \\\"Frasier\\\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \\\"The Monkees\\\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,\",\n \"title\": \"Manchester dialect\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061617\",\n \"text\": \"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424281\",\n \"text\": \"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \\\"The Monkees\\\" as initially being \\\"a TV show about an imaginary band…\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045818\",\n \"text\": \"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \\\"Daydream Believer\\\" and \\\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\\\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \\\"The Wilcox Three\\\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424426\",\n \"text\": \"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \\\"Manchester Gets it First\\\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483729\",\n \"text\": \"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\\\" \\\"Me & Magdalena\\\" (Version 2) \\\"Terrifying\\\" \\\"Love's What I Want\\\" \\\"A Better World\\\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424345\",\n \"text\": \"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \\\"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\\\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \\\"Head\\\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424377\",\n \"text\": \"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" that he \\\"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\\\" \\\"\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424374\",\n \"text\": \"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \\\"fired\\\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \\\"Shoe Suede Blues.\\\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110743\",\n \"text\": \"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\\\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \\\"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\\\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \\\"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\\\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \\\"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\\\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \\\"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13959167\",\n \"text\": \"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \\\"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\\\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \\\"The Monkees\\\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \\\"Big Time Rush\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Big Time Rush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424358\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \\\"Do It in the Name of Love\\\" and \\\"Lady Jane\\\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\\\"Do It in the Name Of Love\\\" b/w \\\"Lady Jane\\\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \\\"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\\\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12739895\",\n \"text\": \"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \\\"missing and presumed drowned\\\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch\",\n \"title\": \"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228841\",\n \"text\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \\\"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\\\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140591\",\n \"text\": \"also recorded for Colpix under the name \\\"Michael Blessing.\\\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \\\"Wool Hat.\\\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424414\",\n \"text\": \"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \\\"Easy Rider\\\" and \\\"Five Easy Pieces\\\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\\\" The \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \\\"We touched a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061619\",\n \"text\": \"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \\\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\\\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \\\"folk\\\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5904777\",\n \"text\": \"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\", included on their 1967 album \\\"Headquarters\\\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the\",\n \"title\": \"Alf Garnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132703\",\n \"text\": \"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424404\",\n \"text\": \"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \\\"Fixing a Hole\\\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \\\"lost weekend\\\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \\\"The Hollywood Vampires\\\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \\\"Back in the U.S.\\\" singing \\\"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\\\", the theme from \\\"The Monkees\\\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" and \\\"Daddy's Song\\\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" would be recorded\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132698\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424406\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483719\",\n \"text\": \"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752855\",\n \"text\": \"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140587\",\n \"text\": \"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10943867\",\n \"text\": \"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former\",\n \"title\": \"Americans in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"654167\",\n \"text\": \"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Dizzy Gillespie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110713\",\n \"text\": \"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \\\"Oliver!\\\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\" television show and later reprised parody film; \\\"Love, American Style\\\"; and \\\"My Two Dads\\\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922835\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091083\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424284\",\n \"text\": \"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \\\"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\\\". Jones had previously starred as\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114378\",\n \"text\": \"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \\\"The Laughing Gnome\\\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \\\"David Bowie\\\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image\",\n \"title\": \"David Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140611\",\n \"text\": \"by noting, \\\"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\\\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \\\"Thirteen million dollars!\\\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \\\"Time\\\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \\\"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \\\"The Monkees\\\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282032\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees\\\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\\\"Daydream Believer\\\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \\\"I never really left. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8790292\",\n \"text\": \"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \\\"Showcase\\\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \\\"Jeannette Punchinello\\\" (Annette Funicello), \\\"Rock Hutsut\\\" (Rock Hudson), and \\\"Twiggly\\\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \\\"Showcase\\\" #71. The Maniaks as a\",\n \"title\": \"The Maniaks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2929905\",\n \"text\": \"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \\\"comfortable destitution\\\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \\\"For when you have company.\\\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.\",\n \"title\": \"William Peter Blatty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424384\",\n \"text\": \"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \\\"Good Times!\\\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \\\"Good Times!\\\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320645\",\n \"text\": \"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After\",\n \"title\": \"Don Kirshner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8645786\",\n \"text\": \"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as\",\n \"title\": \"David Frye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2621215\",\n \"text\": \"comes from \\\"Cheers\\\", Niles' background is established over the course of \\\"Frasier\\\". Pierce described Niles as \\\"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\\\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Niles Crane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045825\",\n \"text\": \"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \\\"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\\\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \\\"Headquarters\\\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \\\"Daydream Believer\\\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \\\"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\\\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228852\",\n \"text\": \"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \\\"P.O. Box 9847\\\" as describing the TV special as being about \\\"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\\\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4374211\",\n \"text\": \"biopic \\\"Straight Outta Compton\\\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \\\"Compton\\\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap\",\n \"title\": \"The D.O.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14053687\",\n \"text\": \"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \\\"Camp Cupcake\\\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \\\"Squeaky\\\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \\\"Detroit News\\\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Hathaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424370\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"Justus\\\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \\\"Justus\\\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\\\"Justus\\\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \\\"Justus\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061630\",\n \"text\": \"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18394792\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \\\"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\\\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Busby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110721\",\n \"text\": \"well as an album, \\\"Pool It!\\\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \\\"Justus\\\", the first album since 1967's \\\"Headquarters\\\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \\\"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\\\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \\\"You're\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7344567\",\n \"text\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \\\"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\\\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11481366\",\n \"text\": \"D. W. Washburn \\\"D.W. Washburn\\\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \\\"Smokey Joe's Cafe\\\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \\\"It's Nice to Be with You,\\\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,\",\n \"title\": \"D. W. Washburn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9138425\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Crime Commission \\\"Public Enemy Number Three\\\" when his brother Al was \\\"Public Enemy Number One\\\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \\\"Werra\\\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Capone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1404262\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \\\"Birdman of Alcatraz\\\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Stroud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14121324\",\n \"text\": \"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \\\"Buffalo Bill\\\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1727058\",\n \"text\": \"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of\",\n \"title\": \"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8058516\",\n \"text\": \"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean\",\n \"title\": \"Natural-born-citizen clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8442765\",\n \"text\": \"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \\\"Duke\\\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \\\"The Monkey Wrench Gang\\\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \\\"Wishin' and Hopin'\\\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out\",\n \"title\": \"Franz Douskey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6732753\",\n \"text\": \"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \\\"The Monkees at the Circus\\\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \\\"What 'is' that?\\\", Dolenz responds \\\"It's the theme song for an old TV series\\\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \\\"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\\\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime\",\n \"title\": \"Circus Boy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11458427\",\n \"text\": \"What It's Worth,\\\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \\\"New Buffalo Springfield\\\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \\\"Holiday Rock Festival\\\" in San\",\n \"title\": \"Dewey Martin (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110741\",\n \"text\": \"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091087\",\n \"text\": \"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20980861\",\n \"text\": \"hit single \\\"Daydream Believer\\\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \\\"The Monkees\\\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \\\"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\\\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \\\"White Christmas\\\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \\\"Christmas Is\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Is My Time of Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5014649\",\n \"text\": \"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,\",\n \"title\": \"Sons of the American Revolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"358236\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Star Trek: The Original Series\\\" that he doubted the rumor about \\\"Pravda\\\", since \\\"Star Trek\\\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \\\"redshirt\\\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \\\"Star Trek\\\" made celebrities\",\n \"title\": \"Star Trek: The Original Series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054809\",\n \"text\": \"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \\\"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\\\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \\\" Revolutions per Monkee\\\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5883758\",\n \"text\": \"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \\\"Big Jim\\\", \\\"Diamond Jim\\\", and \\\"Jubilee Jim\\\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \\\"robber barons\\\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme\",\n \"title\": \"James Fisk (financier)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4409558\",\n \"text\": \"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \\\"pimp\\\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \\\"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd\",\n \"title\": \"Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424357\",\n \"text\": \"single \\\"Oh My My\\\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \\\"Midnight Train\\\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \\\"Oh My My\\\" b/w \\\"I Love You Better\\\" single from the \\\"Changes\\\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \\\"Changes\\\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110744\",\n \"text\": \"bad dreams all night long.\\\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \\\"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\\\" \\\"Monkees\\\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \\\"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21010377\",\n \"text\": \"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \\\"Jamal Khashoggi Way\\\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a\",\n \"title\": \"James Harnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5670145\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \\\"Every Step of the Way,\\\" failed to chart. The book \\\"The Monkees Tale\\\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \\\"Pool It!\\\" and its two singles were recorded by \\\"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\\\" as opposed to \\\"The Monkees.\\\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \\\"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\\\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \\\"MGBGT\\\" (the live B-side to the \\\"Heart and Soul\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Pool It!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16533259\",\n \"text\": \"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start\",\n \"title\": \"Big Trouble (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15809571\",\n \"text\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \\\"The Monkees Present\\\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619022\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \\\"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\\\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \\\"More of the Monkees\\\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,\",\n \"title\": \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\ntitle Peter T context Peter T Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor University Connecticut.\\ntitle:es: albumus\\\" was released in19 first on which original members and \\\"Just\\\" produced by the Monkees, songs by one and it using only foures instruments and, which was inspiration spJust The trio of Dol, Jones, Tork reun again successful30th anniversary of amphithe19, while Nesm joined them onstage in Los promote songsJust\\ntitle: Music ofC. context to launchossa the thes,. had to, like soul, who had 3 hits8 Othericians included John the first \\\"\\\" Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 504,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14952,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":82,"string":"82"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what decade were video recorders first developed?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Fifties","1950s","1950-1959","50's","1950’s","50s","1950–1959","Nineteen-fifties","1950s (decade)","1950ies","1950's","'50s","195%3F","Fifties"],"string":"[\n \"The Fifties\",\n \"1950s\",\n \"1950-1959\",\n \"50's\",\n \"1950’s\",\n \"50s\",\n \"1950–1959\",\n \"Nineteen-fifties\",\n \"1950s (decade)\",\n \"1950ies\",\n \"1950's\",\n \"'50s\",\n \"195%3F\",\n \"Fifties\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"50s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"626737","text":"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and","title":"VHS"},{"id":"5684891","text":"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"14194321","text":"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed","title":"Erhard Kietz"},{"id":"5684865","text":"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"444226","text":"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling","title":"Video"},{"id":"2321834","text":"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2321837","text":"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2063907","text":"use Ampex eight track \"Sel Sync\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"2321844","text":"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1851334","text":"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"20968438","text":"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80","title":"Video manipulation"},{"id":"15559312","text":"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted","title":"Ancillary market"},{"id":"3408718","text":"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"11750220","text":"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and","title":"CV-2000"},{"id":"13530522","text":"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \"new\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2905831","text":"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2321842","text":"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"5684873","text":"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"16831734","text":"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \"video tape recorder\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading","title":"JVC HR-3300"},{"id":"3408742","text":"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"1851355","text":"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"5684872","text":"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"13530531","text":"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"13530527","text":"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \"Video Cassette Recording\" (although it is also referred to as \"N1500\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1430231","text":"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\" Quadruplex in","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"1722126","text":"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades","title":"Black and white"},{"id":"11441180","text":"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the","title":"1970s in science and technology"},{"id":"1356315","text":"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \"Victor\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2753314","text":"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"1356330","text":"\"Victor\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2996354","text":"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \"consultant\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where","title":"Ray Dolby"},{"id":"2753312","text":"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \"slide\" and \"slide deck\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"2490735","text":"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to","title":"Fluoroscopy"},{"id":"2059428","text":"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \"Charly\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"1851354","text":"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"4388306","text":"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \"zone television\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \"Phonovision\", this system, which was never fully","title":"Mechanical television"},{"id":"1311684","text":"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \"videotape format war\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"1430222","text":"white \"glow\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"2905832","text":"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2905846","text":"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"6652196","text":"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which","title":"Charles Ginsburg"},{"id":"15823631","text":"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on","title":"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR"},{"id":"13530523","text":"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"16859359","text":"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,","title":"History of videotelephony"},{"id":"1851352","text":"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"13530530","text":"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1851346","text":"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \"golden age\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"1995350","text":"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete","title":"Helical scan"},{"id":"275207","text":"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on","title":"Magnetic tape"},{"id":"1782270","text":"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \"Speed Racer\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\" which he developed in the early","title":"Bullet time"},{"id":"2063922","text":"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"9922844","text":"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass","title":"Donald N. Frey"},{"id":"14887365","text":"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"359402","text":"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8","title":"Sony"},{"id":"7713273","text":"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own","title":"Video feedback"},{"id":"6567388","text":"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and","title":"History of telecommunication"},{"id":"20169846","text":"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as","title":"History of science and technology in Japan"},{"id":"4287861","text":"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"276150","text":"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \"The Cotton Club\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,","title":"TiVo Corporation"},{"id":"11883060","text":"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \"Come Play with Me\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \"Electric Blue\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13906649","text":"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked","title":"Microfilmmaking"},{"id":"2321851","text":"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1311670","text":"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"4287841","text":"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"14887363","text":"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \"blurred and indistinct\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"12524208","text":"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home","title":"Amateur pornography"},{"id":"4223721","text":"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their","title":"Electronic news-gathering"},{"id":"17190974","text":"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in","title":"Gábor Kornél Tolnai"},{"id":"7471111","text":"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a","title":"History of sound recording"},{"id":"13530532","text":"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"4936256","text":"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \"Jurassic Park\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\"Batman Returns\"). In addition, \"Jurassic Park\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby","title":"DTS (sound system)"},{"id":"14231777","text":"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \"Ampex Mark IV\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association","title":"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards"},{"id":"1356320","text":"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This","title":"JVC"},{"id":"15198945","text":"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow","title":"Electronovision"},{"id":"626740","text":"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita","title":"VHS"},{"id":"2321839","text":"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"7746223","text":"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used","title":"John Herbert Orr"},{"id":"5627352","text":"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone","title":"Videotelephony"},{"id":"13530541","text":"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1772321","text":"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals","title":"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus"},{"id":"5034158","text":"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the","title":"Filmstrip"},{"id":"13530524","text":"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2454427","text":"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their","title":"Courtship"},{"id":"9114025","text":"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \"Kihara School\", and turned out many of Sony's future","title":"Nobutoshi Kihara"},{"id":"11462849","text":"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with","title":"Faroudja"},{"id":"2059427","text":"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"626741","text":"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats","title":"VHS"},{"id":"626738","text":"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began","title":"VHS"},{"id":"9028210","text":"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought","title":"3M"},{"id":"5176054","text":"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \"The Age of Videography,\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the","title":"Paul Montgomery"},{"id":"1311677","text":"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"2264116","text":"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing","title":"Betacam"},{"id":"4398375","text":"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).","title":"Type C videotape"},{"id":"2657585","text":"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on","title":"Video camera"},{"id":"444244","text":"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in","title":"Video"},{"id":"1798965","text":"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of","title":"Pornographic film"},{"id":"1311675","text":"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \"Douglas Edwards and the News\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \"Truth or Consequences\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"5581276","text":"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own","title":"Offline editing"},{"id":"3895631","text":"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either","title":"VidFIRE"},{"id":"1571179","text":"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \"MGM v. Grokster\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \"substantial noninfringing uses\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \"actively induce\" copyright infringement through \"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in","title":"Betamax"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"626737\",\n \"text\": \"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684891\",\n \"text\": \"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14194321\",\n \"text\": \"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed\",\n \"title\": \"Erhard Kietz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684865\",\n \"text\": \"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444226\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321834\",\n \"text\": \"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321837\",\n \"text\": \"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063907\",\n \"text\": \"use Ampex eight track \\\"Sel Sync\\\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321844\",\n \"text\": \"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851334\",\n \"text\": \"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968438\",\n \"text\": \"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80\",\n \"title\": \"Video manipulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15559312\",\n \"text\": \"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Ancillary market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408718\",\n \"text\": \"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11750220\",\n \"text\": \"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and\",\n \"title\": \"CV-2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530522\",\n \"text\": \"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \\\"new\\\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905831\",\n \"text\": \"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321842\",\n \"text\": \"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684873\",\n \"text\": \"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16831734\",\n \"text\": \"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \\\"video tape recorder\\\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading\",\n \"title\": \"JVC HR-3300\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408742\",\n \"text\": \"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851355\",\n \"text\": \"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684872\",\n \"text\": \"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530531\",\n \"text\": \"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530527\",\n \"text\": \"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \\\"Video Cassette Recording\\\" (although it is also referred to as \\\"N1500\\\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430231\",\n \"text\": \"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\\\" Quadruplex in\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722126\",\n \"text\": \"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades\",\n \"title\": \"Black and white\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11441180\",\n \"text\": \"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in science and technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356315\",\n \"text\": \"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \\\"Victor\\\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753314\",\n \"text\": \"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356330\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Victor\\\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2996354\",\n \"text\": \"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \\\"consultant\\\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Dolby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753312\",\n \"text\": \"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \\\"slide\\\" and \\\"slide deck\\\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490735\",\n \"text\": \"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to\",\n \"title\": \"Fluoroscopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059428\",\n \"text\": \"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \\\"Charly\\\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851354\",\n \"text\": \"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4388306\",\n \"text\": \"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \\\"zone television\\\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \\\"Phonovision\\\", this system, which was never fully\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311684\",\n \"text\": \"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \\\"videotape format war\\\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430222\",\n \"text\": \"white \\\"glow\\\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905832\",\n \"text\": \"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905846\",\n \"text\": \"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652196\",\n \"text\": \"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Ginsburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15823631\",\n \"text\": \"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530523\",\n \"text\": \"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\\\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16859359\",\n \"text\": \"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \\\"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\\\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,\",\n \"title\": \"History of videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851352\",\n \"text\": \"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530530\",\n \"text\": \"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851346\",\n \"text\": \"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \\\"golden age\\\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1995350\",\n \"text\": \"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete\",\n \"title\": \"Helical scan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"275207\",\n \"text\": \"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetic tape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1782270\",\n \"text\": \"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \\\"Speed Racer\\\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\\\" which he developed in the early\",\n \"title\": \"Bullet time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063922\",\n \"text\": \"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9922844\",\n \"text\": \"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass\",\n \"title\": \"Donald N. Frey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887365\",\n \"text\": \"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"359402\",\n \"text\": \"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8\",\n \"title\": \"Sony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7713273\",\n \"text\": \"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own\",\n \"title\": \"Video feedback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6567388\",\n \"text\": \"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and\",\n \"title\": \"History of telecommunication\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20169846\",\n \"text\": \"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as\",\n \"title\": \"History of science and technology in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287861\",\n \"text\": \"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"276150\",\n \"text\": \"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \\\"The Cotton Club\\\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,\",\n \"title\": \"TiVo Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883060\",\n \"text\": \"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \\\"Come Play with Me\\\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \\\"Electric Blue\\\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13906649\",\n \"text\": \"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked\",\n \"title\": \"Microfilmmaking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321851\",\n \"text\": \"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311670\",\n \"text\": \"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287841\",\n \"text\": \"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887363\",\n \"text\": \"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \\\"blurred and indistinct\\\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12524208\",\n \"text\": \"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home\",\n \"title\": \"Amateur pornography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4223721\",\n \"text\": \"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic news-gathering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17190974\",\n \"text\": \"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\",\n \"title\": \"Gábor Kornél Tolnai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7471111\",\n \"text\": \"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a\",\n \"title\": \"History of sound recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530532\",\n \"text\": \"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4936256\",\n \"text\": \"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\\\"Batman Returns\\\"). In addition, \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby\",\n \"title\": \"DTS (sound system)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14231777\",\n \"text\": \"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \\\"Ampex Mark IV\\\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association\",\n \"title\": \"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356320\",\n \"text\": \"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15198945\",\n \"text\": \"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow\",\n \"title\": \"Electronovision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626740\",\n \"text\": \"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321839\",\n \"text\": \"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7746223\",\n \"text\": \"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used\",\n \"title\": \"John Herbert Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5627352\",\n \"text\": \"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone\",\n \"title\": \"Videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530541\",\n \"text\": \"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772321\",\n \"text\": \"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals\",\n \"title\": \"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5034158\",\n \"text\": \"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Filmstrip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530524\",\n \"text\": \"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2454427\",\n \"text\": \"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their\",\n \"title\": \"Courtship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114025\",\n \"text\": \"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \\\"Kihara School\\\", and turned out many of Sony's future\",\n \"title\": \"Nobutoshi Kihara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11462849\",\n \"text\": \"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with\",\n \"title\": \"Faroudja\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059427\",\n \"text\": \"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626741\",\n \"text\": \"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626738\",\n \"text\": \"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9028210\",\n \"text\": \"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought\",\n \"title\": \"3M\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176054\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \\\"The Age of Videography,\\\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Montgomery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311677\",\n \"text\": \"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2264116\",\n \"text\": \"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing\",\n \"title\": \"Betacam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4398375\",\n \"text\": \"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).\",\n \"title\": \"Type C videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2657585\",\n \"text\": \"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on\",\n \"title\": \"Video camera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444244\",\n \"text\": \"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798965\",\n \"text\": \"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of\",\n \"title\": \"Pornographic film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311675\",\n \"text\": \"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \\\"Douglas Edwards and the News\\\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \\\"Truth or Consequences\\\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5581276\",\n \"text\": \"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own\",\n \"title\": \"Offline editing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3895631\",\n \"text\": \"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either\",\n \"title\": \"VidFIRE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1571179\",\n \"text\": \"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \\\"MGM v. Grokster\\\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \\\"substantial noninfringing uses\\\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \\\"actively induce\\\" copyright infringement through \\\"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\\\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in\",\n \"title\": \"Betamax\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: VHS context: VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Videot context: hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\\n\\ntitle: tape recorder context: and demonstrated on June2, 16 was first video recorder unit in kit form for60. However, there were several drawback it was expensive, not easy put together, and can for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, marketed in 165, is their first VTR intended for home and based on half-inch tape Ampe RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-re monochrome VTRs priced US $,000 for the home consumer market.erecord for re became available\\n\\ntitle:apeorder context: this technique done by B on1951. The was Another of early efforts was the Vision Electronicording Appar-- machine the BBC in2 used thin steel t23) reel traveling at inches5 cm second Despite0 it was widely used due to the immense length of t for each of video By952 B had moved on machine found in\\n\\n: Gabor Korliation and.bori toape Ins technologyated. Aorder, or is audio and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 498,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14401,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":83,"string":"83"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Leonard Cyril Deighton","Len Deighton","Len Deighton's London Dossier"],"string":"[\n \"Leonard Cyril Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton's London Dossier\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Len Deighton"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8414802","text":"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Line\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and followed \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"8414771","text":"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Hook\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being succeeded by \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"8414810","text":"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Sinker\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and \"Spy Line\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Sinker"},{"id":"8895743","text":"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \"Windows Magazine\" and \"Computer Shopper\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \"The Modem Reference\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \"Web Psychos\", \"Stalkers and Pranksters\", and \"PC Confidential\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for","title":"Michael A. Banks"},{"id":"5901385","text":"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \"Their Trade is Treachery\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \"Spycatcher\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act","title":"Chapman Pincher"},{"id":"5936141","text":"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \"Atomtan\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"2924948","text":"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \"Beavis and Butt-Head\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \"Spy\", which employed \"Lampoon\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \"Lampoon\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \"Lampoon\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \"Lampoon\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \"Lampoon\". Celebrities often visit","title":"The Harvard Lampoon"},{"id":"2732485","text":"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \"The Topper\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and","title":"Beryl the Peril"},{"id":"10081460","text":"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \"Hit Men\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\", in which Dannen","title":"Fredric Dannen"},{"id":"6653433","text":"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"1372288","text":"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \"NME\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower","title":"NME"},{"id":"3335567","text":"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \"Around the World in a Day\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \"Manic Monday\" for the Bangles, and signed","title":"Paisley Underground"},{"id":"5272442","text":"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second","title":"Allan Bridge"},{"id":"2618546","text":"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \"Dandy\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \"Dandy\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \"The Dandy\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \"The Beezer\" and \"The Topper\", \"The Dandy\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \"Sparky\" before being moved to \"The Topper\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \"Nutty\"","title":"The Dandy"},{"id":"9859798","text":"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \"Inside The Music Business\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of","title":"Tony Barrow"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"10463264","text":"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \"Wall Street Journal\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric","title":"Eric Breindel"},{"id":"7236471","text":"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\" (formerly \"...on CD\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\" and \"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he","title":"Richard Cook (journalist)"},{"id":"10185633","text":"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \"Was There A Fifth Man?\" Mann's several texts include \"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)","title":"Wilfrid Basil Mann"},{"id":"19572216","text":"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \"larger-than-life style\", \"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \"trendy\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \"The Independent\", she was \"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14","title":"Jennifer d'Abo"},{"id":"342497","text":"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original","title":"Rock music"},{"id":"11394807","text":"employed as a \"Romeo spy\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \"Daily Express\" (1985) and in the \"News on Sunday\" (1987), but was dismissed as \"a fantasist\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was","title":"John Alexander Symonds"},{"id":"12565612","text":"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \"Nasty Girl\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \"Jungle Love\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \"The Glamorous Life\" and number 11 \"A Love Bizarre\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \"I Feel for You\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \"Sugar Walls\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"6653424","text":"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \"Faith\", \"Hope\" and \"Charity\". The plot of the","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"4136467","text":"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \"Merry Pranksters\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \"Convoy\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and","title":"History of modern Western subcultures"},{"id":"2677714","text":"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \"Topper\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \"The Beano\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon","title":"Tricky Dicky (Topper)"},{"id":"469526","text":"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"8414804","text":"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"10407213","text":"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \"The Man Who Sold the World\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \"Captain Stelling\" Weller wrote and drew \"The Firm\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \"Stelling\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \"Willie D\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the","title":"Michael J. Weller"},{"id":"9867556","text":"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \"Charlie Chainsaw\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \"Willie D\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie","title":"Chainsaw (punk zine)"},{"id":"150488","text":"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \"Down and Out in Paris and London\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \"The Road to Wigan Pier\" (describing the","title":"George Orwell"},{"id":"2493379","text":"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \"Spearhead\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \"nom de plume\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \"Did Six Million Really Die?\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John","title":"Richard Verrall"},{"id":"1505470","text":"became editor of the \"Mail\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \"Daily Express\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \"Express\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not","title":"Daily Mail"},{"id":"6237073","text":"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \"Body Rocking\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana","title":"Errol Brown"},{"id":"8661677","text":"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In","title":"V. Vale"},{"id":"12565605","text":"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3954329","text":"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \"Staring at the Rude Boys\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \"Rudi Got Married\". With their latest","title":"The Ruts"},{"id":"19190390","text":"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \"Living in the 70's\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \"Hot for the Orient\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \"Hooked on Hooks\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a","title":"Live in the 80's"},{"id":"226286","text":"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \"Jailbird\" (1979), \"Deadeye Dick\" (1982), \"Galápagos\" (1985), \"Bluebeard\" (1987), and \"Hocus Pocus\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was","title":"Kurt Vonnegut"},{"id":"8414773","text":"\"Dodo\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \"deep-cover\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"17662614","text":"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school","title":"Penn Kimball"},{"id":"5036936","text":"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \"Ted\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \"Jane's Getting Serious\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\"Friends\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \"Who Are You\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog","title":"Jon Astley"},{"id":"1494042","text":"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which","title":"Sue Townsend"},{"id":"6046769","text":"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \"The Beaver Papers\", \"The Comic Book Heroes\", and the comic book \"The Trouble with Girls\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \"National Lampoon magazine\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \"The Comic Book Heroes\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing","title":"Will Jacobs"},{"id":"1806427","text":"the first \"music video album\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \"Eat to the Beat\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved","title":"Chrysalis Records"},{"id":"7264996","text":"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \"Which?\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \"piper\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \"double-line\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \"Underground Sans\", for London Transport. They","title":"Colin Banks"},{"id":"5188565","text":"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" by Roald Dahl and \"Watership Down\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \"Each Peach Pear Plum\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \"Spot the Dog\" and Jan Pienkowski's \"Meg","title":"Puffin Books"},{"id":"9170054","text":"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" and the mid-80s albums, \"I'm No Hero\", \"Wired for Sound\", \"Stronger\" and \"Always Guaranteed\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \"Hunting High and Low \" (including their single, \"Take on Me\"), \"Scoundrel Days\" and \"Stay on These Roads\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &","title":"Tarney/Spencer Band"},{"id":"6062979","text":"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"5352559","text":"\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and even \"The Partridge Family\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \"Nick Carter\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \"\", and parodied \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \"A Woman Called Golda\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,","title":"Michael Avallone"},{"id":"12442839","text":"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \"Pillows & Prayers\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts","title":"Él Records"},{"id":"5936147","text":"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \"and\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"15256647","text":"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \"Toadface McGurty\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,","title":"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"},{"id":"10761271","text":"Judas Pair\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \"A Clubbable Woman\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the","title":"Collins Crime Club"},{"id":"1447071","text":"\"NME\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \"melancholy noise\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the","title":"Alternative rock"},{"id":"12057380","text":"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \"The Satanic Verses\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \"fatwā\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After","title":"Peter Mayer"},{"id":"369731","text":"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \"Eye of the Needle\" (1978); Alan Furst, \"Night Soldiers\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \"Zoo Station\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \"Atomsk\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \"Secret Ministry\" (1951), Desmond Cory","title":"Spy fiction"},{"id":"9907329","text":"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \"Hot Dog\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \"Parkinson\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his","title":"Mike Hurst (producer)"},{"id":"20910523","text":"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \"hustlers and street people\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"3013939","text":"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \"I Spy Dinosaurs\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\" (backed with \"Oh Stegosaurus\"). He performed it on \"Blue Peter\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved","title":"David Bellamy"},{"id":"5774494","text":"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was","title":"Seymour Stein"},{"id":"2599189","text":"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \"Undercover Angel\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner","title":"Warner Music Group"},{"id":"1999315","text":"journalists on the \"Daily Mail\" in 2008: \"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \"Daily Mail\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \"Queen of the Groucho\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed","title":"Julie Burchill"},{"id":"4727514","text":"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \"Vermin\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \"outsider\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s","title":"John Sherman (climber)"},{"id":"6615027","text":"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \"What Up, Dog?\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \"Walk the Dinosaur\" and \"Spy in the House of Love\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl","title":"What Up, Dog?"},{"id":"422954","text":"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \"\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic","title":"The Adventures of Tintin"},{"id":"1457924","text":"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \"women of integrity and strong character\" who were \"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\" Her 1960 novel \"Mistress of Mellyn\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \"Victoria Holt\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \"The Secret Woman\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a","title":"Eleanor Hibbert"},{"id":"7042933","text":"the television series \"New York Confidential\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \"Confidential\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \"All in the Family\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \"Gus and Gussie\", illustrated by","title":"Jack Lait"},{"id":"15340318","text":"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\"Startling Stories\", \"Thrilling Wonder Stories\") and Harold W. McCauley (\"Imagination\", \"Fantastic Adventures\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \"The Baroness\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \"The Destroyer\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \"Good Girls\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \"Anatomy","title":"Good girl art"},{"id":"18022460","text":"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \"Old Boy\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,","title":"Londoner's Diary"},{"id":"12013638","text":"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \"Daily Mirror\", \"Sunday Mirror\" and \"The Independent\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and","title":"Lesley-Ann Jones"},{"id":"5561828","text":"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during","title":"Munch Bunch"},{"id":"2450355","text":"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"469523","text":"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \"Double Fantasy\", in 1980 and won Album of the","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6062973","text":"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \"Bunny\" as a child, as she","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"16259205","text":"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \"Tintin\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \"Les Frustrés\" and the co-creation of the magazine \"L'Écho des savanes\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.","title":"Female comics creators"},{"id":"3409059","text":"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \"angry young man\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive","title":"Jonathan Cape"},{"id":"10002736","text":"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \"The Beaver\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \"Radio Times\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \"Time Out\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has","title":"Simon Garfield"},{"id":"8147492","text":"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \"16\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,","title":"16 (magazine)"},{"id":"15417203","text":"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \"Bunch of Fives\" (1977) and \"Four From the Square\" (1980), and","title":"David Freeman (musician)"},{"id":"16138750","text":"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &","title":"Ken Testi"},{"id":"2584918","text":"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \"A Dissenting Opinion\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \"Beale Papers\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents","title":"Beale ciphers"},{"id":"3733812","text":"revived \"Eagle\", including \"Saddle Tramp\", \"Sergeant Streetwise\", \"Jake's Platoon\", \"The Hand\", and episodes of \"The Collector\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \"Rogue Trooper\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \"Tammy\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \"Ella on Easy Street\" and \"The Camp on Candy Island\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls","title":"Gerry Finley-Day"},{"id":"6779837","text":"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \"The Flintstones\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\" (for DC Comics), and \"Simpsons Comics\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as","title":"Scott Shaw (artist)"},{"id":"8971414","text":"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \"Rolling Stone\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\" parodied her as \"Elizabeth Drone,\" author of a \"Giant Postcard From Washington.\" In 1989, \"Spy magazine\" labeled her as the \"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\" In 2014, President Richard","title":"Elizabeth Drew"},{"id":"1385100","text":"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \"Psychoboys\" in 1999 and a memoir \"Berlin Bromley\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \"The Guardian\" and \"Time Out London\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The","title":"Bromley Contingent"},{"id":"1743411","text":"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \"decade of the spy\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \"The Traitor\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \"Jane's\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \"Jane's\" because the \"public should be","title":"Espionage Act of 1917"},{"id":"6761113","text":"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \"America's Only Magazine\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \"The Simpsons\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \"Deep Thoughts\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \"Army Man\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \"The","title":"Army Man (magazine)"},{"id":"469544","text":"\"The Blues Brothers\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \"nineteen-eighties\", commonly shortened as the \"'80s\", pronounced \"eighties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6701295","text":"a public figure has ever flung into print.\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \"fine fishnet stockings\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \"Back of the Cab\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \"Lord of the Spies\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\". Foot added that Driberg \"had always been much","title":"Tom Driberg"},{"id":"12565628","text":"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11883040","text":"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \"The Pearl\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"17762350","text":"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \"Time Out\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \"The Puzzle Palace\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \"targeting of U.S.","title":"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)"},{"id":"12565618","text":"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3660222","text":"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \"punk\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important","title":"Warner Bros. Records"},{"id":"4820579","text":"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \"Ghost Rider\", \"What If...?\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \"\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of","title":"Tom DeFalco"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"2296699","text":"\"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \"Ordinary People\" (1980) and \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \"A Chorus Line\". His last projects included \"The Informant!\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \"Marvin Makes Music\", which included the original music \"The Music in My Mind\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the","title":"Marvin Hamlisch"},{"id":"8001133","text":"\"Action Comics\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \"DC Challenge\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \"Video Jack\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \"Captain Atom\" series with Pat Broderick and the \"Silverblade\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \"The Lone Ranger\" (1980–1983), \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \"Gargoyles\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year","title":"Cary Bates"},{"id":"1781202","text":"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \"Ode to a High Flying Bird\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to","title":"Charlie Watts"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8414802\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414771\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414810\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Sinker\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and \\\"Spy Line\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Sinker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8895743\",\n \"text\": \"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \\\"Windows Magazine\\\" and \\\"Computer Shopper\\\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \\\"The Modem Reference\\\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \\\"Web Psychos\\\", \\\"Stalkers and Pranksters\\\", and \\\"PC Confidential\\\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for\",\n \"title\": \"Michael A. Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5901385\",\n \"text\": \"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \\\"Their Trade is Treachery\\\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \\\"Spycatcher\\\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act\",\n \"title\": \"Chapman Pincher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936141\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \\\"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\\\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \\\"Atomtan\\\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2924948\",\n \"text\": \"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \\\"Beavis and Butt-Head\\\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \\\"Spy\\\", which employed \\\"Lampoon\\\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \\\"Lampoon\\\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \\\"Lampoon\\\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Celebrities often visit\",\n \"title\": \"The Harvard Lampoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2732485\",\n \"text\": \"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \\\"The Topper\\\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and\",\n \"title\": \"Beryl the Peril\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10081460\",\n \"text\": \"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \\\"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\\\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \\\"Hit Men\\\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \\\"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\\\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \\\"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\\\", in which Dannen\",\n \"title\": \"Fredric Dannen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653433\",\n \"text\": \"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1372288\",\n \"text\": \"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \\\"NME\\\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower\",\n \"title\": \"NME\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3335567\",\n \"text\": \"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \\\"Walk Like an Egyptian\\\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \\\"Around the World in a Day\\\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \\\"Manic Monday\\\" for the Bangles, and signed\",\n \"title\": \"Paisley Underground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5272442\",\n \"text\": \"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second\",\n \"title\": \"Allan Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2618546\",\n \"text\": \"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \\\"Dandy\\\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \\\"Dandy\\\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \\\"The Dandy\\\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \\\"The Beezer\\\" and \\\"The Topper\\\", \\\"The Dandy\\\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \\\"Sparky\\\" before being moved to \\\"The Topper\\\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \\\"Nutty\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Dandy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9859798\",\n \"text\": \"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \\\"Inside The Music Business\\\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \\\"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\\\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Barrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565664\",\n \"text\": \"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10463264\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Breindel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7236471\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \\\"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\\\" (formerly \\\"...on CD\\\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \\\"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\\\" and \\\"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\\\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Cook (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10185633\",\n \"text\": \"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \\\"Was There A Fifth Man?\\\" Mann's several texts include \\\"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\\\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \\\"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\\\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \\\"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\\\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)\",\n \"title\": \"Wilfrid Basil Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19572216\",\n \"text\": \"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \\\"larger-than-life style\\\", \\\"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\\\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \\\"trendy\\\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \\\"The Independent\\\", she was \\\"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\\\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer d'Abo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342497\",\n \"text\": \"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original\",\n \"title\": \"Rock music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11394807\",\n \"text\": \"employed as a \\\"Romeo spy\\\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \\\"Daily Express\\\" (1985) and in the \\\"News on Sunday\\\" (1987), but was dismissed as \\\"a fantasist\\\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was\",\n \"title\": \"John Alexander Symonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565612\",\n \"text\": \"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \\\"Nasty Girl\\\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \\\"Jungle Love\\\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \\\"The Glamorous Life\\\" and number 11 \\\"A Love Bizarre\\\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \\\"I Feel for You\\\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \\\"Sugar Walls\\\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653424\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \\\"Faith\\\", \\\"Hope\\\" and \\\"Charity\\\". The plot of the\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4136467\",\n \"text\": \"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \\\"Merry Pranksters\\\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \\\"Convoy\\\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of modern Western subcultures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2677714\",\n \"text\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \\\"Topper\\\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \\\"The Beano\\\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon\",\n \"title\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469526\",\n \"text\": \"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414804\",\n \"text\": \"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10407213\",\n \"text\": \"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \\\"The Man Who Sold the World\\\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \\\"Captain Stelling\\\" Weller wrote and drew \\\"The Firm\\\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \\\"Stelling\\\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \\\"Willie D\\\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Weller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9867556\",\n \"text\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \\\"Charlie Chainsaw\\\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \\\"Willie D\\\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie\",\n \"title\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150488\",\n \"text\": \"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \\\"Down and Out in Paris and London\\\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \\\"The Road to Wigan Pier\\\" (describing the\",\n \"title\": \"George Orwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493379\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \\\"Spearhead\\\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \\\"nom de plume\\\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \\\"Did Six Million Really Die?\\\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Verrall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505470\",\n \"text\": \"became editor of the \\\"Mail\\\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \\\"Daily Express\\\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \\\"Express\\\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Mail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6237073\",\n \"text\": \"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \\\"Body Rocking\\\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana\",\n \"title\": \"Errol Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661677\",\n \"text\": \"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In\",\n \"title\": \"V. Vale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565605\",\n \"text\": \"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3954329\",\n \"text\": \"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Staring at the Rude Boys\\\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \\\"Rudi Got Married\\\". With their latest\",\n \"title\": \"The Ruts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19190390\",\n \"text\": \"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \\\"Living in the 70's\\\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \\\"Hot for the Orient\\\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \\\"Hooked on Hooks\\\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a\",\n \"title\": \"Live in the 80's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"226286\",\n \"text\": \"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \\\"Jailbird\\\" (1979), \\\"Deadeye Dick\\\" (1982), \\\"Galápagos\\\" (1985), \\\"Bluebeard\\\" (1987), and \\\"Hocus Pocus\\\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt Vonnegut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414773\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dodo\\\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17662614\",\n \"text\": \"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school\",\n \"title\": \"Penn Kimball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5036936\",\n \"text\": \"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \\\"Ted\\\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \\\"Jane's Getting Serious\\\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\\\"Friends\\\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \\\"Who Are You\\\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Astley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1494042\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which\",\n \"title\": \"Sue Townsend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6046769\",\n \"text\": \"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \\\"The Beaver Papers\\\", \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", and the comic book \\\"The Trouble with Girls\\\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \\\"National Lampoon magazine\\\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Will Jacobs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1806427\",\n \"text\": \"the first \\\"music video album\\\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \\\"Eat to the Beat\\\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved\",\n \"title\": \"Chrysalis Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7264996\",\n \"text\": \"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \\\"Which?\\\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \\\"piper\\\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \\\"double-line\\\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \\\"Underground Sans\\\", for London Transport. They\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188565\",\n \"text\": \"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \\\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\\\" by Roald Dahl and \\\"Watership Down\\\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \\\"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\\\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \\\"Each Peach Pear Plum\\\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \\\"Spot the Dog\\\" and Jan Pienkowski's \\\"Meg\",\n \"title\": \"Puffin Books\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9170054\",\n \"text\": \"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\" and the mid-80s albums, \\\"I'm No Hero\\\", \\\"Wired for Sound\\\", \\\"Stronger\\\" and \\\"Always Guaranteed\\\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \\\"Hunting High and Low \\\" (including their single, \\\"Take on Me\\\"), \\\"Scoundrel Days\\\" and \\\"Stay on These Roads\\\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &\",\n \"title\": \"Tarney/Spencer Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062979\",\n \"text\": \"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5352559\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and even \\\"The Partridge Family\\\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \\\"Nick Carter\\\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \\\"\\\", and parodied \\\"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\\\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \\\"A Woman Called Golda\\\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Avallone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12442839\",\n \"text\": \"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \\\"Pillows & Prayers\\\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts\",\n \"title\": \"Él Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936147\",\n \"text\": \"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \\\"and\\\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15256647\",\n \"text\": \"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \\\"Toadface McGurty\\\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10761271\",\n \"text\": \"Judas Pair\\\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \\\"A Clubbable Woman\\\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the\",\n \"title\": \"Collins Crime Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1447071\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"NME\\\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \\\"melancholy noise\\\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \\\"Wall of Sound\\\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12057380\",\n \"text\": \"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \\\"The Satanic Verses\\\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \\\"fatwā\\\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369731\",\n \"text\": \"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \\\"Eye of the Needle\\\" (1978); Alan Furst, \\\"Night Soldiers\\\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \\\"Zoo Station\\\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \\\"Atomsk\\\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \\\"Secret Ministry\\\" (1951), Desmond Cory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9907329\",\n \"text\": \"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \\\"Hot Dog\\\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \\\"Parkinson\\\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Hurst (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910523\",\n \"text\": \"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \\\"hustlers and street people\\\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3013939\",\n \"text\": \"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \\\"I Spy Dinosaurs\\\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \\\"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\\\" (backed with \\\"Oh Stegosaurus\\\"). He performed it on \\\"Blue Peter\\\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved\",\n \"title\": \"David Bellamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5774494\",\n \"text\": \"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Stein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599189\",\n \"text\": \"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \\\"Undercover Angel\\\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Music Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999315\",\n \"text\": \"journalists on the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" in 2008: \\\"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\\\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \\\"Queen of the Groucho\\\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \\\"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed\",\n \"title\": \"Julie Burchill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4727514\",\n \"text\": \"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \\\"Vermin\\\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \\\"outsider\\\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"John Sherman (climber)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6615027\",\n \"text\": \"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \\\"What Up, Dog?\\\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \\\"Walk the Dinosaur\\\" and \\\"Spy in the House of Love\\\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl\",\n \"title\": \"What Up, Dog?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"422954\",\n \"text\": \"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \\\"\\\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \\\"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\\\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic\",\n \"title\": \"The Adventures of Tintin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457924\",\n \"text\": \"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \\\"women of integrity and strong character\\\" who were \\\"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\\\" Her 1960 novel \\\"Mistress of Mellyn\\\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \\\"Victoria Holt\\\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \\\"The Secret Woman\\\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Hibbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7042933\",\n \"text\": \"the television series \\\"New York Confidential\\\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \\\"Confidential\\\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \\\"All in the Family\\\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \\\"Gus and Gussie\\\", illustrated by\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Lait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15340318\",\n \"text\": \"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\\\"Startling Stories\\\", \\\"Thrilling Wonder Stories\\\") and Harold W. McCauley (\\\"Imagination\\\", \\\"Fantastic Adventures\\\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \\\"The Baroness\\\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \\\"The Destroyer\\\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \\\"Good Girls\\\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \\\"Anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Good girl art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18022460\",\n \"text\": \"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \\\"Old Boy\\\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \\\"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\\\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,\",\n \"title\": \"Londoner's Diary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12013638\",\n \"text\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" and \\\"The Independent\\\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and\",\n \"title\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5561828\",\n \"text\": \"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during\",\n \"title\": \"Munch Bunch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450355\",\n \"text\": \"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469523\",\n \"text\": \"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \\\"Double Fantasy\\\", in 1980 and won Album of the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062973\",\n \"text\": \"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \\\"Bunny\\\" as a child, as she\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16259205\",\n \"text\": \"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \\\"Tintin\\\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \\\"Les Frustrés\\\" and the co-creation of the magazine \\\"L'Écho des savanes\\\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.\",\n \"title\": \"Female comics creators\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3409059\",\n \"text\": \"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \\\"angry young man\\\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Cape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10002736\",\n \"text\": \"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \\\"The Beaver\\\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \\\"Radio Times\\\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Garfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8147492\",\n \"text\": \"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \\\"16\\\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,\",\n \"title\": \"16 (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15417203\",\n \"text\": \"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \\\"Bunch of Fives\\\" (1977) and \\\"Four From the Square\\\" (1980), and\",\n \"title\": \"David Freeman (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16138750\",\n \"text\": \"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Testi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2584918\",\n \"text\": \"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \\\"A Dissenting Opinion\\\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \\\"Beale Papers\\\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents\",\n \"title\": \"Beale ciphers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3733812\",\n \"text\": \"revived \\\"Eagle\\\", including \\\"Saddle Tramp\\\", \\\"Sergeant Streetwise\\\", \\\"Jake's Platoon\\\", \\\"The Hand\\\", and episodes of \\\"The Collector\\\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \\\"Rogue Trooper\\\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \\\"Tammy\\\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \\\"Ella on Easy Street\\\" and \\\"The Camp on Candy Island\\\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls\",\n \"title\": \"Gerry Finley-Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6779837\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \\\"The Flintstones\\\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \\\"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\\\" (for DC Comics), and \\\"Simpsons Comics\\\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Shaw (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8971414\",\n \"text\": \"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \\\"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\\\" parodied her as \\\"Elizabeth Drone,\\\" author of a \\\"Giant Postcard From Washington.\\\" In 1989, \\\"Spy magazine\\\" labeled her as the \\\"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\\\" In 2014, President Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Drew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1385100\",\n \"text\": \"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \\\"Psychoboys\\\" in 1999 and a memoir \\\"Berlin Bromley\\\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \\\"The Guardian\\\" and \\\"Time Out London\\\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bromley Contingent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743411\",\n \"text\": \"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \\\"decade of the spy\\\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \\\"The Traitor\\\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \\\"Jane's\\\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \\\"Jane's\\\" because the \\\"public should be\",\n \"title\": \"Espionage Act of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6761113\",\n \"text\": \"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \\\"America's Only Magazine\\\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \\\"The Simpsons\\\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \\\"Deep Thoughts\\\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \\\"Army Man\\\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Army Man (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469544\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Blues Brothers\\\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \\\"nineteen-eighties\\\", commonly shortened as the \\\"'80s\\\", pronounced \\\"eighties\\\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6701295\",\n \"text\": \"a public figure has ever flung into print.\\\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \\\"fine fishnet stockings\\\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \\\"Back of the Cab\\\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \\\"Lord of the Spies\\\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \\\"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\\\". Foot added that Driberg \\\"had always been much\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Driberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565628\",\n \"text\": \"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883040\",\n \"text\": \"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \\\"The Pearl\\\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762350\",\n \"text\": \"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \\\"The Puzzle Palace\\\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \\\"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\\\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \\\"targeting of U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565618\",\n \"text\": \"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660222\",\n \"text\": \"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \\\"punk\\\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros. Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4820579\",\n \"text\": \"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \\\"Ghost Rider\\\", \\\"What If...?\\\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \\\"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \\\", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \\\"\\\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of\",\n \"title\": \"Tom DeFalco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450374\",\n \"text\": \"Daughter\\\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \\\"Ordinary People\\\" (1980) and \\\"Sophie's Choice\\\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \\\"A Chorus Line\\\". His last projects included \\\"The Informant!\\\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \\\"Marvin Makes Music\\\", which included the original music \\\"The Music in My Mind\\\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Hamlisch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8001133\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Action Comics\\\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \\\"DC Challenge\\\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \\\"Video Jack\\\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \\\"Captain Atom\\\" series with Pat Broderick and the \\\"Silverblade\\\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \\\"The Lone Ranger\\\" (1980–1983), \\\"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\\\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \\\"Gargoyles\\\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year\",\n \"title\": \"Cary Bates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1781202\",\n \"text\": \"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \\\"Ode to a High Flying Bird\\\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Watts\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 208,\n \"origin_tokens\": 208,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\ntitle: Spy context Spy Hook Sp 19 spy novel Len Deighton. It is the first novel the of three trilogies Bernard Samson, a middle-aged somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" \\\"Spy Sink\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-194 the back\\n Spy Spy Seryinker a1on. It final Bernardsonaged j intelligence working the Intelligence Service6er is part ofHookilogy preceded \\\"S Hook\\\" and Line tril is preceded byGame and Matchilogy and followed by the finalFaithity\\\" tr De'W1 nineels covering the years 1014 back\\n Spy:\\\" and is from un death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 534,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15407,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":84,"string":"84"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Eateries","Cookshop","Restuarant","Restarant","Resteraunt","Piqueteadero","Restaurant","Restaraunt","Restaurants","Resturants","Resturant","Public food facility","Eatery","Theatre restaurant","Resturaunt","Restuarent","Restauraunt","Chef's table","Resterant"],"string":"[\n \"Eateries\",\n \"Cookshop\",\n \"Restuarant\",\n \"Restarant\",\n \"Resteraunt\",\n \"Piqueteadero\",\n \"Restaurant\",\n \"Restaraunt\",\n \"Restaurants\",\n \"Resturants\",\n \"Resturant\",\n \"Public food facility\",\n \"Eatery\",\n \"Theatre restaurant\",\n \"Resturaunt\",\n \"Restuarent\",\n \"Restauraunt\",\n \"Chef's table\",\n \"Resterant\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Restaurants"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9158472","text":"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"15159620","text":"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or","title":"George Waters (businessman)"},{"id":"2090878","text":"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"11901399","text":"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \"revolving credit\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \"BankAmericard\" in Fresno,","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"2151856","text":"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \"black card,\" which caters to an even","title":"American Express"},{"id":"11901396","text":"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"3200884","text":"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"6325922","text":"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened","title":"Gambling in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13687240","text":"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \"Dahl House\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an","title":"Dahl's Foods"},{"id":"11901398","text":"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \"general purpose\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"9158467","text":"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"16472732","text":"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.","title":"Barclays"},{"id":"12939479","text":"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%","title":"Joseph P. Williams"},{"id":"1722615","text":"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if","title":"Point of sale"},{"id":"3172146","text":"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \"bona fide escort\" in a segregated \"Ladies and Escorts\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,","title":"Liquor Control Board of Ontario"},{"id":"112305","text":"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"9284752","text":"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \"Bankcard\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \"in house\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \"orange\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave","title":"John Martin & Co."},{"id":"2904037","text":"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \"Gold Card\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"7784547","text":"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees","title":"Littlewoods"},{"id":"2151842","text":"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American","title":"American Express"},{"id":"15981513","text":"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A","title":"Price tag"},{"id":"17705850","text":"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \"La Presse\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its","title":"History of advertising"},{"id":"7869516","text":"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \"First Charge\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \"First Charge Account Service\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First","title":"First National Bank of Omaha"},{"id":"16276229","text":"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first","title":"History of pharmacy in the United States"},{"id":"7305291","text":"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,","title":"Bank card"},{"id":"12192437","text":"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \"manageress\" at ABC \"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the","title":"Tea in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"2151843","text":"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be","title":"American Express"},{"id":"12372286","text":"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \"credit card\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \"Looking Backward\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit","title":"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp."},{"id":"11600342","text":"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often","title":"Credit card fraud"},{"id":"1459876","text":"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \"internet only\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British","title":"Sainsbury's"},{"id":"2760926","text":"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \"Future Ticketing Programme\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank","title":"Oyster card"},{"id":"5701027","text":"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,","title":"Economy of California"},{"id":"6226704","text":"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was","title":"GS1"},{"id":"3736810","text":"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown","title":"Marshall Field's"},{"id":"11901393","text":"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"628818","text":"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"12473956","text":"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \"Student\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \"t\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \"t\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000","title":"Guinness"},{"id":"2292189","text":"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"3308253","text":"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"2492940","text":"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \"Life\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These","title":"J. C. Penney"},{"id":"4111653","text":"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \"free\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\" × 5\" index card with the entrant's","title":"Sweepstake"},{"id":"6916826","text":"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards","title":"GS1 US"},{"id":"2904032","text":"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \"member card\" arena, providing millions","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"430251","text":"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'","title":"Tandy Corporation"},{"id":"256381","text":"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \"big four\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When","title":"Loyalty program"},{"id":"5858937","text":"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with","title":"Groupe Casino"},{"id":"10751840","text":"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso","title":"Medi Script"},{"id":"6922672","text":"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued","title":"Marsh Supermarkets"},{"id":"2189352","text":"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded","title":"Personal identification number"},{"id":"1657037","text":"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in","title":"Southend-on-Sea"},{"id":"16050876","text":"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to","title":"Oldest McDonald's restaurant"},{"id":"3794593","text":"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \"Bankcard Association of Australia\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of","title":"Bankcard"},{"id":"2904043","text":"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"9158471","text":"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \"Fleet News\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"1944051","text":"may sell six-packs of beer \"to-go\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \"saloons\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a","title":"Bar"},{"id":"15151026","text":"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"5172250","text":"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.","title":"Strawbridge's"},{"id":"2904033","text":"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"17226226","text":"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"id":"1924884","text":"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,","title":"Vending machine"},{"id":"4194817","text":"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \"Phostint\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \"chain\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \"founding father of the American service industry.\" A \"Fred Harvey Museum\" is","title":"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)"},{"id":"2613591","text":"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather","title":"EMV"},{"id":"2151859","text":"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \"The Knot\" and \"The Nest\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with","title":"American Express"},{"id":"6892214","text":"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \"mini ATMs\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.","title":"Payment card"},{"id":"9130786","text":"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \"blue light\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts","title":"Franklin Simon"},{"id":"3200885","text":"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"2904028","text":"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"8291231","text":"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium","title":"Western saloon"},{"id":"7056714","text":"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first","title":"Value menu"},{"id":"18640473","text":"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th","title":"American business history"},{"id":"1839956","text":"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \"drop\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of","title":"Visa Inc."},{"id":"628821","text":"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"754778","text":"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,","title":"Shopping"},{"id":"2904036","text":"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"15151069","text":"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"11901397","text":"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \"buy now, and pay later\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"12275329","text":"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of","title":"Johnnie's Foodmaster"},{"id":"279447","text":"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses","title":"Motel"},{"id":"20107135","text":"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels","title":"PriMedia Inc"},{"id":"1437706","text":"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the","title":"Jack in the Box"},{"id":"4890892","text":"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \"Toronto Telegram\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \"Harvey's\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was","title":"Harvey's"},{"id":"6547237","text":"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \"TITOs\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in","title":"Token coin"},{"id":"2138814","text":"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in","title":"Simpsons (department store)"},{"id":"15570308","text":"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \"calling card\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \"device-based redirect\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \"cloud-bridge\" service was introduced in the","title":"Call-recording services"},{"id":"5335370","text":"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \"bellhop\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl","title":"Carhop"},{"id":"3221121","text":"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of","title":"Barron Hilton"},{"id":"2292188","text":"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \"trade\" in \"trade card\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"18153525","text":"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney","title":"History of Target Corporation"},{"id":"2090877","text":"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"17978929","text":"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \"Willamette Week\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a","title":"Lutz Tavern"},{"id":"3308251","text":"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"14851174","text":"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features","title":"Card not present transaction"},{"id":"482267","text":"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant","title":"KFC"},{"id":"5371844","text":"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by","title":"Ann & Hope"},{"id":"1577680","text":"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,","title":"F. W. Woolworth Company"},{"id":"6419214","text":"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \"self-service drugstore\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \"one-stop shopping\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the","title":"Fred G. Meyer"},{"id":"1767653","text":"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card—popularly known as the","title":"Citibank"},{"id":"112379","text":"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \"Barclays Connect\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"3412087","text":"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to","title":"The Hertz Corporation"},{"id":"256383","text":"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart","title":"Loyalty program"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9158472\",\n \"text\": \"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15159620\",\n \"text\": \"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\",\n \"title\": \"George Waters (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090878\",\n \"text\": \"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901399\",\n \"text\": \"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \\\"revolving credit\\\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \\\"BankAmericard\\\" in Fresno,\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151856\",\n \"text\": \"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \\\"black card,\\\" which caters to an even\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901396\",\n \"text\": \"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200884\",\n \"text\": \"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6325922\",\n \"text\": \"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened\",\n \"title\": \"Gambling in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13687240\",\n \"text\": \"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \\\"Dahl House\\\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an\",\n \"title\": \"Dahl's Foods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901398\",\n \"text\": \"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \\\"general purpose\\\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158467\",\n \"text\": \"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16472732\",\n \"text\": \"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.\",\n \"title\": \"Barclays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12939479\",\n \"text\": \"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph P. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722615\",\n \"text\": \"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if\",\n \"title\": \"Point of sale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3172146\",\n \"text\": \"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \\\"bona fide escort\\\" in a segregated \\\"Ladies and Escorts\\\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,\",\n \"title\": \"Liquor Control Board of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112305\",\n \"text\": \"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9284752\",\n \"text\": \"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \\\"Bankcard\\\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \\\"in house\\\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \\\"orange\\\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave\",\n \"title\": \"John Martin & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904037\",\n \"text\": \"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \\\"Gold Card\\\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7784547\",\n \"text\": \"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees\",\n \"title\": \"Littlewoods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151842\",\n \"text\": \"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15981513\",\n \"text\": \"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A\",\n \"title\": \"Price tag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17705850\",\n \"text\": \"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \\\"La Presse\\\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its\",\n \"title\": \"History of advertising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7869516\",\n \"text\": \"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \\\"First Charge\\\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \\\"First Charge Account Service\\\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First\",\n \"title\": \"First National Bank of Omaha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16276229\",\n \"text\": \"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\\\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first\",\n \"title\": \"History of pharmacy in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7305291\",\n \"text\": \"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,\",\n \"title\": \"Bank card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12192437\",\n \"text\": \"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \\\"manageress\\\" at ABC \\\"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the\",\n \"title\": \"Tea in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151843\",\n \"text\": \"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12372286\",\n \"text\": \"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \\\"credit card\\\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \\\"Looking Backward\\\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit\",\n \"title\": \"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11600342\",\n \"text\": \"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card fraud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1459876\",\n \"text\": \"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \\\"internet only\\\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British\",\n \"title\": \"Sainsbury's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2760926\",\n \"text\": \"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \\\"Future Ticketing Programme\\\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank\",\n \"title\": \"Oyster card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701027\",\n \"text\": \"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6226704\",\n \"text\": \"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was\",\n \"title\": \"GS1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3736810\",\n \"text\": \"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \\\"book signing.\\\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown\",\n \"title\": \"Marshall Field's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901393\",\n \"text\": \"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628818\",\n \"text\": \"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12473956\",\n \"text\": \"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \\\"Student\\\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \\\"t\\\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \\\"t\\\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000\",\n \"title\": \"Guinness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292189\",\n \"text\": \"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308253\",\n \"text\": \"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2492940\",\n \"text\": \"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \\\"Life\\\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These\",\n \"title\": \"J. C. Penney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4111653\",\n \"text\": \"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \\\"free\\\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\\\" × 5\\\" index card with the entrant's\",\n \"title\": \"Sweepstake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6916826\",\n \"text\": \"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards\",\n \"title\": \"GS1 US\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904032\",\n \"text\": \"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \\\"member card\\\" arena, providing millions\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"430251\",\n \"text\": \"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'\",\n \"title\": \"Tandy Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256381\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \\\"big four\\\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858937\",\n \"text\": \"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with\",\n \"title\": \"Groupe Casino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751840\",\n \"text\": \"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso\",\n \"title\": \"Medi Script\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6922672\",\n \"text\": \"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \\\"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\\\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued\",\n \"title\": \"Marsh Supermarkets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2189352\",\n \"text\": \"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Personal identification number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1657037\",\n \"text\": \"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in\",\n \"title\": \"Southend-on-Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16050876\",\n \"text\": \"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to\",\n \"title\": \"Oldest McDonald's restaurant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3794593\",\n \"text\": \"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \\\"Bankcard Association of Australia\\\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Bankcard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904043\",\n \"text\": \"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158471\",\n \"text\": \"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \\\"Fleet News\\\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944051\",\n \"text\": \"may sell six-packs of beer \\\"to-go\\\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \\\"saloons\\\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a\",\n \"title\": \"Bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151026\",\n \"text\": \"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172250\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.\",\n \"title\": \"Strawbridge's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904033\",\n \"text\": \"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17226226\",\n \"text\": \"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1924884\",\n \"text\": \"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,\",\n \"title\": \"Vending machine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4194817\",\n \"text\": \"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \\\"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\\\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \\\"Phostint\\\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \\\"chain\\\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \\\"founding father of the American service industry.\\\" A \\\"Fred Harvey Museum\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2613591\",\n \"text\": \"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather\",\n \"title\": \"EMV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151859\",\n \"text\": \"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \\\"The Knot\\\" and \\\"The Nest\\\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6892214\",\n \"text\": \"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \\\"mini ATMs\\\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.\",\n \"title\": \"Payment card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9130786\",\n \"text\": \"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \\\"blue light\\\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200885\",\n \"text\": \"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904028\",\n \"text\": \"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8291231\",\n \"text\": \"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \\\"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\\\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \\\"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\\\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium\",\n \"title\": \"Western saloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7056714\",\n \"text\": \"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first\",\n \"title\": \"Value menu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18640473\",\n \"text\": \"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th\",\n \"title\": \"American business history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1839956\",\n \"text\": \"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \\\"drop\\\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of\",\n \"title\": \"Visa Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628821\",\n \"text\": \"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"754778\",\n \"text\": \"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,\",\n \"title\": \"Shopping\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904036\",\n \"text\": \"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151069\",\n \"text\": \"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901397\",\n \"text\": \"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \\\"buy now, and pay later\\\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12275329\",\n \"text\": \"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie's Foodmaster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"279447\",\n \"text\": \"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses\",\n \"title\": \"Motel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107135\",\n \"text\": \"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels\",\n \"title\": \"PriMedia Inc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1437706\",\n \"text\": \"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the\",\n \"title\": \"Jack in the Box\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4890892\",\n \"text\": \"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \\\"Toronto Telegram\\\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \\\"Harvey's\\\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6547237\",\n \"text\": \"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \\\"TITOs\\\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in\",\n \"title\": \"Token coin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138814\",\n \"text\": \"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in\",\n \"title\": \"Simpsons (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15570308\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \\\"calling card\\\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \\\"device-based redirect\\\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \\\"cloud-bridge\\\" service was introduced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Call-recording services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5335370\",\n \"text\": \"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \\\"bellhop\\\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl\",\n \"title\": \"Carhop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3221121\",\n \"text\": \"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of\",\n \"title\": \"Barron Hilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292188\",\n \"text\": \"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \\\"trade\\\" in \\\"trade card\\\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18153525\",\n \"text\": \"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney\",\n \"title\": \"History of Target Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090877\",\n \"text\": \"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17978929\",\n \"text\": \"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \\\"Willamette Week\\\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a\",\n \"title\": \"Lutz Tavern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308251\",\n \"text\": \"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851174\",\n \"text\": \"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features\",\n \"title\": \"Card not present transaction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482267\",\n \"text\": \"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant\",\n \"title\": \"KFC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5371844\",\n \"text\": \"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by\",\n \"title\": \"Ann & Hope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1577680\",\n \"text\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \\\"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\\\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,\",\n \"title\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6419214\",\n \"text\": \"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \\\"self-service drugstore\\\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \\\"one-stop shopping\\\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the\",\n \"title\": \"Fred G. Meyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767653\",\n \"text\": \"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \\\"South Pacific\\\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \\\"First National City Charge Service\\\" credit card—popularly known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Citibank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112379\",\n \"text\": \"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \\\"Barclays Connect\\\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3412087\",\n \"text\": \"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to\",\n \"title\": \"The Hertz Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256383\",\n \"text\": \"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Fuel card context: a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 164,\n \"origin_tokens\": 164,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: American Express context: consider the. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\\n\\ntitle W (businessman) context: an Atlanta-based supermarket. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 its own product, a pur charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time was hired in 1961, American Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprof, management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, hotels car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\\n\\ntitle: EMV context the majority implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm identity the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN rather signing paper rece. Whether or not P authentication takes place upon the capabilities of the and programming of the details this (specifically system implemented in the) see Chip and P, below., customer typically had hand their card to a cl a When first, merchants used mechanical (r\\n\\ntitle Express introduced the Gold Card. In4 the defining within, hasated broad. The Card was as- and $5 by Express with2 ofure history to applications9 American Express credit card product that did not have to be\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 447,\n \"origin_tokens\": 13690,\n \"ratio\": \"30.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":85,"string":"85"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country was Ursula Andrews born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["ISO 3166-1:CH","Svissland","Etymology of Switzerland","Confederation Helvetia","Swizerland","Confederatio Helvetica","Environmental Integrity Group","Confoederatio Helvetica","Svizra","SWITZERLAND","Confédération suisse","SwissEnergy","Schweitz","Švýcarsko","Die Schweiz","Schwitzerland","Confederation suisse","Der Schweiz","Swiss Confederated States","Suiza","Switz","Switzeland","Schweiz","Confederation Helvetica","Switserland","Suisse","Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft","Switzerland information","Confederaziun Svizra","Switzer land","Switzerland","Land of the Switzers","Swiss confederation","Confœderatio Helvetica","Swiss","Confederation Suisse","Confederation of Helvatia","Land of the Swiss","Confederaziun svizra","Svizzera","Swissland","Swizterland","Confédération Suisse","Confederazione Svizzera","Swiss Confederation"],"string":"[\n \"ISO 3166-1:CH\",\n \"Svissland\",\n \"Etymology of Switzerland\",\n \"Confederation Helvetia\",\n \"Swizerland\",\n \"Confederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Environmental Integrity Group\",\n \"Confoederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Svizra\",\n \"SWITZERLAND\",\n \"Confédération suisse\",\n \"SwissEnergy\",\n \"Schweitz\",\n \"Švýcarsko\",\n \"Die Schweiz\",\n \"Schwitzerland\",\n \"Confederation suisse\",\n \"Der Schweiz\",\n \"Swiss Confederated States\",\n \"Suiza\",\n \"Switz\",\n \"Switzeland\",\n \"Schweiz\",\n \"Confederation Helvetica\",\n \"Switserland\",\n \"Suisse\",\n \"Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft\",\n \"Switzerland information\",\n \"Confederaziun Svizra\",\n \"Switzer land\",\n \"Switzerland\",\n \"Land of the Switzers\",\n \"Swiss confederation\",\n \"Confœderatio Helvetica\",\n \"Swiss\",\n \"Confederation Suisse\",\n \"Confederation of Helvatia\",\n \"Land of the Swiss\",\n \"Confederaziun svizra\",\n \"Svizzera\",\n \"Swissland\",\n \"Swizterland\",\n \"Confédération Suisse\",\n \"Confederazione Svizzera\",\n \"Swiss Confederation\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Switzerland"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8365645","text":"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"8365627","text":"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \"Osturmundingun\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \"Ostermundigen\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"14765513","text":"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"3936468","text":"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"14765522","text":"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"2330529","text":"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"17697597","text":"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \"A God in Ruins\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning","title":"Life After Life (novel)"},{"id":"7362110","text":"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"11651067","text":"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be","title":"British Cypriots"},{"id":"19323262","text":"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas","title":"Valerie Ann Taylor"},{"id":"8044583","text":"Merkelová\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \"Michelle Obamová\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \"Ursula Le Guinová\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames","title":"Czech name"},{"id":"7525385","text":"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and","title":"Ursula Jeans"},{"id":"5239634","text":"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"12221872","text":"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as","title":"Ursula Fleming"},{"id":"19569683","text":"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"10690592","text":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a","title":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs"},{"id":"3331213","text":"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \"Forbes\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of","title":"Anna Vissi"},{"id":"20085306","text":"India.\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in","title":"India–Republic of Macedonia relations"},{"id":"1407928","text":"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \"Bloomberg\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \"Andrews\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when","title":"The Andrews Sisters"},{"id":"4922195","text":"\"Murphy Brown\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"5712470","text":"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of","title":"Sunita Williams"},{"id":"8939773","text":"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by the name \"Sophie\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"3756153","text":"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and","title":"Johann von Hoverbeck"},{"id":"2219899","text":"\"bear\" (\"ursula\" = diminutive of \"ursa\" \"female bear\"; \"ursinus\" = \"bear-like\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\"The Lady of Moge\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\"Malafrena\") It was involved in the First World War (\"Conversations at Night\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"2219898","text":"Air and Other Stories\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \"Orsinia\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \"ursus\"","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"20906045","text":"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"7362114","text":"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"15231775","text":"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,","title":"Ursula Dronke"},{"id":"7543792","text":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess","title":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"16417439","text":"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"15890626","text":"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then","title":"Rosemary Thomas"},{"id":"14089695","text":"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and","title":"Ursula Hoff"},{"id":"11065113","text":"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \"Parson Extraordinary\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \"The Rose of Norfolk\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\" She wrote her first book at the age of","title":"Ursula Bloom"},{"id":"13389974","text":"the board of the \"New Statesman\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\" (Virago, 1983) and \"Whose Cities\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"18792113","text":"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\"Heimatvertriebene\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.","title":"Ursula Haverbeck"},{"id":"707659","text":"European\". Morgan suggests that she was \"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \"Crawford\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at","title":"Anna Leonowens"},{"id":"12239521","text":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13040591","text":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her","title":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"12580393","text":"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born","title":"Americans"},{"id":"19691056","text":"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"14870579","text":"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable","title":"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson"},{"id":"15984533","text":"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \"Endless Race\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to","title":"Ursula Holden"},{"id":"4922193","text":"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"11726427","text":"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,","title":"Ursula Merkin"},{"id":"2330544","text":"the set of \"Clash of the Titans\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"13389970","text":"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"20906047","text":"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"20571986","text":"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’","title":"Isabel Ursula Teshea"},{"id":"13169703","text":"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and","title":"Barbados–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"12239522","text":"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"4561254","text":"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \"censorship\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \"Zensursula\" nickname of the German minister Ursula","title":"Cecilia Malmström"},{"id":"3366555","text":"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a","title":"Angela Merici"},{"id":"16417443","text":"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \"Ursula Frayne\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"19691062","text":"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"193405","text":"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"4325882","text":"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"11628990","text":"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States","title":"Ursula Acosta"},{"id":"6234066","text":"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.","title":"W. M. Gorman"},{"id":"11632148","text":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is","title":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations"},{"id":"7726490","text":"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \"Sabrina\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \"The Vengeance of She\" under","title":"Olga Schoberová"},{"id":"971018","text":"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \"Villa Colombaia\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \"Parthenope\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook","title":"Florence Nightingale"},{"id":"16558943","text":"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \"The Magic Roundabout\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing","title":"Ursula Eason"},{"id":"11912827","text":"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \"petrified\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in","title":"Mother Shipton's Cave"},{"id":"11939442","text":"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the","title":"Genetic history of the British Isles"},{"id":"14351809","text":"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are","title":"Milos Raonic"},{"id":"18168300","text":"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \"I pio omorfi mera\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual","title":"Sophia Patsalides"},{"id":"5300900","text":"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \"Yuzovka\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\"Yuz\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were","title":"Welsh people"},{"id":"14805569","text":"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \"Make a WISH\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,","title":"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"19569677","text":"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"5393583","text":"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \"Forbes\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \"Time\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \"Humanitarian of the Year\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née","title":"Rihanna"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"6310365","text":"for censorship (\"Zensur\") and her given name (\"Ursula\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \"child pornography is legal\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about","title":"Ursula von der Leyen"},{"id":"13394489","text":"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \"St Ursula’s Covent\" (or \"The Nun of Canada\") at the age","title":"Julia Catherine Beckwith"},{"id":"5239637","text":"Palm\". She has also had two \"New York Times\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \"The New York Times\", the \"Los Angeles Times\", and \"The Washington Post\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"7424306","text":"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \"Cat Royal\" series and \"The Companions Quartet\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature","title":"Julia Golding"},{"id":"17472668","text":"\"Deep Rising\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \"Octaman\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \"The Little Mermaid\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \"Monster Shark\" (1984) and \"Sharktopus\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \"Finding Nemo\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \"Finding Dory\" features an East","title":"Cephalopods in popular culture"},{"id":"4325875","text":"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"8514598","text":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \"Princess of Denmark\").","title":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark"},{"id":"5891651","text":"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being","title":"George Henry Andrews"},{"id":"1343148","text":"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \"Čech\" , singular feminine: \"Češka\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,","title":"Czechs"},{"id":"17144984","text":"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \"Úrsula\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \"At the age of","title":"Maria Firmina dos Reis"},{"id":"8939782","text":"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"4674767","text":"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland","title":"Interrail"},{"id":"50330","text":"Greek word ἄρκτος (\"arktos\"), meaning bear, as do the names \"arctic\" and \"antarctic\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \"Great Bear\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \"Ursus\" come from Latin \"Ursus/Ursa\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \"Ursula\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \"little she-bear\" (diminutive of Latin \"ursa\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \"Urs\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \"Bär\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \"bear-brave\", \"bear-hardy\", or \"bold bear\".","title":"Bear"},{"id":"10047696","text":"\"Aussies\", and refer to Australia as \"Oz\" or \"down under\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The","title":"Australia–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"20421334","text":"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \"au pair\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she","title":"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)"},{"id":"19540103","text":"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training","title":"Ursula Ragwitz"},{"id":"3936472","text":"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"9343225","text":"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former","title":"Theresa Andrews"},{"id":"18997400","text":"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she","title":"Jasmine Whitbread"},{"id":"16539891","text":"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \"Gazebo TV\". By","title":"By Way of the Stars"},{"id":"11808749","text":"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \"Brazilian Ukraine.\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,","title":"Ukrainian Brazilians"},{"id":"11985548","text":"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and","title":"Barbadian British"},{"id":"1767995","text":"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility","title":"Demographic transition"},{"id":"6566338","text":"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \"Villains\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"15759674","text":"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most","title":"Ewelina Hańska"},{"id":"3144507","text":"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary","title":"Stanley Unwin (publisher)"},{"id":"4295242","text":"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \"Journey to the River Sea\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time","title":"Eva Ibbotson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8365645\",\n \"text\": \"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8365627\",\n \"text\": \"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \\\"Osturmundingun\\\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \\\"Ostermundigen\\\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765513\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936468\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765522\",\n \"text\": \"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330529\",\n \"text\": \"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17697597\",\n \"text\": \"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \\\"A God in Ruins\\\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning\",\n \"title\": \"Life After Life (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362110\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11651067\",\n \"text\": \"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be\",\n \"title\": \"British Cypriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19323262\",\n \"text\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \\\"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\\\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas\",\n \"title\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8044583\",\n \"text\": \"Merkelová\\\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \\\"Michelle Obamová\\\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \\\"Ursula Le Guinová\\\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames\",\n \"title\": \"Czech name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525385\",\n \"text\": \"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Jeans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239634\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12221872\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fleming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569683\",\n \"text\": \"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10690592\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3331213\",\n \"text\": \"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \\\"Forbes\\\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Vissi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085306\",\n \"text\": \"India.\\\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in\",\n \"title\": \"India–Republic of Macedonia relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1407928\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \\\"Bloomberg\\\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \\\"Andrews\\\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when\",\n \"title\": \"The Andrews Sisters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922195\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Murphy Brown\\\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5712470\",\n \"text\": \"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of\",\n \"title\": \"Sunita Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939773\",\n \"text\": \"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by the name \\\"Sophie\\\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3756153\",\n \"text\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \\\"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\\\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \\\"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\\\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and\",\n \"title\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219899\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"bear\\\" (\\\"ursula\\\" = diminutive of \\\"ursa\\\" \\\"female bear\\\"; \\\"ursinus\\\" = \\\"bear-like\\\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\\\"The Lady of Moge\\\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\\\"Malafrena\\\") It was involved in the First World War (\\\"Conversations at Night\\\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219898\",\n \"text\": \"Air and Other Stories\\\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \\\"Orsinia\\\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \\\"ursus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906045\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362114\",\n \"text\": \"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \\\"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\\\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15231775\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Dronke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7543792\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417439\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15890626\",\n \"text\": \"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then\",\n \"title\": \"Rosemary Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14089695\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hoff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11065113\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \\\"Parson Extraordinary\\\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \\\"The Rose of Norfolk\\\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \\\"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\\\" She wrote her first book at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bloom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389974\",\n \"text\": \"the board of the \\\"New Statesman\\\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \\\"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\\\" (Virago, 1983) and \\\"Whose Cities\\\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18792113\",\n \"text\": \"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\\\"Heimatvertriebene\\\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Haverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"707659\",\n \"text\": \"European\\\". Morgan suggests that she was \\\"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\\\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \\\"Crawford\\\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Leonowens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239521\",\n \"text\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13040591\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12580393\",\n \"text\": \"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born\",\n \"title\": \"Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691056\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14870579\",\n \"text\": \"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15984533\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \\\"Endless Race\\\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922193\",\n \"text\": \"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11726427\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Merkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330544\",\n \"text\": \"the set of \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389970\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906047\",\n \"text\": \"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20571986\",\n \"text\": \"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’\",\n \"title\": \"Isabel Ursula Teshea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13169703\",\n \"text\": \"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbados–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239522\",\n \"text\": \"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561254\",\n \"text\": \"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \\\"censorship\\\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \\\"Zensursula\\\" nickname of the German minister Ursula\",\n \"title\": \"Cecilia Malmström\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3366555\",\n \"text\": \"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Merici\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417443\",\n \"text\": \"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \\\"Ursula Frayne\\\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691062\",\n \"text\": \"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193405\",\n \"text\": \"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325882\",\n \"text\": \"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11628990\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Acosta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6234066\",\n \"text\": \"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.\",\n \"title\": \"W. M. Gorman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11632148\",\n \"text\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7726490\",\n \"text\": \"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \\\"Sabrina\\\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \\\"The Vengeance of She\\\" under\",\n \"title\": \"Olga Schoberová\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"971018\",\n \"text\": \"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \\\"Villa Colombaia\\\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \\\"Parthenope\\\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Nightingale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16558943\",\n \"text\": \"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \\\"The Magic Roundabout\\\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Eason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11912827\",\n \"text\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \\\"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\\\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \\\"petrified\\\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11939442\",\n \"text\": \"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic history of the British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14351809\",\n \"text\": \"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are\",\n \"title\": \"Milos Raonic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18168300\",\n \"text\": \"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \\\"I pio omorfi mera\\\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual\",\n \"title\": \"Sophia Patsalides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5300900\",\n \"text\": \"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \\\"Yuzovka\\\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\\\"Yuz\\\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were\",\n \"title\": \"Welsh people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14805569\",\n \"text\": \"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \\\"Make a WISH\\\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569677\",\n \"text\": \"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5393583\",\n \"text\": \"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \\\"Forbes\\\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \\\"Time\\\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \\\"Humanitarian of the Year\\\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née\",\n \"title\": \"Rihanna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6310365\",\n \"text\": \"for censorship (\\\"Zensur\\\") and her given name (\\\"Ursula\\\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \\\"child pornography is legal\\\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula von der Leyen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13394489\",\n \"text\": \"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \\\"St Ursula’s Covent\\\" (or \\\"The Nun of Canada\\\") at the age\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Catherine Beckwith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239637\",\n \"text\": \"Palm\\\". She has also had two \\\"New York Times\\\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \\\"The New York Times\\\", the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\", and \\\"The Washington Post\\\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7424306\",\n \"text\": \"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \\\"Cat Royal\\\" series and \\\"The Companions Quartet\\\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Golding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17472668\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Deep Rising\\\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \\\"Octaman\\\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \\\"Monster Shark\\\" (1984) and \\\"Sharktopus\\\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \\\"Finding Dory\\\" features an East\",\n \"title\": \"Cephalopods in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325875\",\n \"text\": \"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8514598\",\n \"text\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \\\"Princess of Denmark\\\").\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5891651\",\n \"text\": \"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being\",\n \"title\": \"George Henry Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343148\",\n \"text\": \"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \\\"Čech\\\" , singular feminine: \\\"Češka\\\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,\",\n \"title\": \"Czechs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17144984\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \\\"Úrsula\\\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \\\"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\\\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \\\"At the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939782\",\n \"text\": \"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4674767\",\n \"text\": \"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Interrail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"50330\",\n \"text\": \"Greek word ἄρκτος (\\\"arktos\\\"), meaning bear, as do the names \\\"arctic\\\" and \\\"antarctic\\\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \\\"Great Bear\\\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \\\"Ursus\\\" come from Latin \\\"Ursus/Ursa\\\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \\\"Ursula\\\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \\\"little she-bear\\\" (diminutive of Latin \\\"ursa\\\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \\\"Urs\\\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \\\"Bär\\\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \\\"bear-brave\\\", \\\"bear-hardy\\\", or \\\"bold bear\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Bear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10047696\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aussies\\\", and refer to Australia as \\\"Oz\\\" or \\\"down under\\\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20421334\",\n \"text\": \"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \\\"au pair\\\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19540103\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Ragwitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936472\",\n \"text\": \"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9343225\",\n \"text\": \"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former\",\n \"title\": \"Theresa Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18997400\",\n \"text\": \"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she\",\n \"title\": \"Jasmine Whitbread\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16539891\",\n \"text\": \"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \\\"Gazebo TV\\\". By\",\n \"title\": \"By Way of the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11808749\",\n \"text\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \\\"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\\\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,\",\n \"title\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11985548\",\n \"text\": \"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbadian British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767995\",\n \"text\": \"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility\",\n \"title\": \"Demographic transition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566338\",\n \"text\": \"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \\\"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\\\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \\\"Villains\\\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15759674\",\n \"text\": \"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most\",\n \"title\": \"Ewelina Hańska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3144507\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4295242\",\n \"text\": \"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \\\"Journey to the River Sea\\\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Ibbotson\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ostermundigen context: students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isle of Man context: country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\\n\\ntitle: Ursula Andress context the setClash of the Titans\\\" in 179. birth their son Dimit Hamlin, 19 May 180. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved close friend Linda Evans Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although eng was, the couple never married. In 193 Hamlin up with her. Urs Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films She is best known for her break role as\\ntitle: wordρκτοςarktos meaning, namesararctic const Ursa theGre\\\", prominent Bear tax such as Urs \\\"Urs come \\\"UusUrs heb/she-bear The female first \\\"Ursula\\\", derived from's name \\\"little she-bear\\\"diminutivea In male first \\\"U popular while name the canton and Bern is derived from \\\"B\\\", Theic namebbra\\\",bearhard\\\", or\\\".\\n: Ursula Hiiborn 9 German- American She atony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 532,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15490,\n \"ratio\": \"29.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":86,"string":"86"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.","Old Ironpants","Walter Cronkite Jr.","And that's the way it is","Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.","Walter conkrite","Walter Cronkite","Walter L. Cronkite Jr.","Walter Leland Cronkite","Walter Conkrite","Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.","Walter Kronkite"],"string":"[\n \"Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.\",\n \"Old Ironpants\",\n \"Walter Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"And that's the way it is\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.\",\n \"Walter conkrite\",\n \"Walter Cronkite\",\n \"Walter L. Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite\",\n \"Walter Conkrite\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Kronkite\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"And that's the way it is"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1446174","text":"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446173","text":"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \"CBS Evening News\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \"CBS Evening News\" with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446202","text":"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \"CBS Evening News\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \"comfortable old shoe\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \"CBS Evening News\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446159","text":"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446158","text":"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \"CBS Evening News\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1598650","text":"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \"Who, What, When, Where, Why\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.","title":"CBS Evening News"},{"id":"1823915","text":"the United States, the hostage crisis created \"a surge of patriotism\" and left \"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\". The hostage-taking was seen \"not just as a diplomatic affront\", but as a \"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \"CBS Evening News\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8","title":"Iran hostage crisis"},{"id":"16152378","text":"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\" Earl looked over","title":"G. Randy Kasten"},{"id":"10682049","text":"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \"The End\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \"Sufferin' succotash!\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes","title":"Ain't That Ducky"},{"id":"1446197","text":"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \"Whew...boy\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \"nothing new\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"6999412","text":"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \"topical calypso\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\" It was during an edition of \"Tonight\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22","title":"Tonight (1957 TV series)"},{"id":"1943265","text":"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \"The News Hole\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \"major combat operations\" in Iraq under a banner that read","title":"Keith Olbermann"},{"id":"1579519","text":"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \"As The World Turns\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \"CBS News Bulletin\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS","title":"As the World Turns"},{"id":"1446193","text":"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"484046","text":"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \"Douglas Edwards with the News\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \"CBS Evening News\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS","title":"CBS"},{"id":"2003298","text":"early 1964, \"Route 66\". Considered to be \"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \"The Fugitive\", \"The Judgment: Part 2\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \"Roots\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \"Who Shot J.R.?\" cliffhanger of CBS' \"Dallas\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \"M*A*S*H\", titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\". Viewed","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1536313","text":"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \"...and that's the way it is\" or \"the way it is\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \"Not the way it was, as has been","title":"Brian Henderson (television presenter)"},{"id":"1446167","text":"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \"You Are There\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446203","text":"\"The Tonight Show\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \"World In Action\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7654129","text":"\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\" and his signature closing line, \"Keep looking up!\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \"So get thee outside...\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \"Let me show you.\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\" and then add a date and time. Each \"Star Hustler\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as","title":"Star Gazers"},{"id":"1446226","text":"the \"predominant news voice in America.\" Affectionately known as \"Uncle Walter,\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \"USA Today\" wrote that \"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7655965","text":"and knowing what to keep\" and that \"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\", and that the narrator finds \"an ace that I could keep\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \"The Muppet Show\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \"broke even\", thus really making those his \"final words\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \"The","title":"The Gambler (song)"},{"id":"1713182","text":"were saying in private that \"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \"turning point\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\" and added that, \"we are mired in a stalemate that","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"4047486","text":"Joseph Barbera directed the \"Tom and Jerry\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \"Meet the People\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \"Exit, stage left!\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \"even\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"1446205","text":"\"Back to Neverland\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \"The Magic of Disney Animation\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \"Integrity in the Media\" with Ben Bradlee and","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446170","text":"of it.\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\" verbatim, he substituted \"as\" for \"like.\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \"Walter Cronkite with the News\", but later the \"CBS Evening","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"981223","text":"and Managing Editor of \"The\" \"CBS Evening News\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \"That's the way it is\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \"courage\" and was roundly ridiculed for","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"4514490","text":"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \"breaking news\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of","title":"Breaking news"},{"id":"13225191","text":"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \"Pilot\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \"Cigarette Smoking Man\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \"Trust No One\", replacing the usual phrase \"The Truth is Out There\" and referencing \"Deep Throat\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \"the best script by far\", offering \"a combination of elation and stark terror\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the","title":"The Erlenmeyer Flask"},{"id":"1446209","text":"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2199612","text":"Cronkite was often cited as the \"most trusted man in America.\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \"CBS Evening News\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \"ABC Evening News\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \"What's My Line?\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron","title":"Television news in the United States"},{"id":"652195","text":"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \"CBS Evening News\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446198","text":"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \"CBS Evening News\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1787204","text":"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \"the most trusted man in America\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To","title":"Jon Stewart"},{"id":"1446180","text":"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"498814","text":"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \"into the headlines of American history\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \"really","title":"Cross of Gold speech"},{"id":"4620780","text":"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \"American Idol\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \"M*A*S*H\" finale (\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \"CBS Eye-lert,\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message","title":"NFL on CBS"},{"id":"2542213","text":"whose jibes (\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \"There ya go!\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \"There ya go!\" to McCloud's \"Far out!\") Another recurring theme in the show was","title":"McCloud (TV series)"},{"id":"4425021","text":"episode, \"The Unhired Assassin\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \"Chinatown\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \"The Two Jakes\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \"The Twilight Zone\": \"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\" (in a starring role) and \"Steel\" (co-starring","title":"Joe Mantell"},{"id":"605455","text":"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \"Gas\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \"Looney Tunes\" films to a close with his stuttering, \"That's all, folks!\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \"Hare Tonic\" and \"Baseball Bugs\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \"And that's the end!\" After World War II, Bugs continued","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"15374851","text":"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \"you can cut out a little","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"13518470","text":"Shepherd), explains that \"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\" In the 1984 film \"Johnny Dangerously\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \"Die Hard\", \"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\" is changed to \"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\". The TV edit of the film \"The Usual Suspects\", instead of having the police lineup say, \"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\", they say \"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\". In the 1998 film","title":"Minced oaths in media"},{"id":"8684196","text":"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \"CBS Evening News\", telling viewers that he was \"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company","title":"Arnold Zenker"},{"id":"20624013","text":"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \"\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\"\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \"\"I was talking to myself!\"\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \"The Empire Strikes Back\"","title":"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back"},{"id":"2870117","text":"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \"And that's the way it is.\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\"Newsbreak\") read by a CBS anchor.","title":"Bicentennial Minutes"},{"id":"10688307","text":"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \"open letter\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \"Variety\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\" He referred to her \"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\" and added, \"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this","title":"Star Jones (TV series)"},{"id":"1357797","text":"and good luck.\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \"good night, and good luck to you all\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \"Good night, and good luck.\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1446225","text":"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"391492","text":"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \"in memoriam\" during \"SNL\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \"just came in from Spain\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \"NBC's Saturday Night\" (now called \"Saturday Night Live\", or \"SNL\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter","title":"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead"},{"id":"12618304","text":"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \"Of Black America\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \"magic bullet\" with a headline stating that \"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been","title":"Lou Dorfsman"},{"id":"7558329","text":"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \"Satellite of Love\". The end of the episode is a parody of \"\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \"The Worst Film Ever Made\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \"Oh, poopie.\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\".","title":"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)"},{"id":"2903157","text":"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,","title":"The 20th Century"},{"id":"4900638","text":"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \"A Beautiful Mind\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". Also, Lisa says \"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \"Return of the Jedi\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \"Three Gays of the Condo\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances","title":"My Mother the Carjacker"},{"id":"2110727","text":"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \"The Man in Black\" on yet another old time radio program, \"Suspense\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\", each episode of \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \"The sound of suspense\" or \"The fear you can hear.\" At the conclusion,","title":"CBS Radio Mystery Theater"},{"id":"5030768","text":"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \"Dallas,\" titled \"Who Done It\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \"M*A*S*H,\" titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a","title":"The Fugitive (TV series)"},{"id":"625355","text":"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \"So Long, Folks!\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \"Looney Tunes\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \"And Dat's De End!\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \"What's going","title":"Porky Pig"},{"id":"1446189","text":"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \"CBS Evening News\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"5947347","text":"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \"Dragnet\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \"Dragnet\". In its original broadcast, \"Marge on the Lam\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \"Beverly Hills, 90210\". The authors of","title":"Marge on the Lam"},{"id":"3230410","text":"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \"As The World Turns\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \"good night, dear\", just as she had uttered \"good morning, dear\" as the first line of","title":"Helen Wagner"},{"id":"7369532","text":"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \"Who Done It?\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \"The Fugitive\". \"Who Done It?\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" named \"A House Divided\" number","title":"Who shot J.R.?"},{"id":"1357796","text":"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \"Hello America. This is London calling.\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \"good night,","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1318407","text":"famous closing line to children at the end of his \"Texaco Star Theater\" programs, \"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\"). Berle could only reply with, \"What?\" The incident became comedy fodder for \"SCTV\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\" \"SCTV\" would win the award again in 1983. \"SCTV\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \"SCTV\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\" – retitled \"Grizzly Abrams\" –","title":"Second City Television"},{"id":"2722714","text":"famous moment was the \"Hail Mary pass\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \"Hail Mary\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \"Hail Mary\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \"Man of","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"8354055","text":"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \"reporter\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \"Morse Code\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \"Tonight\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.","title":"The Walter Winchell Show"},{"id":"11411352","text":"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \"12 great years\", and he finished with \"Let's do this thing one more time...\" The crowd yelled \"Blow me up, Tom\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \"The FM Talk Station\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \"blow up the station\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk","title":"Tom Leykis"},{"id":"7762321","text":"goes to show you, you gotta \"kill\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \"That's all Folks!\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \"D-D-Dirty Guys\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \"Little","title":"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie"},{"id":"16520194","text":"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\" In the Season 10 episode \"Nelson's Sparrow,\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer","title":"Jason Gideon"},{"id":"4925770","text":"Mary Tyler Moore Show\" episode, \"Today I am a Ma'am\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \"Put on a Happy Face\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \"That's All Folks!\". In the series finale of \"St. Elsewhere\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this","title":"MTM Enterprises"},{"id":"4132865","text":"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"5728793","text":"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \"60 Minutes\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until","title":"Don Hewitt"},{"id":"1446200","text":"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \"NBC Nightly News\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \"ABC Evening News\", which was anchored by","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"10053771","text":"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \"\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\"\" \"\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\"\" (\"They do do that though, don't they though\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \"\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\"\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \"\"Dey do dough,","title":"The Scousers"},{"id":"9563961","text":"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \"sweep\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired (on the same network). \"Who Done It\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third","title":"Who Done It (Dallas)"},{"id":"981253","text":"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \"American Morning\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"12807288","text":"Award nomination. \"TV Guide\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \"resistance is futile\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \"TNG\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\" Star Trek\" episodes and the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \"\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\". It was used as the title for an","title":"Borg"},{"id":"1446183","text":"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2003299","text":"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \"M*A*S*H\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \"M*A*S*H\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1713169","text":"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"965494","text":"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \"Beep beep!\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \"Meep, meep.\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The","title":"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner"},{"id":"4359320","text":"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \"Missed It? Missed Out!,\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an","title":"Live & Kicking"},{"id":"11544741","text":"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \"Julius Caesar\" \"\"Et tu, Brute?\"\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,","title":"Last words"},{"id":"5905587","text":"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \"The sun is still shining\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \"Es lebe die Freiheit!\" (\"Long live Freedom!\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the","title":"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days"},{"id":"4132844","text":"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \"Hooray for Hollywood\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \"As the World Turns\" with a \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"17368985","text":"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \"Who shot J.R.?\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired. \"Who Done It\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \"Dallas\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \"Who Done It\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with","title":"Loraine Despres"},{"id":"4015874","text":"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum","title":"Rove (TV series)"},{"id":"812509","text":"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \"Floreat Etona\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \"bad form\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \"cadaverous\" and \"blackavised\", with \"eyes which were of","title":"Captain Hook"},{"id":"5563198","text":"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \"\"Chicken-mannnn!\"\" and voices shouting, \"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \"Chickenman Returns\", and an updated radio","title":"Chickenman (radio series)"},{"id":"5962151","text":"of the radio program \"Behind the Scenes at CBS\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \"anchor\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \"Camel News Caravan\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By","title":"Douglas Edwards"},{"id":"4442740","text":"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \"\"You are looking live at ...\"\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \"CBS\" (\"\"C.B. eeezz\"\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \"The NFL Today\"s betting analyst Jimmy \"The Greek\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared","title":"Brent Musburger"},{"id":"2035285","text":"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \"Batman\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \"TV (The Book)\", stating that \"West's","title":"Batman (TV series)"},{"id":"8290279","text":"incorrect and that it should say, \"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\" Ogden Nash, in \"The New Yorker\", published a poem that ran \"\"Like\" goes Madison Avenue, \"like so\" goes the nation.\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \"The Morning Show\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \"The Tipping Point\", says that this \"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall","title":"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should"},{"id":"726575","text":"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\"\"Long live our sacred Germany!\"\") Others say the last words were: (\"\"Long live the secret Germany!\"\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that","title":"Claus von Stauffenberg"},{"id":"9607467","text":"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \"The Price Is Right\" (still on the air to this day), \"Let's Make a Deal\", \"The $20,000 Pyramid\", \"The Gong Show\", \"The Newlywed Game\", \"Password\", \"Tattletales\", \"Tic Tac Dough\", \"Bowling for Dollars\", \"Break the Bank\" and \"The Joker's Wild\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \"The Most Trusted","title":"1970s in television"},{"id":"629785","text":"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end","title":"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue"},{"id":"1848362","text":"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\" (originally \"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\" to which the audience would shout \"Nice!\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \"Good game, good game,\" \"I hope you're playing this at home,\" and \"Give us a twirl,\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \"Shut","title":"The Generation Game"},{"id":"11229063","text":"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \"most trusted person\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \"a loser\" and proposed to \"cut losses and get out\". He was supported by most of the \"Wise Men,\" who","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446176","text":"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \"As the World Turns (ATWT)\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"15234863","text":"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68","title":"The New York Times controversies"},{"id":"4135786","text":"of Alan Colmes, who said \"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \"You heard the countdown, it's over.\" After","title":"WNBC (AM)"},{"id":"4132857","text":"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1446174\",\n \"text\": \"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446173\",\n \"text\": \"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the phrase \\\"...And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446202\",\n \"text\": \"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \\\"comfortable old shoe\\\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446159\",\n \"text\": \"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \\\"And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446158\",\n \"text\": \"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598650\",\n \"text\": \"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \\\"Who, What, When, Where, Why\\\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \\\"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Evening News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1823915\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, the hostage crisis created \\\"a surge of patriotism\\\" and left \\\"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\\\". The hostage-taking was seen \\\"not just as a diplomatic affront\\\", but as a \\\"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\\\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8\",\n \"title\": \"Iran hostage crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16152378\",\n \"text\": \"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \\\"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \\\"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\\\" Earl looked over\",\n \"title\": \"G. Randy Kasten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10682049\",\n \"text\": \"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \\\"The End\\\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \\\"Sufferin' succotash!\\\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't That Ducky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446197\",\n \"text\": \"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \\\"Whew...boy\\\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \\\"nothing new\\\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6999412\",\n \"text\": \"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \\\"topical calypso\\\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \\\"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\\\" It was during an edition of \\\"Tonight\\\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22\",\n \"title\": \"Tonight (1957 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1943265\",\n \"text\": \"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \\\"The News Hole\\\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \\\"major combat operations\\\" in Iraq under a banner that read\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Olbermann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1579519\",\n \"text\": \"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \\\"As The World Turns\\\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS\",\n \"title\": \"As the World Turns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446193\",\n \"text\": \"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \\\"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\\\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"484046\",\n \"text\": \"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \\\"Douglas Edwards with the News\\\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \\\"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\\\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS\",\n \"title\": \"CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003298\",\n \"text\": \"early 1964, \\\"Route 66\\\". Considered to be \\\"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\\\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \\\"The Fugitive\\\", \\\"The Judgment: Part 2\\\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \\\"Roots\\\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \\\"Who Shot J.R.?\\\" cliffhanger of CBS' \\\"Dallas\\\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \\\"M*A*S*H\\\", titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\". Viewed\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536313\",\n \"text\": \"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Henderson (television presenter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446167\",\n \"text\": \"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \\\"You Are There\\\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \\\"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446203\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Tonight Show\\\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \\\"World In Action\\\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7654129\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\\\" and his signature closing line, \\\"Keep looking up!\\\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \\\"So get thee outside...\\\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \\\"Let me show you.\\\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \\\"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\\\" and then add a date and time. Each \\\"Star Hustler\\\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as\",\n \"title\": \"Star Gazers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446226\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"predominant news voice in America.\\\" Affectionately known as \\\"Uncle Walter,\\\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \\\"USA Today\\\" wrote that \\\"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\\\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7655965\",\n \"text\": \"and knowing what to keep\\\" and that \\\"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\\\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \\\"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\\\", and that the narrator finds \\\"an ace that I could keep\\\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \\\"broke even\\\", thus really making those his \\\"final words\\\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Gambler (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713182\",\n \"text\": \"were saying in private that \\\"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\\\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \\\"turning point\\\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \\\"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\\\" and added that, \\\"we are mired in a stalemate that\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047486\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Barbera directed the \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \\\"Meet the People\\\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \\\"even\\\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446205\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Back to Neverland\\\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \\\"The Magic of Disney Animation\\\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \\\"Integrity in the Media\\\" with Ben Bradlee and\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446170\",\n \"text\": \"of it.\\\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \\\"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\\\" verbatim, he substituted \\\"as\\\" for \\\"like.\\\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \\\"Walter Cronkite with the News\\\", but later the \\\"CBS Evening\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981223\",\n \"text\": \"and Managing Editor of \\\"The\\\" \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \\\"That's the way it is\\\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \\\"courage\\\" and was roundly ridiculed for\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4514490\",\n \"text\": \"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \\\"breaking news\\\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of\",\n \"title\": \"Breaking news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225191\",\n \"text\": \"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \\\"Pilot\\\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \\\"Cigarette Smoking Man\\\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \\\"Trust No One\\\", replacing the usual phrase \\\"The Truth is Out There\\\" and referencing \\\"Deep Throat\\\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \\\"the best script by far\\\", offering \\\"a combination of elation and stark terror\\\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the\",\n \"title\": \"The Erlenmeyer Flask\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446209\",\n \"text\": \"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \\\"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\\\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199612\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite was often cited as the \\\"most trusted man in America.\\\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \\\"ABC Evening News\\\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \\\"What's My Line?\\\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron\",\n \"title\": \"Television news in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652195\",\n \"text\": \"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446198\",\n \"text\": \"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1787204\",\n \"text\": \"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \\\"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446180\",\n \"text\": \"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"498814\",\n \"text\": \"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \\\"into the headlines of American history\\\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \\\"really\",\n \"title\": \"Cross of Gold speech\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4620780\",\n \"text\": \"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \\\"American Idol\\\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" finale (\\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \\\"CBS Eye-lert,\\\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message\",\n \"title\": \"NFL on CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542213\",\n \"text\": \"whose jibes (\\\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\\\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \\\"There ya go!\\\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \\\"There ya go!\\\" to McCloud's \\\"Far out!\\\") Another recurring theme in the show was\",\n \"title\": \"McCloud (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4425021\",\n \"text\": \"episode, \\\"The Unhired Assassin\\\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \\\"Chinatown\\\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \\\"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\\\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \\\"The Two Jakes\\\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"The Birds\\\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\": \\\"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\\\" (in a starring role) and \\\"Steel\\\" (co-starring\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Mantell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605455\",\n \"text\": \"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \\\"Gas\\\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" films to a close with his stuttering, \\\"That's all, folks!\\\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \\\"Hare Tonic\\\" and \\\"Baseball Bugs\\\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \\\"And that's the end!\\\" After World War II, Bugs continued\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374851\",\n \"text\": \"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \\\"you can cut out a little\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13518470\",\n \"text\": \"Shepherd), explains that \\\"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\\\" In the 1984 film \\\"Johnny Dangerously\\\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \\\"Die Hard\\\", \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\\\" is changed to \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\\\". The TV edit of the film \\\"The Usual Suspects\\\", instead of having the police lineup say, \\\"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\\\", they say \\\"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\\\". In the 1998 film\",\n \"title\": \"Minced oaths in media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684196\",\n \"text\": \"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\", telling viewers that he was \\\"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\\\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \\\"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\\\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company\",\n \"title\": \"Arnold Zenker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20624013\",\n \"text\": \"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \\\"\\\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\\\"\\\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \\\"\\\"I was talking to myself!\\\"\\\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \\\"The Empire Strikes Back\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2870117\",\n \"text\": \"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \\\"And that's the way it is.\\\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\\\"Newsbreak\\\") read by a CBS anchor.\",\n \"title\": \"Bicentennial Minutes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688307\",\n \"text\": \"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \\\"open letter\\\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \\\"Variety\\\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \\\"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\\\" He referred to her \\\"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\\\" and added, \\\"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this\",\n \"title\": \"Star Jones (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357797\",\n \"text\": \"and good luck.\\\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \\\"good night, and good luck to you all\\\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \\\"Good night, and good luck.\\\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446225\",\n \"text\": \"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"391492\",\n \"text\": \"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \\\"in memoriam\\\" during \\\"SNL\\\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \\\"just came in from Spain\\\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \\\"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\\\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \\\"NBC's Saturday Night\\\" (now called \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", or \\\"SNL\\\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter\",\n \"title\": \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12618304\",\n \"text\": \"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \\\"Of Black America\\\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \\\"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\\\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \\\"magic bullet\\\" with a headline stating that \\\"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\\\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Dorfsman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7558329\",\n \"text\": \"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \\\"Satellite of Love\\\". The end of the episode is a parody of \\\"\\\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \\\"The Worst Film Ever Made\\\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \\\"Oh, poopie.\\\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \\\"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2903157\",\n \"text\": \"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,\",\n \"title\": \"The 20th Century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4900638\",\n \"text\": \"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \\\"A Beautiful Mind\\\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \\\"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\\\". Also, Lisa says \\\"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\\\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \\\"Return of the Jedi\\\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \\\"Three Gays of the Condo\\\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances\",\n \"title\": \"My Mother the Carjacker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2110727\",\n \"text\": \"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \\\"The Man in Black\\\" on yet another old time radio program, \\\"Suspense\\\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \\\"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\\\", each episode of \\\"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\\\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \\\"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\\\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \\\"The sound of suspense\\\" or \\\"The fear you can hear.\\\" At the conclusion,\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5030768\",\n \"text\": \"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \\\"Dallas,\\\" titled \\\"Who Done It\\\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \\\"M*A*S*H,\\\" titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Fugitive (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"625355\",\n \"text\": \"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \\\"So Long, Folks!\\\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \\\"And Dat's De End!\\\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \\\"What's going\",\n \"title\": \"Porky Pig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446189\",\n \"text\": \"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5947347\",\n \"text\": \"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \\\"Dragnet\\\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \\\"Dragnet\\\". In its original broadcast, \\\"Marge on the Lam\\\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\". The authors of\",\n \"title\": \"Marge on the Lam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3230410\",\n \"text\": \"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \\\"As The World Turns\\\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \\\"good night, dear\\\", just as she had uttered \\\"good morning, dear\\\" as the first line of\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7369532\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \\\"Who Done It?\\\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \\\"The Fugitive\\\". \\\"Who Done It?\\\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" named \\\"A House Divided\\\" number\",\n \"title\": \"Who shot J.R.?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357796\",\n \"text\": \"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \\\"Hello America. This is London calling.\\\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \\\"good night,\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1318407\",\n \"text\": \"famous closing line to children at the end of his \\\"Texaco Star Theater\\\" programs, \\\"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\\\"). Berle could only reply with, \\\"What?\\\" The incident became comedy fodder for \\\"SCTV\\\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \\\"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\\\" \\\"SCTV\\\" would win the award again in 1983. \\\"SCTV\\\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \\\"SCTV\\\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \\\"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\\\" – retitled \\\"Grizzly Abrams\\\" –\",\n \"title\": \"Second City Television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722714\",\n \"text\": \"famous moment was the \\\"Hail Mary pass\\\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \\\"Hail Mary\\\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \\\"Hail Mary\\\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \\\"Man of\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8354055\",\n \"text\": \"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \\\"reporter\\\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \\\"Morse Code\\\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \\\"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\\\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \\\"Tonight\\\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.\",\n \"title\": \"The Walter Winchell Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11411352\",\n \"text\": \"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \\\"12 great years\\\", and he finished with \\\"Let's do this thing one more time...\\\" The crowd yelled \\\"Blow me up, Tom\\\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \\\"The FM Talk Station\\\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \\\"blow up the station\\\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Leykis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7762321\",\n \"text\": \"goes to show you, you gotta \\\"kill\\\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\\\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \\\"That's all Folks!\\\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \\\"D-D-Dirty Guys\\\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \\\"Little\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16520194\",\n \"text\": \"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \\\"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\\\" In the Season 10 episode \\\"Nelson's Sparrow,\\\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Gideon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4925770\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Tyler Moore Show\\\" episode, \\\"Today I am a Ma'am\\\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \\\"Put on a Happy Face\\\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \\\"That's All Folks!\\\". In the series finale of \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this\",\n \"title\": \"MTM Enterprises\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132865\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5728793\",\n \"text\": \"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \\\"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\\\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \\\"60 Minutes\\\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until\",\n \"title\": \"Don Hewitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446200\",\n \"text\": \"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \\\"ABC Evening News\\\", which was anchored by\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10053771\",\n \"text\": \"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \\\"\\\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\\\"\\\" \\\"\\\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\\\"\\\" (\\\"They do do that though, don't they though\\\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \\\" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\\\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \\\"\\\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\\\"\\\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \\\"\\\"Dey do dough,\",\n \"title\": \"The Scousers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563961\",\n \"text\": \"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \\\"sweep\\\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired (on the same network). \\\"Who Done It\\\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third\",\n \"title\": \"Who Done It (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981253\",\n \"text\": \"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \\\"American Morning\\\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \\\"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\\\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12807288\",\n \"text\": \"Award nomination. \\\"TV Guide\\\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \\\"resistance is futile\\\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \\\"TNG\\\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\\\" Star Trek\\\" episodes and the film \\\"Star Trek: First Contact\\\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \\\"\\\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \\\"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\\\". It was used as the title for an\",\n \"title\": \"Borg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446183\",\n \"text\": \"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003299\",\n \"text\": \"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \\\"M*A*S*H\\\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713169\",\n \"text\": \"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"965494\",\n \"text\": \"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \\\"Beep beep!\\\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \\\"Meep, meep.\\\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The\",\n \"title\": \"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4359320\",\n \"text\": \"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \\\"Missed It? Missed Out!,\\\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an\",\n \"title\": \"Live & Kicking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11544741\",\n \"text\": \"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \\\"Julius Caesar\\\" \\\"\\\"Et tu, Brute?\\\"\\\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,\",\n \"title\": \"Last words\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5905587\",\n \"text\": \"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \\\"The sun is still shining\\\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \\\"Es lebe die Freiheit!\\\" (\\\"Long live Freedom!\\\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132844\",\n \"text\": \"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \\\"Hooray for Hollywood\\\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \\\"As the World Turns\\\" with a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17368985\",\n \"text\": \"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \\\"Who shot J.R.?\\\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired. \\\"Who Done It\\\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \\\"Dallas\\\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \\\"Who Done It\\\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with\",\n \"title\": \"Loraine Despres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4015874\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \\\"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\\\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \\\"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum\",\n \"title\": \"Rove (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"812509\",\n \"text\": \"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \\\"Floreat Etona\\\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \\\"bad form\\\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \\\"cadaverous\\\" and \\\"blackavised\\\", with \\\"eyes which were of\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5563198\",\n \"text\": \"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \\\"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\\\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \\\"\\\"Chicken-mannnn!\\\"\\\" and voices shouting, \\\"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\\\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \\\"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\\\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \\\"Chickenman Returns\\\", and an updated radio\",\n \"title\": \"Chickenman (radio series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5962151\",\n \"text\": \"of the radio program \\\"Behind the Scenes at CBS\\\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \\\"anchor\\\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \\\"Camel News Caravan\\\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4442740\",\n \"text\": \"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \\\"\\\"You are looking live at ...\\\"\\\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \\\"CBS\\\" (\\\"\\\"C.B. eeezz\\\"\\\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \\\"The NFL Today\\\"s betting analyst Jimmy \\\"The Greek\\\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Brent Musburger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2035285\",\n \"text\": \"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \\\"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\\\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \\\"Batman\\\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \\\"TV (The Book)\\\", stating that \\\"West's\",\n \"title\": \"Batman (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8290279\",\n \"text\": \"incorrect and that it should say, \\\"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\\\" Ogden Nash, in \\\"The New Yorker\\\", published a poem that ran \\\"\\\"Like\\\" goes Madison Avenue, \\\"like so\\\" goes the nation.\\\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \\\"The Morning Show\\\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \\\"The Tipping Point\\\", says that this \\\"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\\\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall\",\n \"title\": \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"726575\",\n \"text\": \"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\\\"\\\"Long live our sacred Germany!\\\"\\\") Others say the last words were: (\\\"\\\"Long live the secret Germany!\\\"\\\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that\",\n \"title\": \"Claus von Stauffenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9607467\",\n \"text\": \"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \\\"The Price Is Right\\\" (still on the air to this day), \\\"Let's Make a Deal\\\", \\\"The $20,000 Pyramid\\\", \\\"The Gong Show\\\", \\\"The Newlywed Game\\\", \\\"Password\\\", \\\"Tattletales\\\", \\\"Tic Tac Dough\\\", \\\"Bowling for Dollars\\\", \\\"Break the Bank\\\" and \\\"The Joker's Wild\\\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \\\"The Most Trusted\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629785\",\n \"text\": \"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \\\"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\\\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \\\"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1848362\",\n \"text\": \"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \\\"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\\\" (originally \\\"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\\\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \\\"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\\\" to which the audience would shout \\\"Nice!\\\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \\\"Good game, good game,\\\" \\\"I hope you're playing this at home,\\\" and \\\"Give us a twirl,\\\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \\\"Shut\",\n \"title\": \"The Generation Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229063\",\n \"text\": \"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \\\"most trusted person\\\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \\\"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\\\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \\\"a loser\\\" and proposed to \\\"cut losses and get out\\\". He was supported by most of the \\\"Wise Men,\\\" who\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446176\",\n \"text\": \"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns (ATWT)\\\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15234863\",\n \"text\": \"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68\",\n \"title\": \"The New York Times controversies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4135786\",\n \"text\": \"of Alan Colmes, who said \\\"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\\\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \\\"You heard the countdown, it's over.\\\" After\",\n \"title\": \"WNBC (AM)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132857\",\n \"text\": \"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 199,\n \"origin_tokens\": 199,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\ntitle: Evening News context: oneeven test broadcast August 19, 15, perman to the format on January 1, 196. Cronkite's prime report, \\\"Who, What When, Where, Why broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with the United States only hope for stalemate in Vietnam It is often credited influencing Lyndon Johnson's drop out of the race for \\\" I lost Cronkite ...I've Middle\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newsc began would eventually an 18-year ofating the ratings network evening programs.\\ntitle:ite Walter L Cron 91 17,9) American journalist who served asan theC Even for 19 years19–11 theyd of in 16s1970, he as most trust in being in opinion He reported from97 to198 in World II; the Nuremberg tri Vietnam's Field hijack Water the Iran Hostage Cris;inations. (vision station TCN157 his 002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 523,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14711,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":87,"string":"87"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"],"string":"[\n \"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1398368","text":"considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \"The New York Times\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\" \"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"3488171","text":"motor show was cancelled and the launch was postponed – as matters turned out indefinitely – due to the intervention of war which France (and Britain) declared against Germany in early September 1939. Production of the Amilcar was not resumed after World War II. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured","title":"Amilcar"},{"id":"1398346","text":"Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Born in California, she lived in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50, when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was riding. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398369","text":"an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed by the force of her fall to the stone pavement.\" Other sources noted that she was almost decapitated by the sudden tightening of the scarf around her neck. The accident gave rise to Gertrude Stein's mordant remark that \"affectations can be dangerous\". At the time of her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen. Her will was the first of a Soviet citizen's to be probated in the U.S. Duncan was cremated, and her ashes were placed next to those of her children in the columbarium","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1925140","text":"arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote \"The Age of Innocence\" (1920) at a villa near Hyères, winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel (the first woman to do so). Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo – eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of \"The Great Gatsby\" and began \"Tender is","title":"French Riviera"},{"id":"8931658","text":"by Lefebvre, it started from Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad). 4,700 of the CGS and CGSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS.","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"2907544","text":"after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, \"The Miserable Mill\", Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book \"1984\" in 1948, and in the sixth book, \"The Ersatz Elevator\", it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David \"J. D.\" Salinger and his short story \"For Esmé –","title":"A Series of Unfortunate Events"},{"id":"1711700","text":"Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her. Isadora Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical film which tells the story of celebrated American dancer Isadora Duncan. It stars Vanessa Redgrave, James Fox, and Jason Robards. The film was adapted by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton from the books \"My Life\" by Isadora and","title":"Isadora"},{"id":"8931657","text":"Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS. Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, died in a CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels. The 1,074 cc four-cylinder engine from the CGS was fitted but in a slightly higher state of tune delivering . It was also available with a Cozette supercharger for those who needed more power. Thus equipped, a CGSS won the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally. Driven","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"1398361","text":"title of the creator of modern dance. In both professional and private life, Duncan flouted traditional mores and morality. She was bisexual and an atheist, and alluded to her communism during her last United States tour, in 1922–23: she waved a red scarf and bared her breast on stage in Boston, proclaiming, \"This is red! So am I!\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398374","text":"is also the subject of Amelia Gray's novel \"Isadora\" (2017). Two characters in the \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\" series of novels are named after her, Isadora Quagmire and Duncan Quagmire. Among the films featuring Duncan are: Ballets based on Duncan include: On the theatre stage, Duncan is portrayed in: Duncan is featured in music in: In the poem \"Fever 103\" by Sylvia Plath, the speaker alludes to Isadora's scarves. Archival collections Other Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398373","text":"having San Francisco rename an alley on the same block from Adelaide Place to Isadora Duncan Lane. In medicine, the Isadora Duncan Syndrome refers to injury or death consequent to entanglement of neckwear with a wheel or other machinery. Duncan has attracted literary and artistic attention from the 1920s to the present, in novels, film, ballet, theatre, music, and poetry. Duncan has been portrayed in novels including Aleister Crowley's \"Moonchild\" (as 'Lavinia King'), published in 1923, and Upton Sinclair's \"World's End\" (1940) and \"Between Two Worlds\" (1941), the first two novels in his Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. She","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"10129125","text":"was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. The extravagances of the Parisian couturiers came in a variety of shapes, but the most popular silhouette throughout the decade was the tunic over a long underskirt. Early","title":"1910s in Western fashion"},{"id":"1398366","text":"how memorable it was, but what Zelda recalled was that while all eyes were watching Duncan, Zelda was able to steal the salt and pepper shakers from the table. In his book \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\", Sewell Stokes, who met Duncan in the last years of her life, describes her extravagant waywardness. Duncan's autobiography \"My Life\" was published in 1927. The Australian composer Percy Grainger called Isadora's autobiography a \"life-enriching masterpiece.\" On the night of September 14, 1927, in Nice, France, Duncan was a passenger in an Amilcar CGSS automobile owned by Benoît Falchetto, a French-Italian mechanic. She wore a","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398367","text":"long, flowing, hand-painted silk scarf, created by the Russian-born artist Roman Chatov, a gift from her friend Mary Desti, the mother of American film director Preston Sturges. Desti, who saw Duncan off, had asked her to wear a cape in the open-air vehicle because of the cold weather, but she would only agree to wear the scarf. As they departed, she reportedly said to Desti and some companions, \"\" (\"Farewell, my friends. I go to glory!\"); but according to the American novelist Glenway Wescott, Desti later told him that Duncan's actual parting words were, (\"I am off to love\"). Desti","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"9157191","text":"that undulated with color. Each garment was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. Changes in dress during World War I were dictated more by necessity than fashion. As more and more women were forced to","title":"History of fashion design"},{"id":"15163168","text":"Jose Clara The front of the base is inscribed: The name of William Henry Schuetze is misspelled on the monument. Clara was a Spanish sculptor, born in Olot in 1878, who died in Barcelona in 1958. After studying fine art in Toulouse, he met Auguste Rodin during a visit to Paris which led to him deciding to become a sculptor. A student of Barrias Louse-Ernest, his primary model was Isadora Duncan until her death in 1927. With worldwide recognition, he worked and lived the rest of his life in Barcelona. \"Serenity\" was bought by Charles Deering at the Paris Exhibition","title":"Serenity (Clara)"},{"id":"9368632","text":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by Sewell Stokes and Russell. It starred Vivian Pickles and Peter Bowles. The film is a biopic of American dancer Isadora Duncan. Sewell Stokes became friendly with the dancer towards the very end of her life when she was penniless and alone. In 1928 he wrote a memoir of his conversations with","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"1923110","text":"\"Tonight or Never\" which had recently been made into a motion picture. Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem \"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\" (ll.30–2):Whaur's Isadora Duncan dancin nou, Is Mary Garden in Chicago still And Duncan Grant in Paris – and me fou? Allen Ginsberg contrasts the relative silence surrounding Garden's death with the uproar caused by the death of Jack Ruby in \"Bayonne Turnpike to Tuscarora,\" from the 1973 award-winning collection \"The Fall of America\": Mary Garden dead in Aberdeen, New Years' 1967","title":"Mary Garden"},{"id":"1398359","text":"expression of the human spirit through the medium of the body's movement.\" She believed dance was meant to encircle all that life had to offer—joy and sadness. Duncan took inspiration from ancient Greece and combined it with an American love of freedom. Her movement was feminine and arose from the deepest feelings in her body. This is exemplified in her revolutionary costume of a white Greek tunic and bare feet. Inspired by Greek forms, her tunics also allowed a freedom of movement that corseted ballet costumes and pointe shoes did not. Costumes were not the only inspiration Duncan took from","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"9368634","text":"choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"14756495","text":"Léocadia Léocadia (Time Remembered) is a play by Jean Anouilh that premiered at the Théâtre de la Michodière in Paris on 2 December 1940. It is one of Anouilh's \"Pièces roses\", together with \"Humulus le muet\" (1932), \"Le Bal des voleurs\" (1938), and \"\" (1941). For the occasion, Francis Poulenc composed one of his most celebrated songs, \"Les Chemins de l'amour\", sung by Yvonne Printemps. \"Léocadia\" tells the story of a young prince madly in love with a Romanian opera singer, Léocadia Gardi. The young man only knew her for three days: like Isadora Duncan, she died strangled by her","title":"Léocadia"},{"id":"2536089","text":"\"Blue Bloods\" TV series 2015 episode \"The Bullitt Mustang\" centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film, valued at a half million dollars, a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up. Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and, most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches. The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns, while the other was","title":"Bullitt"},{"id":"15964123","text":"well as antique Chinese drum, a diminutive Balinese door made into a distinctive table, Cuban furniture, and his Asmat art from expeditions to New Guinea, once considered the largest private collection. The item that got the most attention since Dobronyi's death was the 40-something-year old underwear of Queen Elizabeth II. The \"Miami Herald\" reports that the story of the Royal panties has circled the web and print magazines, after their sale was first reported by celebrity news website \"TMZ.com\". Louis F. Cruz who markets and manages the estate sale, believes that the Queen's undergarments are authentic. As the story goes,","title":"Sepy Dobronyi"},{"id":"1398364","text":"returned to Moscow. Two years later, on December 28, 1925, Yesenin was found dead in his room in the Hotel Angleterre in St Petersburg in an apparent suicide. Duncan had a relationship with the poet and playwright Mercedes de Acosta, as documented in numerous revealing letters they wrote to each other. In one, Duncan wrote, \"Mercedes, lead me with your little strong hands and I will follow you – to the top of a mountain. To the end of the world. Wherever you wish.\" By the late 1920s, Duncan's performing career had dwindled, and she became as notorious for her","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"2723141","text":"the neck of the garment when not in use. The Inuit peoples of the Arctic are expert clothing manufacturers, and the women's anorak, technically called an \"amauti\", features a large hood used to shelter an infant on its mother's back. In Japan hoods covered with chainmail or armour plates were worn by samurai warriors and their retainers. Scuba divers who dive in cold water often wear neoprene hoods for thermal insulation. They cover the whole head and neck except the face. A hood is a component of academic dress that is an often bright and decorative garment worn over a","title":"Hood (headgear)"},{"id":"2741922","text":"Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California. In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a \"smart jacket\", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350. In 2020, Levi Strauss & Co. are expected to have completely replaced chemical usage to lasers in order to cut and design ripped parts of jeans. Levi's has been worn by people from all walks of life, from miners to Nobel Prize recipients including Albert Einstein himself, whose famous leather jacket was made by","title":"Levi Strauss & Co."},{"id":"1567920","text":"In the later interbellum period between World War I and World War II, as the frock coat became increasingly rare, the mourning suit consisted of a black morning coat with black trousers and waistcoat, essentially a black version of the morning suit worn to weddings and other occasions, which would normally include coloured waistcoats and striped or checked trousers. Formal mourning culminated during the reign of Queen Victoria, whose long and conspicuous grief over the death of her husband, Prince Albert, may have had much to do with it. Although fashions began to be more functional and less restrictive for","title":"Mourning"},{"id":"12997333","text":"of the Prince of Wales and the pink hat with 25 fabric bells that the Queen wore to mark her Silver Jubilee at a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral. The prototype for the Queen's Silver Jubilee hat is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 2003 several Mirman hats were displayed alongside clothes worn by the Queen in an exhibition at the Kensington Palace State Apartments. Simone Mirman retired in 1990 and returned to France, where she took up oil painting as a hobby until losing her eyesight. She died in 2008 at the age of","title":"Simone Mirman"},{"id":"2401659","text":"shows previewing Spring/Summer 1999, where a single model, Shalom Harlow, graced the runway in a strapless white dress, before being rotated slowly on a revolving section of the catwalk whilst being sprayed with paint by two robotic guns. Givenchy designs released by Vogue Patterns during this period may be credited to the late designer. McQueen received press attention after the May 2007 suicide of international style icon Isabella Blow. Rumours were published that there was a rift between McQueen and Blow at the time of her death, focusing on McQueen's under-appreciation of Blow. In response to these rumours, McQueen told","title":"Alexander McQueen"},{"id":"19239232","text":"The Dancer (2016 film) The Dancer (in French: La Danseuse) is a 2016 French biographical historical drama film directed and written by Stéphanie Di Giusto and co-written by Thomas Bidegain and Sarah Thiebaud, based on the novel by Giovanni Lista. The film stars Soko, Gaspard Ulliel, Mélanie Thierry, Lily-Rose Depp, François Damiens, Louis Garrel and William Houston. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Wild Bunch sold the international rights of the film \"The Dancer\", about the legendary dancer Loie Fuller and her peer Isadora Duncan. Stéphanie Di Giusto would make her","title":"The Dancer (2016 film)"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"4973389","text":"1973 version, \"Goodbye Norma Jean, though I never knew you at all,\" were adapted to \"Goodbye England's rose, may you ever grow in our hearts.\" Most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Diana's life and death. On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, France. The news shocked Elton John, as he and the Princess had been very good friends. Earlier in the summer, he had also lost another good friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. Pictures depicting Diana appearing to console a distraught John at Versace's funeral were featured","title":"Candle in the Wind 1997"},{"id":"16144737","text":"it, and that while doing so, caused lit embers of pipe tobacco to land on Jeannie's clothing. Nickell suggests this is even more likely, because at the time of the fire, the kitchen window and door were open, causing a cross breeze. Pipe embers, carried by the breeze and then landing on Saffin's flammable nylon clothing, would easily catch fire and cause the severe burns found on Saffin's body at autopsy. Death of Jeannie Saffin Jeanne Lucille Saffin (20 March 1921 – 23 September 1982) was a British woman whose death from fire in 1982 is cited by paranormal researchers","title":"Death of Jeannie Saffin"},{"id":"9392056","text":"being strangled before the fire was lit. Finally the \"Sambenito\" featured red saltires, whose wearer was only to do penance. Eventually all three types of tunics became known as \"sambenito\"; a conical cap, denominated \"coroza\" (and \"capirote\"), of the same material and motifs as the corresponding \"sambenito\", would also be worn. The heretics, found guilty by the inquisitors, had to walk in the procession wearing the \"sambenito\" as a Shirt of Flame, the \"coroza\", the rope around the neck, the rosary, and in their hands a yellow or green wax candle. Originally the penitential garments were hung up in the","title":"Sanbenito"},{"id":"20488878","text":"Paris Singer Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932) was an early resident of Palm Beach, Florida. He was 22nd of the 24 children of inventor and industrialist Isaac Singer, from whom he inherited money; he has been described as a \"man of luxury.\" He married Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\"Lillie\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951), who bore him 5 children. He had a tempestuous romance with famous dancer Isadora Duncan, whose career he helped, and with whom he had another son, Patrick (born 1910, drowned 1913). Singer","title":"Paris Singer"},{"id":"2231033","text":"Henri Paul Henri Paul (3 July 1956 – 31 August 1997) was the driver of the Mercedes S280 in which Diana, Princess of Wales, died on 31 August 1997. As Deputy Head of Security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris, Paul had been off duty that evening but was called back to drive Diana and Dodi Fayed to their apartment. The car crashed at high speed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, with only bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones surviving. There have been many conspiracy theories surrounding the car crash. British and French police investigations put the blame largely on Paul for being","title":"Henri Paul"},{"id":"3235628","text":"Pink gravel, guard houses and period vehicles were used to recreate the royal courtyard. The 1968 film \"Isadora\" starring Vanessa Redgrave and telling the life story of the dancer Isadora Duncan also used Oldway Mansion as one of its locations. On 21 December 2005, the ballroom at Oldway Mansion was the location for Devon's first civil partnership. The registration was officially witnessed by the Mayor of Torbay and his dignitaries. Notes Citations Sources Oldway Mansion Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens in Paignton, Devon, England. It was built as a private residence for Isaac Merritt Singer (1811–1875), and","title":"Oldway Mansion"},{"id":"1398354","text":"magical name of 'Soror Virakam'; she also co-edited four numbers of Crowley's journal \"The Equinox\", and contributed several collaborative plays to the journal. Desti wrote a memoir of her experiences with Duncan that includes some autobiographical material. In 1911, the French fashion designer Paul Poiret rented a mansion—Pavillon du Butard in La Celle-Saint-Cloud—and threw lavish parties, including one of the more famous \"grandes fêtes\", \"La fête de Bacchus\" on June 20, 1912, re-creating the Bacchanalia hosted by Louis XIV at Versailles. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Greek evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests; 900 bottles of","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"14630513","text":"of her name from “Amy” to “Aimée”, and moved her children to an estate in Paris dubbed “The House of Fantasy.” Crocker would live for the next 27 years in the City of Lights, throwing sensational and neurotic parties and housing young artists and exiled Russian nobles. She took Paris by storm after making a splash at a fantastic party thrown by Paul Poiret, a leading French fashion designer and a master couturier. She later lived in an artist colony at Hôtel Biron along with luminaries such as Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Jean Cocteau and Isadora Duncan. After Gouraud's death,","title":"Aimée Crocker"},{"id":"9757198","text":"the museum in Sheffield. Despite having been born only two years prior to the founding the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, stylistically Hallé was firmly aligned with the aesthetic of that group. Charles Hallé is mentioned very fondly by Isadora Duncan in her book titled \"My Life' published in 1927, the year of her death. She describes the activities she and Charles enjoyed together in Paris, long strolls, trips to the countryside, gallery tramping and dining. She said, \"I danced for him in the forest and he made sketches of me.\" (see \"Americans in Paris: A Literary Anthology\", 2004, by Adam Gopnik, editor).","title":"Charles Edward Hallé"},{"id":"2917622","text":"\"Isadora Diamond\" named after Isadora Duncan. The 80-carat yellow diamond in the necklace was designed by Harry Winston and is worth $6 million. \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\" received mixed reviews from critics. Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 42%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads:\"Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson are charming together, but they can't overcome \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\"' silly","title":"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days"},{"id":"1398362","text":"Isaac Singer. Both children drowned in the care of their nanny in 1913 when their runaway car went into the Seine. Following the accident, Duncan spent several months recuperating in Corfu with her brother and sister. She then spent several weeks at the Viareggio seaside resort with the actress Eleonora Duse. The fact that Duse had just left a relationship with the rebellious and epicene young feminist Lina Poletti fueled speculation as to the nature of Duncan and Duse's relationship, but there has never been any indication that the two were involved romantically. In her autobiography, Duncan relates that she","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"4399918","text":"Men's Health Crisis to find a funeral home. In a rare moment of levity, Lisa and Willy stumble across a slinky red dress in Sean's closet and consider giving it to the undertaker. \"What could they say\", asks Willy, \"if we said we knew him and we knew that's the way he wanted to be remembered?\" Ultimately they decide against it, since \"it needs a hat. A big Bea Lillie thing!\" The four go to a Chinese restaurant to write Sean's obituary and include David as his \"longtime companion\". David has died in his sleep, and this is the day","title":"Longtime Companion"},{"id":"9356890","text":"job in 1918 was as a book reviewer and gossip writer with \"The Sunday Times\" in London. Three years later, he became assistant editor for \"T.P.'s Weekly\", a radical newspaper founded in 1902 by the Irish journalist and member of parliament Thomas Power O'Connor. The author became friendly with the American dancer Isadora Duncan towards the very end of her life, when she was penniless and alone, and in 1928, shortly after her death, wrote a memoir of his conversations with her entitled \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\". Years later, he co-wrote the film script for the BBC TV film, Isadora","title":"Sewell Stokes"},{"id":"1595130","text":"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \"white collection\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris","title":"Philip Treacy"},{"id":"308666","text":"at the waistline. Earrings (\"zaricillos\") are usually gold or coral. Slippers usually match the color of the \"pollera\". Hair is usually worn in a bun, held by three large gold combs that have pearls (\"tembleques\") worn like a crown. Quality \"pollera\" can cost up to $10,000, and may take a year to complete. Today, there are different types of \"polleras\"; the \"pollera de gala\" consists of a short-sleeved ruffle skirt blouse, two full-length skirts and a petticoat. Girls wear \"tembleques\" in their hair. Gold coins and jewelry are added to the outfit. The \"pollera montuna\" is a daily dress, with","title":"Panama"},{"id":"1711696","text":"In 1927, Isadora Duncan has become a legend as the innovator of modern dance, a temperamental bohemian, and an outspoken advocate of free love. Now past 40, she lives in poverty in a small hotel on the French Riviera with her companion Mary Estelle Dempsey/Mary Desti (named only as Mary in the film) and her secretary Roger, to whom she is dictating her memoirs. As a young girl in California, Isadora first demonstrates her disdain for accepted social standards by burning her parents' marriage certificate and pledging her dedication to the pursuit of art and beauty. In 1896, she performs","title":"Isadora"},{"id":"1555127","text":"1888 to French aristocrat Jean, Duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg. Son Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932), was married to Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\"Lillie\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951). Singer Island, Florida, was named for him. He was a close friend of the Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner. Paris had a son with Isadora Duncan, Patrick Singer, who died in 1913 in a drowning accident while a small child. Grandchildren include Daisy Fellowes, Mortimer Merritt Singer (b. New York City, ~1870; d. New York City ~1960,","title":"Isaac Singer"},{"id":"7608625","text":"events that followed it. Diana's death helped BBC News officials realise how important online news services were becoming, and a full online news service was launched on 4 November that year, alongside the launch of the BBC's rolling news channel BBC News 24 on 9 November. Death of Diana, Princess of Wales On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, France. Her companion, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes S280, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene.","title":"Death of Diana, Princess of Wales"},{"id":"12933028","text":"Recovery: five Norman Rockwell paintings worth $1 million from a farmhouse in Brazil. Looting of the Royal Tomb of the Lord of Sipán in Peru. Recovery: extremely rare 2,000-year-old golden Pre-Columbian piece of body armor known as a backflap, which was worn as battle-armor and rank-decoration by warrior-priests of the Moche civilization. The gold, copper, and silver backflap was recovered in October 1997 by FBI agents in a sting operation after it was offered for sale at $1.6 million. Recovery of Native American Apache medicine man Geronimo's eagle feather war bonnet valued at $1.2 million. Theft from the U.S. Naval","title":"Robert King Wittman"},{"id":"17018049","text":"Fauconnet (1882-1920) designed the invitation. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Hellenic evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests and 900 bottles of champagne were consumed until the first light of day. Isadora Duncan, a girl from California said to have posed for Eadweard Muybridge, placed an emphasis on \"evolutionary\" dance motion, insisting that each movement was born from the one that preceded it, that each movement gave rise to the next, and so on in organic succession. Her dancing defined the force of progress, change, abstraction and liberation. In France too Duncan delighted her audience. André Dunoyer","title":"Dancer in a Café"},{"id":"7758951","text":"N'a Rien Perdu De Son Charme Ni Le Jardin De Son Éclat\", a work by French ballet legend Maurice Béjart which draws upon the AIDS crisis and the deaths of Freddie Mercury and the company's principal dancer Jorge Donn. Later in 1997, two close friends died: designer Gianni Versace was murdered; and Diana, Princess of Wales died in a Paris car crash on 31 August. In early September, he contacted his writing partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of his 1973 song \"Candle in the Wind\" to honour Diana, and Taupin rewrote the song accordingly. On 6","title":"Elton John"},{"id":"12727491","text":"Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \"Princesse Tam Tam\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \"Princesse Tam Tam\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during the November 2008","title":"Loumia Hiridjee"},{"id":"1675903","text":"and give the story a vivid sense of verisimilitude. The film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. He later produced Anderson's \"This Sporting Life\" (1963) and directed \"Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment\" (1966) adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play. \"Isadora\" (1968), a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg starred Vanessa Redgrave. In the following decade he made \"The Gambler\" (1974) and \"Who'll Stop the Rain\" (1978). \"The French Lieutenant's Woman\" (1981) was probably the most successful of his later","title":"Karel Reisz"},{"id":"307748","text":"meaning \"Polish-styled\". The most famous example is the \"robe à la polonaise\" or simply \"Polonaise\", a woman's garment with draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat. Another notable example is the Witzchoura, a long mantle with collar and hood, which was possibly introduced by Napoleon's Polish mistress Maria Walewska. Established in 1999, the retail store Reserved is Poland's best clothing store chain, operating over 1,700 retail shops in 19 countries. In 2016 it was announced that Reserved is moving into a former BHS store at Oxford Street in London, one of the most prestigious and busiest shopping","title":"Poland"},{"id":"2656203","text":"with several well-known designers, such as the legendary Vivienne Westwood. As a result, in 1984, Westwood asked Cox to design shoes for her \"Clint Eastwood\" collection. One of the shoes that Cox created incorporated a 4-inch platform that would become the prototype of a 9-inch pair later worn by supermodel Naomi Campbell, when she famously fell during a Westwood fashion show in Paris, France in 1993. In his second year of college Cox designed and handmade fluorescent fringed moccasins for the celebrated Body Map brand of David Holah and Stevie Stewart. Cox used to date Canadian journalist, entrepreneur, and magazine","title":"Patrick Cox"},{"id":"9157241","text":"flounced skirts and high-necked blouses in traditional floral prints, worn with crocheted shawls. Laura Ashley started out running a small business in Wales in the mid-1960s and the company continued to expand until the accidental death of its owner in 1985. Laura Ashley was not the only designer to look nostalgically to the past. Fashions based on the 1920s, 30s, 40s, and 50s were popular throughout much of the decade, with Hollywood films like \"The Godfather\" and \"The Great Gatsby\", and numerous exhibitions on costume history at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York increasing their popularity. In Japan,","title":"History of fashion design"},{"id":"9990928","text":"clothing took on symbolic meaning for later generations. Roman armour, particularly the muscle cuirass, has symbolized amazing power. In Europe during the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries CE), painters and sculptors sometimes depicted rulers wearing pseudo-Roman military attire, including the cuirass, military cloak, and sandals. Later, during the French Revolution, an effort was made to dress officials in uniforms based on the Roman toga, to symbolize the importance of citizenship to a republic. Adopted by the rank and file revolutionaries, the 18th-century CE liberty cap, a brimless, limp cap fitting snugly around the head, was based on a bonnet worn","title":"Clothing in the ancient world"},{"id":"9368633","text":"her, shortly after her death, entitled \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\". Two years after the first broadcast of the TV film, Vanessa Redgrave played the role of Isadora Duncan in the big-screen biopic \"Isadora\". Russell's biographer Joseph Lanza believes that \"of all his television work, \"Isadora\" is his most accomplished\". It explores his \"ongoing theme of art being a thing of both glory and vulgarity\" Bill Gibron from DVD Talk gave the film a very good review and stated: \"Herself trained as a dancer, Pickles lights up the screen when she's onstage, Duncan's inflated ego disappearing into a series of carefully","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"15878240","text":"and After\". David Weiss died on November 29, 2002 at a La Jolla Hospital. The cause was thrombophlebitis and complications from a fall. He was 93. In 1953 Weiss published his first novel, \"The Guilt Makers\", which won the $5,000 Frieder Literary Award for best novel on a Jewish theme published in America. This was followed in 1959 by \"The Spirit and the Flesh\" (inspired by the life of the dancer Isadora Duncan) and his most successful book \"Naked Came I\" in 1963. Although he wrote plays and a couple of contemporary set novels, Weiss’s speciality was biographical fiction –","title":"David Weiss (novelist)"},{"id":"18705454","text":"whip used in the 1981, 1984, and 1989 \"Indiana Jones\" movies, and Leonardo DiCaprio's \"Jack Dawson\" \"King of The World\" coat from \"Titanic\". In July 2013, the auction house presented a collection of Lucille Ball memorabilia as part of their second of two Drier Collection auctions. Ball's signature \"Lucy Ricardo\" polka dot dress designed by Elois Jenssen for the \"I Love Lucy\" television series secured $168,000.00, greatly exceeding its $60,000.00 projected pre-auction estimate. On June 18, 2011, Profiles in History launched the first of a series of auctions of Debbie Reynolds' collection of Hollywood memorabilia. In June 2011 the auction","title":"Profiles in History"},{"id":"2599316","text":"been considered collectors items since the start of the 1990s, especially those designed by Clark/Birtwell. Pattie Boyd invoked the designer in a 2007 \"Daily Mail\" interview, when speaking of her and her then-husband George Harrison's darker days: \"at times I felt almost suicidal. I don't think I was ever in any real danger of killing myself but I got as far as working out how I would do it: put on a diaphanous Ossie Clark dress and throw myself off Beachy Head.\" Ossie Clark Raymond \"Ossie\" Clark (9 June 1942 – 6 August 1996) was an English fashion designer who","title":"Ossie Clark"},{"id":"4055367","text":"the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Sancy Diamond was found in Russia at Vasily Rudanovsky collection. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the Hope Diamond. The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI, although he too was beheaded). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially","title":"French Crown Jewels"},{"id":"3106187","text":"her to New York City in his place when he'd been invited for a long-term visit to design for Broadway in 1917/18 and was infuriated that she'd become an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. Though perhaps best known for freeing women from corsets (although he did not single-handedly accomplish this revolution) and for claiming authorship of the hobble skirt, harem pants, and \"lampshade\" tunic, Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his development of the dressmaking technique known as","title":"Paul Poiret"},{"id":"18346000","text":"(it caused her to have psychiatric problems). Upon hearing this, Goedele angrily takes a blanket and wraps it around his neck. She then takes the quad-bike and drives his body into the forest. After putting the motorcycle against a tree, and wrapping a scarf she just knitted around his neck and into the spokes of the wheel, she turns on the ignition and opens full throttle: In episode seven we learned Goedele was fascinated by a film about Isadora Duncan. However, the two insurance agents have figured everything out and decide to confront the sisters. Mathias, one of the two","title":"Clan (TV series)"},{"id":"19051498","text":"not immediately successful. Eventually, whilst sharing a studio with the milliner Philip Treacy, Milner became principally a designer of wedding dresses. Her highest-profile wedding dress was a 1997 beaded lace gown worn by Estelle Skornik as 'Nicole' in the final instalment of the Papa & Nicole advertisements for Renault, which was estimated to have been seem by 23 million viewers. Renault subsequently donated the dress and accessories to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another of Milner's wedding dresses, an ecclesiastical silk coatdress worn in 1998 by Selina Blow with a huge golden headdress by Treacy, was featured in the Museum's","title":"Deborah Milner"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"1474188","text":"the awards ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympics. Their actions were intended to symbolize Black Power. They were banned from the Olympics for life as a result of the incident. Yet another of the more infamous episodes involving a leather glove came during the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder case in which Simpson demonstrated that the glove purportedly used in the alleged murder was too small to fit his hand. Western lady's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths: wrist (\"matinee\"), elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, reaching to the biceps). Satin and stretch satin are","title":"Glove"},{"id":"2733364","text":"with legends of the West, including “Buffalo Bill”, Calamity Jane, Will Rogers, and Annie Oakley. It is said that George Custer rode into the Battle of Little Big Horn wearing a Stetson. Later on, Western movie cowboys were quick to adopt the Stetson; many were drawn to the largest, most flamboyant styles available. Texans were known for their preference for the \"Ten Gallon\" model. According to Win Blevins' \"Dictionary of the American West\" (p388), the term \"ten-gallon\" has nothing to do with the hat's liquid capacity, but derives from the Spanish word \"galón\" (braid), ten indicating the number of braids","title":"Stetson"},{"id":"4770912","text":"Isabella Blow Isabella \"Issie\" Blow (19 November 1958 – 7 May 2007) was an English magazine editor. The muse of hat designer Philip Treacy, she is credited with discovering the models Stella Tennant and Sophie Dahl as well as the fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Born Isabella Delves Broughton in Marylebone, London, she was the eldest child of Major Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, a military officer, and his second wife, Helen Mary Shore, a barrister. Sir Evelyn was the only son of Jock Delves Broughton; his sister, Rosamond, married Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat in 1938. Blow had two sisters, Julia","title":"Isabella Blow"},{"id":"17096083","text":"generated to pay off their creditors. In statements made to the press, Fisher announced that his mother was \"heartbroken\" to have to auction off her collection, which was valued at $10.79 million in the bankruptcy filing. The collection was sold in a series of auctions from June to December 2011. On June 18, 2011, Marilyn Monroe's \"subway dress\", whose skirt is raised by the updraft of a passing subway train in \"The Seven Year Itch\", sold for $4.6 million, far in excess of pre-auction estimates of $1–2 million. Another Monroe dress, worn in \"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\", fetched $1.2 million; it","title":"Todd Fisher"},{"id":"12727492","text":"Mumbai terrorist attacks. Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \"Princesse Tam Tam\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \"Princesse Tam Tam\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during","title":"Loumia Hiridjee"},{"id":"18768657","text":"account of abduction and escape, earning the headlines \"Cline Believes\". The description of the shoes when taken from McPherson was cataloged \"uppers showed slight wear and the soles were scuffed; leather in the insteps was bright and bore markings like grass stains.\" Cline, however, was quoted as stating to Ryan, \"You saw those shoes, the grass stains on the instep, what is so rare as a blade of grass on the desert in June?\" Lore developed of there being no grass in the desert and that McPherson's shoes and other garments from her desert trek were in pristine condition. However,","title":"Reported kidnapping of Aimee Semple McPherson"},{"id":"3304303","text":"\"Necrophiliac Springtime\", was owned by Schiaparelli; the other two are \"The Dream Places A Hand on a Man's Shoulder\" and \"Three Young Surrealist Women Holding in Their Arms the Skins of an Orchestra\". Richard Martin saw the Tears Dress as a \"memento mori\" produced in response to the Spanish Civil War and the spread of Fascism, declaring that to \"tear the dress is to deny its customary decorum and utility, and to question the matter of concealment and revelation in the garment.\" He noted that even if the tears in the dress were mere ornament like slashing, the real tears","title":"Elsa Schiaparelli"},{"id":"2332380","text":"the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: \"vair\"), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek \"The Slipper Man\" Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30, 2007. A pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in \"The Wizard of Oz\" sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold in May 2000 for $666,000. On both occasions they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. \"Grandpa's Slippers\" is","title":"Slipper"},{"id":"9379401","text":"cornette on 20 September 1964. The modern nurses' cap or bonnet was created following the cornette's appearance and it depicts the humanitarianism of Daughters of Charity in nursing. Cornette A cornette is a piece of female headwear. It is essentially a type of wimple consisting of a large, starched piece of white cloth that is folded upwards in such a way as to create the resemblance of horns () on the wearer's head. It was reported in \"The Times\" to have been \"in fashion among the Ladies of Paris\" in 1801, made of muslin or gauze and richly ornamented with","title":"Cornette"},{"id":"4070343","text":"in my brain, and I'm like, 'maybe I should have done a background vocal on that'. And then she comes in and happily does it, right?\", Madonna said. Orbit also recalled during an interview with \"Q\" magazine that Madonna recorded \"Swim\" the day her friend and fashion designer Gianni Versace was killed in Miami, Florida. He also commented that this is probably why the track has an emotional impact. According to spokesperson Liz Rosenberg, Madonna considered titling the album \"Mantra\", which she thought was a \"really cool title\". However, she changed the title to \"Ray of Light\", as her albums","title":"Ray of Light"},{"id":"4833385","text":"movements but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag as a variation to the informal black dress code. In March 2018, together with the Countess of Wessex, the Duchess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during 2018 London Fashion Week. The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duchess and her husband have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected, but the media has not always respected their wishes. In 2009, before her engagement to William,","title":"Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge"},{"id":"10250755","text":"married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 21 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that","title":"Coco Chanel"},{"id":"15566968","text":"wedding to create another copy of the dress. Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have knock-offs of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price. The choice of a dress from the fashion house of Alexander McQueen, who had committed suicide in 2010, led Hubert de Givenchy to state \"It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute.\" The dress along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding were exhibited at Buckingham Palace","title":"Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton"},{"id":"10722025","text":"years old. Mamie was born on February 12 1900, and she died at the age of 32. According to medical authorities at the time, Mamie Thurman's death resulted from her throat being slashed from ear to ear, after which she was shot twice in the left side of the head. The body was found in a patch of blackberries by a local boy, who then called the authorities. Found alongside the body were one shoe, a diamond engagement ring, and a silver wedding band, which ruled out robbery as the motive for her death. The other shoe and her purse,","title":"Mamie Thurman"},{"id":"14154565","text":"an animal skin around the shoulders, a hat made of palm fronds, and huarache sandals. If worn with a pre-Hispanic headdress and jewelry, it is called a traje de apache. A zapador is an outfit with a shirt, a short blue jacket, and red baggy pants and an embroidered apron-like garment. The wearer also has a hat and a mask with mustache and beard. \"Turco\" (Turkish) dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with a small blue vest, a turban with a peacock feather, and a mask with a mustache and beard. They can also have silk capes embroidered","title":"Huejotzingo"},{"id":"6767912","text":"her long, prettily arched neck revealed the bloody spot our eyes always sought in fearful anticipation. It was eternally there--the blood encrusted stab wound that had taken her life. Drops of her blood appeared still fresh on her neck and were caught in a gold chalice beside the pillow. \"We were enraptured at her dress--a prettier dress than any we had ever or would ever know, prettier than our first communion dresses, prettier even than any doll dress, trimmed in gold, with seed pearls and precious stones. Gold trim ran around her sleeves and down the panels of her skirt","title":"Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix"},{"id":"18292728","text":"Philip Somerville Philip Douglas Frank Somerville (12 February 1930 – 14 September 2014) was an English milliner – partly trained in Auckland – who had a salon in London. He is widely known for hats worn by the Queen – from whom he held a Royal Warrant – and Diana, Princess of Wales. He also created headgear worn by two James Bond villainesses. His obituary in \"The Sunday Times\" said of his influence on Princess Diana's fashion sense: \"he helped to mould her style – and with it the country's taste in hats\". The son of a shoe repairer, Philip","title":"Philip Somerville"},{"id":"13184353","text":"Archduke Ferdinand was shot dead by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. On 31 October 1984 in New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister I. Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards. Almost 7 years later, her son R. Gandhi was killed by a Tamil suicide bomber. On 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas, US President Kennedy was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Infamous Assassinations Infamous Assassinations was a 2007 British documentary television series about high-profile murders and attempted murders of public figures. The series was narrated by actor Robert Powell. It is currently being shown on Yesterday. On 1 July 1934","title":"Infamous Assassinations"},{"id":"10250802","text":"went to bed early. She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. She died in her infamous style, announcing: \"You see, this is how you die.\" Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his","title":"Coco Chanel"},{"id":"10751154","text":"Sawalha as Mohamed Al-Fayed, and Carlo Ferrante as Henri Paul, the driver of the car in which he, Diana, and Dodi were killed during a high-speed escape from paparazzi through the streets of Paris. The Halton House in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, UK, served as the backdrop for scenes taking place at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Other film locations included Hertfordshire, Paris (including the Pont de l'Alma Tunnel in which the car crashed) and Cannes. Diana: Last Days of a Princess Diana: Last Days of a Princess is a television movie broadcast in the United States by TLC on 12 August 2007","title":"Diana: Last Days of a Princess"},{"id":"15517886","text":"same for both sexes. It consisted of sandals of leatherwork, or for the priestly class, papyrus. Since Egyptians were usually barefoot, sandals were worn on special occasions or at times when their feet might get hurt. Clothing in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian clothes refers to clothing worn in ancient Egypt from the end of the Neolithic period (prior to 3100 BC) to the collapse of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Egyptian clothing was filled with a variety of colors. Adorned with precious gems and jewels, the fashions of the ancient Egyptians were made for","title":"Clothing in ancient Egypt"},{"id":"15427327","text":"she was the means of bringing happiness to people in straitened circumstances.\" On 11 October 1940, several Messerschmitts were being chased over Kent in daylight by British fighter planes. The Messerschmitts dropped three bombs on six shops in Burgate, close to Canterbury Cathedral. At least six people were killed and more were injured; it took two days to dig out the dead from the debris. A furrier's received a direct hit, and Cissie was killed instantly while shopping for a fur rug as a wedding or birthday gift. She was identified by her jewellery, said to be a gift from","title":"Lydia Cecilia Hill"},{"id":"12659856","text":"Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. Regardless of these two incidents, it did not affect her from booking more runways shows. Kershaw was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of \"V magazine's\" Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the \"Pink Planet\" segment. Kershaw has","title":"Abbey Lee"},{"id":"1750539","text":"a leader of fashion, continually importing clothes from France. She often wore parti-coloured cottes (a type of tunic), gold or silver girdles into which a dagger was casually thrust, she favoured red silk damask, and decorations of gilt quatrefoil, and to cover her dark hair she wore jaunty pillbox caps. Eleanor introduced a new type of wimple to England, which was high, \"into which the head receded until the face seemed like a flower in an enveloping spathe\". She had developed a love for the songs of the troubadors as a child, and continued this interest. She bought many romantic","title":"Eleanor of Provence"},{"id":"19016514","text":"Brittania Sportswear Ltd Brittania Sportswear Ltd was a Wyomissing, PA-based clothing company best known for women's jeans in the 1970s and 1980s. It is not to be confused with Britannia Clothing Company, a United Kingdom clothing company. Brittania Sportswear was launched in 1973 by Walter Schoenfeld in Seattle, WA It once reached sales of $300 million a year and was the country's top-selling blue jean. It plummeted into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1983 because of management problems and changes in fashion tastes. The company was eventually purchased in 1987 by Levi Strauss & Co.. It was sold to VF","title":"Brittania Sportswear Ltd"},{"id":"7731187","text":"the visard developed into a design without a mouth hole, the \"moretta\", and was gripped with a button between the teeth rather than a bead. The mask's prevention of speech was deliberate, intended to heighten the mystery of a masked woman even further. Visard A visard (also spelled vizard) is an oval mask of black velvet, worn by travelling women in the 16th century to protect their skin from sunburn. It was not held to the head by a fastening, but rather the wearer would clasp a bead attached to the interior of the mask between their teeth. The fashion","title":"Visard"},{"id":"1567912","text":"for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the \"toga pulla\", made of dark-colored wool, was worn during mourning. Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, distinctive mourning was worn for general as well as personal loss; after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in France, Elizabeth I of England and her court are said to have dressed in full mourning to receive the French Ambassador. Women in mourning and widows wore distinctive black caps and veils, generally in a conservative version of the current fashion. In areas of Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Mexico, Portugal,","title":"Mourning"},{"id":"9057807","text":"the main building. Bin Laden was \"wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a \"kurta paijama\"\", which were later found to have €500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric. Bin Laden peered through his bedroom door at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into the room as the lead SEAL fired a shot or shots at him. Reports differ, though agree eventually he was hit by shots to the body and head. The initial shots either missed, hit him in the side, or hit him in the head. Robert J. O'Neill (U.S. Navy","title":"Death of Osama bin Laden"},{"id":"5343361","text":"academic hood is worn around the shoulders and down the back, along with a black tippet or scarf worn around the nape and hanging straight down in front. The hood and tippet were once a single garment called an almuce. (The tippet is not to be confused with the stole, which is also worn in a similar manner, but is not part of choir dress, being worn at the Eucharist and other sacramental services.) Some clergy also wear Geneva bands (or \"preaching tabs\") from their collars. Though not worn at service-time, the Canterbury cap is the traditional headgear of Church","title":"Choir dress"},{"id":"1398348","text":"part of Augustin Daly's theater company in New York, but she soon became disillusioned with the form and craved a different environment with less of a hierarchy. Her father, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS \"Mohegan\" ran aground off the coast of Cornwall. Duncan began her dancing career at a very early age by giving lessons in her home to neighbourhood children, and this continued through her teenage years. Her novel approach to dance was evident in these early classes, in which she \"followed [her] fantasy and improvised, teaching","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"8412460","text":"a piece designed by the Irish milliner Philip Treacy. The unusual shape and colour caused quite a media stir and went on to become an internet phenomenon with its own Facebook page. Princess Beatrice used the publicity to auction it off on eBay, where it garnered 99,000 euros for charity. In 2012 Royal Ascot announced that women will have to wear hats, not fascinators, as part of a tightening of the dress code in Royal Ascot's Royal Enclosure. In previous years female racegoers were simply advised that \"many ladies wear hats.\" The term hatinator, which emerged in the early 2010s,","title":"Fascinator"},{"id":"17792434","text":"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:","title":"Timeline of women's education"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1398368\",\n \"text\": \"considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \\\"The New York Times\\\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \\\"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\\\" \\\"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3488171\",\n \"text\": \"motor show was cancelled and the launch was postponed – as matters turned out indefinitely – due to the intervention of war which France (and Britain) declared against Germany in early September 1939. Production of the Amilcar was not resumed after World War II. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398346\",\n \"text\": \"Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Born in California, she lived in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50, when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was riding. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398369\",\n \"text\": \"an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed by the force of her fall to the stone pavement.\\\" Other sources noted that she was almost decapitated by the sudden tightening of the scarf around her neck. The accident gave rise to Gertrude Stein's mordant remark that \\\"affectations can be dangerous\\\". At the time of her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen. Her will was the first of a Soviet citizen's to be probated in the U.S. Duncan was cremated, and her ashes were placed next to those of her children in the columbarium\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1925140\",\n \"text\": \"arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote \\\"The Age of Innocence\\\" (1920) at a villa near Hyères, winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel (the first woman to do so). Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo – eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\" and began \\\"Tender is\",\n \"title\": \"French Riviera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8931658\",\n \"text\": \"by Lefebvre, it started from Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad). 4,700 of the CGS and CGSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS.\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar CGSS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2907544\",\n \"text\": \"after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, \\\"The Miserable Mill\\\", Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book \\\"1984\\\" in 1948, and in the sixth book, \\\"The Ersatz Elevator\\\", it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David \\\"J. D.\\\" Salinger and his short story \\\"For Esmé –\",\n \"title\": \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1711700\",\n \"text\": \"Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her. Isadora Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical film which tells the story of celebrated American dancer Isadora Duncan. It stars Vanessa Redgrave, James Fox, and Jason Robards. The film was adapted by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton from the books \\\"My Life\\\" by Isadora and\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8931657\",\n \"text\": \"Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS. Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, died in a CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels. The 1,074 cc four-cylinder engine from the CGS was fitted but in a slightly higher state of tune delivering . It was also available with a Cozette supercharger for those who needed more power. Thus equipped, a CGSS won the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally. Driven\",\n \"title\": \"Amilcar CGSS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398361\",\n \"text\": \"title of the creator of modern dance. In both professional and private life, Duncan flouted traditional mores and morality. She was bisexual and an atheist, and alluded to her communism during her last United States tour, in 1922–23: she waved a red scarf and bared her breast on stage in Boston, proclaiming, \\\"This is red! So am I!\\\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398374\",\n \"text\": \"is also the subject of Amelia Gray's novel \\\"Isadora\\\" (2017). Two characters in the \\\"A Series of Unfortunate Events\\\" series of novels are named after her, Isadora Quagmire and Duncan Quagmire. Among the films featuring Duncan are: Ballets based on Duncan include: On the theatre stage, Duncan is portrayed in: Duncan is featured in music in: In the poem \\\"Fever 103\\\" by Sylvia Plath, the speaker alludes to Isadora's scarves. Archival collections Other Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398373\",\n \"text\": \"having San Francisco rename an alley on the same block from Adelaide Place to Isadora Duncan Lane. In medicine, the Isadora Duncan Syndrome refers to injury or death consequent to entanglement of neckwear with a wheel or other machinery. Duncan has attracted literary and artistic attention from the 1920s to the present, in novels, film, ballet, theatre, music, and poetry. Duncan has been portrayed in novels including Aleister Crowley's \\\"Moonchild\\\" (as 'Lavinia King'), published in 1923, and Upton Sinclair's \\\"World's End\\\" (1940) and \\\"Between Two Worlds\\\" (1941), the first two novels in his Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. She\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10129125\",\n \"text\": \"was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. The extravagances of the Parisian couturiers came in a variety of shapes, but the most popular silhouette throughout the decade was the tunic over a long underskirt. Early\",\n \"title\": \"1910s in Western fashion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398366\",\n \"text\": \"how memorable it was, but what Zelda recalled was that while all eyes were watching Duncan, Zelda was able to steal the salt and pepper shakers from the table. In his book \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\", Sewell Stokes, who met Duncan in the last years of her life, describes her extravagant waywardness. Duncan's autobiography \\\"My Life\\\" was published in 1927. The Australian composer Percy Grainger called Isadora's autobiography a \\\"life-enriching masterpiece.\\\" On the night of September 14, 1927, in Nice, France, Duncan was a passenger in an Amilcar CGSS automobile owned by Benoît Falchetto, a French-Italian mechanic. She wore a\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398367\",\n \"text\": \"long, flowing, hand-painted silk scarf, created by the Russian-born artist Roman Chatov, a gift from her friend Mary Desti, the mother of American film director Preston Sturges. Desti, who saw Duncan off, had asked her to wear a cape in the open-air vehicle because of the cold weather, but she would only agree to wear the scarf. As they departed, she reportedly said to Desti and some companions, \\\"\\\" (\\\"Farewell, my friends. I go to glory!\\\"); but according to the American novelist Glenway Wescott, Desti later told him that Duncan's actual parting words were, (\\\"I am off to love\\\"). Desti\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9157191\",\n \"text\": \"that undulated with color. Each garment was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. Changes in dress during World War I were dictated more by necessity than fashion. As more and more women were forced to\",\n \"title\": \"History of fashion design\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15163168\",\n \"text\": \"Jose Clara The front of the base is inscribed: The name of William Henry Schuetze is misspelled on the monument. Clara was a Spanish sculptor, born in Olot in 1878, who died in Barcelona in 1958. After studying fine art in Toulouse, he met Auguste Rodin during a visit to Paris which led to him deciding to become a sculptor. A student of Barrias Louse-Ernest, his primary model was Isadora Duncan until her death in 1927. With worldwide recognition, he worked and lived the rest of his life in Barcelona. \\\"Serenity\\\" was bought by Charles Deering at the Paris Exhibition\",\n \"title\": \"Serenity (Clara)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368632\",\n \"text\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by Sewell Stokes and Russell. It starred Vivian Pickles and Peter Bowles. The film is a biopic of American dancer Isadora Duncan. Sewell Stokes became friendly with the dancer towards the very end of her life when she was penniless and alone. In 1928 he wrote a memoir of his conversations with\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1923110\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Tonight or Never\\\" which had recently been made into a motion picture. Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem \\\"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\\\" (ll.30–2): Whaur's Isadora Duncan dancin nou, Is Mary Garden in Chicago still And Duncan Grant in Paris – and me fou? Allen Ginsberg contrasts the relative silence surrounding Garden's death with the uproar caused by the death of Jack Ruby in \\\"Bayonne Turnpike to Tuscarora,\\\" from the 1973 award-winning collection \\\"The Fall of America\\\": Mary Garden dead in Aberdeen, New Years' 1967\",\n \"title\": \"Mary Garden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398359\",\n \"text\": \"expression of the human spirit through the medium of the body's movement.\\\" She believed dance was meant to encircle all that life had to offer—joy and sadness. Duncan took inspiration from ancient Greece and combined it with an American love of freedom. Her movement was feminine and arose from the deepest feelings in her body. This is exemplified in her revolutionary costume of a white Greek tunic and bare feet. Inspired by Greek forms, her tunics also allowed a freedom of movement that corseted ballet costumes and pointe shoes did not. Costumes were not the only inspiration Duncan took from\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368634\",\n \"text\": \"choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\\\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14756495\",\n \"text\": \"Léocadia Léocadia (Time Remembered) is a play by Jean Anouilh that premiered at the Théâtre de la Michodière in Paris on 2 December 1940. It is one of Anouilh's \\\"Pièces roses\\\", together with \\\"Humulus le muet\\\" (1932), \\\"Le Bal des voleurs\\\" (1938), and \\\"\\\" (1941). For the occasion, Francis Poulenc composed one of his most celebrated songs, \\\"Les Chemins de l'amour\\\", sung by Yvonne Printemps. \\\"Léocadia\\\" tells the story of a young prince madly in love with a Romanian opera singer, Léocadia Gardi. The young man only knew her for three days: like Isadora Duncan, she died strangled by her\",\n \"title\": \"Léocadia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2536089\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Blue Bloods\\\" TV series 2015 episode \\\"The Bullitt Mustang\\\" centers around the reported theft of one of the Mustangs used in the film, valued at a half million dollars, a case which detectives Danny Reagan and Maria Baez pick up. Several items of clothing worn by McQueen's Bullitt received a boost in popularity thanks to the film: desert boots, a trench coat, a blue turtleneck sweater and, most famously, a brown tweed jacket with elbow patches. The last remaining Charger and one of the two Mustangs were scrapped after filming because of damage and liability concerns, while the other was\",\n \"title\": \"Bullitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15964123\",\n \"text\": \"well as antique Chinese drum, a diminutive Balinese door made into a distinctive table, Cuban furniture, and his Asmat art from expeditions to New Guinea, once considered the largest private collection. The item that got the most attention since Dobronyi's death was the 40-something-year old underwear of Queen Elizabeth II. The \\\"Miami Herald\\\" reports that the story of the Royal panties has circled the web and print magazines, after their sale was first reported by celebrity news website \\\"TMZ.com\\\". Louis F. Cruz who markets and manages the estate sale, believes that the Queen's undergarments are authentic. As the story goes,\",\n \"title\": \"Sepy Dobronyi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398364\",\n \"text\": \"returned to Moscow. Two years later, on December 28, 1925, Yesenin was found dead in his room in the Hotel Angleterre in St Petersburg in an apparent suicide. Duncan had a relationship with the poet and playwright Mercedes de Acosta, as documented in numerous revealing letters they wrote to each other. In one, Duncan wrote, \\\"Mercedes, lead me with your little strong hands and I will follow you – to the top of a mountain. To the end of the world. Wherever you wish.\\\" By the late 1920s, Duncan's performing career had dwindled, and she became as notorious for her\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2723141\",\n \"text\": \"the neck of the garment when not in use. The Inuit peoples of the Arctic are expert clothing manufacturers, and the women's anorak, technically called an \\\"amauti\\\", features a large hood used to shelter an infant on its mother's back. In Japan hoods covered with chainmail or armour plates were worn by samurai warriors and their retainers. Scuba divers who dive in cold water often wear neoprene hoods for thermal insulation. They cover the whole head and neck except the face. A hood is a component of academic dress that is an often bright and decorative garment worn over a\",\n \"title\": \"Hood (headgear)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2741922\",\n \"text\": \"Levi Strauss heir Bill Goldman died in a private plane crash near Sonoma, California. In 2017, Levi Strauss & Co. released a \\\"smart jacket\\\", an apparel they developed in partnership with Google. After two years of collaboration, the result was a denim jacket set at $350. In 2020, Levi Strauss & Co. are expected to have completely replaced chemical usage to lasers in order to cut and design ripped parts of jeans. Levi's has been worn by people from all walks of life, from miners to Nobel Prize recipients including Albert Einstein himself, whose famous leather jacket was made by\",\n \"title\": \"Levi Strauss & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567920\",\n \"text\": \"In the later interbellum period between World War I and World War II, as the frock coat became increasingly rare, the mourning suit consisted of a black morning coat with black trousers and waistcoat, essentially a black version of the morning suit worn to weddings and other occasions, which would normally include coloured waistcoats and striped or checked trousers. Formal mourning culminated during the reign of Queen Victoria, whose long and conspicuous grief over the death of her husband, Prince Albert, may have had much to do with it. Although fashions began to be more functional and less restrictive for\",\n \"title\": \"Mourning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12997333\",\n \"text\": \"of the Prince of Wales and the pink hat with 25 fabric bells that the Queen wore to mark her Silver Jubilee at a thanksgiving service at St Paul's Cathedral. The prototype for the Queen's Silver Jubilee hat is in the collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. In 2003 several Mirman hats were displayed alongside clothes worn by the Queen in an exhibition at the Kensington Palace State Apartments. Simone Mirman retired in 1990 and returned to France, where she took up oil painting as a hobby until losing her eyesight. She died in 2008 at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Simone Mirman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2401659\",\n \"text\": \"shows previewing Spring/Summer 1999, where a single model, Shalom Harlow, graced the runway in a strapless white dress, before being rotated slowly on a revolving section of the catwalk whilst being sprayed with paint by two robotic guns. Givenchy designs released by Vogue Patterns during this period may be credited to the late designer. McQueen received press attention after the May 2007 suicide of international style icon Isabella Blow. Rumours were published that there was a rift between McQueen and Blow at the time of her death, focusing on McQueen's under-appreciation of Blow. In response to these rumours, McQueen told\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander McQueen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19239232\",\n \"text\": \"The Dancer (2016 film) The Dancer (in French: La Danseuse) is a 2016 French biographical historical drama film directed and written by Stéphanie Di Giusto and co-written by Thomas Bidegain and Sarah Thiebaud, based on the novel by Giovanni Lista. The film stars Soko, Gaspard Ulliel, Mélanie Thierry, Lily-Rose Depp, François Damiens, Louis Garrel and William Houston. It was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Wild Bunch sold the international rights of the film \\\"The Dancer\\\", about the legendary dancer Loie Fuller and her peer Isadora Duncan. Stéphanie Di Giusto would make her\",\n \"title\": \"The Dancer (2016 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973389\",\n \"text\": \"1973 version, \\\"Goodbye Norma Jean, though I never knew you at all,\\\" were adapted to \\\"Goodbye England's rose, may you ever grow in our hearts.\\\" Most of the lyrics were adapted to suit the circumstances of Diana's life and death. On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales, died in a car crash in Paris, France. The news shocked Elton John, as he and the Princess had been very good friends. Earlier in the summer, he had also lost another good friend, fashion designer Gianni Versace. Pictures depicting Diana appearing to console a distraught John at Versace's funeral were featured\",\n \"title\": \"Candle in the Wind 1997\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16144737\",\n \"text\": \"it, and that while doing so, caused lit embers of pipe tobacco to land on Jeannie's clothing. Nickell suggests this is even more likely, because at the time of the fire, the kitchen window and door were open, causing a cross breeze. Pipe embers, carried by the breeze and then landing on Saffin's flammable nylon clothing, would easily catch fire and cause the severe burns found on Saffin's body at autopsy. Death of Jeannie Saffin Jeanne Lucille Saffin (20 March 1921 – 23 September 1982) was a British woman whose death from fire in 1982 is cited by paranormal researchers\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Jeannie Saffin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9392056\",\n \"text\": \"being strangled before the fire was lit. Finally the \\\"Sambenito\\\" featured red saltires, whose wearer was only to do penance. Eventually all three types of tunics became known as \\\"sambenito\\\"; a conical cap, denominated \\\"coroza\\\" (and \\\"capirote\\\"), of the same material and motifs as the corresponding \\\"sambenito\\\", would also be worn. The heretics, found guilty by the inquisitors, had to walk in the procession wearing the \\\"sambenito\\\" as a Shirt of Flame, the \\\"coroza\\\", the rope around the neck, the rosary, and in their hands a yellow or green wax candle. Originally the penitential garments were hung up in the\",\n \"title\": \"Sanbenito\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20488878\",\n \"text\": \"Paris Singer Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932) was an early resident of Palm Beach, Florida. He was 22nd of the 24 children of inventor and industrialist Isaac Singer, from whom he inherited money; he has been described as a \\\"man of luxury.\\\" He married Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\\\"Lillie\\\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951), who bore him 5 children. He had a tempestuous romance with famous dancer Isadora Duncan, whose career he helped, and with whom he had another son, Patrick (born 1910, drowned 1913). Singer\",\n \"title\": \"Paris Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2231033\",\n \"text\": \"Henri Paul Henri Paul (3 July 1956 – 31 August 1997) was the driver of the Mercedes S280 in which Diana, Princess of Wales, died on 31 August 1997. As Deputy Head of Security at the Hôtel Ritz Paris, Paul had been off duty that evening but was called back to drive Diana and Dodi Fayed to their apartment. The car crashed at high speed in the Pont de l'Alma tunnel, with only bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones surviving. There have been many conspiracy theories surrounding the car crash. British and French police investigations put the blame largely on Paul for being\",\n \"title\": \"Henri Paul\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3235628\",\n \"text\": \"Pink gravel, guard houses and period vehicles were used to recreate the royal courtyard. The 1968 film \\\"Isadora\\\" starring Vanessa Redgrave and telling the life story of the dancer Isadora Duncan also used Oldway Mansion as one of its locations. On 21 December 2005, the ballroom at Oldway Mansion was the location for Devon's first civil partnership. The registration was officially witnessed by the Mayor of Torbay and his dignitaries. Notes Citations Sources Oldway Mansion Oldway Mansion is a large house and gardens in Paignton, Devon, England. It was built as a private residence for Isaac Merritt Singer (1811–1875), and\",\n \"title\": \"Oldway Mansion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398354\",\n \"text\": \"magical name of 'Soror Virakam'; she also co-edited four numbers of Crowley's journal \\\"The Equinox\\\", and contributed several collaborative plays to the journal. Desti wrote a memoir of her experiences with Duncan that includes some autobiographical material. In 1911, the French fashion designer Paul Poiret rented a mansion—Pavillon du Butard in La Celle-Saint-Cloud—and threw lavish parties, including one of the more famous \\\"grandes fêtes\\\", \\\"La fête de Bacchus\\\" on June 20, 1912, re-creating the Bacchanalia hosted by Louis XIV at Versailles. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Greek evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests; 900 bottles of\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14630513\",\n \"text\": \"of her name from “Amy” to “Aimée”, and moved her children to an estate in Paris dubbed “The House of Fantasy.” Crocker would live for the next 27 years in the City of Lights, throwing sensational and neurotic parties and housing young artists and exiled Russian nobles. She took Paris by storm after making a splash at a fantastic party thrown by Paul Poiret, a leading French fashion designer and a master couturier. She later lived in an artist colony at Hôtel Biron along with luminaries such as Henri Matisse, Auguste Rodin, Jean Cocteau and Isadora Duncan. After Gouraud's death,\",\n \"title\": \"Aimée Crocker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9757198\",\n \"text\": \"the museum in Sheffield. Despite having been born only two years prior to the founding the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, stylistically Hallé was firmly aligned with the aesthetic of that group. Charles Hallé is mentioned very fondly by Isadora Duncan in her book titled \\\"My Life' published in 1927, the year of her death. She describes the activities she and Charles enjoyed together in Paris, long strolls, trips to the countryside, gallery tramping and dining. She said, \\\"I danced for him in the forest and he made sketches of me.\\\" (see \\\"Americans in Paris: A Literary Anthology\\\", 2004, by Adam Gopnik, editor).\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Edward Hallé\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2917622\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Isadora Diamond\\\" named after Isadora Duncan. The 80-carat yellow diamond in the necklace was designed by Harry Winston and is worth $6 million. \\\"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\\\" received mixed reviews from critics. Metacritic gave the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \\\"mixed or average reviews\\\". Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 42%, based on 149 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads:\\\"Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson are charming together, but they can't overcome \\\"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\\\"' silly\",\n \"title\": \"How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398362\",\n \"text\": \"Isaac Singer. Both children drowned in the care of their nanny in 1913 when their runaway car went into the Seine. Following the accident, Duncan spent several months recuperating in Corfu with her brother and sister. She then spent several weeks at the Viareggio seaside resort with the actress Eleonora Duse. The fact that Duse had just left a relationship with the rebellious and epicene young feminist Lina Poletti fueled speculation as to the nature of Duncan and Duse's relationship, but there has never been any indication that the two were involved romantically. In her autobiography, Duncan relates that she\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4399918\",\n \"text\": \"Men's Health Crisis to find a funeral home. In a rare moment of levity, Lisa and Willy stumble across a slinky red dress in Sean's closet and consider giving it to the undertaker. \\\"What could they say\\\", asks Willy, \\\"if we said we knew him and we knew that's the way he wanted to be remembered?\\\" Ultimately they decide against it, since \\\"it needs a hat. A big Bea Lillie thing!\\\" The four go to a Chinese restaurant to write Sean's obituary and include David as his \\\"longtime companion\\\". David has died in his sleep, and this is the day\",\n \"title\": \"Longtime Companion\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9356890\",\n \"text\": \"job in 1918 was as a book reviewer and gossip writer with \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" in London. Three years later, he became assistant editor for \\\"T.P.'s Weekly\\\", a radical newspaper founded in 1902 by the Irish journalist and member of parliament Thomas Power O'Connor. The author became friendly with the American dancer Isadora Duncan towards the very end of her life, when she was penniless and alone, and in 1928, shortly after her death, wrote a memoir of his conversations with her entitled \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\". Years later, he co-wrote the film script for the BBC TV film, Isadora\",\n \"title\": \"Sewell Stokes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1595130\",\n \"text\": \"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \\\"white collection\\\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Treacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"308666\",\n \"text\": \"at the waistline. Earrings (\\\"zaricillos\\\") are usually gold or coral. Slippers usually match the color of the \\\"pollera\\\". Hair is usually worn in a bun, held by three large gold combs that have pearls (\\\"tembleques\\\") worn like a crown. Quality \\\"pollera\\\" can cost up to $10,000, and may take a year to complete. Today, there are different types of \\\"polleras\\\"; the \\\"pollera de gala\\\" consists of a short-sleeved ruffle skirt blouse, two full-length skirts and a petticoat. Girls wear \\\"tembleques\\\" in their hair. Gold coins and jewelry are added to the outfit. The \\\"pollera montuna\\\" is a daily dress, with\",\n \"title\": \"Panama\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1711696\",\n \"text\": \"In 1927, Isadora Duncan has become a legend as the innovator of modern dance, a temperamental bohemian, and an outspoken advocate of free love. Now past 40, she lives in poverty in a small hotel on the French Riviera with her companion Mary Estelle Dempsey/Mary Desti (named only as Mary in the film) and her secretary Roger, to whom she is dictating her memoirs. As a young girl in California, Isadora first demonstrates her disdain for accepted social standards by burning her parents' marriage certificate and pledging her dedication to the pursuit of art and beauty. In 1896, she performs\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1555127\",\n \"text\": \"1888 to French aristocrat Jean, Duc Decazes et de Glücksbierg. Son Paris Eugene Singer (b. Paris, 20 February 1867; d. London, 24 June 1932), was married to Cecilia Henrietta Augusta (\\\"Lillie\\\") Graham (b. Perth Australia, 6 June 1867; d. Paignton, 7 March 1951). Singer Island, Florida, was named for him. He was a close friend of the Palm Beach architect Addison Mizner. Paris had a son with Isadora Duncan, Patrick Singer, who died in 1913 in a drowning accident while a small child. Grandchildren include Daisy Fellowes, Mortimer Merritt Singer (b. New York City, ~1870; d. New York City ~1960,\",\n \"title\": \"Isaac Singer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7608625\",\n \"text\": \"events that followed it. Diana's death helped BBC News officials realise how important online news services were becoming, and a full online news service was launched on 4 November that year, alongside the launch of the BBC's rolling news channel BBC News 24 on 9 November. Death of Diana, Princess of Wales On 31 August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales died as a result of injuries sustained in a car crash in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris, France. Her companion, Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the Mercedes S280, Henri Paul, were pronounced dead at the scene.\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Diana, Princess of Wales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12933028\",\n \"text\": \"Recovery: five Norman Rockwell paintings worth $1 million from a farmhouse in Brazil. Looting of the Royal Tomb of the Lord of Sipán in Peru. Recovery: extremely rare 2,000-year-old golden Pre-Columbian piece of body armor known as a backflap, which was worn as battle-armor and rank-decoration by warrior-priests of the Moche civilization. The gold, copper, and silver backflap was recovered in October 1997 by FBI agents in a sting operation after it was offered for sale at $1.6 million. Recovery of Native American Apache medicine man Geronimo's eagle feather war bonnet valued at $1.2 million. Theft from the U.S. Naval\",\n \"title\": \"Robert King Wittman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17018049\",\n \"text\": \"Fauconnet (1882-1920) designed the invitation. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Hellenic evening gown designed by Poiret, danced on tables among 300 guests and 900 bottles of champagne were consumed until the first light of day. Isadora Duncan, a girl from California said to have posed for Eadweard Muybridge, placed an emphasis on \\\"evolutionary\\\" dance motion, insisting that each movement was born from the one that preceded it, that each movement gave rise to the next, and so on in organic succession. Her dancing defined the force of progress, change, abstraction and liberation. In France too Duncan delighted her audience. André Dunoyer\",\n \"title\": \"Dancer in a Café\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7758951\",\n \"text\": \"N'a Rien Perdu De Son Charme Ni Le Jardin De Son Éclat\\\", a work by French ballet legend Maurice Béjart which draws upon the AIDS crisis and the deaths of Freddie Mercury and the company's principal dancer Jorge Donn. Later in 1997, two close friends died: designer Gianni Versace was murdered; and Diana, Princess of Wales died in a Paris car crash on 31 August. In early September, he contacted his writing partner Bernie Taupin, asking him to revise the lyrics of his 1973 song \\\"Candle in the Wind\\\" to honour Diana, and Taupin rewrote the song accordingly. On 6\",\n \"title\": \"Elton John\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12727491\",\n \"text\": \"Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during the November 2008\",\n \"title\": \"Loumia Hiridjee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675903\",\n \"text\": \"and give the story a vivid sense of verisimilitude. The film won the Grand Award for Best Feature Film at the 1961 Mar del Plata International Film Festival. He later produced Anderson's \\\"This Sporting Life\\\" (1963) and directed \\\"Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment\\\" (1966) adapted by David Mercer from his 1962 television play. \\\"Isadora\\\" (1968), a biography of dancer Isadora Duncan, with a screenplay by Melvyn Bragg starred Vanessa Redgrave. In the following decade he made \\\"The Gambler\\\" (1974) and \\\"Who'll Stop the Rain\\\" (1978). \\\"The French Lieutenant's Woman\\\" (1981) was probably the most successful of his later\",\n \"title\": \"Karel Reisz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"307748\",\n \"text\": \"meaning \\\"Polish-styled\\\". The most famous example is the \\\"robe à la polonaise\\\" or simply \\\"Polonaise\\\", a woman's garment with draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat. Another notable example is the Witzchoura, a long mantle with collar and hood, which was possibly introduced by Napoleon's Polish mistress Maria Walewska. Established in 1999, the retail store Reserved is Poland's best clothing store chain, operating over 1,700 retail shops in 19 countries. In 2016 it was announced that Reserved is moving into a former BHS store at Oxford Street in London, one of the most prestigious and busiest shopping\",\n \"title\": \"Poland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2656203\",\n \"text\": \"with several well-known designers, such as the legendary Vivienne Westwood. As a result, in 1984, Westwood asked Cox to design shoes for her \\\"Clint Eastwood\\\" collection. One of the shoes that Cox created incorporated a 4-inch platform that would become the prototype of a 9-inch pair later worn by supermodel Naomi Campbell, when she famously fell during a Westwood fashion show in Paris, France in 1993. In his second year of college Cox designed and handmade fluorescent fringed moccasins for the celebrated Body Map brand of David Holah and Stevie Stewart. Cox used to date Canadian journalist, entrepreneur, and magazine\",\n \"title\": \"Patrick Cox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9157241\",\n \"text\": \"flounced skirts and high-necked blouses in traditional floral prints, worn with crocheted shawls. Laura Ashley started out running a small business in Wales in the mid-1960s and the company continued to expand until the accidental death of its owner in 1985. Laura Ashley was not the only designer to look nostalgically to the past. Fashions based on the 1920s, 30s, 40s, and 50s were popular throughout much of the decade, with Hollywood films like \\\"The Godfather\\\" and \\\"The Great Gatsby\\\", and numerous exhibitions on costume history at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York increasing their popularity. In Japan,\",\n \"title\": \"History of fashion design\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9990928\",\n \"text\": \"clothing took on symbolic meaning for later generations. Roman armour, particularly the muscle cuirass, has symbolized amazing power. In Europe during the Renaissance (15th and 16th centuries CE), painters and sculptors sometimes depicted rulers wearing pseudo-Roman military attire, including the cuirass, military cloak, and sandals. Later, during the French Revolution, an effort was made to dress officials in uniforms based on the Roman toga, to symbolize the importance of citizenship to a republic. Adopted by the rank and file revolutionaries, the 18th-century CE liberty cap, a brimless, limp cap fitting snugly around the head, was based on a bonnet worn\",\n \"title\": \"Clothing in the ancient world\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9368633\",\n \"text\": \"her, shortly after her death, entitled \\\"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\\\". Two years after the first broadcast of the TV film, Vanessa Redgrave played the role of Isadora Duncan in the big-screen biopic \\\"Isadora\\\". Russell's biographer Joseph Lanza believes that \\\"of all his television work, \\\"Isadora\\\" is his most accomplished\\\". It explores his \\\"ongoing theme of art being a thing of both glory and vulgarity\\\" Bill Gibron from DVD Talk gave the film a very good review and stated: \\\"Herself trained as a dancer, Pickles lights up the screen when she's onstage, Duncan's inflated ego disappearing into a series of carefully\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15878240\",\n \"text\": \"and After\\\". David Weiss died on November 29, 2002 at a La Jolla Hospital. The cause was thrombophlebitis and complications from a fall. He was 93. In 1953 Weiss published his first novel, \\\"The Guilt Makers\\\", which won the $5,000 Frieder Literary Award for best novel on a Jewish theme published in America. This was followed in 1959 by \\\"The Spirit and the Flesh\\\" (inspired by the life of the dancer Isadora Duncan) and his most successful book \\\"Naked Came I\\\" in 1963. Although he wrote plays and a couple of contemporary set novels, Weiss’s speciality was biographical fiction –\",\n \"title\": \"David Weiss (novelist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18705454\",\n \"text\": \"whip used in the 1981, 1984, and 1989 \\\"Indiana Jones\\\" movies, and Leonardo DiCaprio's \\\"Jack Dawson\\\" \\\"King of The World\\\" coat from \\\"Titanic\\\". In July 2013, the auction house presented a collection of Lucille Ball memorabilia as part of their second of two Drier Collection auctions. Ball's signature \\\"Lucy Ricardo\\\" polka dot dress designed by Elois Jenssen for the \\\"I Love Lucy\\\" television series secured $168,000.00, greatly exceeding its $60,000.00 projected pre-auction estimate. On June 18, 2011, Profiles in History launched the first of a series of auctions of Debbie Reynolds' collection of Hollywood memorabilia. In June 2011 the auction\",\n \"title\": \"Profiles in History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599316\",\n \"text\": \"been considered collectors items since the start of the 1990s, especially those designed by Clark/Birtwell. Pattie Boyd invoked the designer in a 2007 \\\"Daily Mail\\\" interview, when speaking of her and her then-husband George Harrison's darker days: \\\"at times I felt almost suicidal. I don't think I was ever in any real danger of killing myself but I got as far as working out how I would do it: put on a diaphanous Ossie Clark dress and throw myself off Beachy Head.\\\" Ossie Clark Raymond \\\"Ossie\\\" Clark (9 June 1942 – 6 August 1996) was an English fashion designer who\",\n \"title\": \"Ossie Clark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4055367\",\n \"text\": \"the Crown Jewels were recovered eventually. Sancy Diamond was found in Russia at Vasily Rudanovsky collection. The Royal French Blue is believed to have been recut, and it is now known as the Hope Diamond. The Hope is famously alleged to have been surrounded by bad luck. Marie Antoinette who supposedly wore it was beheaded (in fact, it was actually worn by her husband, Louis XVI, although he too was beheaded). Other owners and their families experienced suicides, marriage break-ups, bankruptcy, deaths in car crashes, falls off cliffs, revolutions, mental breakdowns, and deaths through drug overdoses. It was even tangentially\",\n \"title\": \"French Crown Jewels\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3106187\",\n \"text\": \"her to New York City in his place when he'd been invited for a long-term visit to design for Broadway in 1917/18 and was infuriated that she'd become an independent couturier upon her return to Paris.) His friend Elsa Schiaparelli prevented his name from encountering complete oblivion, and it was Schiaparelli who paid for his burial. Though perhaps best known for freeing women from corsets (although he did not single-handedly accomplish this revolution) and for claiming authorship of the hobble skirt, harem pants, and \\\"lampshade\\\" tunic, Poiret's major contribution to fashion was his development of the dressmaking technique known as\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Poiret\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18346000\",\n \"text\": \"(it caused her to have psychiatric problems). Upon hearing this, Goedele angrily takes a blanket and wraps it around his neck. She then takes the quad-bike and drives his body into the forest. After putting the motorcycle against a tree, and wrapping a scarf she just knitted around his neck and into the spokes of the wheel, she turns on the ignition and opens full throttle: In episode seven we learned Goedele was fascinated by a film about Isadora Duncan. However, the two insurance agents have figured everything out and decide to confront the sisters. Mathias, one of the two\",\n \"title\": \"Clan (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19051498\",\n \"text\": \"not immediately successful. Eventually, whilst sharing a studio with the milliner Philip Treacy, Milner became principally a designer of wedding dresses. Her highest-profile wedding dress was a 1997 beaded lace gown worn by Estelle Skornik as 'Nicole' in the final instalment of the Papa & Nicole advertisements for Renault, which was estimated to have been seem by 23 million viewers. Renault subsequently donated the dress and accessories to the Victoria and Albert Museum. Another of Milner's wedding dresses, an ecclesiastical silk coatdress worn in 1998 by Selina Blow with a huge golden headdress by Treacy, was featured in the Museum's\",\n \"title\": \"Deborah Milner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1474188\",\n \"text\": \"the awards ceremony of the 1968 Summer Olympics. Their actions were intended to symbolize Black Power. They were banned from the Olympics for life as a result of the incident. Yet another of the more infamous episodes involving a leather glove came during the 1995 O.J. Simpson murder case in which Simpson demonstrated that the glove purportedly used in the alleged murder was too small to fit his hand. Western lady's gloves for formal and semi-formal wear come in three lengths: wrist (\\\"matinee\\\"), elbow, and opera or full-length (over the elbow, reaching to the biceps). Satin and stretch satin are\",\n \"title\": \"Glove\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2733364\",\n \"text\": \"with legends of the West, including “Buffalo Bill”, Calamity Jane, Will Rogers, and Annie Oakley. It is said that George Custer rode into the Battle of Little Big Horn wearing a Stetson. Later on, Western movie cowboys were quick to adopt the Stetson; many were drawn to the largest, most flamboyant styles available. Texans were known for their preference for the \\\"Ten Gallon\\\" model. According to Win Blevins' \\\"Dictionary of the American West\\\" (p388), the term \\\"ten-gallon\\\" has nothing to do with the hat's liquid capacity, but derives from the Spanish word \\\"galón\\\" (braid), ten indicating the number of braids\",\n \"title\": \"Stetson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4770912\",\n \"text\": \"Isabella Blow Isabella \\\"Issie\\\" Blow (19 November 1958 – 7 May 2007) was an English magazine editor. The muse of hat designer Philip Treacy, she is credited with discovering the models Stella Tennant and Sophie Dahl as well as the fashion designer Alexander McQueen. Born Isabella Delves Broughton in Marylebone, London, she was the eldest child of Major Sir Evelyn Delves Broughton, a military officer, and his second wife, Helen Mary Shore, a barrister. Sir Evelyn was the only son of Jock Delves Broughton; his sister, Rosamond, married Simon Fraser, 15th Lord Lovat in 1938. Blow had two sisters, Julia\",\n \"title\": \"Isabella Blow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17096083\",\n \"text\": \"generated to pay off their creditors. In statements made to the press, Fisher announced that his mother was \\\"heartbroken\\\" to have to auction off her collection, which was valued at $10.79 million in the bankruptcy filing. The collection was sold in a series of auctions from June to December 2011. On June 18, 2011, Marilyn Monroe's \\\"subway dress\\\", whose skirt is raised by the updraft of a passing subway train in \\\"The Seven Year Itch\\\", sold for $4.6 million, far in excess of pre-auction estimates of $1–2 million. Another Monroe dress, worn in \\\"Gentlemen Prefer Blondes\\\", fetched $1.2 million; it\",\n \"title\": \"Todd Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12727492\",\n \"text\": \"Mumbai terrorist attacks. Loumia Hiridjee Loumia Hiridjee (1 March 1962 – 26 November 2008) was a French businesswoman and co-founder of international lingerie brand \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\". Hiridjee was born in Antananarivo, Madagascar, where she grew up in a family of wealthy Indian traders. In 1972 she joined her sister Sharma at a boarding school in France. In 1985 together they founded the \\\"Princesse Tam Tam\\\" brand (named after a 1935 film starring Josephine Baker). Hiridjee and her husband Mourad Amarsy were dining at the Oberoi Trident hotel in Mumbai, when they were shot and killed by armed attackers during\",\n \"title\": \"Loumia Hiridjee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18768657\",\n \"text\": \"account of abduction and escape, earning the headlines \\\"Cline Believes\\\". The description of the shoes when taken from McPherson was cataloged \\\"uppers showed slight wear and the soles were scuffed; leather in the insteps was bright and bore markings like grass stains.\\\" Cline, however, was quoted as stating to Ryan, \\\"You saw those shoes, the grass stains on the instep, what is so rare as a blade of grass on the desert in June?\\\" Lore developed of there being no grass in the desert and that McPherson's shoes and other garments from her desert trek were in pristine condition. However,\",\n \"title\": \"Reported kidnapping of Aimee Semple McPherson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3304303\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Necrophiliac Springtime\\\", was owned by Schiaparelli; the other two are \\\"The Dream Places A Hand on a Man's Shoulder\\\" and \\\"Three Young Surrealist Women Holding in Their Arms the Skins of an Orchestra\\\". Richard Martin saw the Tears Dress as a \\\"memento mori\\\" produced in response to the Spanish Civil War and the spread of Fascism, declaring that to \\\"tear the dress is to deny its customary decorum and utility, and to question the matter of concealment and revelation in the garment.\\\" He noted that even if the tears in the dress were mere ornament like slashing, the real tears\",\n \"title\": \"Elsa Schiaparelli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2332380\",\n \"text\": \"the slippers in the story were instead made of fur (French: \\\"vair\\\"), but this interpretation has since been discredited by folklorists. Derek \\\"The Slipper Man\\\" Fan holds the Guinness World Records record for wearing a pair of dress slippers for 23 years straight as of June 30, 2007. A pair of ruby slippers worn by Judy Garland in \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\" sold at Christie's in June 1988 for $165,000. The same pair was resold in May 2000 for $666,000. On both occasions they were the most expensive shoes from a film to be sold at auction. \\\"Grandpa's Slippers\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Slipper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9379401\",\n \"text\": \"cornette on 20 September 1964. The modern nurses' cap or bonnet was created following the cornette's appearance and it depicts the humanitarianism of Daughters of Charity in nursing. Cornette A cornette is a piece of female headwear. It is essentially a type of wimple consisting of a large, starched piece of white cloth that is folded upwards in such a way as to create the resemblance of horns () on the wearer's head. It was reported in \\\"The Times\\\" to have been \\\"in fashion among the Ladies of Paris\\\" in 1801, made of muslin or gauze and richly ornamented with\",\n \"title\": \"Cornette\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4070343\",\n \"text\": \"in my brain, and I'm like, 'maybe I should have done a background vocal on that'. And then she comes in and happily does it, right?\\\", Madonna said. Orbit also recalled during an interview with \\\"Q\\\" magazine that Madonna recorded \\\"Swim\\\" the day her friend and fashion designer Gianni Versace was killed in Miami, Florida. He also commented that this is probably why the track has an emotional impact. According to spokesperson Liz Rosenberg, Madonna considered titling the album \\\"Mantra\\\", which she thought was a \\\"really cool title\\\". However, she changed the title to \\\"Ray of Light\\\", as her albums\",\n \"title\": \"Ray of Light\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4833385\",\n \"text\": \"movements but she wore a black sash and carried a black handbag as a variation to the informal black dress code. In March 2018, together with the Countess of Wessex, the Duchess hosted the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange reception at Buckingham Palace during 2018 London Fashion Week. The death of Diana, Princess of Wales, in Paris while being chased by paparazzi in 1997, influenced the Duke's attitude towards the media. The Duchess and her husband have asked that, when off-duty, their privacy should be respected, but the media has not always respected their wishes. In 2009, before her engagement to William,\",\n \"title\": \"Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10250755\",\n \"text\": \"married an English aristocrat, Lady Diana Wyndham in 1918, he did not completely break off with Chanel. He died in a car accident on 21 December 1919. A roadside memorial at the site of Capel's accident is said to have been commissioned by Chanel. Twenty-five years after the event, Chanel, then residing in Switzerland, confided to her friend, Paul Morand, \\\"His death was a terrible blow to me. In losing Capel, I lost everything. What followed was not a life of happiness, I have to say.\\\" Chanel had begun designing hats while living with Balsan, initially as a diversion that\",\n \"title\": \"Coco Chanel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15566968\",\n \"text\": \"wedding to create another copy of the dress. Chinese dressmakers told news reporters they expected to have knock-offs of the dress available one week from the event; one expressed frustration that it was not leaked in advance so that they could have stock prepared earlier. Another suggested a £70 to £90 retail price. The choice of a dress from the fashion house of Alexander McQueen, who had committed suicide in 2010, led Hubert de Givenchy to state \\\"It's a lovely thought, a nice tribute.\\\" The dress along with other items pertaining to the Royal Wedding were exhibited at Buckingham Palace\",\n \"title\": \"Wedding dress of Catherine Middleton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10722025\",\n \"text\": \"years old. Mamie was born on February 12 1900, and she died at the age of 32. According to medical authorities at the time, Mamie Thurman's death resulted from her throat being slashed from ear to ear, after which she was shot twice in the left side of the head. The body was found in a patch of blackberries by a local boy, who then called the authorities. Found alongside the body were one shoe, a diamond engagement ring, and a silver wedding band, which ruled out robbery as the motive for her death. The other shoe and her purse,\",\n \"title\": \"Mamie Thurman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14154565\",\n \"text\": \"an animal skin around the shoulders, a hat made of palm fronds, and huarache sandals. If worn with a pre-Hispanic headdress and jewelry, it is called a traje de apache. A zapador is an outfit with a shirt, a short blue jacket, and red baggy pants and an embroidered apron-like garment. The wearer also has a hat and a mask with mustache and beard. \\\"Turco\\\" (Turkish) dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with a small blue vest, a turban with a peacock feather, and a mask with a mustache and beard. They can also have silk capes embroidered\",\n \"title\": \"Huejotzingo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6767912\",\n \"text\": \"her long, prettily arched neck revealed the bloody spot our eyes always sought in fearful anticipation. It was eternally there--the blood encrusted stab wound that had taken her life. Drops of her blood appeared still fresh on her neck and were caught in a gold chalice beside the pillow. \\\"We were enraptured at her dress--a prettier dress than any we had ever or would ever know, prettier than our first communion dresses, prettier even than any doll dress, trimmed in gold, with seed pearls and precious stones. Gold trim ran around her sleeves and down the panels of her skirt\",\n \"title\": \"Simplicius, Faustinus and Beatrix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18292728\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Somerville Philip Douglas Frank Somerville (12 February 1930 – 14 September 2014) was an English milliner – partly trained in Auckland – who had a salon in London. He is widely known for hats worn by the Queen – from whom he held a Royal Warrant – and Diana, Princess of Wales. He also created headgear worn by two James Bond villainesses. His obituary in \\\"The Sunday Times\\\" said of his influence on Princess Diana's fashion sense: \\\"he helped to mould her style – and with it the country's taste in hats\\\". The son of a shoe repairer, Philip\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Somerville\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13184353\",\n \"text\": \"Archduke Ferdinand was shot dead by Serb nationalist Gavrilo Princip. On 31 October 1984 in New Delhi, Indian Prime Minister I. Gandhi was shot dead by her Sikh bodyguards. Almost 7 years later, her son R. Gandhi was killed by a Tamil suicide bomber. On 22 November 1963 in Dallas, Texas, US President Kennedy was shot dead by Lee Harvey Oswald. Infamous Assassinations Infamous Assassinations was a 2007 British documentary television series about high-profile murders and attempted murders of public figures. The series was narrated by actor Robert Powell. It is currently being shown on Yesterday. On 1 July 1934\",\n \"title\": \"Infamous Assassinations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10250802\",\n \"text\": \"went to bed early. She died on Sunday, 10 January 1971, at the Hotel Ritz, where she had resided for more than 30 years. Her funeral was held at the Église de la Madeleine; her fashion models occupied the first seats during the ceremony and her coffin was covered with white flowers—camellias, gardenias, orchids, azaleas and a few red roses. She died in her infamous style, announcing: \\\"You see, this is how you die.\\\" Her grave is in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery, Lausanne, Switzerland. Most of her estate was inherited by her nephew André Palasse, who lived in Switzerland, and his\",\n \"title\": \"Coco Chanel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751154\",\n \"text\": \"Sawalha as Mohamed Al-Fayed, and Carlo Ferrante as Henri Paul, the driver of the car in which he, Diana, and Dodi were killed during a high-speed escape from paparazzi through the streets of Paris. The Halton House in Wendover, Buckinghamshire, UK, served as the backdrop for scenes taking place at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. Other film locations included Hertfordshire, Paris (including the Pont de l'Alma Tunnel in which the car crashed) and Cannes. Diana: Last Days of a Princess Diana: Last Days of a Princess is a television movie broadcast in the United States by TLC on 12 August 2007\",\n \"title\": \"Diana: Last Days of a Princess\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15517886\",\n \"text\": \"same for both sexes. It consisted of sandals of leatherwork, or for the priestly class, papyrus. Since Egyptians were usually barefoot, sandals were worn on special occasions or at times when their feet might get hurt. Clothing in ancient Egypt Ancient Egyptian clothes refers to clothing worn in ancient Egypt from the end of the Neolithic period (prior to 3100 BC) to the collapse of the Ptolemaic Kingdom with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC. Egyptian clothing was filled with a variety of colors. Adorned with precious gems and jewels, the fashions of the ancient Egyptians were made for\",\n \"title\": \"Clothing in ancient Egypt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15427327\",\n \"text\": \"she was the means of bringing happiness to people in straitened circumstances.\\\" On 11 October 1940, several Messerschmitts were being chased over Kent in daylight by British fighter planes. The Messerschmitts dropped three bombs on six shops in Burgate, close to Canterbury Cathedral. At least six people were killed and more were injured; it took two days to dig out the dead from the debris. A furrier's received a direct hit, and Cissie was killed instantly while shopping for a fur rug as a wedding or birthday gift. She was identified by her jewellery, said to be a gift from\",\n \"title\": \"Lydia Cecilia Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12659856\",\n \"text\": \"Gucci exclusive. Later that year, in September, she fell in her high heels at the Rodarte show in New York. Then, a month later in Paris, she fainted at the Alexander McQueen show from wearing a very tight leather corset. Regardless of these two incidents, it did not affect her from booking more runways shows. Kershaw was one of new faces to appear on one of the fourteen covers of \\\"V magazine's\\\" Autumn issue. On 15 November 2008, in Miami, she made her international TV appearance at the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show, modelling in the \\\"Pink Planet\\\" segment. Kershaw has\",\n \"title\": \"Abbey Lee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1750539\",\n \"text\": \"a leader of fashion, continually importing clothes from France. She often wore parti-coloured cottes (a type of tunic), gold or silver girdles into which a dagger was casually thrust, she favoured red silk damask, and decorations of gilt quatrefoil, and to cover her dark hair she wore jaunty pillbox caps. Eleanor introduced a new type of wimple to England, which was high, \\\"into which the head receded until the face seemed like a flower in an enveloping spathe\\\". She had developed a love for the songs of the troubadors as a child, and continued this interest. She bought many romantic\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor of Provence\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19016514\",\n \"text\": \"Brittania Sportswear Ltd Brittania Sportswear Ltd was a Wyomissing, PA-based clothing company best known for women's jeans in the 1970s and 1980s. It is not to be confused with Britannia Clothing Company, a United Kingdom clothing company. Brittania Sportswear was launched in 1973 by Walter Schoenfeld in Seattle, WA It once reached sales of $300 million a year and was the country's top-selling blue jean. It plummeted into Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in 1983 because of management problems and changes in fashion tastes. The company was eventually purchased in 1987 by Levi Strauss & Co.. It was sold to VF\",\n \"title\": \"Brittania Sportswear Ltd\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7731187\",\n \"text\": \"the visard developed into a design without a mouth hole, the \\\"moretta\\\", and was gripped with a button between the teeth rather than a bead. The mask's prevention of speech was deliberate, intended to heighten the mystery of a masked woman even further. Visard A visard (also spelled vizard) is an oval mask of black velvet, worn by travelling women in the 16th century to protect their skin from sunburn. It was not held to the head by a fastening, but rather the wearer would clasp a bead attached to the interior of the mask between their teeth. The fashion\",\n \"title\": \"Visard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1567912\",\n \"text\": \"for mourning dates back at least to the Roman Empire, when the \\\"toga pulla\\\", made of dark-colored wool, was worn during mourning. Through the Middle Ages and Renaissance, distinctive mourning was worn for general as well as personal loss; after the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre of Huguenots in France, Elizabeth I of England and her court are said to have dressed in full mourning to receive the French Ambassador. Women in mourning and widows wore distinctive black caps and veils, generally in a conservative version of the current fashion. In areas of Russia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Greece, Mexico, Portugal,\",\n \"title\": \"Mourning\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9057807\",\n \"text\": \"the main building. Bin Laden was \\\"wearing the local loose-fitting tunic and pants known as a \\\"kurta paijama\\\"\\\", which were later found to have €500 and two phone numbers sewn into the fabric. Bin Laden peered through his bedroom door at the Americans advancing up the stairs, and then retreated into the room as the lead SEAL fired a shot or shots at him. Reports differ, though agree eventually he was hit by shots to the body and head. The initial shots either missed, hit him in the side, or hit him in the head. Robert J. O'Neill (U.S. Navy\",\n \"title\": \"Death of Osama bin Laden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5343361\",\n \"text\": \"academic hood is worn around the shoulders and down the back, along with a black tippet or scarf worn around the nape and hanging straight down in front. The hood and tippet were once a single garment called an almuce. (The tippet is not to be confused with the stole, which is also worn in a similar manner, but is not part of choir dress, being worn at the Eucharist and other sacramental services.) Some clergy also wear Geneva bands (or \\\"preaching tabs\\\") from their collars. Though not worn at service-time, the Canterbury cap is the traditional headgear of Church\",\n \"title\": \"Choir dress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1398348\",\n \"text\": \"part of Augustin Daly's theater company in New York, but she soon became disillusioned with the form and craved a different environment with less of a hierarchy. Her father, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS \\\"Mohegan\\\" ran aground off the coast of Cornwall. Duncan began her dancing career at a very early age by giving lessons in her home to neighbourhood children, and this continued through her teenage years. Her novel approach to dance was evident in these early classes, in which she \\\"followed [her] fantasy and improvised, teaching\",\n \"title\": \"Isadora Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412460\",\n \"text\": \"a piece designed by the Irish milliner Philip Treacy. The unusual shape and colour caused quite a media stir and went on to become an internet phenomenon with its own Facebook page. Princess Beatrice used the publicity to auction it off on eBay, where it garnered 99,000 euros for charity. In 2012 Royal Ascot announced that women will have to wear hats, not fascinators, as part of a tightening of the dress code in Royal Ascot's Royal Enclosure. In previous years female racegoers were simply advised that \\\"many ladies wear hats.\\\" The term hatinator, which emerged in the early 2010s,\",\n \"title\": \"Fascinator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792434\",\n \"text\": \"Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818 1822 1823 1826 1827 1829 1831 1834 1834 1837 1839 1841 1842 1843 1844 1847 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870: 1871 1872: 1873: 1874: 1875: 1876: 1877: 1878: 1878: 1879: 1880: 1881: 1882: 1883: 1885: 1886: 1887: 1889: 1890: 1891: 1892: 1893: 1894: 1895: 1896: 1898: 1900: 1901: 1902: 1903: 1904: 1905: 1906:\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Duncan context: considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \\\"The New York Times\\\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \\\"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\\\" \\\"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in\\n\\nWhich item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 185,\n \"origin_tokens\": 185,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Duncan, Biggest Dancer in the World context: choreographed interpretations. Still, some might find the constant confrontations and shouting matches tiring. After all, Russell makes it clear that this was one artist who could have had it all had she just kept her mighty yap shut. Because she didn't, however, we see her downfall in all its brazen glory.\\\" Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by\\n\\ntitlecar CGSS context: by Lefebvre, it from Königsberg (today's Kalining 4700 of CGS andSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her in 1927 an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entang around the open-spoked whe and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGs) was sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \\\"S\\\" stood for surbaisse and the car lowered version of the CGS.\\n\\ntitle: Isadora Dun thisrassing, as it suggested that Faletto were to her hotel a tryst. Her silf ded around entangled around the-spokedels and rear, pulling the car and breaking her. Desti called to scarf almost the left hospital, she was dead \\\"The New York noted, \\\" a at \\\" to Nice was hurled in\\n Duncan of creator. both and traditionalality was and an her last2–: b stage, \\\"This is red! So am I!\\\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate\\n\\nWhich item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 509,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15239,\n \"ratio\": \"29.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":88,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":88,"string":"88"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Howard Bellamy","Bellamy Brothers","The Bellamy Brothers","David M. Bellamy","David Bellamy (singer)"],"string":"[\n \"Howard Bellamy\",\n \"Bellamy Brothers\",\n \"The Bellamy Brothers\",\n \"David M. Bellamy\",\n \"David Bellamy (singer)\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Bellamy Brothers"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4924626","text":"The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"4924631","text":"Your Love Flow\", written by Diamond's roadie Larry Williams. Released in 1976, \"Let Your Love Flow\" was a No. 1 single on the United States pop charts, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \"Let Your Love Flow\" was also a hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, the Bellamys' country music success was limited until 1979, when \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" was released. The song, whose \"double entendre\" title was derived from a Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"4924643","text":"2016, the Bellamy Brothers partnered with the Susan G. Komen Foundation to release a video for \"Let Your Love Flow.\" They supported the foundation's breast cancer research by donating one dollar for every digital download of their 40 Year package. The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \"Let Your Love Flow\"","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"11831022","text":"of others.\" If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \"The Two and Only\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \"Let Your Love Flow\". The title as shown on","title":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me"},{"id":"11831017","text":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \"The Two and Only\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \"Billboard magazine\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \"Let Your Love Flow\". The title as shown on the original","title":"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me"},{"id":"10628215","text":"Let Your Love Flow \"Let Your Love Flow\" is a pop song written by Larry E. Williams which was recorded in the autumn of 1975 by country music duo the Bellamy Brothers for whom it afforded an international hit in 1976. The song's composer Larry E. Williams had been a roadie for Neil Diamond's live shows and \"Let Your Love Flow\" had been published by Bicycle Music who owned Diamond's own catalog having been founded by the singer - on Diamond's apparent disinterest in recording the song himself Howard Bellamy of the Bellamy Brothers has commented \"it really wasn't in","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628225","text":"Room at the Inn' of the HBO series \"The Leftovers\". \"Let Your Love Flow\" has been covered by numerous other artists, most notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 \"Honest Lullaby\" album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album \"The Greatest Hits Sessions\". \"\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\"\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, spent six weeks at #1 in West Germany in 1976, immediately subsequent to the five-week #1 tenure of the Bellamy Brothers' original. Let Your Love Flow \"Let Your Love Flow\" is a pop song","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"20006914","text":"albums, in concerts and television appearances. In 1975, Beland left the band, citing Kristofferson's drinking issues as the main reason. Not long afterward, Beland was hired by emerging singer-songwriter, Kim Carnes. He played on her albums, \"St. Vincent's Court\" and \"Sailing\", as well as backing her on tour as an opening act for the pop star Neil Sedaka, who was enjoying a comeback at the time. Fortuitously, two brothers from Florida, Howard and David Bellamy, arrived in Los Angeles in 1976. They had just scored a massive hit with \"Let Your Love Flow\". New to the local scene, they hired","title":"John Beland"},{"id":"10628218","text":"with a resultant regional hit: \"Nothin' Heavy\", #77 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in the autumn of 1975. David Bellamy's recording sessions featured members of Neil Diamond's band including drummer Dennis St John, and it was St John who recommended \"Let Your Love Flow\" to the Bellamys. Howard Bellamy recalls that Dennis St John \"one daycame over to our house and brought the demo of 'Let Your Love Flow' and said: 'Hey, this sounds like something you guys would do.'\" David Bellamy recalls St John mentioning the song as appropriate for the Bellamys to record, but that St John sent","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628220","text":"career.\" \"Let Your Love Flow\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 dated 1 May 1976, also crossing-over to the \"Billboard\" chart rankings for Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks with a peak of #2, and also for Hot Country Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\", and \"Let Your Love Flow\" would in fact debut at #22 on the","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"5362993","text":"Honest Lullaby Honest Lullaby is a 1979 album by Joan Baez. It would be her final album on CBS Records' Portrait imprint, and her last new studio album issued in the U.S. until 1987. The autobiographical title song was written for her son, Gabriel Harris, and was performed on \"The Muppet Show\" in 1980. In addition to her own compositions, the album contained work by Janis Ian and Jackson Browne. \"Let Your Love Flow\" was originally a 1976 hit for The Bellamy Brothers. In her 1987 memoir, \"And a Voice to Sing With\", Baez speculated that she was likely dropped","title":"Honest Lullaby"},{"id":"909897","text":"in late 1975. Ozarak Mountain Daredevils had hit single \"Jackie Blue\"(1975) and Belammy Brothers got hit \"Let Your Love Flow\"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart. Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work. It also played a part in the development of","title":"Country rock"},{"id":"2074244","text":"\"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with their cross-over hit \"Let Your Love Flow\" in 1976, also hail from Darby. Close friend Bobby Braddock, a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame with multiple number ones to his credit, was born in Lakeland, in Polk County, and grew up in nearby Auburndale. Kent Lavoie, better known by his stage name, Lobo, hit Number Five on the \"Billboard\" Pop chart in 1971 with the soft rock song \"Me and You and a Dog Named Boo\". He was born in Tallahassee and grew up in Winter Haven. While attending the University of South","title":"Music of Florida"},{"id":"10628223","text":"home on a waterslide, a metaphor for the ease with which the card may be used. The ad was first aired 25 October 2008, and two weeks later \"Let Your Love Flow\" re-entered the UK Top 100 singles chart dated 8 November 2008 at #48, with the track eventually peaking at #21 over a six-week tenure with subsequent UK chart tenures of five weeks in February/ March 2009 (peak #48) and three weeks that summer (#76). Speaking for the Bellamy Brothers, David Bellamy would state: \"We had no idea the song 'Let Your Love Flow' had been licensed to Barclay","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628224","text":"for an advertisement [until] after the single started climbing the charts in England. Any artist is always thrilled when one of your signature songs has longevity like this because it was thirty-two years ago when we first released the tune. We’ve always had such faithful fans in Europe, like we do in the United States, but with the single charting again we’re introducing our music to a whole new generation of music lovers.\" In other media, \"Let Your Love Flow\" was featured in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film \"Little Darlings\", the 2008 period drama \"Swingtown,\" and season 2 episode 'No","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"11437271","text":"\"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\" and \"Shadow Dancing\". The most successful Australian female artist of the decade, Olivia Newton-John, became a leading singer in the 1970s in both the popular and country genres and realized several number one hits, including the songs, \"Let Me Be There\" and \"I Honestly Love You\" for which she received three Grammys. Additional top music acts in Australia and New Zealand included: Little River Band, Sherbet, Skyhooks, John Paul Young, Marcia Hines, Jon English, Richard Clapton, Dragon, Hush and the Ted Mulry Gang. The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"7987021","text":"attack after a severe bout of pneumonia. The group consisted of a large number of singers of diverse ethnic origin, some of whom such as John Lawton also performed with other groups. Another member was Jürgen Drews, who later started a long-running solo career, starting with his 1976 hit in Germany, \"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\", a cover version of \"Let Your Love Flow\" by The Bellamy Brothers. Linda Thompson (born 21 September 1948 as Linda Übelherr), who had previously been a member of the Cornely Singers and Love Generation, was a member from 1973 to 1974, and later joined Silver","title":"Les Humphries Singers"},{"id":"10628222","text":"the British Isles the track achieved chart peaks of #7 in the UK and #3 in Ireland. \"Let Your Love Flow\" also reached #1 on the hit parade for South Africa, #2 in New Zealand and #6 in Australia. In 2008 and 2009 \"Let Your Love Flow\" enjoyed a UK chart renaissance due to the song's being featured in a television ad for Barclays promoting the bank's Barclaycard in its contactless format. Filmed in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the ad's focus was on an office clerk - played by Robert Wilfort - who utilizes his Barclaycard while traveling","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"4924636","text":"track was previously recorded on \"Native American\" in 1995. The album received two Dove Award nominations and a second gospel album, \"Pray for Me\", was released in 2012. They had many guest singers on this album. Their sister, Ginger, sang with them on the song \"Suppertime\" and Deborah Allen sang background vocals with Vicky Hampton on the album. Irish actor and musician Kieran McHugh played penny whistle for the song \"Hymn to Him\". In 2008, the song \"Let Your Love Flow\" was used in the Barclaycard advert for their new contactless cards. The song re-entered the UK singles chart at","title":"The Bellamy Brothers"},{"id":"10628221","text":"Dutch Top 30 chart dated 6 March 1976, the same date as the track's \"Billboard\" Top 40 debut at #38: the track would eventually peak at #6 on both the Dutch chart and Belgium's Flemish chart. In June and July 1976 \"Let Your Love Flow\" spent five weeks at #1 in Germany and also in Switzerland, while the track would be ranked at #1 on the monthly Austrian hit parades dated the 15th of August, September and October. \"Let Your Love Flow\" was afforded further European success with a seven-week tenure at #2 in both Norway and Sweden, while in","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"11772547","text":"in February to rise as high as #2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 on May 1, 1976. Although \"Right Back Where We Started From\" was held off from the top of that chart for two weeks (by the Bellamy Brothers' \"Let Your Love Flow\", then John Sebastian's \"Welcome Back\"), the single did reach #1 on the charts for the two other major US music industry journals, \"Cash Box\" and \"Record World\". On April 27, the single received gold certification for sales of a million units. \"Right Back Where We Started From\" also appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Black Singles","title":"Right Back Where We Started From"},{"id":"5471326","text":"starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \"Let Your Love Flow\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \"Sentimental Tune\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \"Sainthood\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.","title":"Petra Haden"},{"id":"10934713","text":"on a few tracks on Neil Diamond's 1971 album \"Stones\"; \"Moods\" was his first full album with him, and he played on every Diamond album until 1987 and toured with him for 17 years. He also co-wrote with Diamond, including the up-tempo \"Forever in Blue Jeans\" from the 1978 album \"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\", which reached the Top 20. On 1975's \"Let Your Love Flow\" by The Bellamy Brothers, Bennett plays lead guitars. It also features in a UK Barclay's Bank commercial. The song was written by Larry Williams, a member of Neil Diamond's road crew. Formed in the","title":"Richard Bennett (guitarist)"},{"id":"10628217","text":"recording studio in Tampa when a demo of a song written by David: \"Spiders and Snakes\", was optioned for Jim Stafford whose 1973 recording became a million-selling hit single. On the recommendation of Stafford's producer Phil Gernhard the Bellamy Brothers relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a recording career: the duo initially stayed with Jim Stafford in the Hollywood house whose purchase Stafford's success with \"Spiders and Snakes\" had made possible and for a time Howard acted as Stafford's road manager while Gernhard arranged for David to record as a solo act for the Warner Bros Records affiliate Curb Records","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"10628216","text":"his [ie. Diamond's] vein\" - and according to Howard, Johnny Rivers had also passed on \"Let Your Love Flow\". The song as recorded by Gene Cotton was a single release in the autumn of 1975 making Cotton's version - featured on his 1976 album release \"For All the Young Writers\" - the earliest released version of \"Let Your Love Flow\" although it is unclear if Cotton's recording of song was made prior to that by the Bellamy Brothers. The Bellamy Brothers - siblings David and Howard Bellamy from Pasco County- had been working as session musicians at the Studio 70","title":"Let Your Love Flow"},{"id":"8683564","text":"James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \"I'm Your Puppet\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \"Let Love Come Between Us\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \"Bobby Purify\" (Robert Lee Dickey) was replaced by a second \"Bobby Purify\" (Ben Moore) in the 1970s. The vocal duo of James Lee Purify (born May 12, 1944, Pensacola, Florida) and his cousin Robert Lee","title":"James & Bobby Purify"},{"id":"2450373","text":"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"5826921","text":"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \"Make It Easy on Yourself\" and \"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit","title":"The Walker Brothers"},{"id":"18356688","text":"I wanted to do next and she told me to follow them.\" Instead of trying to match it with the current crop of electronic dance divas, Hines returned to the R & B sound which introduced her to the top of the Australian charts via her No. 2 hit single \"You\" in 1977. A deluxe version of the album was released in April 2018, featuring 6 of Hines' biggest hits. Hines did an in store appearance on 19 April at WOW Music store in Sydney Four promotional video clips have been released. \"Amazing\", \"Remedy\", \"Let Love Flow\" and \"Chase The","title":"Amazing (Marcia Hines album)"},{"id":"5786482","text":"John Farrar John Clifford Farrar ( ; born 8 November 1945) is an Australian music producer, songwriter, arranger, singer, and guitarist. As a musician, Farrar is a former member of several rock and roll groups including The Mustangs (1963–64), The Strangers (1964–70), Marvin, Welch & Farrar (1970–73), and The Shadows (1973–76); in 1980 he released a solo eponymous album. As a songwriter and producer, he worked with Olivia Newton-John from 1971 through 1989. He wrote her number-one hit singles: \"Have You Never Been Mellow\" (1975), \"You're the One That I Want\" (1978 duet with John Travolta), \"Hopelessly Devoted to You\"","title":"John Farrar"},{"id":"12565650","text":"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's Daughter\"","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11437038","text":"such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and J. R. R. Tolkien. By 1975, the independence and freedom themes evolved into the swinging singles scene, with \"Looking for Mr. Goodbar\" by Judith Rossner at number four on the fiction top ten list. Sex hit the top of the non-fiction charts in 1970, with authors taking advantage of the lifted censorship laws on literature in the sixties. \"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)\" by David Reuben, M.D. took the number one spot, winning out over The \"New English Bible\" at number two, a","title":"Literature in the 1970s"},{"id":"2450321","text":"the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \"The Day the Music Died\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the breakup of Simon & Garfunkel. Ross, Simon and Art Garfunkel all continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade and beyond. Several of their songs are listed among the biggest hits of the 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge Over Troubled Water,\" Simon's solo hit \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover,\" and Ross' \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough.\" Country rock, formed from","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"11437248","text":"Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb), who would become by far the most successful. Although she has recorded and/or performed traditional country, Gayle's primary style was country pop, and by forging her own path rather than mimicking her famous sister's style, she had several tremendously successful songs, most notably \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.\" Lynn also recorded with Conway Twitty multiple times during the 1970s, and had five No. 1 singles together, including \"After the Fire Is Gone.\" Like Lynn, Twitty had family—in this case, his children—who also recorded and had songs make the top 40 of the","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"1325718","text":"Green was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. Green was recognized on December 7, 2014, as a Kennedy Center Honors recipient. Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \"Take Me to the River\", \"Tired of Being Alone\", \"I'm Still in Love with You\", \"Love and Happiness\", and his signature song, \"Let's Stay Together\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in","title":"Al Green"},{"id":"999905","text":"Hank Snow Clarence Eugene \"Hank\" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he recorded 140 albums and charted more than 85 singles on the \"Billboard\" country charts from 1950 until 1980. His number-one hits include the self-penned songs \"I'm Moving On\", \"The Golden Rocket\" and The Rhumba Boogie and famous versions of \"I Don't Hurt Anymore\", \"Let Me Go, Lover!\", \"I've Been Everywhere\", \"Hello Love\", as well as other top 10 hits. Snow was an accomplished songwriter whose clear, baritone voice expressed a wide","title":"Hank Snow"},{"id":"4973396","text":"In the U.S., the solo #1 single broke Elton John's \"Kiki jinx.\" After five number-one solo hits in America in the 1970s, John hit #1 in a duet with Kiki Dee with 1976's \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\". From then until \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", John did not record a number-one single by himself and only had two chart toppers altogether. The first of those was 1986's \"That's What Friends Are For\", where he joined forces with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight, and Stevie Wonder to form a quartet known as Dionne & Friends which helped raise money for AIDS","title":"Candle in the Wind 1997"},{"id":"2808444","text":"the Godfather\". These recordings, along with his natural affinity for the music of the 1960s and early 1970s, combined to make him one of the premier easy listening singers of that era. In the UK, Williams continued to reach high chart status until 1978. The albums \"Dear Heart\" (1965), \"Love Andy\" (1967), \"Can't Help Falling in Love\" (1970), \"Andy Williams Show\" (1970), \"Home Lovin' Man\" (No. 1, 1971), \"Solitaire\" (1973), \"The Way We Were\" (1974) and \"Reflections\" (1978) all reached the Top 10. Williams forged an indirect collaborative relationship with Henry Mancini, although they never recorded together. Both \"Moon River\"","title":"Andy Williams"},{"id":"1320601","text":"100 chart for 25 March 1978, five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time: \"Night Fever\", \"Stayin' Alive\", \"If I Can't Have You\", \"Emotion\" and \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\". Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964, when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number-one hits in the US, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were \"Stayin' Alive\", \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", \"Night Fever\" and \"If I Can't","title":"Bee Gees"},{"id":"11437258","text":"known European groups ever, as well as one of the few groups from a non-English speaking country to gain international success with several back-to-back No. 1 albums and singles in most of the major music markets. \"Waterloo\", \"Mamma Mia\", \"Take a Chance on Me\", \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\", \"Dancing Queen\" and \"The Winner Takes It All are just some of ABBA's most popular and most successful songs. One of the first events of the 1970s was the break-up of The Beatles in the spring of 1970. Paul McCartney formed a new group, Wings, and continued to enjoy great mainstream success.","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"9665165","text":"Morgan Fisher Stephen Morgan Fisher (born 1 January 1950 in Mayfair, London) is an English keyboard player and composer, and is most known as a member of Mott the Hoople in the early 1970s. However, his career has covered a wide range of musical activities, and he is still active in the music industry. In recent years he has expanded into photography. From 1966 to 1970, Fisher played the organ with the soul/pop band, The Soul Survivors, who in 1967 renamed themselves Love Affair. They had a number one hit single in 1968 with \"Everlasting Love\", while Fisher was taking","title":"Morgan Fisher"},{"id":"5478254","text":"Marc Anthony Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \"Let It Roll\", \"Let the Rhythm Pump\", and \"H.O.U.S.E.\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \"Book of Love\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \"Book of Love\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little","title":"Doug Lazy"},{"id":"11205603","text":"Alabama. WACQ provides coverage to the Reeltown High School athletic teams, a commitment that began when WACQ signed on in 1979. The first song ever played on WACQ in 1979 was \"Let Your Love Flow,\" by The Bellamy Brothers. The first record was played by owner and general manager Fred Randall Hughey. Today, the Listen Live application on the website, wacqradio.com, as well as the TuneIn app available on smartphones and other devices, give WACQ an audience far beyond the Tallassee area it calls home. Weekday programming includes \"Way of the Cross\" with Brother Rick Dorley; \"What's Going On?\" with","title":"WACQ"},{"id":"11437232","text":"death of Buddy Holly, became one of popular music's most-recognized songs of the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \"The Day the Music Died\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the break-up of Simon & Garfunkel and The Beatles. All continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade. Some of their songs are that among the hits of the early 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \"Bridge Over Troubled Water\", Simon's solo hit \"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\", The Beatles \"Let","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"5478253","text":"Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \"Let It Roll\", \"Let the Rhythm Pump\", and \"H.O.U.S.E.\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \"Book of Love\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \"Book of Love\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little Louie &","title":"Doug Lazy"},{"id":"364634","text":"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \"The Sound of Silence\" (1964), \"Mrs. Robinson\" (1968), \"The Boxer\" (1969), and \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing","title":"Simon & Garfunkel"},{"id":"2359221","text":"Mark Holden Mark Ronald Holden (born 27 April 1954) is an Australian singer, actor, TV personality, record producer, songwriter, and barrister. He was a pop star in the 1970s and had four top 20 hit singles, \"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again\" (May 1976), \"I Wanna Make You My Lady\" (September), \"Last Romance\" (November) and \"Reach Out for the One Who Loves You\" (October 1977). Holden regularly appeared on national pop music show, \"Countdown\". Holden is remembered for his clean-cut image, his white dinner suit and his penchant for handing out carnations to girls on the set of the popular","title":"Mark Holden"},{"id":"1325699","text":"Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \"Take Me to the River\", \"Tired of Being Alone\", \"I'm Still in Love with You\", \"Love and Happiness\", and his signature song, \"Let's Stay Together\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, Green was referred to on the museum's site as being \"one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music\". He has also been referred to","title":"Al Green"},{"id":"6193019","text":"had hits in the UK in the 1960s with songs such as \"So Much in Love\", a US chart topper and million-seller in 1963, \"Wonderful! Wonderful!\", a remake of the Johnny Mathis classic hit from 1957, \"Somewhere\", then in 1970s with \"You Little Trustmaker\" and \"Ms Grace\". The last of these became the group's biggest UK hit, reaching Number One in the UK Singles Chart in 1975, but barely dented the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, long after the success of \"So Much in Love\". \"Ms Grace\", while only charting modestly in the US, was and remains a regional hit with the","title":"The Tymes"},{"id":"2450336","text":"success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to bring back traditional honky-tonk sounds to the forefront. The debate continued into 1975, a year where six","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"872550","text":"\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\" was the biggest hit single for 1969. Later top 20 hits included 1970's \"One Less Bell to Answer\" (U.S. No. 2), 1971's \"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes\" (U.S. No. 19) and \"Never My Love\" (U.S. No. 12), 1972's \"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\" (U.S. No. 8) and \"If I Could Reach You\" (U.S. No. 10). The group had seven other top 40 hits, the last being 1973's \"Living Together, Growing Together\" (U.S. No. 32) from the film \"Lost Horizon\". The 5th Dimension performed \"Sweet Blindness\" on Frank Sinatra's 1968 TV special \"Francis","title":"The 5th Dimension"},{"id":"12565668","text":"had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"4942711","text":"the fifth most successful female country artist of the 1970s, according to Billboard Magazine, behind Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, and Lynn Anderson. For a better part of the 70s, Fargo stayed high on the charts with songs like \"It Do Feel Good,\" and \"Mr. Doodles.\" Fargo had another successful album with Dot in 1974, releasing \"Miss Donna Fargo\", which spawned three Top 10 hits, including \"You Can't Be a Beacon If Your Light Don't Shine.\" This song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1975, she released \"Whatever I Say Means I Love You\" (ABC/MCA),","title":"Donna Fargo"},{"id":"8683569","text":"to performing and recording. Under the name Bobby Purify, he released an album, \"Better to Have It\", produced by Dan Penn, in 2005. He later joined the gospel band Blind Boys of Alabama. James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \"I'm Your Puppet\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \"Let Love Come Between Us\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \"Bobby Purify\"","title":"James & Bobby Purify"},{"id":"7988359","text":"Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\" his 1981 #1 hit \"Fourteen Carat Mind,\" and his signature 1979 song \"Farewell Party.\" Watson's long career has notched five number ones, 23 top tens and over 76 charted singles. Watson was born in Palestine, Texas, in 1943. He began his music career in the 1960s, performing in local clubs at night while working in a Houston auto body shop during the day. He recorded for only a few small, regional record labels","title":"Gene Watson"},{"id":"6238750","text":"as \"Narvel the Marvel,\" continued to enjoy success throughout the 1970s. Included in his streak of hits was a remake of \"Lonely Teardrops\", which became his last top 10 hit in the summer of 1976; and a cover of Willie Nelson's \"Funny How Time Slips Away\". He also had a No. 14 country hit with \"Everlasting Love\" in 1979. Narvel Felts' pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is married to the former Loretta Stanfield. Two children resulted from the marriage, but Felts lost his only son, Narvel Jr. (known as Bub)","title":"Narvel Felts"},{"id":"7988363","text":"in 2002 and inducted into the inaugural class of the Houston Music Hall of Fame in August 2013. In 2018 Watson received the \"Entertainer of the Year\" Award from the R.O.P.E. Awards, an honor he shared with singer, Jeannie Seely. It was the first time in the history of the Awards that there was a tie in any category. Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\" his 1981 #1 hit \"Fourteen Carat Mind,\" and his signature 1979 song \"Farewell Party.\"","title":"Gene Watson"},{"id":"19442822","text":"in 1966 that reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.[ Billboard Singles], Allmusic.com The T-Bones membership eventually morphed into the successful soft rock trio, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, who recorded several albums and had major hits with \"Don't Pull Your Love\", which went to #4 on the Billobard charts in 1971 and \"\"Fallin' in Love\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds song)\", which became a #1 smash hit in 1975. Joe Frank and the Knights' work has come to attention of garage rock collectors and enthusiasts. \"Can't Find a Way\" is included on the \"Psychedelic States: Mississippi","title":"Joe Frank and the Knights"},{"id":"1566182","text":"city. The film was notable for having a contemporary pop soundtrack, with music by artists like Blondie, Rickie Lee Jones, Supertramp, The Cars, and Iain Matthews. The original video release—on blue box VHS and laserdisc—kept the soundtrack intact, however, many songs in the film such as Supertramp's \"School\", John Lennon's \"Oh My Love\" and The Bellamy Brothers' \"Let Your Love Flow\" were removed from the second round of home releases—VHS red box—due to licensing issues, and were replaced with sound-alikes. As of 2010, the film has not been released on DVD, but was briefly available for digital video rental on","title":"Little Darlings"},{"id":"7712173","text":"chart-topper of the 1970s. After a five-week stay at the top, it dropped to no.4, replaced by \"Wand'rin' Star\" by Lee Marvin. Whilst at no.1, Edison Lighthouse held off strong competition from Peter, Paul and Mary (\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\") and Canned Heat (\"Let's Work Together\"). Eventually, after a 12 week run, \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" left the UK top 40 on 18th April 1970. In the US Billboard Hot 100 top 40 chart, Edison Lighthouse entered at no.28 on 28 February 1970. \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) reached a peak position of no.5 on 28","title":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)"},{"id":"4275591","text":"Their third and final album was not commercially successful and they disbanded near the end of 1967. In 1970, Dunhill Records offered a recording contract to the newly formed 'Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds'. The following year \"Don't Pull Your Love\", arranged by Ben Benay, hit #1 on the Cash Box Top 100, peaked at #4 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart, sold over one million US copies and was awarded a gold record by the R.I.A.A. in August 1971. A couple more singles, \"Annabella\" and \"Daisy Mae\", charted but two Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds albums and several other","title":"Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds"},{"id":"6649994","text":"William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \"Private Number\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \"Tryin' to Love Two\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \"A Tribute to a King\". As a songwriter, Bell co-authored the Chuck Jackson hit \"Any Other Way\"","title":"William Bell (singer)"},{"id":"13678968","text":"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \"Pop\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \"El Paso\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for","title":"1960s in music"},{"id":"1536694","text":"Night)\" (1975). Valli's recording of the song \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" reached number two in 1967. \"You're Ready Now\", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs \"My Eyes Adored You\" (1974) and \"Grease\" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and","title":"Frankie Valli"},{"id":"6650002","text":"to 50 years of Stax Records synonymous with Southern Soul music. William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \"You Don't Miss Your Water\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \"Private Number\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \"Tryin' to Love Two\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \"A Tribute to a King\". As","title":"William Bell (singer)"},{"id":"3256470","text":"and Kendrick Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"The Way You Do The Things You Do\", \"Get Ready\", and \"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single","title":"Eddie Kendricks"},{"id":"8975413","text":"As evidence of the Gibb brothers' U.S. chart domination in 1978, atop the 4 March 1978 Hot 100 the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was displaced by this song, which in turn was displaced two weeks later by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\", which in turn was displaced eight weeks later by Yvonne Elliman's \"If I Can't Have You\". Since Barry Gibb had a hand in writing all four of these songs, he became the only person in history to write four consecutive US number-one singles, a feat unmatched to this day. The song was released in February 1978 in Netherlands.","title":"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water"},{"id":"5561756","text":"Garth Porter Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, \"Summer Love\" (March 1975) and \"Howzat\" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan. Garth Ivan Richard Porter was born on 24 September 1948 in Hamilton, New Zealand. His parents were farmers in the nearby rural area. He recalled that while growing up \"I learnt piano for about six months so","title":"Garth Porter"},{"id":"4515265","text":"and Hyslop joined The Skids, and McIsaac retired from the pop music scene. In the 1990s he formed the Billy McIsaac Band. The following is a sortable table of all songs by Arrows: Slik Slik were a Scottish pop group of the mid-1970s, most notable for their UK no. 1 hit \"Forever and Ever\" in 1976. Initially glam rock, the band later changed their style to soft rock/bubblegum. It was the first band with whom singer and guitarist Midge Ure began to experience musical success, before joining new wave band Ultravox. Slik were formed as the Glasgow based band 'Salvation'","title":"Slik"},{"id":"11437238","text":"theme song to the movie. Other family acts included Gladys Knight & the Pips who topped the charts with \"Midnight Train to Georgia\", Sly & the Family Stone who brought \"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\" and \"Family Affair\" to the top spot. As well as The Staple Singers with \"I'll Take You There\" and \"Let's Do It Again\" theme song to a 1975 Sidney Poitier/Bill Cosby movie. The Sylvers with \"Boogie Fever\" and The Emotions with \"Best of My Love\". The Emotions were a girl group which were still popular in soul music, Honey Cone had a chart","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"11437245","text":"Denver's name) with a cigarette lighter were taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music (this despite Rich himself having made his name with songs that crossed over from country into the pop and adult contemporary charts). By the later half of the 1970s, Dolly Parton, a highly successful traditional-minded country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit \"Here You Come Again\", which peaked at No. 1 country and No. 3 pop. Of her 25 career No. 1 hits, 11 of them came during","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"12729852","text":"2001. Side One Side Two Bonus tracks (2001 re-issue): Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \"Congratulations\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \"Carrie\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued","title":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile"},{"id":"2477770","text":"some of Sly Stone prior to There's a Riot Going On and other African-American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible, that the American Dream is a dream for all people.\" It made history as the only album to generate seven top-five hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, surpassing Michael Jackson's \"Thriller\" (1982) and Bruce Springsteen's \"Born in the U.S.A.\" (1984), each having seven top ten hits. It is also the only album to achieve number one hits in three separate calendar years, with \"Miss You Much\" in 1989,","title":"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814"},{"id":"6033530","text":"The overnight success and Fairweather Low's teen idol looks, as music journalist William Ruhlmann noted at Allmusic; \"... put his attractive face on the bedroom walls of teenage girls all over Britain\". The band split in two in 1970, with Fairweather Low leading Dennis Byron (drums), Blue Weaver (organ), Clive Taylor (bass) and Neil Jones (guitar) into a new band, Fair Weather. The band scored a UK Singles Chart No. 6 hit with \"Natural Sinner\" in July 1970, although the outfit's albums, \"Beginning From An End\" and \"Let Your Mind Roll On\", failed to chart. After twelve months Fairweather Low","title":"Andy Fairweather Low"},{"id":"1918954","text":"Vassy. They chalked up a string of hits on both the pop and country charts, including \"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\", \"But You Know I Love You\", \"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\", \"Tell It All, Brother\", \"Reuben James\", and \"Something's Burning\". When the First Edition disbanded in 1976, Rogers launched his solo career. He soon developed a more middle-of-the-road sound that sold to both pop and country audiences. He has charted more than 60 top 40 hit singles (including two number ones—\"Lady\" and \"Islands in the Stream\"). His music has also been","title":"Kenny Rogers"},{"id":"16399567","text":"recorded from 1970 to 1973 and had a number one hit record on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart with \"I Think I Love You\". The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit \"I Think I Love You\". The group was also nominated for the Best New Artist Grammy award in 1971. *\"Walking in the Rain\" was released only in the UK The Partridge Family discography This article presents the discography of all albums and singles released by the American pop rock group The Partridge Family. It includes eight","title":"The Partridge Family discography"},{"id":"1453944","text":"Hot 100 and, for one week in March, four of the top five songs were written by him. His songs were No. 1 for 27 out of 37 weeks from 24 December 1977 to 2 September 1978. Gibb also holds a very unusual record, in that he is the only songwriter in history to write four successive US number one hits: in 1978, the Bee Gees' \"Stayin' Alive\" was replaced at number one by Andy Gibb's single, \"Love Is Thicker Than Water\", followed by the Bee Gees' \"Night Fever\" for their longest run, seven weeks. This was then replaced by","title":"Barry Gibb"},{"id":"3256450","text":"Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \"The Way You Do The Things You Do\", \"Get Ready\", and \"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single \"Keep On","title":"Eddie Kendricks"},{"id":"11437266","text":"Mungo Jerry, the Hollies and Rod Stewart. Some of the most successful singers and songwriters were Cat Stevens, Steve Winwood, and Elton John. In the late 1970s, many bands in the United Kingdom began experimenting with synthesizers, forming the new wave style known as synthpop. Major synthpop bands around this time included Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, the Buggles, the Human League, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Other successful British new wave bands in the late 1970s included the Police, Echo & the Bunnymen, Adam and the Ants, Roxy Music, Squeeze, XTC, the Cure, the Stranglers, Joy Division and","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"2450342","text":"popular music's most successful artists died within six weeks of each other in 1977: Elvis Presley (on August 16) and Bing Crosby (on October 14). Presley—whose top 1970s hit was \"Burning Love\" in 1972— ranked among the top artists of the rock era, while Crosby was among the most successful pre-rock era artists. The early seventies also marked the deaths of rock legends Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix as well as the plane crash in 1977 in which three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd were killed. Music history of the United States in the 1970s Popular music of the","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1970s"},{"id":"163686","text":"song was number one in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and West Germany, and the combined sides topped the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in the United States. In the 1970s Frank Sinatra recorded \"Something\" twice (1970 and 1979) and later dubbed it \"the greatest love song of the past fifty years\". Lennon considered it the best song on \"Abbey Road\", and it became the Beatles' second most covered song after \"Yesterday\". In May 1970 Harrison's \"For You Blue\" was coupled on a US single with McCartney's \"The Long and Winding Road\" and became Harrison's second chart-topper when the sides were listed","title":"George Harrison"},{"id":"11437237","text":"a repertoire of rhythm and blues, pop and later disco. The Jacksons — brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael — the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles: \"I Want You Back\", \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\", and \"I'll Be There\" reach the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. The band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, both had some solo success in the early part of the decade. Jermaine with top 10 hit \"Daddy's Home\" and Michael topped the charts with \"Ben\"","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"20805779","text":"Gates on guitar and Leon Russell playing Hammond organ. Some time after they ceased performing as The Avantis, they released \"Hot Rodders Choice\" on the Del-Fi label. Later they would go on to form Redbone. In 1970, Dan Hamilton along with Tommy Reynolds and Joe Frank Carollo, co-founded Hamilton Joe Frank & Reynolds. They had a million dollar smash hit with \"Don't Pull Your Love\". Dan Hamilton died on December 23, 1994 at the age of 48. Lolly Vegas died of Cancer on March 4th, 2010 in Reseda, California. He was 70 years of age. The Avantis The Avantis were","title":"The Avantis"},{"id":"1448689","text":"Make It Through the Night\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \"For the Good Times\" (Ray Price) won \"Song of the Year\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \"Sunday Morning Coming Down\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \"Me","title":"Kris Kristofferson"},{"id":"7712170","text":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" is a popular song by \"one-hit wonder\" Edison Lighthouse. The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970, where it remained for a total of five weeks. It also became the first number one single of the 1970s (not counting Rolf Harris' \"Two Little Boys\" which was a holdover from 1969). \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\" was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. Essentially, they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows","title":"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)"},{"id":"11437257","text":"Heart\" (the latter a duet with Kiki Dee). Other European soft rock major artists of the decade included Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac and Joan Armatrading. (See the country music section of this article for more about country music that crossed over onto the pop charts.) One of the most successful European groups of the decade, and one of the best-selling acts of all time with 380 million records sold, was the quartet ABBA. The most successful Swedish group of all time, ABBA first found fame when they won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. They became one of the most widely","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"11437243","text":"Murray and Campbell, several artists who were not initially marketed as country were enjoying crossover success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 1974, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"3906214","text":"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", \"I Feel Fine\"","title":"A Hard Day's Night (song)"},{"id":"14438954","text":"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Andy Williams' Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released in early 1970 by Columbia Records. It was not, however, as its title might suggest, strictly a hit singles compilation, although some of his biggest songs since joining Columbia (such as the easy listening number ones \"Can't Get Used to Losing You\" and \"Happy Heart\") were included. A couple of selections (\"Born Free\" and \"More\") were never released as singles by Williams, and his signature song, \"Moon River\", was released in the 7-inch single format but only for jukeboxes.","title":"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits"},{"id":"2944358","text":"He got off in Memphis with her, rather than continue to his intended destination in Nashville. The two married in 1973 and recorded several duet albums, which sold well and earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1974 for \"From the Bottle to the Bottom\", and in 1976 for \"Lover Please\". Coolidge's greatest success on the pop charts came during 1977–1978 with four consecutive top 25 hits, remakes of Jackie Wilson's \"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\", Boz Scaggs' \"We're All Alone\", the Temptations' \"The Way You","title":"Rita Coolidge"},{"id":"11437239","text":"topping hit with \"Want Ads\", as did Labelle with \"Lady Marmalade\" and A Taste of Honey with \"Boogie Oogie Oogie\". Other examples of the girl group were Love Unlimited and The Three Degrees who scored a number two pop hit with \"When Will I See You Again\" but topped the chart when they teamed with Mother, Sister, Father, Brother (MSFB) on the Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP). The Commodores were another group that played from a diverse repertoire, including R&B, funk, and pop. Lionel Richie, who went on to even greater success as a solo artist in the 1980s, fronted the","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"6389855","text":"at over three million copies. However, in later years the collection could not be considered a complete or definitive representation of Simon's best or most popular work because it did not include her major hits from the mid-1970s onward, such as \"Nobody Does It Better\", \"You Belong to Me\", \"Jesse\", \"Coming Around Again\" and \"Let the River Run\". The fact that Simon had changed record labels several times (moving from Elektra to Warner Brothers to Epic to Arista) made a more wide-ranging collection a difficult proposition. A live album, \"Greatest Hits Live\" (1988), went some way to rectifying this issue,","title":"The Best of Carly Simon"},{"id":"1755751","text":"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \"Walk Through This World With Me\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \"Love Bug\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \"Things Have Gone to Pieces\", \"The Race Is On\", \"My Favorite Lies\", \"I'll Share My World with You\", \"Take Me\" (a","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"12542219","text":"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta is the second full-length release by Motown recording artist Syreeta Wright, issued on the Motown label, in June 1974. The album has a rating of 4.5 out of 5 on Allmusic Three artists who performed on this album (Stevie Wonder, Deniece Williams, Michael Sembello) would all have Billboard number one songs (\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\", \"Let's Hear It for the Boy\", and \"Maniac\", respectively) within a year of each other, a decade after this album's release. Another artist on this album, Ollie Brown of Ollie & Jerry, would","title":"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta"},{"id":"12729847","text":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \"Congratulations\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \"Carrie\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued on sporadically for the next few months, with the","title":"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile"},{"id":"20118626","text":"film of the same name, starring Olivia Newton-John. In the 1970s, he co-wrote songs with Alan Bernstein for Engelbert Humperdinck, including \"After the Lovin'\" (1976) and \"This Moment in Time\" (1978), as well as Al Martino's \"The Next Hundred Years\" (1977). Adams died in 2017, aged 78, after a long illness. Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \"You Were Mine\", as well as on","title":"Ritchie Adams"},{"id":"1506154","text":"Isles and Bobby Massey departed, leaving the group a trio. The remaining three original members, Eddie Levert, William Powell, and Walter Williams, soldiered on and Gamble & Huff, a team of producers and songwriters with whom the O'Jays had been working for several years, signed them to their Philadelphia International label. Suddenly, The O'Jays' fortunes changed and they finally scored with their first million-seller, \"Back Stabbers\", from the album of the same name. This album produced several more hit singles, including \"992 Arguments,\" \"Sunshine,\" \"Time To Get Down,\" and the #1 pop smash, \"Love Train\". During the remainder of the","title":"The O'Jays"},{"id":"11437229","text":"Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Marvin Gaye, Cat Stevens, James Taylor, Eric Clapton, Barry White, and Rod Stewart. Female soloists who epitomized the 1970s included Linda Ronstadt, Carly Simon, Roberta Flack, Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand, Rita Coolidge, Olivia Newton-John and Helen Reddy. Some of the most popular music acts of the day got their own network television variety shows, which were very popular in the 70s. Acts like Sonny & Cher, Glen Campbell, John Denver, Tony Orlando and Dawn, husband and wife team Captain & Tennille, brother and sister Donny & Marie Osmond. Soft rock was prominently featured on many Top","title":"1970s in music"},{"id":"3901504","text":"Long John Baldry John William \"Long John\" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English-Canadian blues singer and a voice actor. He sang with many British musicians, with Rod Stewart and Elton John appearing in bands led by Baldry in the 1960s. He enjoyed pop success in the UK where \"Let the Heartaches Begin\" reached No. 1 in 1967 and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\" reached number two in 1980. Baldry lived in Canada from the late 1970s until his death; there he continued to make records and do","title":"Long John Baldry"},{"id":"7449616","text":"Raymond Thompson Raymond Webster Thompson (born 5 April 1949) is a British-born Canadian/New Zealand screenwriter, composer and producer. Thompson was born in Redditch, Worcestershire and grew up in Ontario, after his parents emigrated to Canada. He studied drama at York University and embarked upon a successful career in the music industry as both a songwriter and musician. His groups include a Canadian duo called Stillwater, and his school band The Avengers, which evolved into Edison Lighthouse, who had the number one record \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\". Thompson published a novel in 1979, \"The Number to Call Is...\" before","title":"Raymond Thompson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4924626\",\n \"text\": \"The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924631\",\n \"text\": \"Your Love Flow\\\", written by Diamond's roadie Larry Williams. Released in 1976, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was a No. 1 single on the United States pop charts, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was also a hit on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart, the Bellamys' country music success was limited until 1979, when \\\"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" was released. The song, whose \\\"double entendre\\\" title was derived from a Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924643\",\n \"text\": \"2016, the Bellamy Brothers partnered with the Susan G. Komen Foundation to release a video for \\\"Let Your Love Flow.\\\" They supported the foundation's breast cancer research by donating one dollar for every digital download of their 40 Year package. The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11831022\",\n \"text\": \"of others.\\\" If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \\\"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \\\"The Two and Only\\\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard magazine\\\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The title as shown on\",\n \"title\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11831017\",\n \"text\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me \\\"If I Said You Have a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" is a song written by David Bellamy, and recorded by American country music duo The Bellamy Brothers. It was released in March 1979 as the second single from the album \\\"The Two and Only\\\". The song became their first number 1 hit on the \\\"Billboard magazine\\\" Hot Country Singles chart and their second number one overall, after their 1976 pop hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The title as shown on the original\",\n \"title\": \"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628215\",\n \"text\": \"Let Your Love Flow \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" is a pop song written by Larry E. Williams which was recorded in the autumn of 1975 by country music duo the Bellamy Brothers for whom it afforded an international hit in 1976. The song's composer Larry E. Williams had been a roadie for Neil Diamond's live shows and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" had been published by Bicycle Music who owned Diamond's own catalog having been founded by the singer - on Diamond's apparent disinterest in recording the song himself Howard Bellamy of the Bellamy Brothers has commented \\\"it really wasn't in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628225\",\n \"text\": \"Room at the Inn' of the HBO series \\\"The Leftovers\\\". \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" has been covered by numerous other artists, most notably Joan Baez, who included it on her 1979 \\\"Honest Lullaby\\\" album. Another re-recording by the Bellamy brothers with Gölä is included on the album \\\"The Greatest Hits Sessions\\\". \\\"\\\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\\\"\\\", a German language adaptation of the song recorded by Jürgen Drews, spent six weeks at #1 in West Germany in 1976, immediately subsequent to the five-week #1 tenure of the Bellamy Brothers' original. Let Your Love Flow \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" is a pop song\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20006914\",\n \"text\": \"albums, in concerts and television appearances. In 1975, Beland left the band, citing Kristofferson's drinking issues as the main reason. Not long afterward, Beland was hired by emerging singer-songwriter, Kim Carnes. He played on her albums, \\\"St. Vincent's Court\\\" and \\\"Sailing\\\", as well as backing her on tour as an opening act for the pop star Neil Sedaka, who was enjoying a comeback at the time. Fortuitously, two brothers from Florida, Howard and David Bellamy, arrived in Los Angeles in 1976. They had just scored a massive hit with \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". New to the local scene, they hired\",\n \"title\": \"John Beland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628218\",\n \"text\": \"with a resultant regional hit: \\\"Nothin' Heavy\\\", #77 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in the autumn of 1975. David Bellamy's recording sessions featured members of Neil Diamond's band including drummer Dennis St John, and it was St John who recommended \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" to the Bellamys. Howard Bellamy recalls that Dennis St John \\\"one daycame over to our house and brought the demo of 'Let Your Love Flow' and said: 'Hey, this sounds like something you guys would do.'\\\" David Bellamy recalls St John mentioning the song as appropriate for the Bellamys to record, but that St John sent\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628220\",\n \"text\": \"career.\\\" \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" reached #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 dated 1 May 1976, also crossing-over to the \\\"Billboard\\\" chart rankings for Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks with a peak of #2, and also for Hot Country Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \\\"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\\\", and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" would in fact debut at #22 on the\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5362993\",\n \"text\": \"Honest Lullaby Honest Lullaby is a 1979 album by Joan Baez. It would be her final album on CBS Records' Portrait imprint, and her last new studio album issued in the U.S. until 1987. The autobiographical title song was written for her son, Gabriel Harris, and was performed on \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" in 1980. In addition to her own compositions, the album contained work by Janis Ian and Jackson Browne. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was originally a 1976 hit for The Bellamy Brothers. In her 1987 memoir, \\\"And a Voice to Sing With\\\", Baez speculated that she was likely dropped\",\n \"title\": \"Honest Lullaby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"909897\",\n \"text\": \"in late 1975. Ozarak Mountain Daredevils had hit single \\\"Jackie Blue\\\"(1975) and Belammy Brothers got hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\"(1976). In 1979, the Southern rock Charlie Daniels Band moved to a more country direction, released a song with strong bluegrass influence, \\\"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\\\", and the song crossed over and became a hit on the pop chart. Outside its handful of stars, country rock's greatest significance was on artists in other genres, including the Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, the Rolling Stones and George Harrison's solo work. It also played a part in the development of\",\n \"title\": \"Country rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2074244\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart with their cross-over hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, also hail from Darby. Close friend Bobby Braddock, a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame with multiple number ones to his credit, was born in Lakeland, in Polk County, and grew up in nearby Auburndale. Kent Lavoie, better known by his stage name, Lobo, hit Number Five on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Pop chart in 1971 with the soft rock song \\\"Me and You and a Dog Named Boo\\\". He was born in Tallahassee and grew up in Winter Haven. While attending the University of South\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Florida\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628223\",\n \"text\": \"home on a waterslide, a metaphor for the ease with which the card may be used. The ad was first aired 25 October 2008, and two weeks later \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" re-entered the UK Top 100 singles chart dated 8 November 2008 at #48, with the track eventually peaking at #21 over a six-week tenure with subsequent UK chart tenures of five weeks in February/ March 2009 (peak #48) and three weeks that summer (#76). Speaking for the Bellamy Brothers, David Bellamy would state: \\\"We had no idea the song 'Let Your Love Flow' had been licensed to Barclay\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628224\",\n \"text\": \"for an advertisement [until] after the single started climbing the charts in England. Any artist is always thrilled when one of your signature songs has longevity like this because it was thirty-two years ago when we first released the tune. We’ve always had such faithful fans in Europe, like we do in the United States, but with the single charting again we’re introducing our music to a whole new generation of music lovers.\\\" In other media, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was featured in the 1980 Tatum O'Neal film \\\"Little Darlings\\\", the 2008 period drama \\\"Swingtown,\\\" and season 2 episode 'No\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437271\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"I Just Want to Be Your Everything\\\" and \\\"Shadow Dancing\\\". The most successful Australian female artist of the decade, Olivia Newton-John, became a leading singer in the 1970s in both the popular and country genres and realized several number one hits, including the songs, \\\"Let Me Be There\\\" and \\\"I Honestly Love You\\\" for which she received three Grammys. Additional top music acts in Australia and New Zealand included: Little River Band, Sherbet, Skyhooks, John Paul Young, Marcia Hines, Jon English, Richard Clapton, Dragon, Hush and the Ted Mulry Gang. The Wailers, a band started by Bob Marley, Peter Tosh\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7987021\",\n \"text\": \"attack after a severe bout of pneumonia. The group consisted of a large number of singers of diverse ethnic origin, some of whom such as John Lawton also performed with other groups. Another member was Jürgen Drews, who later started a long-running solo career, starting with his 1976 hit in Germany, \\\"Ein Bett im Kornfeld\\\", a cover version of \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers. Linda Thompson (born 21 September 1948 as Linda Übelherr), who had previously been a member of the Cornely Singers and Love Generation, was a member from 1973 to 1974, and later joined Silver\",\n \"title\": \"Les Humphries Singers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628222\",\n \"text\": \"the British Isles the track achieved chart peaks of #7 in the UK and #3 in Ireland. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" also reached #1 on the hit parade for South Africa, #2 in New Zealand and #6 in Australia. In 2008 and 2009 \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" enjoyed a UK chart renaissance due to the song's being featured in a television ad for Barclays promoting the bank's Barclaycard in its contactless format. Filmed in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the ad's focus was on an office clerk - played by Robert Wilfort - who utilizes his Barclaycard while traveling\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4924636\",\n \"text\": \"track was previously recorded on \\\"Native American\\\" in 1995. The album received two Dove Award nominations and a second gospel album, \\\"Pray for Me\\\", was released in 2012. They had many guest singers on this album. Their sister, Ginger, sang with them on the song \\\"Suppertime\\\" and Deborah Allen sang background vocals with Vicky Hampton on the album. Irish actor and musician Kieran McHugh played penny whistle for the song \\\"Hymn to Him\\\". In 2008, the song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was used in the Barclaycard advert for their new contactless cards. The song re-entered the UK singles chart at\",\n \"title\": \"The Bellamy Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628221\",\n \"text\": \"Dutch Top 30 chart dated 6 March 1976, the same date as the track's \\\"Billboard\\\" Top 40 debut at #38: the track would eventually peak at #6 on both the Dutch chart and Belgium's Flemish chart. In June and July 1976 \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" spent five weeks at #1 in Germany and also in Switzerland, while the track would be ranked at #1 on the monthly Austrian hit parades dated the 15th of August, September and October. \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was afforded further European success with a seven-week tenure at #2 in both Norway and Sweden, while in\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11772547\",\n \"text\": \"in February to rise as high as #2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 on May 1, 1976. Although \\\"Right Back Where We Started From\\\" was held off from the top of that chart for two weeks (by the Bellamy Brothers' \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\", then John Sebastian's \\\"Welcome Back\\\"), the single did reach #1 on the charts for the two other major US music industry journals, \\\"Cash Box\\\" and \\\"Record World\\\". On April 27, the single received gold certification for sales of a million units. \\\"Right Back Where We Started From\\\" also appeared on Billboard's Adult Contemporary and Black Singles\",\n \"title\": \"Right Back Where We Started From\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5471326\",\n \"text\": \"starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \\\"Sentimental Tune\\\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \\\"Sainthood\\\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.\",\n \"title\": \"Petra Haden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10934713\",\n \"text\": \"on a few tracks on Neil Diamond's 1971 album \\\"Stones\\\"; \\\"Moods\\\" was his first full album with him, and he played on every Diamond album until 1987 and toured with him for 17 years. He also co-wrote with Diamond, including the up-tempo \\\"Forever in Blue Jeans\\\" from the 1978 album \\\"You Don't Bring Me Flowers\\\", which reached the Top 20. On 1975's \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers, Bennett plays lead guitars. It also features in a UK Barclay's Bank commercial. The song was written by Larry Williams, a member of Neil Diamond's road crew. Formed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Bennett (guitarist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628217\",\n \"text\": \"recording studio in Tampa when a demo of a song written by David: \\\"Spiders and Snakes\\\", was optioned for Jim Stafford whose 1973 recording became a million-selling hit single. On the recommendation of Stafford's producer Phil Gernhard the Bellamy Brothers relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a recording career: the duo initially stayed with Jim Stafford in the Hollywood house whose purchase Stafford's success with \\\"Spiders and Snakes\\\" had made possible and for a time Howard acted as Stafford's road manager while Gernhard arranged for David to record as a solo act for the Warner Bros Records affiliate Curb Records\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10628216\",\n \"text\": \"his [ie. Diamond's] vein\\\" - and according to Howard, Johnny Rivers had also passed on \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\". The song as recorded by Gene Cotton was a single release in the autumn of 1975 making Cotton's version - featured on his 1976 album release \\\"For All the Young Writers\\\" - the earliest released version of \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" although it is unclear if Cotton's recording of song was made prior to that by the Bellamy Brothers. The Bellamy Brothers - siblings David and Howard Bellamy from Pasco County- had been working as session musicians at the Studio 70\",\n \"title\": \"Let Your Love Flow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8683564\",\n \"text\": \"James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \\\"I'm Your Puppet\\\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \\\"Let Love Come Between Us\\\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \\\"Bobby Purify\\\" (Robert Lee Dickey) was replaced by a second \\\"Bobby Purify\\\" (Ben Moore) in the 1970s. The vocal duo of James Lee Purify (born May 12, 1944, Pensacola, Florida) and his cousin Robert Lee\",\n \"title\": \"James & Bobby Purify\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450373\",\n \"text\": \"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5826921\",\n \"text\": \"The Walker Brothers The Walker Brothers were an American pop group of the 1960s and 1970s that included Scott Engel (eventually known professionally as Scott Walker), John Walker (born John Maus, but using the name Walker since his teens) and Gary Leeds (eventually known as Gary Walker). After moving to Britain in 1965, they had a number of top ten albums and singles there, including the No. 1 chart hits \\\"Make It Easy on Yourself\\\" and \\\"The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore)\\\", both of which also made the US top 20. In between the two was the lesser US hit\",\n \"title\": \"The Walker Brothers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18356688\",\n \"text\": \"I wanted to do next and she told me to follow them.\\\" Instead of trying to match it with the current crop of electronic dance divas, Hines returned to the R & B sound which introduced her to the top of the Australian charts via her No. 2 hit single \\\"You\\\" in 1977. A deluxe version of the album was released in April 2018, featuring 6 of Hines' biggest hits. Hines did an in store appearance on 19 April at WOW Music store in Sydney Four promotional video clips have been released. \\\"Amazing\\\", \\\"Remedy\\\", \\\"Let Love Flow\\\" and \\\"Chase The\",\n \"title\": \"Amazing (Marcia Hines album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5786482\",\n \"text\": \"John Farrar John Clifford Farrar ( ; born 8 November 1945) is an Australian music producer, songwriter, arranger, singer, and guitarist. As a musician, Farrar is a former member of several rock and roll groups including The Mustangs (1963–64), The Strangers (1964–70), Marvin, Welch & Farrar (1970–73), and The Shadows (1973–76); in 1980 he released a solo eponymous album. As a songwriter and producer, he worked with Olivia Newton-John from 1971 through 1989. He wrote her number-one hit singles: \\\"Have You Never Been Mellow\\\" (1975), \\\"You're the One That I Want\\\" (1978 duet with John Travolta), \\\"Hopelessly Devoted to You\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"John Farrar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565650\",\n \"text\": \"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's Daughter\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437038\",\n \"text\": \"such as those of Virginia Woolf, Agatha Christie, and J. R. R. Tolkien. By 1975, the independence and freedom themes evolved into the swinging singles scene, with \\\"Looking for Mr. Goodbar\\\" by Judith Rossner at number four on the fiction top ten list. Sex hit the top of the non-fiction charts in 1970, with authors taking advantage of the lifted censorship laws on literature in the sixties. \\\"Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)\\\" by David Reuben, M.D. took the number one spot, winning out over The \\\"New English Bible\\\" at number two, a\",\n \"title\": \"Literature in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450321\",\n \"text\": \"the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \\\"The Day the Music Died\\\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the breakup of Simon & Garfunkel. Ross, Simon and Art Garfunkel all continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade and beyond. Several of their songs are listed among the biggest hits of the 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \\\"Bridge Over Troubled Water,\\\" Simon's solo hit \\\"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover,\\\" and Ross' \\\"Ain't No Mountain High Enough.\\\" Country rock, formed from\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437248\",\n \"text\": \"Crystal Gayle (born Brenda Gail Webb), who would become by far the most successful. Although she has recorded and/or performed traditional country, Gayle's primary style was country pop, and by forging her own path rather than mimicking her famous sister's style, she had several tremendously successful songs, most notably \\\"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue.\\\" Lynn also recorded with Conway Twitty multiple times during the 1970s, and had five No. 1 singles together, including \\\"After the Fire Is Gone.\\\" Like Lynn, Twitty had family—in this case, his children—who also recorded and had songs make the top 40 of the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1325718\",\n \"text\": \"Green was inducted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame. Green was recognized on December 7, 2014, as a Kennedy Center Honors recipient. Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \\\"Take Me to the River\\\", \\\"Tired of Being Alone\\\", \\\"I'm Still in Love with You\\\", \\\"Love and Happiness\\\", and his signature song, \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in\",\n \"title\": \"Al Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"999905\",\n \"text\": \"Hank Snow Clarence Eugene \\\"Hank\\\" Snow (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. In a career that spanned more than 50 years, he recorded 140 albums and charted more than 85 singles on the \\\"Billboard\\\" country charts from 1950 until 1980. His number-one hits include the self-penned songs \\\"I'm Moving On\\\", \\\"The Golden Rocket\\\" and The Rhumba Boogie and famous versions of \\\"I Don't Hurt Anymore\\\", \\\"Let Me Go, Lover!\\\", \\\"I've Been Everywhere\\\", \\\"Hello Love\\\", as well as other top 10 hits. Snow was an accomplished songwriter whose clear, baritone voice expressed a wide\",\n \"title\": \"Hank Snow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4973396\",\n \"text\": \"In the U.S., the solo #1 single broke Elton John's \\\"Kiki jinx.\\\" After five number-one solo hits in America in the 1970s, John hit #1 in a duet with Kiki Dee with 1976's \\\"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\\\". From then until \\\"Candle in the Wind 1997\\\", John did not record a number-one single by himself and only had two chart toppers altogether. The first of those was 1986's \\\"That's What Friends Are For\\\", where he joined forces with Dionne Warwick, Gladys Knight, and Stevie Wonder to form a quartet known as Dionne & Friends which helped raise money for AIDS\",\n \"title\": \"Candle in the Wind 1997\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2808444\",\n \"text\": \"the Godfather\\\". These recordings, along with his natural affinity for the music of the 1960s and early 1970s, combined to make him one of the premier easy listening singers of that era. In the UK, Williams continued to reach high chart status until 1978. The albums \\\"Dear Heart\\\" (1965), \\\"Love Andy\\\" (1967), \\\"Can't Help Falling in Love\\\" (1970), \\\"Andy Williams Show\\\" (1970), \\\"Home Lovin' Man\\\" (No. 1, 1971), \\\"Solitaire\\\" (1973), \\\"The Way We Were\\\" (1974) and \\\"Reflections\\\" (1978) all reached the Top 10. Williams forged an indirect collaborative relationship with Henry Mancini, although they never recorded together. Both \\\"Moon River\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320601\",\n \"text\": \"100 chart for 25 March 1978, five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time: \\\"Night Fever\\\", \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\", \\\"If I Can't Have You\\\", \\\"Emotion\\\" and \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\". Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964, when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles. Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number-one hits in the US, breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record. These songs were \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\", \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\", \\\"Night Fever\\\" and \\\"If I Can't\",\n \"title\": \"Bee Gees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437258\",\n \"text\": \"known European groups ever, as well as one of the few groups from a non-English speaking country to gain international success with several back-to-back No. 1 albums and singles in most of the major music markets. \\\"Waterloo\\\", \\\"Mamma Mia\\\", \\\"Take a Chance on Me\\\", \\\"Knowing Me, Knowing You\\\", \\\"Dancing Queen\\\" and \\\"The Winner Takes It All are just some of ABBA's most popular and most successful songs. One of the first events of the 1970s was the break-up of The Beatles in the spring of 1970. Paul McCartney formed a new group, Wings, and continued to enjoy great mainstream success.\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9665165\",\n \"text\": \"Morgan Fisher Stephen Morgan Fisher (born 1 January 1950 in Mayfair, London) is an English keyboard player and composer, and is most known as a member of Mott the Hoople in the early 1970s. However, his career has covered a wide range of musical activities, and he is still active in the music industry. In recent years he has expanded into photography. From 1966 to 1970, Fisher played the organ with the soul/pop band, The Soul Survivors, who in 1967 renamed themselves Love Affair. They had a number one hit single in 1968 with \\\"Everlasting Love\\\", while Fisher was taking\",\n \"title\": \"Morgan Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5478254\",\n \"text\": \"Marc Anthony Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \\\"Let It Roll\\\", \\\"Let the Rhythm Pump\\\", and \\\"H.O.U.S.E.\\\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \\\"Book of Love\\\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \\\"Book of Love\\\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Lazy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11205603\",\n \"text\": \"Alabama. WACQ provides coverage to the Reeltown High School athletic teams, a commitment that began when WACQ signed on in 1979. The first song ever played on WACQ in 1979 was \\\"Let Your Love Flow,\\\" by The Bellamy Brothers. The first record was played by owner and general manager Fred Randall Hughey. Today, the Listen Live application on the website, wacqradio.com, as well as the TuneIn app available on smartphones and other devices, give WACQ an audience far beyond the Tallassee area it calls home. Weekday programming includes \\\"Way of the Cross\\\" with Brother Rick Dorley; \\\"What's Going On?\\\" with\",\n \"title\": \"WACQ\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437232\",\n \"text\": \"death of Buddy Holly, became one of popular music's most-recognized songs of the 20th century, thanks to its abstract and vivid storytelling, which center around \\\"The Day the Music Died\\\" and popular music of the rock era. The early 1970s marked the departure of Diana Ross from The Supremes and the break-up of Simon & Garfunkel and The Beatles. All continued hugely successful recording careers throughout the decade. Some of their songs are that among the hits of the early 1970s: Simon & Garfunkel's \\\"Bridge Over Troubled Water\\\", Simon's solo hit \\\"50 Ways to Leave Your Lover\\\", The Beatles \\\"Let\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5478253\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Lazy Doug Lazy (real name Gene Douglas Finley) is an American hip hop and dance music producer and DJ from Washington, D.C. Lazy scored a number of hip house hits in the late 1980s and early 1990s on the Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart, including three #1s: \\\"Let It Roll\\\", \\\"Let the Rhythm Pump\\\", and \\\"H.O.U.S.E.\\\". In 1990, Ben E. King and Bo Diddley featuring Lazy recorded a rap version of the Monotones' 1958 hit song \\\"Book of Love\\\" for the soundtrack of the movie, \\\"Book of Love\\\". ^Credited to Raze presents Doug Lazy ^^Credited to Little Louie &\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Lazy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"364634\",\n \"text\": \"Simon & Garfunkel Simon & Garfunkel were an American folk rock duo consisting of singer-songwriter Paul Simon and singer Art Garfunkel. They were one of the bestselling music groups of the 1960s and became counterculture icons of the decade's social revolution, alongside artists such as the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and Bob Dylan. Their biggest hits—including \\\"The Sound of Silence\\\" (1964), \\\"Mrs. Robinson\\\" (1968), \\\"The Boxer\\\" (1969), and \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" (1970)—reached number one on singles charts worldwide. The duo met in elementary school in Queens, New York, in 1953, where they learned to harmonize together and began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Simon & Garfunkel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2359221\",\n \"text\": \"Mark Holden Mark Ronald Holden (born 27 April 1954) is an Australian singer, actor, TV personality, record producer, songwriter, and barrister. He was a pop star in the 1970s and had four top 20 hit singles, \\\"Never Gonna Fall in Love Again\\\" (May 1976), \\\"I Wanna Make You My Lady\\\" (September), \\\"Last Romance\\\" (November) and \\\"Reach Out for the One Who Loves You\\\" (October 1977). Holden regularly appeared on national pop music show, \\\"Countdown\\\". Holden is remembered for his clean-cut image, his white dinner suit and his penchant for handing out carnations to girls on the set of the popular\",\n \"title\": \"Mark Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1325699\",\n \"text\": \"Al Green Albert Leornes Greene (born April 13, 1946), often known as The Reverend Al Green, is an American singer, songwriter and record producer, best known for recording a series of soul hit singles in the early 1970s, including \\\"Take Me to the River\\\", \\\"Tired of Being Alone\\\", \\\"I'm Still in Love with You\\\", \\\"Love and Happiness\\\", and his signature song, \\\"Let's Stay Together\\\". Inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995, Green was referred to on the museum's site as being \\\"one of the most gifted purveyors of soul music\\\". He has also been referred to\",\n \"title\": \"Al Green\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6193019\",\n \"text\": \"had hits in the UK in the 1960s with songs such as \\\"So Much in Love\\\", a US chart topper and million-seller in 1963, \\\"Wonderful! Wonderful!\\\", a remake of the Johnny Mathis classic hit from 1957, \\\"Somewhere\\\", then in 1970s with \\\"You Little Trustmaker\\\" and \\\"Ms Grace\\\". The last of these became the group's biggest UK hit, reaching Number One in the UK Singles Chart in 1975, but barely dented the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, long after the success of \\\"So Much in Love\\\". \\\"Ms Grace\\\", while only charting modestly in the US, was and remains a regional hit with the\",\n \"title\": \"The Tymes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450336\",\n \"text\": \"success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to bring back traditional honky-tonk sounds to the forefront. The debate continued into 1975, a year where six\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872550\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In\\\" was the biggest hit single for 1969. Later top 20 hits included 1970's \\\"One Less Bell to Answer\\\" (U.S. No. 2), 1971's \\\"Love's Lines, Angles and Rhymes\\\" (U.S. No. 19) and \\\"Never My Love\\\" (U.S. No. 12), 1972's \\\"(Last Night) I Didn't Get to Sleep at All\\\" (U.S. No. 8) and \\\"If I Could Reach You\\\" (U.S. No. 10). The group had seven other top 40 hits, the last being 1973's \\\"Living Together, Growing Together\\\" (U.S. No. 32) from the film \\\"Lost Horizon\\\". The 5th Dimension performed \\\"Sweet Blindness\\\" on Frank Sinatra's 1968 TV special \\\"Francis\",\n \"title\": \"The 5th Dimension\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565668\",\n \"text\": \"had two iconic music videos for \\\"Addicted to Love\\\" and \\\"Simply Irresistible\\\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \\\"You Win Again\\\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4942711\",\n \"text\": \"the fifth most successful female country artist of the 1970s, according to Billboard Magazine, behind Loretta Lynn, Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, and Lynn Anderson. For a better part of the 70s, Fargo stayed high on the charts with songs like \\\"It Do Feel Good,\\\" and \\\"Mr. Doodles.\\\" Fargo had another successful album with Dot in 1974, releasing \\\"Miss Donna Fargo\\\", which spawned three Top 10 hits, including \\\"You Can't Be a Beacon If Your Light Don't Shine.\\\" This song peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Country Chart. In 1975, she released \\\"Whatever I Say Means I Love You\\\" (ABC/MCA),\",\n \"title\": \"Donna Fargo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8683569\",\n \"text\": \"to performing and recording. Under the name Bobby Purify, he released an album, \\\"Better to Have It\\\", produced by Dan Penn, in 2005. He later joined the gospel band Blind Boys of Alabama. James & Bobby Purify James & Bobby Purify were an R&B singing duo, whose biggest hits were \\\"I'm Your Puppet\\\" in 1966, which reached number six in the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart and in a re-recorded version number 12 in the UK Singles Chart (in April 1976), and \\\"Let Love Come Between Us\\\" in 1967, which reached number 23 in the US. The original \\\"Bobby Purify\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"James & Bobby Purify\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7988359\",\n \"text\": \"Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \\\"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\\\" his 1981 #1 hit \\\"Fourteen Carat Mind,\\\" and his signature 1979 song \\\"Farewell Party.\\\" Watson's long career has notched five number ones, 23 top tens and over 76 charted singles. Watson was born in Palestine, Texas, in 1943. He began his music career in the 1960s, performing in local clubs at night while working in a Houston auto body shop during the day. He recorded for only a few small, regional record labels\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6238750\",\n \"text\": \"as \\\"Narvel the Marvel,\\\" continued to enjoy success throughout the 1970s. Included in his streak of hits was a remake of \\\"Lonely Teardrops\\\", which became his last top 10 hit in the summer of 1976; and a cover of Willie Nelson's \\\"Funny How Time Slips Away\\\". He also had a No. 14 country hit with \\\"Everlasting Love\\\" in 1979. Narvel Felts' pioneering contribution to the genre has been recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. He is married to the former Loretta Stanfield. Two children resulted from the marriage, but Felts lost his only son, Narvel Jr. (known as Bub)\",\n \"title\": \"Narvel Felts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7988363\",\n \"text\": \"in 2002 and inducted into the inaugural class of the Houston Music Hall of Fame in August 2013. In 2018 Watson received the \\\"Entertainer of the Year\\\" Award from the R.O.P.E. Awards, an honor he shared with singer, Jeannie Seely. It was the first time in the history of the Awards that there was a tie in any category. Gene Watson Gary Gene Watson (born October 11, 1943) is an American country singer. He is most famous for his 1975 hit \\\"Love in the Hot Afternoon,\\\" his 1981 #1 hit \\\"Fourteen Carat Mind,\\\" and his signature 1979 song \\\"Farewell Party.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Gene Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19442822\",\n \"text\": \"in 1966 that reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.[ Billboard Singles], Allmusic.com The T-Bones membership eventually morphed into the successful soft rock trio, Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds, who recorded several albums and had major hits with \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\", which went to #4 on the Billobard charts in 1971 and \\\"\\\"Fallin' in Love\\\" (Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds song)\\\", which became a #1 smash hit in 1975. Joe Frank and the Knights' work has come to attention of garage rock collectors and enthusiasts. \\\"Can't Find a Way\\\" is included on the \\\"Psychedelic States: Mississippi\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Frank and the Knights\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1566182\",\n \"text\": \"city. The film was notable for having a contemporary pop soundtrack, with music by artists like Blondie, Rickie Lee Jones, Supertramp, The Cars, and Iain Matthews. The original video release—on blue box VHS and laserdisc—kept the soundtrack intact, however, many songs in the film such as Supertramp's \\\"School\\\", John Lennon's \\\"Oh My Love\\\" and The Bellamy Brothers' \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" were removed from the second round of home releases—VHS red box—due to licensing issues, and were replaced with sound-alikes. As of 2010, the film has not been released on DVD, but was briefly available for digital video rental on\",\n \"title\": \"Little Darlings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7712173\",\n \"text\": \"chart-topper of the 1970s. After a five-week stay at the top, it dropped to no.4, replaced by \\\"Wand'rin' Star\\\" by Lee Marvin. Whilst at no.1, Edison Lighthouse held off strong competition from Peter, Paul and Mary (\\\"Leaving on a Jet Plane\\\") and Canned Heat (\\\"Let's Work Together\\\"). Eventually, after a 12 week run, \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" left the UK top 40 on 18th April 1970. In the US Billboard Hot 100 top 40 chart, Edison Lighthouse entered at no.28 on 28 February 1970. \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) reached a peak position of no.5 on 28\",\n \"title\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4275591\",\n \"text\": \"Their third and final album was not commercially successful and they disbanded near the end of 1967. In 1970, Dunhill Records offered a recording contract to the newly formed 'Hamilton, Joe Frank and Reynolds'. The following year \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\", arranged by Ben Benay, hit #1 on the Cash Box Top 100, peaked at #4 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart, sold over one million US copies and was awarded a gold record by the R.I.A.A. in August 1971. A couple more singles, \\\"Annabella\\\" and \\\"Daisy Mae\\\", charted but two Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds albums and several other\",\n \"title\": \"Hamilton, Joe Frank & Reynolds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6649994\",\n \"text\": \"William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \\\"Private Number\\\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \\\"Tryin' to Love Two\\\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \\\"A Tribute to a King\\\". As a songwriter, Bell co-authored the Chuck Jackson hit \\\"Any Other Way\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"William Bell (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13678968\",\n \"text\": \"stars who died during the 1960s included A.P. Carter, Gid Tanner, Moon Mullican, Ernest \\\"Pop\\\" Stoneman, Red Foley, Leon Payne and Spade Cooley. The 1960s began a trend toward a proliferation of No. 1 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, thanks to ever-changing data collecting methods. When the 1960s decade opened, there were but four No. 1 songs topping the chart (five, if one counts Marty Robbins' \\\"El Paso\\\"), but by the mid-1960s, there were always at least a dozen songs topping the chart annually. In 1967, there were more than 20 songs reaching the top spot for\",\n \"title\": \"1960s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536694\",\n \"text\": \"Night)\\\" (1975). Valli's recording of the song \\\"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\\\" reached number two in 1967. \\\"You're Ready Now\\\", a Valli solo recording from 1966, became a surprise hit in the UK as part of the Northern soul scene and hit number eleven on the British pop charts in December 1970. As a solo artist, Valli scored number-one hits with the songs \\\"My Eyes Adored You\\\" (1974) and \\\"Grease\\\" (1978). Valli, Tommy DeVito, Nick Massi and Bob Gaudio the original members of The Four Seasons were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and\",\n \"title\": \"Frankie Valli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6650002\",\n \"text\": \"to 50 years of Stax Records synonymous with Southern Soul music. William Bell (singer) William Bell (born William Yarbrough; July 16, 1939) is an American soul singer and songwriter. As a performer, he is probably best known for his debut single, 1961's \\\"You Don't Miss Your Water\\\"; 1968's top 10 hit in the UK \\\"Private Number\\\", a duet with Judy Clay; and his only US top 40 hit, 1976's \\\"Tryin' to Love Two\\\", which also hit No. 1 on the R&B chart. Upon the death of Otis Redding, Bell released the well-received memorial song \\\"A Tribute to a King\\\". As\",\n \"title\": \"William Bell (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3256470\",\n \"text\": \"and Kendrick Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"The Way You Do The Things You Do\\\", \\\"Get Ready\\\", and \\\"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\\\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kendricks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8975413\",\n \"text\": \"As evidence of the Gibb brothers' U.S. chart domination in 1978, atop the 4 March 1978 Hot 100 the Bee Gees' \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\" was displaced by this song, which in turn was displaced two weeks later by the Bee Gees' \\\"Night Fever\\\", which in turn was displaced eight weeks later by Yvonne Elliman's \\\"If I Can't Have You\\\". Since Barry Gibb had a hand in writing all four of these songs, he became the only person in history to write four consecutive US number-one singles, a feat unmatched to this day. The song was released in February 1978 in Netherlands.\",\n \"title\": \"(Love Is) Thicker Than Water\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5561756\",\n \"text\": \"Garth Porter Garth Ivan Richard Porter (born 24 September 1948) is a New Zealand-born Australian multi-instrumental musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a member, on keyboards and backing vocals, of the pop group, Sherbet (1970–84), and co-wrote both of their number-one singles, \\\"Summer Love\\\" (March 1975) and \\\"Howzat\\\" (May 1976). Porter is a co-writer and producer for country music singer Lee Kernaghan. Garth Ivan Richard Porter was born on 24 September 1948 in Hamilton, New Zealand. His parents were farmers in the nearby rural area. He recalled that while growing up \\\"I learnt piano for about six months so\",\n \"title\": \"Garth Porter\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4515265\",\n \"text\": \"and Hyslop joined The Skids, and McIsaac retired from the pop music scene. In the 1990s he formed the Billy McIsaac Band. The following is a sortable table of all songs by Arrows: Slik Slik were a Scottish pop group of the mid-1970s, most notable for their UK no. 1 hit \\\"Forever and Ever\\\" in 1976. Initially glam rock, the band later changed their style to soft rock/bubblegum. It was the first band with whom singer and guitarist Midge Ure began to experience musical success, before joining new wave band Ultravox. Slik were formed as the Glasgow based band 'Salvation'\",\n \"title\": \"Slik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437238\",\n \"text\": \"theme song to the movie. Other family acts included Gladys Knight & the Pips who topped the charts with \\\"Midnight Train to Georgia\\\", Sly & the Family Stone who brought \\\"Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)\\\" and \\\"Family Affair\\\" to the top spot. As well as The Staple Singers with \\\"I'll Take You There\\\" and \\\"Let's Do It Again\\\" theme song to a 1975 Sidney Poitier/Bill Cosby movie. The Sylvers with \\\"Boogie Fever\\\" and The Emotions with \\\"Best of My Love\\\". The Emotions were a girl group which were still popular in soul music, Honey Cone had a chart\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437245\",\n \"text\": \"Denver's name) with a cigarette lighter were taken as a protest against the increasing pop style in country music (this despite Rich himself having made his name with songs that crossed over from country into the pop and adult contemporary charts). By the later half of the 1970s, Dolly Parton, a highly successful traditional-minded country artist since the late 1960s, mounted a high-profile campaign to crossover to pop music, culminating in her 1977 hit \\\"Here You Come Again\\\", which peaked at No. 1 country and No. 3 pop. Of her 25 career No. 1 hits, 11 of them came during\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12729852\",\n \"text\": \"2001. Side One Side Two Bonus tracks (2001 re-issue): Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \\\"Congratulations\\\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \\\"Carrie\\\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued\",\n \"title\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2477770\",\n \"text\": \"some of Sly Stone prior to There's a Riot Going On and other African-American artists of the 1970s in its tacit assumption that the world imagined by Dr. King is still possible, that the American Dream is a dream for all people.\\\" It made history as the only album to generate seven top-five hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, surpassing Michael Jackson's \\\"Thriller\\\" (1982) and Bruce Springsteen's \\\"Born in the U.S.A.\\\" (1984), each having seven top ten hits. It is also the only album to achieve number one hits in three separate calendar years, with \\\"Miss You Much\\\" in 1989,\",\n \"title\": \"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6033530\",\n \"text\": \"The overnight success and Fairweather Low's teen idol looks, as music journalist William Ruhlmann noted at Allmusic; \\\"... put his attractive face on the bedroom walls of teenage girls all over Britain\\\". The band split in two in 1970, with Fairweather Low leading Dennis Byron (drums), Blue Weaver (organ), Clive Taylor (bass) and Neil Jones (guitar) into a new band, Fair Weather. The band scored a UK Singles Chart No. 6 hit with \\\"Natural Sinner\\\" in July 1970, although the outfit's albums, \\\"Beginning From An End\\\" and \\\"Let Your Mind Roll On\\\", failed to chart. After twelve months Fairweather Low\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Fairweather Low\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1918954\",\n \"text\": \"Vassy. They chalked up a string of hits on both the pop and country charts, including \\\"Just Dropped In (To See What Condition My Condition Was In)\\\", \\\"But You Know I Love You\\\", \\\"Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town\\\", \\\"Tell It All, Brother\\\", \\\"Reuben James\\\", and \\\"Something's Burning\\\". When the First Edition disbanded in 1976, Rogers launched his solo career. He soon developed a more middle-of-the-road sound that sold to both pop and country audiences. He has charted more than 60 top 40 hit singles (including two number ones—\\\"Lady\\\" and \\\"Islands in the Stream\\\"). His music has also been\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Rogers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16399567\",\n \"text\": \"recorded from 1970 to 1973 and had a number one hit record on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart with \\\"I Think I Love You\\\". The Partridge Family won a NARM award for the best selling single of the year in 1970 for their hit \\\"I Think I Love You\\\". The group was also nominated for the Best New Artist Grammy award in 1971. *\\\"Walking in the Rain\\\" was released only in the UK The Partridge Family discography This article presents the discography of all albums and singles released by the American pop rock group The Partridge Family. It includes eight\",\n \"title\": \"The Partridge Family discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1453944\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 and, for one week in March, four of the top five songs were written by him. His songs were No. 1 for 27 out of 37 weeks from 24 December 1977 to 2 September 1978. Gibb also holds a very unusual record, in that he is the only songwriter in history to write four successive US number one hits: in 1978, the Bee Gees' \\\"Stayin' Alive\\\" was replaced at number one by Andy Gibb's single, \\\"Love Is Thicker Than Water\\\", followed by the Bee Gees' \\\"Night Fever\\\" for their longest run, seven weeks. This was then replaced by\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Gibb\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3256450\",\n \"text\": \"Eddie Kendricks Edward James Kendrick (December 17, 1939 – October 5, 1992), best known by the stage name Eddie Kendricks, was an American singer and songwriter. Noted for his distinctive falsetto singing style, Kendricks co-founded the Motown singing group The Temptations, and was one of their lead singers from 1960 until 1971. His was the lead voice on such famous songs as \\\"The Way You Do The Things You Do\\\", \\\"Get Ready\\\", and \\\"Just My Imagination (Running Away with Me)\\\". As a solo artist, Kendricks recorded several hits of his own during the 1970s, including the number-one single \\\"Keep On\",\n \"title\": \"Eddie Kendricks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437266\",\n \"text\": \"Mungo Jerry, the Hollies and Rod Stewart. Some of the most successful singers and songwriters were Cat Stevens, Steve Winwood, and Elton John. In the late 1970s, many bands in the United Kingdom began experimenting with synthesizers, forming the new wave style known as synthpop. Major synthpop bands around this time included Gary Numan and Tubeway Army, the Buggles, the Human League, and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark. Other successful British new wave bands in the late 1970s included the Police, Echo & the Bunnymen, Adam and the Ants, Roxy Music, Squeeze, XTC, the Cure, the Stranglers, Joy Division and\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450342\",\n \"text\": \"popular music's most successful artists died within six weeks of each other in 1977: Elvis Presley (on August 16) and Bing Crosby (on October 14). Presley—whose top 1970s hit was \\\"Burning Love\\\" in 1972— ranked among the top artists of the rock era, while Crosby was among the most successful pre-rock era artists. The early seventies also marked the deaths of rock legends Jim Morrison, Janis Joplin, and Jimi Hendrix as well as the plane crash in 1977 in which three members of Lynyrd Skynyrd were killed. Music history of the United States in the 1970s Popular music of the\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1970s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"163686\",\n \"text\": \"song was number one in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and West Germany, and the combined sides topped the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in the United States. In the 1970s Frank Sinatra recorded \\\"Something\\\" twice (1970 and 1979) and later dubbed it \\\"the greatest love song of the past fifty years\\\". Lennon considered it the best song on \\\"Abbey Road\\\", and it became the Beatles' second most covered song after \\\"Yesterday\\\". In May 1970 Harrison's \\\"For You Blue\\\" was coupled on a US single with McCartney's \\\"The Long and Winding Road\\\" and became Harrison's second chart-topper when the sides were listed\",\n \"title\": \"George Harrison\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437237\",\n \"text\": \"a repertoire of rhythm and blues, pop and later disco. The Jacksons — brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon and Michael — the first act in recording history to have their first four major label singles: \\\"I Want You Back\\\", \\\"ABC\\\", \\\"The Love You Save\\\", and \\\"I'll Be There\\\" reach the top of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. The band served as the launching pad for the solo careers of their lead singers Jermaine and Michael, both had some solo success in the early part of the decade. Jermaine with top 10 hit \\\"Daddy's Home\\\" and Michael topped the charts with \\\"Ben\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20805779\",\n \"text\": \"Gates on guitar and Leon Russell playing Hammond organ. Some time after they ceased performing as The Avantis, they released \\\"Hot Rodders Choice\\\" on the Del-Fi label. Later they would go on to form Redbone. In 1970, Dan Hamilton along with Tommy Reynolds and Joe Frank Carollo, co-founded Hamilton Joe Frank & Reynolds. They had a million dollar smash hit with \\\"Don't Pull Your Love\\\". Dan Hamilton died on December 23, 1994 at the age of 48. Lolly Vegas died of Cancer on March 4th, 2010 in Reseda, California. He was 70 years of age. The Avantis The Avantis were\",\n \"title\": \"The Avantis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1448689\",\n \"text\": \"Make It Through the Night\\\") all recorded successful versions of his songs in the early 1970s. \\\"For the Good Times\\\" (Ray Price) won \\\"Song of the Year\\\" in 1970 from the Academy of Country Music, while \\\"Sunday Morning Coming Down\\\" (Johnny Cash) won the same award from the Academy's rival, the Country Music Association, in the same year. This is the only time an individual received the same award from these two organizations in the same year for different songs. In 1971, Janis Joplin, who dated Kristofferson for some time until her death, had a number one hit with \\\"Me\",\n \"title\": \"Kris Kristofferson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7712170\",\n \"text\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes) \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" is a popular song by \\\"one-hit wonder\\\" Edison Lighthouse. The single reached the number one spot on the UK Singles Chart on the week ending on 31 January 1970, where it remained for a total of five weeks. It also became the first number one single of the 1970s (not counting Rolf Harris' \\\"Two Little Boys\\\" which was a holdover from 1969). \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\" was written by Tony Macaulay and Barry Mason. Essentially, they were a studio group with prolific session singer Tony Burrows\",\n \"title\": \"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437257\",\n \"text\": \"Heart\\\" (the latter a duet with Kiki Dee). Other European soft rock major artists of the decade included Cat Stevens, Fleetwood Mac and Joan Armatrading. (See the country music section of this article for more about country music that crossed over onto the pop charts.) One of the most successful European groups of the decade, and one of the best-selling acts of all time with 380 million records sold, was the quartet ABBA. The most successful Swedish group of all time, ABBA first found fame when they won the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest. They became one of the most widely\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437243\",\n \"text\": \"Murray and Campbell, several artists who were not initially marketed as country were enjoying crossover success with country audiences through radio airplay and sales. The most successful of these artists included The Bellamy Brothers, Charlie Rich, John Denver, Olivia Newton-John, Marie Osmond, B. J. Thomas and Kenny Rogers. Newton-John, an Australian pop singer, was named Female Vocalist of the Year by the Country Music Association in 1974, sparking a debate that continues to this day — what is country music? A group of traditional-minded artists, troubled by this trend, formed the short-lived Association of Country Entertainers, in an attempt to\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3906214\",\n \"text\": \"album and singles charts in the United Kingdom and the United States at the same time. The Beatles were the only ones who had done this until 1970 when Simon and Garfunkel achieved the same feat with their album \\\"Bridge over Troubled Water\\\" and its title track. The song was the fifth of seven songs by the Beatles to hit number 1 in a one-year period, an all-time record on the US charts. In order, these were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\", \\\"I Feel Fine\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"A Hard Day's Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14438954\",\n \"text\": \"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits Andy Williams' Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American pop singer Andy Williams that was released in early 1970 by Columbia Records. It was not, however, as its title might suggest, strictly a hit singles compilation, although some of his biggest songs since joining Columbia (such as the easy listening number ones \\\"Can't Get Used to Losing You\\\" and \\\"Happy Heart\\\") were included. A couple of selections (\\\"Born Free\\\" and \\\"More\\\") were never released as singles by Williams, and his signature song, \\\"Moon River\\\", was released in the 7-inch single format but only for jukeboxes.\",\n \"title\": \"Andy Williams' Greatest Hits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2944358\",\n \"text\": \"He got off in Memphis with her, rather than continue to his intended destination in Nashville. The two married in 1973 and recorded several duet albums, which sold well and earned the duo a Grammy Award for Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1974 for \\\"From the Bottle to the Bottom\\\", and in 1976 for \\\"Lover Please\\\". Coolidge's greatest success on the pop charts came during 1977–1978 with four consecutive top 25 hits, remakes of Jackie Wilson's \\\"(Your Love Keeps Lifting Me) Higher and Higher\\\", Boz Scaggs' \\\"We're All Alone\\\", the Temptations' \\\"The Way You\",\n \"title\": \"Rita Coolidge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437239\",\n \"text\": \"topping hit with \\\"Want Ads\\\", as did Labelle with \\\"Lady Marmalade\\\" and A Taste of Honey with \\\"Boogie Oogie Oogie\\\". Other examples of the girl group were Love Unlimited and The Three Degrees who scored a number two pop hit with \\\"When Will I See You Again\\\" but topped the chart when they teamed with Mother, Sister, Father, Brother (MSFB) on the Sound of Philadelphia (TSOP). The Commodores were another group that played from a diverse repertoire, including R&B, funk, and pop. Lionel Richie, who went on to even greater success as a solo artist in the 1980s, fronted the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6389855\",\n \"text\": \"at over three million copies. However, in later years the collection could not be considered a complete or definitive representation of Simon's best or most popular work because it did not include her major hits from the mid-1970s onward, such as \\\"Nobody Does It Better\\\", \\\"You Belong to Me\\\", \\\"Jesse\\\", \\\"Coming Around Again\\\" and \\\"Let the River Run\\\". The fact that Simon had changed record labels several times (moving from Elektra to Warner Brothers to Epic to Arista) made a more wide-ranging collection a difficult proposition. A live album, \\\"Greatest Hits Live\\\" (1988), went some way to rectifying this issue,\",\n \"title\": \"The Best of Carly Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1755751\",\n \"text\": \"early 1980s. Johnny Paycheck was the Jones Boys' bass player in the 1960s before going on to his own stardom in the 1970s. In 1964, Pappy Daily secured a new contract with Musicor records. For the rest of the 1960s, Jones would score only one number one (1967's \\\"Walk Through This World With Me\\\") but he practically owned the country music charts throughout the decade. Significant hits include \\\"Love Bug\\\" (a nod to Buck Owens and the Bakersfield sound), \\\"Things Have Gone to Pieces\\\", \\\"The Race Is On\\\", \\\"My Favorite Lies\\\", \\\"I'll Share My World with You\\\", \\\"Take Me\\\" (a\",\n \"title\": \"George Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12542219\",\n \"text\": \"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta is the second full-length release by Motown recording artist Syreeta Wright, issued on the Motown label, in June 1974. The album has a rating of 4.5 out of 5 on Allmusic Three artists who performed on this album (Stevie Wonder, Deniece Williams, Michael Sembello) would all have Billboard number one songs (\\\"I Just Called to Say I Love You\\\", \\\"Let's Hear It for the Boy\\\", and \\\"Maniac\\\", respectively) within a year of each other, a decade after this album's release. Another artist on this album, Ollie Brown of Ollie & Jerry, would\",\n \"title\": \"Stevie Wonder Presents: Syreeta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12729847\",\n \"text\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile is a 1979 album by Cliff Richard. It featured his biggest-ever single, \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\", which was a UK No. 1 hit (his first since 1968's \\\"Congratulations\\\" and his only one of the 1970s) and the No. 4 hit \\\"Carrie\\\". Recording sessions for the album began on 18 July 1978, before his previous album had been released. Over the next few days, the backing tracks of many of the songs were recorded, while the vocals weren't begun until January 1979 and continued on sporadically for the next few months, with the\",\n \"title\": \"Rock 'n' Roll Juvenile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20118626\",\n \"text\": \"film of the same name, starring Olivia Newton-John. In the 1970s, he co-wrote songs with Alan Bernstein for Engelbert Humperdinck, including \\\"After the Lovin'\\\" (1976) and \\\"This Moment in Time\\\" (1978), as well as Al Martino's \\\"The Next Hundred Years\\\" (1977). Adams died in 2017, aged 78, after a long illness. Ritchie Adams Richard Adam Ziegler (December 15, 1938 – March 6, 2017), known professionally as Ritchie Adams, was an American singer and songwriter. Born in New York City, by 1959 he joined The Fireflies, and sang lead vocals on their hit record \\\"You Were Mine\\\", as well as on\",\n \"title\": \"Ritchie Adams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1506154\",\n \"text\": \"Isles and Bobby Massey departed, leaving the group a trio. The remaining three original members, Eddie Levert, William Powell, and Walter Williams, soldiered on and Gamble & Huff, a team of producers and songwriters with whom the O'Jays had been working for several years, signed them to their Philadelphia International label. Suddenly, The O'Jays' fortunes changed and they finally scored with their first million-seller, \\\"Back Stabbers\\\", from the album of the same name. This album produced several more hit singles, including \\\"992 Arguments,\\\" \\\"Sunshine,\\\" \\\"Time To Get Down,\\\" and the #1 pop smash, \\\"Love Train\\\". During the remainder of the\",\n \"title\": \"The O'Jays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11437229\",\n \"text\": \"Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Marvin Gaye, Cat Stevens, James Taylor, Eric Clapton, Barry White, and Rod Stewart. Female soloists who epitomized the 1970s included Linda Ronstadt, Carly Simon, Roberta Flack, Donna Summer, Barbra Streisand, Rita Coolidge, Olivia Newton-John and Helen Reddy. Some of the most popular music acts of the day got their own network television variety shows, which were very popular in the 70s. Acts like Sonny & Cher, Glen Campbell, John Denver, Tony Orlando and Dawn, husband and wife team Captain & Tennille, brother and sister Donny & Marie Osmond. Soft rock was prominently featured on many Top\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3901504\",\n \"text\": \"Long John Baldry John William \\\"Long John\\\" Baldry (12 January 1941 – 21 July 2005) was an English-Canadian blues singer and a voice actor. He sang with many British musicians, with Rod Stewart and Elton John appearing in bands led by Baldry in the 1960s. He enjoyed pop success in the UK where \\\"Let the Heartaches Begin\\\" reached No. 1 in 1967 and in Australia where his duet with Kathi McDonald \\\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\\\" reached number two in 1980. Baldry lived in Canada from the late 1970s until his death; there he continued to make records and do\",\n \"title\": \"Long John Baldry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7449616\",\n \"text\": \"Raymond Thompson Raymond Webster Thompson (born 5 April 1949) is a British-born Canadian/New Zealand screenwriter, composer and producer. Thompson was born in Redditch, Worcestershire and grew up in Ontario, after his parents emigrated to Canada. He studied drama at York University and embarked upon a successful career in the music industry as both a songwriter and musician. His groups include a Canadian duo called Stillwater, and his school band The Avengers, which evolved into Edison Lighthouse, who had the number one record \\\"Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)\\\". Thompson published a novel in 1979, \\\"The Number to Call Is...\\\" before\",\n \"title\": \"Raymond Thompson\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Bellamy Brothers context: The Bellamy Brothers The Bellamy Brothers are an American pop and country music duo consisting of brothers David Milton Bellamy (born September 16, 1950) and Homer Howard Bellamy (born February 2, 1946), from Darby, Florida, United States. The duo had considerable musical success in the 1970s and 1980s, starting with the release of their crossover hit \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" in 1976, a Number One single on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Starting in the late 1970s, the Bellamy Brothers found success in country music as well, charting twenty Number One singles and more than fifty hits overall on the country\\n\\nWho had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 206,\n \"origin_tokens\": 206,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Petra Haden context: starring Catherine Keener and Ellen Page, which premiered on Showtime in May 2008. In 2009, Toyota commissioned Haden to perform three songs for television commercials for the third-generation Toyota Prius, including an a cappella version of the Bellamy Brothers 1970s song \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" and worked as an arranger and vocal coach on The Sing Off on NBC, alongside Deke Sharon. Haden played violin on \\\"Sentimental Tune\\\" by Tegan and Sara, off of their album \\\"Sainthood\\\" (released October 27, 2009). In 2011, Haden formed the group If By Yes with Yuka Honda, the culmination of an eight-year songwriting collaboration.\\n\\ntitle: The Bellamy Brothers context: Love Flow\\\", written Diamond'sie. Released 1976, \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" a No. single on the United States, as well as more than a dozen countries worldwide. Although \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" was also a hit on Hot Country & Tracks chart, Bellamys' music success until 1979, when \\\"If I Said You Had a Beautiful Would You Hold It Against Me\\\" was released, whose \\\"double entendre\\\" title was derived from Groucho Marx quote, landed the Bellamys their first country music No.\\n\\ntitle: 1970s in context: European groups ever well as of few groups from nonEnglish to gain international with-- 1 albums and singles in most of music markets \\\"Waterlooamma M\\\", \\\" a Chance on\\\",nowing Me, Knowing You\\\",Dancing\\\" andThe Winner T It just some AB' and most. of the events of the9s was the break-up of Beat in 170. McCart a W great: Let:.\\\" \\\"\\\" reached \\\"Bboard Hot0 dated also the rank a, and Singles with a peak of #21. According to David Bellamy (quote): \\\"There were a couple of guys from Holland [ie. the Netherlands] who were in town when the single was released, and our record company gave it to them to take home and they also sent it to Germany\\\", and \\\"Let Your Love Flow\\\" would in fact debut at #22 on the\\n\\nWho had a 70s No 1 hit with Let Your Love Flow?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 517,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15238,\n \"ratio\": \"29.5x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":89,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":89,"string":"89"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Silver State","Nevada, United States","Sports in Nevada","Geography of Nevada","US-NV","Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867","Transportation in Nevada","The Sagebrush State","NV (state)","Education in Nevada","Religion in Nevada","Nevadian","36th State","The Battle Born State","Thirty-Sixth State","Nev.","Demographics of Nevada","Navada","Nevada Annulment","Nevada, USA","Climate of Nevada","Economy of Nevada","Thirty-sixth State","State of Nevada","Politics of Nevada","Nevadan","Silver state","Nevada (U.S. state)","The Silver State","Tikaboo Valley","Nevada (state)","Battle Born State","Transport in Nevada","Nevada"],"string":"[\n \"Silver State\",\n \"Nevada, United States\",\n \"Sports in Nevada\",\n \"Geography of Nevada\",\n \"US-NV\",\n \"Nevada's Southern Boundary 1861-1867\",\n \"Transportation in Nevada\",\n \"The Sagebrush State\",\n \"NV (state)\",\n \"Education in Nevada\",\n \"Religion in Nevada\",\n \"Nevadian\",\n \"36th State\",\n \"The Battle Born State\",\n \"Thirty-Sixth State\",\n \"Nev.\",\n \"Demographics of Nevada\",\n \"Navada\",\n \"Nevada Annulment\",\n \"Nevada, USA\",\n \"Climate of Nevada\",\n \"Economy of Nevada\",\n \"Thirty-sixth State\",\n \"State of Nevada\",\n \"Politics of Nevada\",\n \"Nevadan\",\n \"Silver state\",\n \"Nevada (U.S. state)\",\n \"The Silver State\",\n \"Tikaboo Valley\",\n \"Nevada (state)\",\n \"Battle Born State\",\n \"Transport in Nevada\",\n \"Nevada\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Nevada"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"15333163","text":"rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \"Tyson\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"7293488","text":"1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion. The last decade has witnessed a continued decline in the popularity of boxing in the United States, marked by a malaise in the heavyweight division and the increased competition in the Pay-Per-View market from MMA and its main promotion, the","title":"Professional boxing"},{"id":"17306523","text":"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha Mike Tyson and Francois Botha competed in a professional boxing match on January 16, 1999. Tyson won the match by knocking out Botha in the fifth round. After Tyson's controversial fight with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote","title":"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha"},{"id":"506738","text":"Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"506739","text":"not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels' stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"18215765","text":"Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), he served as the Chairman of the Medical Advisory Board that made hepatitis testing mandatory in all athletes. He was part of the board that denied Mike Tyson his license for boxing in 2002. Before leaving the NSAC, Alamo sanctioned one of the largest bouts in boxing history, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather. Alamo is the first person in Nevada history to have served on both the Gaming and Athletic Commission. In July 2014, Alamo was appointed by Governor Brian Sandoval to be chairman to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Tony Alamo, M.D. serves","title":"Antonio Alamo Jr."},{"id":"4346880","text":"Shannon Briggs Shannon Briggs (born December 4, 1971) is an American professional boxer. A twenty-year veteran of the sport, he is twice a former world heavyweight champion, having held the lineal title from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO title from 2006 to 2007. Born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, Briggs was homeless for a period in his childhood. In 1983, when Briggs was 12, he saw Mike Tyson in Bristol Park, Brooklyn, New York. Briggs' friends called out, \"Here comes Mike.\" Briggs said he was too scared to run and that seeing","title":"Shannon Briggs"},{"id":"15333162","text":"his championship and the incident with Tyson, Holyfield said he already forgave Tyson for biting him since he has 100% faith in God and Jesus. Nonetheless, Tyson was sentenced with a permanent suspension from boxing and his license cancelled indefinitely. Tyson was also fined $3,000,000 and had to serve a period of community service. After a year and an appeal in court, Tyson's license was reinstated. When Tyson and Holyfield retired from boxing they befriended each other and are now close friends today. The fight generated a total revenue of $180,000,000 ($), from live gate, pay-per-view, closed-circuit telecasts, foreign television","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"8695401","text":"cost of supervised probation. Brown considered running for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1998, but he ultimately decided against it, saying his mother was adamantly against it. At the time, he was a lobbyist for Patton Boggs and president and chief executive of the Ronald H. Brown Foundation. From 1996 to 2005, Brown was vice chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing and Wrestling Commission. His efforts to bring a Mike Tyson-Lenox Lewis boxing match to the District were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2005, Brown's wages were garnished by a court for defaulting on payments on a lease of","title":"Michael A. Brown (Washington, D.C. politician)"},{"id":"12346875","text":"said \"it was brilliant to flatten one [a police officer] and get paid for it\". She currently resides in Bristol. The British Boxing Board of Control initially refused to grant Couch a professional licence on the sole ground that she was a woman, and argued that PMS made women too unstable to box. Claiming sexual discrimination and supported by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Couch managed to have this decision overturned by a tribunal in March 1998. However, some criticism followed as the British Medical Association called this result \"a demented extension of equal opportunities\". Couch would later seek the right","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"12346874","text":"Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\". At the age of 26 she saw a television documentary about women's boxing and decided to try it. In her first official fight, a Muay Thai match, she defeated a policewoman, about which she","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"4531306","text":"residents. He was also important in developing a fan base for local fighters including the then amateur Michael Carbajal and Yvonne Trevino. He has also written columns on the careers of Phoenix residents Jesús González, Vassiliy Jirov, and José Miguel Cotto, who is Puerto Rican. In 1998, Frauenheim was one of the first boxing writers in Arizona to announce that Mike Tyson had moved there. Frauenheim was one of the first writers to note that Julio César Chávez allegedly left Phoenix without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing Commission after his 2000 bout with Kostya Tszyu.","title":"Norm Frauenheim"},{"id":"262440","text":"by Republican Richard Nixon. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level \"Democratic\" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties. The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party","title":"Minnesota"},{"id":"12346879","text":"in the 2012 Summer Olympics. In December 2009, Couch promoted a competition at the Marriott Hotel, Bristol. Couch also has her own YouTube channel which features regular interviews with people involved in boxing. Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\". At","title":"Jane Couch"},{"id":"1810118","text":"news to the Bowe, and explained to the media at the time 'The heavyweight champion was very moved by the story and having lost a brother and a sister earlier in life, decided to make a financial contribution to the family of Mr. Yap.\" Bowe authorized her to fly to the Philippines and try to locate the man's family, make a contribution to their expenses, and also provide funds to support the Philippine boxing Team training for the Olympics (in the name of the deceased). Bowe was convicted of the February 1998 kidnapping of his estranged wife Judy, and their","title":"Riddick Bowe"},{"id":"5274033","text":"a type of plate. The State of Maryland was going to revoke permission for use of the Confederate flag from a certain plate by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, but a court ruled that the only way the state could do that was to revoke permission on all specialty plates. All U.S. states offer specialized license plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. In some states statutes regarding amateur radio plates where enacted decades prior to vanity plate programs. Among the stated reasons in various","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the United States"},{"id":"506771","text":"film \"Nine Legends\" where he discussed his time involved in WWE. Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues: The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary doctorate in humane letters: \"Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles.\" Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"924625","text":"Graciano Rocchigiani from Germany and the former champion Michael Nunn to fill the vacancy, sanctioning it as a world championship match. On 21 March 1998, Rocchigiani won the fight and a WBC belt; in the subsequent WBC rankings, he was listed as \"Light-Heavyweight World Champion\". Jones, however, had a change of heart and asked if the WBC would reinstate him as the champion. In a move that violated nearly a dozen of its own regulations, the WBC granted the reinstatement. Rocchigiani received a letter from the WBC advising that the publication of his name as champion was a typographical error,","title":"World Boxing Council"},{"id":"9022537","text":"his career in public relations and worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C. From 1966 to 1975 he served as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In this role, he generated controversy when he suspended the boxing license of Muhammad Ali for refusing to be drafted into the Army. In 1972, he changed the policy on access for women sports journalists, permitting them to occupy seats reserved for the press and to enter dressing rooms provided that male athletes were properly attired. He died in Boca Raton, Florida on January 25, 1982. He was cremated, and his ashes","title":"Edwin B. Dooley"},{"id":"2302737","text":"an uphill battle in a state that has not elected a Democrat statewide since 1994, as George W. Bush's landslide re-election as governor in 1998 had helped carry Republicans into all the other statewide offices. In the August 2006 Rasmussen poll, Hutchison led her opponent by 30 percentage points — 61 to 31. The Survey USA Poll, which is not a head-to-head matchup, but only lists approval ratings of incumbents, found Hutchison with a 61 percent approval rating. The Zogby poll, in contrast, showed a closer result, but still showed Hutchison with a 18.9 percent lead. The authors stated \"...Republican","title":"Kay Bailey Hutchison"},{"id":"20085125","text":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his antisemitic and racist","title":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois"},{"id":"6604213","text":"more so. Rapper-activists Flavor Flav and Chuck D are assassinated on August 11, 1998 in Columbus, Georgia by a psychotic off-duty policeman. Their untimely deaths are commemorated in a national holiday called \"Chuck D Day\", celebrated on the first Monday in August. World politics are dominated by the Second Cold War, which is a three-way deadlock between the North American Confederation, China, and the European Community. In 2003 the United States has annexed most of Canada as the 51st through 58th states and Puerto Rico and Cuba are absorbed as the 59th and 60th States. Quebec separatists managed to form","title":"Underground (role-playing game)"},{"id":"5274036","text":"all of Florida's specialty plates until it was overtaken by a plate to support the critically endangered Florida panther. In 2006, it was outsold by a plate for the University of Florida. Florida currently offers 122 specialty plates, more than any other state, while other states offer only a few. There also exist standard-issue specialty plates. For instance, a number of states issued plates recognizing the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976. Several states have also issued plates commemorating milestones in their own state, such as when, in 1998, Alaska celebrated the Centennial of the Klondike Gold Rush with new license plates","title":"Vehicle registration plates of the United States"},{"id":"8236608","text":"1998 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 3, 1998 in 36 states and two territories. Going into the election 24 of the seats were held by Republicans, 11 by Democrats, and one by an Independent. The elections changed the national balance of power by the loss of one Republican and the gain of one Independent, although it shifted in nine states. Democrats gained open seats in California and Iowa and defeated incumbents Fob James of Alabama and David Beasley of South Carolina, while Republicans won open seats in Colorado, Florida, Nebraska, and Nevada and","title":"1998 United States gubernatorial elections"},{"id":"8184771","text":"Court then agreed to a negotiated 18-month suspension of his law license (165 VT 598). In ratifying the suspension, the Supreme Court noted that Illuzzi had been guilty of five prior disciplinary offenses. As of February 9, 1998, Attorney Illuzzi had completed all requirements for reinstatement of his license to practice law, including successful completion of an ethics course and support from other lawyers and judges. However, the Court refused to sign the two-sentence reinstatement order until July 28, 1998. Three days later, the state's largest newspaper, The Burlington Free Press, editorialized that Illuzzi was being unfairly treated by the","title":"Vincent Illuzzi"},{"id":"8220216","text":"District of New York and the Central District of California, this Court holds that Plaintiff is precluded from re-litigating the issue of its ownership of copyrights based on the 1998 Agreement...\" The judge held that SLMI owned no valid copyright, and disallowed their further amending their claims. Disney then sued SLMI for almost $500,000 in legal fees, of which they were granted $239,941. SLMI appealed the decision against them in the Colorado case (which appeal, if effective, would have also cancelled the $239,941 judgment against them), and sold a license to the Marvel character \"Spider-man\" to the American Musical Theater","title":"Stan Lee Media"},{"id":"5868649","text":"was retired in 1998 after Hartman's death. In addition to McClure, Hartman also provided the voice of the cable guy. The character Drederick Tatum, one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch, also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode. His physical appearance was based on the American boxer Mike Tyson, and he was named after a real boxer \"Simpsons\" writer George Meyer had seen. The scene in which Homer stands in front of and is struck by the cable man's truck resembles a scene in Alfred Hitchcock's film \"North by Northwest\".","title":"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment"},{"id":"15008044","text":"was approved in a popular referendum on November 3, 1998. The amendment passed with 68% in favor and 32% opposed. The Alaska Civil Liberties Union attempted to prevent the referendum from proceeding, but in August 1998 the Alaska Superior Court held that the proposed referendum and accompanying ballot description were legally permissible. In August 1994, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, a same-sex male couple, filed an application for a marriage license which was denied by the Alaska Office of Vital Statistics. They filed suit in the Alaska Superior Court, arguing that their rights to privacy and equal protectionboth of which","title":"Same-sex marriage in Alaska"},{"id":"8532068","text":"relations and public affairs firm of Fleishman-Hillard as Senior Vice-President and Partner. At an early age, with his parents (Russell and Anna Thomas), brother (Lloyd) and sister (Marilyn Brazell), he developed a passion for horse racing. His passion never diminished, and he became the major force for re-establishing the racing industry in California, as we know it today. He authored and provided dynamic leadership in achieving license fee reduction in 1998, which greatly benefited all segments of the industry and kept California competitive with other states. Ken was the author of the bill that authorized satellite wagering in California in","title":"Kenneth L. Maddy"},{"id":"5217187","text":"his 2018 season early with subsequent hip surgery in August 2018 due to an injury he sustained during his Madrid final retirement earlier in May 2018, which would have elevated the Bryan brothers as the oldest players back to the top of the men's doubles ranking if they were victorious. Bob Bryan's recovery is expected to take about 6 months, which has led to his brother Mike's rare and uncertain search for other partners to play with in his absence. He finished the year as the no. 1 ranked singles player in the nation in 1998 after winning the clay","title":"Bob Bryan"},{"id":"17446755","text":"these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997, in Massachusetts in 2000 and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006. Tattoo artists and people with tattoos vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first 24 hours while others suggest removing temporary bandaging","title":"Process of tattooing"},{"id":"11507500","text":"came from the Upstate, was a face of the New New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a \"goddamn skunk\" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could \"kiss his fanny.\" Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal. Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly,","title":"1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina"},{"id":"14335339","text":"over Millner four years prior, which was in part due to the unpopularity and controversy of Mitch Skandalakis, the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Georgia. 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who","title":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election"},{"id":"4793674","text":"The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over one million copies in the United States. Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2.297 million digital copies in the US as of November 2016. In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line \"son of a bitch\" was uncensored. This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998. It spent","title":"The Devil Went Down to Georgia"},{"id":"16123960","text":"state likewise recognizes a Georgia license.\" The states recognized under reciprocity include: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. A non-resident of Georgia to whom has been issued a firearm license by a state listed above may carry a firearm while in Georgia in accordance with Georgia law. This includes non-residents under the age of 21. South Carolina H3799 was signed by Gov Haley on June 3, 2016,","title":"Gun laws in Georgia"},{"id":"785291","text":"vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration. Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to a coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star Charlton Heston, despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation. In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration. Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as the voice of reason in contrast to","title":"National Rifle Association"},{"id":"2300313","text":"records to the public over three decades earlier: If members of the public desire incident reports and investigative files, they normally have to sue to obtain them, cases sometimes costing $25,000 or more. Media law experts were amazed after learning Montgomery County's sheriff released non-public investigative files from 1998 with just a records request. \"That is unusual,\" said Mike Merriam, media lawyer for the Kansas Press Association. \"They have denied releasing records routinely over and over and over again.\" Brownback's campaign capitalized on the 16-year-old incident. Brownback was reelected with a plurality, defeating Davis by a 3.69 percent margin. His","title":"Sam Brownback"},{"id":"9080598","text":"'Don't get in my way.'\" The result was laws, or the lack thereof, that permitted persons to carry firearms openly, known as \"open carry\", often without any permit required, in 22 states by 1998. Laws that permitted persons to carry concealed handguns, sometimes termed a \"concealed handgun license\", \"CHL\", or \"concealed pistol license\", \"CPL\" in some jurisdictions instead of \"CCW\", existed in 34 states in the U.S. by 2004. Since then, the number of states with CCW laws has increased; , all 50 states have some form of CCW laws on the books. Economist John Lott has argued that right-to-carry","title":"Gun violence in the United States"},{"id":"3966478","text":"election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner. Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote. Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger. Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term. Although the race was predicted to be fairly close, Boxer still defeated Fong by a ten-point margin. Boxer","title":"1998 United States Senate elections"},{"id":"9550534","text":"Doug Friedline Douglas Friedline (19572006) was a Minnesota-born political campaign director in the United States. Friedline worked exclusively with independent and third party candidates with the goal of breaking the two party oligopoly in American politics. Friedline gained most of his notoriety during the 1998 election of his home state in which he helped then professional wrestler Jesse Ventura become governor of Minnesota. Doug Friedline is best known for his unorthodox and often irreverent style of advertising. In 1998 Friedline used action figures to represent candidate Jesse Ventura in a number of television spots. In radio ads Ventura was cast","title":"Doug Friedline"},{"id":"15744457","text":"similar licensing requirements (subject to frequent review and revision), which, as of March 2016, includes: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Many of these states reciprocate and accept a Wyoming permit as valid, however this is a frequently changing and often unspecified distinction. Independent confirmation by directly contacting the attorney general of the state in question is recommended. Effective July 2011, Wyoming became","title":"Gun laws in Wyoming"},{"id":"503737","text":"marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting \"the link between procreation and child rearing\". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that \"history and tradition\" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court. On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage.Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in \"Baker\" before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said \"Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest","title":"Baker v. Vermont"},{"id":"20085136","text":"Judge Joan Lefkow. Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his","title":"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois"},{"id":"18725302","text":"permit holders. The number of concealed-carry permit-holders in Florida went up during Bush's tenure, and Florida has more concealed carry license holders than any other state, partially as a result of the new laws, a fact which Bush has touted while campaigning in 2015. In 2005, as governor, Bush signed the \"stand-your-ground law\" on the use of deadly force. In 1998, while running for governor, Bush supported a Florida law requiring background checks for firearms purchased at gun shows (such checks are not required by federal law). In June 2015, following the Charleston church killings, he rejected calls for stricter","title":"Political positions of Jeb Bush"},{"id":"9919175","text":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and the most recent election in which an Alaskan governor was re-elected. Incumbent Democratic governor Tony Knowles was up for re-election. On the Republican side, three major candidates jockeyed for the nomination:","title":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election"},{"id":"247656","text":"official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise. Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest","title":"Maryland"},{"id":"15285438","text":"part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented); two large additions to Nevada, which became a state in 1864, were made in 1866 and 1867. However, there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. One notable example is the case \"New Jersey v. New York\", in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states","title":"Admission to the Union"},{"id":"506709","text":"was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered there by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato. Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior. He would later be awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"11798406","text":"wing amateur boxers such as national contender Jeffery Page from Andover, Kansas and numerous other amateurs in a team known as Wichita Hard Hitters. Also for a short period he coached the Golden Glove champion Charles Ellis through a short but explosive professional career. |- Ross Puritty Ross Puritty (born December 18, 1966 in Norman, Oklahoma) is a retired heavyweight professional boxer. A high-level journeyman and occasional heavyweight contender, Puritty is best remembered for his shocking upset of Wladimir Klitschko in 1998 that won him the WBC international Heavyweight title, as well as for fighting former World Boxing Organization's world","title":"Ross Puritty"},{"id":"12692214","text":"the states’ effort to reform the sweepstakes industry to better protect consumers, especially the elderly. He was voted one of the top lawyers in Indiana by Indianapolis Monthly magazine and, more recently, one of California’s \"Superlawyers\" by Los Angeles and Law & Politics magazines. As Marion County Prosecutor he led the investigation and prosecution of the former heavyweight boxing champion, Mike Tyson. Other major prosecutions include U.S. v. Althea Flynt (wife of Hustler Magazine publisher; assault). Modisett was Chairman of the Governor’s Commission for a Drug-Free Indiana (1989–2000), and the Governor’s Council of Impaired and Dangerous Driving (1989–2000). He also","title":"Jeff Modisett"},{"id":"1017512","text":"has held its annual Oktoberfest. The Big Bear Lake Oktoberfest also sports the highest Biergarten in the U.S. (in elevation). Big Bear Lake was incorporated as a city on November 28, 1980. During the 1990s, the city became famous as a training spot for boxing champions. Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson, Fernando Vargas, Gennady Golovkin, and Shane Mosley are among the famous boxers who have trained at Big Bear. In February 2013, a major manhunt occurred in the Big Bear Lake area to find Christopher Dorner, who by that point had killed three people. A standoff ended in nearby","title":"Big Bear Lake, California"},{"id":"791316","text":"Obama to issue a pardon. In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Harry Reid and Congressman Gregory Meeks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death. This time citing a provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the United States Commission on Civil Rights passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to \"right this century-old wrong.\" Mike Tyson, Harry Reid and John McCain lent their support","title":"Jack Johnson (boxer)"},{"id":"18996490","text":"Evening Bulletin\", James King of William, died in the Montgomery Block, having been shot by James P. Casey, a city supervisor who felt slighted by King's anti-corruption crusading journalism. The building survived the 1906 earthquake and fire. The Montgomery Block was demolished in 1959, even though a preservation movement had begun to emerge in San Francisco. It was replaced by a parking lot and later, the Transamerica Pyramid. The building is remembered for its historic importance as a bohemian center of the city. At his inauguration as Poet Laureate of San Francisco in 1998, Lawrence Ferlinghetti mentioned \"the classic old","title":"Montgomery Block"},{"id":"506752","text":"going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed\", explained Tyson about the reasons for his \"comeback\". A 1998 ranking of \"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\" by \"Ring\" magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction. According to Douglas Quenqua of \"The New York Times\", \"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"6310486","text":"treated as an offence under the common law, which is in many states supplemented by legislation (see Bishop, \"Amer. Crim. Law,\" 8th ed. 1892, vol. i. s. 542, vol. ii. ss. 303-305; California Penal Code, s. 302; \"Revised Laws of Massachusetts\", 1902, chap. 212, s. 30.). In 1998, Peter Tatchell of OutRage! was prosecuted for interrupting the Archbishop of Canterbury's Easter sermon with a short gay rights speech. The 1860 legislation (which transferred jurisdiction away from the ecclesiastic courts) was used to try him; his defense focused on the Human Rights Act 1998. He was convicted and fined £18.60 (referring","title":"Brawling (legal definition)"},{"id":"6380417","text":"Armed Crime\", which increased sentences for felons caught using or possessing weapons. In 1998, State Representative Scott Smith and conservative activist Tim Eyman launched Initiative 200, which attempted to prohibit affirmative action preferences. The campaign was soon handed over to Carlson. Within three months, the initiative received enough signatures to qualify for the ballot, and in November 1998, voters approved it overwhelmingly, 58%-42% partly due to its language. \"(1) The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public","title":"John Carlson (radio host)"},{"id":"19488370","text":"special prosecutor in the rape case of boxer Mike Tyson. He has also served as a CBS News legal analyst. Garrison debuted on Indianapolis news/talk station WIBC on June 2, 1997, and his show became syndicated statewide on Network Indiana on January 3, 2000 in replacement of Mike Pence, who would later become Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. In April 2017, Garrison announced his retirement from radio, with his final show taking place on June 9. Greg Garrison (attorney) James Gregory Garrison (born 1948) is an American attorney and radio host. Garrison was born in","title":"Greg Garrison (attorney)"},{"id":"1328695","text":"Cope, who won the 1990 Daytona 500 in a surprise victory after Dale Earnhardt blew a tire on the last lap (though he later won a second Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race that season at Dover International Speedway); Buster Douglas, who was the first boxer to ever knock Mike Tyson out; and Jimmy Glass, a goalkeeper, who is remembered for scoring a goal in the last seconds of the final day of 1998–99 English Third Division that kept his club in The Football League. His subsequently released biography was titled \"One-Hit Wonder\". Some athletes have become remembered for a","title":"One-hit wonder"},{"id":"10716701","text":"program \"\"Get Down With It\"\" on a Public-access television cable TV channel. He interviewed guests such as Tiny Tim and Whoopi Goldberg. In the ensuing years, Ray cultivated an extremely unusual career in Minneapolis as a flamboyantly dressed advertising pitchman. In a 2009 interview, Ray addressed his career-long phenomenon of being famous for being famous by saying \"I'm like Paris with a pretty tan,\" referring to Paris Hilton. Fancy Ray ran for the office of Minnesota state governor in 1998 under the People's Champion banner. This election was famously won by Jesse Ventura, a professional wrestler, minor screen actor, and","title":"Fancy Ray"},{"id":"18363573","text":"Paul Davis, the Democratic minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives. Davis was endorsed by over 100 former and current Kansas Republican officials who criticized Brownback's leadership. He managed to defeat Davis by 3.69 percent, (a decline from the more than 30% margin in his first Governor's race victory) thanks at least in part to effective campaign ads attacking Davis for his brief detention during a 1998 police raid of a strip club. Brownback's popularity continued to suffer in Kansas after his re-election as governor. Three separate polls between November 2015 and September 2016 ranked Brownback as the nation's","title":"Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117"},{"id":"9194438","text":"The progressive Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, formed in 1920, provided three governors, four United States senators, and eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 1920s until its merger with the Democratic Party in 1944. The moderate Reform Party was able to elect the former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Minnesota branch of the Reform party split off from the national party due to unhappiness about Pat Buchanan's influence in the party, and was renamed the Independence Party. The Independence Party had been able to sustain sufficient support","title":"Politics of Minnesota"},{"id":"4815226","text":"Ken Bradshaw Ken Bradshaw (born October 4, 1952) is an American professional surfer and winner of the 1982 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. Bradshaw was born in Houston, Texas. On January 28, 1998, Ken Bradshaw successfully towed into, and rode, a wave with a face generally accepted among surf authorities as about . The site was Outside Log Cabins, an outer reef on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii. This wave was his second of the day at about 11:30am. The ride lasted about 30 seconds. There is a poster by the photographer \"Hank\" of Bradshaw riding a 60+ footer","title":"Ken Bradshaw"},{"id":"13028116","text":"them to participate more fully and effectively in the democratic process. Thirty - one states currently have adopted legislation similar to the English Language Unity Act. Alabama (1990) Alaska (1998) Arizona (2006) Arkansas (1987) California (1986) Colorado (1988) Florida (1988) Georgia (1986 & 1996) Hawaii (1978) Idaho (2007) Illinois (1969) Indiana (1984) Iowa (2002) Kansas (2007) Kentucky (1984) Louisiana (1812) Massachusetts (1975) Mississippi (1987) Missouri (1998 & 2008) Montana (1995) Nebraska (1920) New Hampshire (1995) North Carolina (1987) North Dakota (1987) Oklahoma (2010) South Carolina (1987) South Dakota (1995) Tennessee (1984) Utah (2000) Virginia (1981 & 1996) Wyoming (1996). English","title":"English Language Unity Act"},{"id":"5547649","text":"The Parent Trap (1998 film) The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 film of the same name and an adaptation of Erich Kästner's German novel \"Lottie and Lisa\" (\"Das doppelte Lottchen\"). Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her film debut) as both twins, Hallie Parker and Annie James, who are fortuitously reunited at summer camp after being separated at birth.","title":"The Parent Trap (1998 film)"},{"id":"9761128","text":"digits. This occurred between 1994 and 1998, and was done progressively to ensure as little inconvenience and confusion as possible. The gradual change was also to avoid number clashes, a situation where two subscribers in two completely different locations have technically the same telephone number if dialled in their entirety. The first numbers to be converted to eight digits were numbers in the 99x xxxx and 99 xxxx ranges in the suburb of Mona Vale in Sydney, which all became 999x xxxx or 9999 xxxx on 25 July 1994. The final codes changed to eight digits were the Queensland (070),","title":"Former Australian dialling codes"},{"id":"16159358","text":"Handgun License by requesting a hearing before the Department of Public Safety within 35 days of receipt of an Order of Denial for a CHL. An unfavorable ruling on the appeal by the DPS may be further appealed through the New Mexico courts. New Mexico currently recognizes concealed carry permits from or has reciprocal agreements with the following states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. New Mexico does not issue CCW permits to non-residents, except for Active","title":"Gun laws in New Mexico"},{"id":"2619947","text":"South Carolina Chamber of Commerce named Hodges \"Legislator of the Year\" in 1993, and the National Federation of Independent Business bestowed Hodges with its \"Guardian of Small Business\" award. While serving in the state legislature, Hodges also worked as general counsel for The Springs Company. Hodges entered the 1998 gubernatorial election in South Carolina an underdog but took advantage of controversy and missteps by incumbent Republican governor David Beasley, namely Beasley's indecisiveness on allowing a Confederate flag to fly at the state capitol and call to eliminate video poker. Donations from video gambling interests helped Hodges narrow a near million-dollar","title":"Jim Hodges"},{"id":"506755","text":"his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"281616","text":"Fitness rejected Hale's application for a license to practice law. Hale appealed, and a hearing was held on April 10, 1999. On June 30, 1999, a Hearing Panel of the Committee refused to certify that Hale had the requisite moral character and fitness to practice law in Illinois. Attorney Glenn Greenwald represented Hale in a failed federal lawsuit to overturn the licensing decision. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois concluded it did not have jurisdiction to review an earlier decision of the Illinois Supreme Court upholding the license denial. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld","title":"Matthew F. Hale"},{"id":"6907590","text":"distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs. A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which he or she lives. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized","title":"Amateur radio licensing in the United States"},{"id":"15333152","text":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \"The Sound and the Fury\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \"The Bite Fight\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The referee officiating the fight was","title":"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II"},{"id":"14335338","text":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who had run for Governor and the United States Senate in the previous four years, won the nomination of the Republican Party. In the general election, Barnes was able to defeat Millner by a margin of victory larger than Governor Miller's victory","title":"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election"},{"id":"1526497","text":"a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson. Douglas was portrayed by actor Duane Davis. Douglas is one of the few non-students to be honored by Ohio State University with the opportunity to dot the \"i\" during the performance of the Script Ohio by The Ohio State University Marching Band. Buster Douglas James \"Buster\" Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1990, and 1996 to 1999. He is best known for his stunning upset of Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo to win the undisputed heavyweight title.","title":"Buster Douglas"},{"id":"5758939","text":"nearly two-to-one margin. Marty was one of seven DFLers who entered the 1998 gubernatorial campaign, but he dropped out of the race without filing for office. Eventually the party nominated state Attorney General Hubert H. \"Skip\" Humphrey III. In an upset, the Reform Party nominee, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura, won the election. On December 22, 2008, Marty announced that he had launched an exploratory campaign for governor after encouragement from health care reformers. He made a formal announcement several months later. On February 2, 2010, Marty finished in fourth place in a precinct caucus straw poll with 9.5% of","title":"John Marty"},{"id":"9919178","text":"the widest margin in Alaska history until 2010. This was also the first time since 1970 that any candidate won an outright majority of the vote in an Alaska gubernatorial election. 1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and","title":"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election"},{"id":"20940731","text":"Donald Trump's assertions of generosity toward charities.\" In 1996, Trump claimed he wagered $1 million on 20-to-1 odds in a Las Vegas heavyweight title boxing match between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson. The Las Vegas Sun reported that \"while everyone is careful not to call Trump a liar,\" no one in a position to know about such a sizable wager was aware of it. A 1998 \"New York Observer\" article entitled \"Tricky Donald Trump Beats Jerry Nadler in Game of Politics\" reported that \"Nadler flatly calls Mr. Trump a 'liar',\" quoting Nadler stating, \"Trump got $6 million [in federal","title":"Veracity of statements by Donald Trump"},{"id":"10630585","text":"colleges reportedly offered her sports scholarships while she was still a pupil at St Killian's. However, she opted instead to attend UCD. Although UCD is well known for sports scholarships, Taylor qualified via her Leaving Cert results. However, as Taylor's sporting career began to take off, she chose not to complete her studies at UCD. Taylor first began boxing in 1998, aged 11. Her father coached her and her two older brothers, Lee and Peter, at St Fergal's Boxing Club, which operated out of a former boathouse in Bray. At 15, she fought the first officially sanctioned female boxing match","title":"Katie Taylor"},{"id":"11191688","text":"Sergeant on the day that he was awarded the GC. He retired from the police force in April 1962 after nearly 26 years of service. He ran a tobacco/sweet shop before selling the business to set up his own private investigations agency. Fairfax Investigators Ltd, which proved a success, was sold in 1980. He retired to Dorset, where he was an active Freemason. Fairfax was a boxer in his youth, and in retirement became a boxing judge. Frederick Fairfax died in Yeovil on 23 February 1998, just a few months before Bentley was pardoned of murdering Police Constable Miles. Fred","title":"Fred Fairfax"},{"id":"506741","text":"probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest. In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first match was staged at the MEN Arena at Manchester, England against","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"13890066","text":"older son Matthew was beaten and pistol whipped in Laramie, Wyoming. Matthew Shepard died six days later at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado on October 12, 1998 at age 21. It was widely reported by mass media that it was due to him being gay. The incident became one of the defining cases of hate-crimes and was cited for passing hate-crime legislation. In response, Judy Shepard created the Matthew Shepard Foundation. The foundation's purpose is to advance \"social justice, diversity awareness and education, and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people\". She is the founding president","title":"Judy Shepard"},{"id":"6652301","text":"time. (Being a lawyer in Louisiana, or anywhere in the United States, is not simply a matter of having a law degree, although that is usually a prerequisite, but of being licensed to practice law, which almost always requires passing a bar examination. On April 9, 1998, he did become licensed to practice law. He has his own law firm in Baton Rouge, and handles a variety of matters. Fields is credited with the original version of a quotation that became popular following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election. At the \"State of the Black Union 2008\" symposium","title":"Cleo Fields"},{"id":"13005696","text":"and professional wrestling promoter, ran as an independent. Wales legally changed his name to Outlaw Josey Wales in 1998. He had run for mayor before in 1999, having received 19,741 votes, around 10%. Wale's platform included increasing the pay of police officers, making it illegal to drive while using a cellphone, and stricter enforcement of carpool lanes. White served his third term as mayor and as ineligible for re-election in the 2009 mayoral elections. Ulman would run again that year, but received only 1% of the vote. She ran again in 2011, receiving 1,882 votes. 2007 Houston mayoral election The","title":"2007 Houston mayoral election"},{"id":"8628107","text":"the attorney general provides help – especially in death-penalty cases – and defends convictions in the appellate courts. Myers had been vigorous in efforts against sexual assault – largely by promoting improved training for police, prosecutors and professionals who treat medical and psychological effects – and for improved restitution for crime victims generally. Although Myers was not among the half dozen attorneys general negotiating directly with tobacco industry – Washington state's Christine Gregoire, now governor, was one of them – Oregon received a larger share of the 1998 national tobacco settlement than most other states as a result of the","title":"Hardy Myers"},{"id":"9479095","text":"\"Alaska’s denial of the benefits and dignity of marriage for them only perpetuates this discrimination without legitimate grounds.” Burgess also barred Alaska from refusing to acknowledge lawful same-sex marriages conducted in other states. In 1995 two men, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, relying on the then-gender-neutral marriage code of Alaska submitted an application for a marriage license to the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics, Third Judicial District at Anchorage, which was denied despite satisfying all of the requirements of the state with the exception of being of the same gender. In the wake of the Hawaii Supreme Court's decision in","title":"Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)"},{"id":"11516899","text":"up for election in 2004, a crowded field developed in the Republican primary. Furthermore, the Republicans were motivated by having President Bush at the top of the ticket enabling them to ride his coattails to victory. Former Governor David Beasley, from the Pee Dee, entered the race and quickly emerged as the frontrunner because of his support from the evangelical voters. However, during his term as governor from 1994 to 1998 he had greatly angered the electorate by proposing to remove the Confederate Naval Jack from the dome of the statehouse and by being against the adoption of a state","title":"2004 United States Senate election in South Carolina"},{"id":"18829282","text":"Fairbank's movies around 1920, married and kept company with several actresses, and later raised prize race horses. Benjamin was born on September 7, 1898 (or, in 1899, according to the U.S. Federal Census of 1900) in Portland, Oregon to German immigrants, Isaac and Goldie Benjamin. His father opened a clothing store in downtown Portland. When he was four his family moved to Spokane, Washington. Leaving home at a young age, Benjamin took an early job as a stable boy in Allentown, Idaho, and tried to make a living as a jockey, but seemed to have more talent as a boxer.","title":"Joe Benjamin (boxer)"},{"id":"11936732","text":"Snorg Tees SnorgTees is an American company based in the US state of Georgia, specialising in T-shirt designs that reference popular culture or make humorous assertions about the wearer. Auburn student Alice Fraasa became a minor internet celebrity after modelling for the company's online advertisements. The company was started during 2004 by two brothers in Atlanta, Georgia. Matt Walls is the president of the company, and his brother Bryan Walls is in charge of the designs. The business grew rapidly, becoming profitable within a year, and earning SnorgTees the number 6 rank on the Bulldog 100, which is a list","title":"Snorg Tees"},{"id":"936470","text":"The film, \"300\", inspired the commercial, which featured the Mexican champions battling giants and other large creatures. In early 2011, De La Hoya visited U.S. military personnel in Kuwait and Iraq under the auspices of the USO, holding boxing clinics and greeting the troops. De La Hoya has spoken about his intention to run for President against Donald Trump in the 2020 election. In 1998, at age 23, he was accused of rape. Mexican authorities investigated, with no charges filed, and De La Hoya maintained his innocence. A lawsuit was then filed in San Bernardino, California County Superior Court, alleging","title":"Oscar De La Hoya"},{"id":"1587533","text":"formerly owned by ex-boxer Mike Tyson, listing it for sale at $18.5 million to move closer to his son (who lives on Long Island with his ex-girlfriend). The mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut declared October 12, 2007 \"50 Cent Curtis Jackson Day\", honoring the rapper with a proclamation and a key to the city. One of Jackson's New York homes, purchased in January 2007 for $2.4 million and the center of a lawsuit between Jackson and Shaniqua Tompkins, caught fire on May 31, 2008 while he was filming in Louisiana. In December 2008, he told the Canadian press that he had","title":"50 Cent"},{"id":"9636838","text":"1998 Northern Territory referendum A referendum was held in the Northern Territory on Saturday, 3 October 1998, to decide whether the Territory should become a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Country Liberal Party government, and its federal counterpart, supported the Yes case. The opposition Labor Party supported the No case. The referendum was narrowly defeated, 51.9% to 48.1%. The \"Yes\" case received 44,702 votes, the \"No\" case 48,241. There were 1068 informal ballots. The result was widely interpreted as a personal rebuke to then Chief Minister Shane Stone. Polls suggest that most Territorians continue to support statehood for","title":"1998 Northern Territory referendum"},{"id":"506731","text":"and Buster Mathis Jr.. Tyson's first comeback fight grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The viewing of the fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records. The 89-second fight elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up \"tomato cans\" to ensure easy victories for his return. \"TV Guide\" included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998. Tyson regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title against Frank Bruno in March 1996. It was","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"18374642","text":"the Adelaide Football Club was born. The fallout from the failed bid resulted in some calling for Port Adelaide to be expelled from the SANFL. However, Port Adelaide continued to compete and continued to dominate. The Magpies followed their triple triumphs from 1988 to 1990 with a premiership in 1992 and three in a row again from 1994 to 1996, then again in 1998 and 1999. In 1994, the AFL announced it would award a second AFL licence to a South Australian club. Adelaide's Channel 7 broadcaster ran a phone poll asking whether Port Adelaide should get the second licence","title":"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry"},{"id":"16691346","text":"have executive orders prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on \"sexual orientation\" only: Alaska, Arizona, and Missouri. The remaining states do not offer any type of discrimination protections for the LGBT community, although some cities and localities have passed their own ordinances within these states. 1972: although the first local protections were enacted this year in Michigan (in East Lansing and Ann Arbor). 1973: District of Columbia: 1975: Pennsylvania: 1979: California: 1982: Wisconsin: 1983: New York: 1985: New Mexico: 1987: Oregon: 1988: Oregon: 1989: Massachusetts: 1990: Colorado: 1991: Connecticut: 1992: California: 1993: Minnesota: 1995: Maryland: 1996: Illinois: 1998: New Hampshire:","title":"LGBT employment discrimination in the United States"},{"id":"15362826","text":"full statehood. Voters supported continuation of the Commonwealth option, which received 48% of the votes. In 1998, the NPP Governor Pedro Rosselló carried out a non-binding plebiscite on political status, in which voters were asked to choose from one of four political status options (statehood, free association, commonwealth, or independence) or a fifth one, \"none of the above\". The Popular Democratic Party led a campaign to boycott the plebiscite, calling on the electorate to vote for the \"none of the above\" option. The boycott was successful, as the \"none of the above\" choice garnered more votes than any of the","title":"Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)"},{"id":"3005011","text":"1998 about 97 percent of the population could receive the channel. On 2 October 1996, TV3 announced a reshuffling of its broadcast frequencies to enable it to launch a new network, to be called TV4 Network Limited, on the VHF band. TV4, which started on 29 June 1997, is a free-to-air network aimed at a younger audience than TV3. The launch was considered successful, with high brand recognition and ratings significantly higher than MTV, TV4's television rival. TV4's opening broadcast was the controversial Tyson–Holyfield boxing rematch. In April 1997 CanWest purchased Westpac's 48 percent shareholding in TV3, taking CanWest's stake","title":"Three (TV channel)"},{"id":"8775414","text":"boxing industry, especially if it does not regulate any other sport. In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by Markwayne Mullin, a politician and former mixed martial artist, to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts. Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and","title":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act"},{"id":"506700","text":"Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout or stoppage, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987.","title":"Mike Tyson"},{"id":"8301934","text":"On 27 November 1998, Boucher was acquitted of ordering the murder of the two prison guards in 1997, and afterwards became a folk-hero in Quebec, with people in the poor neighborhood of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in Montreal cheering Boucher and his fellow Angels as they rode their Harley-Davidson motorcycles down the streets like it was a royal procession. On the night of 27 November 1998, to celebrate his acquittal, Boucher attended a boxing match in Verdun with his fellow Nomads, with the audience cheering him as he took his seat and hundreds of people lining up to get his autograph. Boucher become","title":"Quebec Biker War"},{"id":"19731056","text":"at Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic as a prerequisite to being granted a boxing license. Ali checked into the clinic on July 23, 1980. His neurological exam was conducted by Dr. Frank Howard, whose report contained the following information: Ali showed a slight degree of missing when he tried to touch his finger to his nose, he had difficulty in coordinating the muscles used in speaking, and he did not hop on one foot with expected agility. However, Dr. Howard determined that there were no specific findings to prohibit Ali from fighting. The Mayo Clinic report was forwarded to the Nevada State","title":"Muhammad Ali vs. Larry Holmes"},{"id":"8775412","text":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry (See 114 Stat. 321(3)(2000)). The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments. The Act was enacted in response","title":"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"15333163\",\n \"text\": \"rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \\\"Tyson\\\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7293488\",\n \"text\": \"1996. In their 1997 rematch, Tyson bit a chunk from Holyfield's ear, resulting in his disqualification; Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission for one year and he was fined US$3 million. Holyfield won two of the three title belts, but lost a final match in 1999 with WBC champion Lennox Lewis, who became undisputed champion. The last decade has witnessed a continued decline in the popularity of boxing in the United States, marked by a malaise in the heavyweight division and the increased competition in the Pay-Per-View market from MMA and its main promotion, the\",\n \"title\": \"Professional boxing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17306523\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha Mike Tyson and Francois Botha competed in a professional boxing match on January 16, 1999. Tyson won the match by knocking out Botha in the fifth round. After Tyson's controversial fight with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson vs. Francois Botha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506738\",\n \"text\": \"Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506739\",\n \"text\": \"not permanent, as the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license on October 18, 1998. During his time away from boxing in 1998, Tyson made a guest appearance at WrestleMania XIV as an enforcer for the main event match between Shawn Michaels and Steve Austin. During this time, Tyson was also an unofficial member of Michaels' stable, D-Generation X. Tyson was paid $3 million for being guest enforcer of the match at WrestleMania XIV. In January 1999, Tyson returned to the ring for a match against the South African Francois Botha. This match also ended in controversy. While Botha\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18215765\",\n \"text\": \"Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC), he served as the Chairman of the Medical Advisory Board that made hepatitis testing mandatory in all athletes. He was part of the board that denied Mike Tyson his license for boxing in 2002. Before leaving the NSAC, Alamo sanctioned one of the largest bouts in boxing history, Oscar De La Hoya vs. Floyd Mayweather. Alamo is the first person in Nevada history to have served on both the Gaming and Athletic Commission. In July 2014, Alamo was appointed by Governor Brian Sandoval to be chairman to the Nevada Gaming Commission. Tony Alamo, M.D. serves\",\n \"title\": \"Antonio Alamo Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4346880\",\n \"text\": \"Shannon Briggs Shannon Briggs (born December 4, 1971) is an American professional boxer. A twenty-year veteran of the sport, he is twice a former world heavyweight champion, having held the lineal title from 1997 to 1998, and the WBO title from 2006 to 2007. Born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in the Brownsville section of Brooklyn, Briggs was homeless for a period in his childhood. In 1983, when Briggs was 12, he saw Mike Tyson in Bristol Park, Brooklyn, New York. Briggs' friends called out, \\\"Here comes Mike.\\\" Briggs said he was too scared to run and that seeing\",\n \"title\": \"Shannon Briggs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15333162\",\n \"text\": \"his championship and the incident with Tyson, Holyfield said he already forgave Tyson for biting him since he has 100% faith in God and Jesus. Nonetheless, Tyson was sentenced with a permanent suspension from boxing and his license cancelled indefinitely. Tyson was also fined $3,000,000 and had to serve a period of community service. After a year and an appeal in court, Tyson's license was reinstated. When Tyson and Holyfield retired from boxing they befriended each other and are now close friends today. The fight generated a total revenue of $180,000,000 ($), from live gate, pay-per-view, closed-circuit telecasts, foreign television\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8695401\",\n \"text\": \"cost of supervised probation. Brown considered running for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1998, but he ultimately decided against it, saying his mother was adamantly against it. At the time, he was a lobbyist for Patton Boggs and president and chief executive of the Ronald H. Brown Foundation. From 1996 to 2005, Brown was vice chairman of the District of Columbia Boxing and Wrestling Commission. His efforts to bring a Mike Tyson-Lenox Lewis boxing match to the District were ultimately unsuccessful. In 2005, Brown's wages were garnished by a court for defaulting on payments on a lease of\",\n \"title\": \"Michael A. Brown (Washington, D.C. politician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346875\",\n \"text\": \"said \\\"it was brilliant to flatten one [a police officer] and get paid for it\\\". She currently resides in Bristol. The British Boxing Board of Control initially refused to grant Couch a professional licence on the sole ground that she was a woman, and argued that PMS made women too unstable to box. Claiming sexual discrimination and supported by the Equal Opportunities Commission, Couch managed to have this decision overturned by a tribunal in March 1998. However, some criticism followed as the British Medical Association called this result \\\"a demented extension of equal opportunities\\\". Couch would later seek the right\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346874\",\n \"text\": \"Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \\\"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\\\". At the age of 26 she saw a television documentary about women's boxing and decided to try it. In her first official fight, a Muay Thai match, she defeated a policewoman, about which she\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4531306\",\n \"text\": \"residents. He was also important in developing a fan base for local fighters including the then amateur Michael Carbajal and Yvonne Trevino. He has also written columns on the careers of Phoenix residents Jesús González, Vassiliy Jirov, and José Miguel Cotto, who is Puerto Rican. In 1998, Frauenheim was one of the first boxing writers in Arizona to announce that Mike Tyson had moved there. Frauenheim was one of the first writers to note that Julio César Chávez allegedly left Phoenix without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing Commission after his 2000 bout with Kostya Tszyu.\",\n \"title\": \"Norm Frauenheim\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"262440\",\n \"text\": \"by Republican Richard Nixon. Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level \\\"Democratic\\\" party is actually a separate party, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties. The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party\",\n \"title\": \"Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12346879\",\n \"text\": \"in the 2012 Summer Olympics. In December 2009, Couch promoted a competition at the Marriott Hotel, Bristol. Couch also has her own YouTube channel which features regular interviews with people involved in boxing. Jane Couch Jane Couch, (born 14 August 1968) is a British former professional boxer who competed from 1994 to 2007. She became the first officially licensed British female boxer in 1998, and won numerous world titles. Couch has since become a boxing promoter. Born in Fleetwood, Lancashire, Couch was expelled from her school in Blackpool and thereafter lived \\\"a life of booze, drugs and street fighting\\\". At\",\n \"title\": \"Jane Couch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1810118\",\n \"text\": \"news to the Bowe, and explained to the media at the time 'The heavyweight champion was very moved by the story and having lost a brother and a sister earlier in life, decided to make a financial contribution to the family of Mr. Yap.\\\" Bowe authorized her to fly to the Philippines and try to locate the man's family, make a contribution to their expenses, and also provide funds to support the Philippine boxing Team training for the Olympics (in the name of the deceased). Bowe was convicted of the February 1998 kidnapping of his estranged wife Judy, and their\",\n \"title\": \"Riddick Bowe\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5274033\",\n \"text\": \"a type of plate. The State of Maryland was going to revoke permission for use of the Confederate flag from a certain plate by the Sons of Confederate Veterans, but a court ruled that the only way the state could do that was to revoke permission on all specialty plates. All U.S. states offer specialized license plates for licensed amateur radio operators, in many cases at no extra charge or at a discount compared to standard vanity plates. In some states statutes regarding amateur radio plates where enacted decades prior to vanity plate programs. Among the stated reasons in various\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506771\",\n \"text\": \"film \\\"Nine Legends\\\" where he discussed his time involved in WWE. Select pay-per-view boxing buy rates at American closed-circuit theatre television venues: The Central State University in Wilberforce, Ohio, in 1989 awarded Tyson an honorary doctorate in humane letters: \\\"Mike demonstrates that hard work, determination and perseverance can enable one to overcome any obstacles.\\\" Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"924625\",\n \"text\": \"Graciano Rocchigiani from Germany and the former champion Michael Nunn to fill the vacancy, sanctioning it as a world championship match. On 21 March 1998, Rocchigiani won the fight and a WBC belt; in the subsequent WBC rankings, he was listed as \\\"Light-Heavyweight World Champion\\\". Jones, however, had a change of heart and asked if the WBC would reinstate him as the champion. In a move that violated nearly a dozen of its own regulations, the WBC granted the reinstatement. Rocchigiani received a letter from the WBC advising that the publication of his name as champion was a typographical error,\",\n \"title\": \"World Boxing Council\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9022537\",\n \"text\": \"his career in public relations and worked as a lobbyist in Washington, D.C. From 1966 to 1975 he served as chairman of the New York State Athletic Commission. In this role, he generated controversy when he suspended the boxing license of Muhammad Ali for refusing to be drafted into the Army. In 1972, he changed the policy on access for women sports journalists, permitting them to occupy seats reserved for the press and to enter dressing rooms provided that male athletes were properly attired. He died in Boca Raton, Florida on January 25, 1982. He was cremated, and his ashes\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin B. Dooley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2302737\",\n \"text\": \"an uphill battle in a state that has not elected a Democrat statewide since 1994, as George W. Bush's landslide re-election as governor in 1998 had helped carry Republicans into all the other statewide offices. In the August 2006 Rasmussen poll, Hutchison led her opponent by 30 percentage points — 61 to 31. The Survey USA Poll, which is not a head-to-head matchup, but only lists approval ratings of incumbents, found Hutchison with a 61 percent approval rating. The Zogby poll, in contrast, showed a closer result, but still showed Hutchison with a 18.9 percent lead. The authors stated \\\"...Republican\",\n \"title\": \"Kay Bailey Hutchison\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085125\",\n \"text\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his antisemitic and racist\",\n \"title\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6604213\",\n \"text\": \"more so. Rapper-activists Flavor Flav and Chuck D are assassinated on August 11, 1998 in Columbus, Georgia by a psychotic off-duty policeman. Their untimely deaths are commemorated in a national holiday called \\\"Chuck D Day\\\", celebrated on the first Monday in August. World politics are dominated by the Second Cold War, which is a three-way deadlock between the North American Confederation, China, and the European Community. In 2003 the United States has annexed most of Canada as the 51st through 58th states and Puerto Rico and Cuba are absorbed as the 59th and 60th States. Quebec separatists managed to form\",\n \"title\": \"Underground (role-playing game)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5274036\",\n \"text\": \"all of Florida's specialty plates until it was overtaken by a plate to support the critically endangered Florida panther. In 2006, it was outsold by a plate for the University of Florida. Florida currently offers 122 specialty plates, more than any other state, while other states offer only a few. There also exist standard-issue specialty plates. For instance, a number of states issued plates recognizing the U.S. Bicentennial in 1976. Several states have also issued plates commemorating milestones in their own state, such as when, in 1998, Alaska celebrated the Centennial of the Klondike Gold Rush with new license plates\",\n \"title\": \"Vehicle registration plates of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8236608\",\n \"text\": \"1998 United States gubernatorial elections United States gubernatorial elections were held on November 3, 1998 in 36 states and two territories. Going into the election 24 of the seats were held by Republicans, 11 by Democrats, and one by an Independent. The elections changed the national balance of power by the loss of one Republican and the gain of one Independent, although it shifted in nine states. Democrats gained open seats in California and Iowa and defeated incumbents Fob James of Alabama and David Beasley of South Carolina, while Republicans won open seats in Colorado, Florida, Nebraska, and Nevada and\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States gubernatorial elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8184771\",\n \"text\": \"Court then agreed to a negotiated 18-month suspension of his law license (165 VT 598). In ratifying the suspension, the Supreme Court noted that Illuzzi had been guilty of five prior disciplinary offenses. As of February 9, 1998, Attorney Illuzzi had completed all requirements for reinstatement of his license to practice law, including successful completion of an ethics course and support from other lawyers and judges. However, the Court refused to sign the two-sentence reinstatement order until July 28, 1998. Three days later, the state's largest newspaper, The Burlington Free Press, editorialized that Illuzzi was being unfairly treated by the\",\n \"title\": \"Vincent Illuzzi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8220216\",\n \"text\": \"District of New York and the Central District of California, this Court holds that Plaintiff is precluded from re-litigating the issue of its ownership of copyrights based on the 1998 Agreement...\\\" The judge held that SLMI owned no valid copyright, and disallowed their further amending their claims. Disney then sued SLMI for almost $500,000 in legal fees, of which they were granted $239,941. SLMI appealed the decision against them in the Colorado case (which appeal, if effective, would have also cancelled the $239,941 judgment against them), and sold a license to the Marvel character \\\"Spider-man\\\" to the American Musical Theater\",\n \"title\": \"Stan Lee Media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5868649\",\n \"text\": \"was retired in 1998 after Hartman's death. In addition to McClure, Hartman also provided the voice of the cable guy. The character Drederick Tatum, one of the boxers in the boxing match Homer and his friends watch, also makes his first appearance on the show in this episode. His physical appearance was based on the American boxer Mike Tyson, and he was named after a real boxer \\\"Simpsons\\\" writer George Meyer had seen. The scene in which Homer stands in front of and is struck by the cable man's truck resembles a scene in Alfred Hitchcock's film \\\"North by Northwest\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15008044\",\n \"text\": \"was approved in a popular referendum on November 3, 1998. The amendment passed with 68% in favor and 32% opposed. The Alaska Civil Liberties Union attempted to prevent the referendum from proceeding, but in August 1998 the Alaska Superior Court held that the proposed referendum and accompanying ballot description were legally permissible. In August 1994, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, a same-sex male couple, filed an application for a marriage license which was denied by the Alaska Office of Vital Statistics. They filed suit in the Alaska Superior Court, arguing that their rights to privacy and equal protectionboth of which\",\n \"title\": \"Same-sex marriage in Alaska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8532068\",\n \"text\": \"relations and public affairs firm of Fleishman-Hillard as Senior Vice-President and Partner. At an early age, with his parents (Russell and Anna Thomas), brother (Lloyd) and sister (Marilyn Brazell), he developed a passion for horse racing. His passion never diminished, and he became the major force for re-establishing the racing industry in California, as we know it today. He authored and provided dynamic leadership in achieving license fee reduction in 1998, which greatly benefited all segments of the industry and kept California competitive with other states. Ken was the author of the bill that authorized satellite wagering in California in\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth L. Maddy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5217187\",\n \"text\": \"his 2018 season early with subsequent hip surgery in August 2018 due to an injury he sustained during his Madrid final retirement earlier in May 2018, which would have elevated the Bryan brothers as the oldest players back to the top of the men's doubles ranking if they were victorious. Bob Bryan's recovery is expected to take about 6 months, which has led to his brother Mike's rare and uncertain search for other partners to play with in his absence. He finished the year as the no. 1 ranked singles player in the nation in 1998 after winning the clay\",\n \"title\": \"Bob Bryan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17446755\",\n \"text\": \"these states are required to take and pass a test ascertaining their knowledge of health and safety precautions as well as the current state regulations. Performing a tattoo in Oregon without a proper and current license or in an unlicensed facility is a felony offense. Tattooing was legalized in New York City in 1997, in Massachusetts in 2000 and Oklahoma between 2002 and 2006. Tattoo artists and people with tattoos vary widely in their preferred methods of caring for new tattoos. Some artists recommend keeping a new tattoo wrapped for the first 24 hours while others suggest removing temporary bandaging\",\n \"title\": \"Process of tattooing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11507500\",\n \"text\": \"came from the Upstate, was a face of the New New South, and opposed to pork barrel spending. Hollings viciously attacked Inglis on the campaign trail as a \\\"goddamn skunk\\\" and when Inglis requested that Hollings sign a pledge for campaign courtesy, Hollings replied that Inglis could \\\"kiss his fanny.\\\" Inglis tried to tie Hollings to President Clinton, who had been tainted by the Lewinsky scandal. Ultimately, Hollings won the race for four crucial reasons. First, Inglis refused to accept PAC donations which allowed Hollings to enjoy a huge financial advantage and blanket the state with his television advertisements. Secondly,\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14335339\",\n \"text\": \"over Millner four years prior, which was in part due to the unpopularity and controversy of Mitch Skandalakis, the Republican nominee for Lieutenant Governor of Georgia. this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Georgia. 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4793674\",\n \"text\": \"The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on December 20, 1989, for sales of over one million copies in the United States. Since it became available as a download in the digital era, it has also sold 2.297 million digital copies in the US as of November 2016. In June 1998, Epic Records re-released the song to country radio, but accidentally sent out the version in which the line \\\"son of a bitch\\\" was uncensored. This error was quickly corrected, and the song re-entered the country charts at number 62 for the chart dated June 20, 1998. It spent\",\n \"title\": \"The Devil Went Down to Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16123960\",\n \"text\": \"state likewise recognizes a Georgia license.\\\" The states recognized under reciprocity include: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. A non-resident of Georgia to whom has been issued a firearm license by a state listed above may carry a firearm while in Georgia in accordance with Georgia law. This includes non-residents under the age of 21. South Carolina H3799 was signed by Gov Haley on June 3, 2016,\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Georgia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"785291\",\n \"text\": \"vice president. The NRA focused its attention on the gun control policies of the Clinton Administration. Knox again lost power in 1997, as he lost reelection to a coalition of moderate leaders who supported movie star Charlton Heston, despite Heston's past support of gun control legislation. In 1994, the NRA unsuccessfully opposed the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (AWB), but successfully lobbied for the ban's 2004 expiration. Heston was elected president in 1998 and became a highly visible spokesman for the organization. In an effort to improve the NRA's image, Heston presented himself as the voice of reason in contrast to\",\n \"title\": \"National Rifle Association\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2300313\",\n \"text\": \"records to the public over three decades earlier: If members of the public desire incident reports and investigative files, they normally have to sue to obtain them, cases sometimes costing $25,000 or more. Media law experts were amazed after learning Montgomery County's sheriff released non-public investigative files from 1998 with just a records request. \\\"That is unusual,\\\" said Mike Merriam, media lawyer for the Kansas Press Association. \\\"They have denied releasing records routinely over and over and over again.\\\" Brownback's campaign capitalized on the 16-year-old incident. Brownback was reelected with a plurality, defeating Davis by a 3.69 percent margin. His\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Brownback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9080598\",\n \"text\": \"'Don't get in my way.'\\\" The result was laws, or the lack thereof, that permitted persons to carry firearms openly, known as \\\"open carry\\\", often without any permit required, in 22 states by 1998. Laws that permitted persons to carry concealed handguns, sometimes termed a \\\"concealed handgun license\\\", \\\"CHL\\\", or \\\"concealed pistol license\\\", \\\"CPL\\\" in some jurisdictions instead of \\\"CCW\\\", existed in 34 states in the U.S. by 2004. Since then, the number of states with CCW laws has increased; , all 50 states have some form of CCW laws on the books. Economist John Lott has argued that right-to-carry\",\n \"title\": \"Gun violence in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3966478\",\n \"text\": \"election he competed in as a Republican. He beat Democrat Clayton Suddith, an army veteran and former Franklin County Commissioner. Incumbent Republican Frank Murkowski easily won re-election to a fourth term against Democratic nominee Joseph Sonneman, a perennial candidate, earning nearly 75% of the vote. Incumbent Republican John McCain won re-election to a third term over Democratic attorney Ed Ranger. Incumbent Dale Bumpers retired. U.S. Representative Blanche Lincoln won the open seat. Incumbent Democrat Barbara Boxer won re-election to a second term. Although the race was predicted to be fairly close, Boxer still defeated Fong by a ten-point margin. Boxer\",\n \"title\": \"1998 United States Senate elections\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9550534\",\n \"text\": \"Doug Friedline Douglas Friedline (19572006) was a Minnesota-born political campaign director in the United States. Friedline worked exclusively with independent and third party candidates with the goal of breaking the two party oligopoly in American politics. Friedline gained most of his notoriety during the 1998 election of his home state in which he helped then professional wrestler Jesse Ventura become governor of Minnesota. Doug Friedline is best known for his unorthodox and often irreverent style of advertising. In 1998 Friedline used action figures to represent candidate Jesse Ventura in a number of television spots. In radio ads Ventura was cast\",\n \"title\": \"Doug Friedline\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15744457\",\n \"text\": \"similar licensing requirements (subject to frequent review and revision), which, as of March 2016, includes: Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin. Many of these states reciprocate and accept a Wyoming permit as valid, however this is a frequently changing and often unspecified distinction. Independent confirmation by directly contacting the attorney general of the state in question is recommended. Effective July 2011, Wyoming became\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in Wyoming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"503737\",\n \"text\": \"marriages and that the statutes were constitutional because they served the public interest by promoting \\\"the link between procreation and child rearing\\\". She disagreed with the defendants' contention that \\\"history and tradition\\\" justify the state's interest in preserving marriage. The plaintiffs appealed the decision to the Vermont Supreme Court. On November 3, 1998, voters in Alaska and Hawaii approved referendums in opposition to same-sex marriage.Two weeks later, on the eve of oral arguments in \\\"Baker\\\" before the Vermont Supreme Court, Tracey Conaty of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force said \\\"Right now Vermont, in many ways, is our biggest\",\n \"title\": \"Baker v. Vermont\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085136\",\n \"text\": \"Judge Joan Lefkow. Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois, 335 F.3d 678 (Ill. 2003), was a decision made by the Supreme Court of Illinois in which the court upheld the Illinois Committee on Character of Fitness's denial of a license to practice law to Matthew F. Hale, on the ground that he lacked the moral character and fitness to practice law. The committee denied Hale's application on December 16, 1998, and refused again after an appeal on June 30, 1999, citing his\",\n \"title\": \"Hale v. Committee on Character and Fitness for the State of Illinois\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18725302\",\n \"text\": \"permit holders. The number of concealed-carry permit-holders in Florida went up during Bush's tenure, and Florida has more concealed carry license holders than any other state, partially as a result of the new laws, a fact which Bush has touted while campaigning in 2015. In 2005, as governor, Bush signed the \\\"stand-your-ground law\\\" on the use of deadly force. In 1998, while running for governor, Bush supported a Florida law requiring background checks for firearms purchased at gun shows (such checks are not required by federal law). In June 2015, following the Charleston church killings, he rejected calls for stricter\",\n \"title\": \"Political positions of Jeb Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9919175\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and the most recent election in which an Alaskan governor was re-elected. Incumbent Democratic governor Tony Knowles was up for re-election. On the Republican side, three major candidates jockeyed for the nomination:\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"247656\",\n \"text\": \"official state sport of Maryland, since 1962, is jousting; the official team sport since 2004 is lacrosse. The National Lacrosse Hall of Fame is located on the Johns Hopkins University campus in Baltimore. In 2008, intending to promote physical fitness for all ages, walking became the official state exercise. Maryland is the first state with an official state exercise. Maryland Maryland ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. The state's largest\",\n \"title\": \"Maryland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15285438\",\n \"text\": \"part of New York and was not admitted until New York consented); two large additions to Nevada, which became a state in 1864, were made in 1866 and 1867. However, there have been numerous minor adjustments to state boundaries over the years due to improved surveys, resolution of ambiguous or disputed boundary definitions, or minor mutually agreed boundary adjustments for administrative convenience or other purposes. One notable example is the case \\\"New Jersey v. New York\\\", in which New Jersey won roughly 90% of Ellis Island from New York in 1998. In addition to the original 13, six subsequent states\",\n \"title\": \"Admission to the Union\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506709\",\n \"text\": \"was repeatedly caught committing petty crimes and fighting those who ridiculed his high-pitched voice and lisp. By the age of 13, he had been arrested 38 times. He ended up at the Tryon School for Boys in Johnstown, New York. Tyson's emerging boxing ability was discovered there by Bobby Stewart, a juvenile detention center counselor and former boxer. Stewart considered Tyson to be an outstanding fighter and trained him for a few months before introducing him to Cus D'Amato. Tyson dropped out of high school as a junior. He would later be awarded an honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11798406\",\n \"text\": \"wing amateur boxers such as national contender Jeffery Page from Andover, Kansas and numerous other amateurs in a team known as Wichita Hard Hitters. Also for a short period he coached the Golden Glove champion Charles Ellis through a short but explosive professional career. |- Ross Puritty Ross Puritty (born December 18, 1966 in Norman, Oklahoma) is a retired heavyweight professional boxer. A high-level journeyman and occasional heavyweight contender, Puritty is best remembered for his shocking upset of Wladimir Klitschko in 1998 that won him the WBC international Heavyweight title, as well as for fighting former World Boxing Organization's world\",\n \"title\": \"Ross Puritty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12692214\",\n \"text\": \"the states’ effort to reform the sweepstakes industry to better protect consumers, especially the elderly. He was voted one of the top lawyers in Indiana by Indianapolis Monthly magazine and, more recently, one of California’s \\\"Superlawyers\\\" by Los Angeles and Law & Politics magazines. As Marion County Prosecutor he led the investigation and prosecution of the former heavyweight boxing champion, Mike Tyson. Other major prosecutions include U.S. v. Althea Flynt (wife of Hustler Magazine publisher; assault). Modisett was Chairman of the Governor’s Commission for a Drug-Free Indiana (1989–2000), and the Governor’s Council of Impaired and Dangerous Driving (1989–2000). He also\",\n \"title\": \"Jeff Modisett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1017512\",\n \"text\": \"has held its annual Oktoberfest. The Big Bear Lake Oktoberfest also sports the highest Biergarten in the U.S. (in elevation). Big Bear Lake was incorporated as a city on November 28, 1980. During the 1990s, the city became famous as a training spot for boxing champions. Oscar de la Hoya, Mike Tyson, Fernando Vargas, Gennady Golovkin, and Shane Mosley are among the famous boxers who have trained at Big Bear. In February 2013, a major manhunt occurred in the Big Bear Lake area to find Christopher Dorner, who by that point had killed three people. A standoff ended in nearby\",\n \"title\": \"Big Bear Lake, California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"791316\",\n \"text\": \"Obama to issue a pardon. In 2016, another petition for Johnson's pardon was issued by McCain, King, Senator Harry Reid and Congressman Gregory Meeks to President Obama, marking the 70th anniversary since the boxer's death. This time citing a provision of the Every Student Succeeds Act, signed by the president in December 2015, in which Congress expressed that this boxing great should receive a posthumous pardon, and a vote by the United States Commission on Civil Rights passed unanimously a week earlier in June 2016 to \\\"right this century-old wrong.\\\" Mike Tyson, Harry Reid and John McCain lent their support\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Johnson (boxer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18996490\",\n \"text\": \"Evening Bulletin\\\", James King of William, died in the Montgomery Block, having been shot by James P. Casey, a city supervisor who felt slighted by King's anti-corruption crusading journalism. The building survived the 1906 earthquake and fire. The Montgomery Block was demolished in 1959, even though a preservation movement had begun to emerge in San Francisco. It was replaced by a parking lot and later, the Transamerica Pyramid. The building is remembered for its historic importance as a bohemian center of the city. At his inauguration as Poet Laureate of San Francisco in 1998, Lawrence Ferlinghetti mentioned \\\"the classic old\",\n \"title\": \"Montgomery Block\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506752\",\n \"text\": \"going to feel better about myself. I'm not going to be depressed\\\", explained Tyson about the reasons for his \\\"comeback\\\". A 1998 ranking of \\\"The Greatest Heavyweights of All-Time\\\" by \\\"Ring\\\" magazine placed Tyson at No.14 on the list. Despite criticism of facing underwhelming competition during his run as champion, Tyson's knockout power and intimidation factor made him the sport's most dynamic box office attraction. According to Douglas Quenqua of \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"The [1990s] began with Mike Tyson, considered by many to be the last great heavyweight champion, losing his title to the little-known Buster Douglas. Seven years\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6310486\",\n \"text\": \"treated as an offence under the common law, which is in many states supplemented by legislation (see Bishop, \\\"Amer. Crim. Law,\\\" 8th ed. 1892, vol. i. s. 542, vol. ii. ss. 303-305; California Penal Code, s. 302; \\\"Revised Laws of Massachusetts\\\", 1902, chap. 212, s. 30.). In 1998, Peter Tatchell of OutRage! was prosecuted for interrupting the Archbishop of Canterbury's Easter sermon with a short gay rights speech. The 1860 legislation (which transferred jurisdiction away from the ecclesiastic courts) was used to try him; his defense focused on the Human Rights Act 1998. He was convicted and fined £18.60 (referring\",\n \"title\": \"Brawling (legal definition)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6380417\",\n \"text\": \"Armed Crime\\\", which increased sentences for felons caught using or possessing weapons. In 1998, State Representative Scott Smith and conservative activist Tim Eyman launched Initiative 200, which attempted to prohibit affirmative action preferences. The campaign was soon handed over to Carlson. Within three months, the initiative received enough signatures to qualify for the ballot, and in November 1998, voters approved it overwhelmingly, 58%-42% partly due to its language. \\\"(1) The state shall not discriminate against, or grant preferential treatment to, any individual or group on the basis of race, sex, color, ethnicity, or national origin in the operation of public\",\n \"title\": \"John Carlson (radio host)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19488370\",\n \"text\": \"special prosecutor in the rape case of boxer Mike Tyson. He has also served as a CBS News legal analyst. Garrison debuted on Indianapolis news/talk station WIBC on June 2, 1997, and his show became syndicated statewide on Network Indiana on January 3, 2000 in replacement of Mike Pence, who would later become Governor of Indiana and Vice President of the United States. In April 2017, Garrison announced his retirement from radio, with his final show taking place on June 9. Greg Garrison (attorney) James Gregory Garrison (born 1948) is an American attorney and radio host. Garrison was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Greg Garrison (attorney)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1328695\",\n \"text\": \"Cope, who won the 1990 Daytona 500 in a surprise victory after Dale Earnhardt blew a tire on the last lap (though he later won a second Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series race that season at Dover International Speedway); Buster Douglas, who was the first boxer to ever knock Mike Tyson out; and Jimmy Glass, a goalkeeper, who is remembered for scoring a goal in the last seconds of the final day of 1998–99 English Third Division that kept his club in The Football League. His subsequently released biography was titled \\\"One-Hit Wonder\\\". Some athletes have become remembered for a\",\n \"title\": \"One-hit wonder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10716701\",\n \"text\": \"program \\\"\\\"Get Down With It\\\"\\\" on a Public-access television cable TV channel. He interviewed guests such as Tiny Tim and Whoopi Goldberg. In the ensuing years, Ray cultivated an extremely unusual career in Minneapolis as a flamboyantly dressed advertising pitchman. In a 2009 interview, Ray addressed his career-long phenomenon of being famous for being famous by saying \\\"I'm like Paris with a pretty tan,\\\" referring to Paris Hilton. Fancy Ray ran for the office of Minnesota state governor in 1998 under the People's Champion banner. This election was famously won by Jesse Ventura, a professional wrestler, minor screen actor, and\",\n \"title\": \"Fancy Ray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18363573\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Davis, the Democratic minority leader of the Kansas House of Representatives. Davis was endorsed by over 100 former and current Kansas Republican officials who criticized Brownback's leadership. He managed to defeat Davis by 3.69 percent, (a decline from the more than 30% margin in his first Governor's race victory) thanks at least in part to effective campaign ads attacking Davis for his brief detention during a 1998 police raid of a strip club. Brownback's popularity continued to suffer in Kansas after his re-election as governor. Three separate polls between November 2015 and September 2016 ranked Brownback as the nation's\",\n \"title\": \"Kansas Senate Bill Substitute HB 2117\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9194438\",\n \"text\": \"The progressive Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party, formed in 1920, provided three governors, four United States senators, and eight members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the 1920s until its merger with the Democratic Party in 1944. The moderate Reform Party was able to elect the former mayor of Brooklyn Park, and former professional wrestler, Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Minnesota branch of the Reform party split off from the national party due to unhappiness about Pat Buchanan's influence in the party, and was renamed the Independence Party. The Independence Party had been able to sustain sufficient support\",\n \"title\": \"Politics of Minnesota\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4815226\",\n \"text\": \"Ken Bradshaw Ken Bradshaw (born October 4, 1952) is an American professional surfer and winner of the 1982 Duke Kahanamoku Invitational Surfing Championship. Bradshaw was born in Houston, Texas. On January 28, 1998, Ken Bradshaw successfully towed into, and rode, a wave with a face generally accepted among surf authorities as about . The site was Outside Log Cabins, an outer reef on the North Shore of Oahu, Hawaii. This wave was his second of the day at about 11:30am. The ride lasted about 30 seconds. There is a poster by the photographer \\\"Hank\\\" of Bradshaw riding a 60+ footer\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Bradshaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13028116\",\n \"text\": \"them to participate more fully and effectively in the democratic process. Thirty - one states currently have adopted legislation similar to the English Language Unity Act. Alabama (1990) Alaska (1998) Arizona (2006) Arkansas (1987) California (1986) Colorado (1988) Florida (1988) Georgia (1986 & 1996) Hawaii (1978) Idaho (2007) Illinois (1969) Indiana (1984) Iowa (2002) Kansas (2007) Kentucky (1984) Louisiana (1812) Massachusetts (1975) Mississippi (1987) Missouri (1998 & 2008) Montana (1995) Nebraska (1920) New Hampshire (1995) North Carolina (1987) North Dakota (1987) Oklahoma (2010) South Carolina (1987) South Dakota (1995) Tennessee (1984) Utah (2000) Virginia (1981 & 1996) Wyoming (1996). English\",\n \"title\": \"English Language Unity Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5547649\",\n \"text\": \"The Parent Trap (1998 film) The Parent Trap is a 1998 American romantic comedy-drama film co-written and directed by Nancy Meyers, and produced and co-written by Charles Shyer. It is a remake of the 1961 film of the same name and an adaptation of Erich Kästner's German novel \\\"Lottie and Lisa\\\" (\\\"Das doppelte Lottchen\\\"). Dennis Quaid and Natasha Richardson star as a divorced couple who separated shortly after their identical twin daughters' birth; Lindsay Lohan stars (in her film debut) as both twins, Hallie Parker and Annie James, who are fortuitously reunited at summer camp after being separated at birth.\",\n \"title\": \"The Parent Trap (1998 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9761128\",\n \"text\": \"digits. This occurred between 1994 and 1998, and was done progressively to ensure as little inconvenience and confusion as possible. The gradual change was also to avoid number clashes, a situation where two subscribers in two completely different locations have technically the same telephone number if dialled in their entirety. The first numbers to be converted to eight digits were numbers in the 99x xxxx and 99 xxxx ranges in the suburb of Mona Vale in Sydney, which all became 999x xxxx or 9999 xxxx on 25 July 1994. The final codes changed to eight digits were the Queensland (070),\",\n \"title\": \"Former Australian dialling codes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16159358\",\n \"text\": \"Handgun License by requesting a hearing before the Department of Public Safety within 35 days of receipt of an Order of Denial for a CHL. An unfavorable ruling on the appeal by the DPS may be further appealed through the New Mexico courts. New Mexico currently recognizes concealed carry permits from or has reciprocal agreements with the following states: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming. New Mexico does not issue CCW permits to non-residents, except for Active\",\n \"title\": \"Gun laws in New Mexico\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2619947\",\n \"text\": \"South Carolina Chamber of Commerce named Hodges \\\"Legislator of the Year\\\" in 1993, and the National Federation of Independent Business bestowed Hodges with its \\\"Guardian of Small Business\\\" award. While serving in the state legislature, Hodges also worked as general counsel for The Springs Company. Hodges entered the 1998 gubernatorial election in South Carolina an underdog but took advantage of controversy and missteps by incumbent Republican governor David Beasley, namely Beasley's indecisiveness on allowing a Confederate flag to fly at the state capitol and call to eliminate video poker. Donations from video gambling interests helped Hodges narrow a near million-dollar\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Hodges\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506755\",\n \"text\": \"his time tending to his 350 pigeons in Paradise Valley, an upscale enclave near Phoenix, Arizona. Tyson has stayed in the limelight by promoting various websites and companies. In the past Tyson had shunned endorsements, accusing other athletes of putting on a false front to obtain them. Tyson has held entertainment boxing shows at a casino in Las Vegas and started a tour of exhibition bouts to pay off his numerous debts. On December 29, 2006, Tyson was arrested in Scottsdale, Arizona, on suspicion of DUI and felony drug possession; he nearly crashed into a police SUV shortly after leaving\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"281616\",\n \"text\": \"Fitness rejected Hale's application for a license to practice law. Hale appealed, and a hearing was held on April 10, 1999. On June 30, 1999, a Hearing Panel of the Committee refused to certify that Hale had the requisite moral character and fitness to practice law in Illinois. Attorney Glenn Greenwald represented Hale in a failed federal lawsuit to overturn the licensing decision. The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois concluded it did not have jurisdiction to review an earlier decision of the Illinois Supreme Court upholding the license denial. The Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals upheld\",\n \"title\": \"Matthew F. Hale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6907590\",\n \"text\": \"distinctive calls such as KH6xxx which used to be exclusively in Hawaii, may be assigned to license holders on the US mainland. However, those licensees with KH6, KL7, KP4, etc., call signs must have been living (or had a mailing address) in Hawaii, Alaska or Puerto Rico when they received those call signs. A newly licensed amateur will always receive a call sign from the district in which he or she lives. For instance, a newly licensed Technician from New England would receive a call sign of the form KC1xxx. The amateur may thereafter apply for a specific or specialized\",\n \"title\": \"Amateur radio licensing in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15333152\",\n \"text\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II, billed as \\\"The Sound and the Fury\\\" and afterwards infamously referred to as \\\"The Bite Fight\\\", was a professional boxing match contested on June 28, 1997 for the WBA Heavyweight Championship. It achieved notoriety as one of the most bizarre fights in boxing history, after Tyson bit off part of Holyfield's ear. Tyson was disqualified from the match and lost his boxing license, though it was later reinstated. The fight took place at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada. The referee officiating the fight was\",\n \"title\": \"Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14335338\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election The 1998 Georgia gubernatorial election was held on November 3, 1998. Incumbent Democratic Governor Zell Miller was unable to seek re-election due to term limits, therefore creating an open seat. To replace him, State Representative Roy Barnes won the Democratic Party's nomination after a close and highly contested primary election, while businessman Guy Millner, who had run for Governor and the United States Senate in the previous four years, won the nomination of the Republican Party. In the general election, Barnes was able to defeat Millner by a margin of victory larger than Governor Miller's victory\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Georgia gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1526497\",\n \"text\": \"a television movie based upon the life of Mike Tyson. Douglas was portrayed by actor Duane Davis. Douglas is one of the few non-students to be honored by Ohio State University with the opportunity to dot the \\\"i\\\" during the performance of the Script Ohio by The Ohio State University Marching Band. Buster Douglas James \\\"Buster\\\" Douglas (born April 7, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1981 to 1990, and 1996 to 1999. He is best known for his stunning upset of Mike Tyson on February 11, 1990, in Tokyo to win the undisputed heavyweight title.\",\n \"title\": \"Buster Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5758939\",\n \"text\": \"nearly two-to-one margin. Marty was one of seven DFLers who entered the 1998 gubernatorial campaign, but he dropped out of the race without filing for office. Eventually the party nominated state Attorney General Hubert H. \\\"Skip\\\" Humphrey III. In an upset, the Reform Party nominee, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura, won the election. On December 22, 2008, Marty announced that he had launched an exploratory campaign for governor after encouragement from health care reformers. He made a formal announcement several months later. On February 2, 2010, Marty finished in fourth place in a precinct caucus straw poll with 9.5% of\",\n \"title\": \"John Marty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9919178\",\n \"text\": \"the widest margin in Alaska history until 2010. This was also the first time since 1970 that any candidate won an outright majority of the vote in an Alaska gubernatorial election. 1998 Alaska gubernatorial election The 1998 Alaska gubernatorial general election took place on November 3, 1998. The election resulted in a landslide for the Democratic incumbent, Tony Knowles, who had won the 1994 gubernatorial election by only 536 votes. Knowles was the first incumbent governor to attain re-election since 1978. As of 2019, this is the most recent election in which a Democrat was elected Governor of Alaska and\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Alaska gubernatorial election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20940731\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Trump's assertions of generosity toward charities.\\\" In 1996, Trump claimed he wagered $1 million on 20-to-1 odds in a Las Vegas heavyweight title boxing match between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson. The Las Vegas Sun reported that \\\"while everyone is careful not to call Trump a liar,\\\" no one in a position to know about such a sizable wager was aware of it. A 1998 \\\"New York Observer\\\" article entitled \\\"Tricky Donald Trump Beats Jerry Nadler in Game of Politics\\\" reported that \\\"Nadler flatly calls Mr. Trump a 'liar',\\\" quoting Nadler stating, \\\"Trump got $6 million [in federal\",\n \"title\": \"Veracity of statements by Donald Trump\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10630585\",\n \"text\": \"colleges reportedly offered her sports scholarships while she was still a pupil at St Killian's. However, she opted instead to attend UCD. Although UCD is well known for sports scholarships, Taylor qualified via her Leaving Cert results. However, as Taylor's sporting career began to take off, she chose not to complete her studies at UCD. Taylor first began boxing in 1998, aged 11. Her father coached her and her two older brothers, Lee and Peter, at St Fergal's Boxing Club, which operated out of a former boathouse in Bray. At 15, she fought the first officially sanctioned female boxing match\",\n \"title\": \"Katie Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11191688\",\n \"text\": \"Sergeant on the day that he was awarded the GC. He retired from the police force in April 1962 after nearly 26 years of service. He ran a tobacco/sweet shop before selling the business to set up his own private investigations agency. Fairfax Investigators Ltd, which proved a success, was sold in 1980. He retired to Dorset, where he was an active Freemason. Fairfax was a boxer in his youth, and in retirement became a boxing judge. Frederick Fairfax died in Yeovil on 23 February 1998, just a few months before Bentley was pardoned of murdering Police Constable Miles. Fred\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Fairfax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506741\",\n \"text\": \"probation along with undergoing 200 hours of community service for assaulting two motorists after a traffic accident on August 31, 1998. He served nine months of that sentence. After his release, he fought Orlin Norris on October 23, 1999. Tyson knocked down Norris with a left hook thrown after the bell sounded to end the first round. Norris injured his knee when he went down and said that he was unable to continue. Consequently, the bout was ruled a no contest. In 2000, Tyson had three fights. The first match was staged at the MEN Arena at Manchester, England against\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13890066\",\n \"text\": \"older son Matthew was beaten and pistol whipped in Laramie, Wyoming. Matthew Shepard died six days later at Poudre Valley Hospital in Fort Collins, Colorado on October 12, 1998 at age 21. It was widely reported by mass media that it was due to him being gay. The incident became one of the defining cases of hate-crimes and was cited for passing hate-crime legislation. In response, Judy Shepard created the Matthew Shepard Foundation. The foundation's purpose is to advance \\\"social justice, diversity awareness and education, and equality for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people\\\". She is the founding president\",\n \"title\": \"Judy Shepard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652301\",\n \"text\": \"time. (Being a lawyer in Louisiana, or anywhere in the United States, is not simply a matter of having a law degree, although that is usually a prerequisite, but of being licensed to practice law, which almost always requires passing a bar examination. On April 9, 1998, he did become licensed to practice law. He has his own law firm in Baton Rouge, and handles a variety of matters. Fields is credited with the original version of a quotation that became popular following Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election. At the \\\"State of the Black Union 2008\\\" symposium\",\n \"title\": \"Cleo Fields\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13005696\",\n \"text\": \"and professional wrestling promoter, ran as an independent. Wales legally changed his name to Outlaw Josey Wales in 1998. He had run for mayor before in 1999, having received 19,741 votes, around 10%. Wale's platform included increasing the pay of police officers, making it illegal to drive while using a cellphone, and stricter enforcement of carpool lanes. White served his third term as mayor and as ineligible for re-election in the 2009 mayoral elections. Ulman would run again that year, but received only 1% of the vote. She ran again in 2011, receiving 1,882 votes. 2007 Houston mayoral election The\",\n \"title\": \"2007 Houston mayoral election\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8628107\",\n \"text\": \"the attorney general provides help – especially in death-penalty cases – and defends convictions in the appellate courts. Myers had been vigorous in efforts against sexual assault – largely by promoting improved training for police, prosecutors and professionals who treat medical and psychological effects – and for improved restitution for crime victims generally. Although Myers was not among the half dozen attorneys general negotiating directly with tobacco industry – Washington state's Christine Gregoire, now governor, was one of them – Oregon received a larger share of the 1998 national tobacco settlement than most other states as a result of the\",\n \"title\": \"Hardy Myers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9479095\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Alaska’s denial of the benefits and dignity of marriage for them only perpetuates this discrimination without legitimate grounds.” Burgess also barred Alaska from refusing to acknowledge lawful same-sex marriages conducted in other states. In 1995 two men, Jay Brause and Gene Dugan, relying on the then-gender-neutral marriage code of Alaska submitted an application for a marriage license to the Alaska Bureau of Vital Statistics, Third Judicial District at Anchorage, which was denied despite satisfying all of the requirements of the state with the exception of being of the same gender. In the wake of the Hawaii Supreme Court's decision in\",\n \"title\": \"Alaska Ballot Measure 2 (1998)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11516899\",\n \"text\": \"up for election in 2004, a crowded field developed in the Republican primary. Furthermore, the Republicans were motivated by having President Bush at the top of the ticket enabling them to ride his coattails to victory. Former Governor David Beasley, from the Pee Dee, entered the race and quickly emerged as the frontrunner because of his support from the evangelical voters. However, during his term as governor from 1994 to 1998 he had greatly angered the electorate by proposing to remove the Confederate Naval Jack from the dome of the statehouse and by being against the adoption of a state\",\n \"title\": \"2004 United States Senate election in South Carolina\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18829282\",\n \"text\": \"Fairbank's movies around 1920, married and kept company with several actresses, and later raised prize race horses. Benjamin was born on September 7, 1898 (or, in 1899, according to the U.S. Federal Census of 1900) in Portland, Oregon to German immigrants, Isaac and Goldie Benjamin. His father opened a clothing store in downtown Portland. When he was four his family moved to Spokane, Washington. Leaving home at a young age, Benjamin took an early job as a stable boy in Allentown, Idaho, and tried to make a living as a jockey, but seemed to have more talent as a boxer.\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Benjamin (boxer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11936732\",\n \"text\": \"Snorg Tees SnorgTees is an American company based in the US state of Georgia, specialising in T-shirt designs that reference popular culture or make humorous assertions about the wearer. Auburn student Alice Fraasa became a minor internet celebrity after modelling for the company's online advertisements. The company was started during 2004 by two brothers in Atlanta, Georgia. Matt Walls is the president of the company, and his brother Bryan Walls is in charge of the designs. The business grew rapidly, becoming profitable within a year, and earning SnorgTees the number 6 rank on the Bulldog 100, which is a list\",\n \"title\": \"Snorg Tees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"936470\",\n \"text\": \"The film, \\\"300\\\", inspired the commercial, which featured the Mexican champions battling giants and other large creatures. In early 2011, De La Hoya visited U.S. military personnel in Kuwait and Iraq under the auspices of the USO, holding boxing clinics and greeting the troops. De La Hoya has spoken about his intention to run for President against Donald Trump in the 2020 election. In 1998, at age 23, he was accused of rape. Mexican authorities investigated, with no charges filed, and De La Hoya maintained his innocence. A lawsuit was then filed in San Bernardino, California County Superior Court, alleging\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar De La Hoya\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1587533\",\n \"text\": \"formerly owned by ex-boxer Mike Tyson, listing it for sale at $18.5 million to move closer to his son (who lives on Long Island with his ex-girlfriend). The mayor of Bridgeport, Connecticut declared October 12, 2007 \\\"50 Cent Curtis Jackson Day\\\", honoring the rapper with a proclamation and a key to the city. One of Jackson's New York homes, purchased in January 2007 for $2.4 million and the center of a lawsuit between Jackson and Shaniqua Tompkins, caught fire on May 31, 2008 while he was filming in Louisiana. In December 2008, he told the Canadian press that he had\",\n \"title\": \"50 Cent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9636838\",\n \"text\": \"1998 Northern Territory referendum A referendum was held in the Northern Territory on Saturday, 3 October 1998, to decide whether the Territory should become a State of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Country Liberal Party government, and its federal counterpart, supported the Yes case. The opposition Labor Party supported the No case. The referendum was narrowly defeated, 51.9% to 48.1%. The \\\"Yes\\\" case received 44,702 votes, the \\\"No\\\" case 48,241. There were 1068 informal ballots. The result was widely interpreted as a personal rebuke to then Chief Minister Shane Stone. Polls suggest that most Territorians continue to support statehood for\",\n \"title\": \"1998 Northern Territory referendum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506731\",\n \"text\": \"and Buster Mathis Jr.. Tyson's first comeback fight grossed more than US$96 million worldwide, including a United States record $63 million for PPV television. The viewing of the fight was purchased by 1.52 million homes, setting both PPV viewership and revenue records. The 89-second fight elicited criticism that Tyson's management lined up \\\"tomato cans\\\" to ensure easy victories for his return. \\\"TV Guide\\\" included the Tyson-McNeeley fight in their list of the 50 Greatest TV Sports Moments of All Time in 1998. Tyson regained one belt by easily winning the WBC title against Frank Bruno in March 1996. It was\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18374642\",\n \"text\": \"the Adelaide Football Club was born. The fallout from the failed bid resulted in some calling for Port Adelaide to be expelled from the SANFL. However, Port Adelaide continued to compete and continued to dominate. The Magpies followed their triple triumphs from 1988 to 1990 with a premiership in 1992 and three in a row again from 1994 to 1996, then again in 1998 and 1999. In 1994, the AFL announced it would award a second AFL licence to a South Australian club. Adelaide's Channel 7 broadcaster ran a phone poll asking whether Port Adelaide should get the second licence\",\n \"title\": \"Norwood–Port Adelaide rivalry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16691346\",\n \"text\": \"have executive orders prohibiting discrimination in public employment based on \\\"sexual orientation\\\" only: Alaska, Arizona, and Missouri. The remaining states do not offer any type of discrimination protections for the LGBT community, although some cities and localities have passed their own ordinances within these states. 1972: although the first local protections were enacted this year in Michigan (in East Lansing and Ann Arbor). 1973: District of Columbia: 1975: Pennsylvania: 1979: California: 1982: Wisconsin: 1983: New York: 1985: New Mexico: 1987: Oregon: 1988: Oregon: 1989: Massachusetts: 1990: Colorado: 1991: Connecticut: 1992: California: 1993: Minnesota: 1995: Maryland: 1996: Illinois: 1998: New Hampshire:\",\n \"title\": \"LGBT employment discrimination in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15362826\",\n \"text\": \"full statehood. Voters supported continuation of the Commonwealth option, which received 48% of the votes. In 1998, the NPP Governor Pedro Rosselló carried out a non-binding plebiscite on political status, in which voters were asked to choose from one of four political status options (statehood, free association, commonwealth, or independence) or a fifth one, \\\"none of the above\\\". The Popular Democratic Party led a campaign to boycott the plebiscite, calling on the electorate to vote for the \\\"none of the above\\\" option. The boycott was successful, as the \\\"none of the above\\\" choice garnered more votes than any of the\",\n \"title\": \"Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3005011\",\n \"text\": \"1998 about 97 percent of the population could receive the channel. On 2 October 1996, TV3 announced a reshuffling of its broadcast frequencies to enable it to launch a new network, to be called TV4 Network Limited, on the VHF band. TV4, which started on 29 June 1997, is a free-to-air network aimed at a younger audience than TV3. The launch was considered successful, with high brand recognition and ratings significantly higher than MTV, TV4's television rival. TV4's opening broadcast was the controversial Tyson–Holyfield boxing rematch. In April 1997 CanWest purchased Westpac's 48 percent shareholding in TV3, taking CanWest's stake\",\n \"title\": \"Three (TV channel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8775414\",\n \"text\": \"boxing industry, especially if it does not regulate any other sport. In May 2016, a bill was introduced to Congress by Markwayne Mullin, a politician and former mixed martial artist, to extend the Ali Act to mixed martial arts. Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"506700\",\n \"text\": \"Mike Tyson Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. He reigned as the undisputed world heavyweight champion and holds the record as the youngest boxer to win a heavyweight title at 20 years, four months and 22 days old. Tyson won his first 19 professional fights by knockout or stoppage, 12 of them in the first round. He won the WBC title in 1986 after stopping Trevor Berbick in the second round, and added the WBA and IBF titles after defeating James Smith and Tony Tucker in 1987.\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Tyson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8301934\",\n \"text\": \"On 27 November 1998, Boucher was acquitted of ordering the murder of the two prison guards in 1997, and afterwards became a folk-hero in Quebec, with people in the poor neighborhood of Hochelaga-Maisonneuve in Montreal cheering Boucher and his fellow Angels as they rode their Harley-Davidson motorcycles down the streets like it was a royal procession. On the night of 27 November 1998, to celebrate his acquittal, Boucher attended a boxing match in Verdun with his fellow Nomads, with the audience cheering him as he took his seat and hundreds of people lining up to get his autograph. Boucher become\",\n \"title\": \"Quebec Biker War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19731056\",\n \"text\": \"at Minnesota’s Mayo Clinic as a prerequisite to being granted a boxing license. Ali checked into the clinic on July 23, 1980. His neurological exam was conducted by Dr. Frank Howard, whose report contained the following information: Ali showed a slight degree of missing when he tried to touch his finger to his nose, he had difficulty in coordinating the muscles used in speaking, and he did not hop on one foot with expected agility. However, Dr. Howard determined that there were no specific findings to prohibit Ali from fighting. The Mayo Clinic report was forwarded to the Nevada State\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali vs. Larry Holmes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8775412\",\n \"text\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act The Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act, commonly referred to as the Ali Act, is a federal law that was introduced in 1999 and enacted on May 26, 2000 by the 106th Congress to: (1) protect the rights and welfare of boxers; (2) aid state boxing commissions with the oversight of boxing; and (3) increase sportsmanship and integrity within the boxing industry (See 114 Stat. 321(3)(2000)). The Act amends the 1996 Professional Boxing Safety Act by expanding upon legislation against exploitation, conflict of interest, enforcement, as well as additional amendments. The Act was enacted in response\",\n \"title\": \"Muhammad Ali Boxing Reform Act\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle Evander Holyfield vs. Mike Tyson II context: rights, and casino profits. As a result of biting Holyfield on both ears and other behavior, Tyson's boxing license was revoked by the Nevada State Athletic Commission and he was fined $3 million plus legal costs. The revocation was not permanent; a little more than a year later on October 18, 1998, the commission voted 4–1 to restore Tyson's boxing license. In the 2008 documentary \\\"Tyson\\\", the boxer claimed he did it as retaliation for the headbutting. On October 16, 2009 on \\\"The Oprah Winfrey Show\\\", Tyson apologized to Holyfield. Holyfield accepted his apology and forgave Tyson. A book entitled\\n\\nWhich state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 202,\n \"origin_tokens\": 203,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Mike Tyson context: Tyson was roundly condemned in the news media but was not without defenders. Novelist and commentator Katherine Dunn wrote a column that criticized Holyfield's sportsmanship in the controversial bout and charged the news media with being biased against Tyson. On July 9, 1997, Tyson's boxing license was rescinded by the Nevada State Athletic Commission in a unanimous voice vote; he was also fined US$3 million and ordered to pay the legal costs of the hearing. As most state athletic commissions honor sanctions imposed by other states, this effectively made Tyson unable to box in the United States. The revocation was\\n\\ntitle Norm Frauen context: residents. He was a fan for local figh including the then amateur Carbajal Yv Trev. He columns on the careers of Phoenix Jes González, Vassiliy Jirov, Miguel Cotto, is Puerto Rican. In 1998,heim was one of the boxing writers in Arizona announce that Mike Tyson moved Frauenheim one first writers note Julio César Chávez allegedly without taking a urine drug test for the Arizona State Boxing his200 bout with Kostya Tszyu.title Ev vs. Mike Ton context: his championship and the Tyson, Holy said forgaveon biting him has 0 in God and. Noneless, Tys sent with permanent suspension box and his licenseleddef also fined $,00,0 had serve. and an appealons license. T anding befriended other and The fight a of $80,00), live-, closed-uit foreigntitle:.:onaa a match 9ons with Evander Holyfield on June 28, 1997 which saw Tyson get disqualified in the third round after twice biting Holyfield's ears, the Nevada Athletic Commission fined Tyson $3 million and revoked his boxing license. Tyson's ban would ultimately last a total of 15 months and 10 days with it finally ending after a five-man committee voted in favor of reinstating Tyson by a vote\\n\\nWhich state renewed Mike Tyson's boxing license in 1998?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 460,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14330,\n \"ratio\": \"31.2x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":90,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":90,"string":"90"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Neil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Corean","Koreans (disambiguation)","Korean (disambiguation)","Koreang","Korean","Korea'ng"],"string":"[\n \"Corean\",\n \"Koreans (disambiguation)\",\n \"Korean (disambiguation)\",\n \"Koreang\",\n \"Korean\",\n \"Korea'ng\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Korean"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"290612","text":"Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"16944211","text":"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) RV \"Neil Armstrong\" (AGOR-27) is the designation for a new oceanographic research ship, first of the s, to be owned by the United States Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 24, 2012 that the research vessel was to be named after Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the Moon and a former naval aviator who served in the Korean War. The ship was ordered in May 2010 as a replacement for , operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 1970. The ship was","title":"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)"},{"id":"7287311","text":"the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . After transitioning to the Grumman F9F-2 Panther, VF-51 became the first squadron to take jets into combat and score the first air-to-air kills in the Korean War. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period. During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate","title":"VF-51"},{"id":"290622","text":"and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \"Essex\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"290624","text":"parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"15036112","text":"Tom Neil Thomas Francis \"Ginger\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in aircraft as a child and also played cricket and football for local teams. His family moved to Manchester when he was 16, and he attended Eccles Secondary (grammar) School where he was awarded an art prize","title":"Tom Neil"},{"id":"871630","text":"the antiwar [[America First Committee]], which opposed American aid to Britain in its war against Germany, and resigned his commission in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] in 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views. Nevertheless, he publicly supported the U.S. war effort after the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and flew fifty combat missions in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of World War II as a civilian consultant, though Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission. In his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh and his","title":"Charles Lindbergh"},{"id":"753810","text":"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and","title":"Buzz Aldrin"},{"id":"3255509","text":"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral. On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen. The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on","title":"Missing man formation"},{"id":"2706834","text":"to be beyond repair. Williams' victories were even more notable in that all four MiGs were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating that the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov. Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the war, even ejecting from one of the aircraft when it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley, in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots. Panthers were","title":"Grumman F9F Panther"},{"id":"265782","text":"also excluded civilian NASA X-15 pilot Neil Armstrong, though he had been selected by the US Air Force in 1958 for its Man In Space Soonest program, which was replaced by Mercury. Although Armstrong had been a combat-experienced NAP during the Korean War, he left active duty in 1952. Armstrong became NASA's first civilian astronaut in 1962 when he was selected for NASA's second group, and became the first man on the Moon in 1969. It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than , and hold a college degree in a","title":"Project Mercury"},{"id":"2743361","text":"While \"ace\" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"17869199","text":"Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \"Rutland of Jutland\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He later worked for the Japanese and was interned by the British authorities during the Second World War. He joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1901. He was graded as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in December 1914, awarded his aviator's certificate by the Royal Aero Club on 26","title":"Frederick Rutland"},{"id":"290625","text":"40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois,","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"290702","text":"Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink.\" It prompted many responses, including the Twitter hashtag \"#WinkAtTheMoon\". Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong \"a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew\", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019. Michael Collins said, \"He was the best, and I will miss","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"5980540","text":"Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person to be awarded the VC for action in the UK. His action marked a turning point in the war against the airship menace, and caused the German airship bombing campaign to falter. In the three","title":"Leefe Robinson"},{"id":"290701","text":"will never be forgotten.\" Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a \"reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"13783023","text":"Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy commanding officer of the 2d Air Division in Vietnam and the 13th Air Force","title":"Charles Bond (pilot)"},{"id":"13783033","text":"Tigers. Bond died at an assisted-living facility in Dallas from the effects of dementia. Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy","title":"Charles Bond (pilot)"},{"id":"290613","text":"anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He","title":"Neil Armstrong"},{"id":"15036119","text":"and Hurricanes seen in British skies since the Second World War. The formation consisted of 40 aircraft and flew a route around southern England in the areas which saw the most aerial activity during the war. Tom Neil Thomas Francis \"Ginger\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in","title":"Tom Neil"},{"id":"16589079","text":"Konstantin Krasavin Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Alekseyevich Krasavin () (May 20, 1917 – January 1988) was a Russian flying ace and fighter pilot of the Great Patriotic War, during which he flew for the Soviet air forces. He is credited with 376 sorties, 106 dogfights and 21 kills between 1941 and 1945 on the Eastern Front, piloting the Yakovlev Yak-3, the Lavochkin La-5, the Yakovlev Yak-7 and the Hawker Hurricane during which time he held the rank of Major. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin for military valour in 1946","title":"Konstantin Krasavin"},{"id":"1371212","text":"and her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. George H. W. Bush became the U.S. Navy's youngest pilot when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS \"George H.W. Bush\" is","title":"USS George H.W. Bush"},{"id":"15452987","text":"Lawrence Jenkins Lawrence L. \"Larry\" Jenkins (January 29, 1924 – May 28, 2017) was a B-17 co-pilot during World War II who spent over ten months as a prisoner of war. His exploits were chronicled, along with those of his friend and fellow POW Jack Curtis, in the 2007 book, \"Eagles' Wings, An Uncommon Story of World War II\", by Andrew Layton. On the United States' entry into World War II, Jenkins enlisted in the US Army Air Corps. After an initial assignment as a sheet-metal smith, he was accepted into the Aviation Cadet Program, and learned to fly the","title":"Lawrence Jenkins"},{"id":"15776066","text":"on 19 April 1983. Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air","title":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon"},{"id":"2229006","text":"into law by President Barack Obama on July 25, 2014. Note: the rank indicated is the highest held by the individual. Note: Although astronaut Neil Armstrong's achievements as an aviator and an astronaut more than exceeded the requirements for the DFC, he was ineligible for the DFC as he was a civilian for his entire career with NASA. Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) The Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself in support of operations by \"heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an","title":"Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)"},{"id":"8201899","text":"1956 as a reporter. After his retirement he moved to Corfu where he spent the rest of his life, continuing to write until well into his nineties. He was the last surviving British flying ace of World War I. George Bernard Shaw wrote of Lewis: \"This prince of pilots has had a charmed life in every sense of the word. He is a thinker, a master of words and a bit of a poet.\" Cecil Arthur Lewis Cecil Arthur Lewis (29 March 1898 – 27 January 1997) was a British fighter pilot who flew in World War I. He went","title":"Cecil Arthur Lewis"},{"id":"1696341","text":"splashdown north of Puerto Rico. \"Essex\" was the main vessel on which future \"Apollo 11\" astronaut Neil Armstrong served during the Korean War. \"Essex\" was decommissioned on 30June 1969 at Boston Navy Yard. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1June 1973 and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrapping on 1June 1975. \"Essex\" was scrapped at Kearny, New Jersey. USS Essex (CV-9) USS \"Essex\" (CV/CVA/CVS-9) was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship","title":"USS Essex (CV-9)"},{"id":"7577866","text":"to war a 42-year-old pilot named Charles Lindbergh. All but disgraced by his pro-German comments and behavior before World War II, the legendary but tainted Lindbergh had previously been denied returning to the Army Air Corps when he had volunteered after Pearl Harbor. Now in his role as civilian test pilot for United Aircraft, Lindbergh convinced Wood that he could properly test the company's new Vought F4U Corsair fighter planes only by flying them in actual combat conditions. Wood agreed, Lindbergh was soon cleared, and he quickly head off to the Solomon Islands. where he would fly 50 combat missions.","title":"Louis E. Woods"},{"id":"5259972","text":"a woman in his mouth. He eventually joined the war as a squadron pilot in the Royal Air Force, flying the Tiger Moth, Gloster Gladiator, and Hawker Hurricane. He was among the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion, taking part in the air for the Battle of Athens on 20 April 1941. In one of his accounts, he described a crash in the Western Desert, which hurt his head and brought him several other problems during his days in Greece. After the country fell to the Nazis, he went to the Middle East to fight","title":"Going Solo"},{"id":"2772596","text":"Pappy Boyington Gregory \"Pappy\" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. Boyington was initially a US Marine Corps aviator with the Pacific fleet before being recruited by the legendary \"Flying Tigers\" (1st American Volunteer Group) in the Republic of China Air Force in Burma at the end of 1941 and part of 1942, during the military conflict between China and Japan, and the beginning of World War II. In September","title":"Pappy Boyington"},{"id":"17769114","text":"James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the New Guinea campaign of the South West Pacific","title":"James P. Hagerstrom"},{"id":"14145034","text":"Army. Rechkalov went on to become a Major General of Aviation in the Soviet Air Force (VVS) in 1959. He wrote two books about his wartime experiences - \"Dymnoe Nebo Voiny\" ('The Smoking Skies of War') and \"V Nebe Moldavii\" ('In Moldavian Skies'). Rechkalov lived in Moscow until his death on 20 December 1990. Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He","title":"Grigoriy Rechkalov"},{"id":"1830552","text":"right leg was amputated. He died of natural causes on 14 February 2010 at his Caribbean home in Grand Cayman, survived by both sons. During the Second World War, Francis volunteered, hoping to join the cavalry. Instead, he served in the Royal Air Force, working as ground crew and later piloting fighter and bomber aircraft, including the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, and the Wellington and Lancaster bombers. He said in an interview that he spent much of his six years in the Air Force in Africa. After leaving the RAF in 1946, Francis became a highly successful jockey, reaching celebrity","title":"Dick Francis"},{"id":"15066121","text":"Frederick Higginson Wing Commander Frederick \"Taffy\" Higginson, (17 February 1913 – 12 February 2003) was a fighter ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Higginson was part of the deployment which went to Dunkirk in 1940, where he became an ace within the first six months of the war. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal and commissioned as a flight lieutenant, by the time he was shot down over Lille in 1941, he had reached a tally of 15 victories. After capture, escape to Vichy France, recapture, he returned to England via Monte Carlo and Spain. Returning","title":"Frederick Higginson"},{"id":"15738096","text":"Oscar Randolph Fladmark Oscar Randolph Fladmark, Jr. (June 23, 1922 – July 27, 1955) was an American fighter pilot who flew 164 \"no-injury\" combat missions in World War II and the Korean War. Fladmark received the Distinguished Flying Cross during his military career. Just a few years after the Korean War, Major Fladmark, at 33 years of age, was in an automobile accident near Yuma, Arizona, on July 27, 1955, and died while being flown to the San Diego Naval Hospital. Fladmark was born in Moe Township, Lincoln County, South Dakota, on June 23, 1922. His father, Oscar C. Fladmark,","title":"Oscar Randolph Fladmark"},{"id":"13911415","text":"decorations with supporting documentation were sold for £12,650 at Warwick and Warwick auction house in England in 1989. Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the","title":"Arthur Spurling"},{"id":"3375091","text":"by Colonel John W. Mitchell, who had led the mission to shoot down Admiral Yamamoto in World War II. On his return to the United States, Gabreski received the key to the city from San Francisco Mayor Elmer E. Robinson and was given a ticker-tape parade up Market Street on June 17. Gabreski's 6½ MiG-15 kill credits make him one of seven U.S. pilots to become an ace in more than one war (the others being Whisner, Colonel Harrison Thyng, Colonel James P. Hagerstrom, Colonel Vermont Garrison, Major George A. Davis, Jr., and U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John F.","title":"Gabby Gabreski"},{"id":"1647866","text":"and against \"Luftwaffe\" bombers. The South African ace Marmaduke \"Pat\" Pattle (who served with the RAF), claimed 15 kills in Gladiators during the North African and Greek Campaigns, making him the highest-scoring RAF biplane ace of the war. The 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War was unique in that the RAF and Royal Iraqi Air Force, used the Gladiator as their main fighter. Gladiators also saw action against the Vichy French in Syria. A stock of 18 Sea Gladiators from 802 Naval Air Squadron had been delivered by HMS \"Glorious\", in early 1940. Three were later shipped out to take part in the","title":"Gloster Gladiator"},{"id":"3105067","text":"was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained longlife friends. He is a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II. On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken arm and back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period,","title":"Sam Johnson"},{"id":"12136507","text":"fluid stages of the First World War the Royal Navy Air Service Armoured Car Section was formed with armed and armoured touring cars to find and pick up aircrew who had been forced down. When trench warfare made this impossible the cars were transferred to other theatres, most notably the Middle East. In 1915, during the First World War, Squadron Commander Richard Bell-Davies of the British Royal Naval Air Service performed the first combat search and rescue by aircraft in history. He used his single-seat aeroplane to rescue his wingman who had been shot down in Bulgaria. His Victoria Cross","title":"Combat search and rescue"},{"id":"9341116","text":"Dogfights (TV series) Dogfights is a military aviation themed TV series depicting historical re-enactments of air-to-air combat that took place in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, as well as smaller conflicts such as the Gulf War and the Six-Day War. The program consists of former fighter pilots sharing their stories of actual dogfights in which they took part, combined with computer-generated imagery (CGI) to give the viewer a better perspective of what it is like to engage in aerial combat. \"Dogfights \" originally aired on the History Channel from November 2006 to","title":"Dogfights (TV series)"},{"id":"9936101","text":"Donald Blakeslee Donald James Matthew Blakeslee (September 11, 1917 – September 3, 2008) was an officer in the United States Air Force, whose aviation career began as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force flying Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II. He then became a member of the Royal Air Force Eagle squadrons, before transferring to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. He flew more combat missions against the Luftwaffe than any other American fighter pilot, and by the end of the war was a flying ace credited with 15.5 aerial victories. Blakeslee was born in","title":"Donald Blakeslee"},{"id":"17794973","text":"Robin Hooper Sir Robin William John Hooper (26 July 1914 – 14 June 1989) was an English Royal Air Force pilot and diplomat. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and later became the British Ambassador to Greece. Hooper was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he became a member of the Oxford University Air Squadron. On the night of 16/17 November 1943, Flight Lieutenant Hooper, took off in Westland Lysander ‘MA-D’ from RAF Tangmere, with Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents in the rear cockpit, for a field in France. The outward flight was uneventful, but","title":"Robin Hooper"},{"id":"3436430","text":"of Stalingrad and Kursk. Because of his extraordinary skill, Shostakov was chosen for the most secret and dangerous tests and new aircraft for the Soviet Union. This included being the first pilot to test fly the Mig 15. The Soviet state controlled news media greatly publicized this and certain other missions of his such as his aerial battles against the U.S. Air Force over MiG Alley during the Korean War. As a result, Shostakov was decorated as a hero of the Soviet Union. Shostakov was also successful in his private life, having married the equally famous ballerina Natalie (familiarly known","title":"Red Guardian"},{"id":"9629194","text":"Keith Rosenkranz Keith Rosenkranz is a retired American fighter pilot and author. As a captain in the United States Air Force, he flew 30 missions in an F-16 Fighting Falcon during the Persian Gulf War. He later wrote a book about his experiences in the war, titled \"Vipers in the Storm: Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot\", which included a foreword from Vice President Dick Cheney. Rosenkranz was interviewed twice by CNN prior to the Iraq War. After nearly nine years, he left the military and became a longtime Delta Air Lines pilot (for 17 years as of 2009).","title":"Keith Rosenkranz"},{"id":"13911405","text":"Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC) and the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), were mobilised. Although required to fulfill their","title":"Arthur Spurling"},{"id":"11844753","text":"Kenneth L. Reusser Kenneth L. Reusser ( – ) was a United States Marine Corps aviator who was considered the most decorated Marine Aviator, having flown 253 combat missions, earning 59 medals, including two Navy Crosses while flying in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He is the only aviator to survive being shot down in all three wars. Reusser was born in 1920, the son of a minister. He enjoyed racing motorcycles, the winnings from which helped him to pay for college and eventually earn a pilot's license just prior to World War II. Reusser","title":"Kenneth L. Reusser"},{"id":"15776064","text":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air Force as 204 Squadron.","title":"Robert MacIntyre Gordon"},{"id":"12373458","text":"War is considered to have started on 28 June 1914 and ended 11 November 1918, while the Second World War is considered to have started on 1 September 1939 and ended 14 August 1945. uss kitty hawk citation 1980-1981 Timeline for aircraft carrier service Aircraft carriers have their origins during the days of World War I. The earliest experiments consisted of fitting temporary \"flying off\" platforms to the gun turrets of the warships of several nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom. The first ship to be modified with a permanent flight deck was the battlecruiser , which","title":"Timeline for aircraft carrier service"},{"id":"2406581","text":"a square and a subway station are named in his honour. He wrote several books about his wartime experiences, none of which appear to be translated into English. He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series, \"The Unknown War \", specifically episode 9, entitled \"War In The Air\", and, at the beginning and end of the episode, he spoke to the host and narrator, Burt Lancaster. There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin. A legendary wartime Pokryshkin In The Sky(1945) and far lesser known Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin(1985) . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter,","title":"Alexander Pokryshkin"},{"id":"14921316","text":"Charles Edmonds Air Vice Marshal Charles Humphrey Kingsman Edmonds, (20 April 1891 – 26 September 1954) was air officer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). He first served in the Royal Navy and was a naval aviator during the First World War, taking part in the Cuxhaven Raid in December 1914; and while serving in the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) he was the first man to sink an enemy ship from an aircraft, using a torpedo. In the interbellum he remained in the RAF, becoming a senior staff officer during World War II. Edmonds was one of four children born to","title":"Charles Edmonds"},{"id":"12842201","text":"In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force","title":"British Empire in World War II"},{"id":"17869207","text":"Harbor. This was discovered when Japan's cyphers were broken. MI6 discovered that Rutland had come to the attention of the US authorities. He returned to Britain on 5 October 1941 and on 16 December 1941 he was interned under Defence Regulation 18B \"by reason of alleged hostile associations\". Rutland committed suicide in 1949. Notes References Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \"Rutland of Jutland\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He","title":"Frederick Rutland"},{"id":"17301288","text":"the Soviet Union): one for drunkenness and lack of discipline, the other for failure to pay for membership fees. In 1935, Leonid Khrushchev enrolled in the Balashov Pilot School of the Civil Air Fleet, graduating in 1937. In 1938, he returned to work as a flight instructor. In 1940, he joined the Soviet Air Force as a fighter pilot. During World War II, Khrushchev was part of the 134th Bomber Aviation Regiment, 46th Air Division, stationed in the Andreapol, Kalinin Oblast. He saw action in the Winter War against Finland, in which he completed over thirty combat missions and bombed","title":"Leonid Khrushchev"},{"id":"5500592","text":"without access to petroleum. In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan, known as the Flying Tigers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941. However, they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government. The Soviet","title":"Allies of World War II"},{"id":"5054478","text":"Daniel J. Miller Lt. Colonel Daniel J. Miller (March 13, 1924-September 1, 2006) was a United States Air Force officer who served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He served as a navigator for bombers in World War II, and as a helicopter pilot assigned largely to rescue missions in Korea and Vietnam. In Korea he made a number of notable rescues and was awarded a Silver Star and a Cheney Award. In between wars he served as an instructor, frequently flying fighter planes. Daniel J. Miller was born in Stony Point, New York on","title":"Daniel J. Miller"},{"id":"2743377","text":"reconnaissance aircraft, observers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the early Bristol F.2b, and airborne weapons officers in aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, who tallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in World War I. In World War II, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunner S/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17 victories. The Royal Air Force's","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"55042","text":"photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of . The last surviving veteran of the battle, Henry Allingham, a British RAF (originally RNAS) airman, died on 18 July 2009, aged 113, by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war. Also among the combatants was the then 20-year-old Prince Albert, serving as a junior officer aboard HMS \"Collingwood\". He was second in the line to the throne, but would become king as George VI following his brother Edward's abdication in 1936. In 2013,","title":"Battle of Jutland"},{"id":"15962991","text":"was credited with 15 air victories, and was also shot down twice. Promoted to Polkovnik (Colonel), Shchukin graduated from the Air Academy in 1956 and became an aviation advisor in Egypt and North Vietnam in the 1960s. He retired in 1977. Lev Schukin Lev Kirillovich Schukin (Lev K. Schukin) (born October 29, 1923 - May 2, 2009) was a MiG-15 pilot of the Soviet Union. He was a participant of World War II. He was also a flying ace during the Korean war. Serving with the 18th GIAP (of the 303rd IAD) on his first combat sortie on 1 June","title":"Lev Schukin"},{"id":"6935865","text":"in his honor. In 1989 he was in the first class of inductees to the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. Robert Lee Scott Jr. Robert Lee Scott Jr. (12 April 1908 – 27 February 2006) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a flying ace of World War II, credited with shooting down 13 Japanese aircraft. Scott is best known for his memoir, \"God is My Co-Pilot\" (1943), about his exploits in World War II with the Flying Tigers and the United States Army Air Forces in China and Burma. The book was adapted as a","title":"Robert Lee Scott Jr."},{"id":"10439068","text":"his first combat mission on July 2, while escorting a B-29 to Kyushu. A \"flying ace\" or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term \"ace in a day\" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. Since World War I, a number of pilots have been honored as \"Ace in a Day\". The last \"Ace in a Day\" for the United States in World War II was 1st Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo. Perdomo was a first","title":"Oscar F. Perdomo"},{"id":"15643490","text":"William H. Farrow Wing Commander William Hastings Farrow (30 March 1893 – 11 July 1946) was a British World War I flying ace credited with 10 aerial victories. He would pursue a military career well into the 1920s before resigning in 1926. Like many World War I aces, he returned to the military for World War II, and was honoured by induction into the Order of the British Empire. Farrow was serving as a corporal in the Royal Engineers, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps on 3 June 1916. On 28 July 1916","title":"William H. Farrow"},{"id":"15271020","text":"was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. He also served as a consultant to the 2012 George Lucas film, \"Red Tails\". Charles McGee (pilot) Charles E. McGee (born December 7, 1919) is a retired African-American fighter pilot who was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a career officer in the United States Air Force for 30 years who flew a total of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. McGee was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 7, 1919, to Lewis Allen and Ruth Elizabeth Lewis McGee who died shortly after the","title":"Charles McGee (pilot)"},{"id":"6990079","text":"the United States Army, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. Eisenhower returned to the United States in late December 1939 and","title":"Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower"},{"id":"7529835","text":"Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937, first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the early months of the Sino-Japanese War. Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) but nicknamed the \"Flying Tigers\", this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority. As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese. The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each, the AVG's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941, twelve days after","title":"Military history of the United States during World War II"},{"id":"7479374","text":"Hermann Graf Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German \"Luftwaffe\" World War II fighter ace. He served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. He became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 aerial victories—that is, 200 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. In about 830 combat missions, he claimed a total of 212 aerial victories, almost all of which were achieved on the Eastern Front. Graf, a pre-war football player and glider pilot, he joined the \"Luftwaffe\" and started flight training in 1936. He was initially selected","title":"Hermann Graf"},{"id":"17769160","text":"received numerous awards and decorations for his services: James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the","title":"James P. Hagerstrom"},{"id":"11204041","text":"culture, there is a long history of considering certain types of suicides honorable, especially during military service. For example, seppuku was the use of a short sword for practiced mainly by samurai (warriors) to avoid dishonor, such as after defeat in battle or as an act of protest against the government. Kamikaze was the method of flying a plane into the enemy used during World War II. Banzai charges were human wave attacks used during the Pacific War. There has been a rapid increase in suicides since the 1990s. For example, 1998 saw a 34.7% increase over the previous year.","title":"Suicide in Japan"},{"id":"3550310","text":"Eagle Squadrons The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF), formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941. Before America's entry into the War, many US recruits simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviets in the Winter War. Some of the recruits were men rejected by the USAAF as","title":"Eagle Squadrons"},{"id":"8603719","text":"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov or Iwan Smirnoff (; January 30, 1895 – October 28, 1956) was a Russian World War I flying ace and naturalized Dutch aviator who pioneered the Europe to South East Asia routes. He was born to a poor peasant family, but through courage and good fortune managed to become an officer in the Imperial Russian Air Service. After surviving extremely dangerous infantry combat, he trained as a pilot, and was subsequently credited with 11 aerial victories during World War I. When the October Revolution ended his participation in the war, he deserted and became","title":"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov"},{"id":"548261","text":"but a veritable tiger when aroused.\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film \"Sergeant York\", Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee","title":"Gary Cooper"},{"id":"6531913","text":"Pat Pattle Marmaduke Thomas St John Pattle, (3 July 1914 – 20 April 1941), usually known as Pat Pattle, was a South African-born Second World War fighter pilot and flying ace (an aviator credited with the destruction of five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat) of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Pattle applied to join the South African Air Force at 18, but was rejected. He travelled to the United Kingdom and joined the RAF in 1936 on a Short Service Commission. Pattle was a pilot by 1937 and was posted to No. 80 Squadron based in Egypt upon","title":"Pat Pattle"},{"id":"3550331","text":"to the Mustang resulted in a rapid turnover of airplanes, with the former Eagle squadrons flying their first Mustang mission on Thursday, 24 February 1944. Flt Lt Charles A. Cook Jr. was a member of 133 Squadron. Shot down in September 1942, he was a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft III until 1945 and was a member of what was known as \"The Long March\", when German forces decided to empty the Allied POW camps in the face of the Soviet advance. British composer Kenneth J. Alford wrote a march, \"Eagle Squadron\", in honour of the pilots of the","title":"Eagle Squadrons"},{"id":"14027840","text":"7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets, with a density that sometimes reached 100–150 tons/ sq kilometer. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator, Admiral Ernest King, with a mandate for an aviation-oriented war in the Pacific. FDR allowed King to build up land-based naval and Marine aviation, and seize control of the long-range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic. Roosevelt basically agreed","title":"Air warfare of World War II"},{"id":"7384478","text":"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda","title":"The Last Enemy (autobiography)"},{"id":"7384482","text":"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda","title":"The Last Enemy (autobiography)"},{"id":"2743362","text":"was the supply of \"volunteer\" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians. The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces. The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa to aid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941. In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"20705116","text":"of the war. Ivan Babak Ivan Ilyich Babak (, ; 26 July 1919–24 June 2001) was a Ukrainian Soviet Air Forces captain, flying ace, and a Hero of the Soviet Union. A schoolteacher, Babak joined the Red Army before Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began, and completed pilot training in 1942, after which he flew the Yakovlev Yak-1 and later the Bell P-39 Airacobra. He distinguished himself in the air battles over the Kuban bridgehead in April 1943 and was credited with eighteen aerial victories when he received the title Hero of the Soviet Union on","title":"Ivan Babak"},{"id":"229224","text":"Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951; for the next year-and-a-half stretch of the war, aerial warfare continued. Unlike the Vietnam War, in which the Soviet Union only officially sent \"advisers\", in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a \"casus belli\" that the","title":"Korean War"},{"id":"10972630","text":"Teddy Shapou Theodore \"Teddy\" Roosevelt Shapou ( – ) was an American fighter pilot of World War II. Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1919 to Lebanese-American parents, he grew up in New Bern, North Carolina with his three sisters. He first attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, then transferred to Georgetown College in Kentucky to be closer to his future wife. He starred in football and baseball, and studied zoology and botany before dropping out to join the United States Army Air Forces. In a War Department document dated September 26, 1941, he is listed as a","title":"Teddy Shapou"},{"id":"2743353","text":"the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources. World War I introduced","title":"Flying ace"},{"id":"7274342","text":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war. At","title":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War"},{"id":"13491305","text":"Charles Donald Albury Charles Donald Albury (October 12, 1920 – May 23, 2009) was an American military aviator who participated in both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He co-piloted the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber known as the \"Bockscar\" during the mission which dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki killed an estimated 40,000 people instantly, and led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945, ending World War II. Albury was born in 1920 at his parents' home in Miami, Florida. The Miami Police Department building currently stands","title":"Charles Donald Albury"},{"id":"14145027","text":"Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He scored 56 confirmed personal victories and 5 additional shared victories in air combat. He is the third highest scoring Soviet pilot in World War II. He was born on 9 February 1920 in Khudyakovo into a peasant family. After graduation from school, he joined the Army in 1938, and in 1939 graduated from Perm","title":"Grigoriy Rechkalov"},{"id":"7486981","text":"radio; the Russians have observed what happened and something special seems to have happened... From the Russian radio-messages, we discover that this was a very famous Soviet fighter pilot, more than once appointed as Hero of the Soviet Union. I should give him credit: he was a good pilot. His 26 victories in World War II raised his career total to 65, including shared. His decorations included Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and Order of the Patriotic War. According to research by Tomas Polak and Christopher Shores, Shestakov rates as The Soviet","title":"Lev Shestakov"},{"id":"4111186","text":"Avenue; the official name for this junction is \"Polish War Memorial\". A large memorial to Polish Air Force squadrons in the war is situated on the floor of the north aisle of the reconstructed Wren church, St Clement Danes, London. The Polish-American fighter ace Francis S. \"Gabby\" Gabreski flew his first combat missions attached to a Polish RAF squadron. King George VI, on visiting a Polish squadron, asked a Polish airman what was the toughest thing he had to deal with in the war. The reply was \"King's Regulations...\" When the Polish RAF squadrons were formed, a series of badges","title":"Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain"},{"id":"1562478","text":"Leonard Cheshire Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire, (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot and group captain during the Second World War, and a philanthropist. Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot was the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war. After the war he founded a hospice that grew into the charity Leonard Cheshire","title":"Leonard Cheshire"},{"id":"871627","text":"Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]]: making a nonstop flight from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to [[Paris]], France. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a single-engine purpose-built [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the \"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\". This was not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first flight between North America and","title":"Charles Lindbergh"},{"id":"17365323","text":"Herbert O. Fisher Herbert O. Fisher (March 6, 1909 – July 29, 1990) was an American test pilot and an aviation executive, overseeing aviation projects at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He worked for the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Fisher flew as a pilot for over 50 years, racking up 19,351 accident and violation free hours. During World War II Fisher was sent to the China-Burma-India theater to train the Flying Tigers as a civilian. He flew many combat missions and was awarded the Air Medal by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Disproving the public perception of the heroic test","title":"Herbert O. Fisher"},{"id":"23146","text":"ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armoured cruisers. Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the First and Second Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902),the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920). Armoured cars saw use during World wars 1 and 2. During the Second Boer War on 15 November 1899, Winston Churchill, then a war-correspondent, was travelling on board","title":"Armour"},{"id":"17540381","text":"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm, (23 November 1911 – 7 December 1994) was a British night fighter pilot, flying ace—a title awarded to a pilot credited with shooting down at least five enemy aircraft in aerial combat—and a highly decorated British airman of the Second World War. As a Beaufighter night-fighter pilot between 13 March and 9 July 1941, he was credited with seven aerial victories, one probable and one damaged. Chisholm had been a night fighter pilot with No. 604 Squadron RAF, flying the Bristol Beaufighter. During the war, he had been credited with seven night","title":"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm"},{"id":"7274344","text":"in China's war against Japan, the best known in the West being the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, which under General Chennault achieved considerable success against the Japanese from late 1941 to mid-1942. At the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War/War of Resistance/WWII in July 1937, the Chinese Air Force had 645 combat aircraft, of which about 300 were fighter planes. Japan had 1,530 army and navy aircraft, of which about 400 were deployed in China. From 1941, many Chinese combat aircraft were US models, and the Chinese pilots were mostly trained by US or US trained","title":"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War"},{"id":"11783825","text":"Chindit Memorial, and the Battle of Britain Monument. Fleet Air Arm Memorial The Fleet Air Arm Memorial, sometimes known as Daedalus, is a war memorial in London, commemorating the service of the Royal Naval Air Service and the Fleet Air Arm from their establishments in 1914 and 1924 respectively, in the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, including over 6,000 killed in all conflicts. The service of the Fleet Air Arm is also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, at the former base of the Fleet Air","title":"Fleet Air Arm Memorial"},{"id":"13804681","text":"first American flying ace of World War II, with eight victories. He was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Medal. In September 1939, war broke out in Europe following the German invasion of Poland. The U.S. officially remained neutral, but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries' militaries in units such as the Flying Tigers in China and the Eagle Squadrons that served with the Royal Air Force shortly after the Battle of Britain; U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the cash and carry program, and by undertaking convoy escort duties in the","title":"Military history of Asian Americans"},{"id":"13740654","text":"(1922), and (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for takeoffs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized. The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of \"Prince of Wales\" and \"Repulse\", the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.","title":"Carrier-based aircraft"},{"id":"1635544","text":"72,000 tons and mounted guns. The victory of the Royal Navy at the Battle of Taranto was a pivotal point as this was the first true demonstration of naval air power. Following 7 December 1941 when the United States came into World War II, the sinkings of the British battleships HMS \"Prince of Wales\" and HMS \"Repulse\" marked the end of the battleship era. Aircraft and their transportation, the aircraft carrier, came to the fore. During the Pacific War of World War II, battleships and cruisers spent most of their time bombarding shore positions, while the carriers and their airplanes","title":"Naval warfare"},{"id":"13825016","text":"from the Russian Empire Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Ivan Orlov (aviator) Podporuchik Ivan Aleksandrovich Orlov (19 January 1895 – 4 July 1917) was a Russian flying ace during World War I. He was a prewar flier, having built both gliders and an airplane, and having earned pilot's license no. 229 just prior to start of the war. He volunteered his experience and his personal airplane to his country's military service. His experience and his valor made him both a mentor and leader of less experienced pilots, as Orlov rose to command the 7th \"Aviatsionniy Ostryad Istrebitelei\" (7th","title":"Ivan Orlov (aviator)"},{"id":"1422052","text":"the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS \"The Sullivans\", named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II. Its British equivalent (\"the HMS \"Flattop\"\") is also discouraged, since \"the Her Majesty's Ship\" would be grammatically incorrect. Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992","title":"Ship prefix"},{"id":"16218860","text":"Nikolay Karabulin Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karabulin (; 1918–1943) was a Soviet World War II Il-2 pilot and commanding officer of a ground-attack group whose pilots destroyed twenty enemy aircraft in a raid on a German airbase during the Battle of Moscow on 16 September 1941. Lieutenant Karabulin was badly injured when his cockpit was hit by enemy anti-aircraft fire, but successfully landed his Il-2 on friendly territory. He was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 12 April 1942. Nikolay Karabulin was born in the village of Tarkhanovka in 1918 and worked as a factory electrician at","title":"Nikolay Karabulin"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"290612\",\n \"text\": \"Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16944211\",\n \"text\": \"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27) RV \\\"Neil Armstrong\\\" (AGOR-27) is the designation for a new oceanographic research ship, first of the s, to be owned by the United States Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus announced on September 24, 2012 that the research vessel was to be named after Neil Armstrong, the first person to walk on the Moon and a former naval aviator who served in the Korean War. The ship was ordered in May 2010 as a replacement for , operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution since 1970. The ship was\",\n \"title\": \"RV Neil Armstrong (AGOR-27)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7287311\",\n \"text\": \"the first Navy squadron to enter the jet age with delivery of the North American FJ-1 Fury; the squadron used this fighter to conduct the USN's first operational all-jet aircraft carrier landing at sea on 10 March 1948 aboard . After transitioning to the Grumman F9F-2 Panther, VF-51 became the first squadron to take jets into combat and score the first air-to-air kills in the Korean War. Future astronaut and first man to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong, was also a Naval Aviator in VF-51 during this period. During the Vietnam War, VF-51 was the first squadron to evaluate\",\n \"title\": \"VF-51\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290622\",\n \"text\": \"and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \\\"Essex\\\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290624\",\n \"text\": \"parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \\\"125122\\\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \\\"Essex\\\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15036112\",\n \"text\": \"Tom Neil Thomas Francis \\\"Ginger\\\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in aircraft as a child and also played cricket and football for local teams. His family moved to Manchester when he was 16, and he attended Eccles Secondary (grammar) School where he was awarded an art prize\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"871630\",\n \"text\": \"the antiwar [[America First Committee]], which opposed American aid to Britain in its war against Germany, and resigned his commission in the [[United States Army Air Forces]] in 1941 after President [[Franklin Roosevelt]] publicly rebuked him for his views. Nevertheless, he publicly supported the U.S. war effort after the [[Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor]] and flew fifty combat missions in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of World War II as a civilian consultant, though Roosevelt refused to reinstate his Air Corps colonel's commission. In his later years, Lindbergh became a prolific prize-winning author, international explorer, inventor, and environmentalist. Lindbergh and his\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Lindbergh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"753810\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin (; born Edwin Eugene Aldrin Jr.; January 20, 1930) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. As lunar module pilot on the Apollo 11 mission, he and mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon. Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1951, with a degree in mechanical engineering. He was commissioned in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War. He flew 66 combat missions and\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Aldrin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3255509\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands's former military role in the Royal Netherlands Air Force, three modern F-16 jet fighters and a World War II Spitfire performed a missing man formation during his funeral. On May 25, 2012, the Royal Norwegian Air Force performed the flypast at the funeral of World War II resistance fighter Gunnar Sønsteby, Norway's most highly decorated citizen. The missing man formation was flown at a family memorial service in Indian Hill, Ohio on 31 August 2012 in honour of former American astronaut, US Navy pilot, and test pilot Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on\",\n \"title\": \"Missing man formation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2706834\",\n \"text\": \"to be beyond repair. Williams' victories were even more notable in that all four MiGs were flown by Soviet Naval Aviation pilots: Russian sources confirmed Williams' claims, 40 years later, stating that the pilots lost were Captains Belyakov and Vandalov, and Lieutenants Pakhomkin and Tarshinov. Future astronaut Neil Armstrong flew the F9F extensively during the war, even ejecting from one of the aircraft when it was brought down by a wire strung across a valley, in 1951. Future astronaut John Glenn and Boston Red Sox all-star baseball player Ted Williams also flew the F9F as Marine Corps pilots. Panthers were\",\n \"title\": \"Grumman F9F Panther\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265782\",\n \"text\": \"also excluded civilian NASA X-15 pilot Neil Armstrong, though he had been selected by the US Air Force in 1958 for its Man In Space Soonest program, which was replaced by Mercury. Although Armstrong had been a combat-experienced NAP during the Korean War, he left active duty in 1952. Armstrong became NASA's first civilian astronaut in 1962 when he was selected for NASA's second group, and became the first man on the Moon in 1969. It was further stipulated that candidates should be between 25 and 40 years old, no taller than , and hold a college degree in a\",\n \"title\": \"Project Mercury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743361\",\n \"text\": \"While \\\"ace\\\" status was generally won only by fighter pilots, bomber and reconnaissance crews on both sides also destroyed some enemy aircraft, typically in defending themselves from attack. The most notable example of a non-pilot ace in World War I is Charles George Gass with 39 accredited aerial victories. There were two theaters of war that produced flying aces between the two world wars. They were the Spanish Civil War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Spanish ace Joaquín García Morato scored 40 victories for the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War. Part of the outside intervention in the war\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17869199\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \\\"Rutland of Jutland\\\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He later worked for the Japanese and was interned by the British authorities during the Second World War. He joined the Royal Navy as a boy seaman in 1901. He was graded as Flight Sub-Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) in December 1914, awarded his aviator's certificate by the Royal Aero Club on 26\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Rutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290625\",\n \"text\": \"40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \\\"Essex\\\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois,\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290702\",\n \"text\": \"Neil, we have a simple request. Honor his example of service, accomplishment and modesty, and the next time you walk outside on a clear night and see the moon smiling down at you, think of Neil Armstrong and give him a wink.\\\" It prompted many responses, including the Twitter hashtag \\\"#WinkAtTheMoon\\\". Buzz Aldrin called Armstrong \\\"a true American hero and the best pilot I ever knew\\\", and said he was disappointed that they would not be able to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Moon landing together in 2019. Michael Collins said, \\\"He was the best, and I will miss\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5980540\",\n \"text\": \"Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the first person to be awarded the VC for action in the UK. His action marked a turning point in the war against the airship menace, and caused the German airship bombing campaign to falter. In the three\",\n \"title\": \"Leefe Robinson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290701\",\n \"text\": \"will never be forgotten.\\\" Armstrong's family released a statement describing him as a \\\"reluctant American hero [who had] served his nation proudly, as a navy fighter pilot, test pilot, and astronaut ... While we mourn the loss of a very good man, we also celebrate his remarkable life and hope that it serves as an example to young people around the world to work hard to make their dreams come true, to be willing to explore and push the limits, and to selflessly serve a cause greater than themselves. For those who may ask what they can do to honor\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13783023\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy commanding officer of the 2d Air Division in Vietnam and the 13th Air Force\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Bond (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13783033\",\n \"text\": \"Tigers. Bond died at an assisted-living facility in Dallas from the effects of dementia. Charles Bond (pilot) Charles Rankin Bond, Jr. (April 22, 1915 – August 18, 2009) was an American pilot and United States Air Force officer. He served with the Flying Tigers in Burma and China during World War II. He was shot down twice and was credited with shooting down 9.5 Japanese airplanes. He later served in the Soviet Union as an aide and personal pilot to W. Averell Harriman. He rose to the rank of brigadier general and, during the Vietnam War, he was the deputy\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Bond (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"290613\",\n \"text\": \"anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He\",\n \"title\": \"Neil Armstrong\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15036119\",\n \"text\": \"and Hurricanes seen in British skies since the Second World War. The formation consisted of 40 aircraft and flew a route around southern England in the areas which saw the most aerial activity during the war. Tom Neil Thomas Francis \\\"Ginger\\\" Neil, (14 July 1920 – 11 July 2018) was a British wing commander in the Royal Air Force fighter pilot and ace of the Second World War during the Battle of Britain. Neil scored a total of 14 kills during the Second World War. Neil was born in Bootle on 14 July 1920; he had a keen interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Neil\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16589079\",\n \"text\": \"Konstantin Krasavin Lieutenant Colonel Konstantin Alekseyevich Krasavin () (May 20, 1917 – January 1988) was a Russian flying ace and fighter pilot of the Great Patriotic War, during which he flew for the Soviet air forces. He is credited with 376 sorties, 106 dogfights and 21 kills between 1941 and 1945 on the Eastern Front, piloting the Yakovlev Yak-3, the Lavochkin La-5, the Yakovlev Yak-7 and the Hawker Hurricane during which time he held the rank of Major. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union along with the Order of Lenin for military valour in 1946\",\n \"title\": \"Konstantin Krasavin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1371212\",\n \"text\": \"and her home port is Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia. George H. W. Bush became the U.S. Navy's youngest pilot when he received his Naval Aviator wings and naval commission on 9 June 1943, three days before turning 19. He flew torpedo bombers off on active duty from August 1943 to September 1945 during World War II. On 2 September 1944, during a mission over the Pacific, Japanese anti-aircraft fire hit his plane. The Navy submarine rescued him. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and three Air Medals for courageous service in the Pacific Theater. USS \\\"George H.W. Bush\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"USS George H.W. Bush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15452987\",\n \"text\": \"Lawrence Jenkins Lawrence L. \\\"Larry\\\" Jenkins (January 29, 1924 – May 28, 2017) was a B-17 co-pilot during World War II who spent over ten months as a prisoner of war. His exploits were chronicled, along with those of his friend and fellow POW Jack Curtis, in the 2007 book, \\\"Eagles' Wings, An Uncommon Story of World War II\\\", by Andrew Layton. On the United States' entry into World War II, Jenkins enlisted in the US Army Air Corps. After an initial assignment as a sheet-metal smith, he was accepted into the Aviation Cadet Program, and learned to fly the\",\n \"title\": \"Lawrence Jenkins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15776066\",\n \"text\": \"on 19 April 1983. Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air\",\n \"title\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2229006\",\n \"text\": \"into law by President Barack Obama on July 25, 2014. Note: the rank indicated is the highest held by the individual. Note: Although astronaut Neil Armstrong's achievements as an aviator and an astronaut more than exceeded the requirements for the DFC, he was ineligible for the DFC as he was a civilian for his entire career with NASA. Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) The Distinguished Flying Cross is a military decoration awarded to any officer or enlisted member of the United States Armed Forces who distinguishes himself in support of operations by \\\"heroism or extraordinary achievement while participating in an\",\n \"title\": \"Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8201899\",\n \"text\": \"1956 as a reporter. After his retirement he moved to Corfu where he spent the rest of his life, continuing to write until well into his nineties. He was the last surviving British flying ace of World War I. George Bernard Shaw wrote of Lewis: \\\"This prince of pilots has had a charmed life in every sense of the word. He is a thinker, a master of words and a bit of a poet.\\\" Cecil Arthur Lewis Cecil Arthur Lewis (29 March 1898 – 27 January 1997) was a British fighter pilot who flew in World War I. He went\",\n \"title\": \"Cecil Arthur Lewis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1696341\",\n \"text\": \"splashdown north of Puerto Rico. \\\"Essex\\\" was the main vessel on which future \\\"Apollo 11\\\" astronaut Neil Armstrong served during the Korean War. \\\"Essex\\\" was decommissioned on 30June 1969 at Boston Navy Yard. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1June 1973 and sold by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) for scrapping on 1June 1975. \\\"Essex\\\" was scrapped at Kearny, New Jersey. USS Essex (CV-9) USS \\\"Essex\\\" (CV/CVA/CVS-9) was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship\",\n \"title\": \"USS Essex (CV-9)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7577866\",\n \"text\": \"to war a 42-year-old pilot named Charles Lindbergh. All but disgraced by his pro-German comments and behavior before World War II, the legendary but tainted Lindbergh had previously been denied returning to the Army Air Corps when he had volunteered after Pearl Harbor. Now in his role as civilian test pilot for United Aircraft, Lindbergh convinced Wood that he could properly test the company's new Vought F4U Corsair fighter planes only by flying them in actual combat conditions. Wood agreed, Lindbergh was soon cleared, and he quickly head off to the Solomon Islands. where he would fly 50 combat missions.\",\n \"title\": \"Louis E. Woods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5259972\",\n \"text\": \"a woman in his mouth. He eventually joined the war as a squadron pilot in the Royal Air Force, flying the Tiger Moth, Gloster Gladiator, and Hawker Hurricane. He was among the last Allied pilots to withdraw from Greece during the German invasion, taking part in the air for the Battle of Athens on 20 April 1941. In one of his accounts, he described a crash in the Western Desert, which hurt his head and brought him several other problems during his days in Greece. After the country fell to the Nazis, he went to the Middle East to fight\",\n \"title\": \"Going Solo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2772596\",\n \"text\": \"Pappy Boyington Gregory \\\"Pappy\\\" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross. Boyington was initially a US Marine Corps aviator with the Pacific fleet before being recruited by the legendary \\\"Flying Tigers\\\" (1st American Volunteer Group) in the Republic of China Air Force in Burma at the end of 1941 and part of 1942, during the military conflict between China and Japan, and the beginning of World War II. In September\",\n \"title\": \"Pappy Boyington\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769114\",\n \"text\": \"James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the New Guinea campaign of the South West Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"James P. Hagerstrom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14145034\",\n \"text\": \"Army. Rechkalov went on to become a Major General of Aviation in the Soviet Air Force (VVS) in 1959. He wrote two books about his wartime experiences - \\\"Dymnoe Nebo Voiny\\\" ('The Smoking Skies of War') and \\\"V Nebe Moldavii\\\" ('In Moldavian Skies'). Rechkalov lived in Moscow until his death on 20 December 1990. Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He\",\n \"title\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1830552\",\n \"text\": \"right leg was amputated. He died of natural causes on 14 February 2010 at his Caribbean home in Grand Cayman, survived by both sons. During the Second World War, Francis volunteered, hoping to join the cavalry. Instead, he served in the Royal Air Force, working as ground crew and later piloting fighter and bomber aircraft, including the Spitfire and Hurricane fighters, and the Wellington and Lancaster bombers. He said in an interview that he spent much of his six years in the Air Force in Africa. After leaving the RAF in 1946, Francis became a highly successful jockey, reaching celebrity\",\n \"title\": \"Dick Francis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15066121\",\n \"text\": \"Frederick Higginson Wing Commander Frederick \\\"Taffy\\\" Higginson, (17 February 1913 – 12 February 2003) was a fighter ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. Higginson was part of the deployment which went to Dunkirk in 1940, where he became an ace within the first six months of the war. Awarded the Distinguished Flying Medal and commissioned as a flight lieutenant, by the time he was shot down over Lille in 1941, he had reached a tally of 15 victories. After capture, escape to Vichy France, recapture, he returned to England via Monte Carlo and Spain. Returning\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Higginson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15738096\",\n \"text\": \"Oscar Randolph Fladmark Oscar Randolph Fladmark, Jr. (June 23, 1922 – July 27, 1955) was an American fighter pilot who flew 164 \\\"no-injury\\\" combat missions in World War II and the Korean War. Fladmark received the Distinguished Flying Cross during his military career. Just a few years after the Korean War, Major Fladmark, at 33 years of age, was in an automobile accident near Yuma, Arizona, on July 27, 1955, and died while being flown to the San Diego Naval Hospital. Fladmark was born in Moe Township, Lincoln County, South Dakota, on June 23, 1922. His father, Oscar C. Fladmark,\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar Randolph Fladmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13911415\",\n \"text\": \"decorations with supporting documentation were sold for £12,650 at Warwick and Warwick auction house in England in 1989. Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Spurling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3375091\",\n \"text\": \"by Colonel John W. Mitchell, who had led the mission to shoot down Admiral Yamamoto in World War II. On his return to the United States, Gabreski received the key to the city from San Francisco Mayor Elmer E. Robinson and was given a ticker-tape parade up Market Street on June 17. Gabreski's 6½ MiG-15 kill credits make him one of seven U.S. pilots to become an ace in more than one war (the others being Whisner, Colonel Harrison Thyng, Colonel James P. Hagerstrom, Colonel Vermont Garrison, Major George A. Davis, Jr., and U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel John F.\",\n \"title\": \"Gabby Gabreski\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1647866\",\n \"text\": \"and against \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" bombers. The South African ace Marmaduke \\\"Pat\\\" Pattle (who served with the RAF), claimed 15 kills in Gladiators during the North African and Greek Campaigns, making him the highest-scoring RAF biplane ace of the war. The 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War was unique in that the RAF and Royal Iraqi Air Force, used the Gladiator as their main fighter. Gladiators also saw action against the Vichy French in Syria. A stock of 18 Sea Gladiators from 802 Naval Air Squadron had been delivered by HMS \\\"Glorious\\\", in early 1940. Three were later shipped out to take part in the\",\n \"title\": \"Gloster Gladiator\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3105067\",\n \"text\": \"was future astronaut Buzz Aldrin. The two remained longlife friends. He is a combat veteran of both the Korean and Vietnam Wars as a fighter pilot. During the Korean War, he flew 62 combat missions in the F-86 Sabre and shot down one Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15. During the Vietnam War, Johnson flew the F-4 Phantom II. On April 16, 1966, while flying his 25th combat mission in Vietnam, he was shot down over North Vietnam and suffered a broken arm and back. He was a prisoner of war for nearly seven years, including 42 months in solitary confinement. During this period,\",\n \"title\": \"Sam Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12136507\",\n \"text\": \"fluid stages of the First World War the Royal Navy Air Service Armoured Car Section was formed with armed and armoured touring cars to find and pick up aircrew who had been forced down. When trench warfare made this impossible the cars were transferred to other theatres, most notably the Middle East. In 1915, during the First World War, Squadron Commander Richard Bell-Davies of the British Royal Naval Air Service performed the first combat search and rescue by aircraft in history. He used his single-seat aeroplane to rescue his wingman who had been shot down in Bulgaria. His Victoria Cross\",\n \"title\": \"Combat search and rescue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9341116\",\n \"text\": \"Dogfights (TV series) Dogfights is a military aviation themed TV series depicting historical re-enactments of air-to-air combat that took place in World War I, World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War, as well as smaller conflicts such as the Gulf War and the Six-Day War. The program consists of former fighter pilots sharing their stories of actual dogfights in which they took part, combined with computer-generated imagery (CGI) to give the viewer a better perspective of what it is like to engage in aerial combat. \\\"Dogfights \\\" originally aired on the History Channel from November 2006 to\",\n \"title\": \"Dogfights (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9936101\",\n \"text\": \"Donald Blakeslee Donald James Matthew Blakeslee (September 11, 1917 – September 3, 2008) was an officer in the United States Air Force, whose aviation career began as a pilot in the Royal Canadian Air Force flying Spitfire fighter aircraft during World War II. He then became a member of the Royal Air Force Eagle squadrons, before transferring to the United States Army Air Forces in 1942. He flew more combat missions against the Luftwaffe than any other American fighter pilot, and by the end of the war was a flying ace credited with 15.5 aerial victories. Blakeslee was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Donald Blakeslee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17794973\",\n \"text\": \"Robin Hooper Sir Robin William John Hooper (26 July 1914 – 14 June 1989) was an English Royal Air Force pilot and diplomat. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and later became the British Ambassador to Greece. Hooper was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, where he became a member of the Oxford University Air Squadron. On the night of 16/17 November 1943, Flight Lieutenant Hooper, took off in Westland Lysander ‘MA-D’ from RAF Tangmere, with Special Operations Executive (SOE) agents in the rear cockpit, for a field in France. The outward flight was uneventful, but\",\n \"title\": \"Robin Hooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3436430\",\n \"text\": \"of Stalingrad and Kursk. Because of his extraordinary skill, Shostakov was chosen for the most secret and dangerous tests and new aircraft for the Soviet Union. This included being the first pilot to test fly the Mig 15. The Soviet state controlled news media greatly publicized this and certain other missions of his such as his aerial battles against the U.S. Air Force over MiG Alley during the Korean War. As a result, Shostakov was decorated as a hero of the Soviet Union. Shostakov was also successful in his private life, having married the equally famous ballerina Natalie (familiarly known\",\n \"title\": \"Red Guardian\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9629194\",\n \"text\": \"Keith Rosenkranz Keith Rosenkranz is a retired American fighter pilot and author. As a captain in the United States Air Force, he flew 30 missions in an F-16 Fighting Falcon during the Persian Gulf War. He later wrote a book about his experiences in the war, titled \\\"Vipers in the Storm: Diary of a Gulf War Fighter Pilot\\\", which included a foreword from Vice President Dick Cheney. Rosenkranz was interviewed twice by CNN prior to the Iraq War. After nearly nine years, he left the military and became a longtime Delta Air Lines pilot (for 17 years as of 2009).\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Rosenkranz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13911405\",\n \"text\": \"Arthur Spurling Squadron Leader Arthur Rowe Spurling DFC was a Bermudian who served during the First World War as an infantryman and an aviator, becoming an ace credited with six aerial victories, and as a ferry pilot during the Second World War. Spurling was born into a prominent Bermudian family in Hamilton, in the British colony of Bermuda, on 19 May 1896. When the UK declared war on the Central Powers in August 1914, the part-time volunteer army units in Bermuda, the Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps (BVRC) and the Bermuda Militia Artillery (BMA), were mobilised. Although required to fulfill their\",\n \"title\": \"Arthur Spurling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11844753\",\n \"text\": \"Kenneth L. Reusser Kenneth L. Reusser ( – ) was a United States Marine Corps aviator who was considered the most decorated Marine Aviator, having flown 253 combat missions, earning 59 medals, including two Navy Crosses while flying in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He is the only aviator to survive being shot down in all three wars. Reusser was born in 1920, the son of a minister. He enjoyed racing motorcycles, the winnings from which helped him to pay for college and eventually earn a pilot's license just prior to World War II. Reusser\",\n \"title\": \"Kenneth L. Reusser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15776064\",\n \"text\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon Lieutenant Robert MacIntyre Gordon (30 September 1899 – 19 April 1983) was a Glasgow-born seventeen-year-old World War I flying ace. He was credited with nine aerial victories as a Sopwith Camel pilot for the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. Postwar, he became a medical doctor. Robert MacIntyre Gordon was born in Queen's Park, Glasgow, Scotland on 30 September 1899. During World War I, Gordon became a Sopwith Camel fighter pilot for 4 Squadron of the Royal Naval Air Service. He remained with this unit when it was incorporated into the Royal Air Force as 204 Squadron.\",\n \"title\": \"Robert MacIntyre Gordon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12373458\",\n \"text\": \"War is considered to have started on 28 June 1914 and ended 11 November 1918, while the Second World War is considered to have started on 1 September 1939 and ended 14 August 1945. uss kitty hawk citation 1980-1981 Timeline for aircraft carrier service Aircraft carriers have their origins during the days of World War I. The earliest experiments consisted of fitting temporary \\\"flying off\\\" platforms to the gun turrets of the warships of several nations, notably the United States and the United Kingdom. The first ship to be modified with a permanent flight deck was the battlecruiser , which\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline for aircraft carrier service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2406581\",\n \"text\": \"a square and a subway station are named in his honour. He wrote several books about his wartime experiences, none of which appear to be translated into English. He appeared in an episode of documentaries TV Series, \\\"The Unknown War \\\", specifically episode 9, entitled \\\"War In The Air\\\", and, at the beginning and end of the episode, he spoke to the host and narrator, Burt Lancaster. There are two Soviet-made documentaries starring Alexander Pokryshkin. A legendary wartime Pokryshkin In The Sky(1945) and far lesser known Russian Ace Alexander Pokryshkin(1985) . Pokryshkin started the war flying the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3 fighter,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexander Pokryshkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14921316\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Edmonds Air Vice Marshal Charles Humphrey Kingsman Edmonds, (20 April 1891 – 26 September 1954) was air officer of the Royal Air Force (RAF). He first served in the Royal Navy and was a naval aviator during the First World War, taking part in the Cuxhaven Raid in December 1914; and while serving in the Gallipoli Campaign (1915) he was the first man to sink an enemy ship from an aircraft, using a torpedo. In the interbellum he remained in the RAF, becoming a senior staff officer during World War II. Edmonds was one of four children born to\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Edmonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12842201\",\n \"text\": \"In December 1941, Japan launched, in quick succession, attacks on British Malaya, the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, and Hong Kong. Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions, in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act. Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform (out of a prewar population of 11 million), in almost every theatre of the war, and by war's end the country had the third-largest navy and fourth-largest air force\",\n \"title\": \"British Empire in World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17869207\",\n \"text\": \"Harbor. This was discovered when Japan's cyphers were broken. MI6 discovered that Rutland had come to the attention of the US authorities. He returned to Britain on 5 October 1941 and on 16 December 1941 he was interned under Defence Regulation 18B \\\"by reason of alleged hostile associations\\\". Rutland committed suicide in 1949. Notes References Frederick Rutland Frederick Joseph Rutland, (21 October 1886 – 28 January 1949) was a British pioneer of naval aviation. A decorated pilot in the First World War, he earned the nickname \\\"Rutland of Jutland\\\" for his exploits at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. He\",\n \"title\": \"Frederick Rutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17301288\",\n \"text\": \"the Soviet Union): one for drunkenness and lack of discipline, the other for failure to pay for membership fees. In 1935, Leonid Khrushchev enrolled in the Balashov Pilot School of the Civil Air Fleet, graduating in 1937. In 1938, he returned to work as a flight instructor. In 1940, he joined the Soviet Air Force as a fighter pilot. During World War II, Khrushchev was part of the 134th Bomber Aviation Regiment, 46th Air Division, stationed in the Andreapol, Kalinin Oblast. He saw action in the Winter War against Finland, in which he completed over thirty combat missions and bombed\",\n \"title\": \"Leonid Khrushchev\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5500592\",\n \"text\": \"without access to petroleum. In November 1940, American military aviator Claire Lee Chennault upon observing the dire situation in the air war between China and Japan, set out to organize a volunteer squadron of American fighter pilots to fight alongside the Chinese against Japan, known as the Flying Tigers. US President Franklin D. Roosevelt accepted dispatching them to China in early 1941. However, they only became operational shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Soviet Union recognised the Republic of China but urged reconciliation with the Communist Party of China and inclusion of Communists in the government. The Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Allies of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5054478\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel J. Miller Lt. Colonel Daniel J. Miller (March 13, 1924-September 1, 2006) was a United States Air Force officer who served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He served as a navigator for bombers in World War II, and as a helicopter pilot assigned largely to rescue missions in Korea and Vietnam. In Korea he made a number of notable rescues and was awarded a Silver Star and a Cheney Award. In between wars he served as an instructor, frequently flying fighter planes. Daniel J. Miller was born in Stony Point, New York on\",\n \"title\": \"Daniel J. Miller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743377\",\n \"text\": \"reconnaissance aircraft, observers/gunners in two-seater fighters such as the early Bristol F.2b, and airborne weapons officers in aircraft like the F-4 Phantom. Because pilots often teamed with different air crew members, an observer or gunner might be an ace while his pilot is not, or vice versa. Observer aces constitute a sizable minority in many lists. Charles George Gass, who tallied 39 victories, was the highest scoring observer ace in World War I. In World War II, United States Army Air Forces B-17 tail gunner S/Sgt. Michael Arooth (379th Bomb Group) was credited with 17 victories. The Royal Air Force's\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"55042\",\n \"text\": \"photographs revealing the extent of their activities on the wreck of . The last surviving veteran of the battle, Henry Allingham, a British RAF (originally RNAS) airman, died on 18 July 2009, aged 113, by which time he was the oldest documented man in the world and one of the last surviving veterans of the whole war. Also among the combatants was the then 20-year-old Prince Albert, serving as a junior officer aboard HMS \\\"Collingwood\\\". He was second in the line to the throne, but would become king as George VI following his brother Edward's abdication in 1936. In 2013,\",\n \"title\": \"Battle of Jutland\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15962991\",\n \"text\": \"was credited with 15 air victories, and was also shot down twice. Promoted to Polkovnik (Colonel), Shchukin graduated from the Air Academy in 1956 and became an aviation advisor in Egypt and North Vietnam in the 1960s. He retired in 1977. Lev Schukin Lev Kirillovich Schukin (Lev K. Schukin) (born October 29, 1923 - May 2, 2009) was a MiG-15 pilot of the Soviet Union. He was a participant of World War II. He was also a flying ace during the Korean war. Serving with the 18th GIAP (of the 303rd IAD) on his first combat sortie on 1 June\",\n \"title\": \"Lev Schukin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6935865\",\n \"text\": \"in his honor. In 1989 he was in the first class of inductees to the Georgia Aviation Hall of Fame. Robert Lee Scott Jr. Robert Lee Scott Jr. (12 April 1908 – 27 February 2006) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force and a flying ace of World War II, credited with shooting down 13 Japanese aircraft. Scott is best known for his memoir, \\\"God is My Co-Pilot\\\" (1943), about his exploits in World War II with the Flying Tigers and the United States Army Air Forces in China and Burma. The book was adapted as a\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Lee Scott Jr.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10439068\",\n \"text\": \"his first combat mission on July 2, while escorting a B-29 to Kyushu. A \\\"flying ace\\\" or fighter ace is a military aviator credited with shooting down five or more enemy aircraft during aerial combat. The term \\\"ace in a day\\\" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day. Since World War I, a number of pilots have been honored as \\\"Ace in a Day\\\". The last \\\"Ace in a Day\\\" for the United States in World War II was 1st Lt. Oscar Francis Perdomo. Perdomo was a first\",\n \"title\": \"Oscar F. Perdomo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15643490\",\n \"text\": \"William H. Farrow Wing Commander William Hastings Farrow (30 March 1893 – 11 July 1946) was a British World War I flying ace credited with 10 aerial victories. He would pursue a military career well into the 1920s before resigning in 1926. Like many World War I aces, he returned to the military for World War II, and was honoured by induction into the Order of the British Empire. Farrow was serving as a corporal in the Royal Engineers, when he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps on 3 June 1916. On 28 July 1916\",\n \"title\": \"William H. Farrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15271020\",\n \"text\": \"was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio. He also served as a consultant to the 2012 George Lucas film, \\\"Red Tails\\\". Charles McGee (pilot) Charles E. McGee (born December 7, 1919) is a retired African-American fighter pilot who was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a career officer in the United States Air Force for 30 years who flew a total of 409 combat missions in World War II, Korea and Vietnam. McGee was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 7, 1919, to Lewis Allen and Ruth Elizabeth Lewis McGee who died shortly after the\",\n \"title\": \"Charles McGee (pilot)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6990079\",\n \"text\": \"the United States Army, until 1935, when he accompanied MacArthur to the Philippines, where he served as assistant military adviser to the Philippine government. It is sometimes said that this assignment provided valuable preparation for handling the challenging personalities of Winston Churchill, George S. Patton and Bernard Law Montgomery during World War II. Eisenhower was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant colonel in 1936. He also learned to fly, although he was never rated as a military pilot. He made a solo flight over the Philippines in 1937. Eisenhower returned to the United States in late December 1939 and\",\n \"title\": \"Military career of Dwight D. Eisenhower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7529835\",\n \"text\": \"Air Corps officer working in the China since August 1937, first as military aviation advisor to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek in the early months of the Sino-Japanese War. Officially known as the 1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) but nicknamed the \\\"Flying Tigers\\\", this was a group of American Pilots already serving in the US Armed forces and recruited under presidential authority. As a unit they would serve in the Chinese Air Force to fight against the Japanese. The group comprised three fighter squadrons of around thirty aircraft each, the AVG's first combat mission was on 20 December 1941, twelve days after\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of the United States during World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7479374\",\n \"text\": \"Hermann Graf Hermann Graf (24 October 1912 – 4 November 1988) was a German \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" World War II fighter ace. He served on both the Eastern and Western Fronts. He became the first pilot in aviation history to claim 200 aerial victories—that is, 200 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft. In about 830 combat missions, he claimed a total of 212 aerial victories, almost all of which were achieved on the Eastern Front. Graf, a pre-war football player and glider pilot, he joined the \\\"Luftwaffe\\\" and started flight training in 1936. He was initially selected\",\n \"title\": \"Hermann Graf\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17769160\",\n \"text\": \"received numerous awards and decorations for his services: James P. Hagerstrom Colonel James Philo Hagerstrom (January 14, 1921June 25, 1994) was a fighter ace of both the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) in World War II and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in the Korean War. With a career total of 14.5 victories, he is one of seven American pilots to have achieved ace status in two different wars. Born in Cedar Falls, Iowa, Hagerstrom became interested in flying at a young age. He left college in 1941 to join the USAAF, and was posted to fight in the\",\n \"title\": \"James P. Hagerstrom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11204041\",\n \"text\": \"culture, there is a long history of considering certain types of suicides honorable, especially during military service. For example, seppuku was the use of a short sword for practiced mainly by samurai (warriors) to avoid dishonor, such as after defeat in battle or as an act of protest against the government. Kamikaze was the method of flying a plane into the enemy used during World War II. Banzai charges were human wave attacks used during the Pacific War. There has been a rapid increase in suicides since the 1990s. For example, 1998 saw a 34.7% increase over the previous year.\",\n \"title\": \"Suicide in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550310\",\n \"text\": \"Eagle Squadrons The Eagle Squadrons were three fighter squadrons of the Royal Air Force (RAF), formed with volunteer pilots from the United States during the early days of World War II (circa 1940), prior to America's entry into the war in December 1941. Before America's entry into the War, many US recruits simply crossed the border and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) to learn to fly and fight. Many early recruits had originally gone to Europe to fight for Finland against the Soviets in the Winter War. Some of the recruits were men rejected by the USAAF as\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Squadrons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8603719\",\n \"text\": \"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov or Iwan Smirnoff (; January 30, 1895 – October 28, 1956) was a Russian World War I flying ace and naturalized Dutch aviator who pioneered the Europe to South East Asia routes. He was born to a poor peasant family, but through courage and good fortune managed to become an officer in the Imperial Russian Air Service. After surviving extremely dangerous infantry combat, he trained as a pilot, and was subsequently credited with 11 aerial victories during World War I. When the October Revolution ended his participation in the war, he deserted and became\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Vasilyevich Smirnov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"548261\",\n \"text\": \"but a veritable tiger when aroused.\\\" That same year, Cooper made two films with director and good friend Howard Hawks. In the biographical film \\\"Sergeant York\\\", Cooper portrays war hero Alvin C. York, one of the most decorated American soldiers in World War I. The film chronicles York's early backwoods days in Tennessee, his religious conversion and subsequent piety, his stand as a conscientious objector, and finally his heroic actions at the Battle of the Argonne Forest, which earned him the Medal of Honor. Initially, Cooper was nervous and uncertain about playing a living hero, so he traveled to Tennessee\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Cooper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6531913\",\n \"text\": \"Pat Pattle Marmaduke Thomas St John Pattle, (3 July 1914 – 20 April 1941), usually known as Pat Pattle, was a South African-born Second World War fighter pilot and flying ace (an aviator credited with the destruction of five or more enemy aircraft in aerial combat) of the Royal Air Force (RAF). Pattle applied to join the South African Air Force at 18, but was rejected. He travelled to the United Kingdom and joined the RAF in 1936 on a Short Service Commission. Pattle was a pilot by 1937 and was posted to No. 80 Squadron based in Egypt upon\",\n \"title\": \"Pat Pattle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3550331\",\n \"text\": \"to the Mustang resulted in a rapid turnover of airplanes, with the former Eagle squadrons flying their first Mustang mission on Thursday, 24 February 1944. Flt Lt Charles A. Cook Jr. was a member of 133 Squadron. Shot down in September 1942, he was a prisoner of war at Stalag Luft III until 1945 and was a member of what was known as \\\"The Long March\\\", when German forces decided to empty the Allied POW camps in the face of the Soviet advance. British composer Kenneth J. Alford wrote a march, \\\"Eagle Squadron\\\", in honour of the pilots of the\",\n \"title\": \"Eagle Squadrons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14027840\",\n \"text\": \"7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets, with a density that sometimes reached 100–150 tons/ sq kilometer. Before the attack on Pearl Harbor and during the period within which the predecessor U.S. Army Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave command of the Navy to an aviator, Admiral Ernest King, with a mandate for an aviation-oriented war in the Pacific. FDR allowed King to build up land-based naval and Marine aviation, and seize control of the long-range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic. Roosevelt basically agreed\",\n \"title\": \"Air warfare of World War II\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7384478\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7384482\",\n \"text\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography) The Last Enemy (first published in America as Falling Through Space), is a war memoir written by the Second World War Anglo-Australian fighter pilot Richard Hillary detailing his experiences during the Battle of Britain in 1940. Hillary joined the Royal Air Force at the start of the Second World War as a university undergraduate. Its text details his experiences as a Spitfire pilot during the Battle of Britain, during which he was shot down in action, sustaining severe injuries. He wrote the book in New York City whilst still recuperating from his wounds during a propaganda\",\n \"title\": \"The Last Enemy (autobiography)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743362\",\n \"text\": \"was the supply of \\\"volunteer\\\" foreign pilots to both sides. Russian and American aces joined the Republican air force, while the Nationalists included Germans and Italians. The Soviet Volunteer Group began operations in the Second Sino-Japanese War as early as December 2, 1937, resulting in 28 Soviet aces. The Flying Tigers were American military pilots recruited sub rosa to aid the Chinese Nationalists. They spent the summer and autumn of 1941 in transit to China, and did not begin flying combat missions until December 20, 1941. In World War II many air forces adopted the British practice of crediting fractional\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20705116\",\n \"text\": \"of the war. Ivan Babak Ivan Ilyich Babak (, ; 26 July 1919–24 June 2001) was a Ukrainian Soviet Air Forces captain, flying ace, and a Hero of the Soviet Union. A schoolteacher, Babak joined the Red Army before Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, began, and completed pilot training in 1942, after which he flew the Yakovlev Yak-1 and later the Bell P-39 Airacobra. He distinguished himself in the air battles over the Kuban bridgehead in April 1943 and was credited with eighteen aerial victories when he received the title Hero of the Soviet Union on\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Babak\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"229224\",\n \"text\": \"Wing finally reinforced the beleaguered 4th Wing in December 1951; for the next year-and-a-half stretch of the war, aerial warfare continued. Unlike the Vietnam War, in which the Soviet Union only officially sent \\\"advisers\\\", in the Korean aerial war Soviet forces participated via the 64th Fighter Aviation Corps. Fearful of confronting the United States directly, the Soviet Union denied involvement of their personnel in anything other than an advisory role, but air combat quickly resulted in Soviet pilots dropping their code signals and speaking over the wireless in Russian. This known direct Soviet participation was a \\\"casus belli\\\" that the\",\n \"title\": \"Korean War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10972630\",\n \"text\": \"Teddy Shapou Theodore \\\"Teddy\\\" Roosevelt Shapou ( – ) was an American fighter pilot of World War II. Born in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1919 to Lebanese-American parents, he grew up in New Bern, North Carolina with his three sisters. He first attended North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina, then transferred to Georgetown College in Kentucky to be closer to his future wife. He starred in football and baseball, and studied zoology and botany before dropping out to join the United States Army Air Forces. In a War Department document dated September 26, 1941, he is listed as a\",\n \"title\": \"Teddy Shapou\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2743353\",\n \"text\": \"the hero in what was otherwise a war of attrition. The individual actions of aces were widely reported and the image was disseminated of the ace as a chivalrous knight reminiscent of a bygone era. For a brief early period when air-to-air combat was just being invented, the exceptionally skilled pilot could shape the battle in the skies. For most of the war, however, the image of the ace had little to do with the reality of air warfare, in which fighters fought in formation and air superiority depended heavily on the relative availability of resources. World War I introduced\",\n \"title\": \"Flying ace\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7274342\",\n \"text\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War began on 7 July 1937 with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in the Republic of China. The war, by some seen as the start of World War II, ended when the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies in August 1945. By the end of July 1937, fighting had escalated into a full-scale war and both countries deployed their air forces, ground troops, and warships into combat. Japanese heavy bombers also extensively bombed Chinese factories, airfields and conducted the first major air-raids against civilian targets in the war. At\",\n \"title\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13491305\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Donald Albury Charles Donald Albury (October 12, 1920 – May 23, 2009) was an American military aviator who participated in both atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. He co-piloted the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber known as the \\\"Bockscar\\\" during the mission which dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The bombing of Nagasaki killed an estimated 40,000 people instantly, and led to Japan's unconditional surrender on August 14, 1945, ending World War II. Albury was born in 1920 at his parents' home in Miami, Florida. The Miami Police Department building currently stands\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Donald Albury\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14145027\",\n \"text\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov Grigoriy Andreevich Rechkalov (; February 9, 1920 – December 20, 1990) was a fighter pilot for the Soviet Union during World War II. He was made a Hero of the Soviet Union on two separate occasions (24 May 1943 and 1 July 1944). He scored 56 confirmed personal victories and 5 additional shared victories in air combat. He is the third highest scoring Soviet pilot in World War II. He was born on 9 February 1920 in Khudyakovo into a peasant family. After graduation from school, he joined the Army in 1938, and in 1939 graduated from Perm\",\n \"title\": \"Grigoriy Rechkalov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7486981\",\n \"text\": \"radio; the Russians have observed what happened and something special seems to have happened... From the Russian radio-messages, we discover that this was a very famous Soviet fighter pilot, more than once appointed as Hero of the Soviet Union. I should give him credit: he was a good pilot. His 26 victories in World War II raised his career total to 65, including shared. His decorations included Hero of the Soviet Union, Order of Lenin, Order of the Red Banner, and Order of the Patriotic War. According to research by Tomas Polak and Christopher Shores, Shestakov rates as The Soviet\",\n \"title\": \"Lev Shestakov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4111186\",\n \"text\": \"Avenue; the official name for this junction is \\\"Polish War Memorial\\\". A large memorial to Polish Air Force squadrons in the war is situated on the floor of the north aisle of the reconstructed Wren church, St Clement Danes, London. The Polish-American fighter ace Francis S. \\\"Gabby\\\" Gabreski flew his first combat missions attached to a Polish RAF squadron. King George VI, on visiting a Polish squadron, asked a Polish airman what was the toughest thing he had to deal with in the war. The reply was \\\"King's Regulations...\\\" When the Polish RAF squadrons were formed, a series of badges\",\n \"title\": \"Polish Air Forces in France and Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1562478\",\n \"text\": \"Leonard Cheshire Geoffrey Leonard Cheshire, Baron Cheshire, (7 September 1917 – 31 July 1992) was a highly decorated Royal Air Force (RAF) pilot and group captain during the Second World War, and a philanthropist. Among the honours Cheshire received as a pilot was the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He was the youngest group captain in the RAF and one of the most highly decorated pilots of the war. After the war he founded a hospice that grew into the charity Leonard Cheshire\",\n \"title\": \"Leonard Cheshire\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"871627\",\n \"text\": \"Charles Lindbergh Charles Augustus Lindbergh (February 4, 1902 – August 26, 1974) was an American aviator, military officer, author, inventor, explorer, and environmental activist. At age 25 in 1927, he went from obscurity as a [[U.S. Air Mail]] pilot to instantaneous world fame by winning the [[Orteig Prize]]: making a nonstop flight from [[Roosevelt Field (airport)|Roosevelt Field]], [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]], to [[Paris]], France. Lindbergh covered the -hour, flight alone in a single-engine purpose-built [[Ryan Airline Company|Ryan]] [[monoplane]], the \\\"[[Spirit of St. Louis]]\\\". This was not the [[Transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown|first flight between North America and\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Lindbergh\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17365323\",\n \"text\": \"Herbert O. Fisher Herbert O. Fisher (March 6, 1909 – July 29, 1990) was an American test pilot and an aviation executive, overseeing aviation projects at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He worked for the Curtiss-Wright Corporation. Fisher flew as a pilot for over 50 years, racking up 19,351 accident and violation free hours. During World War II Fisher was sent to the China-Burma-India theater to train the Flying Tigers as a civilian. He flew many combat missions and was awarded the Air Medal by Franklin D. Roosevelt. Disproving the public perception of the heroic test\",\n \"title\": \"Herbert O. Fisher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"23146\",\n \"text\": \"ships were increasingly constructed to a standard pattern and designated battleships or armoured cruisers. Armoured trains saw use during the 19th century in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), the First and Second Boer Wars (1880–81 and 1899–1902),the Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921); the First (1914–1918) and Second World Wars (1939–1945) and the First Indochina War (1946–1954). The most intensive use of armoured trains was during the Russian Civil War (1918–1920). Armoured cars saw use during World wars 1 and 2. During the Second Boer War on 15 November 1899, Winston Churchill, then a war-correspondent, was travelling on board\",\n \"title\": \"Armour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17540381\",\n \"text\": \"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm Air Commodore Roderick Aeneas Chisholm, (23 November 1911 – 7 December 1994) was a British night fighter pilot, flying ace—a title awarded to a pilot credited with shooting down at least five enemy aircraft in aerial combat—and a highly decorated British airman of the Second World War. As a Beaufighter night-fighter pilot between 13 March and 9 July 1941, he was credited with seven aerial victories, one probable and one damaged. Chisholm had been a night fighter pilot with No. 604 Squadron RAF, flying the Bristol Beaufighter. During the war, he had been credited with seven night\",\n \"title\": \"Roderick Aeneas Chisholm\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7274344\",\n \"text\": \"in China's war against Japan, the best known in the West being the American Volunteer Group, better known as the Flying Tigers, which under General Chennault achieved considerable success against the Japanese from late 1941 to mid-1942. At the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War/War of Resistance/WWII in July 1937, the Chinese Air Force had 645 combat aircraft, of which about 300 were fighter planes. Japan had 1,530 army and navy aircraft, of which about 400 were deployed in China. From 1941, many Chinese combat aircraft were US models, and the Chinese pilots were mostly trained by US or US trained\",\n \"title\": \"Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11783825\",\n \"text\": \"Chindit Memorial, and the Battle of Britain Monument. Fleet Air Arm Memorial The Fleet Air Arm Memorial, sometimes known as Daedalus, is a war memorial in London, commemorating the service of the Royal Naval Air Service and the Fleet Air Arm from their establishments in 1914 and 1924 respectively, in the First World War, the Second World War, the Korean War, the Falklands War and the Gulf War, including over 6,000 killed in all conflicts. The service of the Fleet Air Arm is also commemorated at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, at the former base of the Fleet Air\",\n \"title\": \"Fleet Air Arm Memorial\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13804681\",\n \"text\": \"first American flying ace of World War II, with eight victories. He was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Air Medal. In September 1939, war broke out in Europe following the German invasion of Poland. The U.S. officially remained neutral, but Americans became involved in combat while serving in other countries' militaries in units such as the Flying Tigers in China and the Eagle Squadrons that served with the Royal Air Force shortly after the Battle of Britain; U.S. forces also provided logistic support through the cash and carry program, and by undertaking convoy escort duties in the\",\n \"title\": \"Military history of Asian Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13740654\",\n \"text\": \"(1922), and (1927). With these developments, the need for specialized aircraft adapted for takeoffs and landings from the flight decks of those ships became recognized. The significance of air power grew between the wars, driven by the increased range, carrying power, and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft, until it became impossible to disregard its importance during World War II, following the loss of many warships to aircraft, including the sinking of \\\"Prince of Wales\\\" and \\\"Repulse\\\", the Battle of Taranto, the Attack on Pearl Harbor and numerous other incidents. Following the war, carrier operations continued to increase in size and importance.\",\n \"title\": \"Carrier-based aircraft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1635544\",\n \"text\": \"72,000 tons and mounted guns. The victory of the Royal Navy at the Battle of Taranto was a pivotal point as this was the first true demonstration of naval air power. Following 7 December 1941 when the United States came into World War II, the sinkings of the British battleships HMS \\\"Prince of Wales\\\" and HMS \\\"Repulse\\\" marked the end of the battleship era. Aircraft and their transportation, the aircraft carrier, came to the fore. During the Pacific War of World War II, battleships and cruisers spent most of their time bombarding shore positions, while the carriers and their airplanes\",\n \"title\": \"Naval warfare\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13825016\",\n \"text\": \"from the Russian Empire Confirmed victories are numbered and listed chronologically. Ivan Orlov (aviator) Podporuchik Ivan Aleksandrovich Orlov (19 January 1895 – 4 July 1917) was a Russian flying ace during World War I. He was a prewar flier, having built both gliders and an airplane, and having earned pilot's license no. 229 just prior to start of the war. He volunteered his experience and his personal airplane to his country's military service. His experience and his valor made him both a mentor and leader of less experienced pilots, as Orlov rose to command the 7th \\\"Aviatsionniy Ostryad Istrebitelei\\\" (7th\",\n \"title\": \"Ivan Orlov (aviator)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1422052\",\n \"text\": \"the U.S. Navy. The U.S. Navy uses ship names without article, except for USS \\\"The Sullivans\\\", named for the five Sullivan brothers, all lost at sea during World War II. Its British equivalent (\\\"the HMS \\\"Flattop\\\"\\\") is also discouraged, since \\\"the Her Majesty's Ship\\\" would be grammatically incorrect. Yugoslavia war navy had strict naming rules and ships prefix that was driven by order by President of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1969. After dissolution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia new state Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continued same naming convention for War navy of Yugoslavia Armed Forces from 1992\",\n \"title\": \"Ship prefix\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16218860\",\n \"text\": \"Nikolay Karabulin Nikolay Mikhaylovich Karabulin (; 1918–1943) was a Soviet World War II Il-2 pilot and commanding officer of a ground-attack group whose pilots destroyed twenty enemy aircraft in a raid on a German airbase during the Battle of Moscow on 16 September 1941. Lieutenant Karabulin was badly injured when his cockpit was hit by enemy anti-aircraft fire, but successfully landed his Il-2 on friendly territory. He was awarded the honorary title of Hero of the Soviet Union on 12 April 1942. Nikolay Karabulin was born in the village of Tarkhanovka in 1918 and worked as a factory electrician at\",\n \"title\": \"Nikolay Karabulin\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\\n\\nNeil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Neil Armstrong context: and made his first flight in a jet, a Grumman F9F Panther, on January 5, 1951. He was promoted to ensign on June 5, 1951, and made his first jet carrier landing on two days later. On June 28, 1951, \\\"Essex\\\" had set sail for Korea, with VF-51 aboard to act as ground-attack aircraft. VF-51 flew ahead to Naval Air Station Barbers Point in Hawaii, where it conducted fighter-bomber training before rejoining the ship at the end of July. On August 29, 1951, Armstrong saw action in the Korean War as an escort for a photo reconnaissance plane over Songjin.\\n\\ntitleuzz Ald context: Buzz Aldrin Buzz Aldrin; born Edwin Eugene Ald Jr.; January 20, 193) is an American engineer, former astronaut, and fighter pilot. lunar module pilot the Apollo 11 mission, he mission commander Neil Armstrong were the first two humans to land on the Moon Born in Glen Ridge, New Jersey, Aldrin graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point New York, in 1951 with degree in mechanical engineering. He commission in the United States Air Force, and served as a jet fighter pilot during the Korean War flew 66 combat missions and\\n\\ntitleenkranz Keith Rosenk Keith Rosz a American fighter and. As States, flew0 in-16ing Fal during the Gulf War He book about the, titledipers the Storm Diary of Gulf Fighter Pil\\\", included a foreword from Vice Chen Rosenkraned twice by the Iraq War. years military and became longtime Lines1 of 20title:: Neilstrong2onaut Moon professor studied engineeringition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by\\n\\nNeil Armstrong was a pilot in which war?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 470,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14431,\n \"ratio\": \"30.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":91,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":91,"string":"91"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Nickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Warner Amex"],"string":"[\n \"Warner Amex\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Warner Amex"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"3133722","text":"Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"1360352","text":"Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"13812359","text":"putting them over rival companies such as HBO. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable's system in Buffalo, New York. It quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. It was distributed via satellite on RCA Satcom-1, which went into orbit one week earlier on March 26 – originally transmitted on transponder space purchased from televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, Nickelodeon has designated 1979 as the","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"2151844","text":"paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional","title":"American Express"},{"id":"3133723","text":"folded into a separate jointly owned unit, the Warner Cable Corporation). Warner-Amex executive John A. Schneider served as the company's president; other Warner-Amex staff that manned Star/The Movie Channel's initial management team included executive vice president John Lack, programming chief Robert Pittman, and Fred Seibert, who was in charge of developing on-air promotions. On December 1, 1979, the network was relaunched as The Movie Channel; the first feature film to be broadcast on the relaunched service was the 1953 comedy \"Roman Holiday\". On January 1, 1980, TMC discontinued its time-lease arrangement with Nickelodeon (then a sister network under the Warner,","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"3133721","text":"January 1, 1979, Star Channel became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, becoming the third premium service to be distributed nationally through such a transmission method (after HBO, which was uplinked to satellite in September 1975, and Showtime, which was uplinked in March 1978). In April of that year, it began to share channel and transponder space with Warner-Amex's newly launched children's network, Nickelodeon (an outgrowth of the company's former Pinwheel programming service); this resulted in the latter service switching to an encrypted signal during the regularly scheduled network transition at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific","title":"The Movie Channel"},{"id":"4647379","text":"nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. Pinwheel became Nickelodeon in April 1979. In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network indicated to arts and films, it was launched in December 1, 1980, however, it was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984 following Warner-Amex's sale to Viacom. Lack had worked in sales at CBS Radio (in fact, it was he who suggested Schneider to Warner chief Ross) and had an idea of cable programming as","title":"Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment"},{"id":"13812357","text":"History of Nickelodeon Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is part of the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable, the parent company of Dimension Pictures. One of the ten \"community\"","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"10100368","text":"company with Radio Caroline in 1978, was relaunched from its own vessel, MV \"Magdalena\" on 1 July 1979, although this only lasted until 21 September 1979 when the MV Magdalena stranded during a Force 8 gale at the shore of Goeree. It was not until 1999 that Van Landschoot admitted the open secret that he had been involved with the relaunch of his former rival station, again aimed at the promotion of his Carnaby clothing and boutiques, and records of artists he was managing at the time: Dream Express, its offspring L.B.S., Luke and Puzzle. In 1980 he established a","title":"Radio Atlantis"},{"id":"1360353","text":"expanded to other cable providers nationwide. It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984. Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986. , the channel is available to about 92.056 million households (79.086% of households with TV) in the United States. The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Under the name Pinwheel Network, the C-3 cable channel carried \"Pinwheel\" daily from 7:00","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"821113","text":"Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \"Pulp Fiction\" was released. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney until September 30, 2005, when they left the company and founded a","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"3592188","text":"Pinwheel (TV series) Pinwheel is a children's television show. It was originally broadcast on channel C-3 of Warner Cable's interactive system QUBE in Columbus, Ohio. However, the show began airing on the Nickelodeon network, from December 1977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) until 1990. \"Pinwheel\" was the flagship program of C-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio, in the earliest days of cable television broadcasting. C-3 soon changed its name to Pinwheel. In 1979, Warner Cable purchased the Sat-1 communications satellite from Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker and rebranded the Pinwheel Channel as Nickelodeon, where it reformatted \"Pinwheel\" as hour-long","title":"Pinwheel (TV series)"},{"id":"13812361","text":"service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. At the time of its launch, Nickelodeon's programming aired for thirteen hours each weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. and for fourteen hours on weekends from 8:00 a.m. to midnight Eastern and Pacific Time. Premium cable network Star Channel (which later relaunched as The Movie Channel in November 1979) would take over the channel space after Nickelodeon's broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including \"Dusty's Treehouse\", \"First Row Features\", \"Special Delivery\", \"What Will","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"1360354","text":"a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984. Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \"SpongeBob SquarePants\", \"ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\", \"The Loud House\", \"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\", and \"The Adventures of Kid Danger\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\", \"The Thundermans\", \"Henry Danger\", \"Game Shakers\", \"School of Rock\", along with the month-long","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"8837316","text":"The Ladd Company The Ladd Company was an American film production company founded by Alan Ladd, Jr., Jay Kanter, and Gareth Wigan in 1979. In 1979, the three founders were executives with 20th Century Fox — Ladd was the president — when they announced their intention to leave the company when their contracts expired in December 1980 and form a new production company to be financed by Warner Bros. (Ladd had reportedly been quarreling with other Fox senior executives.) Fox subsequently cut their contracts short, ending on October 1, 1979. The day after the contracts expired, the trio placed ads","title":"The Ladd Company"},{"id":"2781293","text":"with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became fully owned by Viacom in 2003.
Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.
Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.
Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.
Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.
Formerly on NickToons until February 11,","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"19576073","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"19576071","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"17328641","text":"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"847395","text":"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs","title":"Pixar"},{"id":"5770149","text":"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"16945154","text":"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \"new\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2781291","text":"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"12423735","text":"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \"Pinwheel\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"821137","text":"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \"Pulp Fiction\" was released. The Weinsteins","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"4932828","text":"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually","title":"Late night television in the United States"},{"id":"2374416","text":"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \"Mad\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"5770150","text":"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2475883","text":"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"13691889","text":"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"17328649","text":"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"2340634","text":"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by","title":"Independent film"},{"id":"3184493","text":"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \"The Last Unicorn\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of","title":"Peter S. Beagle"},{"id":"1360383","text":"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"12802302","text":"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \"Greatest Hits of All Time\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s","title":"Alpha Repertory Television Service"},{"id":"872225","text":"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \"superstation\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,","title":"WarnerMedia"},{"id":"1495154","text":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in","title":"Columbia Pictures"},{"id":"13632469","text":"Year\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \"Columnist of the Year\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \"The Daily Telegraph\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for","title":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"id":"5407564","text":"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \"Saint Jack\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \"Director's Cut\" in black and white. \"There's nothing to distract you,\" said Bogdanovich, \"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the","title":"Nickelodeon (film)"},{"id":"4694974","text":"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts","title":"Twig Com"},{"id":"13691886","text":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \"Labyrinth\" and \"The Storyteller.\"","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"10641107","text":"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984","title":"Metro (department store)"},{"id":"2179868","text":"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \"Variety\"; however, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein","title":"Major film studio"},{"id":"1268584","text":"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee","title":"Modern animation in the United States"},{"id":"2781297","text":"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"2859817","text":"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \"Tron\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \"The Works\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University","title":"The Works (film)"},{"id":"11992710","text":"Day\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.","title":"Jamie Livingston"},{"id":"3921661","text":"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of","title":"Xtra-vision"},{"id":"17920810","text":"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the","title":"Pixar Photoscience Team"},{"id":"2881796","text":"the book \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \"The Secret of NIMH\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,","title":"The Secret of NIMH"},{"id":"3991949","text":"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,","title":"Jim Long"},{"id":"838965","text":"could buy his own ticket punch for \"a school project\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network","title":"Kevin Mitnick"},{"id":"1483316","text":"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \"Quiz Kids\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn","title":"Norman Lear"},{"id":"11139746","text":"countries and scored several hit singles, including \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \"Do It Yourself\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the","title":"The Blockheads"},{"id":"12423739","text":"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"13812365","text":"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \"golden age\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \"pinball\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \"splat\" design) with the \"Nickelodeon\" name overlaid in","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"13812358","text":"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \"The Electric Company\" and included \"Pinwheel\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"2129644","text":"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as","title":"David Geffen"},{"id":"2544969","text":"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which","title":"Tommy Hilfiger"},{"id":"2191399","text":"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they","title":"Spümcø"},{"id":"522569","text":"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process. Following a","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"2470232","text":"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \"Banana Republic\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items","title":"Banana Republic"},{"id":"1505855","text":"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \"Star Wars\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt","title":"Industrial Light & Magic"},{"id":"5188634","text":"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children","title":"Special Olympics Great Britain"},{"id":"17197177","text":"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \"Spy\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \"Nickelodeon Magazine\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \"Fast Company\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \"The New York Times\", \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"Time\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly","title":"Anne Kreamer"},{"id":"6514376","text":"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \"The Times\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \"Western Mail\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \"The West Australian\". By the end of","title":"Robert Holmes à Court"},{"id":"5054857","text":"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band","title":"DFA Records"},{"id":"240452","text":"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \"Star Wars\" were held","title":"LucasArts"},{"id":"13812364","text":"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \"Against the Odds\" and \"Going Great\"), which stagnated viewership,","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"11370001","text":"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played","title":"Bill Rasmussen"},{"id":"5770157","text":"is a writer and producer for television series such as \"Arrested Development,\" \"Cougar Town,\" \"The Michael J. Fox Show,\" and \"Grandfathered\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"13656644","text":"son, and just \"two suitcases.\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\" He took time outside of his job to work at","title":"Yury Verlinsky"},{"id":"490450","text":"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of","title":"Activision"},{"id":"2943689","text":"properties such as \"Care Bears,\" \"Topsy and Tim,\" \"The Get Along Gang,\" \"Popples,\" and \"Holly Hobbie.\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by","title":"American Greetings"},{"id":"5770148","text":"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2374417","text":"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"4770732","text":"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor","title":"VLSI Technology"},{"id":"6439009","text":"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner","title":"Merchandise Building"},{"id":"2078794","text":"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a","title":"Sanctuary Records"},{"id":"835999","text":"trade magazine \"Cablevision\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,","title":"C-SPAN"},{"id":"15152611","text":"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's","title":"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres"},{"id":"995704","text":"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \"Superman\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \"King Kong\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to","title":"B movie"},{"id":"16003182","text":"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.","title":"History of ESPN"},{"id":"2177792","text":"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"821114","text":"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"16945175","text":"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2991541","text":"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \"MTV\" (for \"Multilingual Television\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \"Video Singles\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a","title":"CFMT-DT"},{"id":"5197463","text":"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \"Nickelodeon\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in","title":"Odeon Cinemas"},{"id":"7960258","text":"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any","title":"TVX Broadcast Group"},{"id":"4955066","text":"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's","title":"FOREST"},{"id":"13812360","text":"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \"Video Comic Book\", \"Pinwheel\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \"America Goes Bananaz\", \"Nickel Flicks\", and \"By the Way\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \"N\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \"Nickelodeon\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"16044191","text":"their portfolio included the opening titles for \"Saturday Night Live\" and \"National Geographic Explorer\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \"You Might","title":"Charlex"},{"id":"522594","text":"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process.","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"16819195","text":"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"},{"id":"18361274","text":"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room","title":"David Thieme"},{"id":"6887709","text":"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's","title":"Monster Cable"},{"id":"17867603","text":"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \"Nickelodeon\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \"Wilma\" and \"William\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \"Nickelodeon\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \"Did you see","title":"Krissie Illing"},{"id":"8966915","text":"British children's magazine \"Finding Out\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she","title":"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone"},{"id":"14701461","text":"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.","title":"Scott Squires"},{"id":"16819193","text":"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3133722\",\n \"text\": \"Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360352\",\n \"text\": \"Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812359\",\n \"text\": \"putting them over rival companies such as HBO. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable's system in Buffalo, New York. It quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. It was distributed via satellite on RCA Satcom-1, which went into orbit one week earlier on March 26 – originally transmitted on transponder space purchased from televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, Nickelodeon has designated 1979 as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151844\",\n \"text\": \"paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133723\",\n \"text\": \"folded into a separate jointly owned unit, the Warner Cable Corporation). Warner-Amex executive John A. Schneider served as the company's president; other Warner-Amex staff that manned Star/The Movie Channel's initial management team included executive vice president John Lack, programming chief Robert Pittman, and Fred Seibert, who was in charge of developing on-air promotions. On December 1, 1979, the network was relaunched as The Movie Channel; the first feature film to be broadcast on the relaunched service was the 1953 comedy \\\"Roman Holiday\\\". On January 1, 1980, TMC discontinued its time-lease arrangement with Nickelodeon (then a sister network under the Warner,\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133721\",\n \"text\": \"January 1, 1979, Star Channel became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, becoming the third premium service to be distributed nationally through such a transmission method (after HBO, which was uplinked to satellite in September 1975, and Showtime, which was uplinked in March 1978). In April of that year, it began to share channel and transponder space with Warner-Amex's newly launched children's network, Nickelodeon (an outgrowth of the company's former Pinwheel programming service); this resulted in the latter service switching to an encrypted signal during the regularly scheduled network transition at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4647379\",\n \"text\": \"nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. Pinwheel became Nickelodeon in April 1979. In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network indicated to arts and films, it was launched in December 1, 1980, however, it was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984 following Warner-Amex's sale to Viacom. Lack had worked in sales at CBS Radio (in fact, it was he who suggested Schneider to Warner chief Ross) and had an idea of cable programming as\",\n \"title\": \"Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812357\",\n \"text\": \"History of Nickelodeon Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is part of the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable, the parent company of Dimension Pictures. One of the ten \\\"community\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10100368\",\n \"text\": \"company with Radio Caroline in 1978, was relaunched from its own vessel, MV \\\"Magdalena\\\" on 1 July 1979, although this only lasted until 21 September 1979 when the MV Magdalena stranded during a Force 8 gale at the shore of Goeree. It was not until 1999 that Van Landschoot admitted the open secret that he had been involved with the relaunch of his former rival station, again aimed at the promotion of his Carnaby clothing and boutiques, and records of artists he was managing at the time: Dream Express, its offspring L.B.S., Luke and Puzzle. In 1980 he established a\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Atlantis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360353\",\n \"text\": \"expanded to other cable providers nationwide. It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984. Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986. , the channel is available to about 92.056 million households (79.086% of households with TV) in the United States. The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Under the name Pinwheel Network, the C-3 cable channel carried \\\"Pinwheel\\\" daily from 7:00\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821113\",\n \"text\": \"Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney until September 30, 2005, when they left the company and founded a\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3592188\",\n \"text\": \"Pinwheel (TV series) Pinwheel is a children's television show. It was originally broadcast on channel C-3 of Warner Cable's interactive system QUBE in Columbus, Ohio. However, the show began airing on the Nickelodeon network, from December 1977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) until 1990. \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of C-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio, in the earliest days of cable television broadcasting. C-3 soon changed its name to Pinwheel. In 1979, Warner Cable purchased the Sat-1 communications satellite from Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker and rebranded the Pinwheel Channel as Nickelodeon, where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel\\\" as hour-long\",\n \"title\": \"Pinwheel (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812361\",\n \"text\": \"service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. At the time of its launch, Nickelodeon's programming aired for thirteen hours each weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. and for fourteen hours on weekends from 8:00 a.m. to midnight Eastern and Pacific Time. Premium cable network Star Channel (which later relaunched as The Movie Channel in November 1979) would take over the channel space after Nickelodeon's broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including \\\"Dusty's Treehouse\\\", \\\"First Row Features\\\", \\\"Special Delivery\\\", \\\"What Will\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360354\",\n \"text\": \"a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984. Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \\\"SpongeBob SquarePants\\\", \\\"ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\\\", \\\"The Loud House\\\", \\\"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Kid Danger\\\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \\\"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\\\", \\\"The Thundermans\\\", \\\"Henry Danger\\\", \\\"Game Shakers\\\", \\\"School of Rock\\\", along with the month-long\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837316\",\n \"text\": \"The Ladd Company The Ladd Company was an American film production company founded by Alan Ladd, Jr., Jay Kanter, and Gareth Wigan in 1979. In 1979, the three founders were executives with 20th Century Fox — Ladd was the president — when they announced their intention to leave the company when their contracts expired in December 1980 and form a new production company to be financed by Warner Bros. (Ladd had reportedly been quarreling with other Fox senior executives.) Fox subsequently cut their contracts short, ending on October 1, 1979. The day after the contracts expired, the trio placed ads\",\n \"title\": \"The Ladd Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781293\",\n \"text\": \"with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became fully owned by Viacom in 2003.
Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.
Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.
Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.
Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.
Formerly on NickToons until February 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576073\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576071\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328641\",\n \"text\": \"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"847395\",\n \"text\": \"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770149\",\n \"text\": \"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945154\",\n \"text\": \"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \\\"new\\\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781291\",\n \"text\": \"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423735\",\n \"text\": \"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \\\"Pinwheel\\\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821137\",\n \"text\": \"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4932828\",\n \"text\": \"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually\",\n \"title\": \"Late night television in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374416\",\n \"text\": \"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \\\"Mad\\\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770150\",\n \"text\": \"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475883\",\n \"text\": \"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691889\",\n \"text\": \"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328649\",\n \"text\": \"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2340634\",\n \"text\": \"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by\",\n \"title\": \"Independent film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3184493\",\n \"text\": \"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \\\"The Last Unicorn\\\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of\",\n \"title\": \"Peter S. Beagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360383\",\n \"text\": \"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12802302\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \\\"Greatest Hits of All Time\\\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Alpha Repertory Television Service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872225\",\n \"text\": \"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \\\"superstation\\\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,\",\n \"title\": \"WarnerMedia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1495154\",\n \"text\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in\",\n \"title\": \"Columbia Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13632469\",\n \"text\": \"Year\\\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \\\"Columnist of the Year\\\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for\",\n \"title\": \"The Daily Telegraph\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5407564\",\n \"text\": \"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \\\"Saint Jack\\\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \\\"Director's Cut\\\" in black and white. \\\"There's nothing to distract you,\\\" said Bogdanovich, \\\"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4694974\",\n \"text\": \"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts\",\n \"title\": \"Twig Com\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691886\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \\\"Labyrinth\\\" and \\\"The Storyteller.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10641107\",\n \"text\": \"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984\",\n \"title\": \"Metro (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2179868\",\n \"text\": \"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \\\"Variety\\\"; however, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein\",\n \"title\": \"Major film studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268584\",\n \"text\": \"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee\",\n \"title\": \"Modern animation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781297\",\n \"text\": \"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2859817\",\n \"text\": \"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \\\"Tron\\\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \\\"The Works\\\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University\",\n \"title\": \"The Works (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11992710\",\n \"text\": \"Day\\\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.\",\n \"title\": \"Jamie Livingston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3921661\",\n \"text\": \"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of\",\n \"title\": \"Xtra-vision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17920810\",\n \"text\": \"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar Photoscience Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2881796\",\n \"text\": \"the book \\\"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\\\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \\\"The Secret of NIMH\\\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret of NIMH\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3991949\",\n \"text\": \"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838965\",\n \"text\": \"could buy his own ticket punch for \\\"a school project\\\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Mitnick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483316\",\n \"text\": \"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \\\"Quiz Kids\\\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Lear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11139746\",\n \"text\": \"countries and scored several hit singles, including \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \\\"Do It Yourself\\\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Blockheads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423739\",\n \"text\": \"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812365\",\n \"text\": \"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \\\"golden age\\\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \\\"pinball\\\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \\\"splat\\\" design) with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" name overlaid in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812358\",\n \"text\": \"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \\\"The Electric Company\\\" and included \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129644\",\n \"text\": \"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as\",\n \"title\": \"David Geffen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544969\",\n \"text\": \"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \\\"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\\\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Hilfiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2191399\",\n \"text\": \"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they\",\n \"title\": \"Spümcø\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522569\",\n \"text\": \"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process. Following a\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2470232\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \\\"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\\\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \\\"Banana Republic\\\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505855\",\n \"text\": \"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \\\"Star Wars\\\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt\",\n \"title\": \"Industrial Light & Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188634\",\n \"text\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children\",\n \"title\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17197177\",\n \"text\": \"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \\\"Spy\\\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \\\"Nickelodeon Magazine\\\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \\\"Fast Company\\\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" and \\\"Time\\\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Kreamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6514376\",\n \"text\": \"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \\\"The Times\\\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \\\"Western Mail\\\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \\\"The West Australian\\\". By the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Holmes à Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5054857\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band\",\n \"title\": \"DFA Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"240452\",\n \"text\": \"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \\\"Star Wars\\\" were held\",\n \"title\": \"LucasArts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812364\",\n \"text\": \"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \\\"Against the Odds\\\" and \\\"Going Great\\\"), which stagnated viewership,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11370001\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Rasmussen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770157\",\n \"text\": \"is a writer and producer for television series such as \\\"Arrested Development,\\\" \\\"Cougar Town,\\\" \\\"The Michael J. Fox Show,\\\" and \\\"Grandfathered\\\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13656644\",\n \"text\": \"son, and just \\\"two suitcases.\\\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \\\"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\\\" He took time outside of his job to work at\",\n \"title\": \"Yury Verlinsky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"490450\",\n \"text\": \"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of\",\n \"title\": \"Activision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2943689\",\n \"text\": \"properties such as \\\"Care Bears,\\\" \\\"Topsy and Tim,\\\" \\\"The Get Along Gang,\\\" \\\"Popples,\\\" and \\\"Holly Hobbie.\\\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by\",\n \"title\": \"American Greetings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770148\",\n \"text\": \"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374417\",\n \"text\": \"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4770732\",\n \"text\": \"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor\",\n \"title\": \"VLSI Technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6439009\",\n \"text\": \"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner\",\n \"title\": \"Merchandise Building\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2078794\",\n \"text\": \"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a\",\n \"title\": \"Sanctuary Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"835999\",\n \"text\": \"trade magazine \\\"Cablevision\\\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,\",\n \"title\": \"C-SPAN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15152611\",\n \"text\": \"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's\",\n \"title\": \"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"995704\",\n \"text\": \"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \\\"Superman\\\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \\\"King Kong\\\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to\",\n \"title\": \"B movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16003182\",\n \"text\": \"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\",\n \"title\": \"History of ESPN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177792\",\n \"text\": \"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821114\",\n \"text\": \"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945175\",\n \"text\": \"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991541\",\n \"text\": \"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \\\"MTV\\\" (for \\\"Multilingual Television\\\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \\\"Video Singles\\\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a\",\n \"title\": \"CFMT-DT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197463\",\n \"text\": \"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \\\"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\\\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in\",\n \"title\": \"Odeon Cinemas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7960258\",\n \"text\": \"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any\",\n \"title\": \"TVX Broadcast Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955066\",\n \"text\": \"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's\",\n \"title\": \"FOREST\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812360\",\n \"text\": \"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \\\"Video Comic Book\\\", \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \\\"America Goes Bananaz\\\", \\\"Nickel Flicks\\\", and \\\"By the Way\\\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \\\"N\\\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16044191\",\n \"text\": \"their portfolio included the opening titles for \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" and \\\"National Geographic Explorer\\\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \\\"You Might\",\n \"title\": \"Charlex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522594\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process.\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819195\",\n \"text\": \"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18361274\",\n \"text\": \"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room\",\n \"title\": \"David Thieme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6887709\",\n \"text\": \"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's\",\n \"title\": \"Monster Cable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17867603\",\n \"text\": \"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \\\"Wilma\\\" and \\\"William\\\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \\\"Did you see\",\n \"title\": \"Krissie Illing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8966915\",\n \"text\": \"British children's magazine \\\"Finding Out\\\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she\",\n \"title\": \"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14701461\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Squires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819193\",\n \"text\": \"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Movie Channel context: Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Nickelodeon context: Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\\n\\ntitle: Pinw ( series) context: Pinwheel (TV series Pinw a children's show. It was originally broadcast on C-3 of Warner Cable' interactive system QUBE in Columbus, However, the show began airing on Nickelodeon network from December 977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) 190 \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio the earliest days of cable broadcasting. C- changed its name Pinw. In 179, Warner Cable purchased the- communications satellite from Jim Tammy Faye Bakker rebrand Pinwheel Channel Nickelode where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel as hour-long\\n: Geraldine Lay: the establish it in,ks and creating Nickely and. Under leadershipon top-ated 24-hour programming and won Awards,odyable Awards and' Awards. had4 profitive yearbourne built Nickon into the profit fromed towards children programming approach, made a point to children as, which five in 19\\n: History ofNN is television channel sports and and, and original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 516,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14475,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":92,"string":"92"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Radium","Radium (Ra)","Ra-226","Element 88"],"string":"[\n \"Radium\",\n \"Radium (Ra)\",\n \"Ra-226\",\n \"Element 88\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Radium"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4465576","text":"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"313421","text":"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \"radio-tellurium\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"345264","text":"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two","title":"Radium"},{"id":"278892","text":"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278891","text":"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\". To prove their discoveries beyond any","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"15136004","text":"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"313420","text":"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \"radium F\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18786402","text":"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand","title":"Paris in the Belle Époque"},{"id":"2145202","text":"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.","title":"ESPCI Paris"},{"id":"313412","text":"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"6103505","text":"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a","title":"St. Paul's Convent School"},{"id":"72997","text":"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"1615158","text":"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \"radioactivity\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium","title":"Radioactive decay"},{"id":"1533347","text":"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"278893","text":"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"3567506","text":"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it","title":"Trivial name"},{"id":"69547","text":"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947","title":"Curium"},{"id":"11547999","text":"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,","title":"Uranium tile"},{"id":"278920","text":"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"598551","text":"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and","title":"Age of the Earth"},{"id":"278903","text":"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"366813","text":"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy","title":"Radiation therapy"},{"id":"4465577","text":"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"3332058","text":"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \"the girl with radium eyes\". During the trip Ève and Irène","title":"Ève Curie"},{"id":"645575","text":"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \"When","title":"Henri Becquerel"},{"id":"69540","text":"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of","title":"Curium"},{"id":"12658367","text":"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine","title":"Wismut (mining company)"},{"id":"324247","text":"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"278871","text":"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \"polonium\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \"née\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278927","text":"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"73000","text":"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \"oxy genes\", meaning \"acid-forming\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \"sulfurium\" or the Sanskrit word \"sulvere\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \"telus\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"18723811","text":"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas","title":"Women in chemistry"},{"id":"278870","text":"theory of \"radioactivity\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"10756651","text":"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,","title":"Uranium ore"},{"id":"252646","text":"does not match that now known for \"hafnium\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.","title":"Metal"},{"id":"721385","text":"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)","title":"Irène Joliot-Curie"},{"id":"51439","text":"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in","title":"Beta decay"},{"id":"18651066","text":"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"1820371","text":"more powerful fusion weapons known as \"hydrogen bombs\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about","title":"History of nuclear weapons"},{"id":"278890","text":"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\" She later would recall how she felt \"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"69546","text":"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their","title":"Curium"},{"id":"10921124","text":"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \"affect the living function\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann","title":"Radiobiology"},{"id":"19616880","text":"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true","title":"Project Y"},{"id":"45717","text":"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered","title":"Berkelium"},{"id":"1883369","text":"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie","title":"André-Louis Debierne"},{"id":"9152251","text":"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the","title":"Plutonium"},{"id":"69543","text":"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is","title":"Curium"},{"id":"5754907","text":"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \"platinum\" and \"Ural\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \"polia\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian","title":"Gottfried Osann"},{"id":"278921","text":"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"313413","text":"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18651065","text":"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"4254828","text":"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa","title":"Jáchymov"},{"id":"401229","text":"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.","title":"Synthetic element"},{"id":"576618","text":"original title) was published in the \"Proceedings of the Royal Society\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),","title":"Otto Hahn"},{"id":"313441","text":"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \"The Bomb in the Basement\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"313447","text":"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"28517","text":"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971","title":"Actinide"},{"id":"11393088","text":"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"324246","text":"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \"radioactivity\", and were pioneers in","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"10210013","text":"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon","title":"Dayton Project"},{"id":"9232","text":"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \"group IA\". Later the group's name was changed to \"group 1\" in 1988. The trivial name \"alkali metals\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey","title":"Alkali metal"},{"id":"345265","text":"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \"radium\", formed in Modern Latin from \"radius\"","title":"Radium"},{"id":"14748029","text":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\"ulica Freta 16\") in Warsaw's \"New Town\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved","title":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum"},{"id":"313449","text":"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"482505","text":"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \"radius\", meaning \"ray\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the","title":"Alkaline earth metal"},{"id":"1375874","text":"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \"Radioactive Element 93\" in the \"Physical Review\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \"neptunium\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel","title":"Edwin McMillan"},{"id":"433633","text":"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious","title":"Uranium"},{"id":"1621260","text":"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements","title":"Period 7 element"},{"id":"2229272","text":"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \"Nature\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \"radioactivity.\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine","title":"Nuclear medicine"},{"id":"135050","text":"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by","title":"Francium"},{"id":"175502","text":"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \"celtium\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \"celtium\",","title":"Hafnium"},{"id":"1533307","text":"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"2073037","text":"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \"emanium\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different","title":"Group 3 element"},{"id":"313411","text":"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"1490164","text":"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of","title":"James Chadwick"},{"id":"313448","text":"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"11393085","text":"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"20071747","text":"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\" in \"Science\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to","title":"Vilma Rose Hunt"},{"id":"15136010","text":"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"4033406","text":"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \"Institut de Radiophysique\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.","title":"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death"},{"id":"7879442","text":"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to","title":"Decay scheme"},{"id":"2121286","text":"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743483","text":"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"},{"id":"10411","text":"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \"dakin\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,","title":"Astatine"},{"id":"125679","text":"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \"Uranium X\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \"Law of Radioactive Change,\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.","title":"Ernest Rutherford"},{"id":"165485","text":"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth","title":"Halogen"},{"id":"13811931","text":"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He","title":"Friedrich Oskar Giesel"},{"id":"350096","text":"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One","title":"Radiation"},{"id":"540423","text":"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4","title":"Uraninite"},{"id":"69043","text":"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and","title":"Chemical element"},{"id":"311753","text":"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium","title":"Periodic table"},{"id":"3219856","text":"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the","title":"Tube Alloys"},{"id":"173895","text":"and Pierre coined the term \"radioactivity\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of","title":"History of physics"},{"id":"722636","text":"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute","title":"Livermorium"},{"id":"18651067","text":"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"135052","text":"Perey named the new isotope \"actinium-K\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \"catium\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \"cat\" rather than \"cation\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \"francium\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium","title":"Francium"},{"id":"19670403","text":"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.","title":"Victorium"},{"id":"1815931","text":"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \"fog\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity","title":"Nuclear chemistry"},{"id":"2121287","text":"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \"francium\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743479","text":"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4465576\",\n \"text\": \"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313421\",\n \"text\": \"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345264\",\n \"text\": \"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278892\",\n \"text\": \"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278891\",\n \"text\": \"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \\\"polonium\\\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \\\"radium\\\", from the Latin word for \\\"ray\\\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \\\"radioactivity\\\". To prove their discoveries beyond any\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136004\",\n \"text\": \"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313420\",\n \"text\": \"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \\\"radium F\\\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18786402\",\n \"text\": \"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand\",\n \"title\": \"Paris in the Belle Époque\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2145202\",\n \"text\": \"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.\",\n \"title\": \"ESPCI Paris\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313412\",\n \"text\": \"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6103505\",\n \"text\": \"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \\\"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\\\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a\",\n \"title\": \"St. Paul's Convent School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72997\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1615158\",\n \"text\": \"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533347\",\n \"text\": \"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278893\",\n \"text\": \"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3567506\",\n \"text\": \"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it\",\n \"title\": \"Trivial name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69547\",\n \"text\": \"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11547999\",\n \"text\": \"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium tile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278920\",\n \"text\": \"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"598551\",\n \"text\": \"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and\",\n \"title\": \"Age of the Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278903\",\n \"text\": \"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \\\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"366813\",\n \"text\": \"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation therapy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4465577\",\n \"text\": \"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332058\",\n \"text\": \"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \\\"the girl with radium eyes\\\". During the trip Ève and Irène\",\n \"title\": \"Ève Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"645575\",\n \"text\": \"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Henri Becquerel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69540\",\n \"text\": \"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12658367\",\n \"text\": \"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine\",\n \"title\": \"Wismut (mining company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324247\",\n \"text\": \"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278871\",\n \"text\": \"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \\\"polonium\\\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \\\"née\\\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278927\",\n \"text\": \"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"73000\",\n \"text\": \"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \\\"oxy genes\\\", meaning \\\"acid-forming\\\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \\\"sulfurium\\\" or the Sanskrit word \\\"sulvere\\\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \\\"telus\\\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18723811\",\n \"text\": \"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \\\"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Women in chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278870\",\n \"text\": \"theory of \\\"radioactivity\\\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10756651\",\n \"text\": \"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium ore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252646\",\n \"text\": \"does not match that now known for \\\"hafnium\\\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721385\",\n \"text\": \"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)\",\n \"title\": \"Irène Joliot-Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"51439\",\n \"text\": \"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in\",\n \"title\": \"Beta decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651066\",\n \"text\": \"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1820371\",\n \"text\": \"more powerful fusion weapons known as \\\"hydrogen bombs\\\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about\",\n \"title\": \"History of nuclear weapons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278890\",\n \"text\": \"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \\\"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\\\" She later would recall how she felt \\\"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\\\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69546\",\n \"text\": \"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10921124\",\n \"text\": \"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \\\"affect the living function\\\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann\",\n \"title\": \"Radiobiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19616880\",\n \"text\": \"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true\",\n \"title\": \"Project Y\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45717\",\n \"text\": \"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \\\"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\\\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered\",\n \"title\": \"Berkelium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1883369\",\n \"text\": \"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie\",\n \"title\": \"André-Louis Debierne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9152251\",\n \"text\": \"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the\",\n \"title\": \"Plutonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69543\",\n \"text\": \"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5754907\",\n \"text\": \"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \\\"platinum\\\" and \\\"Ural\\\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \\\"polia\\\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Gottfried Osann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278921\",\n \"text\": \"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313413\",\n \"text\": \"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651065\",\n \"text\": \"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4254828\",\n \"text\": \"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa\",\n \"title\": \"Jáchymov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"401229\",\n \"text\": \"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.\",\n \"title\": \"Synthetic element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"576618\",\n \"text\": \"original title) was published in the \\\"Proceedings of the Royal Society\\\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \\\"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\\\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),\",\n \"title\": \"Otto Hahn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313441\",\n \"text\": \"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \\\"The Bomb in the Basement\\\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313447\",\n \"text\": \"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28517\",\n \"text\": \"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971\",\n \"title\": \"Actinide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393088\",\n \"text\": \"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324246\",\n \"text\": \"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \\\"radioactivity\\\", and were pioneers in\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10210013\",\n \"text\": \"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon\",\n \"title\": \"Dayton Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9232\",\n \"text\": \"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \\\"group IA\\\". Later the group's name was changed to \\\"group 1\\\" in 1988. The trivial name \\\"alkali metals\\\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey\",\n \"title\": \"Alkali metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345265\",\n \"text\": \"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \\\"radium\\\", formed in Modern Latin from \\\"radius\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14748029\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\\\"ulica Freta 16\\\") in Warsaw's \\\"New Town\\\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313449\",\n \"text\": \"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482505\",\n \"text\": \"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \\\"radius\\\", meaning \\\"ray\\\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the\",\n \"title\": \"Alkaline earth metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1375874\",\n \"text\": \"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \\\"Radioactive Element 93\\\" in the \\\"Physical Review\\\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \\\"neptunium\\\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin McMillan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433633\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1621260\",\n \"text\": \"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements\",\n \"title\": \"Period 7 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2229272\",\n \"text\": \"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \\\"Nature\\\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \\\"radioactivity.\\\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear medicine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135050\",\n \"text\": \"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"175502\",\n \"text\": \"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \\\"celtium\\\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \\\"celtium\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Hafnium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533307\",\n \"text\": \"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2073037\",\n \"text\": \"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \\\"emanium\\\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different\",\n \"title\": \"Group 3 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313411\",\n \"text\": \"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1490164\",\n \"text\": \"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of\",\n \"title\": \"James Chadwick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313448\",\n \"text\": \"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393085\",\n \"text\": \"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071747\",\n \"text\": \"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \\\"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\\\" in \\\"Science\\\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to\",\n \"title\": \"Vilma Rose Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136010\",\n \"text\": \"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4033406\",\n \"text\": \"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \\\"Institut de Radiophysique\\\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.\",\n \"title\": \"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7879442\",\n \"text\": \"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to\",\n \"title\": \"Decay scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121286\",\n \"text\": \"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743483\",\n \"text\": \"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411\",\n \"text\": \"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \\\"dakin\\\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,\",\n \"title\": \"Astatine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"125679\",\n \"text\": \"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \\\"Uranium X\\\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \\\"Law of Radioactive Change,\\\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.\",\n \"title\": \"Ernest Rutherford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165485\",\n \"text\": \"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth\",\n \"title\": \"Halogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13811931\",\n \"text\": \"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He\",\n \"title\": \"Friedrich Oskar Giesel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"350096\",\n \"text\": \"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540423\",\n \"text\": \"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4\",\n \"title\": \"Uraninite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69043\",\n \"text\": \"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \\\"known\\\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"311753\",\n \"text\": \"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium\",\n \"title\": \"Periodic table\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3219856\",\n \"text\": \"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the\",\n \"title\": \"Tube Alloys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173895\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of\",\n \"title\": \"History of physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"722636\",\n \"text\": \"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute\",\n \"title\": \"Livermorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651067\",\n \"text\": \"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135052\",\n \"text\": \"Perey named the new isotope \\\"actinium-K\\\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \\\"catium\\\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \\\"cat\\\" rather than \\\"cation\\\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \\\"francium\\\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19670403\",\n \"text\": \"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.\",\n \"title\": \"Victorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1815931\",\n \"text\": \"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \\\"fog\\\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121287\",\n \"text\": \"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \\\"francium\\\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743479\",\n \"text\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of chemistry context: element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Polonium context the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\\n\\ntitle Chal context: Curie that sample of pitchblende was em four times as much radioactivity could be explained by presence of uranium alone The Curies gathered tons of pitchblende refined for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898 Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way polonium was extract it over several months uranium ore. first attempt at creatingmorium was 176 to 197 at the LB bomb cur-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\\ntitle: Marie Curie doubt, the sought to isol polonium and rad in form. Pblende is complex min separation of an ardu task. The discovery of polon been; chem resembles the element bismuth, andonium was the only bismuth- subst in the. Radium, was more elus; it closely chemically bariumblende 1898 Cur, appreci,contamin with barium, were still. The Curto ardu out differential\\n\\ntitle: decay: isotes systematic search for totaliumes also Pierreate elements:ium theactivity made these Marie Pierreie of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 499,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14807,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":93,"string":"93"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Elephantinely","Elephant tusks","Rogue Elephant","Elephant","🐘","Elephant hunting","Elephantineness","Elephant hunter","Rogue elephant","Baby elephants","Brown elephants","ELEPHANT","Elephan","פיל","Elephant population","Elephant evolution","Elefonts","Evolution of elephants","Elephants","Mating elephants","Elaphant","Elephant rage","Gestation period for elephants","Elephant tusk","Sexual behavior of elephants"],"string":"[\n \"Elephantinely\",\n \"Elephant tusks\",\n \"Rogue Elephant\",\n \"Elephant\",\n \"🐘\",\n \"Elephant hunting\",\n \"Elephantineness\",\n \"Elephant hunter\",\n \"Rogue elephant\",\n \"Baby elephants\",\n \"Brown elephants\",\n \"ELEPHANT\",\n \"Elephan\",\n \"פיל\",\n \"Elephant population\",\n \"Elephant evolution\",\n \"Elefonts\",\n \"Evolution of elephants\",\n \"Elephants\",\n \"Mating elephants\",\n \"Elaphant\",\n \"Elephant rage\",\n \"Gestation period for elephants\",\n \"Elephant tusk\",\n \"Sexual behavior of elephants\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Elephant"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1675073","text":"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \"Danger Island\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \"Banana Splits\" and \"Danger Island\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics, an","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9932571","text":"Splits\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \"Here Come The Beagles\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\".","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"9932558","text":"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\"You're the Lovin' End\"), Barry White (\"Doin' the Banana Split\"), and Gene Pitney (\"Two Ton Tessie\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\", \"Soul\", \"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\",","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"1675070","text":"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675087","text":"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"15831767","text":"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment","title":"Paradise (Coldplay song)"},{"id":"1675074","text":"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". While Snorky \"spoke\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \"The Three Musketeers\" segments were replaced with repeats of \"The Hillbilly Bears\",","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4993487","text":"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"4993485","text":"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"2742391","text":"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \"\"snork\"\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\"clams\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \"Snorks\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4683993","text":"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \"The Day of the Dolphin\" and \"The Birds\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"4548319","text":"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \"English Dialect Dictionary\" notes \"snorker\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \"snork\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few","title":"Snorkers"},{"id":"8330846","text":"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \"banana spider\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.","title":"Cultural depictions of spiders"},{"id":"14203088","text":"names\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \"snore\" and \"relax\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"4047482","text":"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" and \"Exit, stage left!\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \"Snaggletooth\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\" and \"Snooper and Blabber\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"13514830","text":"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by","title":"Popeye"},{"id":"12971396","text":"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \"Mr. Cartoon\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \"Beeper\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \"Mr. Cartoon\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\", which ended in December 1969. \"Beeper\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \"friend,\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily","title":"Mr. Cartoon"},{"id":"4817088","text":"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \"Berkeley Barb\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \"The Anarchist Cookbook\" in 1970, under the name \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \"Just throw the skins back, man!\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \"extraction\" from banana peel was","title":"Bananadine"},{"id":"10688089","text":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted","title":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue"},{"id":"2742394","text":"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\". Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4546994","text":"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \"Chi-co-ry\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \"Hey there, Au-to-cat\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \"Cattanooga Cats\" to be a hit program, like \"The Banana Splits\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \"Cattanooga Cats\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \"Laff-a-Lympics\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"20099827","text":"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \"Sesame Street\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but","title":"Peppermint Park (TV series)"},{"id":"6100988","text":"Hillbilly Bears\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \"Atom Ant\" and \"Secret Squirrel\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", and \"The Adventures of Gulliver\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967","title":"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show"},{"id":"15679393","text":"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \"Granastrapotherium\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \"Xenastrapotherium\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"1675079","text":"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4180704","text":"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \"Orkney Snork Nie\". The word \"snork\" means \"snore\": so the joke in the title means \"Orkney doesn't snore\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\". In this the pun is on the \"ook nie\"","title":"Orkney, North West"},{"id":"10127847","text":"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \"Yochelcionella\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \"snorkel\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \"snorkel\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their","title":"Yochelcionella"},{"id":"1912202","text":"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \"The Flintstones\", \"Top Cat\", and \"The Jetsons\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \"The Banana Splits\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \"The Archies\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\", \"Harlem Globetrotters\" and \"Josie and the Pussycats\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the","title":"Laugh track"},{"id":"624877","text":"Your Baby?\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \"The Archie Show\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \"Josie and the","title":"Bubblegum pop"},{"id":"14493023","text":"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \"Pete the Tramp\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \"The Tucker Twins\", \"Snorky\" and \"Pete's Pup\", which ran as \"topper\" strips alongside \"Pete the Tramp\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies","title":"Clarence D. Russell"},{"id":"2742387","text":"Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"669810","text":"Kidettes\", \"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\", \"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\", \"The Herculoids\", \"Shazzan\", \"Fantastic Four\", \"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\" and \"Samson & Goliath\" (a.k.a. \"Young Samson\"). \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \"Wacky Races\" and its spinoffs \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\" and \"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \"Cattanooga Cats\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny","title":"Hanna-Barbera"},{"id":"289293","text":"\"Punky Brewster\", \"ALF\" and \"Star Trek\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\" and \"H.R. Pufnstuf\"; and the original broadcasts of \"Gumby\", \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", \"Underdog\", \"The Smurfs\", \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\" and \"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \"One to Grow On\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \"Saved by the Bell\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on","title":"NBC"},{"id":"829133","text":"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh","title":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"},{"id":"10397029","text":"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \"Cow and Chicken\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \"Wacky Races\", \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\", \"The Banana Splits\" (including \"Arabian Knights\" and","title":"AKA Cartoon Network"},{"id":"15357663","text":"various \"Laff-A-Lympics\" stories were reprinted in \"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \"Superstar Olympics\" appeared in \"Hanna-Barbera Presents\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \"Laff-A-Lympics\" hand-held","title":"Laff-A-Lympics"},{"id":"1675071","text":"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\". \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \"The Banana Bunch\", but they could","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"7468259","text":"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \"U-58\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \"snuiver\" (\"sniffer\"). As early as 1938, a","title":"History of submarines"},{"id":"14601012","text":"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \"The Smurfs\" and \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \"It's Punky Brewster\" (based on the sitcom \"Punky Brewster\"), \"\" (based on the sitcom \"ALF\") and \"\" (based on the science fiction drama \"Star Trek\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\"The Gary Coleman Show\") and Mr. T (\"Mister T\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\"","title":"Children's programming on NBC"},{"id":"4546989","text":"concurrently with \"Cattanooga Cats\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \"Cattanooga Cats\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \"Cheesie\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \"Autograph Hound\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \"Teeny Tim\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"3577023","text":"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\" and \"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \"Seed pie leave now\". \"","title":"Digitiser"},{"id":"5402875","text":"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all","title":"The Minpins"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"14203090","text":"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \"Pokémon\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \"Pokémon Red\", \"Blue\", their \"upper version\" and their remakes,","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"3178379","text":"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \"The Hunting of the Snark\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \"agony in eight fits\" – was the final line, \"For the snark was a boojum, you see\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"10428684","text":"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \"Berkeley Barb\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \"The Anarchist Cookbook.\" This book claimed \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \"mellow yellow\" and \"saffron\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \"Mellow Yellow,\" perhaps because the phrase","title":"Urban legends about drugs"},{"id":"14203094","text":"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \"Melee\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \"Pokémon\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \"Wake Up Snorlax!\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \"Snack Attack!\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"860843","text":"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City","title":"Latrobe, Pennsylvania"},{"id":"5913958","text":"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \"The Simpsons\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \"Rugrats\", provided their voices for the \"Snorks\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \"Pussy\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,","title":"Brian the Bachelor"},{"id":"2598739","text":"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". \"The Banana Splits\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \"H.R. Pufnstuf\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows","title":"Sid Krofft"},{"id":"243402","text":"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\"Rattus rattus\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\"Halichoerus grypus\"), Sika deer (\"Cervus nippon\"), pygmy shrew (\"Sorex minutus\") and feral","title":"Lundy"},{"id":"16435920","text":"and Sally Field on \"The Flying Nun\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \"Danger Island\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \"Uh-oh Chongo!\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work","title":"Kim Kahana"},{"id":"18797528","text":"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \"Darlene and Jinx\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in","title":"Jinx (chimpanzee)"},{"id":"830570","text":"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \"Ink and Paint Club\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \"the","title":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit"},{"id":"15679395","text":"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \"et al\"., 2015, showing the position of \"Granastrapotherium\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\";","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"4047485","text":"six-issue miniseries \"\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \"The Wizard of Oz\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"16921314","text":"one sitting and one \"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks","title":"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom"},{"id":"3837740","text":"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\" (17 shows), \"The New Adventures of Gilligan\" (24 shows), \"My Favorite Martians\" (16 shows), and former \"Uncle Croc's Block\" segments \"M.U.S.H.\" (\"\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\"\"), \"Fraidy Cat\", and \"Wacky and Packy\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \"Laugh-In\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown","title":"Groovie Goolies"},{"id":"12482352","text":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little","title":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper"},{"id":"12915005","text":"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \"Kick-Ass\".","title":"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)"},{"id":"12277004","text":"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \"naive and inexperienced\", he followed Marzouk seeking \"the adventure of Afghanistan\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the","title":"Amr Hamed"},{"id":"4683995","text":"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \"marine animals\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"10933627","text":"repackaged into syndication as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \"The Banana Splits\", \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the","title":"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"},{"id":"2742393","text":"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete First Season\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\" on","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"1675078","text":"producer credits, the other being \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675072","text":"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \"The Banana Splits\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \"Danger Island\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \"Micro Ventures\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \"Arabian Knights\" and \"The Three Musketeers\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9524019","text":"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \"Cartoon Alley\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" and \"Half-Pint Pygmy\") were","title":"Cartoon Alley"},{"id":"1709065","text":"original. \"The Three Musketeers\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\" and \"The Banana Splits & Friends\" show. \"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \"\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime","title":"The Three Musketeers"},{"id":"5097049","text":"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \"The Velvet Underground & Nico\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \"peel slowly and see\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \"mush slowly and guac.\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got","title":"Hellogoodbye (EP)"},{"id":"2945615","text":"the Science Guy\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \"Curious George\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \"Snarf and Bugger.\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the","title":"Dragon Tales"},{"id":"6063856","text":"Masked booby The masked booby (\"Sula dactylatra\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \"Sula\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \"Sula granti\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy","title":"Masked booby"},{"id":"14885143","text":"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \"King Kong\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic","title":"King Klunk"},{"id":"13594222","text":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,","title":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?"},{"id":"17542302","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"17542312","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"14274863","text":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of","title":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)"},{"id":"12668159","text":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\". Various endangered animals answer the question \"What do you see?\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping","title":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?"},{"id":"8153190","text":"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \"\"The Lock Up\"\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but","title":"The Sandwich EP"},{"id":"744327","text":"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \"Monster Squad\" and \"Van Helsing\". The Hulk is an example of the \"Monster as Hero\" archetype. The theme of the \"Friendly Monster\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \"monsters\". The creatures of \"Monsters, Inc.\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or","title":"Monster"},{"id":"12381579","text":"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \"Rocky and Bullwinkle\" (also known as \"Rocky and his Friends\", \"The Bullwinkle Show\" or \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\"), a series starring a \"plucky\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern","title":"Funny animal"},{"id":"1675076","text":"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \"Doin' The Banana Split\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \"Banana Buggies\" mentioned","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1974701","text":"other and say: \"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\" – \"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \"Trust me, I'm a rat!\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,","title":"Bananas in Pyjamas"},{"id":"7651517","text":"stating underneath, \"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \"Fearsome Creatures\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest","title":"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts"},{"id":"1675075","text":"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \"The Atom Ant Show\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"8755663","text":"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \"DOPI\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \"creepy creatures\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order","title":"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)"},{"id":"3178380","text":"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \"chasm\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \"boojum\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\". The snark's flavour","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"16376949","text":"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \"Super Bubsy\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy","title":"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind"},{"id":"118790","text":"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze","title":"Elephant"},{"id":"4047484","text":"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \"Mudsy\" Muddlemore from \"The Funky Phantom\" and Brutus the lion from \"The Roman Holidays\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"14904556","text":"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \"The Banana Republic\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \"The Jungle Book\",","title":"Djungelboken"},{"id":"9932564","text":"1989 release \"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\" and as a hidden track on the \"Our Bodies Our Selves\" release also from 1993. \"Banana Pad Riot\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\"Two Ton Tessie\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\"We're The Banana Splits\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\"Doin' The Banana Split\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \"The Tra La La Song\" for the 1995 compilation album \"\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"2823921","text":"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not","title":"Pearls Before Swine (comics)"},{"id":"4230623","text":"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round","title":"Siphon (mollusc)"},{"id":"20009309","text":"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was","title":"Robert Irwin (television personality)"},{"id":"6337407","text":"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \"Macrauchenia\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \"Macrauchenia\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \"Macrauchenia\" is known, like its","title":"Macrauchenia"},{"id":"4118553","text":"Kids\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \"Peanuts\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep","title":"Speech balloon"},{"id":"2559653","text":"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they","title":"Common snapping turtle"},{"id":"2308433","text":"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \"Sus scrofa domesticus\" or \"Sus domesticus\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants","title":"Suidae"},{"id":"9650786","text":"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \"Rallus plateni\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \"Aramidopsis\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails","title":"Snoring rail"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1675073\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932571\",\n \"text\": \"Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932558\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\\\"You're the Lovin' End\\\"), Barry White (\\\"Doin' the Banana Split\\\"), and Gene Pitney (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\\\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\\\", \\\"Soul\\\", \\\"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675070\",\n \"text\": \"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675087\",\n \"text\": \"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15831767\",\n \"text\": \"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment\",\n \"title\": \"Paradise (Coldplay song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675074\",\n \"text\": \"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". While Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" segments were replaced with repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993487\",\n \"text\": \"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993485\",\n \"text\": \"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742391\",\n \"text\": \"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \\\"\\\"snork\\\"\\\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\\\"clams\\\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \\\"Snorks\\\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683993\",\n \"text\": \"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \\\"The Day of the Dolphin\\\" and \\\"The Birds\\\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4548319\",\n \"text\": \"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \\\"English Dialect Dictionary\\\" notes \\\"snorker\\\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \\\"snork\\\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few\",\n \"title\": \"Snorkers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8330846\",\n \"text\": \"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \\\"banana spider\\\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of spiders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203088\",\n \"text\": \"names\\\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \\\"snore\\\" and \\\"relax\\\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047482\",\n \"text\": \"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" and \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \\\"Snaggletooth\\\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \\\"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\\\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \\\"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\\\" and \\\"Snooper and Blabber\\\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13514830\",\n \"text\": \"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12971396\",\n \"text\": \"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \\\"Beeper\\\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\", which ended in December 1969. \\\"Beeper\\\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \\\"friend,\\\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Cartoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4817088\",\n \"text\": \"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook\\\" in 1970, under the name \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \\\"Just throw the skins back, man!\\\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \\\"extraction\\\" from banana peel was\",\n \"title\": \"Bananadine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688089\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742394\",\n \"text\": \"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\\\". Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546994\",\n \"text\": \"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \\\"Chi-co-ry\\\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \\\"Hey there, Au-to-cat\\\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" to be a hit program, like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \\\"Laff-a-Lympics\\\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20099827\",\n \"text\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \\\"Sesame Street\\\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but\",\n \"title\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6100988\",\n \"text\": \"Hillbilly Bears\\\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \\\"Atom Ant\\\" and \\\"Secret Squirrel\\\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967\",\n \"title\": \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679393\",\n \"text\": \"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \\\"Xenastrapotherium\\\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675079\",\n \"text\": \"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \\\"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\\\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4180704\",\n \"text\": \"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \\\"Orkney Snork Nie\\\". The word \\\"snork\\\" means \\\"snore\\\": so the joke in the title means \\\"Orkney doesn't snore\\\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \\\"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\\\". In this the pun is on the \\\"ook nie\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orkney, North West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10127847\",\n \"text\": \"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \\\"Yochelcionella\\\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \\\"snorkel\\\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \\\"snorkel\\\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their\",\n \"title\": \"Yochelcionella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1912202\",\n \"text\": \"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \\\"The Flintstones\\\", \\\"Top Cat\\\", and \\\"The Jetsons\\\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \\\"The Archies\\\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\", \\\"Harlem Globetrotters\\\" and \\\"Josie and the Pussycats\\\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the\",\n \"title\": \"Laugh track\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"624877\",\n \"text\": \"Your Baby?\\\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \\\"The Archie Show\\\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Josie and the\",\n \"title\": \"Bubblegum pop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14493023\",\n \"text\": \"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\\\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \\\"The Tucker Twins\\\", \\\"Snorky\\\" and \\\"Pete's Pup\\\", which ran as \\\"topper\\\" strips alongside \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies\",\n \"title\": \"Clarence D. Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742387\",\n \"text\": \"Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"669810\",\n \"text\": \"Kidettes\\\", \\\"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\\\", \\\"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\\\", \\\"The Herculoids\\\", \\\"Shazzan\\\", \\\"Fantastic Four\\\", \\\"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\\\" and \\\"Samson & Goliath\\\" (a.k.a. \\\"Young Samson\\\"). \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \\\"Wacky Races\\\" and its spinoffs \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\" and \\\"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\\\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289293\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Punky Brewster\\\", \\\"ALF\\\" and \\\"Star Trek\\\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\" and \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\"; and the original broadcasts of \\\"Gumby\\\", \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\", \\\"Underdog\\\", \\\"The Smurfs\\\", \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\" and \\\"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\\\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \\\"One to Grow On\\\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \\\"Saved by the Bell\\\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on\",\n \"title\": \"NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829133\",\n \"text\": \"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh\",\n \"title\": \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10397029\",\n \"text\": \"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \\\"Cow and Chicken\\\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \\\"Wacky Races\\\", \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\", \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" (including \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"AKA Cartoon Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15357663\",\n \"text\": \"various \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" stories were reprinted in \\\"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\\\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \\\"Superstar Olympics\\\" appeared in \\\"Hanna-Barbera Presents\\\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" hand-held\",\n \"title\": \"Laff-A-Lympics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675071\",\n \"text\": \"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \\\"The Banana Bunch\\\", but they could\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7468259\",\n \"text\": \"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \\\"U-58\\\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \\\"snuiver\\\" (\\\"sniffer\\\"). As early as 1938, a\",\n \"title\": \"History of submarines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14601012\",\n \"text\": \"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \\\"The Smurfs\\\" and \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \\\"It's Punky Brewster\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"Punky Brewster\\\"), \\\"\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"ALF\\\") and \\\"\\\" (based on the science fiction drama \\\"Star Trek\\\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\\\"The Gary Coleman Show\\\") and Mr. T (\\\"Mister T\\\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Children's programming on NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546989\",\n \"text\": \"concurrently with \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \\\"Cheesie\\\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \\\"Autograph Hound\\\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \\\"Teeny Tim\\\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3577023\",\n \"text\": \"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\\\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\\\" and \\\"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \\\"Seed pie leave now\\\". \\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Digitiser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5402875\",\n \"text\": \"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all\",\n \"title\": \"The Minpins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203090\",\n \"text\": \"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \\\"Pokémon\\\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \\\"Pokémon Red\\\", \\\"Blue\\\", their \\\"upper version\\\" and their remakes,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178379\",\n \"text\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \\\"The Hunting of the Snark\\\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \\\"agony in eight fits\\\" – was the final line, \\\"For the snark was a boojum, you see\\\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10428684\",\n \"text\": \"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook.\\\" This book claimed \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \\\"mellow yellow\\\" and \\\"saffron\\\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \\\"Mellow Yellow,\\\" perhaps because the phrase\",\n \"title\": \"Urban legends about drugs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203094\",\n \"text\": \"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \\\"Melee\\\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \\\"Pokémon\\\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \\\"Wake Up Snorlax!\\\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \\\"Snack Attack!\\\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"860843\",\n \"text\": \"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City\",\n \"title\": \"Latrobe, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5913958\",\n \"text\": \"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \\\"The Simpsons\\\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \\\"Rugrats\\\", provided their voices for the \\\"Snorks\\\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \\\"Pussy\\\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,\",\n \"title\": \"Brian the Bachelor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2598739\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows\",\n \"title\": \"Sid Krofft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"243402\",\n \"text\": \"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\\\"Rattus rattus\\\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\\\"Halichoerus grypus\\\"), Sika deer (\\\"Cervus nippon\\\"), pygmy shrew (\\\"Sorex minutus\\\") and feral\",\n \"title\": \"Lundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16435920\",\n \"text\": \"and Sally Field on \\\"The Flying Nun\\\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \\\"Danger Island\\\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \\\"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \\\"Uh-oh Chongo!\\\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work\",\n \"title\": \"Kim Kahana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18797528\",\n \"text\": \"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \\\"Darlene and Jinx\\\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in\",\n \"title\": \"Jinx (chimpanzee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"830570\",\n \"text\": \"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \\\"Ink and Paint Club\\\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679395\",\n \"text\": \"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \\\"et al\\\"., 2015, showing the position of \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\";\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047485\",\n \"text\": \"six-issue miniseries \\\"\\\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16921314\",\n \"text\": \"one sitting and one \\\"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\\\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \\\"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\\\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \\\"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\\\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks\",\n \"title\": \"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3837740\",\n \"text\": \"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \\\"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\\\" (17 shows), \\\"The New Adventures of Gilligan\\\" (24 shows), \\\"My Favorite Martians\\\" (16 shows), and former \\\"Uncle Croc's Block\\\" segments \\\"M.U.S.H.\\\" (\\\"\\\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\\\"\\\"), \\\"Fraidy Cat\\\", and \\\"Wacky and Packy\\\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \\\"Laugh-In\\\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown\",\n \"title\": \"Groovie Goolies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12482352\",\n \"text\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little\",\n \"title\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12915005\",\n \"text\": \"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12277004\",\n \"text\": \"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \\\"naive and inexperienced\\\", he followed Marzouk seeking \\\"the adventure of Afghanistan\\\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the\",\n \"title\": \"Amr Hamed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683995\",\n \"text\": \"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \\\"marine animals\\\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10933627\",\n \"text\": \"repackaged into syndication as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the\",\n \"title\": \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742393\",\n \"text\": \"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \\\"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\\\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete First Season\\\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\\\" on\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675078\",\n \"text\": \"producer credits, the other being \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \\\"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\\\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675072\",\n \"text\": \"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \\\"Danger Island\\\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \\\"Micro Ventures\\\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9524019\",\n \"text\": \"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \\\"Cartoon Alley\\\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" and \\\"Half-Pint Pygmy\\\") were\",\n \"title\": \"Cartoon Alley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709065\",\n \"text\": \"original. \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \\\"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\\\" and \\\"The Banana Splits & Friends\\\" show. \\\"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\\\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \\\"\\\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \\\"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\\\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5097049\",\n \"text\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \\\"The Velvet Underground & Nico\\\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \\\"peel slowly and see\\\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \\\"mush slowly and guac.\\\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got\",\n \"title\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945615\",\n \"text\": \"the Science Guy\\\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \\\"Curious George\\\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \\\"Snarf and Bugger.\\\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the\",\n \"title\": \"Dragon Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6063856\",\n \"text\": \"Masked booby The masked booby (\\\"Sula dactylatra\\\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \\\"Sula\\\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \\\"Sula granti\\\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy\",\n \"title\": \"Masked booby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14885143\",\n \"text\": \"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \\\"King Kong\\\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic\",\n \"title\": \"King Klunk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13594222\",\n \"text\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,\",\n \"title\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542302\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542312\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14274863\",\n \"text\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668159\",\n \"text\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\". Various endangered animals answer the question \\\"What do you see?\\\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping\",\n \"title\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8153190\",\n \"text\": \"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \\\"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\\\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \\\"\\\"The Lock Up\\\"\\\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but\",\n \"title\": \"The Sandwich EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"744327\",\n \"text\": \"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \\\"Monster Squad\\\" and \\\"Van Helsing\\\". The Hulk is an example of the \\\"Monster as Hero\\\" archetype. The theme of the \\\"Friendly Monster\\\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \\\"monsters\\\". The creatures of \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or\",\n \"title\": \"Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12381579\",\n \"text\": \"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \\\"Rocky and Bullwinkle\\\" (also known as \\\"Rocky and his Friends\\\", \\\"The Bullwinkle Show\\\" or \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\"), a series starring a \\\"plucky\\\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Funny animal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675076\",\n \"text\": \"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \\\"Banana Buggies\\\" mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974701\",\n \"text\": \"other and say: \\\"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\\\" – \\\"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\\\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \\\"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\\\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \\\"Trust me, I'm a rat!\\\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \\\"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\\\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,\",\n \"title\": \"Bananas in Pyjamas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7651517\",\n \"text\": \"stating underneath, \\\"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \\\"Fearsome Creatures\\\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675075\",\n \"text\": \"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \\\"The Atom Ant Show\\\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \\\"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8755663\",\n \"text\": \"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \\\"DOPI\\\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \\\"creepy creatures\\\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178380\",\n \"text\": \"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \\\"chasm\\\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \\\"boojum\\\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \\\"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\\\". The snark's flavour\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16376949\",\n \"text\": \"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \\\"Super Bubsy\\\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy\",\n \"title\": \"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"118790\",\n \"text\": \"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze\",\n \"title\": \"Elephant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047484\",\n \"text\": \"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \\\"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\\\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \\\"Mudsy\\\" Muddlemore from \\\"The Funky Phantom\\\" and Brutus the lion from \\\"The Roman Holidays\\\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \\\"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\\\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14904556\",\n \"text\": \"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \\\"The Banana Republic\\\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \\\"The Jungle Book\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Djungelboken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932564\",\n \"text\": \"1989 release \\\"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\\\" and as a hidden track on the \\\"Our Bodies Our Selves\\\" release also from 1993. \\\"Banana Pad Riot\\\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\\\"We're The Banana Splits\\\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \\\"The Tra La La Song\\\" for the 1995 compilation album \\\"\\\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2823921\",\n \"text\": \"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not\",\n \"title\": \"Pearls Before Swine (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4230623\",\n \"text\": \"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round\",\n \"title\": \"Siphon (mollusc)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20009309\",\n \"text\": \"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Irwin (television personality)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6337407\",\n \"text\": \"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\" is known, like its\",\n \"title\": \"Macrauchenia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4118553\",\n \"text\": \"Kids\\\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \\\"Peanuts\\\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep\",\n \"title\": \"Speech balloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2559653\",\n \"text\": \"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they\",\n \"title\": \"Common snapping turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2308433\",\n \"text\": \"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \\\"Sus scrofa domesticus\\\" or \\\"Sus domesticus\\\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants\",\n \"title\": \"Suidae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9650786\",\n \"text\": \"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \\\"Rallus plateni\\\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \\\"Aramidopsis\\\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails\",\n \"title\": \"Snoring rail\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Splits context: Michael) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 216,\n \"origin_tokens\": 217,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Banana Splitsography context: Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Spl context: elephant. Fleegle assume the role of of Banana Splits and at club meet. The characters were played by actors voluminecy costumes similar to Sid and Marty Kff characters such \\\"H.R. Pufnst Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" hon no, spokeDro with a Southern draw in manner Michael Nesmith Fleegle with pronounced lisp. Splits' including-of-the-week and skits served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In, \\\" Three Musketeers segments were replaced repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\\ntitle The Spl: Theana Spl Theanaits wasaged program featuring The, a fict rock of animal characters. Theumed hosts were (itar),ingo (rums,), (b, Snork,). The produceda and ran 1 onBC Saturday m from September 7, 96, 51970 and from 19 to9. The by Sidyt, and the sponsor was Cere.\\n\\ntitle: La:. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 552,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15930,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":94,"string":"94"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["REO (album)","Alan Gratzer","R.E.O. Speedwagon","REO Speedwagon","Michael Bryan Murphy","Can't Stop Rockin","Reo Speedwagon","R.E.O Speedwagon"],"string":"[\n \"REO (album)\",\n \"Alan Gratzer\",\n \"R.E.O. Speedwagon\",\n \"REO Speedwagon\",\n \"Michael Bryan Murphy\",\n \"Can't Stop Rockin\",\n \"Reo Speedwagon\",\n \"R.E.O Speedwagon\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"REO Speedwagon"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"354395","text":"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \"Keep On Loving You\" and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6330528","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6330532","text":"episode of The Goldbergs. In 2016, the song was used in the UK and US on adverts for Sheba cat food. REO Speedwagon Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"9054333","text":"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \"Keep on Loving You\" (1981) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"1140723","text":"channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \"Gimme All Your Lovin'\" (1983), which helped their albums \"Eliminator\" (1983) and \"Afterburner\" (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1984), Journey with \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) and \"Open Arms\" (1982), Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love","title":"Hard rock"},{"id":"19753522","text":"I Do' Wanna Know \"I Do' Wanna Know\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin that was the lead single from REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was more of a rocker reminiscent of the songs REO Speedwagon had released in the 1970s than the ballads the band had been successful with in the early 1980s. It had limited success on popular music charts, which was blamed for delaying sales of the album until the release of the follow up single, the ballad \"Can't Fight This Feeling.\" The video to the song was nominated for several awards. \"I","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354408","text":"#7), \"Sweet Time\" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit \"The Key.\" The band came storming back two years later with \"Wheels Are Turnin'\", an album that included the #1 hit single \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" plus three more hits: \"I Do' Wanna Know\" (U.S. #29), \"One Lonely Night\" (U.S. #19), and \"Live Every Moment\" (U.S. #34). REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May. On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6240520","text":"Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \"Good Trouble\", reaching No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single was \"I Do' Wanna Know,\" which stalled at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. But the second single, \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \"One Lonely Night\" and \"Live Every Moment\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"9054335","text":"lead vocals due to his conversion to Christianity. The band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but are still releasing records such as \"Find Your Own Way Home\" in 2007. Their most famous album, \"Hi Infidelity\", sold over 10 million copies. Kevin has stated in various interviews that they \"play for free but get paid for the traveling\". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as \"Keep on Loving You\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling\", \"The Key\", \"Keep Pushin'\", \"Roll With the Changes\", \"Time for Me to Fly\", \"Movin'\", \"Here With","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"13691041","text":"copies in the U.S. which led it to go 4× Platinum. A conspicuous absentee from the album is \"Keep the Fire Burnin'\", which reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1982. The collection is one of several released by the band's label. The album was remastered and reissued in 2002. The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"12989578","text":"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the","title":"The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)"},{"id":"5474077","text":"little mainstream success reaching #58 R&B. However the track did afford Hunt a hit in France at #10 and charted in the UK at #44. In 1982 she helped write and produce some of the music for Chéri. Hunt is the mother of three children; Rosalind Hunt of the musical group Chéri, singer Freddie James and writer Jeanne (Dupuis) Croteau. Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"13889254","text":"for the fighting game, Tekken Tag Tournament 2. His highest charting single so far is \"Can't Fight this Feeling\", with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, which managed a peak position of #13 in France and has been in the chart for 17 consecutive weeks. It was also a smash hit in Russia, where it topped the charts, and was a worldwide hit on the club scene. This year, he made a remix of the song \"Live Your Dreams\". This song is a Soraya's (a popular Spanish singer) collaboration with the very famous French DJ Antoine Clamaran. The song has been very successful and","title":"Junior Caldera"},{"id":"13766814","text":"pick-me-up. It's true: You can be famous – even if there's no money left in the world.\" Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Mays auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".\" Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as: \"I'm just like my character. I've","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"6330529","text":"well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert; they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number-one single at the moment in the United States. Two different music videos exist for the song. One is a basic video, appearing almost homemade, featuring the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6903346","text":"Sammy Cohen who was a Vaudeville performer who became an alcoholic and lost his career. He is interested in renewing his career and has faith in Theresa's ability, and together they develop an act called \"Buddy and Babe\" in order to raise money for Theresa's tuition. Shot in 1979, the film was released in 1983, by which time the film's \"TV Singer\" Geraldine Hunt had scored a 1980 \"Billboard\" National Disco Action Top 100 number-one hit with \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hey Babe! Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also known as Rise and Shine, is a 1980 film,","title":"Hey Babe!"},{"id":"13691040","text":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart; however, it would be the last single to feature drummer Alan Gratzer and guitarist Gary Richrath, as they each left the band within the year following this album's release. The album has sold over 4 million","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"5474074","text":"Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank Milligan. Her father was a one-man band, and her grandmother, Louella Reed, was a singer on the Chitlin Circuit. In 1947 her family relocated to Chicago. While growing up on Chicago's south side Hunt discovered her musical talent. Living in that part of Chicago was not easy; recalls Geraldine. \"On the weekends, we had to sleep on the floor, gangs","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"19753524","text":"being \"bubblegum-edged.\" The lyrics represent the singer's reproachment of a lover he believes is about to leave him. Draba-Mann points out that \"Do'\" in the title is not the affirmative \"do\" but rather an abbreviation for \"don't.\" The single had only limited chart success. It peaked at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, although it did better on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock chart where it reached #5. The follow up single from \"Wheels Are Turnin\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Billboard Magazine\" writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of \"I Do' Wanna Know\"","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354409","text":"Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Roll With the Changes,\" which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals. 1987's \"Life as We Know It\" saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits \"That Ain't Love\" (U.S. #16) and \"In My Dreams\" (U.S. #19). \"The Hits\" (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks \"Here With Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You.\" \"Here with Me\" cracked","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"13018165","text":"\"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Kevin McHale came from a boy-band background, having previously been part of the group Not Like Them. He explained that the diversity of the cast's backgrounds reflects the range of different musical styles within the show itself: \"It's a mix of everything: classic rock, current stuff, R&B. Even the musical theatre stuff is switched up. You won't always recognize it.\"","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"777487","text":"his eighth U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number-one song, at the moment being the most among male artists. It became the best-selling song of the year in the U.S. with 2.4 million copies sold. On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\", since the song earned him a nomination. Also that year, Timberlake starred with Kate Winslet and Juno Temple in Woody Allen's drama film \"Wonder Wheel\", and headlined several festivals and live sets, including Rock in Rio, the United States Grand Prix, and the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival, which","title":"Justin Timberlake"},{"id":"3817877","text":"allocated the 15th spot on the list. The song debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when \"Like a Virgin\" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and Phil Collins' \"One More Night\". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single \"Crazy for You\" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous","title":"Material Girl"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"13753770","text":"named after the character Kurt from \"The Sound of Music\", was created for him. Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to demonstrate their ability to sing and dance. Jayma Mays (Emma Pillsbury) auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith (Finn Hudson) initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Cory Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as his lack of formal training","title":"Characters of Glee"},{"id":"13018213","text":"Lea Michele sounding raw—and lovely—on a \"What a Girl Wants\", or Monteith singing a perfectly credible REO Speedwagon in the shower, there's Michele and Monteith sounding like 1990s-era Cher on \"No Air\", or Monteith sounding like the Monteith XRZ-200 on the out-of-the-shower version of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". During the second season, Rob Sheffield for \"Rolling Stone\" noted the Britney Spears and \"Rocky Horror\" tribute episodes as examples when he lauded \"Glee\" and its choice of music. He praised Murphy for his selection and resurrection of \"forgotten\" pop songs and compared the show's uniqueness to \"MTV in its prime\" as","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"8417784","text":"debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart for the week ending 5 August, climbing to number 1 in its 21 October 2006 issue. For this song, he was awarded at the International Dance Music Awards at WMC (Miami, USA) with Best HiNRG/Euro track. There he met New York based house diva Barbara Tucker. By the end of 2007 they released the single \"One\". In 2008, Peter Luts associated with house producer Basto and released the single \"On My Own\". He also released the singles \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"The Rain\". Peter Luts Peter Luts (14","title":"Peter Luts"},{"id":"12565668","text":"had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577058","text":"Cronin who appears to be a wizard. The rest of the video follows the knight walking through the streets of a big city. The video uses a lot of stop motion. REO Speedwagon One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"1983174","text":"Fleetwood Mac, co-written with Melissa Manchester. He followed it in 1979 with \"Keep the Fire\" and in 1982 with High Adventure. The latter contained his rock duet with Journey front man Steve Perry \"Don't Fight It\", which rose to No. 17 on the \"US Billboard Top 100\". Although he abandoned playing the harmonica in his solo career, he continued to play guitar, just as he had done with Loggins & Messina. Loggins also co-wrote the song \"What a Fool Believes\" with Michael McDonald. Each recorded his own version of the song, with McDonald recording as a member of the Doobie","title":"Kenny Loggins"},{"id":"3902558","text":"acts such as Johnny Mathis (two albums), Billy Paul, Ronnie Dyson, Anthony & The Imperials and New York City in the mid to late 1970s, but generally with less commercial appeal. Subsequently, Bell had success with Deniece Williams, including her R&B #1 and Top 10 re-make of The Royalettes' \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" in 1982; James Ingram with \"I Don't Have the Heart\" in 1990 (Bell's second #1 pop hit); and Elton John, whose EP, \"The Thom Bell Sessions,\" featured back-up by the Spinners and produced the Top 10 hit, \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\", in 1979. Other artists","title":"Thom Bell"},{"id":"6240522","text":"initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\"' before the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single. In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope. Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"5474076","text":"her first glimmer of success in 1970 when \"You & I\" a duet with Charlie Hodges reached #45 on the R&B chart in \"Billboard\" and in 1972 Hunt's remake of \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" reached #47 R&B. In 1975 Hunt relocated to Montreal, Quebec where she recorded her first album in 1978, the disco-oriented \"Sweet Honesty\". In 1980 Hunt's second album \"No Way\" yielded the track \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" which reached #1 on the club chart in \"Billboard\" where it spent a total of seven weeks: with Top 40 radio then being disco-resistant \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" had","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"2791107","text":"the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed mild success thanks to Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias and Bertie Higgins. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \"You Are\" in 1983 and \"Hello\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100. Soft rock persisted in the 1990s, with artists from previous decades continuing to release new music, such as Genesis, whose 1992 soft rock single \"Hold on","title":"Soft rock"},{"id":"19753525","text":"before \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" could be regarded as an \"oversight,\" However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who authored both songs disagreed, stating that \"At that point we'd been out of the public eye for two years...and we wanted to re-establish ourselves as being back with our upbeat shuffle rock 'n' roll stuff,\" adding that the song \"made its point\" and that \"not all singles are released to be hits.\" Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\" prior to the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" \"wasn't fully accepted at","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"8295464","text":"his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects. The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande. Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. Others songs featured in the film are: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \"\"Horton Hears A Who!\" is both whimsical and heartwarming,","title":"Horton Hears a Who! (film)"},{"id":"5359267","text":"all-time record. In order, these singles were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\" and \"I Feel Fine\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \"4 – by the Beatles\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \"Eight Days a Week\", \"Ticket to Ride\", \"Help!\", \"Yesterday\" and \"We","title":"I Feel Fine"},{"id":"10717771","text":"Chicago Recording Company Chicago Recording Company, or CRC, is a recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1975. Boasting twelve studios, CRC is the largest recording company in the midwest, and the largest independent studio in the country. Originally called Sound House Studios, CRC was founded by Alan Kubicka in Medinah, Illinois. In 1975 the studio moved to Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL and became Chicago Recording Company. Early records made there include \"Lovin' Feeling\" by Phil Upchurch and \"Don't Fight The Feeling\" by Jim Peterik CRC has been host to dozens of notable artists that have recorded at the","title":"Chicago Recording Company"},{"id":"20689686","text":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \"Can't Fight the Feeling\" and \"I Feel a Change\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \"Stay Away\" by Nirvana and \"Heart of Gold\"","title":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)"},{"id":"8412517","text":"Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \"Multi-Platinum\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"Can't Slow Down\", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive","title":"Lionel Richie discography"},{"id":"13766811","text":"digital download. \"On My Own\" charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK, and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" charted at number 117 in the UK. \"Rehab\" charted at number 93 in Australia, 38 in Ireland, 62 in the UK and 98 in America. \"Don't Stop Believin' reached number 2 in the UK, 4 in America, 50 in Canada, 5 in Australia, 4 in Ireland and 16 in New Zealand. It sold 177,000 copies in the US in its first week, and went on to sell the most copies of any \"Glee\" single: it was certified gold with","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"16854987","text":"artist. Webster's best known work is his material recorded since the mid-1980s including the Jamaican number one single \"Can We Meet\" and work with producers Norman Grant of the Twinkle Brothers and later Ocho Rios-based Barry O'Hare, which has resulted in several albums, primarily comprising roots reggae. Webster suffered a stroke in 2008, which restricted his movement and he now uses a wheelchair. He has continued to record, including the \"Inner Path\" album in 2011. He was honoured at the 2011 Reggae Sumfest festival with the 'Reggae Icon' award. E.T. Webster Errol \"E.T.\" Webster (born c. 1945) is a Jamaican","title":"E.T. Webster"},{"id":"2722618","text":"from The Supremes's \"Baby Love\" (1964), Aretha Franklin's \"Rock Steady\" (1971) and Irene Cara's \"What A Feeling\" (1983), respectively. \"60s 70s 80s\" became a huge success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and sold over 293,000 units in that region, becoming Amuro's first number-one single since \"I Have Never Seen\" and her highest selling single since \"Baby Don't Cry\". On March 25, 2008, Amuro was awarded \"Best Female Video\" for \"Hide & Seek\" (from the album \"Play\") at Space Shower Music Video Awards. \"Hide & Seek\" also won the award for \"Best R&B Video\" at MTV","title":"Namie Amuro"},{"id":"12565651","text":"profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours; she also teamed up with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987 for the multi-plaitnum \"Trio\" album. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. In addition","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"5895595","text":"number-one from a previous position beneath the Top 20, following The Beatles and the 27–1 leap of their single \"Can't Buy Me Love\" in April 1964. In addition, it was the first number-one collaboration between solo women since 1979's two-weeks number-one run of \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough),\" performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer. The same week, \"The Boy Is Mine\" also moved to number-one on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. Within the first month of its purchasable release the song went on to sell 605,000 units. It spent","title":"The Boy Is Mine (song)"},{"id":"13754009","text":"musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal skills were considered weak, but he later performed very well with one of \"Glee\" casting directors, who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn's, his \"naive, but not stupid sweetness\". Monteith said of his casting process, \"I was like a lot of kids, looking for something to be interested in. Something to be passionate about. All you need is permission. Not only for \"Glee\", but for anything","title":"Finn Hudson"},{"id":"2166491","text":"Nik Kershaw Nicholas David Kershaw (born 1 March 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. Kershaw came to prominence in the mid 1980s as a solo artist, releasing eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s, including \"Wouldn't It Be Good\", \"Dancing Girls\", \"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\", \"Human Racing\", \"The Riddle\", \"Wide Boy\", \"Don Quixote\" and \"When a Heart Beats\". His 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart through 1984 and 1985 beat all other solo artists. Kershaw appeared at the dual-venue concert Live Aid in","title":"Nik Kershaw"},{"id":"12565617","text":"during the 1980s and saw great commercial success, such as David Bowie, Phil Collins, John Lennon, Billy Ocean, Sheena Easton and Paul McCartney. Many British pop bands also dominated the American charts in the early 1980s. Many of them became popular due to their constant exposure on MTV, these bands included The Human League, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and Wham!. Between the four, they have had 9 U.S. number ones with hits like \"Don't You Want Me Baby\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"The Reflex\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" In the later part of the decade Rick Astley, George Michael","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"4377792","text":"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \"Tears Are Not Enough\", \"Poison Arrow\", \"The Look of Love\", \"All of My Heart\", \"That Was Then but This Is Now\" and \"When Smokey Sings\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its","title":"Martin Fry"},{"id":"4177753","text":"Billy Steinberg William Endfield \"Billy\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \"Like a Virgin\" by Madonna (1984), \"True Colors\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \"Eternal Flame\" by the Bangles (1989), \"So Emotional\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \"Alone\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \"I Touch Myself\" by Divinyls (1990), and \"I'll Stand By You\" by The Pretenders (1994).","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"2892733","text":"Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as (born 30 May 1958), is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \"It Must Have Been Love\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"The Look\", \"Joyride\", and \"Dangerous\". In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in","title":"Marie Fredriksson"},{"id":"14223583","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \"Can't Fight this Feeling\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \"Début\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \"Make A Scene\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \"Bittersweet\". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)"},{"id":"4177758","text":"which she replied \"Well, now you did.\" She then turned her back and walked away with Warren Beaty. Steinberg says he has never met Madonna since. The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, \"True Colors\" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), \"So Emotional\" (by Whitney Houston), \"Eternal Flame\" (by The Bangles) and \"Alone\" (by Heart). Their other hits include \"In Your Room\" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), \"I Touch Myself\" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"5884663","text":"Heart\", \"Hopeless\" and \"You Belong to Me\". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of \"Stop and Smell the Roses\" (1981), entitled \"Can't Fight Lightning\". Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, \"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\" went out of print during the 1990s. Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino. The successor to 1975's \"Blast from Your Past\", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" to","title":"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2"},{"id":"12565650","text":"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's Daughter\"","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577057","text":"One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". The video has a medieval setting, and starts out with a knight arguing with his spouse. He then walks out on her. The song begins playing and he encounters the lead singer Kevin","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"12565614","text":"song \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", which would become the biggest song of the year worldwide in the new decade to follow. Prince had four number one singles and 14 top ten hits on the Hot 100 Chart. Lionel Richie teamed with Diana Ross to record one of the decade's biggest hits Endless Love, which top the Billboard charts for nine weeks. Other songs by Richie, such as All Night Long and Hello also top the charts, he would have a total of five number one hits, and 13 top ten singles. Diana Ross brought Upside Down to the top spot","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11387797","text":"and end) by Merle Haggard. \"You Should Hear How She Talks About You,\" another Snow/Pitchford composition, was a Top 5 hit for Melissa Manchester for which she won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1983. That same year, Pitchford, Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry wrote and composed \"Don’t Fight It,\" a Top 20 hit that was Grammy-nominated in the Best Pop Vocal Duo category. With musical director Michael Miller, he wrote the theme song for the weekly dance-music show \"Solid Gold\" (1980–88). Inspired by a 1979 news story about Elmore City, Oklahoma, a town which had","title":"Dean Pitchford"},{"id":"11244613","text":"their albums from 1986–2001, excluding compilations, were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009. Previously released bonus tracks were included on all the re-released albums. Sources Citations Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \"Joyride\" and \"Look Sharp!\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \"The Look\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"It Must Have Been Love\",","title":"Roxette discography"},{"id":"3093136","text":"Ariana Grande's third album \"Dangerous Woman\", with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink (\"Just Like Fire\") and Katy Perry (\"Rise\"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film \"Trolls\" with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and","title":"Max Martin"},{"id":"3319316","text":"Canada, further singles did not fare as well in the United States, where, after \"Let the Song Last Forever\" in late 1978, he went almost a decade without cracking any of \"Billboard\"'s singles charts. In 1987, Hill returned to the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with the Top 40 hit \"Can't We Try\", a duet with the then-unknown Vonda Shepard (her last name was incorrectly spelled \"Sheppard\" on the label). It peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100. He also had a near Top 40 hit with \"Never Thought (That I Could Love)\". Both records reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary","title":"Dan Hill"},{"id":"19491749","text":"like Jagger\" in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between \"No Diggity\" (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and \"Crack a Bottle\", his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart. \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since","title":"Can't Stop the Feeling!"},{"id":"2500130","text":"a neo-traditionalist whose national success began in the early 1980s, enjoyed success as both a radio artist (17 No. 1 songs) and as a movie star (1992's \"Pure Country\"). Alabama, the most successful country band of the 1980s, continued their run of popularity with sell-out concerts and best-selling albums, while topping the country chart five times. Among older artists having big hits, Conway Twitty was one of the most successful, scoring two Top 3 hits with \"Crazy in Love\" and \"I Couldn't See You Leaving\", while Eddie Rabbitt had a No. 1 hit with \"On Second Thought.\" Dolly Parton had","title":"1990s in music"},{"id":"3752033","text":"Richard Coles Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English musician, journalist and Church of England priest. Now vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire, he was formerly the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band The Communards, which achieved three Top Ten hits, including the Number 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of \"Don't Leave Me This Way\". He also appears frequently on radio and television as well as in newspapers. In March 2011 he became the regular host of BBC Radio 4's \"Saturday Live\" programme. Coles was born in Northampton, England.","title":"Richard Coles"},{"id":"4442695","text":"song on the Hot 100 during the 1980s in terms of the number of weeks spent at number one. The guitar solo was performed by Steve Lukather. \"Physical\" was both preceded and followed in the #1 chart position by recordings of the duo Hall & Oates. \"Private Eyes\" was dethroned by \"Physical\" in November 1981, and \"Physical\" was dethroned by \"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\" the following January. \"Physical\" held \"Waiting for a Girl Like You\" by Foreigner at #2 off the top of the Hot 100 for nine weeks, and \"I Can't Go For That\" held","title":"Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)"},{"id":"3800106","text":"the Billboard chart), \"Frontiers\" (1983), \"Raised on Radio\" (1986), and \"Trial By Fire\" (1996). The single \"Open Arms\" from \"Escape\" was their biggest hit single, charting at No. 2 for six weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Perry had become the unmistakable voice of Journey. During his Journey tenure, Perry also sang backing vocals on several Sammy Hagar songs, including the 1980 tracks \"The Iceman\" (a nickname Hagar had for Scott Mathews) and \"Run For Your Life\", and duetting with Kenny Loggins on the 1982 No. 17 hit single \"Don't Fight It\". Perry also worked with other musicians including Sheena","title":"Steve Perry"},{"id":"14223584","text":"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011.
Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \"Can't Fight this Feeling\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \"Début\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \"Make A Scene\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \"Bittersweet\". The video for the song was shot","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)"},{"id":"4153036","text":"session with him on drums. White, however was not at the studio for the final recording on 26 November and was only hired for the 11 September session (this run through with White can be heard on \"Anthology 1\"). The song was the fourth of six songs by the Beatles to hit #1 in a one-year period; an all-time record for the US charts. In order, these were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\", and \"I Feel Fine.\" It was also the fourth of seven songs","title":"Love Me Do"},{"id":"17105529","text":"a full studio album instead. The album's lead single, \"Heartbreak (Make Me a Dancer)\", a collaboration with the Freemasons, was released in June 2009, before a second single, \"Can't Fight This Feeling\", a collaboration with Junior Caldera, was released in February 2010. The album's third single, \"Bittersweet\", was released in May 2010, and was the first single from the album to feature only Ellis-Bextor. The album's fourth single, \"Not Giving Up on Love\", a collaboration with Armin van Buuren, was released in August 2010. Following the release of these four singles, Ellis-Bextor parted ways with Fascination, leaving the future of","title":"Make a Scene"},{"id":"1326361","text":"segued to a pop-rock sound. She had one of her biggest hits in the 1980s with \"She Works Hard For the Money\", which became another anthem, this time for women's rights. Summer was the first black woman to be nominated for an MTV Video Music Award. Summer remained a force on the \"Billboard\" Dance/Club Play Songs chart throughout her career and notched 19 number one singles. Her last studio album, 2008's \"Crayons\", spun off three No. 1 dance/club hits with \"I'm a Fire\", \"Stamp Your Feet\" and \"Fame (The Game)\". In May 2012, it was announced that \"I Feel Love\"","title":"Donna Summer"},{"id":"2901201","text":"urban contemporary radio, as was the case with \"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\", \"Kiss on My List\", \"One on One\", \"Say It Isn't So\", \"Adult Education\", \"Out of Touch\", \"Method of Modern Love\" and \"Everytime You Go Away\". Most of those singles charted on the R&B and dance charts, including some number-one hits. Simply Red scored one of the most successful blue-eyed soul ballads of all time in 1986 with \"Holding Back the Years\". Other successful blue-eyed soul songs of the 1980s include Phil Collins' cover of \"You Can't Hurry Love\" (1982); Culture Club's \"Do You Really","title":"Blue-eyed soul"},{"id":"20689687","text":"by Neil Young. Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \"Can't Fight the Feeling\" and \"I Feel a Change\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \"Stay Away\" by Nirvana and","title":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)"},{"id":"11244612","text":"Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \"Joyride\" and \"Look Sharp!\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \"The Look\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"It Must Have Been Love\", and \"Joyride\". Two further singles, \"Dangerous\" and \"Fading Like a Flower\", hit #2. They also achieved three #1s and seventeen top 10 singles in Sweden. All","title":"Roxette discography"},{"id":"13238089","text":"Toby Beau in 1980, The track \"Who's Foolin' Who,\" a cover of a 1976 Bobby Bland song, earned Lulu a nomination for Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance. Lulu lost to Pat Benatar. \"Who's Foolin' Who\" was released as a single, with \"You Win, I Lose\" again serving as the B-side, and peaked at No. 6 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart. Lulu (1981 album) Lulu is an eponymous album released by Lulu on Alfa Records in 1981. It is notable for containing the hit single \"I Could Never Miss You (More Than I Do)\", which","title":"Lulu (1981 album)"},{"id":"8333569","text":"Hudson. When \"Glee\" was being cast, Monteith's agent, Elena Kirschner, submitted a video of him drumming with some pencils and Tupperware containers. Series creator Ryan Murphy took notice of the video, but pointed out that he had to be singing, as auditioning actors for \"Glee\" with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Monteith submitted a second, musical tape, in which he sang, in his own words, \"a cheesy '80s music video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal","title":"Cory Monteith"},{"id":"12565635","text":"decade. Irene Cara's Flashdance... What a Feeling was the number one song worldwide in 1983, and for the decade of the 80s. Richard J. Ripani wrote that Janet Jackson's third studio album \"Control\" (1986) was \"important to the development of R&B for a number of reasons\", as she and her producers, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, \"crafted a new sound that fuses the rhythmic elements of funk and disco, along with heavy doses of synthesizers, percussion, sound effects, and a rap music sensibility.\" Ripani wrote that \"the success of \"Control\" led to the incorporation of stylistic traits of rap over","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12115208","text":"Reason\" as a follow-up but it again failed to chart. Power Exchange had one other UK Top 20 hit single - \"Who's Gonna Love Me\" by The Imperials (without Little Anthony) in December 1977 - after which the label ceased trading. Barrie returned to Canada and tried to resume music publishing, artist management and agency representation - his former jobs during the 1960s. In 1980, he returned to the UK to record his own track, \"You Can't Win 'Em All\" b/w \"It's Only A Game\" - with the then Nottingham Forest FC manager Brian Clough - which was released on","title":"J. J. Barrie"},{"id":"20709674","text":"Award-winning actor to reach number one on the Hot 100, the first being Justin Timberlake, who topped the chart with \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" in 2016. It topped the Hot 100 for two weeks, and left the top ten after five weeks. Credits are adapted from Tidal. This Is America (song) \"This Is America\" is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino. Written and produced by Gambino and Ludwig Göransson, it was released on May 5, 2018, at the same time that Gambino was hosting that day's episode of \"Saturday Night Live\". The song features background vocals by American rappers","title":"This Is America (song)"},{"id":"5879591","text":"it for his next album. Soon after meeting soon-to-be second wife Barbara Bach on the film set of \"Caveman\" in early 1980, Ringo Starr met fellow former-Beatle Paul McCartney, and his wife, Linda, at a hotel while they had earlier visited the 33rd annual Cannes Film Festival, on 16 May. Starr asked McCartney whether he would like to play on and possibly produce Starr's next album, to which McCartney agreed. Starr started sessions in France for a new album, at this point titled \"Can't Fight Lightning\", on 11 July, at Super Bear Studios, lasting until 21 July. With Wings then","title":"Stop and Smell the Roses"},{"id":"19491752","text":"run to number one for a (non-holiday) song by a male artist in 17 years, since Phil Collins' \"You'll Be in My Heart\" needed only six weeks in 1999. Among all songs, \"Feeling\" made the fastest trip to number one on AC since Adele's \"Hello\": four weeks, in November 2015. Timberlake also earned his sixth number-one on Dance Club Songs with \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\". He reached the top of the chart without the aid of officially commissioned remixes. However, versions from Barry Harris, Fenix and Erick Decks, among others, have helped bring the song to club crowds. \"Can't Stop","title":"Can't Stop the Feeling!"},{"id":"17457146","text":"from that album gave Springfield his first number one single in the U.S. and he also won a Grammy Award for that song. Rick's success continued throughout the 1980s with albums such as \"Success Hasn't Spoiled Me Yet\" (1982) that contained the singles \"Don't Talk to Strangers\" and \"What Kind of Fool Am I\", and 1983's \"Living in Oz\" with the hits \"Affair of the Heart\" and \"Human Touch\". 1984 saw Rick Springfield star in the film \"Hard to Hold\" and the accompanying soundtrack album included the songs \"Love Somebody\" and \"Don't Walk Away\". In the mid-1980s, Rick stated that","title":"Playlist: The Very Best of Rick Springfield"},{"id":"4700566","text":"Karyn White Karyn Layvonne White (born October 14, 1965) is an American singer who was popular during the late 1980s and early 1990s. She is known for several hit singles including \"Superwoman\" (1988), \"Secret Rendezvous\" (1989), \"The Way You Love Me\" (1988), and the US Hot 100 No. 1 single \"Romantic\" (1991). White was born in Los Angeles to Vivian and Clarence White. She is the youngest of five children. She sang in a church choir and worked as a backing singer, then sang on Jeff Lorber's 1986 \"Private Passion\" single \"Facts of Love\", \"True Confessions\" and \"Back in Love\"","title":"Karyn White"},{"id":"1306577","text":"acclaimed guest role as a soul food restaurant proprietor and wife of Matt \"Guitar\" Murphy in the 1980 comedy musical \"The Blues Brothers\". Franklin's first Arista album, \"Aretha\" (1980), featured the No. 3 R&B hit \"United Together\" and her Grammy-nominated cover of Redding's \"I Can't Turn You Loose\". The follow-up, 1981's \"Love All the Hurt Away\", included her famed duet of the title track with George Benson, while the album also included her Grammy-winning cover of Sam & Dave's \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\". Franklin achieved a gold record—for the first time in seven years—with the 1982 album \"Jump to It\".","title":"Aretha Franklin"},{"id":"3159126","text":"became a four-person band with the departure of two members and the addition of Stephen Lironi, who played both guitar and drums. The band had a string of hits in the early 1980s, including \"Happy Birthday\", \"Don't Talk to Me About Love\", \"I Could Be Happy\" and \"See Those Eyes\". The group split up after the release of their third album, \"Bite\" (1983). In 1984, Grogan made a cameo appearance in the music video to \"Young at Heart\" by The Bluebells. Grogan later attempted a solo career, but after her single \"Love Bomb\" failed to gain chart success in 1987,","title":"Clare Grogan"},{"id":"1755818","text":"and alcohol reduced him to a 170-pound shell. He began hallucinating and missing shows and tours, which later gave him the title 'No Show Jones'. He began to sing horribly and filed for bankruptcy in 1979. He hadn't had a #1 hit in 6 years by 1980. However, his image was completely revitalized in 1980, when he released a song that is widely considered the greatest country song of all time, \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". The song won him multiple awards including a Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance. He gave the song the credit due later","title":"George Jones"},{"id":"2105239","text":"Men Without Hats Men Without Hats are a Canadian new wave/synthpop group, originally from Montreal, Quebec. Their music is characterized by the distinctive baritone voice of their American-born Canadian lead singer Ivan Doroschuk, as well as their elaborate use of synthesizers and electronic processing. They achieved their greatest popularity in the 1980s with \"The Safety Dance\", a worldwide Top Ten hit (#3 in the United States) and \"Pop Goes the World\". After a hiatus for most of the 1990s and 2000s, Doroschuk reformed the band in 2010, and released \"Love in the Age of War\" (2012). The reformed group, based","title":"Men Without Hats"},{"id":"19304940","text":"Ali Payami Ali Payami is a Swedish music composer, producer, writer, and DJ. He has collaborated in the production of music with numerous popular artists including Ariana Grande, The Weeknd, Ellie Goulding, Katy Perry, Taylor Swift, Adam Lambert and Tove Lo. Payami's first number one hit on the Billboard Hot 100 was The Weeknd's single \"Can't Feel My Face\". He was first exposed to music in Malmö, Sweden, when he was a child. At a young age in Sweden, he listened to many genres of music, ranging from Dr. Dre’s \"The Chronic\" to Nirvana. He watched people in bands rehearse","title":"Ali Payami"},{"id":"2450373","text":"as Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"17090866","text":"\"Chase/Ennea/Pure Music\" (2008) \"Chase Live 2010\" (2010) (*14) \"Don't Fight the Feeling\" (1976) \"Rock America\" (2003) (as co-songwriter) \"Ain't Nothin' Freaky\" (1976) \"Got To Share This Feeling\" (1977) \"Lost Soul\" (1994) \"Cleveland Rocks\" (1995) \"Mourning To Dancing\" (1978) \"Survivor\" (1979) \"Greatest Hits\" (2003) \"Ultimate Survivor\" (2004) \"Survivor Prime Cuts Classic Tracks\" (1998) \"Survivor\" (Rock Candy re-issue with \"Rebel Girl\") (2010) \"Marbles\" (1981) \"I Just Called To Say I Love You\" (1985) \"Greatest Love Songs\" (2008) \"Guitar on the Edge\" (1991) \"Rockin' into the Night\" (1980) \"\" (1987) \"Live at Sturgis\" (1999) \"20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best","title":"Gary Smith (drummer)"},{"id":"13272920","text":"ended The Black Eyed Peas' 26-week reign at the number-one spot on the Hot 100. Furthermore, \"Down\" had managed to top one of the most competitive weeks in the US charts this decade, with the top five titles (Sean's \"Down\", Miley Cyrus' \"Party in the U.S.A.\", Jay Z's \"Run This Town\", Jason Derulo's \"Whatcha Say\", and Black Eyed Peas' \"I Gotta Feeling\") being \"separated by the tightest point margin in more than six years.\" After spending a week at the top spot, \"Down\" was succeeded by Britney Spears' \"3\", but the following week, it returned to number one. On the","title":"Down (Jay Sean song)"},{"id":"13764685","text":"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \"Don't Fight the Feeling\"; this album reached #57 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.","title":"Sound Experience"},{"id":"13764684","text":"Sound Experience Sound Experience was an American funk ensemble, founded at Morgan State College in Baltimore, Maryland in 1970. The group played locally and recorded with producer Stan Watson, recording with him in Philadelphia. They recorded several singles and one full-length album in 1974, \"Don't Fight the Feeling\"; this album reached #57 on the \"Billboard\" R&B Albums chart. The title track was released as a single and reached #61 on the US \"Billboard\" R&B chart. The ensemble recorded little thereafter, but have been sampled by hip hop groups. Collectables Records issued a CD retrospective of the group's output in 1994.","title":"Sound Experience"},{"id":"777451","text":"for the albums, he began performing with his band The Tennessee Kids, composed by instrumentalists and dancers. Timberlake voiced the lead character in DreamWorks Animation's \"Trolls\" (2016), whose soundtrack includes his fifth \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart-topping single, \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\". His fifth studio album \"Man of the Woods\" (2018) became his fourth number one album in the US. Throughout his solo career, Timberlake has sold over 32 million albums and 56 million singles globally, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. Often cited as a pop icon, Timberlake is the recipient of numerous awards and accolades, including","title":"Justin Timberlake"},{"id":"820147","text":"track, with its distinct opening chord, and the previously released \"Can't Buy Me Love\", both transatlantic number-one singles for the band. The title of the album was the accidental creation of drummer Ringo Starr. According to Lennon in a 1980 interview with \"Playboy\" magazine: \"I was going home in the car and Dick Lester [director of the movie] suggested the title, 'Hard Day's Night' from something Ringo had said. I had used it in \"In His Own Write\", but it was an off-the-cuff remark by Ringo. You know, one of those malapropisms. A Ringo-ism, where he said it not to","title":"A Hard Day's Night (album)"},{"id":"12565618","text":"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12565611","text":"Edition, Stacey Q, The Bangles, New Kids on the Block, Madonna, George Michael, Laura Branigan, Boy George and others becoming teen idols. Prominent American urban pop acts of the 1980s include Tina Turner, Lionel Richie, Michael Jackson, Donna Summer, Whitney Houston and Diana Ross. African American artists like Lionel Richie and Prince went on to become some of the decade's biggest pop stars. Their commercial albums included \"1999\", \"Purple Rain\", and \"Sign \"O\" the Times\" by Prince and \"Lionel Richie\", \"Can't Slow Down\", and \"Dancing on the Ceiling\" by Richie. Prince was the decade's most prolific artist, not just by","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"12710824","text":"after three album releases, the group disbanded and discontinued their contract with agreement by the record label. In 1979, Tarney began the biggest period of his career when he wrote and arranged the Cliff Richard No. 1, \"We Don't Talk Anymore\". This led to him becoming Richard's record producer of his next two albums, \"I'm No Hero\" (1980) and \"Wired for Sound\" (1981). At this time he also wrote and produced Barbara Dickson and Leo Sayer – his distinctive sound being heard on the hit singles \"January February\" and \"More Than I Can Say\". Tarney went on to bigger success","title":"Alan Tarney"},{"id":"4638974","text":"voted by the British public as the nation's 7th favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. The lyrics were originally inspired after lead singer Philip Oakey read a photo-story in a teen-girl's magazine. Originally conceived and recorded in the studio as a male solo, Oakey was inspired by the film \"A Star Is Born\" and decided to turn the song into a conflicting duet with one of the band's two teenage female vocalists. Susan Ann Sulley was then asked to take on the role. Up until then, she and the other female vocalist Joanne Catherall had only been","title":"Don't You Want Me"},{"id":"5105301","text":"Candee Jay Candee Jay (born Ilze Lankhaar on 1 September 1981 in Rotterdam, Netherlands) is a Dutch electronica artist. She is produced by Pronti and Kalmani, the production duo who worked with fellow Dutch artist, Alice Deejay. Together with Jezebel Zwiers and Elske Cinibulk as background dancers, the Candee Jay project aimed to be as successful as Alice Deejay. In fact, this project did not work out the way that they wanted it to be. Candee Jay's biggest hit singles are \"If I Were You\", \"Back For Me\" and \"Lose This Feeling\". Although the latter two never reached the chart","title":"Candee Jay"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"354395\",\n \"text\": \"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \\\"Keep On Loving You\\\" and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330528\",\n \"text\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330532\",\n \"text\": \"episode of The Goldbergs. In 2016, the song was used in the UK and US on adverts for Sheba cat food. REO Speedwagon Can't Fight This Feeling \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", also written by\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054333\",\n \"text\": \"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" (1981) and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Cronin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1140723\",\n \"text\": \"channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \\\"Gimme All Your Lovin'\\\" (1983), which helped their albums \\\"Eliminator\\\" (1983) and \\\"Afterburner\\\" (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\" (1980) and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" (1984), Journey with \\\"Don't Stop Believin'\\\" (1981) and \\\"Open Arms\\\" (1982), Foreigner's \\\"I Want to Know What Love\",\n \"title\": \"Hard rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753522\",\n \"text\": \"I Do' Wanna Know \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin that was the lead single from REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It was more of a rocker reminiscent of the songs REO Speedwagon had released in the 1970s than the ballads the band had been successful with in the early 1980s. It had limited success on popular music charts, which was blamed for delaying sales of the album until the release of the follow up single, the ballad \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling.\\\" The video to the song was nominated for several awards. \\\"I\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"354408\",\n \"text\": \"#7), \\\"Sweet Time\\\" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit \\\"The Key.\\\" The band came storming back two years later with \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\", an album that included the #1 hit single \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" plus three more hits: \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" (U.S. #29), \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" (U.S. #19), and \\\"Live Every Moment\\\" (U.S. #34). REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May. On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6240520\",\n \"text\": \"Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \\\"Good Trouble\\\", reaching No. 7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" 200. The lead single was \\\"I Do' Wanna Know,\\\" which stalled at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. But the second single, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling,\\\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" and \\\"Live Every Moment\\\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.\",\n \"title\": \"Wheels Are Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054335\",\n \"text\": \"lead vocals due to his conversion to Christianity. The band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but are still releasing records such as \\\"Find Your Own Way Home\\\" in 2007. Their most famous album, \\\"Hi Infidelity\\\", sold over 10 million copies. Kevin has stated in various interviews that they \\\"play for free but get paid for the traveling\\\". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\", \\\"The Key\\\", \\\"Keep Pushin'\\\", \\\"Roll With the Changes\\\", \\\"Time for Me to Fly\\\", \\\"Movin'\\\", \\\"Here With\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Cronin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691041\",\n \"text\": \"copies in the U.S. which led it to go 4× Platinum. A conspicuous absentee from the album is \\\"Keep the Fire Burnin'\\\", which reached #7 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 in 1982. The collection is one of several released by the band's label. The album was remastered and reissued in 2002. The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", as well as new tracks \\\"Here with Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You\\\". \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked the top\",\n \"title\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12989578\",\n \"text\": \"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the\",\n \"title\": \"The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474077\",\n \"text\": \"little mainstream success reaching #58 R&B. However the track did afford Hunt a hit in France at #10 and charted in the UK at #44. In 1982 she helped write and produce some of the music for Chéri. Hunt is the mother of three children; Rosalind Hunt of the musical group Chéri, singer Freddie James and writer Jeanne (Dupuis) Croteau. Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13889254\",\n \"text\": \"for the fighting game, Tekken Tag Tournament 2. His highest charting single so far is \\\"Can't Fight this Feeling\\\", with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, which managed a peak position of #13 in France and has been in the chart for 17 consecutive weeks. It was also a smash hit in Russia, where it topped the charts, and was a worldwide hit on the club scene. This year, he made a remix of the song \\\"Live Your Dreams\\\". This song is a Soraya's (a popular Spanish singer) collaboration with the very famous French DJ Antoine Clamaran. The song has been very successful and\",\n \"title\": \"Junior Caldera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766814\",\n \"text\": \"pick-me-up. It's true: You can be famous – even if there's no money left in the world.\\\" Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Mays auditioned with the song \\\"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\\\" from \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\".\\\" Monteith has deemed his casting \\\"spot on\\\" as: \\\"I'm just like my character. I've\",\n \"title\": \"Pilot (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6330529\",\n \"text\": \"well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert; they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number-one single at the moment in the United States. Two different music videos exist for the song. One is a basic video, appearing almost homemade, featuring the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6903346\",\n \"text\": \"Sammy Cohen who was a Vaudeville performer who became an alcoholic and lost his career. He is interested in renewing his career and has faith in Theresa's ability, and together they develop an act called \\\"Buddy and Babe\\\" in order to raise money for Theresa's tuition. Shot in 1979, the film was released in 1983, by which time the film's \\\"TV Singer\\\" Geraldine Hunt had scored a 1980 \\\"Billboard\\\" National Disco Action Top 100 number-one hit with \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hey Babe! Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also known as Rise and Shine, is a 1980 film,\",\n \"title\": \"Hey Babe!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691040\",\n \"text\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Keep on Loving You\\\", as well as new tracks \\\"Here with Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You\\\". \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked the top 20 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart; however, it would be the last single to feature drummer Alan Gratzer and guitarist Gary Richrath, as they each left the band within the year following this album's release. The album has sold over 4 million\",\n \"title\": \"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474074\",\n \"text\": \"Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank Milligan. Her father was a one-man band, and her grandmother, Louella Reed, was a singer on the Chitlin Circuit. In 1947 her family relocated to Chicago. While growing up on Chicago's south side Hunt discovered her musical talent. Living in that part of Chicago was not easy; recalls Geraldine. \\\"On the weekends, we had to sleep on the floor, gangs\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753524\",\n \"text\": \"being \\\"bubblegum-edged.\\\" The lyrics represent the singer's reproachment of a lover he believes is about to leave him. Draba-Mann points out that \\\"Do'\\\" in the title is not the affirmative \\\"do\\\" but rather an abbreviation for \\\"don't.\\\" The single had only limited chart success. It peaked at #29 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, although it did better on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Mainstream Rock chart where it reached #5. The follow up single from \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\", \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling,\\\" reached #1 on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. \\\"Billboard Magazine\\\" writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"354409\",\n \"text\": \"Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"Roll With the Changes,\\\" which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals. 1987's \\\"Life as We Know It\\\" saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits \\\"That Ain't Love\\\" (U.S. #16) and \\\"In My Dreams\\\" (U.S. #19). \\\"The Hits\\\" (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks \\\"Here With Me\\\" and \\\"I Don't Want to Lose You.\\\" \\\"Here with Me\\\" cracked\",\n \"title\": \"REO Speedwagon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13018165\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Cory Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". Kevin McHale came from a boy-band background, having previously been part of the group Not Like Them. He explained that the diversity of the cast's backgrounds reflects the range of different musical styles within the show itself: \\\"It's a mix of everything: classic rock, current stuff, R&B. Even the musical theatre stuff is switched up. You won't always recognize it.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Glee (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"777487\",\n \"text\": \"his eighth U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number-one song, at the moment being the most among male artists. It became the best-selling song of the year in the U.S. with 2.4 million copies sold. On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\", since the song earned him a nomination. Also that year, Timberlake starred with Kate Winslet and Juno Temple in Woody Allen's drama film \\\"Wonder Wheel\\\", and headlined several festivals and live sets, including Rock in Rio, the United States Grand Prix, and the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival, which\",\n \"title\": \"Justin Timberlake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3817877\",\n \"text\": \"allocated the 15th spot on the list. The song debuted on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and Phil Collins' \\\"One More Night\\\". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single \\\"Crazy for You\\\" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous\",\n \"title\": \"Material Girl\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565664\",\n \"text\": \"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13753770\",\n \"text\": \"named after the character Kurt from \\\"The Sound of Music\\\", was created for him. Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to demonstrate their ability to sing and dance. Jayma Mays (Emma Pillsbury) auditioned with the song \\\"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\\\" from \\\"The Rocky Horror Show\\\", while Cory Monteith (Finn Hudson) initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". Cory Monteith has deemed his casting \\\"spot on\\\" as his lack of formal training\",\n \"title\": \"Characters of Glee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13018213\",\n \"text\": \"Lea Michele sounding raw—and lovely—on a \\\"What a Girl Wants\\\", or Monteith singing a perfectly credible REO Speedwagon in the shower, there's Michele and Monteith sounding like 1990s-era Cher on \\\"No Air\\\", or Monteith sounding like the Monteith XRZ-200 on the out-of-the-shower version of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". During the second season, Rob Sheffield for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" noted the Britney Spears and \\\"Rocky Horror\\\" tribute episodes as examples when he lauded \\\"Glee\\\" and its choice of music. He praised Murphy for his selection and resurrection of \\\"forgotten\\\" pop songs and compared the show's uniqueness to \\\"MTV in its prime\\\" as\",\n \"title\": \"Glee (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8417784\",\n \"text\": \"debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart for the week ending 5 August, climbing to number 1 in its 21 October 2006 issue. For this song, he was awarded at the International Dance Music Awards at WMC (Miami, USA) with Best HiNRG/Euro track. There he met New York based house diva Barbara Tucker. By the end of 2007 they released the single \\\"One\\\". In 2008, Peter Luts associated with house producer Basto and released the single \\\"On My Own\\\". He also released the singles \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" and \\\"The Rain\\\". Peter Luts Peter Luts (14\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Luts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565668\",\n \"text\": \"had two iconic music videos for \\\"Addicted to Love\\\" and \\\"Simply Irresistible\\\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \\\"You Win Again\\\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19577058\",\n \"text\": \"Cronin who appears to be a wizard. The rest of the video follows the knight walking through the streets of a big city. The video uses a lot of stop motion. REO Speedwagon One Lonely Night (song) \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"One Lonely Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1983174\",\n \"text\": \"Fleetwood Mac, co-written with Melissa Manchester. He followed it in 1979 with \\\"Keep the Fire\\\" and in 1982 with High Adventure. The latter contained his rock duet with Journey front man Steve Perry \\\"Don't Fight It\\\", which rose to No. 17 on the \\\"US Billboard Top 100\\\". Although he abandoned playing the harmonica in his solo career, he continued to play guitar, just as he had done with Loggins & Messina. Loggins also co-wrote the song \\\"What a Fool Believes\\\" with Michael McDonald. Each recorded his own version of the song, with McDonald recording as a member of the Doobie\",\n \"title\": \"Kenny Loggins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3902558\",\n \"text\": \"acts such as Johnny Mathis (two albums), Billy Paul, Ronnie Dyson, Anthony & The Imperials and New York City in the mid to late 1970s, but generally with less commercial appeal. Subsequently, Bell had success with Deniece Williams, including her R&B #1 and Top 10 re-make of The Royalettes' \\\"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\\\" in 1982; James Ingram with \\\"I Don't Have the Heart\\\" in 1990 (Bell's second #1 pop hit); and Elton John, whose EP, \\\"The Thom Bell Sessions,\\\" featured back-up by the Spinners and produced the Top 10 hit, \\\"Mama Can't Buy You Love\\\", in 1979. Other artists\",\n \"title\": \"Thom Bell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6240522\",\n \"text\": \"initial sluggish sales of \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\"' before the release of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" to the fact that \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single. In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope. Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling\",\n \"title\": \"Wheels Are Turnin'\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5474076\",\n \"text\": \"her first glimmer of success in 1970 when \\\"You & I\\\" a duet with Charlie Hodges reached #45 on the R&B chart in \\\"Billboard\\\" and in 1972 Hunt's remake of \\\"Baby I Need Your Loving\\\" reached #47 R&B. In 1975 Hunt relocated to Montreal, Quebec where she recorded her first album in 1978, the disco-oriented \\\"Sweet Honesty\\\". In 1980 Hunt's second album \\\"No Way\\\" yielded the track \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\" which reached #1 on the club chart in \\\"Billboard\\\" where it spent a total of seven weeks: with Top 40 radio then being disco-resistant \\\"Can't Fake the Feeling\\\" had\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2791107\",\n \"text\": \"the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed mild success thanks to Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias and Bertie Higgins. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \\\"You Are\\\" in 1983 and \\\"Hello\\\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100. Soft rock persisted in the 1990s, with artists from previous decades continuing to release new music, such as Genesis, whose 1992 soft rock single \\\"Hold on\",\n \"title\": \"Soft rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19753525\",\n \"text\": \"before \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" could be regarded as an \\\"oversight,\\\" However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who authored both songs disagreed, stating that \\\"At that point we'd been out of the public eye for two years...and we wanted to re-establish ourselves as being back with our upbeat shuffle rock 'n' roll stuff,\\\" adding that the song \\\"made its point\\\" and that \\\"not all singles are released to be hits.\\\" Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of \\\"Wheels Are Turnin\\\" prior to the release of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" to the fact that \\\"I Do' Wanna Know\\\" \\\"wasn't fully accepted at\",\n \"title\": \"I Do' Wanna Know\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8295464\",\n \"text\": \"his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects. The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande. Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" by REO Speedwagon. Others songs featured in the film are: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \\\"\\\"Horton Hears A Who!\\\" is both whimsical and heartwarming,\",\n \"title\": \"Horton Hears a Who! (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5359267\",\n \"text\": \"all-time record. In order, these singles were \\\"I Want to Hold Your Hand\\\", \\\"She Loves You\\\", \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\", \\\"Love Me Do\\\", \\\"A Hard Day's Night\\\" and \\\"I Feel Fine\\\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \\\"4 – by the Beatles\\\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \\\"Eight Days a Week\\\", \\\"Ticket to Ride\\\", \\\"Help!\\\", \\\"Yesterday\\\" and \\\"We\",\n \"title\": \"I Feel Fine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10717771\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Recording Company Chicago Recording Company, or CRC, is a recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1975. Boasting twelve studios, CRC is the largest recording company in the midwest, and the largest independent studio in the country. Originally called Sound House Studios, CRC was founded by Alan Kubicka in Medinah, Illinois. In 1975 the studio moved to Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL and became Chicago Recording Company. Early records made there include \\\"Lovin' Feeling\\\" by Phil Upchurch and \\\"Don't Fight The Feeling\\\" by Jim Peterik CRC has been host to dozens of notable artists that have recorded at the\",\n \"title\": \"Chicago Recording Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20689686\",\n \"text\": \"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \\\"Can't Fight the Feeling\\\" and \\\"I Feel a Change\\\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \\\"Stay Away\\\" by Nirvana and \\\"Heart of Gold\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8412517\",\n \"text\": \"Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \\\"Multi-Platinum\\\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \\\"Can't Slow Down\\\", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive\",\n \"title\": \"Lionel Richie discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13766811\",\n \"text\": \"digital download. \\\"On My Own\\\" charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK, and \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\" charted at number 117 in the UK. \\\"Rehab\\\" charted at number 93 in Australia, 38 in Ireland, 62 in the UK and 98 in America. \\\"Don't Stop Believin' reached number 2 in the UK, 4 in America, 50 in Canada, 5 in Australia, 4 in Ireland and 16 in New Zealand. It sold 177,000 copies in the US in its first week, and went on to sell the most copies of any \\\"Glee\\\" single: it was certified gold with\",\n \"title\": \"Pilot (Glee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450374\",\n \"text\": \"Daughter\\\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16854987\",\n \"text\": \"artist. Webster's best known work is his material recorded since the mid-1980s including the Jamaican number one single \\\"Can We Meet\\\" and work with producers Norman Grant of the Twinkle Brothers and later Ocho Rios-based Barry O'Hare, which has resulted in several albums, primarily comprising roots reggae. Webster suffered a stroke in 2008, which restricted his movement and he now uses a wheelchair. He has continued to record, including the \\\"Inner Path\\\" album in 2011. He was honoured at the 2011 Reggae Sumfest festival with the 'Reggae Icon' award. E.T. Webster Errol \\\"E.T.\\\" Webster (born c. 1945) is a Jamaican\",\n \"title\": \"E.T. Webster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722618\",\n \"text\": \"from The Supremes's \\\"Baby Love\\\" (1964), Aretha Franklin's \\\"Rock Steady\\\" (1971) and Irene Cara's \\\"What A Feeling\\\" (1983), respectively. \\\"60s 70s 80s\\\" became a huge success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and sold over 293,000 units in that region, becoming Amuro's first number-one single since \\\"I Have Never Seen\\\" and her highest selling single since \\\"Baby Don't Cry\\\". On March 25, 2008, Amuro was awarded \\\"Best Female Video\\\" for \\\"Hide & Seek\\\" (from the album \\\"Play\\\") at Space Shower Music Video Awards. \\\"Hide & Seek\\\" also won the award for \\\"Best R&B Video\\\" at MTV\",\n \"title\": \"Namie Amuro\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565651\",\n \"text\": \"profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours; she also teamed up with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987 for the multi-plaitnum \\\"Trio\\\" album. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. In addition\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5895595\",\n \"text\": \"number-one from a previous position beneath the Top 20, following The Beatles and the 27–1 leap of their single \\\"Can't Buy Me Love\\\" in April 1964. In addition, it was the first number-one collaboration between solo women since 1979's two-weeks number-one run of \\\"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough),\\\" performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer. The same week, \\\"The Boy Is Mine\\\" also moved to number-one on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. Within the first month of its purchasable release the song went on to sell 605,000 units. It spent\",\n \"title\": \"The Boy Is Mine (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13754009\",\n \"text\": \"musical tape, in which he sang \\\"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\\\" of REO Speedwagon's \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal skills were considered weak, but he later performed very well with one of \\\"Glee\\\" casting directors, who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn's, his \\\"naive, but not stupid sweetness\\\". Monteith said of his casting process, \\\"I was like a lot of kids, looking for something to be interested in. Something to be passionate about. All you need is permission. Not only for \\\"Glee\\\", but for anything\",\n \"title\": \"Finn Hudson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2166491\",\n \"text\": \"Nik Kershaw Nicholas David Kershaw (born 1 March 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. Kershaw came to prominence in the mid 1980s as a solo artist, releasing eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s, including \\\"Wouldn't It Be Good\\\", \\\"Dancing Girls\\\", \\\"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\\\", \\\"Human Racing\\\", \\\"The Riddle\\\", \\\"Wide Boy\\\", \\\"Don Quixote\\\" and \\\"When a Heart Beats\\\". His 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart through 1984 and 1985 beat all other solo artists. Kershaw appeared at the dual-venue concert Live Aid in\",\n \"title\": \"Nik Kershaw\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565617\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1980s and saw great commercial success, such as David Bowie, Phil Collins, John Lennon, Billy Ocean, Sheena Easton and Paul McCartney. Many British pop bands also dominated the American charts in the early 1980s. Many of them became popular due to their constant exposure on MTV, these bands included The Human League, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and Wham!. Between the four, they have had 9 U.S. number ones with hits like \\\"Don't You Want Me Baby\\\", \\\"Karma Chameleon\\\", \\\"The Reflex\\\" and \\\"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\\\" In the later part of the decade Rick Astley, George Michael\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4377792\",\n \"text\": \"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \\\"Tears Are Not Enough\\\", \\\"Poison Arrow\\\", \\\"The Look of Love\\\", \\\"All of My Heart\\\", \\\"That Was Then but This Is Now\\\" and \\\"When Smokey Sings\\\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Fry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4177753\",\n \"text\": \"Billy Steinberg William Endfield \\\"Billy\\\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" by Madonna (1984), \\\"True Colors\\\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \\\"Eternal Flame\\\" by the Bangles (1989), \\\"So Emotional\\\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \\\"Alone\\\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \\\"I Drove All Night\\\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \\\"I Touch Myself\\\" by Divinyls (1990), and \\\"I'll Stand By You\\\" by The Pretenders (1994).\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2892733\",\n \"text\": \"Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as (born 30 May 1958), is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \\\"It Must Have Been Love\\\", \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\", \\\"The Look\\\", \\\"Joyride\\\", and \\\"Dangerous\\\". In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Fredriksson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223583\",\n \"text\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \\\"Can't Fight this Feeling\\\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \\\"Début\\\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \\\"Make A Scene\\\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \\\"Bittersweet\\\". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4177758\",\n \"text\": \"which she replied \\\"Well, now you did.\\\" She then turned her back and walked away with Warren Beaty. Steinberg says he has never met Madonna since. The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, \\\"True Colors\\\" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), \\\"So Emotional\\\" (by Whitney Houston), \\\"Eternal Flame\\\" (by The Bangles) and \\\"Alone\\\" (by Heart). Their other hits include \\\"In Your Room\\\" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), \\\"I Drove All Night\\\" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), \\\"I Touch Myself\\\" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in\",\n \"title\": \"Billy Steinberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5884663\",\n \"text\": \"Heart\\\", \\\"Hopeless\\\" and \\\"You Belong to Me\\\". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of \\\"Stop and Smell the Roses\\\" (1981), entitled \\\"Can't Fight Lightning\\\". Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, \\\"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\\\" went out of print during the 1990s. Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino. The successor to 1975's \\\"Blast from Your Past\\\", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's \\\"Ringo's Rotogravure\\\" to\",\n \"title\": \"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565650\",\n \"text\": \"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \\\"Kiss You All Over\\\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \\\"He Stopped Loving Her Today\\\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \\\"Desperado Love\\\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \\\"Coal Miner's Daughter\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19577057\",\n \"text\": \"One Lonely Night (song) \\\"One Lonely Night\\\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \\\"Wheels Are Turnin'\\\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \\\"Can't Fight This Feeling\\\". The video has a medieval setting, and starts out with a knight arguing with his spouse. He then walks out on her. The song begins playing and he encounters the lead singer Kevin\",\n \"title\": \"One Lonely Night (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565614\",\n \"text\": \"song \\\"Nothing Compares 2 U\\\", which would become the biggest song of the year worldwide in the new decade to follow. Prince had four number one singles and 14 top ten hits on the Hot 100 Chart. Lionel Richie teamed with Diana Ross to record one of the decade's biggest hits Endless Love, which top the Billboard charts for nine weeks. Other songs by Richie, such as All Night Long and Hello also top the charts, he would have a total of five number one hits, and 13 top ten singles. Diana Ross brought Upside Down to the top spot\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11387797\",\n \"text\": \"and end) by Merle Haggard. \\\"You Should Hear How She Talks About You,\\\" another Snow/Pitchford composition, was a Top 5 hit for Melissa Manchester for which she won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1983. That same year, Pitchford, Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry wrote and composed \\\"Don’t Fight It,\\\" a Top 20 hit that was Grammy-nominated in the Best Pop Vocal Duo category. With musical director Michael Miller, he wrote the theme song for the weekly dance-music show \\\"Solid Gold\\\" (1980–88). Inspired by a 1979 news story about Elmore City, Oklahoma, a town which had\",\n \"title\": \"Dean Pitchford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11244613\",\n \"text\": \"their albums from 1986–2001, excluding compilations, were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009. Previously released bonus tracks were included on all the re-released albums. Sources Citations Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \\\"Joyride\\\" and \\\"Look Sharp!\\\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \\\"The Look\\\", \\\"Listen to Your Heart\\\", \\\"It Must Have Been Love\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Roxette discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3093136\",\n \"text\": \"Ariana Grande's third album \\\"Dangerous Woman\\\", with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink (\\\"Just Like Fire\\\") and Katy Perry (\\\"Rise\\\"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film \\\"Trolls\\\" with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and\",\n \"title\": \"Max Martin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3319316\",\n \"text\": \"Canada, further singles did not fare as well in the United States, where, after \\\"Let the Song Last Forever\\\" in late 1978, he went almost a decade without cracking any of \\\"Billboard\\\"'s singles charts. In 1987, Hill returned to the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 with the Top 40 hit \\\"Can't We Try\\\", a duet with the then-unknown Vonda Shepard (her last name was incorrectly spelled \\\"Sheppard\\\" on the label). It peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100. He also had a near Top 40 hit with \\\"Never Thought (That I Could Love)\\\". Both records reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Hill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19491749\",\n \"text\": \"like Jagger\\\" in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between \\\"No Diggity\\\" (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and \\\"Crack a Bottle\\\", his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart. \\\"Can't Stop the Feeling!\\\" reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since\",\n \"title\": \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2500130\",\n \"text\": \"a neo-traditionalist whose national success began in the early 1980s, enjoyed success as both a radio artist (17 No. 1 songs) and as a movie star (1992's \\\"Pure Country\\\"). Alabama, the most successful country band of the 1980s, continued their run of popularity with sell-out concerts and best-selling albums, while topping the country chart five times. Among older artists having big hits, Conway Twitty was one of the most successful, scoring two Top 3 hits with \\\"Crazy in Love\\\" and \\\"I Couldn't See You Leaving\\\", while Eddie Rabbitt had a No. 1 hit with \\\"On Second Thought.\\\" Dolly Parton had\",\n \"title\": \"1990s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3752033\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Coles Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English musician, journalist and Church of England priest. Now vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire, he was formerly the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band The Communards, which achieved three Top Ten hits, including the Number 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of \\\"Don't Leave Me This Way\\\". He also appears frequently on radio and television as well as in newspapers. In March 2011 he became the regular host of BBC Radio 4's \\\"Saturday Live\\\" programme. Coles was born in Northampton, England.\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Coles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4442695\",\n \"text\": \"song on the Hot 100 during the 1980s in terms of the number of weeks spent at number one. The guitar solo was performed by Steve Lukather. \\\"Physical\\\" was both preceded and followed in the #1 chart position by recordings of the duo Hall & Oates. \\\"Private Eyes\\\" was dethroned by \\\"Physical\\\" in November 1981, and \\\"Physical\\\" was dethroned by \\\"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\\\" the following January. \\\"Physical\\\" held \\\"Waiting for a Girl Like You\\\" by Foreigner at #2 off the top of the Hot 100 for nine weeks, and \\\"I Can't Go For That\\\" held\",\n \"title\": \"Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3800106\",\n \"text\": \"the Billboard chart), \\\"Frontiers\\\" (1983), \\\"Raised on Radio\\\" (1986), and \\\"Trial By Fire\\\" (1996). The single \\\"Open Arms\\\" from \\\"Escape\\\" was their biggest hit single, charting at No. 2 for six weeks on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100. Perry had become the unmistakable voice of Journey. During his Journey tenure, Perry also sang backing vocals on several Sammy Hagar songs, including the 1980 tracks \\\"The Iceman\\\" (a nickname Hagar had for Scott Mathews) and \\\"Run For Your Life\\\", and duetting with Kenny Loggins on the 1982 No. 17 hit single \\\"Don't Fight It\\\". Perry also worked with other musicians including Sheena\",\n \"title\": \"Steve Perry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14223584\",\n \"text\": \"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011. × Did not compete
↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India
I AM She – Miss Universe","title":"India at Big Four international beauty pageants"},{"id":"13224693","text":"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \"Classique\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked","title":"Shirley Mallmann"},{"id":"14872414","text":"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"14872413","text":"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted","title":"Loyandford"},{"id":"7506329","text":"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \"T Models\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management","title":"Trump Model Management"},{"id":"1967772","text":"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \"Viva La Radio\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \"Smash Hits\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working","title":"Lolly (singer)"},{"id":"12260846","text":"most successful contestants of the \"Top Model\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \"You are a Supermodel\", the Russian adaptation of \"America's Next Top Model\" created by Tyra Banks. \"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show","title":"Ksenia Kahnovich"},{"id":"7480664","text":"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \"Dolly\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the","title":"Anna Rawson"},{"id":"4290130","text":"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \"Morning Glory\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \"gold digger\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe","title":"Wendi Deng Murdoch"},{"id":"4585096","text":"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \"Vogue\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \"House of Style\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her","title":"Amber Valletta"},{"id":"11582125","text":"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \"Demi's Birthday Suit\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \"Disappearing Model\". The work appeared on \"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow","title":"Joanne Gair"},{"id":"7237025","text":"clarified in a 2004 interview, \"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich","title":"Chad Michael Murray"},{"id":"1446766","text":"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the","title":"Venus Williams"},{"id":"592747","text":"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied","title":"Model (person)"},{"id":"5822944","text":"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \"Vogue Paris\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes","title":"Daria Werbowy"},{"id":"4994652","text":"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \"Forbes\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder","title":"Natalia Vodianova"},{"id":"11030224","text":"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \"Amazone\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand","title":"Anand Jon"},{"id":"12247243","text":"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \"Shots in the Dark\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \"Seed,\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \"Phantoms\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \"Nowhere\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \"Southie\" (1996),","title":"Rose McGowan"},{"id":"20910525","text":"wearing a \"knock off\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\" in \"The New York Times\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \"underground\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"4320468","text":"and the \"Miss Dior\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \"Christian Dior Couture\" in 1995. Also, the \"La Parisienne\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \"Parisian Chic\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano","title":"Christian Dior SE"},{"id":"4918650","text":"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \"Vogue\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her","title":"Karolína Kurková"},{"id":"7740717","text":"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s","title":"Jean Dessès"},{"id":"2088448","text":"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \"Playboy\", which used the character and \"Tomb Raider\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the","title":"Lara Croft"},{"id":"4643307","text":"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \"Nylon\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen","title":"Nylon (magazine)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"10150\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2997926\",\n \"text\": \"Bure derived no immigration benefit from the marriage, which was dissolved the following year. Bohn became a costume designer in the film and television industry. After being linked to girlfriend Dahn Bryan, a model and actress, early in his NHL career, Bure shared a relationship with tennis star and fellow Russian Anna Kournikova. The two met in 1999 when she was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after reporter Andrew Greven took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova\",\n \"title\": \"Pavel Bure\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10151\",\n \"text\": \"should bounce\\\" billboard campaign. Following that, she was cast by the Farrelly brothers for a minor role in the 2000 film \\\"Me, Myself & Irene\\\" starring Jim Carrey and Renée Zellweger. Photographs of her have appeared on covers of various publications, including men's magazines, such as one in the much-publicized 2004 \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", where she posed in bikinis and swimsuits, as well as in \\\"FHM\\\" and \\\"Maxim\\\". Kournikova was named one of \\\"People's\\\" 50 Most Beautiful People in 1998 and was voted \\\"hottest female athlete\\\" on ESPN.com. In 2002 she also placed first in \\\"FHM's 100 Sexiest Women\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10121\",\n \"text\": \"Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the \\\"Spice Girls of Tennis\\\". Kournikova retired at the age of 21 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and plays in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis. She was a new trainer for season 12 of the television show \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\", replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"387112\",\n \"text\": \"Association (WTA) doubles team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournikova, two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Finals Doubles champions, dubbed themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\" in 1999. Hingis and Kournikova, along with fellow WTA players Venus and Serena Williams, were also labelled the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis\\\", then later the “Spite Girls”, by the media in the late 1990s due to their youthfulness, popularity, and brashness. Wax sculptures of the Spice Girls are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussauds New York wax museum. The sculptures of the Spice Girls (sans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Spice Girls\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481831\",\n \"text\": \"Spike Lee's \\\"Girl 6\\\", as well as a recurring role on the second season of \\\"New York Undercover\\\". In 1998, \\\"Time\\\" declared the end of the supermodel era. Campbell continued modelling, both on the runway and, more frequently, on print. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances. In November of that year, she posed with 12 other top models for the \\\"Modern Muses\\\" cover of the Millennium Issue of American \\\"Vogue\\\", shot by Annie Leibovitz. The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999044\",\n \"text\": \"Banks modeled as a teenager, including a cover of \\\"Teen\\\" magazine. She entered the industry under the name \\\"Mirage\\\", but began calling herself \\\"Briana Banks\\\" in 1999, after having the first of two breast enlargement operations. Having had aspirations of being a supermodel, she chose the professional surname \\\"Banks\\\" after model Tyra Banks. Her first appearance using the new name was in the film \\\"Decadent Whores 9\\\". In June 2001, Banks was \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet of the Month. On October 13, 2006, Banks reportedly filed a federal lawsuit seeking more than US$ 75,000 in damages against Doc Johnson Enterprises, charging\",\n \"title\": \"Briana Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481839\",\n \"text\": \"CFDA’s ceremony on June 4. Despite her status as the most famous black model of her time, Campbell never earned the same volume of advertising assignments as her white colleagues, and she was not signed by a cosmetics company until as late as 1999. In 1991, she revealed, \\\"I may be considered one of the top models in the world, but in no way do I make the same money as any of them.\\\" Throughout her career, Campbell has been outspoken against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry. In 1997, she stated, \\\"There is prejudice. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591034\",\n \"text\": \"Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would not use models younger than 18. Soon after the Victoria's Secret shoot, she was signed\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10120\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a Russian former professional tennis player. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search. Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20445958\",\n \"text\": \"During her reign, she was also crowned Miss Model International. After her reign as Miss Russia ended, she crowned Yelena Rogozhina as her successor. Petrova was later offered a contract with Ford Models, but declined due to the fact that they would have required her to lose weight, learn English, and cut her hair short. Petrova went on to represent Russia in the Miss Universe 1999 competition, where she was unplaced. On 16 September 2000, Petrova was killed by a single gunshot to the head while outside of her apartment in Cheboksary, two days before her 20th birthday. Her boyfriend,\",\n \"title\": \"Alexandra Petrova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1472408\",\n \"text\": \"worked in campaigns for Armani, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, and Paul Smith and appeared on the covers of several fashion magazines. In 1999, she became the face of the Hugo Boss fragrance campaign, succeeding model Karen Ferrari and continuing the campaign for three years. After modelling for a few years, Guillory returned her focus to acting in 2000. She is signed to Independent Models in London. Guillory explained that she \\\"became an actor because I wanted to know what it was like to be other people. Because possibly I don't like myself\\\", and later said \\\"I hate acting, really hate\",\n \"title\": \"Sienna Guillory\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957268\",\n \"text\": \"Children's Hospital Los Angeles community awareness efforts. In May 2014, Klum was honoured with the Crystal Cross Award by the American Red Cross for her charity work, most notably for her contributions to the Red Cross after Hurricane Sandy. Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10142\",\n \"text\": \"was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles. Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18960142\",\n \"text\": \"not on achievement but on her exotic beauty and on a sad and cynical marketing campaign.\\\" Janice Forsyth, director of the International Centre for Olympic Studies at the University of Western Ontario, compared her to tennis' Anna Kournikova, who had never won a WTA Tour singles tournament but became well-known after appearing in numerous photo shoots and product advertisements. Jones rejected these criticisms, saying that her critics should be supporting the U.S. Olympic athletes, whereas instead they just \\\"ripped me to shreds.\\\" Jones also stated that \\\"The New York Times\\\" did not do its research properly, since, unlike Kournikova, she\",\n \"title\": \"Lolo Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10839998\",\n \"text\": \"Sanja Papić Sanja Papić (Serbian Cyrillic: Сања Папић, born 25 June 1984 in Novi Sad, Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia) is a Serbian model and beauty pageant titleholder who represented Serbia and Montenegro at Miss Universe 2003 where she placed 3rd Runner-Up and Miss Europe 2003 where she placed 2nd Runner-Up. In September 2003, Papić finished as a runner-up at the Miss Europe contest in Paris. In November, she left for New York in the company of Roberto Cavalli as his muse. She had been Omega Watches Ambassador (alongside Michael Schumacher, Anna Kournikova and Cindy Crawford), following a contract between Omega and\",\n \"title\": \"Sanja Papić\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10148\",\n \"text\": \"doubles specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Fleming. Kournikova was in a relationship with fellow Russian Pavel Bure, an NHL ice hockey player. The two met in 1999 when Kournikova was still linked to Bure's former Russian teammate Sergei Fedorov. Bure and Kournikova were reported to have been engaged in 2000 after a reporter took a photo of them together in a Florida restaurant where Bure supposedly asked Kournikova to marry him. As the story made headlines in Russia, where they were both heavily followed in the media as celebrities, Bure and Kournikova both denied any engagement. Kournikova, 10 years\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10153\",\n \"text\": \"back up to third place among athletes in terms of search popularity in 2010. In October 2010, Kournikova headed to NBC's \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" where she led the contestants in a tennis-workout challenge. In May 2011, it was announced that Kournikova would join \\\"The Biggest Loser\\\" as a regular celebrity trainer in season 12. She did not return for season 13. In November 2010, she became an American citizen. In 2011, \\\"Men's Health\\\" named her one of the \\\"100 Hottest Women of All-Time\\\", ranking her at No. 29. Anna Kournikova Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova (; born 7 June 1981) is a\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13398977\",\n \"text\": \"Colette Pechekhonova Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model. Pechekhonova was born on March 12, 1980 in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg. She was a student of ballet from a young age. While in college studying medicine, she sent pictures of herself to various agencies. The owner of one of them, Cros Coitton of Parisian agency Nathalie Models, noticed her photo and signed her almost immediately. Pechekhonova's debut into the fashion world was at the Spring/Summer 1999 Fendi show. She walked a total of 40 shows that season, making her an international success. After signing with New York Model Management in 1999,\",\n \"title\": \"Colette Pechekhonova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2056098\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Two and a Half Men\\\" as a carpenter/handyman. He also guest starred as Gael, an Argentinean guitar playing/surfer/massage therapist love interest of Robin in season 3 of the CBS hit TV show \\\"How I Met Your Mother\\\". Iglesias also played the part of an evil Roman emperor in a Pepsi advertising in 2004. He's also starred in commercials for Tommy Hilfiger, Doritos and for Viceroy watches. In late 2001, Enrique Iglesias started a relationship with Russian tennis player Anna Kournikova. They reportedly split in October 2013 but have since reconciled. The couple had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16\",\n \"title\": \"Enrique Iglesias\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501979\",\n \"text\": \"and French \\\"Numéro\\\". Kass's first \\\"Vogue\\\" cover was French \\\"Vogue\\\" in November 1997. Her career was launched by Anna Wintour, and by 1999, Kass was walking the runway for numerous and diverse top designers, such as Marc Jacobs, Michael Kors, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, and Dolce & Gabbana; and posing in advertisements for designers and brands, like Calvin Klein, Chanel, Gucci, Donna Karan, Dsquared2, Versace, Givenchy, Fendi, Max Mara, Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Narciso Rodriguez, and even General Motors. She also appeared in a Gap denim advertising campaign, and was a spokesperson for Revlon cosmetics, Sephora, and the Christian\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3527866\",\n \"text\": \"and print advertising campaign won praise from critics. The Estée Lauder makeover transformed Porizkova's public image from a swimsuit model to that of European sophisticate and she remained the company's face until 1995. She soon landed another multimillion-dollar contract, with Escada. She was presented on the November 1999 Millennium cover of American \\\"Vogue\\\" as one of the \\\"Modern Muses\\\". Porizkova was part of the panel of judges on \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" (\\\"ANTM\\\"), starting on Cycle 10 replacing the fashion icon, Twiggy. Porizkova continued to conduct regular weekly evaluations of \\\"ANTM\\\" participants on the show until she announced during a\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Porizkova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1957242\",\n \"text\": \"Heidi Klum Heidi Klum (; born 1 June 1973) is a German model, television personality, businesswoman, fashion designer, singer, television producer, author, and actress. She appeared on the cover of the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" and in 1999 was the first German model to become a Victoria's Secret Angel. Following a successful modeling career, Klum became the host and a judge of \\\"Germany's Next Topmodel\\\" and the reality show \\\"Project Runway\\\" which earned her an Emmy nomination in 2008 and a win in 2013 for Outstanding Host for a Reality or Reality-Competition Program (shared with co-host Tim Gunn); Klum has\",\n \"title\": \"Heidi Klum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13117461\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks also wore the 1995 Million Dollar Miracle Bra during the 1999 fashion show. As of 2018, the fantasy bra has been worn by 8 times by a Brazilian model, 5 times by an American model, 4 times by a German model, and 3 times by a Czech model. The $15 million price tag for the 2000 bra worn by Gisele Bündchen earned a place in the \\\"Guinness World Records\\\" as the most expensive item of lingerie ever created. The $3 million 2009 Harlequin Fantasy Bra and the $2 million 2010 Bombshell Fantasy Bra were designed by Damiani. Listed\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria's Secret Fashion Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12611369\",\n \"text\": \"Nike's account in 1999 with Wieden+Kennedy marked the return of celebrity endorsements to Nike campaigns, including athletes such as Olympic runner Suzy Favor-Hamilton. \\\"Pretty\\\" continued this trend, and showcased the debut of Maria Sharapova as a spokesperson for the brand. Maria Sharapova had been playing tennis professionally since 2001, and became the youngest girl to reach the final at the junior Australian Open the following year, at the age of 14. In 2004, Sharapova became the third-youngest winner of the women's Wimbledon Championships. By 2005, she was ranked Number 1 in the world. \\\"Pretty\\\" was filmed and released in the\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty (advertisement)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"571158\",\n \"text\": \"Girls football photo session (by chance, she wore the kit of his club Manchester United for the feature as the group's manager was a supporter). Of their initial meeting, she said, \\\"I didn't really know who he was. I was never into football.\\\" The couple announced their engagement in 1998 and were dubbed \\\"Posh and Becks\\\" by the media. She collects handbags, and owns over 100 Birkin bags, made by Hermès, which are widely considered the most valuable and sought-after, including a £100,000 shocking pink one, and worth a total of more than £1.5 million. On 4 July 1999 they\",\n \"title\": \"Victoria Beckham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9738554\",\n \"text\": \"smiling behind a large pair of red knickers on a washing line, saying \\\"is it a genuine Emin (£10,000)\\\" and thinking, \\\"or a worthless fake?\\\". This is a reference to Tracey Emin's \\\"My Bed\\\", literally a display of her (dishevelled) bed with detritus which included a pair of her knickers, shown in the 1999 Turner Prize at Tate Britain. The image was painted over a few days and in a final 24-hour non stop stint. \\\"My painting of Serota has become an icon of the Stuckist movement because it states our position in art,\\\" said Thomson. \\\"We are for new\",\n \"title\": \"Sir Nicholas Serota Makes an Acquisitions Decision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14256781\",\n \"text\": \"Sassoon and Bumble and Bumble. While serving as a judge in a Northern Ontario Model Search, he met Elmer Olsen, a model scout and a former hairdresser. Olsen was impressed by Verrilli’s training history and invited him to get in touch if he was ever in Toronto. When Verrilli moved to the Toronto area in 1999, he did get in touch. After one haircut, Olsen was so pleased, he started sending all his models to Verrilli. One of those models was Daria Werbowy Daria Werbowy, who became a regular client. Once her career began to take off, Verrilli styled her\",\n \"title\": \"Mario Verrilli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5523086\",\n \"text\": \"and began a marketing blitz around the K-Swiss brand. Award-winning Creative Director, Mindy Gale led her NY based agency team in developing and producing K-Swiss advertising and publicity campaigns from 1997 through 2008. The \\\"I Wear My K-Swiss\\\" multi-media campaign ran for five consecutive years, targeting young urban consumers in print and on TV. A re-branding campaign appealing to a wider modern female target, featuring Anna Kournikova rolled out in 2007. Advertising campaigns encouraged users to personalize the trademark stripes under the slogan \\\"Put Your Spin on It.\\\" The brand includes their color changing K-Swiss Tongue Twister in 2003, the\",\n \"title\": \"K-Swiss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10982949\",\n \"text\": \"more). He was one of four active doubles players at the time of the Masters Cup to have completed a career Grand Slam (with Bob and Mike Bryan, and Daniel Nestor), and two year-end championships titles, in 1994 and 2006. Björkman, who mainly partnered during his career with Jan Apell, Nicklas Kulti, Todd Woodbridge, Max Mirnyi and Kevin Ullyett, also finished runner-up at two mixed doubles Grand Slam finals at Wimbledon, with Anna Kournikova in 1999, and Alicia Molik in 2007, and was part of the Sweden Davis Cup team for their last three championships in 1994, 1997 and 1998.\",\n \"title\": \"2008 Tennis Masters Cup\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9690479\",\n \"text\": \"Among the schools she attended was one in Częstochowa, Poland. Her family still lives in Poland where Anja also owns a home. Rubik was interested in modeling from a young age after watching George Michael's music video for \\\"Too Funky\\\" featuring famous 90s supermodels. She participated in a local modeling contest, where she was scouted by a Parisian agency. In 1999, she moved to Paris to begin her modeling career. While she finished her education, she modeled during school vacations only. Rubik made her runway debut during the Paris Fashion Week Fall/Winter 1999 ready-to-wear collections. In 2000, Rubik signed with\",\n \"title\": \"Anja Rubik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11557750\",\n \"text\": \"as a career. When she was a teenager, she attended an all-girls school, which was very strict about her grades and attendance. She was given time off school to pursue her modelling, with the proviso that she keep her grades up. Much of her initial modelling work was during her school holidays. Throughout Gold's modelling career, her social life has been chronicled by the tabloids despite her keeping a relatively low profile. In her early career, she allegedly dated Westlife singer Mark Feehily in 1999. The pair kept a low profile due to his boy band status, with the exception\",\n \"title\": \"Lauren Gold\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18894034\",\n \"text\": \"Panhellenic Women's Track & Field Championship. From 1984 to 1997 she had an international career as a model, and in 1990 she was chosen by CNN as one of the ten most beautiful models in the world. She collaborated for many years with Serge Lutens, a well-known French photographer, designer and producer in the world of fashion, while also having the good fortune to collaborate with the Japanese cosmetics company Shiseido, and is the model most recognized as spokesperson for that brand, and whose face was published in international campaigns. In 1997 she returned to Greece, and from 2004 she\",\n \"title\": \"Elena Kountoura\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1790468\",\n \"text\": \"Tyra Banks Tyra Lynne Banks (born December 4, 1973) is an American television personality, producer, businesswoman, actress, author, former model and occasional singer. Born in Inglewood, California, she began her career as a model at the age of 15, and was the first woman of African American descent to be featured on the covers of \\\"GQ\\\" and the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\", on which she appeared twice. She was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1997 to 2005. By the early 2000s, Banks was one of the world's top-earning models. Banks began acting on television in 1993 on \\\"The Fresh Prince\",\n \"title\": \"Tyra Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14596989\",\n \"text\": \"sewing apparel for major clothing manufacturers; seat belts, airbags and motor coils in vehicles; construction; surgical threads; ornament strings; and artificial hair. Gosen specialises in tennis, soft tennis and badminton sporting goods. The brand has been in the industry for more than 60 years, and its products have been previously approved by the International Tennis Federation, the Indonesia Badminton Association and the Badminton World Federation. Top players such as Rod Laver, Jim Courier, Jimmy Connors, Chris Evert Lloyd, Conchita Martínez and Anna Kournikova have also previously used and promoted this brand. Gosen was one of the world's first companies that\",\n \"title\": \"Gosen (company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14994342\",\n \"text\": \"her appearances on the court. In particular, her fur-lined clothing worn at the 1964 Wimbledon Championships caught the attention of observers. In 2001, the \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" quoted Pericoli as saying \\\"I became famous because of my clothes, not my playing.\\\" and \\\"I didn't make any money from tennis, but if I'd been born 30 years later I would have become terribly rich like Anna Kournikova\\\". On 7 May 2015, in the presence of the President of Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), Giovanni Malagò, was inaugurated in the Olympic Park of the Foro Italico in Rome, along \\\"Viale delle Olimpiadi\\\", the\",\n \"title\": \"Lea Pericoli\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4591038\",\n \"text\": \"in 2007. She was engaged to Rohan Marley but the engagement ended in early 2013. Isabeli Fontana Isabeli Bergossi Fontana (born 4 July 1983) is a Brazilian model. Fontana was born in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, to Maribel Bergossi and Antonio Carlos Fontana, both of Italian descent. At just 13 years of age she made it to the finals of the 1996 Elite Model Look. The following year she moved from Brazil to Milan, Italy. In 1999, at the age of 16, she appeared in the Victoria's Secret lingerie catalogue. The shoot caused controversy, as Victoria's Secret stated that they would\",\n \"title\": \"Isabeli Fontana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918649\",\n \"text\": \"in Děčín, Czechoslovakia, to Josef Kurka, a Czech basketball player, and a Slovak mother. While Kurková was young, she was made fun of for her height. But after a friend sent photos of Kurková to an agency in Prague, at age 15, she landed a runway appearance, as well as gigs for commercial and print advertising. She later traveled to Milan to gain more experience and signed a modeling contract with Miuccia Prada. In September 1999, Kurková appeared in the American edition of fashion and lifestyle magazine \\\"Vogue\\\", and, after moving to New York City at the age of 17,\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4304089\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Chen. Phil Hellmuth's \\\"Play Poker Like the Pros\\\" book published in 2003. Statistics based on real play with their associated actual value in real bets. In poker communities, it is common for hole cards to be given nicknames. While most combinations have a nickname, stronger handed nicknames are generally more recognized, the most notable probably being the \\\"Big Slick\\\" - Ace and King of the same suit, although an Ace-King of any suit combination is less occasionally referred to as an Anna Kournikova, derived from the initials AK and because it \\\"looks really good but rarely wins.\\\" Hands can\",\n \"title\": \"Texas hold 'em starting hands\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"214845\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"popular actor even more popular\\\". Both the music industry and the public became intrigued by \\\"this woman who seemed to have so many different talents\\\". By the end of 1999, Lopez successfully converted herself from a film star to a pop star. She joined a select few in achieving this feat, becoming the first since Vanessa Williams (1992) and Martika (1989). On February 23, 2000, Lopez, accompanied by then boyfriend Sean Combs, wore a plunging exotic green Versace silk chiffon dress on the red carpet of the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards. The dress \\\"had a low-cut neck that extended\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer Lopez\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12481853\",\n \"text\": \"1999, Campbell has released 16 fragrances for women via her eponymous perfume house, under the Procter & Gamble brand. Naomi Campbell Naomi Elaine Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a Jamaican English model, actress and singer. Recruited at the age of 15, she established herself amongst the most recognizable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and the 1990s and was one of six models of her generation declared :supermodels by the fashion industry and the international press. In addition to her modelling career, Campbell has embarked on other ventures, which include an R&B-pop studio album and several acting appearances\",\n \"title\": \"Naomi Campbell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7445841\",\n \"text\": \"waiting for the down elevator, she took the stairs instead, where she met modeling agency owner Eileen Ford. As Graham remembered in a 1999 interview, she had started chatting with Mrs Ford on the stairs, and by the time they were outside, Mrs Ford handed Graham her card and suggested that she think about becoming a model. Because Graham had not found a teaching job yet and was working as a bookkeeper, she decided to try modeling for a few years to make extra money to furnish her small apartment. Graham's early work as a model included a photo shoot\",\n \"title\": \"Karen Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1419057\",\n \"text\": \"Hufkens in Brussels. In 2017, Emin and Lehmann Maupin ended their working relationship. Charles Saatchi, who was best known as the most high-profile, high-spending collector of contemporary British art, bought \\\"My Bed\\\" (1998) for £150,000 ($248,000) from Lehmann Maupin's \\\"Every Part of Me's Bleeding,\\\" the exhibition that won the artist a nomination for the 1999 Turner Prize. In 2013, on the occasion of a Christie's London sale that raised a total of 3.1 million pounds ($5 million) in aid of the Saatchi Gallery's policy of free entry, \\\"To Meet My Past\\\" (2002) sold for $778,900, establishing a new record for\",\n \"title\": \"Tracey Emin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17292188\",\n \"text\": \"Paulina Tomborowska Paulina Tomborowska (born 1975) is a Polish model and Polish TV journalist (\\\"Polsat Café\\\"). She began working as a model at age 16 in 1991. Initially, she took part in television commercials and fashion shows, including for Polish fashion designer Anna Brodzinska. In 1995, she signed international contracts in Tokyo and Milan. Her height of was an ideal fit to the Japanese fashion market. For nearly four years, she moved between Warsaw, Tokyo and Milan. At the beginning of 1999, she returned to the Poland and became one of the most successful models in the country, in addition\",\n \"title\": \"Paulina Tomborowska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10136\",\n \"text\": \"also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year. Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lindsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semi-finals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals (Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2501977\",\n \"text\": \"Carmen Kass Carmen Kass (born 14 September 1978) is an Estonian model and former political candidate. Considered a supermodel by the fashion industry, she has worked as the face of Versace, Yves Saint Laurent, Gucci, Valentino, Chanel, Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Dior, Céline, Givenchy, and, for ten consecutive years, Michael Kors. In the year 2002, she was estimated to have been the second-highest-paid model in the world. Outside of modeling, Kass ran for the European Parliament in 2004 and was the president of the Estonian Chess Federation from 2004 to 2011. Kass was born in Tallinn and grew up in\",\n \"title\": \"Carmen Kass\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649049\",\n \"text\": \"Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford \\\"Supermodel of the World\\\" competition before signing with Elite Model Management in New York City. Lima is currently ranked by Models.com\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3649083\",\n \"text\": \"popular that it eventually became one of the top five most searched diets on the web in 2012 according to Google. Adriana Lima Adriana Lima (; born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress, best known as a Victoria's Secret Angel from 1999 to 2018, (being their longest-running model and named \\\"the most valuable Victoria's Secret Angel\\\" in 2017), as a spokesmodel for Maybelline cosmetics since 2003 and for her Super Bowl and Kia Motors commercials. At the age of 15, Lima won Ford's \\\"Supermodel of Brazil\\\" competition, and took second place the following year in the Ford\",\n \"title\": \"Adriana Lima\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9973300\",\n \"text\": \"she was an occasional actress on the USA Network's \\\"Up All Night with Rhonda Shear\\\". Whilst trying to get her recording career off the ground, to make a living she began a small modelling agency in 1988, which quickly evolved into an illicit escort business servicing a financially exclusive clientele. On June 8, 1999, Gibson was arrested in a sting operation in West Los Angeles and charged with pimping and pandering. At the time of her arrest the prosecuting authorities stated that Gibson ran one of the largest prostitution procurement operations since Heidi Fleiss, employing around 300 women. Her subsequent\",\n \"title\": \"Jody Gibson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16217923\",\n \"text\": \"Arbor and during the Fall of 2018, Klarberg will teach again at the University of Michigan. Barry Klarberg Barry J. Klarberg (born March 4, 1961), CPA, is an American businessman. He is a professional business and wealth manager for athletes, entertainers and high-net-worth individuals. He is the founder and CEO of Monarch Business and Wealth Management, a full-service firm and family office that specializes in providing business and wealth management services. Klarberg has managed several prominent individuals including musician/actor Justin Timberlake, entrepreneur Russell Simmons, DJ and record producer Kaskade, NASCAR champion Kyle Busch, professional tennis player/model Anna Kournikova, NBA All-Star\",\n \"title\": \"Barry Klarberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088449\",\n \"text\": \"character's image; \\\"Playboy\\\" was ordered to place stickers on the cover of the issue to conceal the reference to \\\"Tomb Raider\\\". Eidos later donated McAndrew's Tomb Raider costume to a UNICEF charity auction. Lara Weller followed McAndrew from 1999 to 2000. Subsequent models were Lucy Clarkson from 2000 to 2002 and Jill de Jong, who wore a new costume based on Lara Croft's new appearance in \\\"Angel of Darkness\\\" from 2002 to 2004. Karima Adebibe became the model from 2006 to 2008, and wore a costume based on the updated version of Croft in \\\"Legend\\\". She was the first model\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1595130\",\n \"text\": \"le Bon, Kate Moss, Christy Turlington and Stella Tennant modelling in return for keeping Treacy's hats, which were all black. In 1994, he opened up his boutique at 69 Elizabeth Street, in Belgravia, London, right beside Isabella Blow's resicence at number 67. Treacy has designed hats for Alexander McQueen (another discovery of Isabella Blow), including his 1999 \\\"white collection\\\" for Givenchy Haute Couture in Paris, for Karl Lagerfeld at Chanel, and for Valentino, Ralph Lauren, Donna Karan, Versace and Rifat Özbek. In January 2000, he became the first milliner for 80 years to be invited to exhibit at the Paris\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Treacy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5847572\",\n \"text\": \"a business manager is a representative of musicians or recording artists or both, whose main job is to supervise their business affairs and financial matters. The role largely originated from Allen Klein, who represented numerous performers, helping them to both invest their incomes wisely and to recover unpaid (or underpaid) royalties and fees. Business managers commonly have an overlapping presence in both the entertainment and sports industries, as illustrated by business manager Barry Klarberg, who represents entertainer Justin Timberlake as well professional athletes C. J. Wilson, Mark Messier and Anna Kournikova. In government and the military, the equivalent position is\",\n \"title\": \"Business manager\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12625463\",\n \"text\": \"delegation is considered to be the greatest honor bestowed on an American by the United States Olympic Committee. In 2012, she was appointed by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to the State Department's Council to Empower Women and Girls Through Sports, according to a State Department fact sheet. In 1999, she launched her career as a model by starting on the runway. She modelled for British fashion designer Alexander McQueen by opening his London show, on a pair of hand-carved wooden prosthetic legs made from solid ash, with integral boots. She is able to change her height between 5 ft\",\n \"title\": \"Aimee Mullins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3165645\",\n \"text\": \"Zvonareva started to compete on the ITF Women's Circuit in 1999, debuting at an ITF tournament in Tbilisi, Georgia. She won three qualifying matches there to reach the main draw before losing in the first round. The next year, she won an ITF event in Moscow, Russia without dropping a set, despite being unranked. The event was just the second event she had played in her professional career. Five weeks later, she made her WTA-level debut at the Tier I tournament in Moscow, beating world No. 148 Elena Bovina, before losing to world No. 11 Anna Kournikova in the second\",\n \"title\": \"Vera Zvonareva\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6060847\",\n \"text\": \"Playmate of the Year (album) Playmate of the Year is the third studio album released by American punk rock band Zebrahead, it is also their final album released via Columbia Records. The woman modelling on the album cover is American model and actress Jodi Ann Paterson who was a \\\"Playboy\\\" Playmate in 1999 and named \\\"Playmate of the Year\\\" in 2000, of which the album refers to. The album cover and its CD case content also closely resembles the album cover and CD case content of the band's follow-up release \\\"Stupid Fat Americans\\\". In the beginning of the video the\",\n \"title\": \"Playmate of the Year (album)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9472782\",\n \"text\": \"because she had already received a more lucrative offer by that time. Since the time of her victory, Kahnovich has become a very successful model, having walked in fashion shows for big names such as Versace, Louis Vuitton, Christian Dior and Dolce and Gabbana in New York, Paris and Milan. Cycle two was held exactly one year after the first one and saw victory for Svetlana Sergienko, who was asked by Russian president Vladimir Putin to join the parliament as a representative for the growing modeling industry in Russia. The show was discontinued after four cycles and returned under the\",\n \"title\": \"Ty - supermodel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7249643\",\n \"text\": \"caused further financial difficulties as the designer amounted 250,000 pounds in debt and was forced to go into voluntary liquidation. Subsequently, he restructured his company and staged comeback collection in 2001 without a catwalk presentation, and designed for high-street label Marks and Spencer to make ends meet. Italian clothing manufacturer Gibo also helped the designer as did British jeweller Asprey, who appointed him as their fashion director the same year. He was crowned 'British Designer of the Year' in 1999 and 2000, and was awarded a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) on 17 June 2006. International\",\n \"title\": \"Hussein Chalayan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10976280\",\n \"text\": \"has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 1996 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\",\n \"title\": \"Kirsty Hume\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3651784\",\n \"text\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio Alessandra Corine Maria Ambrósio (; born April 11, 1981) is a Brazilian model and actress. Ambrosio is known for her work with Victoria's Secret and was chosen as the first spokesmodel for the company's PINK line. Ambrosio was a Victoria's Secret Angel from 2000 to 2017 and has modeled for brands such as Next, Armani Exchange, Christian Dior, and Ralph Lauren. In 2012, she was ranked number six on \\\"Forbes\\\" list of the highest-paid models, estimated to have earned $6.6 million in one year. She is often cited by the popular media as one of the world's sexiest\",\n \"title\": \"Alessandra Ambrosio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1320546\",\n \"text\": \"will be co-starring with Saoirse Ronan, Meryl Streep, Timothée Chalamet, Laura Dern, and Chris Cooper. In 2005, Watson began her modelling career with a photo shoot for \\\"Teen Vogue\\\" and was the youngest person ever to appear on its cover. Three years later, the British press reported that Watson was to replace Keira Knightley as the face of the fashion house Chanel, but this was denied by both parties. In June 2009, following several months of rumours, Watson confirmed that she would be partnering with Burberry as the face of their Autumn/Winter 2009 campaign, for which she received an estimated\",\n \"title\": \"Emma Watson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563017\",\n \"text\": \"consider getting plastic surgery. Despite that, she managed to get signed by an agency that sent her to work in Paris, France. A few years later, she was signed by Elite Model Management, and subsequently by Ford Models. McMenamy's modeling career mainly spanned the years 1985 to 1998, when she worked for many of the world's top designers and international fashion houses, such as Versace, Giorgio Armani, Valentino, Todd Oldham, Christian Dior, Sonia Rykiel, Dolce & Gabbana, Jean Paul Gaultier, Gianfranco Ferré, Lanvin, Isaac Mizrahi, Yohji Yamamoto, Thierry Mugler, Comme des Garçons, Chloé, and Moschino. During the early stage of\",\n \"title\": \"Kristen McMenamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"274024\",\n \"text\": \"Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year. Mattel earned the first grant for Disney Princess doll licenses in 2000. In December 2000, Mattel sued the band Aqua, saying their song \\\"Barbie Girl\\\" violated the Barbie trademark and turned Barbie into a sex object, referring to her as a\",\n \"title\": \"Mattel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5568840\",\n \"text\": \"Baby Phat Baby Phat is an American apparel brand developed by model and entrepreneur Kimora Lee Simmons in 1999. The brand is the high-end line of Russell Simmons' Phat Fashions LLC label, and is carried in mid-market department stores, including Macy's and Dillard's. The label caters to female urban wear. In 2004, the label's parent company was acquired by Kellwood Company for $140 million. Baby Phat was established under Phat Fashions LLC in 1999 as an extension of the urban menswear brand Phat Farm. Initially, the Baby Phat symbol was placed on simple T-shirts and gifted as party favors to\",\n \"title\": \"Baby Phat\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224695\",\n \"text\": \"cover of the Italian Glamour magazine, and editorials for Harper's Bazaar and the Italian Vogue. Mallmann went to New York and returned to her country as a supermodel. She appeared in the Pirelli Calendar in June 1999 and was chosen by US TV channel E! as \\\"Celebrity of the Year\\\" in 1999. Her career includes runway and advertisements for designers such as Valentino, Alexander McQueen, Oscar de la Renta, Alberta Ferretti, Bottega Veneta, Carolina Herrera, Christian Lacroix, Marc Jacobs, Prada, Chanel 'Allure' perfume, Christian Dior, Dolce & Gabbana, Donna Karan, Emporio Armani, Gianni Versace, Jean Paul Gaultier, Lacoste, Yves Saint\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7207229\",\n \"text\": \"were very controversial). Meisel also shoots Prada campaigns each season — having done so since 2004. In April 2008 he shot friend Madonna for \\\"Vanity Fair\\\", and later in the year he shot her for the 2009 spring campaign by Louis Vuitton. He is a close friend of designer Anna Sui for whom he also shot several campaigns, even though Sui rarely uses advertising to promote her clothing. As one of the most powerful photographers in the fashion industry, Meisel is credited with \\\"discovering\\\" or promoting the careers of many successful models, including Linda Evangelista, Guinevere Van Seenus, Karen Elson,\",\n \"title\": \"Steven Meisel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2005504\",\n \"text\": \"producer Michael Winner. Hervey became a part-time catwalk model in a career move she hoped would take her into television presenting, but with her statuesque 6-foot height she took to the career full-time, ultimately modelling for Christian Dior. In April 2000, she and friend Jayne Blight opened Knightsbridge fashion boutique \\\"Akademi\\\". Frequented by Victoria Beckham, Meg Mathews and Martine McCutcheon, it closed in 2001 with debts estimated at £350,000. Hervey was reportedly only £20 out of pocket by the business failure but in the year following the closure, Hervey owed a series of personal debts. In 2012, it was reported\",\n \"title\": \"Lady Victoria Hervey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2263455\",\n \"text\": \"Rodman married model Carmen Electra in November 1998 at the Little Chapel of the Flowers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Electra filed for divorce in April 1999. In 1999 Rodman met Michelle Moyer, with whom he had a son, Dennis Junior (D.J., born 2000) and a daughter, Trinity (born 2001). Moyer and Rodman married in 2003 on his 42nd birthday. Michelle Rodman filed for divorce in 2004, although the couple spent several years attempting to reconcile. The marriage was officially dissolved in 2012 when Michelle Rodman again petitioned the court to grant a divorce. It was reported that Rodman owed $860,376\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis Rodman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13239176\",\n \"text\": \"Ashfield to a 'state of the art' factory on \\\"Bridge Foot\\\" (A517) in Belper. In May 2006, Sara Lee sold all of its lingerie brands to PD Enterprise, as part of a company known as Courtaulds Legwear. Pretty Polly was the first hosiery company to advertise on TV in 1980. In 1994 Laura Bailey modelled for the company, then in 1998, Eva Herzigová became the face (and legs) of Pretty Polly advertising. Sara Cox also modelled their hosiery. In 1999 the company launched their first bras, known as bbras. In 2003, English singer Rachel Stevens became the face of PP\",\n \"title\": \"Pretty Polly (hosiery)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12898403\",\n \"text\": \"Giovanni was attending a junior college to major in Biology and waitressing five nights a week when she began modeling, having attained 17.5 credits by the semester when she was discovered. She began modeling at the end of 1999, initially to pay for college. About six months into modeling, she was made \\\"Penthouse\\\" magazine's Pet for the month of September 2000. Her pictorial was shot by Suze Randall. Around this time she was accepted to University of California, San Diego as a junior transfer student with a major in biochemistry and a minor in English writing. However, she decided not\",\n \"title\": \"Aria Giovanni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955319\",\n \"text\": \"pair of Vans shoes she designed to benefit the Vans Custom Culture competition, an annual campaign by Vans raising funds and awareness for high school art programs. In 1997, Sui entered into a partnership with Isetan to create a fashion accessories line. The line is distributed by Mammina in Japan and present in the United States, Korea, Hong Kong, China and Taiwan. The Anna Sui Cosmetics line launched in 1999 via a distribution sales agreement with Albion Cosmetics. An Anna Sui Skincare line, similarly with Albion followed this up in 2000. The cosmetics line releases two seasonal collections per year\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Sui\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260844\",\n \"text\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show was taped and the final was aired. When\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5372830\",\n \"text\": \"Wheeler to go to Milan and appear in his fashion show. Later that year, she was stopped in England on her way to a salon by noted fashion photographer Mario Testino. By the age of 17, Wheeler was on the cover of French \\\"Vogue\\\" and part of a Gucci advertisement campaign. Although she continued to go to school at The King's School, Canterbury—in Luxmoore House—Wheeler would often take off days to shoot for fashion companies, such as Calvin Klein, Prada, and The Gap. In 1999, \\\"The Face\\\" magazine declared her the 'Model of the Millennium'. Designers have continued to embrace\",\n \"title\": \"Jacquetta Wheeler\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7090776\",\n \"text\": \"the draw by the highest-ranked non-seeded player Anna Kournikova, who became the #17 seed. 1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles Jana Novotná was the defending champion but lost in the quarterfinals to Lindsay Davenport. Davenport defeated Steffi Graf in the final, 6–4, 7–5 to win the Ladies' Singles tennis title at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships. This was to be the final Grand Slam tournament in which Graf would appear. This tournament saw a number of surprises, including a first round defeat of World No. 1 and first seed Martina Hingis at the hands of Australian qualifier and World No. 129\",\n \"title\": \"1999 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506328\",\n \"text\": \"Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management was sued by model Alexia Palmer. Palmer alleged that 80% of her wages were taken away from her as \\\"expenses\\\" and that she had been paid less than $4000 over a two-year period. The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2016. In July 2015, it was reported that Trump Model Management and Trump Management Group LLC combined had requested US visas for\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10123\",\n \"text\": \"has said, \\\"We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning\\\". Kournikova received her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at age five. Describing her early regimen, she said, \\\"I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Kournikova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17741259\",\n \"text\": \"in 1997. Actor and model Yukta Mookhey was later crowned Miss World 1999. Six years after Sushmita Sen’s win, three Indians made a total sweep in 2000: Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra and Dia Mirza went on to win Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Asia Pacific International (predecessor of Miss Earth pageant) titles respectively. In 2010, Nicole Faria from Bangalore became the first Indian woman to win the Miss Earth pageant and in 2017, Manushi Chhillar won the Miss World 2017 title.
× Did not compete
↑ No pageant held Femina Miss India
I AM She – Miss Universe\",\n \"title\": \"India at Big Four international beauty pageants\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13224693\",\n \"text\": \"Shirley Mallmann Shirley Mallmann (born February 15, 1977) is a Brazilian model. She is considered the first Brazilian top model and is best known for her work with Jean Paul Gaultier, who immortalized her silhouette in his first perfume, \\\"Classique\\\" in a 1999 ad. Known for her amazing runway walk, she's also doned multiple covers of Vogue, Elle, Marie Claire, Cosmopolitan among others worldwide. She was also elected celebrity of the year by E Entertainment in 1999. Mallmann was born in Santa Clara do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul. She is of German-Brazilian descent. Before becoming a model, she worked\",\n \"title\": \"Shirley Mallmann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872414\",\n \"text\": \"the film Lara Croft wearing their tank top with an AK47 on it. Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14872413\",\n \"text\": \"Loyandford Loyandford is a woman's fashion brand established in 1999 in Los Angeles by German Designers Stefan Loy and Frank Ford. Since 2003 the Loyandford collection has been available in clothing shops in the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, Germany, England, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Hong Kong. In 2005 the design duo was chosen from the Smithsonian Institution to present their designs at the Cooper Hewitt museum in New York. Known for their stage clothes, Loyandford has been worn by celebrities such as Cher, The Rolling Stones, Lenny Kravitz and Britney Spears. The brand reached mainstream consumers when Angelina Jolie promoted\",\n \"title\": \"Loyandford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7506329\",\n \"text\": \"almost 250 international fashion models. In August 2016, former Trump models alleged that they had worked for the agency without the company having obtained proper work visas on their behalf. In September 2016, Senator Barbara Boxer called on United States Citizenship and Immigration Services to investigate the allegations. In April 2017, it was announced that the agency would be closed down. Trump Model Management Trump Model Management was a New York City-based modeling agency. Originally known as \\\"T Models\\\", it was founded in 1999 and owned by Donald Trump until its end in 2017. In October 2014, Trump Model Management\",\n \"title\": \"Trump Model Management\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1967772\",\n \"text\": \"Lolly (singer) Lolly (born Anna Shantha Kumble (pronounced \\\"KUUM-blay, Kŭmblā\\\"); 27 June 1977, Sutton Coldfield) is a British pop star, TV presenter and actress. Anna Kumble worked as a model before going into a pop career. Lolly arrived on the British pop music scene in 1999 with the release of her first single, \\\"Viva La Radio\\\". She released five singles and two albums over her two-year career in music. Her real name was released one letter at a time in \\\"Smash Hits\\\" magazine. After quitting her record label Polydor, Lolly reverted to her real name and began TV presenting, working\",\n \"title\": \"Lolly (singer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12260846\",\n \"text\": \"most successful contestants of the \\\"Top Model\\\" franchise. Ksenia Kahnovich Ksenia Kahnovich (; born January 29, 1987 in Vladivostok, USSR) is a Russian fashion model, who won the first cycle of the reality television show \\\"You are a Supermodel\\\", the Russian adaptation of \\\"America's Next Top Model\\\" created by Tyra Banks. \\\"You are a Supermodel, Cycle 1\\\" was held in 2004 and was won by the then 16-year-old Kahnovich. She refused the first prize, which was an agency contract with NEXT Model Management as she already received a more lucrative offer from IMG Models in the time between the show\",\n \"title\": \"Ksenia Kahnovich\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7480664\",\n \"text\": \"Anna Rawson Anna Rawson (born 5 August 1981) is an American professional golfer and model. She played on the Ladies European Tour and the LPGA Tour. Rawson was born in Adelaide, Australia. She got her break into a modeling career at age 16, when she was a finalist in the Australian \\\"Dolly\\\" Magazine cover contest. This opened up modeling opportunities on the catwalk, in print ads, magazines, and on television. In 1999 as an amateur golfer in Australia, Rawson was the South Australian and Victoria Junior Champion plus the winner of the Jack Newton International Junior Classic. She was the\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Rawson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4290130\",\n \"text\": \"Wolf, a man closer to her age. Nonetheless, she had been able to secure a green card through her marriage to Cherry. In 1997 she met Rupert Murdoch, who is 37 years her senior, while working as an executive at the Murdoch-owned Star TV in Hong Kong. They married in 1999 on board his yacht \\\"Morning Glory\\\", less than three weeks after the finalisation of his divorce from his second wife, Anna Murdoch. Following the marriage, she was branded a \\\"gold digger\\\" by sources close to Murdoch, including family members. The couple had two children, Grace (born 2001) and Chloe\",\n \"title\": \"Wendi Deng Murdoch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4585096\",\n \"text\": \"Amber Valletta Amber Evangeline Valletta (born February 9, 1974) is an American model and actress. She began her career as a fashion model, landing her first of sixteen American \\\"Vogue\\\" covers at the age of eighteen. During the 1990s, Valletta reached the status of supermodel, working as the face of Giorgio Armani, Chanel, Louis Vuitton, Prada, Valentino, Gucci and Versace, and signing multimillion-dollar cosmetics contracts with Calvin Klein and Elizabeth Arden. From 1995 to 1996, Valletta and her friend and fellow model Shalom Harlow hosted the MTV show, \\\"House of Style\\\". In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her\",\n \"title\": \"Amber Valletta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11582125\",\n \"text\": \"The cover image of Sarah O'Hare was shot by Antoine Verglas who photographed Gair's 1999 bodypaintings for the Swimsuit Issue. The book includes images produced in Gair's earlier efforts for the \\\"Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue\\\" from 1999–2007. It also includes several behind-the-scenes images not include in the magazine. Although to many she is best known for \\\"Demi's Birthday Suit\\\", art aficionados consider her most famous work \\\"Disappearing Model\\\". The work appeared on \\\"Ripley's Believe it or Not!\\\". In the trompe l'oeil body painting, the face and body of the model are almost indistinguishable from the red and blue and yellow\",\n \"title\": \"Joanne Gair\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7237025\",\n \"text\": \"clarified in a 2004 interview, \\\"I got jumped in a Burger King when I was 18 and had my nose put on the other side of my face. It was three guys – what the hell was I supposed to do? The doctors didn't even bother running X-rays. They just reset it. But it wasn't a nose job – I hate the fact that people say it was a nose job!\\\" In 1999, Murray moved to Hollywood where he supported himself modeling for such clients as Skechers, Tommy Hilfiger and Gucci. Then he was cast in the role of rich\",\n \"title\": \"Chad Michael Murray\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446766\",\n \"text\": \"her first title on clay at the Betty Barclay Cup in Hamburg, defeating Mary Pierce in the final. Williams then won the Tier I Italian Open in Rome, defeating No. 1 Hingis in the semifinals and No. 8 Pierce in the final. At the French Open, she extended her winning streak to 22 matches before losing in the fourth round to No. 125 Barbara Schwartz. Williams teamed with Serena to win the women's doubles title at this event, the first Grand Slam title the pair won together. At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships, Williams defeated No. 17 Anna Kournikova in the\",\n \"title\": \"Venus Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"592747\",\n \"text\": \"saw many Asian countries establishing modelling agencies. By the late 1990s, the heroin chic era had run its course. Teen-inspired clothing infiltrated mainstream fashion, teen pop music was on the rise, and artists such as Britney Spears, Aaliyah and Christina Aguilera popularized pleather and bare midriffs. As fashion changed to a more youthful demographic, the models who rose to fame had to be sexier for the digital age. Following Gisele Bundchen's breakthrough, a wave of Brazilian models including Adriana Lima and Alessandra Ambrosio rose to fame on runways and became popular in commercial modelling throughout the 2000s. Some have tied\",\n \"title\": \"Model (person)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5822944\",\n \"text\": \"the new crop of leading models (Agyness Deyn, Lara Stone, Natasha Poly, Anja Rubik, etc.) or the supermodel era (Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Eva Herzigová). The covers were photographed by duo Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin. \\\"Vogue Paris\\\" declared her one of the top 30 models of the 2000s. Werbowy has had conflicted feelings about her professional life. In the September 2008 issue of Fashion Magazine she was quoted as saying: \\\"I've had a lot of mixed feelings about what I do ... A lot of the time, I feel like I'm part of the problem when it comes\",\n \"title\": \"Daria Werbowy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4994652\",\n \"text\": \"brand Berluti. The couple has two sons: Maxim (born 2 May 2014) and Roman (born 4 June 2016). Natalia Vodianova Natalia Mikhailovna Vodianova (; ; born 28 February 1982), nicknamed Supernova, is a Russian supermodel, philanthropist, entrepreneur and public speaker. She is well known for her rags to riches life story and for her eight-season, seven-figure contract with Calvin Klein. In 2012, she came in third on the \\\"Forbes\\\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $8.6 million in one year. Vodianova is currently ranked by models.com as one of the New Supers in the fashion industry. Vodianova is founder\",\n \"title\": \"Natalia Vodianova\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11030224\",\n \"text\": \"making the transition from fine art to fashion. Parsons alumni include Marc Jacobs, Tom Ford and Donna Karan for whom Anand Jon interned. Upon graduating from Parsons under the mentorship of his Associate Dean, Tim Gunn of Project Runway TV fame, Anand Jon launched his debut collection \\\"Amazone\\\" in 1999. He was the first Indian to debut at 7th of sixth New York Fashion Week. As the Anand Jon brand rapidly gained popularity with his Kama Sutra Indo chic fusions, he was sponsored by Giorgio Armani. Anand Jon also credits Gianni Versace for his start in the fashion world. Anand\",\n \"title\": \"Anand Jon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12247243\",\n \"text\": \"worldwide. Amid her growing public profile, she was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album \\\"Shots in the Dark\\\", which was released in 1996, and became the face of American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. In 1997, she appeared in the short film \\\"Seed,\\\" directed by San Francisco-born filmmaker Karin Thayer, and played opposite Peter O'Toole in the 1998 film adaptation of the Dean Koontz novel \\\"Phantoms\\\". McGowan spent the majority of the late 1990s headlining a variety of independent films, including roles in \\\"Nowhere\\\" (1997), where she reunited with Araki, as well as \\\"Southie\\\" (1996),\",\n \"title\": \"Rose McGowan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910525\",\n \"text\": \"wearing a \\\"knock off\\\" Fendi jacket from Dapper Dan — which was referred to as \\\"an all-night clothing store that caters to performers\\\" in \\\"The New York Times\\\" — interest in the store eventually brought his usage of European luxury fashion logos to the attention of those retailers across the Atlantic. In 1992, after legal action by Fendi and then-U.S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan's was shut down for good. He was shunned by the mainstream fashion world for decades, though he continued to work \\\"underground\\\" as a designer. He began outfitting Floyd Mayweather in 1999. Day's career has been\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320468\",\n \"text\": \"and the \\\"Miss Dior\\\" perfume was relaunched. Francois Baufume succeeded Vindry in 1993 and continued to reduce licenses of the Dior name. The production of Dior Haute Couture was spun off into a subsidiary named \\\"Christian Dior Couture\\\" in 1995. Also, the \\\"La Parisienne\\\" watch model was released – embodied in the watch \\\"Parisian Chic\\\". By that year, revenue for the label rose to USD 177 million, with a net income of USD 26.9 million. Under the influence of Anna Wintour, editor and chief of Vogue, CEO Arnault appointed British designer John Galliano to replace Gianfranco Ferré in 1997 (Galliano\",\n \"title\": \"Christian Dior SE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4918650\",\n \"text\": \"appeared on the cover of the February 2001 edition. Following her \\\"Vogue\\\" cover, Kurková became recognized at haute couture fashion shows. Additionally, the lingerie brand Victoria's Secret chose her to be a part of 2000's fashion show webcast, though she was only 16 at the time. Prominent fashion houses such as Yves Saint Laurent signed Kurková to contracts, while print campaigns for Chanel, Tommy Hilfiger, Max Mara, Bottega Veneta, Donna Karan, Celine, Fendi, Elie Saab, rag & bone, Jean Paul Gaultier, Roberto Cavalli, Valentino, Louis Vuitton, John Galliano, Mango, Christian Dior, Hugo Boss, Versace, H&M, and others helped expose her\",\n \"title\": \"Karolína Kurková\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7740717\",\n \"text\": \"Desses for several years in the 1950s and gained much hands-on experience, as did Guy Laroche who in the 1950s was Desses' assistant. In 1963, at age 60, he retired to Greece because of poor health, where he ran a small boutique which he had opened eight years earlier. He died in Athens in 1970. In the 1990s, his fashion designs saw a revival with the interest in vintage dresses. Naomi Campbell wore a vintage boned bodice and ruched silk Desses gown in May 1999 at a Christie's party. Later, in 2001, Renée Zellweger wore a lemon yellow strapless 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Jean Dessès\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2088448\",\n \"text\": \"from 1997 to 1998. Eidos then updated the Croft costume to match its video game depiction. Core Design reportedly restricted Mitra's dialogue as the character at trade shows and out of costume. French model Vanessa Demouy succeeded Mitra for a brief time until fashion model Nell McAndrew took over the role at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo. McAndrew portrayed Croft from 1998 until 1999, when Eidos fired her for posing in \\\"Playboy\\\", which used the character and \\\"Tomb Raider\\\" franchise to promote the McAndrew's issue without Eidos's approval. Core Design was granted an injunction against the magazine to protect the\",\n \"title\": \"Lara Croft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4643307\",\n \"text\": \"Art Director: Kayla Kern, Producer: Ricky Michiels Features Director: Lisa Mischianti, Senior Editors: Ben Barna, Gabrielle Korn Senior Beauty Editor: Jade Taylor Associate Editor: Keryce Henry Editorial Assistant: Austen Tosone Fashion Fashion Director: Joseph Errico, Style Director: Dani Stahl, Market Editor: Marissa Smith, Assistant Editor: Nicole Draga The first \\\"Nylon\\\" cover subject was Liv Tyler in April 1999, photographed and interviewed by Helena Christensen. Cover models have included: Demi Lovato, Christina Aguilera, The Horrors, Avril Lavigne, Selena Gomez, Lily Allen, Paris Hilton, The Kills, Camilla Belle, Karen O, Evan Rachel Wood, Mary-Kate Olsen, Lea Michele, Lil' Kim, Zooey Deschanel, Kristen\",\n \"title\": \"Nylon (magazine)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Anna Kournikova context: subsequently separated. The couple have invested in a $20 million home to be built on a private island in Miami. They had twins, Nicholas and Lucy, on Saturday, 16 December 2017, at South Miami Hospital. Most of Kournikova's fame has come from the publicity surrounding her looks and her personal life. During her debut at the 1996 US Open at the age of 15, the western world noticed her beauty, and soon pictures of her appeared in numerous magazines worldwide. In 2000, Kournikova became the new face for Berlei's shock absorber sports bras, and appeared in the \\\"only the ball\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Kirsty Hume context: has modelled for Victoria's Secret. For the March 196 Gucci presentation of fall and winter fashion collections in Milan, Italy, Hume wore a dress made of white jersey (clothing) with a plunging neckline. Following a 1997 Paris, France showing of Karl Lagerfeld designs for Chanel, Hume was queried by a Russian TV reporter. He asked her what was the most exciting part of her job. She answered, \\\"Um, the money.\\\" She appeared in a bias-cut chiffon gown designed by Donatella Versace at the January 1998 Milan fashion show. Hume married rocker and actor Donovan Leitch, Jr. in Scotland in 1997.\\n\\ntitle: Spice Girls context (WTA) team of Martina Hingis and Anna Kournik two-time Grand Slam and two-time WTA Final Doubles dub themselves the \\\"Spice Girls of tennis 1999 Hingis and Kournikova along with W players Ven and Serena Williams, label theSpice Girls of tennis then later “Sp by the in the late 1990s due to their youthness, popularity, brness W sculptures of Spice are currently on display at the famed Madame Tussaud New York wax museum. The sculptures of Spice (ans Halliwell) were first unveiled in December1999,\\n\\ntitle: Anna specialists as Pam Shriver and Peter Flemingourn was with fellow P B, anHL hockey player. The two met in 999 when linked to Bs former teammate Sergei Fed. B K were have engaged in 0 aorter a photo them together in a where Bure supposedlyikova him the made head in Russia, were both heavily followed the asbrities, B any engagement.ournova,10 years\\n\\n: Anna was 7 doubles, both Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 200–71. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part,\\n\\nIn 1999 Anna Kournikova signed a lucrative contract to model what?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 524,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15059,\n \"ratio\": \"28.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":81,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":81,"string":"81"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Peter Thorkelson","Peter Tork"],"string":"[\n \"Peter Thorkelson\",\n \"Peter Tork\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Peter Tork"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"507207","text":"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"507180","text":"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"11800201","text":"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \"America's Best Dance Crew\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"507182","text":"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \"open, Nordic look,\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork","title":"Peter Tork"},{"id":"265453","text":"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \"The Monkees\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \"Dance, Monkee, Dance\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782","title":"Martin Van Buren"},{"id":"424279","text":"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \"The Monkees\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"11800209","text":"Ricky Bobby\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \"Tearin' Up My Heart\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's","title":"Massive Monkees"},{"id":"424373","text":"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \"The Brady Bunch Movie\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12140599","text":"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \"The Monkees\", \"(Theme from) The Monkees\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"9283613","text":"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \"I'm a Believer\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a","title":"Samantha Juste"},{"id":"15656242","text":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"1971392","text":"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \"Tempered Blade\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He","title":"James Bowie"},{"id":"487513","text":"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \"Easy On You\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"487535","text":"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \"God is a verb, not a noun.\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"9054800","text":"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \"I'm a Believer\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"6043007","text":"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \"Boom Boom\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \"The Professor\" from \"Gilligan's Island\"), and Billy Beck,","title":"New Monkees"},{"id":"2970394","text":"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \"The New York Times\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"282016","text":"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"15656250","text":"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the","title":"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour"},{"id":"424339","text":"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"282054","text":"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \"The Monkees\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \"Different Drum\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \"Joanne\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"12140586","text":"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"2970388","text":"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,","title":"Bette Nesmith Graham"},{"id":"17922839","text":"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"487507","text":"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \"Circus Boy\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at","title":"Micky Dolenz"},{"id":"16752858","text":"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \"Stop Me\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"424381","text":"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"13352163","text":"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \"Frasier\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \"The Monkees\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,","title":"Manchester dialect"},{"id":"2061617","text":"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"424281","text":"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \"The Monkees\" as initially being \"a TV show about an imaginary band…","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"6045818","text":"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \"Daydream Believer\" and \"Pleasant Valley Sunday\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \"The Wilcox Three\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"424426","text":"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \"Manchester Gets it First\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483729","text":"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\" \"Me & Magdalena\" (Version 2) \"Terrifying\" \"Love's What I Want\" \"A Better World\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"424345","text":"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \"Head\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424377","text":"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \"The Hollywood Reporter\" that he \"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\" \"\"","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"424374","text":"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \"fired\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \"Shoe Suede Blues.\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110743","text":"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"13959167","text":"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \"The Monkees\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \"Big Time Rush\" is","title":"Big Time Rush"},{"id":"424358","text":"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \"Do It in the Name of Love\" and \"Lady Jane\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\"Do It in the Name Of Love\" b/w \"Lady Jane\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"12739895","text":"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \"missing and presumed drowned\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch","title":"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt"},{"id":"10228841","text":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"12140591","text":"also recorded for Colpix under the name \"Michael Blessing.\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \"Wool Hat.\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"424414","text":"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \"Easy Rider\" and \"Five Easy Pieces\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\" The \"Chicago Tribune\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \"We touched a","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061619","text":"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \"folk\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"5904777","text":"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \"Randy Scouse Git\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \"Randy Scouse Git\", included on their 1967 album \"Headquarters\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the","title":"Alf Garnett"},{"id":"7132703","text":"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424404","text":"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \"Fixing a Hole\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \"lost weekend\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \"The Hollywood Vampires\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \"Back in the U.S.\" singing \"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\", the theme from \"The Monkees\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \"Cuddly Toy\" and \"Daddy's Song\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \"Cuddly Toy\" would be recorded","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"7132698","text":"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \"Larry\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los","title":"Larry Knechtel"},{"id":"424406","text":"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"19483719","text":"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \"Justus\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th","title":"Good Times!"},{"id":"16752855","text":"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started","title":"Art of Movement"},{"id":"12140587","text":"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"10943867","text":"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former","title":"Americans in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"654167","text":"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress","title":"Dizzy Gillespie"},{"id":"110713","text":"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \"Oliver!\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \"The Brady Bunch\" television show and later reprised parody film; \"Love, American Style\"; and \"My Two Dads\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"17922835","text":"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in","title":"Gary Burger"},{"id":"19091083","text":"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"424284","text":"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\". Jones had previously starred as","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"114378","text":"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \"The Laughing Gnome\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \"David Bowie\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image","title":"David Bowie"},{"id":"12140611","text":"by noting, \"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \"Thirteen million dollars!\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \"Time\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \"The Monkees\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a","title":"The Monkees (TV series)"},{"id":"282032","text":"Monkees\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\"Daydream Believer\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \"I never really left. It is","title":"Michael Nesmith"},{"id":"8790292","text":"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \"Showcase\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \"Jeannette Punchinello\" (Annette Funicello), \"Rock Hutsut\" (Rock Hudson), and \"Twiggly\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \"Showcase\" #71. The Maniaks as a","title":"The Maniaks"},{"id":"2929905","text":"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \"comfortable destitution\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \"For when you have company.\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.","title":"William Peter Blatty"},{"id":"424384","text":"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \"Good Times!\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \"Good Times!\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"4320645","text":"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After","title":"Don Kirshner"},{"id":"8645786","text":"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as","title":"David Frye"},{"id":"2621215","text":"comes from \"Cheers\", Niles' background is established over the course of \"Frasier\". Pierce described Niles as \"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same","title":"Niles Crane"},{"id":"6045825","text":"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \"Headquarters\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \"Daydream Believer\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.","title":"Chip Douglas"},{"id":"10228852","text":"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \"P.O. Box 9847\" as describing the TV special as being about \"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael","title":"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees"},{"id":"4374211","text":"biopic \"Straight Outta Compton\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \"Compton\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap","title":"The D.O.C."},{"id":"14053687","text":"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \"Camp Cupcake\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \"Squeaky\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \"Detroit News\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,","title":"Diane Hathaway"},{"id":"424370","text":"album \"Justus\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \"Justus\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\"Justus\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \"Justus\".","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"2061630","text":"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During","title":"Music of Washington, D.C."},{"id":"18394792","text":"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday","title":"Buzz Busby"},{"id":"110721","text":"well as an album, \"Pool It!\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \"Justus\", the first album since 1967's \"Headquarters\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \"You're","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"7344567","text":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,","title":"You've Got a Habit of Leaving"},{"id":"11481366","text":"D. W. Washburn \"D.W. Washburn\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \"Smokey Joe's Cafe\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \"It's Nice to Be with You,\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,","title":"D. W. Washburn"},{"id":"9138425","text":"Chicago Crime Commission \"Public Enemy Number Three\" when his brother Al was \"Public Enemy Number One\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \"Werra\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September","title":"Ralph Capone"},{"id":"1404262","text":"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \"Birdman of Alcatraz\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,","title":"Robert Stroud"},{"id":"14121324","text":"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \"Buffalo Bill\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and","title":"Philadelphia Club"},{"id":"1727058","text":"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of","title":"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees"},{"id":"8058516","text":"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean","title":"Natural-born-citizen clause"},{"id":"8442765","text":"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \"Duke\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \"The Monkey Wrench Gang\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \"Wishin' and Hopin'\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out","title":"Franz Douskey"},{"id":"6732753","text":"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \"The Monkees at the Circus\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \"What 'is' that?\", Dolenz responds \"It's the theme song for an old TV series\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime","title":"Circus Boy"},{"id":"11458427","text":"What It's Worth,\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \"New Buffalo Springfield\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \"Holiday Rock Festival\" in San","title":"Dewey Martin (musician)"},{"id":"110741","text":"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"19091087","text":"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.","title":"Hollywood Vampires (band)"},{"id":"20980861","text":"hit single \"Daydream Believer\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \"The Monkees\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \"White Christmas\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \"Christmas Is","title":"Christmas Is My Time of Year"},{"id":"5014649","text":"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,","title":"Sons of the American Revolution"},{"id":"358236","text":"\"Star Trek: The Original Series\" that he doubted the rumor about \"Pravda\", since \"Star Trek\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \"redshirt\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \"Star Trek\" made celebrities","title":"Star Trek: The Original Series"},{"id":"9054809","text":"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \" Revolutions per Monkee\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further","title":"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee"},{"id":"5883758","text":"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \"Big Jim\", \"Diamond Jim\", and \"Jubilee Jim\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \"robber barons\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme","title":"James Fisk (financier)"},{"id":"4409558","text":"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \"Magic\" Juan Don \"Magic\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \"pimp\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd","title":"Don \"Magic\" Juan"},{"id":"424357","text":"single \"Oh My My\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \"Midnight Train\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \"Oh My My\" b/w \"I Love You Better\" single from the \"Changes\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \"Changes\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the","title":"The Monkees"},{"id":"110744","text":"bad dreams all night long.\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\" \"Monkees\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He","title":"Davy Jones (musician)"},{"id":"21010377","text":"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \"Jamal Khashoggi Way\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a","title":"James Harnett"},{"id":"5670145","text":"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \"Every Step of the Way,\" failed to chart. The book \"The Monkees Tale\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \"Pool It!\" and its two singles were recorded by \"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\" as opposed to \"The Monkees.\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \"MGBGT\" (the live B-side to the \"Heart and Soul\"","title":"Pool It!"},{"id":"16533259","text":"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start","title":"Big Trouble (band)"},{"id":"15809571","text":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \"Good Clean Fun\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \"The Monkees Present\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \"Good Clean Fun\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.","title":"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)"},{"id":"11619022","text":"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \"More of the Monkees\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,","title":"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"507207\",\n \"text\": \"songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507180\",\n \"text\": \"Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor at the University of Connecticut.\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800201\",\n \"text\": \"Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's \\\"America's Best Dance Crew\\\". In 2012 they won the international b-boy competition R-16 Korea and thus became the first American crew to win in the history of the competition. Founded in the mid-'90s, the Massive Monkees have 25 active members including former Binary Star rapper One Be Lo, who performs as the MC at their shows. The crew was created through the merger of the Massive Crew and the Universal Style\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"507182\",\n \"text\": \"of the 1960s. While there, he befriended other up-and-coming musicians such as Stephen Stills. Stephen Stills had auditioned for the new television series about four pop-rock musicians but was turned down because the show's producers felt his hair and teeth would not photograph well on camera. They asked Stills if he knew of someone with a similar \\\"open, Nordic look,\\\" and Stills suggested Tork audition for the part. Tork got the job and became one of the four members of the Monkees, a fictitious pop band in the mid-1960s, created for a television sitcom written about the fictitious band. Tork\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Tork\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"265453\",\n \"text\": \"Van Buren, the eighth President. Also, in an episode of \\\"The Monkees\\\", about the pre-formed pop band of the same name (the episode was titled \\\"Dance, Monkee, Dance\\\"), a dance instruction studio offers free lessons to anyone who can answer the question, \\\"Who was the eighth President of the United States?\\\" Martin Van Buren shows up at the studio to begin his free dance lessons. Van Buren was the subject of a popular Google Search ad aired during the 2013 Super Bowl. These were published posthumously: Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren (; born Maarten Van Buren, December 5, 1782\",\n \"title\": \"Martin Van Buren\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424279\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider for the American television series \\\"The Monkees\\\" which aired from 1966 to 1968. The musical acting quartet was composed of Americans Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork; and English actor and singer Davy Jones. The band's music was initially supervised by producer Don Kirshner, backed by the songwriting duo of Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart. The four actor-musicians\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11800209\",\n \"text\": \"Ricky Bobby\\\" on a trampoline. Week 6: VMA Challenge: In this episode of America's Best Dance Crew, the final 4 crews danced to an iconic VMA performance. Massive Monkees were in the bottom 2.Their assigned VMA performance was \\\"Tearin' Up My Heart\\\" by *NSYNC, which impressed former N Sync member and judge, JC Chasez. Week 7: Decades Of Dance and Last Chance Challenge: Massive Monkees were eliminated by We Are Heroes. Massive Monkees Massive Monkees is a 28 member b-boy crew from Seattle, Washington that won the 2004 World B-Boy Championships in London and appeared on season four of MTV's\",\n \"title\": \"Massive Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424373\",\n \"text\": \"He toured Great Britain with us. Then all of a sudden, he's not here. Later, I hear rumors he's writing a script for our next movie. Oh, really? That's bloody news to me. He's always been this aloof, inaccessible person... the fourth part of the jigsaw puzzle that never quite fit in.\\\" Peter Tork, Micky Dolenz, and Davy Jones appeared in the 1995 movie \\\"The Brady Bunch Movie\\\". Tork, Jones, and Dolenz toured the United States in 1997, after which the group took another hiatus until 2001 when they once again reunited to tour the United States. However, this tour\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140599\",\n \"text\": \"episodes from Season 2 had no canned laughter. NBC later cited that as one of the reasons for canceling the series. The theme song to \\\"The Monkees\\\", \\\"(Theme from) The Monkees\\\" (released as the single in some countries in 1967), is one of the group's most well known songs. The line \\\"We're the young generation, and we've got somethin' to say\\\" reflected the new youth counterculture and their desire to give their own opinions on world events and choosing how to live their own lives instead of abiding by the traditions and beliefs of their elders. The Monkees resided in\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9283613\",\n \"text\": \"an American group called the Monkees, formed for an eponymous television series, reached the top of the British charts with \\\"I'm a Believer\\\", by Neil Diamond. The drummer Micky Dolenz (b. 1945) recalled (in the third person) that he spotted Juste as he passed a studio cafeteria:She is tall, blond[e], beautiful, and wearing an emerald green outfit that ends up in a short skirt (very short) which tops off her unbelievably gorgeous legs ... She holds his glance briefly then looks quickly away with that haughty sophistication that only the British can do so well. Juste and Dolenz began a\",\n \"title\": \"Samantha Juste\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656242\",\n \"text\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Due to the success of the first North American leg, a second\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1971392\",\n \"text\": \"and Bowie has appeared as a character in each. From 1956 to 1958, Bowie was the subject of a CBS television series, \\\"The Adventures of Jim Bowie\\\", which was primarily set in 1830s Louisiana, although later episodes ventured into the Mexican province of Texas. The show, which starred Scott Forbes as Jim Bowie, was based on the 1946 novel \\\"Tempered Blade\\\". Rock star David Bowie, who was born David Robert Hayward-Jones, adopted the folk legend's surname. Jones changed his last name in the 1960s because he feared confusion with Davy Jones, a member of the already famous The Monkees. He\",\n \"title\": \"James Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487513\",\n \"text\": \"was one of the first uses of the synthesizer on a rock recording. He eventually sold his instrument to Bobby Sherman. He is one of three surviving members of The Monkees (after Jones' death in 2012). He is the only surviving member of The Monkees who has been with the band continuously since its inception, and the only member with contemporary recordings of his vocals on all studio albums. The Moog synthesizer that Dolenz had bought proved vital when he composed a song entitled \\\"Easy On You\\\" in 1971 and began recording it in his home studio, with him playing\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487535\",\n \"text\": \"her married name. Dolenz married his third wife, Donna Quinter, in 2002. In 2001, Dolenz bought a house in Bell Canyon, California. He is an atheist and when asked about a belief in God, he said, \\\"God is a verb, not a noun.\\\" Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054800\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees through various stages of evolution until they are ready to brainwash the world via commercial exploitation. Trapped in giant test tubes, the four are stripped of all personal identity and names: Micky Dolenz becomes Monkee #1, Peter Tork becomes Monkee #2, Michael Nesmith Monkee #3, and Davy Jones Monkee #4. Each Monkee (under Driscoll's watch) attempts to regain their stripped personal identities by thinking a way out of captivity into their own world of fantasies. Monkee #1 (Dolenz) performs an R&B up-tempo duet remake of \\\"I'm a Believer\\\" with Driscoll; Monkee #2 (Tork) reclines on a giant cushion in\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6043007\",\n \"text\": \"a waitress named Rita, played by Bess Motta. A butler named Manford (Gordon Oas-Heim) was also present, as was a talking computer called Helen (voiced by Lynnie Godfrey); Helen was a decommissioned Defense Department supercomputer that spoke in a pronounced black accent and developed a taste for rock music instead of world destruction. Helen was almost always portrayed solely by a pair of talking lips set on a black, static background. Notable guest performers were few; however, they included boxer Ray \\\"Boom Boom\\\" Mancini, Archie Hahn, Russell Johnson (reprising his role as \\\"The Professor\\\" from \\\"Gilligan's Island\\\"), and Billy Beck,\",\n \"title\": \"New Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970394\",\n \"text\": \"Fe, New Mexico active from 1990 to 2000 and devoted to exploring world problems. In 2018 \\\"The New York Times\\\" published a belated obituary for her. Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282016\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player of\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15656250\",\n \"text\": \"everyone's happy. And yes, they do walk the walk. As, in many senses, they always did\\\". An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour (also called Here They Come!: 45th Anniversary Tour) was the fourth and final reunion tour by American pop rock group The Monkees to feature Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork together (Jones died of a heart attack on February 29, 2012). It was the group's first tour in a decade following Monkeemania, which ran from 2001 to 2002. The tour visited the United Kingdom, the\",\n \"title\": \"An Evening with The Monkees: The 45th Anniversary Tour\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424339\",\n \"text\": \"Nicholson. The film, conceived and edited in a stream of consciousness style, featured oddball cameo appearances by movie stars Victor Mature, Annette Funicello, a young Teri Garr, boxer Sonny Liston, famous stripper Carol Doda, Green Bay Packer linebacker Ray Nitschke, and musician Frank Zappa. It was filmed at Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems studios and on location in California, Utah, and The Bahamas between February 19 and May 17, 1968 and premiered in New York City on November 6 of that year (the film later debuted in Hollywood on November 20). The film was not a commercial success, in part because\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282054\",\n \"text\": \"month. Michael Nesmith Robert Michael Nesmith (born December 30, 1942) is an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman, and philanthropist, best known as a member of the pop rock band the Monkees and co-star of the TV series \\\"The Monkees\\\" (1966–1968). Nesmith's songwriting credits include \\\"Different Drum\\\" (sung by Linda Ronstadt with the Stone Poneys). After the break-up of the Monkees, Nesmith continued his successful songwriting and performing career, first with the seminal country rock group the First National Band, with whom he had a top-40 hit \\\"Joanne\\\", and then as a solo artist. He is a noted player\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140586\",\n \"text\": \"The Monkees (TV series) The Monkees is an American situation comedy that aired on NBC from September 12, 1966 to March 25, 1968. The series follows the adventures of four young men (the Monkees) trying to make a name for themselves as a rock 'n roll band. The show introduced a number of innovative new-wave film techniques to series television and won two Emmy Awards in 1967, including Outstanding Comedy Series. The program ended on Labor Day 1968 at the finish of its second season and has received a long afterlife through Saturday morning repeats (CBS and ABC) and syndication,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2970388\",\n \"text\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham Bette Nesmith Graham (March 23, 1924 – May 12, 1980) was an American typist, commercial artist, and the inventor of Liquid Paper. She was the mother of musician and producer Michael Nesmith of The Monkees. Graham was born Bette Clair McMurray, in Dallas, Texas, to Jesse McMurray, an automotive supply company manager, and Christine Duval. She was raised in San Antonio and graduated from Alamo Heights High School. She married Warren Audrey Nesmith (1919–1984) before he left to fight in World War II. While he was overseas she had a child (Robert Michael Nesmith, born December 30,\",\n \"title\": \"Bette Nesmith Graham\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922839\",\n \"text\": \"just a rock and roll band that really had a lot of fun, and was able to be lucky enough—or unlucky enough, depending on your point of view—to work on the album.\\\" He died of pancreatic cancer on March 14, 2014, at the age of 71. Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"487507\",\n \"text\": \"Micky Dolenz George Michael Dolenz Jr. (born March 8, 1945) is an American actor, musician, television director, radio personality and theater director, best known as a vocalist and drummer of the 1960s pop/rock band the Monkees. Dolenz was born at the Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now Cedars-Sinai Medical Center), in Los Angeles, California, the son of actors George Dolenz and Janelle Johnson. Dolenz began his show-business career in 1956 when he starred in a children's TV show called \\\"Circus Boy\\\" under the name Mickey Braddock. He played Corky, an orphaned water boy for the elephants in a one-ring circus at\",\n \"title\": \"Micky Dolenz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752858\",\n \"text\": \"b-boying and posing on the banks of Puget Sound, with the Seattle Great Wheel in the background, in the crew's hometown of Seattle over the soundtrack of \\\"Stop Me\\\" by Mark Ronson. Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424381\",\n \"text\": \"of a heart attack at age 66 due to atherosclerosis on February 29, 2012. Soon thereafter, rumors began to circulate that Nesmith would reunite with Dolenz and Tork in the wake of Jones' death. This was confirmed on August 8, 2012, when the surviving trio announced a series of U.S. shows for November and December, commencing in Escondido, California and concluding in New York City. The brief tour marked the first time Nesmith performed with the Monkees since 1997, as well as the first without Jones. Jones' memory was honored throughout the shows via recordings and video. During one point,\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13352163\",\n \"text\": \"Happy Mondays and The Stone Roses had distinct Manchester accents. West Sussex-raised British actress, Jane Leeves, portrayed the character of Daphne Moon, a Manchester immigrant with a pronounced Mancunian accent in the American sitcom \\\"Frasier\\\". Davy Jones of the 1960s band The Monkees and TV sitcom \\\"The Monkees\\\" was also from Manchester. The speech of the city of Manchester has never been the subject of an in-depth study. The early dialectologist Alexander John Ellis included the city in his survey of English speech, and placed most of Greater Manchester (excluding the Bolton and Wigan areas) in his 21st dialect district,\",\n \"title\": \"Manchester dialect\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061617\",\n \"text\": \"ragtime musician Claude Hopkins, Lithuanian immigrant and vaudeville performer Al Jolson and Lillian Evanti, who became the first African-American opera singer to perform in a foreign country. The most widely renowned musician from 20th century D.C. is undoubtedly Duke Ellington, a jazz pioneer. Later D.C. jazz musicians included Charlie Rouse (saxophonist, with Thelonious Monk), Billy Hart (drummer), Ira Sullivan (tenor saxophonist) and Leo Parker (bop baritone saxophonist). Ahmet Ertegun, a Turkish-born jazz fan, came to D.C. at age twelve and later went on to found Atlantic Records. Todd Duncan was a D.C.-born singer who made history by being the first\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424281\",\n \"text\": \"show came in 1986, which led to a series of reunion tours and new records. The group has reunited and toured several times since then with different line-ups and varying degrees of success. After Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012, the surviving members reunited for a tour in November–December 2012 and again in 2013 for a 24-date tour. The Monkees continued to tour through their 2016 50th Anniversary, with Dolenz and Tork forming the core of the band and Nesmith continuing to join them occasionally. Dolenz described \\\"The Monkees\\\" as initially being \\\"a TV show about an imaginary band…\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045818\",\n \"text\": \"Chip Douglas Douglas Farthing Hatlelid (born August 27, 1942), better known as Chip Douglas, is a songwriter, musician (bass, guitar and keyboards), and record producer, whose most famous work was during the 1960s. He was the producer of some of the Monkees biggest hits, including \\\"Daydream Believer\\\" and \\\"Pleasant Valley Sunday\\\". Douglas was raised in Hawaii and began his musical career with a folk group he formed in high school, \\\"The Wilcox Three\\\", modeled after The Kingston Trio. During a trip to California, they were discovered by a well-known booking agency and signed by RCA/Camden to record an album at\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424426\",\n \"text\": \"businessman to go on a world tour pretending to be the real band. The show includes 18 Monkees songs plus numbers by other 60s artists. It ran in Manchester as part of the \\\"Manchester Gets it First\\\" program until April 14, 2012 before a UK tour. Following its Manchester run, the show appeared in the Glasgow King's Theatre and the Sunderland Empire Theatre. The Monkees The Monkees are an American rock and pop band originally active between 1966 and 1971, with reunion albums and tours in the decades that followed. They were formed in Los Angeles in 1965 by Bob\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483729\",\n \"text\": \"I'm Told I Had a Good Time)\\\" \\\"Me & Magdalena\\\" (Version 2) \\\"Terrifying\\\" \\\"Love's What I Want\\\" \\\"A Better World\\\" Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424345\",\n \"text\": \"Members of the Monkees, Nesmith in particular, cite the soundtrack album as one of the crowning achievements of the band. Tensions within the group were increasing. Peter Tork, citing exhaustion, quit by buying out the last four years of his Monkees contract at $150,000 per year, equal to about $ per year today. This was shortly after the band's Far East tour in December 1968, after completing work on their 1969 NBC television special, \\\"33⅓ Revolutions Per Monkee\\\", which rehashed many of the ideas from \\\"Head\\\", only with the Monkees playing a strangely second-string role. In the DVD commentary for\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424377\",\n \"text\": \"2002, but Tork declined to participate. Jones and Dolenz toured the United States one more time as a duo in 2002, and then split to concentrate on their own individual projects. With different Monkees citing different reasons, the group chose not to mark their 40th anniversary in 2006. In October 2010, Jones stated that a reunion marking the band's 45th anniversary was a possibility. Noted Monkees biographer Andrew Sandoval commented in \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" that he \\\"spent three years cajoling them to look beyond their recent differences (which included putting aside solo projects to fully commit to the Monkees).\\\" \\\"\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424374\",\n \"text\": \"was also accompanied by public sniping. Dolenz and Jones had announced that they had \\\"fired\\\" Tork for his constant complaining and threatening to quit. Tork was quoted as saying that, as well as the fact he wanted to tour with his own band, \\\"Shoe Suede Blues.\\\" Tork told WENN News he was troubled by the overindulgence in alcohol by other members of the tour crew: Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones fired me just before the last two shows of our 35th anniversary tour. I'm both happy and sad over the whole thing. I always loved the work onstage—but I just\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110743\",\n \"text\": \"the healing times, that were created for so many, including us. I have fond memories. I wish him safe travels.\\\" In an 8 March 2012 interview with \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine, Nesmith commented, \\\"For me, David was the Monkees. They were his band. We were his side men.\\\" Bassist Peter Tork said, \\\"Adios to the Manchester Cowboy\\\", and speaking to CNN, drummer/singer Micky Dolenz said, \\\"He was the brother I never had and this leaves a gigantic hole in my heart\\\". Dolenz claimed that he knew something bad was about to happen and said \\\"Can't believe it.. Still in shock.. had\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13959167\",\n \"text\": \"the whole weekend, the movie drew 13.1 million viewers. The series was conceived and created by Scott Fellows, formerly the creator, executive producer and showrunner of \\\"Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide\\\". Fellows says his inspiration for the show was the musical comedy show, \\\"The Monkees\\\"—a popular and culturally significant American television series from the 1960s about a group of four young male adults who form a rock band, and perform songs while having comedic adventures. Although the show had a concept as early as 2007, the series had no actual title as late as August 2009. \\\"Big Time Rush\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Big Time Rush\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424358\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees in their original incarnation, when Jones and Dolenz recorded \\\"Do It in the Name of Love\\\" and \\\"Lady Jane\\\". Not mixed until February 19, 1971, and released later that year as a single (\\\"Do It in the Name Of Love\\\" b/w \\\"Lady Jane\\\"), the two remaining Monkees then lost the rights to use the name in several countries, the U.S. included. The single was not credited to the Monkees in the U.S., but to a misspelled \\\"Mickey Dolenz and Davy Jones\\\", although in Japan it was issued under the Monkees' name. Jones released a solo album in 1971, titled\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12739895\",\n \"text\": \"and the Anglins and the other two being Theodore Cole and Ralph Roe) are listed as \\\"missing and presumed drowned\\\". Frank Lee Morris (September 1, 1926 – disappeared June 11, 1962) was born in Washington, D.C.. He was abandoned by his mother and father during his childhood, and orphaned at age 11, and spent most of his formative years in foster homes. He was convicted of his first crime at age 13, and by his late teens had been arrested for crimes ranging from narcotics possession to armed robbery. He spent most of his early years in jail serving lunch\",\n \"title\": \"June 1962 Alcatraz escape attempt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228841\",\n \"text\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael Nesmith wrote and directed the program. This is not to be confused with the similarly titled documentary from 1997, \\\"Hey, Hey, We're the Monkees\\\". The special shows the now middle-aged Monkees trying to come up with a new plot (apparently they've all\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140591\",\n \"text\": \"also recorded for Colpix under the name \\\"Michael Blessing.\\\" He was the only one of The Monkees who had come for the audition based on seeing the trade magazine ad. He showed up to the audition with his laundry and impressed Rafelson and Schneider with his laid-back style and droll sense of humor. He also wore a woollen hat to keep his hair out of his eyes when he rode his motorcycle, leading to early promotional materials which nicknamed him \\\"Wool Hat.\\\" The hat remained part of Nesmith's wardrobe, but the name was dropped after the pilot. Peter Tork was\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424414\",\n \"text\": \"Brothers, while Davy set the stage for future teen idols David Cassidy and Justin Bieber. As pop stars go, you would be hard pressed to find a successful artist who didn't take a page from the Monkees' playbook, even generations later. Monkee money also enabled Rafelson and Schneider to finance \\\"Easy Rider\\\" and \\\"Five Easy Pieces\\\", which made Jack Nicholson a star. In fact, the Monkees series was the opening salvo in a revolution that brought on the New Hollywood cinema, an influence rarely acknowledged but no less impactful.\\\" The \\\"Chicago Tribune\\\" interviewed Davy Jones, who said, \\\"We touched a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061619\",\n \"text\": \"to launch the bossa nova craze. By the middle of the 1960s, D.C. had begun to produce some major stars, like soul singer Marvin Gaye, who had 3 #1 Hot 100 hits including \\\"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\\\" in 1968. Other musicians included John Fahey, one of the first \\\"folk\\\" musicians to gain national appeal, Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5904777\",\n \"text\": \"boyfriend played by Antony Booth. Michael is from Liverpool and a Catholic of Irish descent; precisely the type of person Alf most hated. He often called him the \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\". This terminology was later picked up by the American pop group The Monkees for their song, \\\"Randy Scouse Git\\\", included on their 1967 album \\\"Headquarters\\\". Alf and Michael (a liberal) had different political views and much of the programme turned on their heated political debates. Writer Johnny Speight often commented that the character was supposed to be a figure of ridicule, but admitted that not all viewers saw the\",\n \"title\": \"Alf Garnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132703\",\n \"text\": \"Doors With Simon & Garfunkel With [The Mamas and the Papas] With Chet Baker With Dave Mason With Howard Roberts With Lalo Schifrin With Art Garfunkel With Barry McGuire With Chet Atkins Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia,\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424404\",\n \"text\": \"1967, he attended the overdub and mixing session for the Beatles' \\\"Fixing a Hole\\\" at EMI's Abbey Road studio 2. During the 1970s, during Lennon's infamous \\\"lost weekend\\\", Lennon, Ringo Starr, Micky Dolenz, Harry Nilsson and Keith Moon often hung out together, and were collectively known in the press as \\\"The Hollywood Vampires\\\". Paul McCartney can be seen in the 2002 concert film \\\"Back in the U.S.\\\" singing \\\"Hey, Hey, We're The Monkees\\\", the theme from \\\"The Monkees\\\" television show, while backstage. The Monkees \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" and \\\"Daddy's Song\\\" were written by songwriter Harry Nilsson. \\\"Cuddly Toy\\\" would be recorded\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7132698\",\n \"text\": \"Larry Knechtel Lawrence William \\\"Larry\\\" Knechtel (August 4, 1940 – August 20, 2009) was an American keyboard player and bassist, best known as a member of the Wrecking Crew, a collection of Los Angeles-based session musicians who worked with such renowned artists as Simon & Garfunkel, Duane Eddy, the Beach Boys, the Mamas & the Papas, the Monkees, the Partridge Family, the Doors, the Grass Roots, Jerry Garcia, and Elvis Presley, and as a member of the 1970s band Bread. Born in Bell, California, in 1940, Knechtel began his musical education with piano lessons. In 1957, he joined the Los\",\n \"title\": \"Larry Knechtel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424406\",\n \"text\": \"Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Tork stated: [Wenner] doesn't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit. It is an abuse of power. I don't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame, but it's pretty clear that we're not in there because of a personal whim. Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else, and now, 40 years later, everybody says, 'What's the big deal? Everybody else does it.' [Uses studio artists or backing bands.] Nobody cares now except him. He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19483719\",\n \"text\": \"Good Times! Good Times! is the twelfth studio album by The Monkees. Produced mainly by Adam Schlesinger (with some additional bonus tracks produced by Andrew Sandoval), the album was recorded to commemorate the band's 50th anniversary. It is the first Monkees studio album since \\\"Justus\\\" (1996) the longest gap to date and the first since the death of founding member Davy Jones. The album features surviving Monkees Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The project was initiated by Rhino executives John Hughes and Mark Pinkus, who were excited about a 50th\",\n \"title\": \"Good Times!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16752855\",\n \"text\": \"Art of Movement Art of Movement (AOM) is a Seattle-based b-boy crew founded in 2002 by brothers Junior and Tony Orduna. The crew received attention due to member Jay Park's popularity as a singer and rapper. Cha Cha Malone is a producer and composer, and works closely with Jay Park, and Dial Tone won R-16 Korea in 2012 with Massive Monkees, another Seattle-based b-boy crew. The crew has appeared on numerous nationally-broadcast TV shows in South Korea, performed worldwide, and appeared in many music videos, exposing the b-boy culture to a wide variety of people. Art of Movement (AOM) started\",\n \"title\": \"Art of Movement\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140587\",\n \"text\": \"as well as overseas broadcasts; it later enjoyed a 1980s revival, after MTV aired reruns of the program in 1986. The series centered on the adventures of the Monkees, a struggling rock band from Los Angeles, California consisting of Micky, Davy, Michael, and Peter. The comic elements of the storyline were provided by the strange and often surreal encounters that the band would have while searching for their big break. In the early 1960s, aspiring filmmakers Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider had formed Raybert Productions and were trying to get a foot in the door in Hollywood. They were inspired\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10943867\",\n \"text\": \"Eliot left his family home in St. Louis, Missouri, to go to Harvard, in New England. From there he moved to Europe and stayed in Germany and France. When World War I began, he moved to Oxford, United Kingdom. He gained British citizenship and joined the Church of England. Terry Gilliam is an American-born British director and member of the comedy troupe Monty Python. Katrina Leskanich is an American musician, author and former lead singer of British pop rock band Katrina and the Waves. Boris Johnson was the New York-born British foreign secretary, as well as a journalist and former\",\n \"title\": \"Americans in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"654167\",\n \"text\": \"candidate. He promised that if he were elected, the White House would be renamed the Blues House, and he would have a cabinet composed of Duke Ellington (Secretary of State), Miles Davis (Director of the CIA), Max Roach (Secretary of Defense), Charles Mingus (Secretary of Peace), Ray Charles (Librarian of Congress), Louis Armstrong (Secretary of Agriculture), Mary Lou Williams (Ambassador to the Vatican), Thelonious Monk (Travelling Ambassador) and Malcolm X (Attorney General). He said his running mate would be Phyllis Diller. Campaign buttons had been manufactured years before by Gillespie's booking agency as a joke but proceeds went to Congress\",\n \"title\": \"Dizzy Gillespie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110713\",\n \"text\": \"Davy Jones (musician) David Thomas Jones (30 December 1945 – 29 February 2012) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, actor and businessman, best known as a member of the band the Monkees, and for starring in the TV series of the same name. His acting credits include a Tony-nominated role as the Artful Dodger in the original London and Broadway productions of \\\"Oliver!\\\" as well as a starring cameo role in a hallmark episode of \\\"The Brady Bunch\\\" television show and later reprised parody film; \\\"Love, American Style\\\"; and \\\"My Two Dads\\\". Jones is considered one of the great teen idols.\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17922835\",\n \"text\": \"Gary Burger Gary Burger (June 7, 1942 – March 14, 2014) was an American musician, best known as the guitarist and vocalist for the rock band the Monks. Burger joined the U.S. Army immediately after graduating from Bemidji High School and was stationed in Germany. Burger formed the Five Torquays in 1964 with four other American soldiers he met in Germany. According to him, he joined the band partially because it got him out of his regular job as a fuel truck driver. The Torquays mainly played in hospitals and nursing homes in the beginning and produced a single in\",\n \"title\": \"Gary Burger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091083\",\n \"text\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees. Touring members include or have included Duff McKagan and Matt Sorum of Guns N' Roses fame, as well as Robert DeLeo from Stone Temple Pilots. The band has\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424284\",\n \"text\": \"1965. Rafelson and Schneider's original idea was to cast an existing New York folk rock group, the Lovin' Spoonful, who were not widely known at the time. However, John Sebastian had already signed the band to a record contract, which would have denied Screen Gems the right to market music from the show. On July 14, 1965, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" stated that future band member Davy Jones was expected to return to the United States in September 1965 after a trip to England \\\"to prepare for [a] TV pilot for Bert Schneider and Bob Rafelson\\\". Jones had previously starred as\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"114378\",\n \"text\": \"invited confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, Bowie renamed himself after the 19th-century American pioneer James Bowie and the knife he had popularised. His April 1967 solo single, \\\"The Laughing Gnome\\\", using speeded-up thus high-pitched vocals, failed to chart. Released six weeks later, his album debut, \\\"David Bowie\\\", an amalgam of pop, psychedelia, and music hall, met the same fate. It was his last release for two years. Bowie met dancer Lindsay Kemp in 1967 and enrolled in his dance class at the London Dance Centre. He commented in 1972 that meeting Kemp was when his interest in image\",\n \"title\": \"David Bowie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12140611\",\n \"text\": \"by noting, \\\"Where am I gonna get that kind of money? I'm an unemployed drummer.\\\" Also in a screen test, a Monkee asks what the Beatles have that they don't have. They sing \\\"Thirteen million dollars!\\\" When commenting on the death of Davy Jones on February 29, 2012, \\\"Time\\\" magazine contributor James Poniewozik praised the show: \\\"Even if the show never meant to be more than entertainment and a hit-single generator, we shouldn’t sell \\\"The Monkees\\\" short. It was far better TV than it had to be; during an era of formulaic domestic sitcoms and wacky comedies, it was a\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"282032\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees\\\". To support the reunion, Nesmith, Jones, Dolenz, and Tork briefly toured the UK in 1997. The UK tour was the last appearance of all four Monkees performing together. In 2012, 2013, and 2014, after Jones's death, Nesmith reunited with Dolenz and Tork to perform concerts throughout the United States. Backed with a 7-piece band that included Nesmith's son, Christian, the trio performed 27 songs from The Monkees discography. (\\\"Daydream Believer\\\" was sung by the audience and played by the band.) When asked why he had decided to return to the Monkees, Nesmith stated, \\\"I never really left. It is\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Nesmith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8790292\",\n \"text\": \"The Maniaks The Maniaks are a fictional rock band published by DC Comics. They first appeared in issue \\\"Showcase\\\" #68 (May 1967), and were created by E. Nelson Bridwell and Mike Sekowsky. The Maniaks were created in the mold of TV's the Monkees—a band that would also get involved in wild adventures, often on the way to their gigs. The band would meet fictionalized versions of famous celebrities, such as \\\"Jeannette Punchinello\\\" (Annette Funicello), \\\"Rock Hutsut\\\" (Rock Hudson), and \\\"Twiggly\\\" (Twiggy). An exception was comedian Woody Allen, who appeared in an unfictionalized form in \\\"Showcase\\\" #71. The Maniaks as a\",\n \"title\": \"The Maniaks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2929905\",\n \"text\": \"Lebanese immigrants, Mary (née Mouakad), a devout Catholic and the niece of a bishop, and Peter Blatty, a cloth cutter. His parents separated when he was a toddler. He was raised in what he described as \\\"comfortable destitution\\\" by his deeply religious mother, whose sole support came from peddling homemade quince jelly in the streets of Manhattan; she once offered a jar of it to Franklin D. Roosevelt when the President was cutting the ribbon for the Queens–Midtown Tunnel, telling him, \\\"For when you have company.\\\" He lived at 28 different addresses during his childhood because of nonpayment of rent.\",\n \"title\": \"William Peter Blatty\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424384\",\n \"text\": \"the Monkees would be releasing a new album, titled \\\"Good Times!\\\", as a celebration of their 50th anniversary. \\\"Good Times!\\\", produced by Adam Schlesinger of Fountains of Wayne, features contributions by all three surviving members, as well as a posthumous contribution from Jones. The album was released in May 2016 to considerable success, reaching No. 14 on the Billboard 200 and generally favorable reviews. With the release of the album, the band, featuring Dolenz and Tork, commenced their 50th Anniversary Tour. Nesmith did not participate in most of the tour, again citing other commitments. He did, however, make a few\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4320645\",\n \"text\": \"Don Kirshner Donald Clark Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011), known as The Man With the Golden Ear, was an American music publisher, rock music producer, talent manager, and songwriter. He was best known for managing songwriting talent as well as successful pop groups, such as The Monkees, Kansas, and the Archies. Don Kirshner was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York, the son of Gilbert Kirshner, a tailor, and Belle Jaffe. He graduated from George Washington High School in Manhattan, and went on to study at Upsala College in East Orange, New Jersey. After\",\n \"title\": \"Don Kirshner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8645786\",\n \"text\": \"David Frye David Shapiro (November 21, 1933January 24, 2011), better known by the stage name David Frye, was an American comedian, specializing in comic imitations of famous political figures, most of whom were based on notable Americans, including former U.S. Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and Richard Nixon, Vice Presidents Spiro Agnew and Nelson Rockefeller, Senators Hubert Humphrey and Bobby Kennedy, as well as film celebrities, e.g., George C. Scott, Henry Fonda, Kirk Douglas, Robert Mitchum, Jack Nicholson, Jack Palance and Rod Steiger, and media figures, e.g., William F. Buckley Jr. and Larry King. However, as eerily accurate and subtle as\",\n \"title\": \"David Frye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2621215\",\n \"text\": \"comes from \\\"Cheers\\\", Niles' background is established over the course of \\\"Frasier\\\". Pierce described Niles as \\\"what Frasier would be if he had never gone to Boston and never been exposed to the people at Cheers.\\\" Niles was born in Seattle, Washington, in 1957, to Hester Crane, a psychiatrist, and Martin Crane, a police officer. Like his older brother Frasier, Niles was named for one of his mother's lab rats. Also like Frasier, Niles was an unusually sensitive child and a frequent target for bullies. As a result, he was quite close to his older brother, and at the same\",\n \"title\": \"Niles Crane\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6045825\",\n \"text\": \"Nesmith. Douglas produced next Monkees' album, \\\"Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn, & Jones, Ltd.\\\", on which he also played bass. Unlike \\\"Headquarters\\\", it was done in several different studios around the U.S. between Monkees tour dates, and was played by the band and augmented by session musicians. Douglas also introduced members of the Monkees to new songwriters, including John Stewart, who wrote \\\"Daydream Believer\\\", which would become their second-biggest all-time single and was included on the 1968 album \\\"The Birds, The Bees & The Monkees\\\". Douglas thought the song would be perfect for Davy Jones, and Tork provided a memorable piano intro.\",\n \"title\": \"Chip Douglas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10228852\",\n \"text\": \"is also quoted in the May 1997 issue of the fanzine \\\"P.O. Box 9847\\\" as describing the TV special as being about \\\"... us Monkees today. We made 'Justus'. It's about that. Obviously 'Justus', a real CD, wasn't made by fictional characters.\\\" Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees is a one-hour comedy special televised on the ABC Network on Monday February 17, 1997. The show features all four of the original Monkees and would be the last time Micky Dolenz, Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, and Peter Tork would appear together in a new television program. Michael\",\n \"title\": \"Hey, Hey, It's the Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4374211\",\n \"text\": \"biopic \\\"Straight Outta Compton\\\", the D.O.C. revealed that his natural voice had returned if he had concentrated, and that he recorded new music, although he was not ready to release anything yet. Although he is not mentioned in the songwriting credits, the D.O.C. claimed that he helped write Dr. Dre's third album \\\"Compton\\\". The D.O.C. Tracy Lynn Curry (born June 10, 1968), better known by his stage name The D.O.C., is an American rapper from Dallas. In addition to a solo career, he was a member of the hip hop group Fila Fresh Crew and later collaborated with gangsta rap\",\n \"title\": \"The D.O.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14053687\",\n \"text\": \"13, 2013, Hathaway began serving her sentence at the Federal Correctional Facility at Alderson, WV, otherwise known as \\\"Camp Cupcake\\\" due to the comparatively favorable conditions at the minimum security prison, which houses females found guilty of federal crimes. The ranks of former inmates of the camp range from jazz legend Billie Holiday and would-be presidential assassins Sara Jane Moore and Lynette \\\"Squeaky\\\" Fromme, to homemaking mogul Martha Stewart. On April 29, 2014, the \\\"Detroit News\\\" reported that Judge O'Meara had denied Hathaway's request for early release. Hathaway was scheduled for release on June 26, 2014. On May 22, 2014,\",\n \"title\": \"Diane Hathaway\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424370\",\n \"text\": \"album \\\"Justus\\\" was released in 1996. It was the first since 1968 on which all four original members performed and produced. \\\"Justus\\\" was produced by the Monkees, all songs were written by one of the four Monkees, and it was recorded using only the four Monkees for all instruments and vocals, which was the inspiration for the album title and spelling (\\\"Justus\\\" = Just Us). The trio of Dolenz, Jones, and Tork reunited again for a successful 30th anniversary tour of American amphitheaters in 1996, while Nesmith joined them onstage in Los Angeles to promote the new songs from \\\"Justus\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2061630\",\n \"text\": \"Marxer have been nominated for several Grammy Awards, for both folk and children's music. Washington has been home to many jazz pioneers, including the legendary Duke Ellington, as well as singer and pianist Shirley Horn, pianist Billy Taylor, and saxophonist Frank Wess. Ellington, Taylor, and Wess each attended Dunbar High School with its prominent music program. Ellington's first group, The Washingtonians, featured drummer Sonny Greer. They left for Harlem in 1923. Jazz great Jelly Roll Morton came from New Orleans, but took up residency in Washington as a regular performer at a club called the Jungle Inn in 1935. During\",\n \"title\": \"Music of Washington, D.C.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18394792\",\n \"text\": \"Buzz Busby Bernarr Graham Busbice (September 6, 1933 – January 5, 2003), known professionally as Buzz Busby, was an American bluegrass musician, known for his unique mandolin style and high tenor voice. He was nicknamed the \\\"Father of Washington, D.C. Bluegrass\\\". Busby was born near Eros, Louisiana, the eighth born of the nine children of Oates Oliver (1893-1943) and Talitha Fay (1894-1956) Busbice. In addition to running the family cotton farm, Oates was involved in local politics and Talithe (Fay) was a school teacher. Busbice and his siblings, some of whom were also musicians (notably Wayne Busbice), spent their Saturday\",\n \"title\": \"Buzz Busby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110721\",\n \"text\": \"well as an album, \\\"Pool It!\\\". Monkees activity ceased until 1996 when Jones reunited with Dolenz, Tork and Michael Nesmith to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the band. The group released a new album entitled \\\"Justus\\\", the first album since 1967's \\\"Headquarters\\\" that featured the band members performing all instrumental duties. It was the last time all four Monkees performed together. In February 2011, Jones confirmed rumours of another Monkees reunion. \\\"There's even talk of putting the Monkees back together again in the next year or so for a U.S. and UK tour,\\\" he told Disney's Backstage Pass newsletter. \\\"You're\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7344567\",\n \"text\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving \\\"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\\\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1965 and released as a single under the name Davy Jones & The Lower Third. It was the last song that Bowie, born David Jones, released before changing his name to avoid confusion with Davy Jones of The Monkees, and the first of two singles that he recorded with The Lower Third after leaving his previous band, The Manish Boys. With The Lower Third, Bowie moved away from Americanised R&B of his two earlier singles into Who-style mod music. However,\",\n \"title\": \"You've Got a Habit of Leaving\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11481366\",\n \"text\": \"D. W. Washburn \\\"D.W. Washburn\\\" is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. Two famous recordings of the song are by the Coasters and the Monkees. It was also included in the musical \\\"Smokey Joe's Cafe\\\". The Monkees' version was a non-album single, and was also a double-sided hit, backed with \\\"It's Nice to Be with You,\\\" also a non-album single. The music was arranged and conducted by Shorty Rogers. The lyrics tell a story of a derelict (Washburn), chosen by a well-meaning charity for a wash-up and a meal. Washburn declines the offer, though, preferring his jobless,\",\n \"title\": \"D. W. Washburn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9138425\",\n \"text\": \"Chicago Crime Commission \\\"Public Enemy Number Three\\\" when his brother Al was \\\"Public Enemy Number One\\\". Born Raffaele James Capone in a small town named Angri in the Campania region of Italy, near Mount Vesuvius, he was the second son of Gabriele and Teresa (nee Raiola) Capone. He arrived in America on a ship named \\\"Werra\\\" on June 18, 1895 with his older brother Vincenzo and mother Teresa, entering via Ellis Island. His father Gabriele had come to the United States by the way of Canada, six months previously. They settled in Brooklyn, living near the Navy yards. On September\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph Capone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1404262\",\n \"text\": \"Robert Stroud Robert Franklin Stroud (January 28, 1890 – November 21, 1963), known as the \\\"Birdman of Alcatraz\\\", was a convicted murderer, American federal prisoner and author who has been cited as one of the most notorious criminals in the United States. During his time at Leavenworth Penitentiary, he reared and sold birds and became a respected ornithologist, although regulations did not allow him to keep birds at Alcatraz, where he was incarcerated from 1942 to 1959. Stroud was never released from the federal prison system; he was imprisoned from 1909 to his death in 1963. Born in Seattle, Washington,\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Stroud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14121324\",\n \"text\": \"club's guests have been twelve U.S. presidents: John Quincy Adams, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, William McKinley, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gerald R. Ford, and George H. W. Bush; soldiers and sailors George B. McClellan, William Tecumseh Sherman, William F. \\\"Buffalo Bill\\\" Cody, George Dewey, George Goethals and Jack Keane; writers, artists, actors and musicians: William Makepeace Thackeray, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Henry Irving, Charles Kemble, Edwin Booth, Booth Tarkington, John Barrymore, Joseph Pennell, Leopold Stokowski, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Bram Stoker, Eugene Ormandy, Louis Kahn and Roger Scruton; and\",\n \"title\": \"Philadelphia Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1727058\",\n \"text\": \"term expiration up to eighteen additional months. Under Franklin D. Roosevelt: Under Harry S. Truman: Under Dwight D. Eisenhower: Under John F. Kennedy: Under Lyndon B. Johnson: Under Richard Nixon: Under Gerald Ford: Under Jimmy Carter: Under Ronald Reagan: Under George H. W. Bush: Under Bill Clinton: Under George W. Bush: Under Barack Obama: Under Donald Trump: Securities and Exchange Commission appointees Members of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission are appointed by the President of the United States. As of 2011, their terms last five years and are staggered so that one commissioner's term ends on June 5 of\",\n \"title\": \"Securities and Exchange Commission appointees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8058516\",\n \"text\": \"with citizenship in what would become the U.S. (Andrew Jackson). Of those in the latter group, every president except two (Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama) had two U.S.-citizen parents. Further, four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S.-citizen parents not born on U.S. soil (James Buchanan, Woodrow Wilson, Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump). Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S.-citizen parents. In addition, one U.S. vice president (Al Gore) was born in Washington, D.C., and another (Charles Curtis) was born in the Kansas Territory. This does not necessarily mean\",\n \"title\": \"Natural-born-citizen clause\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8442765\",\n \"text\": \"heading for Canada, set up the Free University with Steve Mueller, and helped establish the Food Conspiracy, before moving east to work with the Black Panther Party. Because of Douskey's political activities and his nickname, \\\"Duke\\\", several Edward Abbey scholars concluded that Douskey was Abbey's model for George Washington Hayduke in \\\"The Monkey Wrench Gang\\\". Franz Douskey appears in Wally Lamb's 2009 novel and 2014 movie \\\"Wishin' and Hopin'\\\" as Franz Duzio. In the 1970s and 1980s, Douskey lived in Cornish, New Hampshire, near the equally reclusive J. D. Salinger. When Douskey would run into tourists anxious to ferret out\",\n \"title\": \"Franz Douskey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6732753\",\n \"text\": \"the debut episode only. Several sources erroneously list these three, as well as Billy Barty from Episodes 1 and 2, as series regulars. Micky Dolenz sings the theme to the series in \\\"The Monkees at the Circus\\\", an episode of The Monkees. When asked by Mike Nesmith \\\"What 'is' that?\\\", Dolenz responds \\\"It's the theme song for an old TV series\\\". Their track Porpoise Song contains references to the series, most notably with the line \\\"riding the back of giraffes for laughs is alright for a while\\\" Circus Boy Circus Boy is an American action/adventure/drama series that aired in prime\",\n \"title\": \"Circus Boy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11458427\",\n \"text\": \"What It's Worth,\\\" featuring one of the most iconic drum introduction lines ever recorded in American pop. When the original band broke up Martin formed a new version in September 1968. Dubbed \\\"New Buffalo Springfield\\\", the lineup comprised guitarists Dave Price (Davy Jones' stand-in in The Monkees) and Gary Rowles (son of jazz pianist Jimmy Rowles); bass player Bob Apperson; drummer Don Poncher; and horn player Jim Price, who later became a top session musician for The Rolling Stones and Joe Cocker among others. The new band toured extensively and appeared at the highly publicised \\\"Holiday Rock Festival\\\" in San\",\n \"title\": \"Dewey Martin (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110741\",\n \"text\": \"he was pronounced dead of a severe heart attack resulting from arteriosclerosis. On Wednesday, 7 March 2012, a private funeral service was held at Holy Cross Catholic parish in Indiantown, Florida. The three surviving Monkees did not attend in order to avoid drawing attention from the grieving family. Instead, the group attended memorial services in New York City as well as organising their own private memorial in Los Angeles along with Jones' family and close friends. Additionally, a public memorial service was held on 10 March 2012 in Beavertown, Pennsylvania, near a church Jones had purchased for future renovation. On\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19091087\",\n \"text\": \"on July 10. The band continued to perform without Perry prior to his return to the tour on July 22. Current members Current touring musicians Former touring musicians Hollywood Vampires (band) Hollywood Vampires is an American rock supergroup formed in 2015 by Alice Cooper, Johnny Depp, and Joe Perry to honor the music of the rock stars who died from excess in the 1970s. The band name derives from The Hollywood Vampires, a celebrity drinking club formed by Cooper in the 1970s which included but was not limited to: Keith Moon of The Who, and Micky Dolenz of The Monkees.\",\n \"title\": \"Hollywood Vampires (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20980861\",\n \"text\": \"hit single \\\"Daydream Believer\\\". Though they did not obtain permission to record as \\\"The Monkees\\\", a promotional flyer identified the group as \\\"We Three Monkees ... Davy Jones, Micky Dolenz and Peter Tork\\\". This single was a vanity pressing on the Christmas Records label. It was offered to members of the Monkees Fan Club by mail order, but it may also have had some retail release. The B-side is a Davy Jones-sung version of \\\"White Christmas\\\" also produced by Douglas. Both sides of the record were remixed in 1986 and reissued during Monkees conventions. The remixed version of \\\"Christmas Is\",\n \"title\": \"Christmas Is My Time of Year\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5014649\",\n \"text\": \"1889 and are not listed above, presidents Grover Cleveland, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton and Barack Obama all had patriot ancestors but did not join the SAR. Presidents Woodrow Wilson, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and Donald Trump did not have patriot ancestors. Of the presidents who served prior to the founding of the SAR, six qualify as patriot ancestors - George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe and Andrew Jackson. In addition to the above, the following vice presidents were SAR compatriots and later became President of the United States: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman,\",\n \"title\": \"Sons of the American Revolution\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"358236\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Star Trek: The Original Series\\\" that he doubted the rumor about \\\"Pravda\\\", since \\\"Star Trek\\\" had never been shown on Soviet television. It has also been claimed that the former member of The Monkees, Davy Jones, was the model for Mr. Chekov. In addition, the series frequently included characters (usually security personnel wearing red uniforms) who are killed or injured soon after their introduction. So prevalent was this plot device that it inspired the term \\\"redshirt\\\" to denote a stock character whose sole purpose is to die violently to show the danger facing the main characters. \\\"Star Trek\\\" made celebrities\",\n \"title\": \"Star Trek: The Original Series\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9054809\",\n \"text\": \"suffering from exhaustion. Tork's departure reduced The Monkees to a trio, and the group would not be seen on network TV as a foursome again until 1997. After production wrapped, Tork was given a gold watch as a going-away present, with the inscription \\\"To Peter, from the guys down at work.\\\" Negotiations were originally made in early 1968 for The Monkees to star in three NBC-TV specials to air in 1969; \\\" Revolutions per Monkee\\\" was the first. Unhappy with the final edit, NBC decided to air it on the West Coast opposite The 41st Academy Awards on ABC. Further\",\n \"title\": \"33⅓ Revolutions per Monkee\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5883758\",\n \"text\": \"James Fisk (financier) James Fisk, Jr. (April 1, 1835 – January 7, 1872) – known variously as \\\"Big Jim\\\", \\\"Diamond Jim\\\", and \\\"Jubilee Jim\\\" – was an American stockbroker and corporate executive who has been referred to as one of the \\\"robber barons\\\" of the Gilded Age. Though Fisk was admired by the working class of New York and the Erie Railroad, he achieved much ill-fame for his role in Black Friday in 1869, where he and his partner Jay Gould befriended the unsuspecting President Ulysses S. Grant in an attempt to use the President's good name in a scheme\",\n \"title\": \"James Fisk (financier)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4409558\",\n \"text\": \"by Snoop Dogg and Wiz Khalifa from their joint album Mac & Devin Go to High School. Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan, born Donald Campbell (also known as The Chairman of the Board, Archbishop Don 'Da Magic' Juan, Bishop Magic Juan, or just Bishop) is an American former pimp, preacher, hip hop personality, actor, and fashion designer from Chicago. He is also the founder of the Players Ball, an annual celebration of his former \\\"pimp\\\" lifestyle. Regarding his career as a pimp, Campbell noted, \\\"I'd see a pimp, so I'd pattern myself after that. I'd read Iceberg Slim. I'd\",\n \"title\": \"Don \\\"Magic\\\" Juan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"424357\",\n \"text\": \"single \\\"Oh My My\\\", which was accompanied by a music film promo (produced/directed by Dolenz). Dolenz contributed one of his own compositions, \\\"Midnight Train\\\", which was used in the re-runs of the Monkees TV series. The \\\"Oh My My\\\" b/w \\\"I Love You Better\\\" single from the \\\"Changes\\\" album would be the last single issued under the Monkees name in the United States, until 1986. Originally released in June 1970, \\\"Changes\\\" would first chart in Billboard's Top 200 during the Monkees' 1986 reunion, staying on the charts for 4 weeks. September 22, 1970 marked the final recording session by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Monkees\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"110744\",\n \"text\": \"bad dreams all night long.\\\" Dolenz was gratified by the public affection expressed for both Jones and the Monkees in the wake of his bandmate's death. \\\"He was a very well-known and well-loved character and person. There are a lot of people who are grieving pretty hard. The Monkees obviously had a following, and so did (Jones) on his own. So I'm not surprised, but I was flattered and honored to be considered one of his friends and a cohort in Monkee business.\\\" \\\"Monkees\\\" co-creator Bob Rafelson commented that Jones \\\"deserves a lot of credit, let me tell you. He\",\n \"title\": \"Davy Jones (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"21010377\",\n \"text\": \"at the Saudi Embassy in the United States to \\\"Jamal Khashoggi Way\\\", following the assassination of journalist Jamal Khashoggi. He has also been an advocate for protected bike and pedestrian infrastructure, arguing that the District of Columbia should swiftly move to adopt safe and sustainable transportation. Harnett considers himself a progressive. Harnett was involved in the Boy Scouts of America, and earned the program’s highest rank, Eagle Scout. James Harnett James Allen Harnett (born March 23, 1998) is an American politician and student in Washington, D.C., the United States capital. A member of the Democratic Party, he is currently a\",\n \"title\": \"James Harnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5670145\",\n \"text\": \"Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 87. The follow-up single, a remixed version of \\\"Every Step of the Way,\\\" failed to chart. The book \\\"The Monkees Tale\\\" by Eric Lefcowitz claims \\\"Pool It!\\\" and its two singles were recorded by \\\"Dolenz, Tork & Jones,\\\" as opposed to \\\"The Monkees.\\\" However, the billing on the LP itself is attributed to \\\"Peter, Micky, Davy — The Monkees.\\\" A deluxe CD/DVD version of this album was released on April 24, 2012, by Friday Music. Along with the original tracks, this version included Peter Tork's \\\"MGBGT\\\" (the live B-side to the \\\"Heart and Soul\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Pool It!\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16533259\",\n \"text\": \"Big Trouble (band) Big Trouble was an American female pop group, who recorded one album and released a total of two minor hit singles. Like the formation of 60s group The Monkees, Big Trouble was an all female pop group put together by TV executive Fred Silverman. The group consisted of vocalist Bobbie Eakes, bassist Julia Farey, keyboardist Rebecca Ryan and drummer Suzy Zarow. Eakes was originally Miss Georgia in 1983. After deciding on all band members except the vocalist, Silverman auditioned approximately five hundred vocalists, where Eakes was the one to win the part. The band made their start\",\n \"title\": \"Big Trouble (band)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15809571\",\n \"text\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song) \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" is a song by The Monkees from their 1969 album \\\"The Monkees Present\\\". Recorded on June 1, 1968, it was released on Colgems single #5005 on September 6, 1969. At the time of the release, The Monkees were a trio consisting of (Micky Dolenz, Michael Nesmith and Davy Jones, Peter Tork having left the group in December 1968. Written and sung by Nesmith, the song's title is never heard in the lyrics. \\\"Good Clean Fun\\\" reached No. 82 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 29 on the Easy Listening chart.\",\n \"title\": \"Good Clean Fun (The Monkees song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11619022\",\n \"text\": \"Monkees hit in a row, done his way, would solidify his position as their musical supervisor. He also pressed a number of promo copies, bearing the label \\\"My Favorite Monkee – Davy Jones Sings\\\". The personnel on the original Monkees recording included Al Gorgoni, Hugh McCracken and Don Thomas on guitar, Stan Free on piano, Artie Butler on organ, Louie Mauro and James Tyrell on bass, Thomas Cerone on tambourine, and Herbie Lovelle on drums. The Monkees themselves were irritated enough that an entire album, \\\"More of the Monkees\\\", had been issued, with no input from them save their vocals,\",\n \"title\": \"A Little Bit Me, a Little Bit You\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated. Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 193,\n \"origin_tokens\": 193,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Peter Tork context: songs written by Peter Tork or co-written by Tork as indicated Solo: with James Lee Stanley: with Shoe Suede Blues: Peter Tork Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. He\\n\\ntitle Peter T context Peter T Peter Halsten Thorkelson (born February 13, 1942), better known as Peter Tork, is an American musician and actor, best known as the keyboardist and bass guitarist of the Monkees. Tork was born at the former Doctors Hospital, in Washington, D.C. Although he was born in the District of Columbia in 1942, many news articles incorrectly report him as born in 1944 in New York City, which was the date and place given on early Monkees press releases. is the son of Virginia Hope (née Straus) and Halsten John Thorkelson, an economics professor University Connecticut.\\ntitle:es: albumus\\\" was released in19 first on which original members and \\\"Just\\\" produced by the Monkees, songs by one and it using only foures instruments and, which was inspiration spJust The trio of Dol, Jones, Tork reun again successful30th anniversary of amphithe19, while Nesm joined them onstage in Los promote songsJust\\ntitle: Music ofC. context to launchossa the thes,. had to, like soul, who had 3 hits8 Othericians included John the first \\\"\\\" Peter Tork (of The Monkees), Tim Buckley, guitarist Link Wray, pop singer and songwriter Billy Stewart, country singer Patsy Cline, guitarists Gregory Gaskins played with Jersey Cities Manhattan's and later Elvis Presley Danny Gatton, Skip Pitts played the famous riffs on Isaac Hayes's John\\n\\nWhich member of the Monkees came from Washington DC?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 504,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14952,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":82,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":82,"string":"82"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In what decade were video recorders first developed?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["The Fifties","1950s","1950-1959","50's","1950’s","50s","1950–1959","Nineteen-fifties","1950s (decade)","1950ies","1950's","'50s","195%3F","Fifties"],"string":"[\n \"The Fifties\",\n \"1950s\",\n \"1950-1959\",\n \"50's\",\n \"1950’s\",\n \"50s\",\n \"1950–1959\",\n \"Nineteen-fifties\",\n \"1950s (decade)\",\n \"1950ies\",\n \"1950's\",\n \"'50s\",\n \"195%3F\",\n \"Fifties\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"50s"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"626737","text":"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and","title":"VHS"},{"id":"5684891","text":"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"14194321","text":"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed","title":"Erhard Kietz"},{"id":"5684865","text":"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"444226","text":"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling","title":"Video"},{"id":"2321834","text":"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2321837","text":"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"2063907","text":"use Ampex eight track \"Sel Sync\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"2321844","text":"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1851334","text":"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"20968438","text":"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80","title":"Video manipulation"},{"id":"15559312","text":"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted","title":"Ancillary market"},{"id":"3408718","text":"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"11750220","text":"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and","title":"CV-2000"},{"id":"13530522","text":"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \"new\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2905831","text":"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2321842","text":"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"5684873","text":"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"16831734","text":"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \"video tape recorder\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading","title":"JVC HR-3300"},{"id":"3408742","text":"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \"format war\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home","title":"Videotape format war"},{"id":"1851355","text":"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"5684872","text":"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order","title":"Quadruplex videotape"},{"id":"13530531","text":"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"13530527","text":"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \"Video Cassette Recording\" (although it is also referred to as \"N1500\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1430231","text":"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\" Quadruplex in","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"1722126","text":"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades","title":"Black and white"},{"id":"11441180","text":"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the","title":"1970s in science and technology"},{"id":"1356315","text":"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \"Victor\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2753314","text":"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"1356330","text":"\"Victor\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under","title":"JVC"},{"id":"2996354","text":"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \"consultant\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where","title":"Ray Dolby"},{"id":"2753312","text":"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \"slide\" and \"slide deck\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection","title":"Film recorder"},{"id":"2490735","text":"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to","title":"Fluoroscopy"},{"id":"2059428","text":"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \"Charly\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"1851354","text":"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"4388306","text":"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \"zone television\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \"Phonovision\", this system, which was never fully","title":"Mechanical television"},{"id":"1311684","text":"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \"videotape format war\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"1430222","text":"white \"glow\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as","title":"Kinescope"},{"id":"2905832","text":"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"2905846","text":"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television","title":"Video Cassette Recording"},{"id":"6652196","text":"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which","title":"Charles Ginsburg"},{"id":"15823631","text":"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on","title":"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR"},{"id":"13530523","text":"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"16859359","text":"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,","title":"History of videotelephony"},{"id":"1851352","text":"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"13530530","text":"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1851346","text":"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \"golden age\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as","title":"Ampex"},{"id":"1995350","text":"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete","title":"Helical scan"},{"id":"275207","text":"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on","title":"Magnetic tape"},{"id":"1782270","text":"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \"Speed Racer\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\" which he developed in the early","title":"Bullet time"},{"id":"2063922","text":"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large","title":"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording"},{"id":"9922844","text":"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass","title":"Donald N. Frey"},{"id":"14887365","text":"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"359402","text":"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8","title":"Sony"},{"id":"7713273","text":"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own","title":"Video feedback"},{"id":"6567388","text":"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and","title":"History of telecommunication"},{"id":"20169846","text":"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as","title":"History of science and technology in Japan"},{"id":"4287861","text":"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"276150","text":"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \"The Cotton Club\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,","title":"TiVo Corporation"},{"id":"11883060","text":"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \"Come Play with Me\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \"Electric Blue\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13906649","text":"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked","title":"Microfilmmaking"},{"id":"2321851","text":"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"1311670","text":"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"4287841","text":"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to","title":"U-matic"},{"id":"14887363","text":"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \"blurred and indistinct\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape","title":"Longitudinal Video Recording"},{"id":"12524208","text":"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home","title":"Amateur pornography"},{"id":"4223721","text":"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their","title":"Electronic news-gathering"},{"id":"17190974","text":"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in","title":"Gábor Kornél Tolnai"},{"id":"7471111","text":"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a","title":"History of sound recording"},{"id":"13530532","text":"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"4936256","text":"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \"Jurassic Park\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\"Batman Returns\"). In addition, \"Jurassic Park\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby","title":"DTS (sound system)"},{"id":"14231777","text":"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \"Ampex Mark IV\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association","title":"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards"},{"id":"1356320","text":"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This","title":"JVC"},{"id":"15198945","text":"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow","title":"Electronovision"},{"id":"626740","text":"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita","title":"VHS"},{"id":"2321839","text":"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter","title":"Video tape recorder"},{"id":"7746223","text":"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used","title":"John Herbert Orr"},{"id":"5627352","text":"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone","title":"Videotelephony"},{"id":"13530541","text":"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"1772321","text":"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals","title":"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus"},{"id":"5034158","text":"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the","title":"Filmstrip"},{"id":"13530524","text":"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to","title":"Videocassette recorder"},{"id":"2454427","text":"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their","title":"Courtship"},{"id":"9114025","text":"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \"Kihara School\", and turned out many of Sony's future","title":"Nobutoshi Kihara"},{"id":"11462849","text":"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with","title":"Faroudja"},{"id":"2059427","text":"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of","title":"Video 2000"},{"id":"626741","text":"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats","title":"VHS"},{"id":"626738","text":"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began","title":"VHS"},{"id":"9028210","text":"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought","title":"3M"},{"id":"5176054","text":"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \"The Age of Videography,\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the","title":"Paul Montgomery"},{"id":"1311677","text":"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"2264116","text":"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing","title":"Betacam"},{"id":"4398375","text":"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).","title":"Type C videotape"},{"id":"2657585","text":"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on","title":"Video camera"},{"id":"444244","text":"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in","title":"Video"},{"id":"1798965","text":"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of","title":"Pornographic film"},{"id":"1311675","text":"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \"Douglas Edwards and the News\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \"Truth or Consequences\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed","title":"Videotape"},{"id":"5581276","text":"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own","title":"Offline editing"},{"id":"3895631","text":"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either","title":"VidFIRE"},{"id":"1571179","text":"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \"MGM v. Grokster\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \"substantial noninfringing uses\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \"actively induce\" copyright infringement through \"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in","title":"Betamax"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"626737\",\n \"text\": \"VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684891\",\n \"text\": \"years ago, even digitized within the last decade. Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14194321\",\n \"text\": \"was mainly achieved through the emerging transistor technology and, only a little later, through integrated circuits with rapidly growing complexity. When one sees the current video recording devices, one cannot even imagine anymore how much signal processing is necessary for video recording and play-back. The first video recorders were housed in several cabinets full of electronics. Television video recording was practically a fall-out of the military application. From the end of the 1960s on into the 1980s, Ampex video tape recorders were utilized in television studios all over the world. During his tenure at Ampex Corporation, Dr. Erhard Kietz developed\",\n \"title\": \"Erhard Kietz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684865\",\n \"text\": \"Quadruplex videotape 2-inch quadruplex video tape (also called 2″ quad, or just quad, for short) was the first practical and commercially successful analog recording video tape format. It was developed and released for the broadcast television industry in 1956 by Ampex, an American company based in Redwood City, California. The first videotape recorder using this format was built and created in the same year. This format revolutionized broadcast television operations and television production, since the only recording medium available to the TV industry before then was film used for kinescopes, which was much more costly to utilize and took time\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444226\",\n \"text\": \"replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1951 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $50,000 in 1956, and videotapes cost US $300 per one-hour reel. However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1971, Sony began selling\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321834\",\n \"text\": \"Video tape recorder A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record and playback video and audio material on magnetic tape. The early VTRs are open-reel devices which record on individual reels of 2-inch-wide (5.08 cm) tape. They were used in television studios, serving as a replacement for motion picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper and quicker. Beginning in 1963, videotape machines made instant replay during televised sporting events possible. Improved formats, in which the tape was contained inside a videocassette, were introduced around 1969; the machines which play them are called videocassette\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321837\",\n \"text\": \"this technique was done by BCE on 11 November 1951. The result was a very poor picture. Another of the early efforts was the Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus, a high-speed multi-track machine developed by the BBC in 1952. This machine used a thin steel tape on a 21-inch (53.5 cm) reel traveling at over 200 inches (510 cm) per second. Despite 10 years of research and improvements, it was never widely used due to the immense length of tape required for each minute of recorded video. By 1952 BCE also had moved on to multi-track machine, but found limitations in\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063907\",\n \"text\": \"use Ampex eight track \\\"Sel Sync\\\" machines for multitracking. Ampex went on to develop the first practical videotape recorders in the early 1950s to pre-record Crosby's TV shows. Inexpensive reel-to-reel tape recorders were widely used for voice recording in the home and in schools before the Philips compact cassette, introduced in 1963, gradually took over. Cassettes eventually displaced reel-to-reel recorders for consumer use. However, the narrow tracks and slow recording speeds used in cassettes compromised fidelity. Columbia House carried pre-recorded reel-to-reel tapes from 1960 to 1984. Following the example set by Bing Crosby, high-speed reel-to-reel tape recorders rapidly became the\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321844\",\n \"text\": \"and the Super 8 home motion picture film cartridge in 1966. Before the invention of the video tape recorder, live video was recorded onto motion picture film stock in a process known as telerecording or kinescoping. Although the first quadruplex VTRs record with good quality, the recordings cannot be slowed or freeze-framed, so kinescoping processes continued to be used for about a decade after the development of the first VTRs. In the technique used in all transverse-scan video tape recorders, the recording heads are mounted in a rapidly spinning drum which is pressed against the moving tape, so the heads\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851334\",\n \"text\": \"recording formats for both music and movies that remained in use into the 1990s. Starting in the 1950s, the company began developing video tape recorders, and later introduced the helical scan concept that make home video players possible. They also introduced multi-track recording, slow-motion and instant playback television, and a host of other advances. Ampex's tape business was rendered obsolete during the 1990s, and the company turned to digital storage products. Ampex moved into digital storage for DoD Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) with the introduction of the first, true all digital flight test recorder. Ampex supports numerous major DoD programs\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20968438\",\n \"text\": \"in the tape visible when viewed through a microscope so that they could be aligned in a splicer designed for this task As the video cassette recorder developed in the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, the ability to record over an existing magnetic tape became possible. This led to the concept of overlaying specific parts of film to give the illusion of one consistently recorded video, which is the first identifiable instance of video manipulation. In 1985, Quantel released The Harry, the first all-digital video editing and effects compositing system. It recorded and applied effects to a maximum of 80\",\n \"title\": \"Video manipulation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15559312\",\n \"text\": \"RCA and manufactured by Matsushita, VHS soon became known as the video-cassette recorders (VCRs). VCRs, which gave the consumer the option of recording programs from television, were a new form of competition in the demanding consumer market. VCRs revenue contributed to the development of the ancillary market of video and DVD. By the 1980s, five million households owned VCRs. Major studios had not yet adapted to the new video technologies that were being developed for consumers. There were no anticipations of new markets or other opportunities to expand until an entrepreneur, Andre Blay, opened Hollywood film companies’ eyes. Blay wanted\",\n \"title\": \"Ancillary market\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408718\",\n \"text\": \"Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home videos or home movies. The first consumer-grade VCR to be released was\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11750220\",\n \"text\": \"CV-2000 CV-2000 was one of the world's first home video tape recorders (VTR), introduced by Sony in August, 1965. The 'CV' in the model name stood for 'Consumer Video'. This was Sony's domestic format throughout the 1960s. The CV-2000 was developed by Sony engineer Nobutoshi Kihara. On its release, each machine cost US$695. It used video tape in a reel-to-reel format, meaning the tape had to be manually threaded around the helical scan video head drum. The CV-2000 was one-tenth the weight and price of other analog video recording products of its era. It recorded television programs in black and\",\n \"title\": \"CV-2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530522\",\n \"text\": \"the history of videotape recording in general. In 1953, Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Ampex introduced the Quadruplex videotape professional broadcast standard format with its Ampex VRX-1000 in 1956. It became the world's first commercially successful videotape recorder using two-inch (5.1 cm) wide tape. Due to its high price of , the Ampex VRX-1000 could be afforded only by the television networks and the largest individual stations. In 1959, Toshiba introduced a \\\"new\\\" method of recording known as helical scan, releasing the first commercial helical scan video tape recorder that year. It was first\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905831\",\n \"text\": \"Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television production format, whilst VCR was targeted particularly at educational but also domestic users. Unlike\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321842\",\n \"text\": \"and demonstrated on June 24, 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, not easy to put together, and can record for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, is their first VTR intended for home use and is based on half-inch tape. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US $1,000 for the home consumer market. Prerecorded videos for home replay became available\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684873\",\n \"text\": \"to accommodate sufficient bandwidth to reproduce an adequate video image (at least 2–3 MHz for a watchable image), in turn requiring large amounts of tape on large reels. At the same time, the BBC developed a similar stationary-head video tape recorder (VTR) system that saw some on-air use, called VERA (Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus). Ampex, seeing the impracticality of the prototype BCE and RCA VTRs, started to develop a more practical videotape format with tape economy in mind, as well as providing a solution to the networks' West Coast delay woes. Starting in 1952, Ampex built the Mark I prototype\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16831734\",\n \"text\": \"in 2014. The first VCR system (strictly, \\\"video tape recorder\\\" as there was no cassette) sold directly to home users was 1963's Telcan from the UK, but this was not a commercial success. Sony's CV-2000 was a complete system based on commercial -inch tape on open reels, requiring the user to thread the tape around the helical scan heads. In order to conserve tape, the system recorded every other frame of the television signal, producing 200-line output. Similar models from Ampex and RCA followed that year. The number of video tape recorders continued to increase during the late 1960s, leading\",\n \"title\": \"JVC HR-3300\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3408742\",\n \"text\": \"format war ended in victory for Sony's Blu-ray Disc in February 2008. Videotape format war The videotape format war was a period of intense competition or \\\"format war\\\" of incompatible models of consumer-level analog video videocassette and video cassette recorders (VCR) in the late 1970s and the 1980s, mainly involving the Betamax and Video Home System (VHS) formats. VHS ultimately emerged as the preeminent format. The first video cassette recorder (VCR) to become available was the U-matic system, released in September 1971. U-matic was designed for commercial or professional television production use, and was not affordable or user-friendly for home\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape format war\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851355\",\n \"text\": \"pioneer in audio noise reduction systems. Dolby's contribution to the Videotape system was limited to the mathematics behind the reactance tube FM modulator, as Videotape then used FM modulation for the video portion. Another contributor designed the FM modulator itself. Dolby left Ampex to seek a PhD in physics in England, which is where Dolby Labs was later founded, before Dolby moved back to San Francisco. Dolby's brother Dale was also an engineer at Ampex. In 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on tape. Ampex 2 inch\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5684872\",\n \"text\": \"kinescopes than all of the Hollywood film studios combined, spending up to $4,000 per half hour. They were desperate to obtain a quicker, less expensive, and more practical solution. In the early 1950s, Ampex and several other companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE) and RCA were competing to release a videotape format. RCA and BCE did release working prototypes of their recorders, but their downfall was that they all used a longitudinal (stationary-head) method of recording, much like audio tape recorders. This meant that the tape had to be recorded at an extremely high speed (around ) in order\",\n \"title\": \"Quadruplex videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530531\",\n \"text\": \"more technically advanced machines with more accurate electronic timers and greater tape duration. The VCR started to become a mass market consumer product; by 1979 there were three competing technical standards using mutually incompatible tape cassettes. The industry boomed in the 1980s as more and more customers bought VCRs. By 1982, 10% of households in the United Kingdom owned a VCR. The figure reached 30% in 1985 and by the end of the decade well over half of British homes owned a VCR. Earlier machines used mechanically-operated control switches; these were replaced by microswitches, solenoids and motor-driven mechanisms. The two\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530527\",\n \"text\": \"schools and businesses. But the high cost - in 1971 for a combination TV/VCR, equivalent to over $8000 in 2014 dollars – kept it out of most homes. In 1970, Philips developed a home video cassette format specially made for a TV station in 1970 and available on the consumer market in 1972. Philips named this format \\\"Video Cassette Recording\\\" (although it is also referred to as \\\"N1500\\\", after the first recorder's model number). The format was also supported by Grundig and Loewe. It used square cassettes and half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, mounted on coaxial reels, giving a recording time\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430231\",\n \"text\": \"telerecorded as late as 1985. After this point, however, cheap domestic videotape formats such as VHS could more easily be used to keep a back-up reference copy of a program. Another occasional use of telerecording into the late 1980s was by documentary makers working in 16 mm film who wished to include a videotape-sourced excerpt in their work, although such use was again rare. In other territories, film telerecordings were stopped being produced after the introduction of videotape. In Czechoslovakia, the first videotape recorders (Machtronics MVR-15) were introduced in 1966, but soon were replaced by the Ampex 2\\\" Quadruplex in\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722126\",\n \"text\": \"1967 but continued to broadcast in black-and-white until 1975, and New Zealand experimented with color broadcasting in 1973 but didn't convert until 1975. In China, black-and-white television sets were the norm until as late as the 1990s, color TVs not outselling them until about 1989. In 1969, Japanese electronics manufacturers standardized the first format for industrial/non-broadcast videotape recorders (VTRs) called EIAJ-1, which initially offered only black-and-white video recording and playback. While seldom used professionally now, many consumer camcorders have the ability to record in black-and-white. Throughout the 19th century, most photography was monochrome photography: images were either black-and-white or shades\",\n \"title\": \"Black and white\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11441180\",\n \"text\": \"as price and size decreased rapidly towards the end of the decade. Cassette tapes continued to surge in popularity after their introduction in the 1960s. JVC's VHS and Sony's Betamax waged a videotape format war as the primary recording and video devices beginning in 1976, but by the end of the decade VHS had become the dominant format. Also introduced to the home market was the Laserdisc, the first optical disc format used primarily for high quality video. 1970s in science and technology The 1970s in science and technology reached its height with the ambitious Voyager Program, which sent the\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in science and technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356315\",\n \"text\": \"JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under the \\\"Victor\\\" name with the His Master's Voice logo, but used the name JVC or\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753314\",\n \"text\": \"Agfa were other producers of film recorders. Before video tape recorders or VTRs were invented, TV shows were either broadcast live or recorded to film for later showing, using the Kinescope process. In 1967 CBS Laboratories introduced the Electronic Video Recording format, which used video and telecined-to-video film sources, which were then recorded with an electron-beam recorder at CBS' EVR mastering plant at the time to 35mm film stock in a rank of 4 strips on the film, which was then slit down to 4 film copies, for playback in an EVR player. All types of CRT recorders were (and\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356330\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Victor\\\" brand for electronics in Japan, but retained its use for JVC Kenwood Victor Entertainment. JVC , , usually referred to as JVC or The Japan Victor Company, is a Japanese international professional and consumer electronics corporation based in Yokohama. Founded in 1927, the company is best known for introducing Japan's first televisions and for developing the Video Home System (VHS) video recorder. From 1953 to 2008, Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. was the majority stockholder in JVC. In 2008, JVC merged with Kenwood Corporation to create JVCKenwood. JVC sold their electronic products in their home market of Japan under\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2996354\",\n \"text\": \"first audio tape recorder in 1949. While at San Jose State College and later at Stanford University (interrupted by two years of Army service), he worked on early prototypes of video tape recorder technologies for Alexander M. Poniatoff and Charlie Ginsburg. As a non degree-holding \\\"consultant\\\", Dolby played a key role in the effort that led Ampex to unveil their prototype Quadruplex videotape recorder in April 1956 which soon entered production. In 1957, Dolby received his B.S. in electrical engineering from Stanford. He subsequently won a Marshall Scholarship for a Ph.D (1961) in physics from the University of Cambridge, where\",\n \"title\": \"Ray Dolby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2753312\",\n \"text\": \"digital image processing. Film recorders were among the earliest computer graphics output devices; for example, the IBM 740 CRT Recorder was announced in 1954. Film recorders were also commonly used to produce slides for slide projectors; but this need is now largely met by video projectors that project images directly from a computer to a screen. The terms \\\"slide\\\" and \\\"slide deck\\\" are still commonly used in presentation programs. Currently, film recorders are primarily used in the motion picture film-out process for the ever increasing amount of digital intermediate work being done. Although significant advances in large venue video projection\",\n \"title\": \"Film recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2490735\",\n \"text\": \"with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen. Television also was under early development during these decades (1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after World War II, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto magnetic tape (with a video tape recorder) was developed. This soon led to\",\n \"title\": \"Fluoroscopy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059428\",\n \"text\": \"Video 2000 recorders, focusing instead on VHS exclusively. Their first home-grown VHS recorder - VR6560 - was virtually a clone of the VR2324, using the VHS format tapes and the usual VHS M-wrap. Curiously, when Philips launched its second-generation home-grown VHS recorders (VR6467, VR6760, etc.) they pioneered the VHS 'U-wrap' (known colloquially as the \\\"Charly\\\" deck) and this was used in many Philips-built machines well into the first half of the 1990s. Grundig also used U-wrap in its own VHS decks for a short while before using Panasonic-manufactured decks. Recorders in the format were manufactured by Philips and Grundig and\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851354\",\n \"text\": \"is commonly used today. While the quadruplex recording system per se is no longer in use, the principle evolved into the helical scanning technique used in virtually all video tape machines, such as those using the consumer formats known as VHS and the briefly successful Sony Betamax format. (Sony Betacam was successful as a professional format, but operated with a different recording system and faster tape speed than Betamax.) One of the key engineers in the development of the Quadruplex video recorder for Ampex was Ray Dolby, who worked under Charlie Ginsburg and went on to form Dolby Laboratories, a\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4388306\",\n \"text\": \"people. From the very beginning, these inventors allowed picture space for two-shots. Soon, images increased to 60 lines or more. The camera could easily photograph several people at once. Then even Baird switched his picture mask to a horizontal image. Baird's \\\"zone television\\\" is an early example of rethinking his extremely narrow screen format. For entertainment and most other purposes, even today, landscape remains the more practical shape. In the days of commercial mechanical television transmissions, a system of recording images (but not sound) was developed, using a modified gramophone recorder. Marketed as \\\"Phonovision\\\", this system, which was never fully\",\n \"title\": \"Mechanical television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311684\",\n \"text\": \"For VTR and archive use, Panasonic expanded the D-5 specification to store compressed HD streams and called it D-5 HD. The first consumer videocassette recorders (VCR) were launched in 1971 (based around Sony U-matic technology). Philips entered the domestic market the following year with the N1500. Sony's Betamax (1975) and JVC's VHS (1976) created a mass-market for VCRs and the two competing systems battled the \\\"videotape format war\\\", which VHS ultimately won. In Europe Philips had developed the V2000 format, which did not find favour with the TV rental companies in the UK and lost out to VHS. At first\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1430222\",\n \"text\": \"white \\\"glow\\\" around black objects (and a corresponding black glow around white objects), which was a defect of the pickup. Later vidicon and plumbicon video camera tubes produced much cleaner, more accurate pictures. In 1951, singer Bing Crosby’s company Bing Crosby Enterprises made the first experimental magnetic video recordings; however, the poor picture quality and very high tape speed meant it would be impractical to use. In 1956, Ampex introduced the first commercial Quadruplex videotape recorder, followed in 1958 by a color model. Offering high quality and instant playback at a much lower cost, Quadruplex tape quickly replaced kinescope as\",\n \"title\": \"Kinescope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905832\",\n \"text\": \"some other early formats such as Cartrivision, the VCR format does record a high-quality video signal without resorting to Skip field. Home video systems had previously been available, but they were open-reel systems (most notably made by Sony) and were expensive to both buy and operate. They were also unreliable and often only recorded in black and white such as the EIAJ-1. The VCR system was easy to use and recorded in colour but was still expensive: when it was introduced in 1972 the N1500 recorder cost nearly £600 (). By comparison, a small car (the Morris Mini) could be\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2905846\",\n \"text\": \"as had appeared on the N1500 and N1700 machines), adding further to this confusion. Video Cassette Recording Video Cassette Recording (VCR) is an early domestic analog recording format designed by Philips. It was the first successful consumer-level home videocassette recorder (VCR) system. Later variants included the VCR-LP and Super Video (SVR) formats. The VCR format was introduced in 1972, just after the Sony U-matic format in 1971. Although at first glance the two might appear to have been competing formats, they were aimed at very different markets. After failing as a consumer format, U-matic was marketed as a professional television\",\n \"title\": \"Video Cassette Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6652196\",\n \"text\": \"the title Vice President of Advanced Technology. The engineering team that helped created the videotape recorder while working for Ampex under his direction were Charles Andersen, Ray Dolby, Shelby Henderson, Fred Pfost, and Alex Maxey. Ginsburg was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1973, being cited for invention and pioneering development of video magnetic tape recording for instant playback. He died on April 9, 1992 in Eugene, Oregon of pneumonia. Charles Ginsburg Charles Paulson Ginsburg (July 27, 1920 – April 9, 1992) was an American engineer and the leader of a research team at Ampex which\",\n \"title\": \"Charles Ginsburg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15823631\",\n \"text\": \"or 0.0254 mm) thick. The VTRs were mostly used by industrial companies, educational institutions, and a few for in-flight entertainment. The capstan tape speed is 3.7 inches per second, which provided a long record time of up to five hours on large reels. The units were 100% solid state. The Ampex 2-inch helical VTRs were popular, as they were priced much less than the 2-inch quadruplex videotape recorders used in the broadcast television industry at the time. On March 14, 1961, Ampex introduced the first helical scan video recorder, the VR-8000, which recorded video using helical scan recording technology on\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex 2 inch helical VTR\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530523\",\n \"text\": \"implemented in reel-to-reel videotape recorders (VTRs), and later used with cassette tapes. In 1963 Philips introduced their EL3400 1-inch helical scan recorder, aimed at the business and domestic user, and Sony marketed the 2\\\" PV-100, their first reel-to-reel VTR, intended for business, medical, airline, and educational use. The Telcan, produced by the UK Nottingham Electronic Valve Company in 1963, was the first home video recorder. It could be bought as a unit or in kit form for £60, equivalent to approximately £1,100 (over US$1,600) in 2014 currency. However, there were several drawbacks: it was expensive, was not easy to assemble,\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16859359\",\n \"text\": \"dissector: Bell went on to later predict that: \\\"...the day would come when the man at the telephone would be able to see the distant person to whom he was speaking.\\\" The discoveries in physics, chemistry and materials science underlying video technology would not be in place until the mid-1920s, first being utilized in electromechanical television. More practical 'all-electronic' video and television would not emerge until 1939, but would then suffer several more years of delays before gaining popularity due to the onset and effects of World War II. The compound name 'videophone' slowly entered into general usage after 1950,\",\n \"title\": \"History of videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851352\",\n \"text\": \"mostly held in the kitchen of a suburban model house. These discussions were recorded on an Ampex color videotape recorder, and during the debate Nixon pointed this out as one of the many American technological advances. In 1967, Ampex introduced the Ampex VR-3000 portable broadcast video recorder, which revolutionized the recording of broadcast quality television in the field without the need for long cables and large support vehicles. Broadcast quality images could now be shot anywhere, including from airplanes, helicopters and boats. The Quadruplex format dominated the broadcast industry for a quarter of a century. The format was licensed to\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530530\",\n \"text\": \"and how-to topics were available for purchase. An optional monochrome camera could be bought to make home videos. Cartrivision was first sold in June 1972, mainly through Sears, Macy's, and Montgomery Ward department stores in the United States. The system was abandoned thirteen months later after poor sales. VCR started gaining mass market traction in 1975. Six major firms were involved in the development of the VCR: RCA, JVC, AMPEX, Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, Sony, and Toshiba. Of these, the big winners in the growth of this industry were Japanese companies Matsushita Electric / Panasonic, JVC, and Sony, which developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1851346\",\n \"text\": \"1967, Ampex introduced a 16-track version of the MM 1000 which was the world's first 16-track professional tape recorder put into mass-production. Both used a tape transport design adapted from the video recording division. The 16-track MM-1000 quickly became legendary for its tremendous flexibility, reliability and outstanding sound quality. This brought about the \\\"golden age\\\" of large format analog multitrack recorders which would last into the mid-1990s.MCI built the first 24-track recorder (using 2 inch tape) in 1968 which was installed at TTG Studios in Los Angeles. Later machines built by Ampex starting in 1969 would have as many as\",\n \"title\": \"Ampex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1995350\",\n \"text\": \"the head writing speed and linear tape speed is vast: for example, versus . With the advent of television broadcasting in Japan in the early 1950s, they saw the need for magnetic television signal recording. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan recorder in 1953. Independently in Germany, was also developing a helical scan method of recording. When Ampex developed the quadruplex magnetic tape video recording system in 1956, it had certain limitations, perhaps the most important of which was the lack of pause or still frame capability, because the picture signal was segmented, or broken down into discrete\",\n \"title\": \"Helical scan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"275207\",\n \"text\": \"Herbert Orr, and Richard H. Ranger, were able to bring this technology out of Germany and develop it into commercially viable formats. A wide variety of recorders and formats have been developed since, most significantly reel-to-reel and Compact Cassette. The practice of recording and editing audio using magnetic tape rapidly established itself as an obvious improvement over previous methods. Many saw the potential of making the same improvements in recording the video signals used by television. Video signals use more bandwidth than audio signals. Existing audio tape recorders could not practically capture a video signal. Many set to work on\",\n \"title\": \"Magnetic tape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1782270\",\n \"text\": \"the earliest examples is the shot at the end of the title sequence for the 1966 Japanese anime series \\\"Speed Racer\\\": as Speed leaps from the Mach Five, he freezes in mid-jump, and then the camera does an arc shot from front to sideways. In 1980, Tim Macmillan started producing pioneering film and later, video, in this field while studying for a BA at the (then named) Bath Academy of Art using 16mm film arranged in a progressing circular arrangement of pinhole cameras. They were the first iteration of the Time-Slice' Motion-Picture Array Cameras\\\" which he developed in the early\",\n \"title\": \"Bullet time\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2063922\",\n \"text\": \"in applications where sound quality is not critical. Speed units of inches per second or in/s are also abbreviated IPS. in/s and in/s are the speeds that were used for (the vast majority of) consumer market releases of commercial recordings on reel-to-reel tape. in/s is also the speed used in 8-track cartridges. in/s is also the speed used in Compact cassettes. In some early prototype linear video tape recording systems developed in the early 1950s from companies such as Bing Crosby Enterprises, RCA, and the BBC's VERA, the tape speed was extremely high, over , to adequately capture the large\",\n \"title\": \"Reel-to-reel audio tape recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9922844\",\n \"text\": \"bring about the first high-volume integrated manufacture of video cassettes for the motion picture industry. Tapes had previously been made in real time, with hundreds of high school students changing out tapes, but when Bob Pfannkuch heard that DuPont started making tapes out of chromium dioxide instead of iron dioxide, Bell & Howell developed technology that could make a copy of a film in about a minute, cutting production time by over 99 percent. Frey retired from active executive industry management in 1988. Just as he was to retire Bell & Howell was bought out by the Robert M. Bass\",\n \"title\": \"Donald N. Frey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887365\",\n \"text\": \"on half-inch (1.3 cm) tape, essentially similar to what RCA had demonstrated in 1953. CBS, RCA's competitor, was about to order BCE machines when Ampex introduced the superior Quadruplex system (see below). From then it became clear that 'rotating-head' helical scan recorders were the way forward with superior sound and picture quality. However the expense of rotating-head machines ($2000 for a machine in 1956) meant that work continued on developing a consumer stationary-head machine for some time with efforts from Akai, GEC and the BBC. The BBC abandoned their VERA system in 1958 in favor of the Ampex quadruplex system,\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"359402\",\n \"text\": \"infamous videotape format war of the early 1980s, when Sony was marketing the Betamax system for video cassette recorders against the VHS format developed by JVC. In the end, VHS gained critical mass in the marketbase and became the worldwide standard for consumer VCRs. While Betamax is for all practical purposes an obsolete format, a professional-oriented component video format called Betacam that was derived from Betamax is still used today, especially in the television industry, although far less so in recent years with the introduction of digital and high definition. In 1985, Sony launched their Handycam products and the Video8\",\n \"title\": \"Sony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7713273\",\n \"text\": \"Video feedback Video feedback is the process that starts and continues when a video camera is pointed at its own playback video monitor. The loop delay from camera to display back to camera is at least one video frame time, due to the input and output scanning processes; it can be more if there is more processing in the loop. First discovered shortly after Charlie Ginsburg invented the first video recorder for Ampex in 1956, video feedback was considered a nuisance and unwanted noise. Technicians and studio camera people were chastised for allowing a video camera to see its own\",\n \"title\": \"Video feedback\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6567388\",\n \"text\": \"in addition to voice telecommunications. The concept of videotelephony was first popularized in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. The development of the crucial video technology first started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and\",\n \"title\": \"History of telecommunication\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20169846\",\n \"text\": \"DVD format was developed by Sony, Panasonic and Toshiba in 1994. The same year, Sony and Tatung Company released the first DVD player. Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) was invented by Dr. Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba around 1980. Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki invented a prototype video tape recorder in 1953, based on helical scan technology. In Japan, the computer was using digital video disks to display color pictures at 256x256 image resolution in 1972. In 1975, Hitachi introduced a video disc system in which chrominance, luminance and sound information were encoded holographically. Each frame was recorded as\",\n \"title\": \"History of science and technology in Japan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287861\",\n \"text\": \"as time passes it has been replaced at the bottom of the tree of tape-based production formats by Betacam and Betacam SP as these in turn are replaced by Digital Betacam and HDCAM. U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"276150\",\n \"text\": \"new CEO. Macrovision Corporation was established in 1983. The 1984 film \\\"The Cotton Club\\\" was the first video to be encoded with Macrovision technology when it was released in 1985. The technology was subsequently extended to DVD players and other consumer electronic recording and playback devices such as digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, digital video recorders, and portable media players. By the end of the 1980s, most major Hollywood studios were utilizing their services. In the 1990s, Macrovision acquired companies with expertise in managing access control and secure distribution of other forms of digital media, including music, video games,\",\n \"title\": \"TiVo Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883060\",\n \"text\": \"roots and expanded to cover every fetish possible since filming was now so inexpensive. Instead of hundreds of pornographic films being made each year, thousands now were, including compilations of just the sex scenes from various videos. The 1977 softcore sex comedy film \\\"Come Play with Me\\\", which had been highly successful commercially at the cinema, became one of the first British films to sell in large numbers on the new VHS format. In 1979 Paul Raymond launched the \\\"Electric Blue\\\" series of softcore videos, a range which was produced until the mid 1990s. They were an extension of his\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13906649\",\n \"text\": \"often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video. Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve, driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked\",\n \"title\": \"Microfilmmaking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321851\",\n \"text\": \"and tape misalignments that can foul the recording mechanism. Typically, the only time the user ever touches the tape in a videocassette is when a failure results from a tape getting stuck in the mechanism. Home VCRs first became available in the early 1970s, with Philips releasing the Model 1500 in England in 1972. The first system to be notably successful with consumers was Sony's Betamax (or Beta) in 1975. It was soon followed by the competing VHS (Video Home System) format from JVC in 1977 and later by other formats such as Video 2000 from Philips, V-Cord from Sanyo,\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311670\",\n \"text\": \"Tape is a linear method of storing information and thus imposes delays to access a portion of the tape that is not already under the heads. The early 2000s saw the introduction and rise to prominence of high quality random-access video recording media such as hard disks and flash memory. Since then, videotape has been increasingly relegated to archival and similar uses. The electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4287841\",\n \"text\": \"U-matic U-matic is an analogue recording videocassette format first shown by Sony in prototype in October 1969, and introduced to the market in September 1971. It was among the first video formats to contain the videotape inside a cassette, as opposed to the various reel-to-reel or open-reel formats of the time. Unlike most other cassette-based tape formats, the supply and take-up reels in the cassette turn in opposite directions during playback, fast-forward, and rewind: one reel would run clockwise while the other would run counter-clockwise. A locking mechanism integral to each cassette case secures the tape hubs during transportation to\",\n \"title\": \"U-matic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14887363\",\n \"text\": \"moving tape (240 ips with 300 tracks to a ½” tape) had been reached. Work had begun on longitudinal video recording as early as 1950 by the electronics division of entertainer Bing Crosby's production company, Bing Crosby Enterprises (BCE), who had pioneered the use of magnetic tape recording for his radio show in the 1940s. BCE gave the world's first demonstration of a videotape recording in Los Angeles on November 11, 1951. Developed by John T. Mullin and Wayne R. Johnson since 1950, the device gave what were described as \\\"blurred and indistinct\\\" images, using a modified Ampex 200 tape\",\n \"title\": \"Longitudinal Video Recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12524208\",\n \"text\": \"the world. The result is now a small but growing amount of online amateur porn depicting underage models, created by the young people themselves. Before the advent of camcorders and VHS tapes couples had to film themselves using Super 8 film which then had to be sent for film processing. This was both expensive and risky as the processing laboratory might report the film to the police depending on their local laws. Amateur pornography began to rapidly increase in the 1980s, with the camcorder revolution, when people began recording their sex lives and watching the results on VCRs. These home\",\n \"title\": \"Amateur pornography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4223721\",\n \"text\": \"as ENG technologies were emerging. The technology was still in its developmental stages, and had yet to be integrated with satellites and microwave relays, which caused some problems with the network's early transmissions. However, ENG proved to be a crucial development for all television news as news content recorded using videocassette recorders was easier to edit, duplicate and distribute. Over time, as editing technology has become simpler and more accessible, video production processes have largely passed from broadcast engineers to producers and writers, making the process quicker. However, initially the ENG cameras and recorders were heavier and bulkier than their\",\n \"title\": \"Electronic news-gathering\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17190974\",\n \"text\": \"cross-communication between technology and industry. Gábor Kornél Tolnai began to construct his own tape recorders In the early 1950s when tape technology penetrated. A tape recorder, or tape machine, is an audio-storage device that records and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\",\n \"title\": \"Gábor Kornél Tolnai\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7471111\",\n \"text\": \"can now achieve reliable and perfect synchronization. The first digital audio recorders were reel-to-reel decks introduced by companies such as Denon (1972), Soundstream (1979) and Mitsubishi. They used a digital technology known as PCM recording. Within a few years, however, many studios were using devices that encoded the digital audio data into a standard video signal, which was then recorded on a U-matic or other videotape recorder, using the rotating-head technology that was standard for video. A similar technology was used for a consumer format, Digital Audio Tape (DAT) which used rotating heads on a narrow tape contained in a\",\n \"title\": \"History of sound recording\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530532\",\n \"text\": \"major standards were Sony's Betamax (also known as Betacord or just Beta), and JVC's VHS (Video Home System), which competed for sales in what became known as the format war. Betamax was first to market in November 1975, and was argued by many to be technically more sophisticated in recording quality, although many users did not perceive a visual difference. The first machines required an external timer, and could only record one hour, or two hours at lower quality (LP). The timer was later incorporated within the machine as a standard feature. The rival VHS format, introduced in Japan by\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4936256\",\n \"text\": \"Steven Spielberg, who felt that theatrical sound formats up until the company's founding were no longer state of the art, and as a result were no longer optimal for use on projects where quality sound reproduction was of the utmost importance. Spielberg debuted the format with his 1993 production of \\\"Jurassic Park\\\", which came slightly less than a full year after the official theatrical debut of Dolby Digital (\\\"Batman Returns\\\"). In addition, \\\"Jurassic Park\\\" also became the first home video release to contain DTS sound when it was released on LaserDisc in January 1997, two years after the first Dolby\",\n \"title\": \"DTS (sound system)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14231777\",\n \"text\": \"to point delivery, one and two screen television technologies and gaming for television delivery. For the first time, the Academy bestowed a Lifetime Achievement Award in the area of Technology and Engineering. Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and founder of HDnet, presented the award to the original inventors of the videotape recorder: Charlie Ginsburg, Ray Dolby, Alex Maxey, Charlie Anderson, Fred Pfost and Shelby Henderson. The six men, all then working for Ampex, introduced the VR-1000, (later named the \\\"Ampex Mark IV\\\") the first practical videotape recorder, to the world on 14 March 1956 at the National Association\",\n \"title\": \"57th Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1356320\",\n \"text\": \"for JVC's VHS format into the 1980s, creating the videotape format war. The Betamax cassette was smaller, with slightly superior picture quality to the VHS cassette, but this resulted in Betamax having less recording time. The two companies competed fiercely to encourage others to adopt their format, but by 1984 forty companies were using JVC's VHS format, while only 12 used Betamax. Sony began producing VHS recorders in 1988 and after 1993 stopped making Betamax recorders for the US market, and then completely in 2002. In 1979, JVC demonstrated a prototype of its video high density (VHD) disc system. This\",\n \"title\": \"JVC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15198945\",\n \"text\": \"video camera tube units, shooting in the B&W 819-line interlaced 25fps French video standard, using modified high-band quadruplex video tape recorders (VTR) to record the signal. The promoters of Electronovision gave the impression that this was a new system created from scratch, using a high-tech name (and avoiding the word kinescope) to distinguish the process from conventional film photography. Nonetheless the advances in tape-to-reel time were, at the time, a major step ahead. By capturing more than 800 lines of resolution at 25 frame/s, raw tape could be converted to film via kinescope recording with sufficient enhanced resolution to allow\",\n \"title\": \"Electronovision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626740\",\n \"text\": \"in 2016's inflation), and US$300 (over $2,000 in 2016's inflation) for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a television broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market, and at a more affordable price. In 1959, JVC developed a two-head video tape recorder, and by 1960 a color version for professional broadcasting. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the company's standard VTR until the mid-1970s. In 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2321839\",\n \"text\": \"clear that practical video recording technology depended on finding some way of recording the wide-bandwidth video signal without the high tape speed required by linear-scan machines. In 1953 Dr. Norikazu Sawazaki developed a prototype helical scan video tape recorder. Another solution was transverse-scan technology, developed by Ampex around 1954, in which the recording heads are mounted on a spinning drum and record tracks in the transverse direction, across the tape. By recording on the full width of the tape rather than just a narrow track down the center, this technique achieved a much higher density of data per linear centimeter\",\n \"title\": \"Video tape recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7746223\",\n \"text\": \"imitation leather purses. Orr's early knowledge allowed him to establish Orradio in 1949. When, after some uncertainty, tape became the standard medium for magnetic recorders, and as other uses such as data storage and videotape appeared, Orradio's sales expanded rapidly in the late 1950s. Orradio produced the first commercially available audio tape, video tape, and computer tape in the world. The company was purchased by a larger competitor, the Ampex Corporation, in 1959 when Ampex decided it was cheaper to own the plant than to keep buying all their tape. Orr then founded OrrTronics, which developed the lubricated tape used\",\n \"title\": \"John Herbert Orr\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5627352\",\n \"text\": \"the traditional landline phone network, even accounting for modern digital packetized phone network protocols, and even though videotelephony software commonly runs on smartphones. The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s in both the United States and Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered. This was first embodied in the device which came to be known as the video telephone, or videophone, and it evolved from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably electrical telegraphy, telephony, radio, and television. Simple analog videophone\",\n \"title\": \"Videotelephony\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530541\",\n \"text\": \"or EP/SLP mode were more sensitive to minor head misalignment over time or from machine to machine. Tapes recorded on a machine made before 1995 tend to not play well on newer machines due to slight changes in helical scanning head design. The videocassette recorder remained in home use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, despite the advent of competing technologies such as LaserDisc (LD) and Video CD (VCD). While Laserdisc offered higher quality video and audio, the discs are heavy (weighing about one pound each), cumbersome, much more prone to damage if dropped or mishandled, and furthermore only home LD\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1772321\",\n \"text\": \"scrapped VERA and quickly adopted the Ampex system. It has been suggested that the BBC only continued to develop VERA as a bargaining tool, so it would be offered some of the first Ampex machines produced in unstated exchange for abandoning further work on a potential rival. Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus (VERA) was an early analog recording videotape format developed from 1952 by the BBC under project manager Dr Peter Axon. In order to record high frequencies, a tape must move rapidly with respect to the recording or playback head. The frequencies used by video signals\",\n \"title\": \"Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5034158\",\n \"text\": \"belle commpak system and dukane filmstrip projector the general electric show 'n' tell system contains any story on 1 16mm film format. The 1980s brought the advent of the video cassette recorder (VCR), and advancing technology meant increasingly affordable VCRs. When VCRs became within reach for most schools' budgets, this marked beginning of a decline in filmstrip use. Video instruction combined the ease of the filmstrip with automatically synchronized audio and full motion video. By the early 1990s, the vast majority of filmstrip producers that were not equipped to compete with video either closed or sold their businesses. In the\",\n \"title\": \"Filmstrip\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13530524\",\n \"text\": \"and could only record 20 minutes at a time. It recorded in black-and-white, the only format available in the UK at the time. The half-inch tape Sony model CV-2000, first marketed in 1965, was their first VTR intended for home use. Ampex and RCA followed in 1965 with their own reel-to-reel monochrome VTRs priced under US$1,000 for the home consumer market. The EIAJ format was a standard half-inch format used by various manufacturers. EIAJ-1 was an open-reel format. EIAJ-2 used a cartridge that contained a supply reel; the take-up reel was part of the recorder, and the tape had to\",\n \"title\": \"Videocassette recorder\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2454427\",\n \"text\": \"would not happen in a courtship as both people vow to chastity and often like to keep a chaperone around. As technology progressed the dating world followed. In a Time-line by Metro, a statistic match-making business opened in 1941, the first reality TV dating show was developed in 1965 and by the 1980s the public was introduced to video dating. Video Dating was a way for singles to sit in front of a camera and tell whomever may be watching something about themselves. The process of elimination was significant because now the viewer was able hear their voice, see their\",\n \"title\": \"Courtship\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9114025\",\n \"text\": \"transistor radio. In 1964, a team led by Kihara developed the CV-2000, the world's first VTR intended for home usage. He also was instrumental in creating cassette versions of the VTR (Video Tape Recorder),established the basis for the U-matic system. In 1981, was involved in the development of the Mavica digital still camera, which used floppy disks to record images and developed the Mavigraph color video printer in 1982. In 1988, Mr. Kihara jointly established the Sony-Kihara Research Center with Sony, becoming the center's president. His tutoring methods were dubbed the \\\"Kihara School\\\", and turned out many of Sony's future\",\n \"title\": \"Nobutoshi Kihara\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11462849\",\n \"text\": \"for co-development of the Hi-8 and S-VHS standards in 1987-1988. In the 1980s, the company developed technologies for the deinterlacing of NTSC signals, including motion adaptive processing algorithms. In 1989 Faroudja invented and patented film mode detection, also known as inverse 3:2 pulldown detection. Faroudja was the only company in the world that had the ability to detect the original frames of film within the video stream and reconstruct an accurate image, free of motion artifacts containing full vertical resolution. In 1991 the company created the first professional grade line doubler (480p) (deinterlacer) which incorporated this technology, for use with\",\n \"title\": \"Faroudja\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2059427\",\n \"text\": \"also in the early stages of development as the format was canceled. Internal documents suggested the cassette abbreviations VSC and VDC to be used, respectively, for the two developments. Although Video 2000 was technologically superior to the competition in several ways, it could not compete with VHS and Betamax's key advantages: Additionally, Video 2000 never achieved the picture quality (optimally adjusted devices) of the predecessor systems VCR, VCR-LP or SVR because of the video writing speed. In 1985 Grundig started development and production of VHS recorders alongside V2000, and in 1986 Philips announced that it would discontinue the manufacturing of\",\n \"title\": \"Video 2000\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626741\",\n \"text\": \"Electric (Matsushita was then parent company of Panasonic and is now known by that name, also majority stockholder of JVC until 2008) in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard. U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications (such as electronic news-gathering), but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, in order to work on video recording formats\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"626738\",\n \"text\": \"changing the economics of the television and movie businesses. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders (VCRs) as having the power to disrupt their business, while television users viewed the VCR as the means to take control of their hobby. In the 1970s and early 1980s, there was a format war in the home video industry. Two of the standards, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure. VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began\",\n \"title\": \"VHS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9028210\",\n \"text\": \"instrumentation use and for studio sound recording. An example of the latter is the model M79 recorder, which still has a following today. 3M Mincom was also involved in designing and manufacturing video production equipment for the television and video post-production industries in the 1970s and 1980s, with such items as character generators and several different models of video switchers, from models of audio and video routers to video mixers for studio production work. 3M Mincom was involved in some of the first digital audio recordings of the late 1970s to see commercial release when a prototype machine was brought\",\n \"title\": \"3M\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5176054\",\n \"text\": \"Paul Montgomery Joseph Paul Montgomery (June 5, 1960 – June 19, 1999 ) was an American entrepreneur and inventor. In the mid 1980s, he was among the first to see the potential of personal computer technology in the field of video production and 3D animation. As Vice President of NewTek and Co-Founder and President of Play, Inc., Montgomery drove the creation of the first widely-successful digital video products, including the Emmy-award winning Video Toaster and the Snappy Video Snapshot. In the 1996 book, \\\"The Age of Videography,\\\" Montgomery was cited as one of the 25 most influential people in the\",\n \"title\": \"Paul Montgomery\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311677\",\n \"text\": \"hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2264116\",\n \"text\": \"configuration of an integrated professional video camera/recorder led to its rapid adoption by electronic news gathering (ENG) organizations. DigiBeta, the common name for Digital Betacam, went on to become the single most successful professional broadcast digital recording video tape format in history. Even though Betacam remains popular in the field and for archiving, new tapeless digital products such as the Multi Access Video Disk Recorder are leading to a phasing out of Betacam products in a television studio environment, as of 2006. The original Betacam format was launched on August 7, 1982. It is an analog component video format, storing\",\n \"title\": \"Betacam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4398375\",\n \"text\": \"videocassette format in the late 1980s. In 1983, RCA turned to Ampex for supply of Helical VTRs. Type C videotape 1 inch Type C (designated Type C by SMPTE) is a professional reel-to-reel analog recording helical scan videotape format co-developed and introduced by Ampex and Sony in 1976. It became the replacement in the professional video and broadcast television industries for the then-incumbent 2 inch quadruplex videotape (2 inch Quad for short) open-reel format, due to the smaller size, comparative ease of operation (vs. 2 inch) and slightly higher video quality of 1 inch type C video tape recorder (VTR).\",\n \"title\": \"Type C videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2657585\",\n \"text\": \"Video camera A video camera is a camera used for electronic motion picture acquisition (as opposed to a movie camera, which records images on film), initially developed for the television industry but now common in other applications as well. The earliest video cameras were those of John Logie Baird, based on the mechanical Nipkow disk and used in experimental broadcasts through the 1918s–1930s. All-electronic designs based on the video camera tube, such as Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope and Philo Farnsworth's image dissector, supplanted the Baird system by the 1930s. These remained in wide use until the 1980s, when cameras based on\",\n \"title\": \"Video camera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"444244\",\n \"text\": \"building blocks of the blanking interval. See Computer display standard for a list of standards used for computer monitors and comparison with those used for television. In approximate chronological order. All formats listed were sold to and used by broadcasters, video producers or consumers; or were important historically (VERA). Video Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in\",\n \"title\": \"Video\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1798965\",\n \"text\": \"not legal) as opposed to indecency (which may or may not be legal). With the arrival of the home video cassette recorder in the late 1970s and early 1980s, the pornographic movie industry experienced massive growth and spawned adult stars like Traci Lords, Seka, Ron Jeremy, Christy Canyon, Ginger Lynn, John Holmes and directors such as Gregory Dark. By 1982, most pornographic films were being shot on the cheaper and more convenient medium of videotape. Many film directors resisted this shift at first because videotape produced a different image quality. However, those who did change soon were collecting most of\",\n \"title\": \"Pornographic film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1311675\",\n \"text\": \"a two-inch (5.08 cm) tape, and stationary heads for the sound track. CBS Television first used the Ampex VRX-1000 Mark IV at its Television City studios in Hollywood on November 30, 1956 to play a delayed broadcast of \\\"Douglas Edwards and the News\\\" from New York City to the Pacific Time Zone. On January 22, 1957, the NBC Television game show \\\"Truth or Consequences\\\", produced in Hollywood, became the first program to be broadcast in all time zones from a prerecorded videotape. Ampex introduced a color videotape recorder in 1958 in a cross-licensing agreement with RCA, whose engineers had developed\",\n \"title\": \"Videotape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5581276\",\n \"text\": \"at the appropriate moment. Beyond not being very precise, recorders of this era cost much more than a house, making this process an expensive use of the machines. This technique of re-recording from source to edit master came to be known as linear video editing. This was the way things were for television shows shot on tape for the first 15 years. Even such fast-paced shows as \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\" continued to use the razor blade technique. Three developments of the late sixties and early seventies revolutionized video editing, and made it possible for television to have its own\",\n \"title\": \"Offline editing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3895631\",\n \"text\": \"then reusing the tape from a previous one, with the result that relatively few programmes produced on videotape in the 1950s and 1960s still exist in their original format. The expense of videotape and the various mutually incompatible television standards around the world made it impractical at the time for programme makers to sell their productions to foreign broadcasters in their original video form. Film, however, was considered a universal medium, and most broadcasters had the facility to broadcast from it. Before the development of practical video tape, programme makers such as the BBC developed the technology to record programmes—either\",\n \"title\": \"VidFIRE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1571179\",\n \"text\": \"home videotape cassette recorders were a legal technology since they had substantial noninfringing uses. This precedent was later invoked in \\\"MGM v. Grokster\\\" (2005), where the high court agreed that the same \\\"substantial noninfringing uses\\\" standard applies to authors and vendors of peer-to-peer file sharing software (notably excepting those who \\\"actively induce\\\" copyright infringement through \\\"purposeful, culpable expression and conduct\\\"). For the professional and broadcast video industry, Sony derived Betacam from Betamax. Released in 1982, Betacam became the most widely used videotape format in ENG (electronic news gathering), replacing the wide U-matic tape format. Betacam and Betamax are similar in\",\n \"title\": \"Betamax\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: VHS context: VHS The Video Home System (VHS) is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan (JVC) in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976 and in the United States in early 1977. From the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders (VTRs). At that time, the devices were used only in expensive professional environments such as television studios and medical imaging (fluoroscopy). In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the home video industry and\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Videot context: hand-made tape heads, which wore out very quickly. Despite these problems, Quad is capable of producing excellent images. Subsequent videotape systems have used helical scan, where the video heads record diagonal tracks (of complete fields) onto the tape. Many early videotape recordings were not preserved. While much less expensive (if repeatedly recycled) and more convenient than kinescope, the high cost of 3M Scotch 179 and other early videotapes ($300 per one-hour reel) meant that most broadcasters erased and reused them, and (in the United States) regarded videotape as simply a better and more cost-effective means of time-delaying broadcasts than kinescopes.\\n\\ntitle: tape recorder context: and demonstrated on June2, 16 was first video recorder unit in kit form for60. However, there were several drawback it was expensive, not easy put together, and can for only 20 minutes at a time in black-and-white. The Sony model CV-2000, marketed in 165, is their first VTR intended for home and based on half-inch tape Ampe RCA followed in 1965 with their own open-re monochrome VTRs priced US $,000 for the home consumer market.erecord for re became available\\n\\ntitle:apeorder context: this technique done by B on1951. The was Another of early efforts was the Vision Electronicording Appar-- machine the BBC in2 used thin steel t23) reel traveling at inches5 cm second Despite0 it was widely used due to the immense length of t for each of video By952 B had moved on machine found in\\n\\n: Gabor Korliation and.bori toape Ins technologyated. Aorder, or is audio and plays back sound, usually using magnetic tape. Magnetic tape transformed the recording industry, and by the late 1950s the vast majority of commercial recordings were being mastered on tape. Kornél Tolnai assumed already invented wire players and developed the design. Some companies were known for their excellent quality reel-to-reel tape recorders, i.e. Tandberg and Revox. Tandberg is a manufacturer of videoconferencing systems, located in\\n\\nIn what decade were video recorders first developed?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 498,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14401,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":83,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":83,"string":"83"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Leonard Cyril Deighton","Len Deighton","Len Deighton's London Dossier"],"string":"[\n \"Leonard Cyril Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton\",\n \"Len Deighton's London Dossier\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Len Deighton"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8414802","text":"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Line\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and followed \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"8414771","text":"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Hook\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being succeeded by \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"8414810","text":"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \"Spy Sinker\" is part of the \"Hook, Line and Sinker\" trilogy, being preceded by \"Spy Hook\" and \"Spy Line\". This trilogy is preceded by the \"Game, Set and Match\" trilogy and followed by the final \"Faith, Hope and Charity\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \"Winter\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory","title":"Spy Sinker"},{"id":"8895743","text":"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \"Windows Magazine\" and \"Computer Shopper\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \"The Modem Reference\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \"Web Psychos\", \"Stalkers and Pranksters\", and \"PC Confidential\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for","title":"Michael A. Banks"},{"id":"5901385","text":"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \"Their Trade is Treachery\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \"Spycatcher\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act","title":"Chapman Pincher"},{"id":"5936141","text":"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \"Atomtan\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"2924948","text":"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \"Beavis and Butt-Head\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \"Spy\", which employed \"Lampoon\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \"Lampoon\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \"Lampoon\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \"Lampoon\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \"Lampoon\". Celebrities often visit","title":"The Harvard Lampoon"},{"id":"2732485","text":"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \"The Topper\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and","title":"Beryl the Peril"},{"id":"10081460","text":"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \"Hit Men\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\", in which Dannen","title":"Fredric Dannen"},{"id":"6653433","text":"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"1372288","text":"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \"NME\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower","title":"NME"},{"id":"3335567","text":"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \"Walk Like an Egyptian\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \"Around the World in a Day\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \"Manic Monday\" for the Bangles, and signed","title":"Paisley Underground"},{"id":"5272442","text":"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second","title":"Allan Bridge"},{"id":"2618546","text":"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \"Dandy\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \"Dandy\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \"The Dandy\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \"The Beezer\" and \"The Topper\", \"The Dandy\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \"Sparky\" before being moved to \"The Topper\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \"Nutty\"","title":"The Dandy"},{"id":"9859798","text":"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \"Inside The Music Business\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of","title":"Tony Barrow"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"10463264","text":"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \"Wall Street Journal\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric","title":"Eric Breindel"},{"id":"7236471","text":"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\" (formerly \"...on CD\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\" and \"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he","title":"Richard Cook (journalist)"},{"id":"10185633","text":"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \"Was There A Fifth Man?\" Mann's several texts include \"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)","title":"Wilfrid Basil Mann"},{"id":"19572216","text":"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \"larger-than-life style\", \"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \"trendy\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \"The Independent\", she was \"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14","title":"Jennifer d'Abo"},{"id":"342497","text":"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original","title":"Rock music"},{"id":"11394807","text":"employed as a \"Romeo spy\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \"Daily Express\" (1985) and in the \"News on Sunday\" (1987), but was dismissed as \"a fantasist\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was","title":"John Alexander Symonds"},{"id":"12565612","text":"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \"Nasty Girl\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \"Jungle Love\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \"The Glamorous Life\" and number 11 \"A Love Bizarre\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \"I Feel for You\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \"Sugar Walls\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"6653424","text":"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \"the Department\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \"Berlin Game\", \"Mexico Set\" and \"London Match\", the second comprises \"Spy Hook\", \"Spy Line\" and \"Spy Sinker\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \"Faith\", \"Hope\" and \"Charity\". The plot of the","title":"Bernard Samson"},{"id":"4136467","text":"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \"Merry Pranksters\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \"Convoy\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and","title":"History of modern Western subcultures"},{"id":"2677714","text":"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \"Topper\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \"The Beano\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon","title":"Tricky Dicky (Topper)"},{"id":"469526","text":"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"8414804","text":"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the","title":"Spy Line"},{"id":"10407213","text":"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \"The Man Who Sold the World\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \"Captain Stelling\" Weller wrote and drew \"The Firm\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \"Stelling\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \"Willie D\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the","title":"Michael J. Weller"},{"id":"9867556","text":"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \"Charlie Chainsaw\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \"Willie D\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie","title":"Chainsaw (punk zine)"},{"id":"150488","text":"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \"Down and Out in Paris and London\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \"The Road to Wigan Pier\" (describing the","title":"George Orwell"},{"id":"2493379","text":"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \"Spearhead\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \"nom de plume\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \"Did Six Million Really Die?\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John","title":"Richard Verrall"},{"id":"1505470","text":"became editor of the \"Mail\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \"Daily Express\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \"Express\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not","title":"Daily Mail"},{"id":"6237073","text":"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \"Body Rocking\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana","title":"Errol Brown"},{"id":"8661677","text":"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In","title":"V. Vale"},{"id":"12565605","text":"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3954329","text":"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \"Staring at the Rude Boys\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \"Rudi Got Married\". With their latest","title":"The Ruts"},{"id":"19190390","text":"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \"Living in the 70's\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \"Hot for the Orient\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \"Hooked on Hooks\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a","title":"Live in the 80's"},{"id":"226286","text":"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \"Jailbird\" (1979), \"Deadeye Dick\" (1982), \"Galápagos\" (1985), \"Bluebeard\" (1987), and \"Hocus Pocus\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was","title":"Kurt Vonnegut"},{"id":"8414773","text":"\"Dodo\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \"deep-cover\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer","title":"Spy Hook"},{"id":"17662614","text":"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school","title":"Penn Kimball"},{"id":"5036936","text":"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \"Ted\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \"Jane's Getting Serious\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\"Friends\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \"Who Are You\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog","title":"Jon Astley"},{"id":"1494042","text":"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which","title":"Sue Townsend"},{"id":"6046769","text":"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \"The Beaver Papers\", \"The Comic Book Heroes\", and the comic book \"The Trouble with Girls\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \"National Lampoon magazine\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \"The Comic Book Heroes\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing","title":"Will Jacobs"},{"id":"1806427","text":"the first \"music video album\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \"Eat to the Beat\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved","title":"Chrysalis Records"},{"id":"7264996","text":"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \"Which?\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \"piper\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \"double-line\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \"Underground Sans\", for London Transport. They","title":"Colin Banks"},{"id":"5188565","text":"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\" by Roald Dahl and \"Watership Down\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \"Each Peach Pear Plum\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \"Spot the Dog\" and Jan Pienkowski's \"Meg","title":"Puffin Books"},{"id":"9170054","text":"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \"We Don't Talk Anymore\" and the mid-80s albums, \"I'm No Hero\", \"Wired for Sound\", \"Stronger\" and \"Always Guaranteed\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \"Hunting High and Low \" (including their single, \"Take on Me\"), \"Scoundrel Days\" and \"Stay on These Roads\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &","title":"Tarney/Spencer Band"},{"id":"6062979","text":"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"5352559","text":"\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\" and even \"The Partridge Family\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \"Nick Carter\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \"\", and parodied \"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \"A Woman Called Golda\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,","title":"Michael Avallone"},{"id":"12442839","text":"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \"Pillows & Prayers\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts","title":"Él Records"},{"id":"5936147","text":"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \"and\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \"Deadline\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out","title":"Philip Bond"},{"id":"15256647","text":"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \"Toadface McGurty\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,","title":"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher"},{"id":"10761271","text":"Judas Pair\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \"A Clubbable Woman\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the","title":"Collins Crime Club"},{"id":"1447071","text":"\"NME\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \"melancholy noise\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \"Wall of Sound\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the","title":"Alternative rock"},{"id":"12057380","text":"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \"The Satanic Verses\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \"fatwā\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After","title":"Peter Mayer"},{"id":"369731","text":"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \"Eye of the Needle\" (1978); Alan Furst, \"Night Soldiers\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \"Zoo Station\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \"Atomsk\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \"Secret Ministry\" (1951), Desmond Cory","title":"Spy fiction"},{"id":"9907329","text":"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \"Hot Dog\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \"Parkinson\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his","title":"Mike Hurst (producer)"},{"id":"20910523","text":"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \"hustlers and street people\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of","title":"Dapper Dan (designer)"},{"id":"3013939","text":"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \"I Spy Dinosaurs\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\" (backed with \"Oh Stegosaurus\"). He performed it on \"Blue Peter\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved","title":"David Bellamy"},{"id":"5774494","text":"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was","title":"Seymour Stein"},{"id":"2599189","text":"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \"Undercover Angel\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner","title":"Warner Music Group"},{"id":"1999315","text":"journalists on the \"Daily Mail\" in 2008: \"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \"Daily Mail\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \"Queen of the Groucho\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed","title":"Julie Burchill"},{"id":"4727514","text":"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \"Vermin\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \"outsider\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s","title":"John Sherman (climber)"},{"id":"6615027","text":"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \"What Up, Dog?\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \"Walk the Dinosaur\" and \"Spy in the House of Love\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl","title":"What Up, Dog?"},{"id":"422954","text":"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \"\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic","title":"The Adventures of Tintin"},{"id":"1457924","text":"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \"women of integrity and strong character\" who were \"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\" Her 1960 novel \"Mistress of Mellyn\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \"Victoria Holt\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \"The Secret Woman\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a","title":"Eleanor Hibbert"},{"id":"7042933","text":"the television series \"New York Confidential\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \"Confidential\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \"All in the Family\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \"Gus and Gussie\", illustrated by","title":"Jack Lait"},{"id":"15340318","text":"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\"Startling Stories\", \"Thrilling Wonder Stories\") and Harold W. McCauley (\"Imagination\", \"Fantastic Adventures\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \"The Baroness\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \"The Destroyer\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \"Good Girls\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \"Anatomy","title":"Good girl art"},{"id":"18022460","text":"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \"Old Boy\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,","title":"Londoner's Diary"},{"id":"12013638","text":"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \"Daily Mirror\", \"Sunday Mirror\" and \"The Independent\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and","title":"Lesley-Ann Jones"},{"id":"5561828","text":"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during","title":"Munch Bunch"},{"id":"2450355","text":"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"469523","text":"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \"Double Fantasy\", in 1980 and won Album of the","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6062973","text":"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \"The Lockhorns\", \"Laugh Parade\", and \"Howard Huge\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \"Bumper Snickers\" in 1974, \"Agatha Crumm\" in 1977, \"Laugh Parade\" in 1980, \"Howard Huge\" in 1981, \"What A Guy!\" in 1986, and \"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \"Bunny\" as a child, as she","title":"Bunny Hoest"},{"id":"16259205","text":"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \"Tintin\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \"Les Frustrés\" and the co-creation of the magazine \"L'Écho des savanes\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.","title":"Female comics creators"},{"id":"3409059","text":"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \"angry young man\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive","title":"Jonathan Cape"},{"id":"10002736","text":"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \"The Beaver\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \"Radio Times\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \"Time Out\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has","title":"Simon Garfield"},{"id":"8147492","text":"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \"16\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,","title":"16 (magazine)"},{"id":"15417203","text":"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \"Bunch of Fives\" (1977) and \"Four From the Square\" (1980), and","title":"David Freeman (musician)"},{"id":"16138750","text":"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &","title":"Ken Testi"},{"id":"2584918","text":"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \"A Dissenting Opinion\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \"Beale Papers\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents","title":"Beale ciphers"},{"id":"3733812","text":"revived \"Eagle\", including \"Saddle Tramp\", \"Sergeant Streetwise\", \"Jake's Platoon\", \"The Hand\", and episodes of \"The Collector\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \"Rogue Trooper\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \"Tammy\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \"Ella on Easy Street\" and \"The Camp on Candy Island\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls","title":"Gerry Finley-Day"},{"id":"6779837","text":"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \"The Flintstones\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\" (for DC Comics), and \"Simpsons Comics\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as","title":"Scott Shaw (artist)"},{"id":"8971414","text":"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \"Rolling Stone\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\" parodied her as \"Elizabeth Drone,\" author of a \"Giant Postcard From Washington.\" In 1989, \"Spy magazine\" labeled her as the \"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\" In 2014, President Richard","title":"Elizabeth Drew"},{"id":"1385100","text":"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \"Psychoboys\" in 1999 and a memoir \"Berlin Bromley\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \"The Guardian\" and \"Time Out London\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The","title":"Bromley Contingent"},{"id":"1743411","text":"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \"decade of the spy\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \"The Traitor\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \"Jane's\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \"Jane's\" because the \"public should be","title":"Espionage Act of 1917"},{"id":"6761113","text":"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \"America's Only Magazine\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \"The Simpsons\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \"Deep Thoughts\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \"Army Man\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \"The","title":"Army Man (magazine)"},{"id":"469544","text":"\"The Blues Brothers\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \"Like a Virgin\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \"nineteen-eighties\", commonly shortened as the \"'80s\", pronounced \"eighties\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.","title":"1980s"},{"id":"6701295","text":"a public figure has ever flung into print.\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \"fine fishnet stockings\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \"Back of the Cab\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \"Lord of the Spies\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\". Foot added that Driberg \"had always been much","title":"Tom Driberg"},{"id":"12565628","text":"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11883040","text":"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \"The Pearl\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban","title":"Pornography in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"17762350","text":"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \"Time Out\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \"The Puzzle Palace\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \"targeting of U.S.","title":"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)"},{"id":"12565618","text":"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"3660222","text":"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \"punk\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important","title":"Warner Bros. Records"},{"id":"4820579","text":"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \"Ghost Rider\", \"What If...?\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \"\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of","title":"Tom DeFalco"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"2296699","text":"\"The Spy Who Loved Me\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \"Ordinary People\" (1980) and \"Sophie's Choice\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \"A Chorus Line\". His last projects included \"The Informant!\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \"Marvin Makes Music\", which included the original music \"The Music in My Mind\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the","title":"Marvin Hamlisch"},{"id":"8001133","text":"\"Action Comics\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \"DC Challenge\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \"Video Jack\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \"Captain Atom\" series with Pat Broderick and the \"Silverblade\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \"The Lone Ranger\" (1980–1983), \"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \"Gargoyles\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year","title":"Cary Bates"},{"id":"1781202","text":"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \"Ode to a High Flying Bird\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to","title":"Charlie Watts"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8414802\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414771\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414810\",\n \"text\": \"Spy Sinker Spy Sinker is a 1990 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the final novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Sinker\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and \\\"Spy Line\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945 and providing the backstory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Sinker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8895743\",\n \"text\": \"Michael A. Banks Michael A. Banks (born 21 March 1951 in Princeton, Indiana) is a writer and editor of science fiction and non-fiction. A former columnist for \\\"Windows Magazine\\\" and \\\"Computer Shopper\\\", Banks documented the growth of online services and the Internet and Web from the early 1980s onward. His book \\\"The Modem Reference\\\" was a guide to the online world during the 1980s and into the 1990s, selling more than 200,000 copies. Banks explored Internet crime and computer privacy with his books \\\"Web Psychos\\\", \\\"Stalkers and Pranksters\\\", and \\\"PC Confidential\\\". He also served as a freelance acquisitions editor for\",\n \"title\": \"Michael A. Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5901385\",\n \"text\": \"public setting in the near future. Wright, a retired MI5 Soviet counterespionage officer, was Pincher's main source for \\\"Their Trade is Treachery\\\", along with British MP Jonathan Aitken and Wright's former colleague Arthur S. Martin. Aitken, using information from retired CIA counterespionage chief James Jesus Angleton, wrote a highly confidential letter in early 1980 to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, outlining Angleton's suspicions of Hollis acting as a double agent. Pincher became ensnared in 1986 in the \\\"Spycatcher\\\" affair, when Wright tried to publish his own book in Australia, in apparent violation of his oath-taking of the Official Secrets Act\",\n \"title\": \"Chapman Pincher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936141\",\n \"text\": \"Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out of his being \\\"active in the British alternative comics scene from 1987,\\\" and he writes on his website that, in 1988: \\\"Atomtan\\\", Bond's first work, was a self-published fanzine created with Tank Girl\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2924948\",\n \"text\": \"Borowitz, B. J. Novak, Greg Daniels, Michael Schur, and Colin Jost. Etan Cohen wrote for \\\"Beavis and Butt-Head\\\" as an undergraduate member. In 1986 former editor Kurt Andersen co-founded the satirical magazine \\\"Spy\\\", which employed \\\"Lampoon\\\" writers Paul Simms and Eric Kaplan, and published the work of \\\"Lampoon\\\" alumni Patricia Marx, Lawrence O'Donnell and Mark O'Donnell. The \\\"Lampoon\\\" has also graduated many noted authors such as George Plimpton, George Santayana, John Updike, and William Gaddis. Actor Fred Gwynne was a cartoonist and president of the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Famous Boston lawyer Bradley Palmer acted as treasurer for the \\\"Lampoon\\\". Celebrities often visit\",\n \"title\": \"The Harvard Lampoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2732485\",\n \"text\": \"in 1970 her strip was taken over by Bob McGrath and later John Dallas. Her costume changed at some point in the mid-1980s from her red top underneath a black dress to a blue and white striped jumper underneath a red dress. In 1986 she became \\\"The Topper\\\"'s front page star, replacing Tricky Dicky. Her dog Pearl was also introduced shortly before that time, although before that she had a pet turkey called Gobbler. The same year, Robert Nixon took over, a cartoonist who followed in the steps of noted cartoonist Ken Reid, and her overall look became smoother and\",\n \"title\": \"Beryl the Peril\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10081460\",\n \"text\": \"Fredric Dannen Fredric Dannen is an American journalist and author. He is best known for his landmark book \\\"Hit Men: Powerbrokers and Fast Money Inside the Music Business\\\" (1990), which investigated the behind-the-scenes dealings of the major American record labels in the 1970s and 1980s, focussing on the careers of leading CBS Records executives Walter Yetnikoff and Dick Asher. \\\"Hit Men\\\" came in second on Billboard_(magazine) list of \\\"100 Greatest Music Books of All Time\\\" More recently, Dannen was the co-author (with Barry Long) of \\\"Hong Kong Babylon: An Insider's Guide to the Hollywood of the East\\\", in which Dannen\",\n \"title\": \"Fredric Dannen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653433\",\n \"text\": \"Pictures from the Granada TV production of Game Set & Match Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1372288\",\n \"text\": \"time included Mat Snow, Chris Bohn (known in his later years at the paper as 'Biba Kopf'), Barney Hoskyns, Paolo Hewitt, Don Watson, Danny Kelly, Steven Wells and David Quantick. However, sales were dropping, and by the mid-1980s, \\\"NME\\\" had hit a rough patch and was in danger of closing. During this period (now under the editorship of Ian Pye, who replaced Neil Spencer in 1985), they were split between those who wanted to write about hip hop, a genre that was relatively new to the UK, and those who wanted to stick to rock music. Sales were apparently lower\",\n \"title\": \"NME\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3335567\",\n \"text\": \"1980s, reaching #1 in the United States with the single \\\"Walk Like an Egyptian\\\" in 1986. The movement's influence on 1980s contemporaries, such as English bands The Teardrop Explodes and Echo & the Bunnymen, and Seattle's The Green Pajamas, has been noted. In the mid-1980s, Prince was notably influenced by the Paisley Underground sound: not only did his 1985 album \\\"Around the World in a Day\\\" have a more psychedelic sound than any of his previous or future work, but he also named his record label (Paisley Park Records) after the movement, wrote \\\"Manic Monday\\\" for the Bangles, and signed\",\n \"title\": \"Paisley Underground\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5272442\",\n \"text\": \"Allan Bridge Allan Bridge (February 14, 1945 - August 5, 1995) was an American conceptual artist best known for his creation in 1980 of the confessional phone system known as the Apology Line. He went by the pseudonym Mr. Apology (a label which has since been adopted by an advice columnist) and used new technology of the time, an answering machine, to record confessions from anonymous callers. Born in Falls Church, Virginia, Bridge attended the University of Chicago, where he earned a bachelor's degree in fine arts. Returning to the Washington, D. C. area, he became one of the second\",\n \"title\": \"Allan Bridge\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2618546\",\n \"text\": \"most notably Bananaman from Nutty and Cuddles from Hoot, who teamed up with a \\\"Dandy\\\" character to form a new strip entitled Cuddles and Dimples. Both have been quite long-running, having been in the \\\"Dandy\\\" since the 1980s and each having appeared on the front cover of both \\\"The Dandy\\\" and the comics from which they originated. After the closure of \\\"The Beezer\\\" and \\\"The Topper\\\", \\\"The Dandy\\\" inherited some of its strips as well, including Beryl the Peril, Puss 'n' Boots (who had been in \\\"Sparky\\\" before being moved to \\\"The Topper\\\") and Owen Goal (who appeared in \\\"Nutty\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"The Dandy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9859798\",\n \"text\": \"Hello, and American artists, including David Cassidy, Gladys Knight, David Soul, the Monkees, Tony Bennett, the Jackson Five, Andy Williams, and Neil Sedaka, for their European tours. In 1980, partly because he disliked the unsavory images portrayed by the era's new wave of punk bands, Tony Barrow quit the PR business to return to freelance journalism, writing various books including a career guide, \\\"Inside The Music Business\\\" (co-authored with Julian Newby) and \\\"John, Paul, George, Ringo & Me\\\", his memoir of the 1960s. By 2007, he had become the last surviving professional writer from the Beatles' original inner circle of\",\n \"title\": \"Tony Barrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565664\",\n \"text\": \"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \\\"Billboard\\\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10463264\",\n \"text\": \"Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Senator Al D'Amato, Rupert Murdoch, Henry Kissinger, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Norman Podhoretz, Andrew Cuomo, former New York City mayor Ed Koch and Martin Peretz. In 1988, Spy magazine ran a feature that depicted Breindel as a ruthlessly career-driven opportunist whose career was effectively ended by his drug bust. In 1999, the Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism was established in his memory, sponsored by Fox News, the New York Post and the \\\"Wall Street Journal\\\". Breindel was co-author of a book on the Venona project, which was published after his death. Eric Breindel Eric\",\n \"title\": \"Eric Breindel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7236471\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Cook (journalist) Richard David Cook (7 February 1957 – 25 August 2007) was a British jazz writer, magazine editor and former record company executive. Sometimes credited as R. D. Cook, Cook was born in Kew, Surrey and lived in west London as an adult. He was co-author, with Brian Morton, of \\\"The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings\\\" (formerly \\\"...on CD\\\"), which lasted for ten editions until 2010. \\\"Richard Cook's Jazz Companion\\\" and \\\"It's About That Time: Miles Davis On and Off the Record\\\" were published in 2005. A writer on music from the late 1970s until he died, he\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Cook (journalist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10185633\",\n \"text\": \"the national standards (Hönigschmid standards) of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Germany. He retired from NBS in 1980. Mann died in Towson, Maryland in 2001. Mann was obliged to deny claims that he was a member of the Cambridge Spy Ring in his 1982 book \\\"Was There A Fifth Man?\\\" Mann's several texts include \\\"Radioactivity and Its Measurement\\\", 1980 (Mann, Ayres, and Garfinkle), \\\"A Handbook of Radioactivity Measurements Procedures\\\", NCRP Report 58, 1985 edition, and \\\"Radioactivity Measurements: Principles and Practice\\\", 1988 (Mann, Rytz, and Spernol). Wilfrid Basil Mann Wilfrid Basil Mann (4 August 1908 – 29 March 2001)\",\n \"title\": \"Wilfrid Basil Mann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19572216\",\n \"text\": \"arranged a dinner with all three, which was a success; and she went on holiday with one ex- and her successor. She was known for her eccentricities, her connections to socialites and her \\\"larger-than-life style\\\", \\\"typified by trademark heart-shaped spectacles\\\". Jennifer d'Abo Jennifer Mary Victoria d'Abo (14 August 1945 – 30 April 2003) was a British entrepreneur, best known for turning around the retail chain Ryman in the 1980s, and making stationery \\\"trendy\\\". According to Nicholas Faith writing in \\\"The Independent\\\", she was \\\"that rarest of phenomena, a serial female entrepreneur\\\". She was born Jennifer Mary Victoria Hammond-Maude on 14\",\n \"title\": \"Jennifer d'Abo\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"342497\",\n \"text\": \"the 1980s in the US included R.E.M., Hüsker Dü, Jane's Addiction, Sonic Youth, and the Pixies, and in the UK the Cure, New Order, the Jesus and Mary Chain, and the Smiths. Artists were largely confined to independent record labels, building an extensive underground music scene based on college radio, fanzines, touring, and word-of-mouth. They rejected the dominant synth-pop of the early 1980s, marking a return to group-based guitar rock. Few of these early bands achieved mainstream success, although exceptions to this rule include R.E.M., the Smiths, and the Cure. Despite a general lack of spectacular album sales, the original\",\n \"title\": \"Rock music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11394807\",\n \"text\": \"employed as a \\\"Romeo spy\\\" with the codename SKOT. He was directed by his Soviet masters to seduce women working in Western embassies with the aim of obtaining secrets. In 1981, he returned to England. Symonds revealed himself as a spy to the police and security services in the 1980s, and appeared on the front page of the \\\"Daily Express\\\" (1985) and in the \\\"News on Sunday\\\" (1987), but was dismissed as \\\"a fantasist\\\". It was only with the defection of Major Vasili Mitrokhin in 1992 and the subsequent publication of the Mitrokhin Archive in 1999, in which Symonds was\",\n \"title\": \"John Alexander Symonds\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565612\",\n \"text\": \"virtue of being the top charting artist in the US and worldwide. He was responsible for artists such as Vanity 6, for whom he wrote the dance chart topping \\\"Nasty Girl\\\"; Morris Day and the Time, for whom he wrote the top 20 \\\"Jungle Love\\\"; Sheila E., for whom he wrote the top ten song \\\"The Glamorous Life\\\" and number 11 \\\"A Love Bizarre\\\"; and Wendy & Lisa and Apollonia 6. He wrote \\\"I Feel for You\\\" for Chaka Khan, which won him a Grammy for best R&B song; \\\"Sugar Walls\\\" for Sheena Easton; and as well as doing a\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6653424\",\n \"text\": \"Bernard Samson Bernard Samson is a fictional character created by Len Deighton. Samson is a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) – usually referred to as \\\"the Department\\\" in the novels. He is a central character in three trilogies written by Deighton, set in the years 1983–1988, with a large gap between 1984 and 1987. The first trilogy comprises the books \\\"Berlin Game\\\", \\\"Mexico Set\\\" and \\\"London Match\\\", the second comprises \\\"Spy Hook\\\", \\\"Spy Line\\\" and \\\"Spy Sinker\\\", and the third and final trilogy comprises \\\"Faith\\\", \\\"Hope\\\" and \\\"Charity\\\". The plot of the\",\n \"title\": \"Bernard Samson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4136467\",\n \"text\": \"Gradually, from the 1960s, 1970s and through into the 1980s, the cultural influences of the \\\"Merry Pranksters\\\", the freak scene, the New Age movement and the \\\"Convoy\\\" idea seem to have coalesced into what became New age travellers. Beginning around 1976, the anarcho-punk scene in the UK developed the band Crass and related bands, including The Poison Girls. The Crass Records label was an independent operation, enabling bands with an extremely raw sound to put out records when the major labels might not have bothered with them. Crass also organised gigs around the country for themselves and other bands, and\",\n \"title\": \"History of modern Western subcultures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2677714\",\n \"text\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper) Tricky Dicky was a British comic strip which debuted in the magazine \\\"Topper\\\" in 1977 and was drawn by John Dallas. From 1979 to 1986 he was the cover star of the comic, succeeding Danny's Tranny and preceding Beryl the Peril. The comic strip was a gag-a-day strip starring a young boy named Dicky, who plays practical jokes on people, but they usually managed to get the last laugh. From 1999 to 2000 he re-appeared as a 'Guest Star' in \\\"The Beano\\\", again drawn by Dallas, running against The Three Bears, Inspector Horse and Jocky and Gordon\",\n \"title\": \"Tricky Dicky (Topper)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469526\",\n \"text\": \"Minor Threat, Suicidal Tendencies, D.O.A., Bad Religion, Minutemen, Social Distortion, and Dead Kennedys, it gave birth to many subgenres like hardcore, which has continued to be moderately successful, giving birth in turn to a few counterculture movements, most notably the Straight Edge movement which began in the early era of this decade. College rock caught on in the underground scene of the 1980s in a nationwide movement with a distinct D.I.Y approach. Bands like the Pixies, R.E.M., The Replacements, Sonic Youth, XTC, The Smiths, Hüsker Dü, The Stone Roses, The Jesus and Mary Chain etc. experienced success in this genre.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414804\",\n \"text\": \"meet his wife Fiona, whom it is now revealed is a double agent (It is not made clear for how long Bernard knew this). Finally, Fiona attempts to escape from East Germany, whereupon Erich Stinnes, and Fiona's sister Tessa are both killed. Bernard and Fiona escape back to the other side of the wall and are transported to America for debriefing. Spy Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Line\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10407213\",\n \"text\": \"Michael J. Weller Michael John Weller was born in south London in 1946. Weller designed USA sleeve for David Bowie's \\\"The Man Who Sold the World\\\" LP (Mercury, 1970), re-released (EMI CD, 1999). As \\\"Captain Stelling\\\" Weller wrote and drew \\\"The Firm\\\" (cOZmic Comics, 1972) - an early British artist's publication inspired by American underground comic book innovations. In 1973, a page by \\\"Stelling\\\" entitled 'Missile Crisis' was made part of Michel Choquette's comic book The Someday Funnies. He followed \\\"Willie D\\\" (Andrew Marr) as featured cartoonist on Chainsaw punk zine (1980–84). Michael Weller enjoyed a parallel career in the\",\n \"title\": \"Michael J. Weller\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9867556\",\n \"text\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine) Chainsaw, a punk zine edited by \\\"Charlie Chainsaw\\\" was published in suburban Croydon in 1977 and ran to fourteen issues before ceasing publication in 1984. A hand-lettered 'n' became a stylised trademark in articles after the 'n' key broke on the editor's typewriter. In addition to a free flexi disc promoting two or three up-and-coming punk bands, 1980s issues featured cartoon strips and two innovative colour covers by Michael J. Weller. 1970s issues featured the cartoon strip 'Hitler's Kids', authored by Andrew Marr using punk nom-de-plume \\\"Willie D\\\" at the beginning of his successful journalistic career. Charlie\",\n \"title\": \"Chainsaw (punk zine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"150488\",\n \"text\": \"of this manoeuvre would be to have made getting overall control of the company three times more difficult. She was considered to have a strong case, but was becoming increasingly ill and eventually was persuaded to settle out of court on 2 November 1980. She died on 11 December 1980, aged 62. During most of his career, Orwell was best known for his journalism, in essays, reviews, columns in newspapers and magazines and in his books of reportage: \\\"Down and Out in Paris and London\\\" (describing a period of poverty in these cities), \\\"The Road to Wigan Pier\\\" (describing the\",\n \"title\": \"George Orwell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2493379\",\n \"text\": \"Richard Verrall Richard Verrall (born 1948) is a former deputy chairman of the British National Front (NF) who edited the magazine \\\"Spearhead\\\" from 1976 to 1980. Under the \\\"nom de plume\\\" of Richard E. Harwood, Verrall wrote the pamphlet \\\"Did Six Million Really Die?\\\" Verrall studied history at Westfield College, now part of Queen Mary, University of London, obtaining a first class honours degree. Initially a member of the Conservative Party, Verrall left in the early 1970s, along with a number of members on the right who supported Enoch Powell, to join the NF. Initially a close supporter of John\",\n \"title\": \"Richard Verrall\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505470\",\n \"text\": \"became editor of the \\\"Mail\\\", a post in which he remained for more than 20 years. English transformed it from a struggling newspaper selling half as many copies as its mid-market rival, the \\\"Daily Express\\\", to a formidable publication, whose circulation rose to surpass that of the \\\"Express\\\" by the mid-1980s. English was knighted in 1982. The paper enjoyed a period of journalistic success in the 1980s, employing some of the most inventive writers in old Fleet Street including the gossip columnist Nigel Dempster, Lynda Lee-Potter and sportswriter Ian Wooldridge (who unlike some of his colleagues—the paper generally did not\",\n \"title\": \"Daily Mail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6237073\",\n \"text\": \"to his record label, Apple, and the song was released with Lennon's approval. The Hot Chocolate albums were produced by Mickie Most and recorded at the Rak Records studio. Brown left the group in 1985 to take a hiatus from music. He soon went on to have a solo career, achieving success in the clubs with the 1987 single \\\"Body Rocking\\\", produced by Richard James Burgess. Brown was a supporter of the Conservative Party and performed at a party conference in the 1980s. In 1981, he performed at the wedding reception following the wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana\",\n \"title\": \"Errol Brown\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8661677\",\n \"text\": \"various counterculture and underground topics, with financial help from Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and actress/film director Betty Thomas. At the same time he also started his own typesetting business, allowing for a day job to fund his publishing exploits and guaranteeing high quality typography and design for his magazines and books. The 1980s saw the expansion of RE/Search books from tabloid-formatted zines to academically-modeled books. Vale published and contributed to many books on the subjects of pranks, obscure music and films, industrial culture, authors J.G. Ballard and William S. Burroughs, modern primitives, and many other underground topics. In\",\n \"title\": \"V. Vale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565605\",\n \"text\": \"part of the decade, with the advent of the golden age of hip hop. These urban genres—particularly rap and hip hop—would continue their rise in popularity through the 1990s and 2000s. A 2010 survey conducted by the digital broadcaster Music Choice, which polled over 11,000 European participants, revealed that the 1980s is the most favored tune decade of the last 50 years. The 1980s saw the reinvention of Michael Jackson, the superstardom of Prince, and the emergence of Madonna and Whitney Houston, who were all among the most successful musicians during this time. Michael Jackson, along with Prince, was the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3954329\",\n \"text\": \"single reached the No. 22 spot on the UK Singles Chart. \\\"Staring at the Rude Boys\\\" was covered by the US hardcore band Dag Nasty in 1987, and by the British hardcore punk band Gallows in 2007. The Ruts backed Laurel Aitken who was then signed to Secret Affair's record label, I-Spy Records, on a Peel session for BBC Radio 1, in April 1980, and also backed Aitken on his support tour to Secret Affair. The line-up was Aitken, Fox, Jennings, Ruffy, Owen and Barnacle. The band also played for Aitken on his single, \\\"Rudi Got Married\\\". With their latest\",\n \"title\": \"The Ruts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19190390\",\n \"text\": \"Their Melbourne shows on 29 and 30 April were recorded and released. Live in the 80's Live in the 80's is a live album by Australian rock band Skyhooks. It was released by Mushroom Records in November 1983 in Australia and was certified gold. The album cover is a 'live' reenactment of their \\\"Living in the 70's\\\" album cover. Skyhooks had announced their split in 1980, following the release of \\\"Hot for the Orient\\\". In late 1982, Mushroom Records had released a megamix of their hits, titled \\\"Hooked on Hooks\\\", which peaked at number 21 in Australia. Demand for a\",\n \"title\": \"Live in the 80's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"226286\",\n \"text\": \"At times, Vonnegut was disgruntled by the personal nature of his detractors' complaints. In 1979, Vonnegut married Jill Krementz, a photographer whom he met while she was working on a series about writers in the early 1970s. With Jill, he adopted a daughter, Lily, when the baby was three days old. In subsequent years, his popularity resurged as he published several satirical books, including \\\"Jailbird\\\" (1979), \\\"Deadeye Dick\\\" (1982), \\\"Galápagos\\\" (1985), \\\"Bluebeard\\\" (1987), and \\\"Hocus Pocus\\\" (1990). Although he remained a prolific writer in the 1980s Vonnegut struggled with depression and attempted suicide in 1984. Two years later, Vonnegut was\",\n \"title\": \"Kurt Vonnegut\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8414773\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Dodo\\\" and is saved from an untimely death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\",\n \"title\": \"Spy Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17662614\",\n \"text\": \"Senator Lowell P. Weicker of Connecticut and Kimball's agreement to drop the lawsuit. Kimball published several books, including Penn Kimball Penn Townsend Kimball II (October 12, 1915 – November 8, 2013) was an American journalist and college professor at Columbia University, most notable for suing the American government in the mid 1980s after his discovery that the FBI and CIA considered him and his wife a security risk. Kimball was one of three siblings, born to a middle-class family in New Britain, Connecticut. His father was an executive for a household goods manufacturer, his mother was a former elementary school\",\n \"title\": \"Penn Kimball\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5036936\",\n \"text\": \"Astley and son of noted composer Edwin \\\"Ted\\\" Astley. He is married to novelist Judy Astley. Studio albums Singles Jon Astley Jon Astley is a British record producer who has also recorded and released two albums as a singer-songwriter in the late 1980s. His most commercially successful song was \\\"Jane's Getting Serious\\\", later popularized by a Heinz ketchup television commercial starring a pre-\\\"Friends\\\" Matt LeBlanc. As a producer, he is best known for his work with the Who (co-production with Glyn Johns) on the 1978 \\\"Who Are You\\\" album, and the remastering supervision for all of the group's back catalog\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Astley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1494042\",\n \"text\": \"Sue Townsend Susan Lillian Townsend, FRSL (née Johnstone, 2 April 194610 April 2014), was an English writer and humorist whose work encompasses novels, plays and works of journalism. She was best known for creating the character Adrian Mole. After writing in secret from the age of 14, Townsend first became known for her plays, her signature character first appearing in a radio drama, but her work soon expanded into other forms. She enjoyed great success in the 1980s, with her Adrian Mole books selling more copies than any other work of fiction in Britain during the decade. This series, which\",\n \"title\": \"Sue Townsend\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6046769\",\n \"text\": \"Will Jacobs Will Jacobs (born 1955) is an American comics and humor writer. He was a coauthor with Gerard Jones on \\\"The Beaver Papers\\\", \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", and the comic book \\\"The Trouble with Girls\\\" (1987–1993). He was a contributor to \\\"National Lampoon magazine\\\" and various DC Comics. Jacobs left professional writing in the 1990s to start a used and antiquarian book service, Avalon Books. He co-wrote with Jones \\\"The Comic Book Heroes\\\", a book dedicated to the history of the American comic book industry from the Silver Age to the present. In 2014 Jacobs and Jones began writing\",\n \"title\": \"Will Jacobs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1806427\",\n \"text\": \"the first \\\"music video album\\\", a videocassette featuring a corresponding music video for each song on Blondie's \\\"Eat to the Beat\\\" album (released at the same time as the LP). In the 1980s, Chrysalis was at the forefront of the British New Romantic movement with bands such as Gen X, Ultravox, and Spandau Ballet. The 1980s proved to be the most successful time for the label, whose roster then included Billy Idol, Pat Benatar, Blondie and Huey Lewis and the News. Chrysalis also distributed Animal Records, the short-lived label founded by Blondie guitarist Chris Stein. In 1983 Daniel Glass moved\",\n \"title\": \"Chrysalis Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7264996\",\n \"text\": \"at Maidstone. With John Miles, he was the Production Editor of \\\"Which?\\\", and associated magazines, from 1964 to 1993. Banks was an influential designer, and his Telecom (T) identity, created for British Telecommunications when it was instituted in 1981, spawned many imitators. Its replacement by Wolff Olins' BT \\\"piper\\\" was received with much derision in 1991. Banks received a prestigious RSA/BBC Design Award in 1990, for the paper-saving redesign of the UK's Phonebook. Miles and Banks designed the UK Post Office's distinctive \\\"double-line\\\" alphabet in 1972 and New Johnston, a revival of Edward Johnston's \\\"Underground Sans\\\", for London Transport. They\",\n \"title\": \"Colin Banks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188565\",\n \"text\": \"children's authors such as Joan Aiken, Ian Serraillier and Clive King would spend a few days with them. Webb continued as editor until 1979, and the 1970s saw Puffin further advance its position with hits such as \\\"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\\\" by Roald Dahl and \\\"Watership Down\\\" by Richard Adams. The range of Picture Puffins, introduced in the late 1960s for younger children, also developed rapidly. Eric Carle's \\\"The Very Hungry Caterpillar\\\" and Janet and Allan Ahlberg's \\\"Each Peach Pear Plum\\\" became and have remained firm children's favourites, as have Eric Hill's \\\"Spot the Dog\\\" and Jan Pienkowski's \\\"Meg\",\n \"title\": \"Puffin Books\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9170054\",\n \"text\": \"started the Sh-Boom studios with Gary Taylor. They worked on Hank Marvin's 1990s solo albums. Alan Tarney worked as a producer and songwriter from 1979 and assisted in Cliff Richard's resurgent chart career in the late 1970s and again in 1980 with the single \\\"We Don't Talk Anymore\\\" and the mid-80s albums, \\\"I'm No Hero\\\", \\\"Wired for Sound\\\", \\\"Stronger\\\" and \\\"Always Guaranteed\\\". Tarney also worked with a-ha during the 1980s: he produced their first three albums \\\"Hunting High and Low \\\" (including their single, \\\"Take on Me\\\"), \\\"Scoundrel Days\\\" and \\\"Stay on These Roads\\\". Production credits by Alan Tarney &\",\n \"title\": \"Tarney/Spencer Band\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062979\",\n \"text\": \"continues to sing with the Huntington Choral Society. She has six grandchildren, and many step-children and step-grandchildren. Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5352559\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Beneath the Planet of the Apes\\\" and even \\\"The Partridge Family\\\". His novellas in the late 1960s featured the U.N.C.L.E.-like INTREX. Under the house name Nick Carter, he wrote some of the \\\"Nick Carter\\\" spy novels beginning in the 1960s. As Troy Conway, he wrote the tongue-in-cheek porn \\\"\\\", and parodied \\\"The Man from U.N.C.L.E.\\\" from 1967 to 1973. He also wrote the novelization of the 1982 TV miniseries \\\"A Woman Called Golda\\\", based on the life of Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir. Among his pseudonyms (male and female) were Mile Avalione, Mike Avalone, Nick Carter, Troy Conway, Priscilla Dalton,\",\n \"title\": \"Michael Avallone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12442839\",\n \"text\": \"with The Soft Boys and promoting clubs and concerts in Richmond, London, joined Cherry Red Records in 1980 to work alongside the company's founder, Iain McNay. Over the next few years he signed many of the artists who would become most closely associated with the label — The Monochrome Set, Felt, Everything But The Girl, Marine Girls, Fantastic Something, Eyeless in Gaza etc. This was widely recognised as a golden period for the label, culminating in the release of \\\"Pillows & Prayers\\\", the budget priced compilation that encapsulated the label's emerging style. It dominated the then prestigious UK independent charts\",\n \"title\": \"Él Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5936147\",\n \"text\": \"moved from the UK to New York City, and in 2004 the two had a son, Spencer. He lives with his wife and son in New Jersey. Pencils \\\"and\\\" inks, unless otherwise stated: Philip Bond Philip J. Bond (born 11 July 1966 in Lancashire) is a British comic book artist, who first came to prominence in the late 1980s on \\\"Deadline\\\" magazine, and later through a number of collaborations with British writers for the DC Comics imprint Vertigo. Philip Bond was born in Lancashire, England in 1966, and is the son of a Preacher. His earliest comics work came out\",\n \"title\": \"Philip Bond\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15256647\",\n \"text\": \"the 2017 revamp, however, Curly seems to have largely disappeared when he moved. In his place are two girls, Rubidium von Screwtop (from The Beano’s ‘Rubi’s Screwtop Science’ strip) and Jemima Jones (from the comic’s ‘JJ’s Jokes’ strip). Despite Dennis’s previous resentment towards most girls in earlier years, he accepts them as his friends. During the 1980s, a third boy known as \\\"Toadface McGurty\\\" was also one of Dennis' friends. The rival gang to the Menaces is the Softies, a group of children who enjoy things such as teddy bears, dolls and flowers. The most famous, Dennis's greatest sworn enemy,\",\n \"title\": \"Dennis the Menace and Gnasher\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10761271\",\n \"text\": \"Judas Pair\\\" and the Dalziel and Pascoe books of Reginald Hill starting in 1970 with \\\"A Clubbable Woman\\\". The end was in sight for the Crime Club when Collins was bought out by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation in 1989. The editor of the Club, Elizabeth Walter, managed to keep the imprint going but upon her retirement in 1994, the Club was brought to an end and the final novels to appear under the Crime Club imprint were published in April of that year. HarperCollins' crime fiction output was much reduced and most of the best-selling authors were absorbed into the\",\n \"title\": \"Collins Crime Club\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1447071\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"NME\\\" premium featuring Primal Scream, The Wedding Present and others, was a major influence on the development of indie pop and the British indie scene as a whole. Other forms of alternative rock developed in the UK during the 1980s. The Jesus and Mary Chain's sound combined the Velvet Underground's \\\"melancholy noise\\\" with Beach Boys pop melodies and Phil Spector's \\\"Wall of Sound\\\" production, while New Order emerged from the demise of post-punk band Joy Division and experimented with techno and house music. The Mary Chain, along with Dinosaur Jr., C86 and the dream pop of Cocteau Twins, were the\",\n \"title\": \"Alternative rock\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12057380\",\n \"text\": \"Press. In the late 1970s he was appointed publisher and president of Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). From 1978 to 1997, he was chairman and CEO of the Penguin group, overseeing Penguin’s companies in the UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, and India. During his time at Penguin, Mayer courted controversy as he agreed to publish Salman Rushdie's 1988 novel, \\\"The Satanic Verses\\\". The book led to a a major argument with Ayatollah Khomeini, the Supreme Leader of Iran, issuing a \\\"fatwā\\\" instructing Muslims to kill the author. Mayer himself also became the recipient of threats. After\",\n \"title\": \"Peter Mayer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"369731\",\n \"text\": \"and popular interest. The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, \\\"Eye of the Needle\\\" (1978); Alan Furst, \\\"Night Soldiers\\\" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with \\\"Zoo Station\\\" (2007). The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. \\\"Atomsk\\\" by Paul Linebarger, written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict. With \\\"Secret Ministry\\\" (1951), Desmond Cory\",\n \"title\": \"Spy fiction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9907329\",\n \"text\": \"for Cilla Black, and early recordings by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club. In 1978 he started managing Shakin' Stevens, and produced his first hit \\\"Hot Dog\\\" the same year. In 1981 he formed a vocal group with Mary Hopkin and Mike de Albuquerque called Sundance and toured with Dr Hook appearing on the \\\"Parkinson\\\" and Russell Harty TV shows. In 1984 he became head of Lamborghini Records, famous for discovering Samantha Fox. 21st century work includes production for Belle & Sebastian (2002), and his son's band, Jonas and Plunkett (2007). He also runs rock schools for youngsters through his\",\n \"title\": \"Mike Hurst (producer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20910523\",\n \"text\": \"like Gucci, Louis Vuitton and Fendi. Though his clothing was often referred to as streetwear, Day's early clients in the 1980s were inspired significantly by the fashion flamboyance of Rat Pack icons like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. His main clientele were \\\"hustlers and street people\\\" — including drug kingpin Alpo Martinez — some of whom even requested bullet-proof parkas and hats. Day ventured into hip hop fashion in 1985, when he first styled LL Cool J, and Day has since been associated with hip-hop royalty. Eric B. & Rakim who wore Dapper Dan's designs on the cover of\",\n \"title\": \"Dapper Dan (designer)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3013939\",\n \"text\": \"worked on. During the 1980s he replaced Big Chief I-Spy as the figurehead of the I-Spy range of children's books, to whom completed books were sent to get a reward. In 1980 he released a single written by Mike Croft with musical arrangement by Dave Grosse to coincide with the release of the I-Spy title \\\"I Spy Dinosaurs\\\" (about dinosaur fossils) entitled \\\"Brontosaurus Will You Wait For Me?\\\" (backed with \\\"Oh Stegosaurus\\\"). He performed it on \\\"Blue Peter\\\" wearing an orange jump suit. It reached number 88 in the charts. The New Zealand Tourism Department, a government agency, became involved\",\n \"title\": \"David Bellamy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5774494\",\n \"text\": \"magazine in 1958 and starting in 1961 worked for two years for King Records. . In 1966, Stein and record producer Richard Gottehrer founded Sire Productions, which led to the formation of Sire Records, the label under which he signed pioneer artists such as the Ramones and Talking Heads in 1975, the Pretenders in 1980 and Madonna in 1982. Other acts signed by Sire include The Replacements, Depeche Mode, The Smiths, The Cure, Ice-T, The Undertones and Echo & the Bunnymen. Stein did not fire Depeche Mode despite poor sales of their first three albums in the US; it was\",\n \"title\": \"Seymour Stein\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2599189\",\n \"text\": \"hit in Australia, reaching #9 on the Australian Singles Chart. \\\"Undercover Angel\\\" also landed O'Day in an exclusive club as one of only a handful of writers/performers to pen a #1 hit for themselves and a #1 for another artist. New signings in the late 1970s placed WEA in a strong position for the 1980s. A deal with Seymour Stein's Sire Records label (which Warner Bros. Records later took over) brought in several major punk rock and new wave acts including the Pretenders, the Ramones and Talking Heads and, most importantly, rising star Madonna; Elektra signed the Cars and Warner\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Music Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1999315\",\n \"text\": \"journalists on the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" in 2008: \\\"Everybody knows that hacks are the biggest bunch of adulterers, the most misbehaving profession in the world – and you have people writing for the \\\"Daily Mail\\\" writing as though they are vicars ... moralising on single mothers and whatnot.\\\" In the 1980s and early 1990s, before her move to Brighton, Burchill was depicted and saw herself as being the \\\"Queen of the Groucho\\\". Burchill has spoken repeatedly and frankly of her relationship with drugs, writing that she had \\\"put enough toot up my admittedly sizeable snout to stun the entire Colombian armed\",\n \"title\": \"Julie Burchill\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4727514\",\n \"text\": \"John Sherman (climber) John Sherman (born 1959), nicknamed Verm (short for \\\"Vermin\\\") is an American climber and a pioneering boulderer. He is also a writer and photographer. He is the originator of the V-scale for grading boulder problems. Sherman was a very visible \\\"outsider\\\" character in the climbing world during much of the 1980s and 1990s. An early boulderer, Sherman followed the sport from the era of searching for elusive Gill arrows to the forefront of the modern climbing world. He was one of the foremost developers of Hueco Tanks bouldering with over 400 first ascents there in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"John Sherman (climber)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6615027\",\n \"text\": \"What Up, Dog? What Up, Dog? is a 1988 album by Was (Not Was). It became the US group's breakthrough album worldwide and was ranked #99 on \\\"Rolling Stone\\\" magazine's list of the 100 Best Albums of the 1980s. The cover illustration was credited to Christoph Simon and Karen Kelly. Success of \\\"What Up, Dog?\\\" was propelled by the group's two biggest hits: \\\"Walk the Dinosaur\\\" and \\\"Spy in the House of Love\\\" and four other singles. The former was promoted by a popular music video in which the band performed while a group of girls in campy cave girl\",\n \"title\": \"What Up, Dog?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"422954\",\n \"text\": \"pseudonymous Jack Daniels, \\\"\\\" (1989) is a revolutionary socialist comic set in Britain during the 1980s, with Tintin and his uncle (modelled after Captain Haddock) being working class Englishmen who turn to socialism in order to oppose the capitalist policies of the Conservative Party government of Margaret Thatcher. When first published in Britain, it caused an outrage in the mainstream press, with one paper issuing the headline that \\\"Commie nutters turn Tintin into picket yob!\\\" Other comic creators have chosen to create artistic stories that are more like fan fiction than parody. The Swiss artist Exem created the irreverent comic\",\n \"title\": \"The Adventures of Tintin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1457924\",\n \"text\": \"next generation of women in their family. Hibbert described her heroines as \\\"women of integrity and strong character\\\" who were \\\"struggling for liberation, fighting for their own survival.\\\" Her 1960 novel \\\"Mistress of Mellyn\\\" single-handedly revived the Gothic romance genre. Many women started writing their own gothic romances. Even male authors like Tom E. Huff and Julian Fellowes succumbed to the trend and wrote romances under female pseudonyms. \\\"Victoria Holt\\\" novels became best-sellers. In 1970, when gothic mania was at its peak, \\\"The Secret Woman\\\" became one of the top 10 best-selling books in the United States. By 1975, a\",\n \"title\": \"Eleanor Hibbert\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7042933\",\n \"text\": \"the television series \\\"New York Confidential\\\". Lait died of a circulatory ailment in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 71. Jack Lait Jack Lait (March 13, 1883 – April 1, 1954) was an American journalist, author and playwright, best known for his series of \\\"Confidential\\\" books. Born Jacquin Leonard Lait in New York City, he became renowned during his 50-year career in journalism as one of the leading newspapermen of the first half of the 20th century. He wrote a syndicated column called \\\"All in the Family\\\" for two decades, and his comic strip, \\\"Gus and Gussie\\\", illustrated by\",\n \"title\": \"Jack Lait\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15340318\",\n \"text\": \"for science fiction magazine covers were Earle Bergey (\\\"Startling Stories\\\", \\\"Thrilling Wonder Stories\\\") and Harold W. McCauley (\\\"Imagination\\\", \\\"Fantastic Adventures\\\"). In the '70's pulp fiction, Hector Garrido drew the GGA book covers of \\\"The Baroness\\\" spy thriller series by Paul Kenyon and \\\"The Destroyer\\\" men's adventure pulp novels by Warren Murphy and Richard Sapir. In 1985, Bill Pearson edited and published \\\"Good Girls\\\", a collection of artwork by himself, Vince Alascia, Richard Bassford, John Beatty, Stan Drake, Brad W. Foster, Frank Frazetta, Frank Godwin, V. T. Hamlin, David Karbonik, Roy Krenkel, Bob McLeod, Ed Paschke, Victor Perard (author of \\\"Anatomy\",\n \"title\": \"Good girl art\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18022460\",\n \"text\": \"English to try and behave like Frenchmen.” Berthoud had a keen eye for talent, bringing many future Fleet Street stars onto the column: from Mary Kenny and Paul Callan to Magnus Linklater and future Standard editor Max Hastings. The drawling \\\"Old Boy\\\" attitude that Donald Zec had observed thirty years earlier was still very much alive; Kenny recalls that when she arrived \\\"not only was I the only girl on the column, I was [apart from Max Hastings] the only person who hadn't been to Eton.\\\" Sarah Sands, became the Diary's first female editor in the late 1980s. After Sands,\",\n \"title\": \"Londoner's Diary\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12013638\",\n \"text\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones Lesley-Ann Jones is an author who spent more than 20 years as a national newspaper journalist on Fleet Street. She was born in Kent, England and read French and Spanish in London and Paris. She is the daughter of acclaimed sportswriter Ken Jones, who wrote for the \\\"Daily Mirror\\\", \\\"Sunday Mirror\\\" and \\\"The Independent\\\" after retiring from professional football. In the 1980s, she worked for Chrysalis Records, London, the label of some major acts at the time (Spandau Ballet, Jethro Tull (band), Special AKA, Midge Ure & Ultravox, Blondie), where she wrote sleeve notes, prepared press releases and\",\n \"title\": \"Lesley-Ann Jones\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5561828\",\n \"text\": \"Archers. 52 ten-minute editions were produced, thus originally airing between September 1980 and May 1982. The books went out of print in the mid-to-late 1980s following a fire at a Studio Publications which destroyed all the original artwork. These had been launched circa 1981 to coincide with the launch of the television series, with Mitson's characters as well as a few non-book characters such as Jenny Cherry and Charlie Chocolate but by the 1990s had struck out completely in their own right retaining only the logo and a few character names. The brand had a resurgence in the UK during\",\n \"title\": \"Munch Bunch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450355\",\n \"text\": \"By the late 1980s, the American alternative scene was dominated by styles ranging from quirky alternative pop (They Might Be Giants and Camper Van Beethoven), to noise rock (Sonic Youth, Big Black) to industrial rock (Ministry, Nine Inch Nails). These sounds were in turn followed by the advent of Boston's the Pixies and Los Angeles' Jane's Addiction. The top mainstream American Alternative Rock bands of 1980s included Hüsker Dü, The Replacements, R.E.M., The Pixies, and Sonic Youth which were popular long before the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters appeared including Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469523\",\n \"text\": \"gaining recognition and exhibiting a stronger influence on the music industry. This time period is also considered part of the golden age of hip hop. The Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, Run-D.M.C., Grandmaster Flash, the Furious Five, Boogie Down Productions, N.W.A, LL Cool J, De La Soul, A Tribe Called Quest, EPMD, Eric B. & Rakim, Ice-T, DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, 2 Live Crew, Tone Lōc, Biz Markie, the Jungle Brothers, The Sugar Hill Gang and others experienced success in this genre. Ex-Beatle John Lennon released his last album, \\\"Double Fantasy\\\", in 1980 and won Album of the\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6062973\",\n \"text\": \"Bunny Hoest Bunny Hoest (born 1932), sometimes labeled The Cartoon Lady, is the writer of several comic strips, including \\\"The Lockhorns\\\", \\\"Laugh Parade\\\", and \\\"Howard Huge\\\", all of which she inherited from her late husband Bill Hoest. She is the co-creator of \\\"Bumper Snickers\\\" in 1974, \\\"Agatha Crumm\\\" in 1977, \\\"Laugh Parade\\\" in 1980, \\\"Howard Huge\\\" in 1981, \\\"What A Guy!\\\" in 1986, and \\\"Hunny Bunny's Short Tales\\\" in 1992. Born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, as Madeline Mezz, she was the only child of a doctor and an opera singer. She received the nickname \\\"Bunny\\\" as a child, as she\",\n \"title\": \"Bunny Hoest\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16259205\",\n \"text\": \"on the Franco-Belgian market was Liliane Funcken (née Schorils), who, after meeting her husband Fred Funcken (himself a comics veteran), teamed up with him to embark on a long-lasting career with \\\"Tintin\\\" magazine from the 1950s up until the 1980s, where the couple collaborated on comics and illustration. They have adopted a realistic style, and mostly specialise in historic works. One of the earliest successful female artists was Claire Bretécher, who started her career in the 1960s and is famed for her humor series \\\"Les Frustrés\\\" and the co-creation of the magazine \\\"L'Écho des savanes\\\" along with Gotlib and Mandryka.\",\n \"title\": \"Female comics creators\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3409059\",\n \"text\": \"his 80th birthday in November 1959. He died suddenly at his London flat three months later. He was buried at Petersham. As the 1960s progressed, the firm successfully courted and published authors who were representative of the age, including the Beatle John Lennon, and the former \\\"angry young man\\\" Kingsley Amis. Cape also signed up Len Deighton, whose series of spy novels was a gritty alternative to the far-fetched adventures of James Bond. In the 1970s, Cape published popular authors in many genres, including the novelists J. G. Ballard and Salman Rushdie, and the children's writer Roald Dahl. A defensive\",\n \"title\": \"Jonathan Cape\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10002736\",\n \"text\": \"Simon Garfield Simon Frank Garfield (born 19 March 1960) is a British journalist and non-fiction author. Garfield was born in London in 1960. He was educated at the independent University College School in Hampstead, London, and the London School of Economics, where he was executive editor of \\\"The Beaver\\\". He won the Guardian/NUS 'Student Journalist of the Year' award in 1981, and the same year he became a sub-editor at the \\\"Radio Times\\\". He wrote scripts for BBC radio documentaries in the early 1980s. He also wrote for \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine, acting as editor from 1988 to 1989. He has\",\n \"title\": \"Simon Garfield\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8147492\",\n \"text\": \"very little coverage in comparison to other bands, and many of the popular Motown acts were virtually ignored. In the 1970s, \\\"16\\\" began focusing primarily on bubblegum and pop acts, such as the Osmond Brothers (with particular emphasis on Donny Osmond), David Cassidy, Bobby Sherman, The Bay City Rollers, Rick Springfield, Jack Wild, Kiss and others. Female celebrities on its covers was also rare, but from time to time, a female star such as Susan Dey, Peggy Lipton, Maureen McCormick, or Karen Carpenter might write the occasional beauty or dating advice column. During the 1980s and well into the 1990s,\",\n \"title\": \"16 (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15417203\",\n \"text\": \"David Freeman (musician) David Freeman is a British singer, musician and songwriter, best known for being a member of the new wave duo The Lover Speaks during the 1980s. Freeman was born in Ilford, Essex, on 25 September 1957 and moved to Coventry at the age of 15. During the mid-1970s, he began his musical career as guitarist in the band Midnight Circus. In 1976, the band evolved into the punk group The Flys, with Freeman providing guitar and vocals. The band recorded a number of singles, two EPs; \\\"Bunch of Fives\\\" (1977) and \\\"Four From the Square\\\" (1980), and\",\n \"title\": \"David Freeman (musician)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16138750\",\n \"text\": \"Damned, Elvis Costello, The Police, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, The Clash, The Ramones and Talking Heads, amongst others. Before it closed in March 1980, many new local acts had been encouraged to take to the stage for the first time including Jayne Casey, Bill Drummond, Ian Broudie and Holly Johnson (Big in Japan), Paul Rutherford and Budgie (The Spitfire Boys) and Pete Wylie. In the 1980s, the UK and international record charts were dominated by talent that had emerged from Eric’s including, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, KLF, The Lightning Seeds, The Teardrop Explodes, Echo &\",\n \"title\": \"Ken Testi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2584918\",\n \"text\": \"published all three ciphertexts in a pamphlet which was advertised for sale in the 1880s. Since the publication of the pamphlet, a number of attempts have been made to decode the two remaining ciphertexts and to locate the treasure, but all efforts have resulted in failure. There are many arguments that the entire story is a hoax, including the 1980 article \\\"A Dissenting Opinion\\\" by cryptographer Jim Gillogly, and a 1982 scholarly analysis of the \\\"Beale Papers\\\" and their related story by Joe Nickell, using historical records that cast doubt on the existence of Thomas J. Beale. Nickell also presents\",\n \"title\": \"Beale ciphers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3733812\",\n \"text\": \"revived \\\"Eagle\\\", including \\\"Saddle Tramp\\\", \\\"Sergeant Streetwise\\\", \\\"Jake's Platoon\\\", \\\"The Hand\\\", and episodes of \\\"The Collector\\\". Comics work includes: Gerry Finley-Day Gerry Finley-Day (born 1947, Broughty Ferry, Dundee) is a Scottish comics writer, prolific from the 1960s to the 1980s, best known as the creator of \\\"Rogue Trooper\\\". He began his career at D.C. Thomson & Co., before becoming the editor of IPC Media's girls' title \\\"Tammy\\\" in 1971, for which he wrote strips such as \\\"Ella on Easy Street\\\" and \\\"The Camp on Candy Island\\\". Tammy's stories were full of cruelty and adversity, based on research showing that girls\",\n \"title\": \"Gerry Finley-Day\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6779837\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Shaw (artist) Scott Shaw (often spelled Scott Shaw! ) is a United States cartoonist and animator, and historian of comics. Among Scott's comic-book work is Hanna-Barbera's \\\"The Flintstones\\\" (for Marvel Comics and Harvey Comics), \\\"Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew\\\" (for DC Comics), and \\\"Simpsons Comics\\\" (for Bongo Comics). He was also the first artist for Archie Comics' \\\"Sonic the Hedgehog\\\" comic book series. Scott Shaw began selling his artwork while still in his teens after choosing a career as a cartoonist. Throughout the 1970s he contributed numerous stories to various underground comix. He also found work as\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Shaw (artist)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8971414\",\n \"text\": \"of Books, as well as to its website. She has also written for \\\"Rolling Stone\\\". Drew is a former director of the Council on Foreign Relations (1972–1977). Drew was married to J. Patterson Drew from 1964 until his death in 1970 and was married to David Webster from 1981 until his death in 2003. She currently resides in Washington D.C. In 1986, the editors of \\\"Snooze: The Best of Our Magazine\\\" parodied her as \\\"Elizabeth Drone,\\\" author of a \\\"Giant Postcard From Washington.\\\" In 1989, \\\"Spy magazine\\\" labeled her as the \\\"author of too-frequent Washington columns.\\\" In 2014, President Richard\",\n \"title\": \"Elizabeth Drew\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1385100\",\n \"text\": \"in particular, incorporating fetish and bondage clothing, and her innovative style of makeup, had a lasting influence. Barker became a photographer, using the nickname 'Six'. Bertie 'Berlin' Marshall became a writer, publishing a novel, \\\"Psychoboys\\\" in 1999 and a memoir \\\"Berlin Bromley\\\" in 2001 which received favourable reviews from \\\"The Guardian\\\" and \\\"Time Out London\\\" magazine. Philip Sallon became a fixture of the British New Romantic club scene in the early 1980s alongside the likes of Steve Strange and Boy George. Bromley Contingent The Bromley Contingent were a group of followers of the Sex Pistols: they were their entourage. The\",\n \"title\": \"Bromley Contingent\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1743411\",\n \"text\": \"an ex-Peace Corps and ex-CIA agent charged with for allegedly dealing with the Soviets. The FBI's website says the 1980s was the \\\"decade of the spy\\\", with dozens of arrests. Seymour Hersh wrote an article entitled \\\"The Traitor\\\" arguing against Pollard's release. Samuel Loring Morison was a government security analyst who worked on the side for \\\"Jane's\\\", a British military and defense publisher. He was arrested on October 1, 1984, though investigators never demonstrated any intent to provide information to a hostile intelligence service. Morison told investigators that he sent classified satellite photographs to \\\"Jane's\\\" because the \\\"public should be\",\n \"title\": \"Espionage Act of 1917\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6761113\",\n \"text\": \"Army Man (magazine) Army Man (tagline: \\\"America's Only Magazine\\\") was a short-lived comedy magazine published in the late 1980s by George Meyer, an acclaimed writer for \\\"The Simpsons\\\". The magazine consisted mostly of very short and very surreal jokes, along with some cartoons. Each issue also featured Jack Handey's \\\"Deep Thoughts\\\", as well as other pieces written by him. Although \\\"Army Man\\\" was never widely distributed, it gathered a lot of attention in the comedy world. Two of its writers (John Swartzwelder and Jon Vitti) were picked up alongside Meyer to be part of the original writing staff of \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"Army Man (magazine)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"469544\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Blues Brothers\\\"), Swatch watches, and the Rubik's Cube (became a popular fad throughout the decade). Girls also wore jelly shoes, large crucifix necklaces, and braissers all inspired by Madonna's \\\"Like a Virgin\\\" music video. The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade: 1980 • 1981 • 1982 • 1983 • 1984 • 1985 • 1986 • 1987 • 1988 • 1989 1980s The 1980s (pronounced \\\"nineteen-eighties\\\", commonly shortened as the \\\"'80s\\\", pronounced \\\"eighties\\\") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1980, and ended on December 31, 1989.\",\n \"title\": \"1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6701295\",\n \"text\": \"a public figure has ever flung into print.\\\" The comedians Peter Cook and Dudley Moore depicted Driberg as a sexual predator, wearing \\\"fine fishnet stockings\\\" and cavorting with a rent boy, in a sketch, \\\"Back of the Cab\\\", which they recorded in 1977. More vituperation followed when Pincher's allegations of Driberg's links with the Russian secret service were published in 1981; Pincher christened him \\\"Lord of the Spies\\\". However, Foot dismissed these accusations as typical of the \\\"fantasies of the secret service world that seem to have taken possession of Pincher's mind\\\". Foot added that Driberg \\\"had always been much\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Driberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565628\",\n \"text\": \"the Grunge movement of the early 1990s. New singers and songwriters included Michael Jackson, Bruce Springsteen, Tom Petty, Mark Heard, Lucinda Williams, Patti Smith, Rickie Lee Jones, Terence Trent D'Arby, Stevie Nicks, Suzanne Vega, Cheryl Wheeler and Warren Zevon. Rock and even punk rock artists such as Peter Case, Phil Collins and Paul Westerberg transitioned to careers as solo singers. In the late 1980s, the term was applied to a group of predominantly female U.S. artists, beginning with Suzanne Vega whose first album sold unexpectedly well, followed by the likes of Tracy Chapman, Nanci Griffith, k.d. lang and Tori Amos,\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11883040\",\n \"text\": \"ethnicities, under the umbrella of science. Studies of this type can be found in the work of Eadweard Muybridge. Although he photographed both men and women, the women were often given props like market baskets and fishing poles, making the images of women thinly disguised erotica. The first business venture of pioneering British pornographers David Sullivan and David Gold was selling soft pornography photos by mail order at the end of the 1960s. During the Victorian period, illegal pornographic periodicals such as \\\"The Pearl\\\", which ran for eighteen issues between 1879 and 1880, circulated clandestinely among circles of elite urban\",\n \"title\": \"Pornography in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17762350\",\n \"text\": \"to the NSA and to the UKUSA Agreement. In 1976, a separate article in \\\"Time Out\\\" magazine revealed the existence of the GCHQ. In 1982 James Bamford's book about the NSA, \\\"The Puzzle Palace\\\", was first published. Bamford's second book, \\\"Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency\\\", was published two decades later. In 1988 the ECHELON network was revealed by Margaret Newsham, a Lockheed employee. Newsham told a member of the U.S. Congress that the telephone calls of Strom Thurmond, a Republican U.S. senator, were being collected by the NSA. Congressional investigators determined that \\\"targeting of U.S.\",\n \"title\": \"Global surveillance disclosures (1970–2013)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12565618\",\n \"text\": \"as a solo artist, Terence Trent D'Arby, and Fine Young Cannibals all found chart success. At the beginning of the 1980s, Australian artists like Olivia Newton-John, Men at Work, Air Supply and AC/DC all had chart success, later in the decade INXS scored hits. Olivia Newton-John's hit Physical would top the Hot 100 for 10 weeks and be the decade's biggest hit in the US, she would have six top ten singles during the 80s. American artists such as Michael Jackson, Madonna, Bruce Springsteen, Kool & the Gang, The Pointer Sisters, Billy Joel, Hall & Oates, Prince, Kenny Rogers and\",\n \"title\": \"1980s in music\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3660222\",\n \"text\": \"Records in 1977 and bought the label in 1978, retaining Stein as its president. The addition of the Sire roster gave Warner Bros. an important foothold in this area (indeed, Stein is often credited with naming the genre to replace the term \\\"punk\\\", which he disliked); its American signings included the Ramones, the Dead Boys, and Talking Heads and most importantly of all, Madonna, who soon became the most successful female artist in music history, earning billions for Warner. Sire's distribution deals with British independent labels including Mute, Rough Trade, Korova and Fiction gave WEA the American rights to important\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Bros. Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4820579\",\n \"text\": \"of that title, as well as assuming editorial duties on \\\"Ghost Rider\\\", \\\"What If...?\\\" and the Spider-Man titles, which he edited throughout the early 1980s. DeFalco worked closely with toy manufacturer Hasbro in the early 1980s, heading the creative team that \\\"produced the backstory and dossiers that served as the basis for the of the phenomenally successful G.I. Joe toy line and \\\", in 1985. As part of this relaunch, Marvel produced a comic titled \\\"\\\" in June 1982. DeFalco personally edited the first six issues (handing over to Denny O'Neil in January 1983), as well as assorted issues of\",\n \"title\": \"Tom DeFalco\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2450374\",\n \"text\": \"Daughter\\\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s\",\n \"title\": \"Music history of the United States in the 1980s\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2296699\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Spy Who Loved Me\\\" (1977) with his then-girlfriend Carole Bayer Sager, which would be nominated for an Oscar. In the 1980s, he had success with the scores for \\\"Ordinary People\\\" (1980) and \\\"Sophie's Choice\\\" (1982). He also received an Academy-Award nomination in 1986 for the film version of \\\"A Chorus Line\\\". His last projects included \\\"The Informant!\\\" (2009), starring Matt Damon and directed by Steven Soderbergh. Prior to his death, he completed his first children's book \\\"Marvin Makes Music\\\", which included the original music \\\"The Music in My Mind\\\" with words by Rupert Holmes, and the score for the\",\n \"title\": \"Marvin Hamlisch\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8001133\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Action Comics\\\" #581 (both cover dated July 1986). Bates was one of the contributors to the \\\"DC Challenge\\\" limited series in 1986. In 1987 and 1988, he wrote some stories for Marvel Comics' New Universe line and created the \\\"Video Jack\\\" series at Epic Comics with Keith Giffen. His post-Superman work for DC included a \\\"Captain Atom\\\" series with Pat Broderick and the \\\"Silverblade\\\" limited series with Gene Colan. His other work includes the comic strips \\\"The Lone Ranger\\\" (1980–1983), \\\"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century\\\" (1981–1983), and Disney's \\\"Gargoyles\\\" during the 1990s. In 2008 he returned after a 20-year\",\n \"title\": \"Cary Bates\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1781202\",\n \"text\": \"In 1964, he published a cartoon tribute to Charlie Parker entitled \\\"Ode to a High Flying Bird\\\". Although he has made his name in rock, his personal tastes lie principally in jazz. In the late 1970s, he joined Ian Stewart in the back-to-the-roots boogie-woogie band Rocket 88, which featured many of the UK's top jazz, rock and R&B musicians. In the 1980s, he toured worldwide with a big band that included such names as Evan Parker, Courtney Pine and Jack Bruce, who was also a member of Rocket 88. In 1991, he organised a jazz quintet as another tribute to\",\n \"title\": \"Charlie Watts\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 208,\n \"origin_tokens\": 208,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Spy Line context: Sp Line Spy Line is a 1989 spy novel written by British writer Len Deighton. It is the second novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6). \\\"Spy Line\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy, being preceded by \\\"Spy Hook\\\" and followed \\\"Spy Sinker\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-1945\\n\\ntitle: Spy context Spy Hook Sp 19 spy novel Len Deighton. It is the first novel the of three trilogies Bernard Samson, a middle-aged somewhat jaded intelligence officer working for the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6Spy Hook\\\" is part of the \\\"Hook, Line and Sinker\\\" trilogy succeeded by \\\"Spy Line\\\" \\\"Spy Sink\\\". This trilogy is preceded by the \\\"Game, Set and Match\\\" trilogy and followed by the final \\\"Faith, Hope and Charity\\\" trilogy. Deighton's novel \\\"Winter\\\" (1987) is a prequel to the nine novels, covering the years 1900-194 the back\\n Spy Spy Seryinker a1on. It final Bernardsonaged j intelligence working the Intelligence Service6er is part ofHookilogy preceded \\\"S Hook\\\" and Line tril is preceded byGame and Matchilogy and followed by the finalFaithity\\\" tr De'W1 nineels covering the years 1014 back\\n Spy:\\\" and is from un death by Prettyman, who it turns out has gone under \\\"deep-cover\\\". Bernard then takes his evidence to the Director General, who in a surprise turn of events orders his arrest, which thanks to some quick thinking by Werner Volkmann, Bernard evades for the while. The novel concludes with Bernard seeking an explanation from Frank Harrington, before disappearing into the night. Spy Hook Spy Hook is a 1988 spy novel by Len Deighton. It is the first novel in the second of three trilogies about Bernard Samson, a middle-aged and somewhat jaded intelligence officer\\n\\nWho had the noels Spy Hook and Spy Line published in the 80s?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 534,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15407,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":84,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":84,"string":"84"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"the first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Eateries","Cookshop","Restuarant","Restarant","Resteraunt","Piqueteadero","Restaurant","Restaraunt","Restaurants","Resturants","Resturant","Public food facility","Eatery","Theatre restaurant","Resturaunt","Restuarent","Restauraunt","Chef's table","Resterant"],"string":"[\n \"Eateries\",\n \"Cookshop\",\n \"Restuarant\",\n \"Restarant\",\n \"Resteraunt\",\n \"Piqueteadero\",\n \"Restaurant\",\n \"Restaraunt\",\n \"Restaurants\",\n \"Resturants\",\n \"Resturant\",\n \"Public food facility\",\n \"Eatery\",\n \"Theatre restaurant\",\n \"Resturaunt\",\n \"Restuarent\",\n \"Restauraunt\",\n \"Chef's table\",\n \"Resterant\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Restaurants"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"9158472","text":"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"15159620","text":"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or","title":"George Waters (businessman)"},{"id":"2090878","text":"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"11901399","text":"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \"revolving credit\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \"BankAmericard\" in Fresno,","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"2151856","text":"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \"black card,\" which caters to an even","title":"American Express"},{"id":"11901396","text":"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"3200884","text":"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"6325922","text":"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened","title":"Gambling in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13687240","text":"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \"Dahl House\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an","title":"Dahl's Foods"},{"id":"11901398","text":"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \"general purpose\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"9158467","text":"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"16472732","text":"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.","title":"Barclays"},{"id":"12939479","text":"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%","title":"Joseph P. Williams"},{"id":"1722615","text":"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if","title":"Point of sale"},{"id":"3172146","text":"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \"bona fide escort\" in a segregated \"Ladies and Escorts\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,","title":"Liquor Control Board of Ontario"},{"id":"112305","text":"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"9284752","text":"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \"Bankcard\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \"in house\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \"orange\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave","title":"John Martin & Co."},{"id":"2904037","text":"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \"Gold Card\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"7784547","text":"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees","title":"Littlewoods"},{"id":"2151842","text":"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American","title":"American Express"},{"id":"15981513","text":"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A","title":"Price tag"},{"id":"17705850","text":"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \"La Presse\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its","title":"History of advertising"},{"id":"7869516","text":"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \"First Charge\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \"First Charge Account Service\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First","title":"First National Bank of Omaha"},{"id":"16276229","text":"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first","title":"History of pharmacy in the United States"},{"id":"7305291","text":"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,","title":"Bank card"},{"id":"12192437","text":"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \"manageress\" at ABC \"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the","title":"Tea in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"2151843","text":"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be","title":"American Express"},{"id":"12372286","text":"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \"credit card\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \"Looking Backward\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit","title":"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp."},{"id":"11600342","text":"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often","title":"Credit card fraud"},{"id":"1459876","text":"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \"internet only\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British","title":"Sainsbury's"},{"id":"2760926","text":"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \"Future Ticketing Programme\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank","title":"Oyster card"},{"id":"5701027","text":"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,","title":"Economy of California"},{"id":"6226704","text":"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was","title":"GS1"},{"id":"3736810","text":"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \"book signing.\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown","title":"Marshall Field's"},{"id":"11901393","text":"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"628818","text":"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"12473956","text":"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \"Student\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \"t\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \"t\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000","title":"Guinness"},{"id":"2292189","text":"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"3308253","text":"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"2492940","text":"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \"Life\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These","title":"J. C. Penney"},{"id":"4111653","text":"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \"free\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\" × 5\" index card with the entrant's","title":"Sweepstake"},{"id":"6916826","text":"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards","title":"GS1 US"},{"id":"2904032","text":"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \"member card\" arena, providing millions","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"430251","text":"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'","title":"Tandy Corporation"},{"id":"256381","text":"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \"big four\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When","title":"Loyalty program"},{"id":"5858937","text":"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with","title":"Groupe Casino"},{"id":"10751840","text":"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso","title":"Medi Script"},{"id":"6922672","text":"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued","title":"Marsh Supermarkets"},{"id":"2189352","text":"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded","title":"Personal identification number"},{"id":"1657037","text":"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in","title":"Southend-on-Sea"},{"id":"16050876","text":"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to","title":"Oldest McDonald's restaurant"},{"id":"3794593","text":"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \"Bankcard Association of Australia\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of","title":"Bankcard"},{"id":"2904043","text":"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"9158471","text":"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \"Fleet News\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was","title":"Fuel card"},{"id":"1944051","text":"may sell six-packs of beer \"to-go\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \"saloons\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a","title":"Bar"},{"id":"15151026","text":"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"5172250","text":"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.","title":"Strawbridge's"},{"id":"2904033","text":"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"17226226","text":"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced","title":"McDonald's New Zealand"},{"id":"1924884","text":"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,","title":"Vending machine"},{"id":"4194817","text":"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \"Phostint\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \"chain\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \"founding father of the American service industry.\" A \"Fred Harvey Museum\" is","title":"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)"},{"id":"2613591","text":"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather","title":"EMV"},{"id":"2151859","text":"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \"The Knot\" and \"The Nest\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with","title":"American Express"},{"id":"6892214","text":"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \"mini ATMs\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.","title":"Payment card"},{"id":"9130786","text":"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \"blue light\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts","title":"Franklin Simon"},{"id":"3200885","text":"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm","title":"Barclaycard"},{"id":"2904028","text":"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"8291231","text":"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium","title":"Western saloon"},{"id":"7056714","text":"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first","title":"Value menu"},{"id":"18640473","text":"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th","title":"American business history"},{"id":"1839956","text":"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \"drop\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of","title":"Visa Inc."},{"id":"628821","text":"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and","title":"Supermarket"},{"id":"754778","text":"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,","title":"Shopping"},{"id":"2904036","text":"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell","title":"Diners Club International"},{"id":"15151069","text":"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led","title":"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada"},{"id":"11901397","text":"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \"buy now, and pay later\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment","title":"Credit card"},{"id":"12275329","text":"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of","title":"Johnnie's Foodmaster"},{"id":"279447","text":"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses","title":"Motel"},{"id":"20107135","text":"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels","title":"PriMedia Inc"},{"id":"1437706","text":"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the","title":"Jack in the Box"},{"id":"4890892","text":"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \"Toronto Telegram\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \"Harvey's\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was","title":"Harvey's"},{"id":"6547237","text":"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \"TITOs\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in","title":"Token coin"},{"id":"2138814","text":"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in","title":"Simpsons (department store)"},{"id":"15570308","text":"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \"calling card\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \"device-based redirect\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \"cloud-bridge\" service was introduced in the","title":"Call-recording services"},{"id":"5335370","text":"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \"bellhop\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl","title":"Carhop"},{"id":"3221121","text":"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of","title":"Barron Hilton"},{"id":"2292188","text":"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \"trade\" in \"trade card\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were","title":"Trade card"},{"id":"18153525","text":"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney","title":"History of Target Corporation"},{"id":"2090877","text":"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards","title":"Charge card"},{"id":"17978929","text":"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \"Willamette Week\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a","title":"Lutz Tavern"},{"id":"3308251","text":"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were","title":"Gift card"},{"id":"14851174","text":"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \"carder\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features","title":"Card not present transaction"},{"id":"482267","text":"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant","title":"KFC"},{"id":"5371844","text":"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by","title":"Ann & Hope"},{"id":"1577680","text":"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,","title":"F. W. Woolworth Company"},{"id":"6419214","text":"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \"self-service drugstore\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \"one-stop shopping\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the","title":"Fred G. Meyer"},{"id":"1767653","text":"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card—popularly known as the","title":"Citibank"},{"id":"112379","text":"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \"Barclays Connect\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as","title":"Debit card"},{"id":"3412087","text":"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to","title":"The Hertz Corporation"},{"id":"256383","text":"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart","title":"Loyalty program"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"9158472\",\n \"text\": \"a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15159620\",\n \"text\": \"an Atlanta-based supermarket chain. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 with its own product, a purple charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time Waters was hired in 1961, The American Express Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprofitable, and management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, as hotels, car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\",\n \"title\": \"George Waters (businessman)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090878\",\n \"text\": \"have an embossed bank card number complying with the ISO/IEC 7812 numbering standard. In 1914, Western Union opened the first charge account for its customers and provided them with a paper identification. There were many larger department stores which opened store charge accounts for their customers with paper identification, enabling the customer to make purchases on credit provided by the store. However, these accounts could be used only within the store which issued them. In 1950, Diners Club began opening charge accounts with paper identification cards, directed at the travel and entertainment markets. The novel feature of these cards was\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901399\",\n \"text\": \"1958 by American Express which created a worldwide credit card network (although these were initially charge cards that later acquired credit card features). Until 1958, no one had been able to successfully establish a \\\"revolving credit\\\" financial system in which a card issued by a third-party bank was being generally accepted by a large number of merchants, as opposed to merchant-issued revolving cards accepted by only a few merchants. There had been a dozen attempts by small American banks, but none of them were able to last very long. In September 1958, Bank of America launched the \\\"BankAmericard\\\" in Fresno,\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151856\",\n \"text\": \"Apple Pay, respectively) meaning that cardholders can use their American Express-issued cards to pay at establishments where NFC payments are accepted. American Express is best known for its iconic Green, Gold, and Platinum charge cards. In 1958, American Express issued its first charge card, which required payment at the end of every month. In 1966, the company issued its first gold card, in an effort to cater to the upper echelon of business travel. Its platinum card debuted in 1984. In 1999, American Express introduced the Centurion Card, often referred to as the \\\"black card,\\\" which caters to an even\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901396\",\n \"text\": \"Charga-Plates were issued by large-scale merchants to their regular customers, much like department store credit cards of today. In some cases, the plates were kept in the issuing store rather than held by customers. When an authorized user made a purchase, a clerk retrieved the plate from the store's files and then processed the purchase. Charga-Plates speeded back-office bookkeeping and reduced copying errors that were done manually in paper ledgers in each store. In 1934, American Airlines and the Air Transport Association simplified the process even more with the advent of the Air Travel Card. They created a numbering scheme\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200884\",\n \"text\": \"Barclaycard Barclaycard (; stylized as barclaycard) is a multinational credit card and payment services provider, and a division of Barclays plc. Barclaycard has over ten million customers in the United Kingdom. Barclaycard was launched on 29 June 1966, initially as a charge card, but following Bank of England agreement to the offering of revolving credit it became the first credit card in the United Kingdom on 8 November 1967. It enjoyed a monopoly of the credit card market in the United Kingdom, until the introduction of the Access card in 1972. Barclaycard was not the first payment card to be\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6325922\",\n \"text\": \"Act 1960 allowed commercial bingo halls to be set up, provided they were established as members-only clubs and had to get their take from membership fees and charges rather than as a percentage of the entry fees. Casinos had a similar history, with requirement for licensing from the Gaming Board of Great Britain and for casinos to be members only clubs. The number of gaming machines in casinos was limited at 10. The Casino Club Port Talbot in Wales — believed to be Britain's first legal casino — was established in 1961 by gambling mogul George Alfred James. James opened\",\n \"title\": \"Gambling in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13687240\",\n \"text\": \"that time. At the same store, until 1963, customers could drive to the corner of the parking lot to a small brick building known as the \\\"Dahl House\\\" where their groceries, already transported underground, would be available for pick up. In 1981, the Dahl's store on Ingersoll Avenue was the site of the world's first grocery purchase using a debit card. Proving successful, all stores were equipped with ATM POS terminals by 1983. Dahl's expanded into Kansas in 1979, operating two stores in the Kansas City metropolitan area until leaving that market in 1997. Founder W.T. Dahl stated in an\",\n \"title\": \"Dahl's Foods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901398\",\n \"text\": \"plans to lure new travelers into the air. In October 1948, the Air Travel Card became the first internationally valid charge card within all members of the International Air Transport Association. The concept of customers paying different merchants using the same card was expanded in 1950 by Ralph Schneider and Frank McNamara, founders of Diners Club, to consolidate multiple cards. The Diners Club, which was created partially through a merger with Dine and Sign, produced the first \\\"general purpose\\\" charge card and required the entire bill to be paid with each statement. That was followed by Carte Blanche and in\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158467\",\n \"text\": \"allow access to the fuel once the retailer's receipt had been signed for and cross checked against the signature written on the back of the card. Initially, fuel card networks were very small and based around truck roads and main haulage routes. For example, in 1983, the Keyfuels site network consisted of only seven stations. Therefore, they were initially targeted at haulage or delivery companies. A few years later, cards became embossed rather than printed. This was due to provide the cards with a greater longevity — frequent use would rub off the printed information. Due to the lack of\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16472732\",\n \"text\": \"female bank manager. Hilda Harding managed Barclays' Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco. Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the world's first cash machine, in Enfield. The British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a planned merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission, but the acquisition of Martins Bank on its own was later permitted.\",\n \"title\": \"Barclays\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12939479\",\n \"text\": \"entertainment charge card, had been introduced in 1950, and American Express and Carte Blanche followed in 1958, but all of these offerings had to have bills repaid in 30 days and were accepted by a limited number of vendors. By the mid-1950s, Williams was the senior vice president in charge of a group that had the unofficial task of creating the nation's first all-purpose credit card. Studying previous failures and analyzing the successes by Sears, Roebuck and Company and Mobil in offering credit to their customers, the team led by Williams conceived of a set of features — an 18%\",\n \"title\": \"Joseph P. Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1722615\",\n \"text\": \"CVS and eight other retailers that required real keys so blind people could use the devices. Early stores typically kept merchandise behind a counter. Staff would fetch items for customers to prevent the opportunity for theft and sales would be made at the same counter. Self-service grocery stores such as Piggly Wiggly, beginning in 1916, allowed customers to fetch their own items and pass the point of sale on the way to the exit. Many stores have a number of cash registers for checkout, possibly now including self-checkout. This requires customers to guess which line will move the fastest, if\",\n \"title\": \"Point of sale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3172146\",\n \"text\": \"importantly the segregation of female from unmarried male drinkers (women were only allowed to drink in the presence of a \\\"bona fide escort\\\" in a segregated \\\"Ladies and Escorts\\\" room). The task of overseeing the sale of alcohol in drinking establishments was later passed in 1944 to a short lived government licensing agency and later to the Liquor Licensing Board of Ontario in 1947. The first self-serve store where customers did not have to rely on a clerk to retrieve alcohol was introduced in 1969. In the 1970s the stores changed to become more inviting with decorative displays of alcohol,\",\n \"title\": \"Liquor Control Board of Ontario\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112305\",\n \"text\": \"and withdraw cash over the counter at Australia Post outlets participating in GiroPost, just as if the transaction was conducted at a bank branch, even if the bank branch is closed. Electronic transactions in Australia are generally processed via the Telstra Argent and Optus Transact Plus network - which has recently superseded the old Transcend network in the last few years. Most early keycards were only usable for EFTPOS and at ATM or bank branches, whilst the new debit card system works in the same way as a credit card, except it will only use funds in the specified bank\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9284752\",\n \"text\": \"and Grace Brothers. Then, food and discount retailer Coles took over Myer in 1985. Also, the discount store phenomenon was gaining momentum, with Kmart and Target expanding rapidly, and the establishment of BIG W. Another pressure was the increased availability of bank credit cards. Before 1974, when Australian banks introduced \\\"Bankcard\\\", the majority of retail purchase credit was offered by department stores through \\\"in house\\\" credit cards. John Martin's was a major credit card issuer, with their distinctive \\\"orange\\\" credit card facilitating purchases in their stores. The wide availability of credit which was not tied to a particular store gave\",\n \"title\": \"John Martin & Co.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904037\",\n \"text\": \"Carte Blanche to Avco in 1968. In 1978, Citicorp (parent company of First National City Bank which was renamed Citibank) reacquired Carte Blanche without regulatory opposition. The 1960s- and 1970s-era Carte Blanche cards were considered more prestigious worldwide than their competition, the American Express and Diners Club cards, though its small cardmember base hindered its success. Carte Blanche was the first to implement a \\\"Gold Card\\\" program, as a means to recognize cardholders who were frequent users and paid their bills on time. In 1981, Citicorp acquired the Diners Club card, and by the mid-1990s the Carte Blanche card was\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7784547\",\n \"text\": \"withdrew from the venture. Moores persisted with family assistance and by 1932 was in a position to expand the business into mail-order retailing. The first mail-order catalogue was sent to existing subscribers to the pools and the take up – mostly women – formed 'clubs'. Effectively, they became retail agents, collecting money for goods ordered from the catalogue from friends and family and distributing goods shipped to them. The mail-order business expanded and the first Littlewoods high-street store opened in 1937 in Blackpool. Littlewoods grew as a retail and betting organisation and, at its height, there were about 22,000 employees\",\n \"title\": \"Littlewoods\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151842\",\n \"text\": \"consider the possibility. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15981513\",\n \"text\": \"tags to items, eliminating haggling. This allowed shorter training time for new clerks (who would no longer need to know the art of haggling nor the range of accepted prices for every item) and allowed clerks to serve more customers. Even large stores kept goods behind a counter, requiring clerks to fetch items for customers. The Piggly Wiggly chain of grocery stores was the first to become self-service in 1916, further cementing the need for price tags. Price tags soon became commonplace in Western retail stores, and haggling rare outside of proprietors and individuals selling used items. Price tag A\",\n \"title\": \"Price tag\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17705850\",\n \"text\": \"on the more substantial card and typically bore the tradesmen's name and address, and before street numbering was in common use, often included a long-winded set of directions on how to locate the store or premises. With the advent of commercial engraving and lithography, illustrations became a standard feature of even the most humble trade card. Eventually trade cards evolved into business cards, which are still in use today. In June 1836, Émile de Girardin editor of the Paris newspaper \\\"La Presse\\\" was the first to rely on paid advertising to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its\",\n \"title\": \"History of advertising\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7869516\",\n \"text\": \"name to TSYS Merchant Solutions. In 1953, First National's consumer finance operation launched its \\\"First Charge\\\" card which remains to this day the most profitable innovation in First National's long history. The bank issued a simple little card, which was nothing more than a white piece of plasticized paper, complete with a green logo, and an inscription which spelled \\\"First Charge Account Service\\\" and a red number which served to identify the cardholder. First Bankcard is one of the top three banks serving the credit card needs of other financial institutions, including Union Bank of California and People's Bank. First\",\n \"title\": \"First National Bank of Omaha\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16276229\",\n \"text\": \"age of the modern „drug, sundries & household wares\\\" chain-store model with hired / contracted professional in house pharmacists. The first store was located at 412 S. Broadway in downtown Los Angeles, just across the street from the original Broadway Department Store. By 1942, they operated 58 chain stores in and around the greater L.A. area, which also served as a business model that most all other large corporate drug store chains would follow. With the rise of mechanization and mass production, new modes of medication-delivery, among them the tablet (1884), the enteric-coated pill (1884) and the gelatin capsule (first\",\n \"title\": \"History of pharmacy in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7305291\",\n \"text\": \"preferences of the client, this may allow the card to be used as an ATM card, enabling transactions at automatic teller machines; or as debit card, linked to the client's bank account and able to be used for making purchases at the point of sale; or as a credit card attached to a revolving credit line supplied by the bank. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London, in 1967, and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969. In 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip,\",\n \"title\": \"Bank card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12192437\",\n \"text\": \"to socialise that was not a pub or an inn. Tearooms were also significant since they provided a place where women in the Victorian era could take a meal — without a male escort — without risk to their reputations. Tea rooms catered for all classes of society. In 1864, the Aerated Bread Company opened the first of what would grow to be known as A.B.C. Tea Shops. The idea came from a London-based \\\"manageress\\\" at ABC \\\"who'd been serving gratis tea and snacks to customers of all classes, [and] got permission to put a commercial public tearoom on the\",\n \"title\": \"Tea in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151843\",\n \"text\": \"Express introduced the Gold Card. In 1984, the company launched the Platinum Card, clearly defining different market segments within its own business, a practice that has proliferated across a broad array of industries. The Platinum Card was billed as super-exclusive and had a $250 annual fee (it is currently $550). It was offered by invitation only to American Express customers with at least 2 years of tenure, significant spending, and excellent payment history; it is now open to applications on request. In 1987, American Express introduced the Optima card, its first credit card product that did not have to be\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12372286\",\n \"text\": \"do so were introduced in Congress and some state legislatures. Some succeeded in the former goal, but those that sought to eliminate interest rate caps entirely failed. The term \\\"credit card\\\" had been used and proposed by utopian author Edward Bellamy in his 1887 book \\\"Looking Backward\\\". The first realizations of this model came during the Depression with Chargaplate, meant to encourage customers to spend money by introducing an alternative to cash and checks. Diners Club evolved in the early 50s as the first credit card company. In 1958, Bank of America had introduced BankAmeriCard (today's Visa), the first credit\",\n \"title\": \"Marquette National Bank of Minneapolis v. First of Omaha Service Corp.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11600342\",\n \"text\": \"companies can guarantee delivery to a location, but they are not required to check identification and they are usually not involved in processing payments for the merchandise. A common recent preventive measure for merchants is to allow shipment only to an address approved by the cardholder, and merchant banking systems offer simple methods of verifying this information. Before this and similar countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept the delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card fraud\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1459876\",\n \"text\": \"number of companies including Sainsbury's used a scheme to avoid VAT by forcing customers paying by card to unknowingly pay a 2.5% 'card transaction fee', though the total charged to the customer remained the same. Such schemes came to light after HMRC litigated against Debenhams over the scheme during 2005. In November 2007, Sainsbury's became the first major British employer to introduce an \\\"internet only\\\" staff recruitment system. At the time, it was estimated that the move would save the company £4 million a year in administration costs. This move came at a time when approximately half of the British\",\n \"title\": \"Sainsbury's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2760926\",\n \"text\": \"is no longer accepted. The card was first issued to the public on 30 June 2003, with a limited range of features and there continues to be a phased introduction of further functions. By June 2012, over 43 million Oyster cards had been issued and more than 80% of all journeys on public transport in London were made using the card. Since 2014, the use of Oyster cards has been supplemented by contactless credit and debit cards as part of TfL's \\\"Future Ticketing Programme\\\". TfL was the first public transport provider in the world to accept payment by contactless bank\",\n \"title\": \"Oyster card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5701027\",\n \"text\": \"of visitors each year. California also pioneered numerous innovations in retailing during the mid-20th century, particularly fast food restaurants and credit cards. Nationwide fast food chains A&W Restaurants (1919), McDonald's (1940), Taco Bell (1961), and Panda Express (1983) were all founded in California. Visa Inc. (originally BankAmericard) was born from a 1958 experiment by Bank of America in Fresno, while MasterCard (originally Master Charge) was formed as the Interbank Card Association in 1966 by a group of California banks to compete against BankAmericard. If the state were considered separately, it would rank as the fifth largest economy in the world,\",\n \"title\": \"Economy of California\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6226704\",\n \"text\": \"industry in the US was searching for a way to speed up the check-out process in shops. The Ad Hoc Committee for a Uniform Grocery Product Identification Code was established to find a solution. In 1973, the Universal Product Code (UPC) was selected by this group as the first single standard for unique product identification, and in 1974, the Uniform Code Council (UCC) was founded to administer the standard. On 26 June 1974, a pack of Wrigley’s chewing gum became the first ever product with a barcode to be scanned in a shop. In 1976, the original 12-digit code was\",\n \"title\": \"GS1\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3736810\",\n \"text\": \"pie. Marshall Field's had the first European buying office, which was located in Manchester, England, and the first bridal registry. The company was the first to introduce the concept of the personal shopper, and that service was provided without charge in every Field's store, right up to the chain's last days under the Marshall Field's name. It was the first store to offer revolving credit and the first department store to use escalators. Marshall Field's book department in the State Street store was legendary; it pioneered the concept of the \\\"book signing.\\\" Moreover, every year at Christmas, Marshall Field's downtown\",\n \"title\": \"Marshall Field's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901393\",\n \"text\": \"a little hole, enabling it to be put in a key ring, like a key. These charge coins were usually given to customers who had charge accounts in department stores, hotels, and so on. A charge coin usually had the charge account number along with the merchant's name and logo. The charge coin offered a simple and fast way to copy a charge account number to the sales slip, by imprinting the coin onto the sales slip. This sped the process of copying, previously done by handwriting. It also reduced the number of errors, by having a standardised form of\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628818\",\n \"text\": \"with of higher-margin items bought by the attracted shoppers. Self-service with shopping carts (trolleys) or baskets reduces labor cost, and many supermarket chains are attempting further reduction by shifting to self-service check-out. In the early days of retailing, products generally were fetched by an assistant from shelves behind the merchant's counter while customers waited in front of the counter and indicated the items they wanted. Most foods and merchandise did not come in individually wrapped consumer-sized packages, so an assistant had to measure out and wrap the precise amount desired by the consumer. This offered opportunities for social interaction: many\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12473956\",\n \"text\": \"refusal to either advertise or offer its beer at a discount. Even though Guinness owned no public houses, the company was valued at £6 million and shares were twenty times oversubscribed, with share prices rising to a 60 per cent premium on the first day of trading. The breweries pioneered several quality control efforts. The brewery hired the statistician William Sealy Gosset in 1899, who achieved lasting fame under the pseudonym \\\"Student\\\" for techniques developed for Guinness, particularly Student's \\\"t\\\"-distribution and the even more commonly known Student's \\\"t\\\"-test. By 1900 the brewery was operating unparalleled welfare schemes for its 5,000\",\n \"title\": \"Guinness\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292189\",\n \"text\": \"widely used by retailers and tradesmen from around the late 17th-century in Paris, Lyon and London. In the period before mass media, they functioned as advertising and also as maps, directing the public to the merchants' stores (no formal street address numbering system existed at the time). The trade card is an early example of the modern business card. The use of trade cards in America became widespread from the mid-19th-century in the period following the Civil war. The earliest trade cards were not cards at all, instead they were printed on paper and did not include illustrations. Later they\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308253\",\n \"text\": \"The Kmart Mags Pangilinan Cash Card was the first replacement for cash returns when a shopper did not have a receipt for a gift. This practice of giving a cash card in place of cash for non-receipted returns is common place today with most merchants. From these early introductions, other retailers began to adapt a giftcard program to replace their gift certificate programs. A gift card may resemble a credit card or display a specific theme on a plastic card the size of a credit card. The card is identified by a specific number or code, not usually with an\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2492940\",\n \"text\": \"1,000th store in 1928, gross business had reached $190,000,000 (equivalent to $ in 2019). In 1940, Sam Walton began working at a J. C. Penney in Des Moines, Iowa. Walton later went on to found future retailer Walmart in 1962. By 1941, J. C. Penney operated 1,600 stores in all 48 states. In 1956, J. C. Penney started national advertising with a series of advertisements in \\\"Life\\\" magazine. J. C. Penney credit cards were first issued in 1959. In 1962, J. C. Penney entered discount merchandising with the acquisition of General Merchandise Company which gave them The Treasury stores. These\",\n \"title\": \"J. C. Penney\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4111653\",\n \"text\": \"Other sponsors may require the submission of a UPC of a company product (with provision for receiving a \\\"free\\\" UPC) for entry into the sweepstakes drawing. Sweepstakes parlors, which began to appear in the US around 2005, are establishments that offer chances to win cash prizes as a promotion for a product, usually either a telephone card or Internet access. Sweepstakes must be carefully planned to comply with local laws and curtail forms of entrant fraud and abuse. Before home computers were popular, a common method of entry was a mailed, plain 3\\\" × 5\\\" index card with the entrant's\",\n \"title\": \"Sweepstake\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6916826\",\n \"text\": \"for more than 40 years. In 1973, the grocery industry came together to agree on one way of doing business by adopting the U.P.C. barcode to drive speed and efficiency at retail check out. This cooperation marked the beginning of GS1 US. Here is a timeline of GS1 US history: 1973 – The formation of the Uniform Product Code Council (UPCC) 1974 – First live scan of a U.P.C. barcode with numbering system administered by the UPCC. The first scan was a 10-pack of gum in a supermarket in Ohio. 1983 – UPCC adds the Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) standards\",\n \"title\": \"GS1 US\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904032\",\n \"text\": \"establishments seven percent and billed cardholders $5 a year. In 1952, McNamara sold his interest in Diners Club to his partners for $200,000. The first plastic Diners Club card was introduced in 1961; by the mid-1960s, Diners Club had 1.3 million cardholders. Diners Club International was acquired by Citigroup in 1981 and by Discover Financial Services in April 2008. Diners Club's monopoly was short-lived, as American Express and Carte Blanche (which later partnered with Diners Club) began to compete with Diners Club in the travel and entertainment (T&E) card market. American Express now dominates the \\\"member card\\\" arena, providing millions\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"430251\",\n \"text\": \"high street by continuing to use written sales receipts and a cash drawer instead of a till as late as the early 1990s. Staff were required to take the name and address of any customer who made a purchase, however small, in order to put them on the company's brochure mailing list, which often caused disgruntlement. A popular feature of Tandy stores was the free battery club, in which customers were allowed to claim a certain number of free batteries per year. In the early 1990s, the chain ran the 'Tandy Card' store credit card scheme and the 'Tandy Care'\",\n \"title\": \"Tandy Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256381\",\n \"text\": \"in the UK is one of the most significant in the world, with most major chains operating some form of reward system. Passcard has been claimed to be the first reward scheme or discount card, created around by Gary Wilson in 1981 and later known as Passkey. One of the first loyalty cards backed by a major chain is believed to be the Sainsbury's Homebase Spend and Save Card in 1982. Of the \\\"big four\\\" supermarkets, Sainsburys and Tesco and Morrisons operate loyalty cards for general supermarket shopping.Tesco's Clubcard scheme have been criticised for not offering value for money. When\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5858937\",\n \"text\": \"Guichard took a trip to North America to observe growing trends. He discovered the self-service store concept. A year later, Casino opened its first self-service store in Saint-Étienne. Over a period of 10 years, 500 branches adopted this new sales principle. In 1950, one of the first cooling systems was put in place in distribution. There again, it was a type of innovation observed in the USA. Gradually, warehouses were equipped with cooling chambers and refrigerated coolers. In 1959, Casino was the first distributor to display a sell-by date on its products. This was made compulsory in December 1984 with\",\n \"title\": \"Groupe Casino\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10751840\",\n \"text\": \"launched their own version dubbed the Chargex Credit card. Subsequently, the deal with the West brothers collapsed and their business collapsed as their idea took on a new life without them. Medi Script Medi Script was North America’s first instant credit system. Developed in 1965-67 by the West brothers in Vancouver, B.C., Canada, the system was designed to provide consumer credit at the retail store level, something that did not exist at that point in history. At that time the Canadian chartered banks controlled all the legal credit granting ability with the exception of vehicle fuel companies like the Esso\",\n \"title\": \"Medi Script\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6922672\",\n \"text\": \"and early adoption of retail technology. On June 26, 1974, a Marsh location in Troy, Ohio, became the first grocery store in the world to use a bar code scanner. The first item scanned was a ten piece pack of gum. One of the first scanners used to scan bar codes at the supermarket can now be found in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History. In early 1994, Marsh introduced a card-based customer loyalty program called the \\\"Marsh Fresh IDEA (Instant Discounts Electronically Applied) Card\\\" in which discounts are sometimes based on the cardholder's buying habits and are issued\",\n \"title\": \"Marsh Supermarkets\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2189352\",\n \"text\": \"computer access, door access, car access), internet transactions or to log into a restricted website. The PIN originated with the introduction of the ATM in 1967, as an efficient way for banks to dispense cash to their customers. The first ATM system was that of Barclays in London, in 1967; it accepted cheques with machine-readable encoding, rather than cards, and matched the PIN to the cheque. 1972, Lloyds Bank issued the first bank card to feature an information-encoding magnetic strip, using a PIN for security. In 2006, James Goodfellow, the inventor who patented the first personal identification number, was awarded\",\n \"title\": \"Personal identification number\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1657037\",\n \"text\": \"first buildings around what was to become the High Street of Southend were completed. In the 19th century, Southend's status of a seaside resort grew after a visit from Princess Caroline of Brunswick, and Southend Pier was constructed. From the 1960s onwards, the town declined as a holiday destination, Southend redeveloped itself as the home of the Access credit card, due to it having one of the UK's first electronic telephone exchanges. After the 1960s, much of the town centre was developed for commerce and retail, and many original structures were lost to redevelopment. An annual seafront airshow, started in\",\n \"title\": \"Southend-on-Sea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16050876\",\n \"text\": \"added because the owner objected. The McDonald brothers opened their first restaurant adjacent to the Monrovia Airport in 1937. It was a tiny octagonal building informally called The Airdrome. That octagonal building was later moved to 1398 North E Street in San Bernardino, California, in 1940. It was originally a barbecue drive-in, but the brothers discovered that most of their profits came from hamburgers. In 1948, they closed their restaurant for three months, reopening it in December as a walk-up hamburger stand that sold hamburgers, potato chips, and orange juice; the following year, french fries and Coca-Cola were added to\",\n \"title\": \"Oldest McDonald's restaurant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3794593\",\n \"text\": \"Bankcard Bankcard was a shared brand credit card issued by financial institutions in Australia and New Zealand between 1974 and 2006. It was managed by the \\\"Bankcard Association of Australia\\\", a joint venture of Australia's largest banks, and was the nation's first mass market credit card. Before 1974, only store cards, Diners Club and American Express were available in Australia and these were either restrictive or only accessible to the wealthy. In the first decade after its introduction, Bankcard dominated the Australian credit card market, with more than 5 million cardholders at its peak in 1984. As a result of\",\n \"title\": \"Bankcard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904043\",\n \"text\": \"trying to book hotel rooms. Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9158471\",\n \"text\": \"appearance of dedicated account management. While most fuel card suppliers handle customer queries via random-operator call centres, customer preference is increasingly for a named individual to handle their business. Respected publication \\\"Fleet News\\\" reported in July 2008 that more than a quarter of fleet managers are unhappy with the level of service offered by their fuel card supplier. The advent of fleet cards can be traced back to the 1960s and 70s when key stops/key locks and stand alone card locks were used by independent marketers and filling station owners. A Key Stop or Key Lock fuel control system was\",\n \"title\": \"Fuel card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1944051\",\n \"text\": \"may sell six-packs of beer \\\"to-go\\\" in original (sealed) containers by obtaining a take-out license. New Jersey permits all forms of packaged goods to be sold at bars, and permits packaged beer and wine to be sold at any time on-premises sales of alcoholic beverages are allowed. During the 19th century, drinking establishments were called \\\"saloons\\\". In the American Old West the most popular establishment in town was usually the Western saloon. Many of these Western saloons survive, though their services and features have changed with the times. Newer establishments have sometimes been built in Western saloon style for a\",\n \"title\": \"Bar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151026\",\n \"text\": \"Canada, one to the Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia and the other to the Toronto Stock Exchange. In 1961 the Royal Bank of Canada was the first bank in Canada to introduce computers for its operations, followed by the Toronto-Dominion Bank in 1962. It was soon followed by the other large Canadian banks, including the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce and Bank of Nova Scotia. When they introduced the credit card about the same time these records were kept on large central computers as well. It was this experience with large computer systems linking hundreds of branch\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5172250\",\n \"text\": \"during the 1940s.[4] In 1969, Strawbridge set his sights on competing with the emerging Target-grade retailers,[6] launching the Clover discount store chain; the first Clover store opened in 1971. Located in strip centers rather than malls for the most part, Clover grew to have 26 locations, more than the 21 full-service S&C stores. Most Clover stores closed in the winter of 1997. Some Strawbridge's stores had restaurants inside, like at Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware as well as the Strawbridge & Clothier store at Exton Square Mall. The company also revolutionized retailing with their introduction of revolving charge account cards.\",\n \"title\": \"Strawbridge's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904033\",\n \"text\": \"of customers with cards that require the monthly balance to be paid in full. Towards the end of the 1960s, Diners Club also faced competition from banks that issued revolving credit cards through Bank of America's BankAmericard (later renamed Visa), and Interbank Master Charge (later renamed MasterCard). Diners Club began early on to allow franchises of the Diners Club name, at first in Europe and later throughout the world, for many years eclipsing the BankAmericard or Interbank Master Charge networks abroad. Starting in 1968, the American Oil Company, better known publicly as Amoco, also issued, for a time, its own\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17226226\",\n \"text\": \"stores; through the latter McDonald's is the largest coffee shop brand in the country. McDonald's New Zealand operations are based in Greenlane, Auckland. The first McDonald's restaurant in New Zealand opened on Cobham Court in central Porirua on Monday 7 June 1976, however it was not officially opened until the following Saturday. The original menu featured the Big Mac (75 cents), Quarter Pounder (65c), Quarter Pounder with Cheese (75c), Filet-O-Fish (65c), cheeseburger (40c) and hamburger (30c). Problems were encountered opening the restaurant due to strict import laws at the time, which limited importing of overseas products that could be produced\",\n \"title\": \"McDonald's New Zealand\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1924884\",\n \"text\": \"Vending machine A vending machine is an automated machine that provides items such as snacks, beverages, cigarettes and lottery tickets to consumers after money, a credit card, or specially designed card is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed postcards. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of Hero of Alexandria,\",\n \"title\": \"Vending machine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4194817\",\n \"text\": \"attraction either, as for tour guides he used attractive women in outfits becoming their figures. This tactic was adapted from his restaurants, where Harvey Girls worked as waitresses. Fred Harvey was also a postcard publisher, touted as \\\"the best way to promote your Hotel or Restaurant.\\\" Most postcards were published in co-operation with the Detroit Publishing Company. Their Arizona \\\"Phostint\\\" postcards are collected worldwide. Fred Harvey, through the Fred Harvey Company, is attributed with creating the first \\\"chain\\\" restaurants in the United States. He is viewed as the \\\"founding father of the American service industry.\\\" A \\\"Fred Harvey Museum\\\" is\",\n \"title\": \"Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2613591\",\n \"text\": \"method, the majority of implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm the identity of the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN) rather than signing a paper receipt. Whether or not PIN authentication takes place depends upon the capabilities of the terminal and programming of the card. For more details of this (specifically, the system being implemented in the UK) see Chip and PIN, below. Under the previous system, a customer typically had to hand their card to a sales clerk to pay for a transaction. When credit cards were first introduced, merchants used mechanical (rather\",\n \"title\": \"EMV\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151859\",\n \"text\": \"earn INSIDE Rewards points to eat, drink, and play at New York, Chicago and LA hot spots. American Express began phasing out the INSIDE cards in mid-2008, with no new applications being taken as of July 2008. In 2005, American Express introduced Clear, advertised as the first credit card with no fees of any kind. Other cards introduced in 2005 included \\\"The Knot\\\" and \\\"The Nest\\\" Credit Cards from American Express, co-branded cards developed with the wedding planning website theknot.com. In 2006, the UK division of American Express joined the Product Red coalition and issued a Red Card, donating with\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6892214\",\n \"text\": \"with an ATM card. ATM cards can also be used on improvised ATMs such as \\\"mini ATMs\\\", merchants' card terminals that deliver ATM features without any cash drawer. These terminals can also be used as cashless scrip ATMs by cashing the receipts they issue at the merchant's point of sale. Historically, bank cards have also served the purpose of a cheque guarantee card, a now almost defunct system to guarantee cheques at point of sale. The first bank cards were ATM cards issued by Barclays in London in 1967 and by Chemical Bank in Long Island, New York, in 1969.\",\n \"title\": \"Payment card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9130786\",\n \"text\": \"the first Fifth Avenue merchant to offer on-site parking for his customers, a plan he devised himself. To combat slumping sales, Simon originated the concept of \\\"blue light\\\" sales, by instructing his in-store salespeople to mark down items with blue pencils while customers were looking on. Simon was also the first merchant to suggest the use of outlet stores as a way to sell out of season merchandise. This was the first known use of such a sales tactic. To dissuade piracy and trademark infringement, Simon was ferocious in protecting his brand and was not afraid to use the courts\",\n \"title\": \"Franklin Simon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3200885\",\n \"text\": \"issued in the United Kingdom though; Diners Club and American Express launched their charge cards in 1962 and 1963 respectively. Barclaycard was originally a BankAmericard licensee, and became part of the Visa network on its formation in 1975. In July 2003, Barclaycard took over the United Kingdom wing of the American Company Providian National Bank, known as Monument, when it was sold off due to financial irregularities of its American parent company. Barclaycard sold the Monument business and premises to Compucredit in April 2007. In March 2011, Barclays announced that it would be buying the British credit card business arm\",\n \"title\": \"Barclaycard\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904028\",\n \"text\": \"Diners Club International Diners Club International (DCI), founded as Diners Club, is a charge card company owned by Discover Financial Services. Formed in 1950 by Frank X. McNamara, Ralph Schneider, Matty Simmons, and Alfred Bloomingdale, it was the first independent credit card company in the world, and it established the concept of a self-sufficient company producing credit cards for travel and entertainment. Diners Club International and its franchises service individuals from around the globe with operations in 59 countries. The idea for Diners Club was conceived at the Majors Cabin Grill restaurant in New York City in 1949. Diners Club\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8291231\",\n \"text\": \"Western saloon A Western saloon is a kind of bar particular to the Old West. Saloons served customers such as fur trappers, cowboys, soldiers, lumberjacks, businessmen, lawmen, miners and gamblers. A saloon might also be known as a \\\"watering trough, bughouse, shebang, cantina, grogshop, and gin mill\\\". The first saloon was established at Brown's Hole, Wyoming, in 1822, to serve fur trappers. By 1880, the growth of saloons was in full swing. In Leavenworth, Kansas, there were \\\"about 150 saloons and four wholesale liquor houses\\\". Some saloons in the Old West were little more than gambling houses, brothels, and opium\",\n \"title\": \"Western saloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7056714\",\n \"text\": \"and cheddar sandwiches, and turnovers. Burger King added a value menu in 1998 with items priced at 99¢ (USD), . In 2002 and 2006, BK revamped its value menu, adding and removing products at 99¢, and later increasing some prices to $1.39. Many of these items have since been discontinued, modified or relegated to a regional menu option. The Burger King Whopper was the very first 99 cent burger and it revolutionized the 99 cent menu in the fast food industry. After numerous attempts beginning in 1991, experimenting with a variety of menus and pricing strategies, McDonald's launched its first\",\n \"title\": \"Value menu\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18640473\",\n \"text\": \"federal law that required all retailers to charge the same price for certain items. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer & Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N.W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. In 1893, 104 companies spent over $50,000 each on national advertising. Most sold patent medicines, which faded away after the federal food and drug legislation of the early 20th\",\n \"title\": \"American business history\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1839956\",\n \"text\": \"Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \\\"drop\\\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards. The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population. Williams' pioneering accomplishment was that he brought about the successful implementation of\",\n \"title\": \"Visa Inc.\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"628821\",\n \"text\": \"entrepreneur Clarence Saunders and his Piggly Wiggly stores. His first store opened in 1916. Saunders was awarded a number of patents for the ideas he incorporated into his stores. The stores were a financial success and Saunders began to offer franchises. The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, which was established in 1859, was another successful early grocery store chain in Canada and the United States, and became common in North American cities in the 1920s. The general trend since then has been to stock shelves at night so that customers, the following day, can obtain their own goods and\",\n \"title\": \"Supermarket\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"754778\",\n \"text\": \"example of a department store that has survived into current times Originally founded in 1838 as a lace and haberdashery store, it was revamped mid-century and opened as a department store in 1852. Many of the early department stores were more than just a retail emporium; rather they were venues where shoppers could spend their leisure time and be entertained. Some department stores offered reading rooms, art galleries and concerts. Most department stores had tea-rooms or dining rooms and offered treatment areas where ladies could indulge in a manicure. The fashion show, which originated in the US in around 1907,\",\n \"title\": \"Shopping\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2904036\",\n \"text\": \"and Canada then featured a MasterCard logo and 16-digit account number on the front, and could be used wherever MasterCards were accepted. Cards from other countries continued to bear a 14-digit account number on the front, with the MasterCard logo on the back. However, since the takeover of Diners Club International by Discover Financial Services, these cards have had the Discover logo on the back. Carte Blanche began in 1958 when the Hilton Hotels travel & entertainment card was renamed. Hilton sold Carte Blanche to First National City Bank in 1966. Regulatory challenges forced First National City Bank to sell\",\n \"title\": \"Diners Club International\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15151069\",\n \"text\": \"suburban strip malls. In 2003 the popularity of DVD surpassed VHS and by 2006 the technology had become obsolete. The introduction of the credit card complimented the appearance of the shopping mall. In 1968 a number of Canadian banks including the Bank of Nova Scotia, the Royal Bank of Canada, the Toronto-Dominion Bank and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce began issuing the Chargex credit card to customers. In 1977 these cards were reissued by the same banks under the VISA brand name. The MasterCard credit card became available to Canadians in 1973. The booming growth of the suburbs led\",\n \"title\": \"Technological and industrial history of 20th-century Canada\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11901397\",\n \"text\": \"that identified the issuer of the card as well as the customer account. This is the reason the modern UATP cards still start with the number 1. With an Air Travel Card, passengers could \\\"buy now, and pay later\\\" for a ticket against their credit and receive a fifteen percent discount at any of the accepting airlines. By the 1940s, all of the major US airlines offered Air Travel Cards that could be used on 17 different airlines. By 1941, about half of the airlines' revenues came through the Air Travel Card agreement. The airlines had also started offering installment\",\n \"title\": \"Credit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12275329\",\n \"text\": \"Foodmaster supermarkets were primarily located in shopping centers with other stores. It was unique in terms of its employee dress code. Cashiers and service and grocery clerks were required to wear a black apron, a white collared shirt, and a black bow tie. Also unique was its use of a conveyor belt/rollers for customers’ purchases in early years. Paper bags of groceries were loaded into Postal Service type baskets and sent through a front opening to customers’ cars with the help of employees. John DeJesus Sr. opened his first store in East Cambridge, MA in 1947. At the time of\",\n \"title\": \"Johnnie's Foodmaster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"279447\",\n \"text\": \"member-owned chain, although the modern Best Western operation shares many of the characteristics (such as centralized purchasing and reservation systems) of the later franchise systems. The earliest motel chains, proprietary brands for multiple properties built with common architecture, were born in the 1930s. The first of these were ownership chains, in which a small group of people owned and operated all of the motels under one common brand. Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts, founded 1929 in East Waco, Texas, was the first such chain with seven motor courts by 1936 and more than twenty by 1955. With Simmons furniture, Beautyrest mattresses\",\n \"title\": \"Motel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20107135\",\n \"text\": \"used in Home shopping channels including QVC and HSN. Primedia was one of the first to use toll-free telephone numbers in television ads to allow use of credit cards to order products in real-time. The company is a media buying and marketing firm based in Warwick, Rhode Island. PriMedia Inc PriMedia Inc is a media buying and marketing firm based in Rhode Island, U.S. The company was founded by Edward Valenti, James J. Cooney and Barry Becher, and helped pioneer infomercials, the use of credit cards and 800 numbers on Television ads, and the 30-minute infomercial format on shopping channels\",\n \"title\": \"PriMedia Inc\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1437706\",\n \"text\": \"location to use the intercom concept for drive-up windows. In 1951, Peterson converted the El Cajon Boulevard location into Jack in the Box, a hamburger stand focused on drive-through service. While the drive-through concept was not new, Jack in the Box innovated a two-way intercom system, the first major chain to use an intercom and the first to focus on drive-through. The intercom allowed much faster service than a traditional drive-up window; while one customer was being served at the window, a second and even a third customer's order could be taken and prepared. A giant clown projected from the\",\n \"title\": \"Jack in the Box\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4890892\",\n \"text\": \"originally thought to call the chain Humphrey's, riffing off of the down-home friendliness connoted by the Henry's Hamburgers chain that was already successful in the United States at the time (today, only one Henry's restaurant survives). As he was preparing to open the first restaurant in the summer of 1959, he saw an item in the now-defunct \\\"Toronto Telegram\\\" indicating that the John Harvey Motors car dealership in the city was closing, and the sign — which simply designated it \\\"Harvey's\\\" — was available. Mauran obtained the sign and posted it outside his flagship store. The first Harvey's location was\",\n \"title\": \"Harvey's\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6547237\",\n \"text\": \"for smaller denominations. Tokens are being phased out by many casinos in favor of coinless machines which accept banknotes and print receipts for payout. (These receipts - often nicknamed \\\"TITOs\\\" for Ticket-in, ticket-out, can also be inserted into the machines.) In video arcades, they are also being phased out in favor of magnetic cards, which can also count how many tickets one has, allowing arcades to also do away with paper tickets. Staff tokens were issued to staff of businesses in lieu of coins. In the 19th century the argument supporting payment to staff was the shortage of coin in\",\n \"title\": \"Token coin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2138814\",\n \"text\": \"operations than to divide its customer base. Furthermore, the demise of Simpsons came at a time when the Hudson's Bay Company was seriously controlling its operating costs in preparation of an eventual entrance to Canada by American giant Wal-Mart which was already conquering the retail landscape in its country and attracting Canadians living close to the border. While the Simpsons chain ceased to exist in 1991, the Hudson's Bay Company continued to accept Simpsons credit cards in its Bay and Zellers stores until the company launched the HBC credit card in 2001. The Simpsons store on Queen Street West in\",\n \"title\": \"Simpsons (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15570308\",\n \"text\": \"Amazon introduced the first public cloud computing service. It gave anyone with a credit card the ability to turn up computers on demand. Amazon managed the computers, the storage, and the bandwidth. Other vendors including Google, Rackspace, and Microsoft soon followed. It wasn't long before telephony services began migrating into the cloud. Cloud-based call recording services follow one of three models: The earliest services used the \\\"calling card\\\" model, making use of telephony service wholesalers. A sophisticated \\\"device-based redirect\\\" solutions appeared in the UK in 2009 to address newly introduced regulatory requirements. The first \\\"cloud-bridge\\\" service was introduced in the\",\n \"title\": \"Call-recording services\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5335370\",\n \"text\": \"They realized that many of the drivers would rather not get out of their cars to eat. They opened a restaurant called the Pig Stand, which had male carhops from its inception. The A&W corporate website actually claims to have opened the first carhop restaurant in 1923, just two years after the Pig Stand initiated carhops. The term itself, a play on the word \\\"bellhop\\\", was not used in print until 1937. Women soon replaced male carhops during World War II, because most American men left their jobs to join the military and restaurants quickly discovered that a pretty girl\",\n \"title\": \"Carhop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3221121\",\n \"text\": \"Products, co-founded MacDonald Oil Company, and founded Air Finance Corporation, one of the nation's first aircraft leasing businesses. In 1954, Barron was elected vice president of Hilton Hotels, running the company's franchise operations and creating the Carte Blanche credit card as a service to the company's customers. In 1959, sportsman Lamar Hunt offered Hilton the Los Angeles franchise in the new American Football League. Hilton named his team the Chargers, but denies that he did it to create synergy with his new credit card business. A fan had nominated the name in a contest, and Hilton selected it because of\",\n \"title\": \"Barron Hilton\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2292188\",\n \"text\": \"evolved in different ways in Britain, America and Europe, giving rise to wide variation in their format and design. The characteristic features of a trade card are that it is a small printed item, used by merchants and traders to give to their customers for their use as an aid to memory. Trade cards were sufficiently small so that they could be carried in the gentleman's pocket or lady's purse. In its original sense, the \\\"trade\\\" in \\\"trade card\\\" refers to its use by the proprietor of a business to announce his trade, or line of business. Trade cards were\",\n \"title\": \"Trade card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18153525\",\n \"text\": \"out of former Target stores in Rancho Cucamonga, California, Des Moines, Iowa, El Paso, Texas, and Indianapolis, Indiana, that each closed out merchandise in nearby distribution centers. In 1994, Kenneth Macke left the company, and Bob Ulrich succeeded him as the new chairman and CEO of Dayton-Hudson. In 1995, Target Stores opened its first SuperTarget hypermarket in Omaha, Nebraska. It closed the four Smarts units after only two years of operation. Its store count increased to 670 with $15.7 billion in sales. It launched the Target Guest Card, the discount retail industry's first store credit card. In 1996, J.C. Penney\",\n \"title\": \"History of Target Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2090877\",\n \"text\": \"that do not need to be paid in full every month. There is no late fee payable so long as the minimum payment is made at specified intervals (usually every thirty days). The balance of the account accrues interest, which may be backdated to the date of initial purchase. Charge cards are typically issued without spending limits, but credit cards usually have a specified credit limit that the cardholder may not exceed. Though originally charge account identification was paper-based, in 1959 American Express became the first charge card operator to issue embossed plastic cards to ISO/IEC 7810 ID-1 standard. Cards\",\n \"title\": \"Charge card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17978929\",\n \"text\": \"Lutz was the first one to sell it. But it's like how people claim they saw Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game or were at Woodstock. The landscape is littered with salesmen who say, 'Oh yeah, I was the first one to bring that in.' The first PBR I ever had was at the Jockey Club, this really old-school punk-rock bar on Killingsworth. As far as the very first ones, there was the Lutz and EJ's, and it's always been our thought that Lutz was first. In 2003, \\\"Willamette Week\\\" published an image of a man drinking Pabst at Lutz with a\",\n \"title\": \"Lutz Tavern\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3308251\",\n \"text\": \"whereas in the United States about US$80 billion was paid for gift cards in 2006. The recipient of a gift card can use it at their discretion within the restrictions set by the issue, for example as to validity period and businesses that accept a particular card. The first giftcard using a payments infrastructure was introduced by Neiman Marcus in late 1994, though Blockbuster Entertainment was the first company to do so at a wide scale, test-marketing them in 1995 and launching them around the country the next year. In the beginning, the Blockbuster giftcard replaced gift certificates that were\",\n \"title\": \"Gift card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14851174\",\n \"text\": \"countermeasures were introduced, mail order carding was rampant as early as 1992. A \\\"carder\\\" would obtain the credit card information for a local resident and then intercept delivery of the illegitimately purchased merchandise at the shipping address, often by staking out the porch of the residence. Small transactions generally undergo less scrutiny, and are less likely to be investigated by either the card issuer or the merchant. CNP merchants must take extra precaution against fraud exposure and associated losses, and they pay higher rates for the privilege of accepting cards. Fraudsters bet on the fact that many fraud prevention features\",\n \"title\": \"Card not present transaction\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482267\",\n \"text\": \"the UK. England had the first overseas branch of KFC which opened in Preston, Lancashire in May 1965, and was the first American fast food restaurant chain in the country, pre-dating the arrival of McDonald's, Burger King and Pizza Hut by almost a decade. Ray Allen, an experienced Lancashire caterer, was the first franchisee. The first London branch opened in North Finchley in November 1968. In 1971 there were 31 outlets; by 1975 the chain had grown to 250 outlets. In the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s, KFCs began to introduce seating. KFC opened its first drive through restaurant\",\n \"title\": \"KFC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5371844\",\n \"text\": \"large enough that it was relocated to the ground floor. Over time more products were added, and by 1969, Ann & Hope was a $40 million per year operation. Ann & Hope was one of the first self-service department stores, in which customers could look at items without sales personnel, and also was one of the first to use shopping carts in a department store. The original mill location also featured a large parking area, which was not common at the time, as well as a basement level with even more merchandise. A special shopping cart conveyor was operated by\",\n \"title\": \"Ann & Hope\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1577680\",\n \"text\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company The F. W. Woolworth Company (often referred to as Woolworth's or Woolworth) was a retail company and one of the original pioneers of the five-and-dime store. It was arguably the most successful American and international five-and-dime business, setting trends and creating the modern retail model that stores follow worldwide today. The first Woolworth store was opened by Frank Winfield Woolworth on February 22, 1878, as \\\"Woolworth's Great Five Cent Store\\\" in Utica, New York. Though it initially appeared to be successful, the store soon failed. When Woolworth searched for a new location, a friend suggested Lancaster,\",\n \"title\": \"F. W. Woolworth Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6419214\",\n \"text\": \"in downtown Portland. Differences of opinion between the brothers led to Henry's departure from the partnership, and over time, Meyer expanded Mybros into the Fred Meyer chain of supermarkets and department stores. A \\\"self-service drugstore\\\" that Meyer opened in 1928 in downtown Portland was considered the first of its kind in the nation. Meyer introduced innovative marketing concepts; he is often credited as one of the originators of the \\\"one-stop shopping\\\" concept, when in 1931, he built the Hollywood Fred Meyer, his first full-block megastore on Northeast Sandy Boulevard at 42nd Avenue in Portland (now a Rite Aid since the\",\n \"title\": \"Fred G. Meyer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767653\",\n \"text\": \"noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \\\"South Pacific\\\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \\\"First National City Charge Service\\\" credit card—popularly known as the\",\n \"title\": \"Citibank\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"112379\",\n \"text\": \"as Verified by Visa and MasterCard Secure Code), nor for most contactless transactions. In the United Kingdom, banks started to issue debit cards in the mid-1980s in a bid to reduce the number of cheques being used at the point of sale, which are costly for the banks to process; the first bank to do so was Barclays with the \\\"Barclays Connect\\\" card. As in most countries, fees paid by merchants in the United Kingdom to accept credit cards are a percentage of the transaction amount, which funds card holders' interest-free credit periods as well as incentive schemes such as\",\n \"title\": \"Debit card\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3412087\",\n \"text\": \"System. Despite being sold to John Hertz, Jacobs continued to serve as president and chief operating officer of Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System until 1961. After three years of ownership, John Hertz sold the rental car brand to General Motors Corporation in 1926, who later purchased the remaining shares of Yellow Truck and Coach Manufacturing Company in 1943. Under the ownership of General Motors, the company released the first rental car charge card in 1926, opened its first rental car location at Chicago's Midway Airport in 1932, and introduced the first one-way rental plan in 1933. Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System expanded services to\",\n \"title\": \"The Hertz Corporation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"256383\",\n \"text\": \"personal details are not collected so purchases appear not to be tracked. Vouchers are delivered at point of sale. After trials in 1994, Tesco launched its Clubcard program, the UK's first nationwide supermarket-only loyalty card scheme, in 1995 with dunnhumby. Sainsbury's launched its Reward Card in 1996. This was replaced by the Nectar card in 2002, which was launched in partnership with other major brands. Boots UK began planning a loyalty card in November 1993, but building a CRM-focussed loyalty program. With an investment in excess of GB£30 million, the Boots Advantage Card, launched in 1997, is the largest smart\",\n \"title\": \"Loyalty program\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Fuel card context: a system where a group of commercial fleets could access a fuel pump with a unique key that tracked solely their gallons through that pump. This technology is obsolete and no longer available commercially. A card lock control system uses a punch card or magnetic stripe card to uniquely identify a fuel buyer on a private server. This was done to avoid a credit card interchange fee which raised the cost of fuel considerably. The first commercial fuel cards resembled a credit card with a name and a company logo on them. When a customer entered a fueling station, the\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 164,\n \"origin_tokens\": 164,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: American Express context: consider the. At the end of 1957, American Express CEO Ralph Reed decided to get into the card business, and by the launch date of October 1, 1958, public interest had become so significant that 250,000 cards were issued prior to the official launch date. The card was launched with an annual fee of $6, $1 higher than Diners Club, to be seen as a premium product. The first cards were made of paper, with the account number and cardmember's name typed. In 1959, American Express began issuing embossed ISO/IEC 7810 plastic cards, an industry first. In 1966, American\\n\\ntitle W (businessman) context: an Atlanta-based supermarket. American Express entered the credit card industry in 1958 its own product, a pur charge card for travel and entertainment expenses. By the time was hired in 1961, American Card was number two in the industry behind Diners Club, still unprof, management was unsure about what to do with the business. They considered merging with Diners Club and also forming a joint venture with Hilton Hotels. The card at that time was primarily accepted in restaurants, hotels car rental companies and airlines were either reluctant to accept credit cards or\\n\\ntitle: EMV context the majority implementations of EMV cards and terminals confirm identity the cardholder by requiring the entry of a personal identification number (PIN rather signing paper rece. Whether or not P authentication takes place upon the capabilities of the and programming of the details this (specifically system implemented in the) see Chip and P, below., customer typically had hand their card to a cl a When first, merchants used mechanical (r\\n\\ntitle Express introduced the Gold Card. In4 the defining within, hasated broad. The Card was as- and $5 by Express with2 ofure history to applications9 American Express credit card product that did not have to be\\n\\nthe first credit cards were for use in what type of establishments?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 447,\n \"origin_tokens\": 13690,\n \"ratio\": \"30.6x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":85,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":85,"string":"85"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In which country was Ursula Andrews born?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["ISO 3166-1:CH","Svissland","Etymology of Switzerland","Confederation Helvetia","Swizerland","Confederatio Helvetica","Environmental Integrity Group","Confoederatio Helvetica","Svizra","SWITZERLAND","Confédération suisse","SwissEnergy","Schweitz","Švýcarsko","Die Schweiz","Schwitzerland","Confederation suisse","Der Schweiz","Swiss Confederated States","Suiza","Switz","Switzeland","Schweiz","Confederation Helvetica","Switserland","Suisse","Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft","Switzerland information","Confederaziun Svizra","Switzer land","Switzerland","Land of the Switzers","Swiss confederation","Confœderatio Helvetica","Swiss","Confederation Suisse","Confederation of Helvatia","Land of the Swiss","Confederaziun svizra","Svizzera","Swissland","Swizterland","Confédération Suisse","Confederazione Svizzera","Swiss Confederation"],"string":"[\n \"ISO 3166-1:CH\",\n \"Svissland\",\n \"Etymology of Switzerland\",\n \"Confederation Helvetia\",\n \"Swizerland\",\n \"Confederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Environmental Integrity Group\",\n \"Confoederatio Helvetica\",\n \"Svizra\",\n \"SWITZERLAND\",\n \"Confédération suisse\",\n \"SwissEnergy\",\n \"Schweitz\",\n \"Švýcarsko\",\n \"Die Schweiz\",\n \"Schwitzerland\",\n \"Confederation suisse\",\n \"Der Schweiz\",\n \"Swiss Confederated States\",\n \"Suiza\",\n \"Switz\",\n \"Switzeland\",\n \"Schweiz\",\n \"Confederation Helvetica\",\n \"Switserland\",\n \"Suisse\",\n \"Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft\",\n \"Switzerland information\",\n \"Confederaziun Svizra\",\n \"Switzer land\",\n \"Switzerland\",\n \"Land of the Switzers\",\n \"Swiss confederation\",\n \"Confœderatio Helvetica\",\n \"Swiss\",\n \"Confederation Suisse\",\n \"Confederation of Helvatia\",\n \"Land of the Swiss\",\n \"Confederaziun svizra\",\n \"Svizzera\",\n \"Swissland\",\n \"Swizterland\",\n \"Confédération Suisse\",\n \"Confederazione Svizzera\",\n \"Swiss Confederation\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Switzerland"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"8365645","text":"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"8365627","text":"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \"Osturmundingun\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \"Ostermundigen\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between","title":"Ostermundigen"},{"id":"14765513","text":"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"3936468","text":"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"14765522","text":"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal","title":"Ursula Graham Bower"},{"id":"2330529","text":"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"17697597","text":"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \"A God in Ruins\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning","title":"Life After Life (novel)"},{"id":"7362110","text":"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"11651067","text":"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be","title":"British Cypriots"},{"id":"19323262","text":"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas","title":"Valerie Ann Taylor"},{"id":"8044583","text":"Merkelová\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \"Michelle Obamová\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \"Ursula Le Guinová\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames","title":"Czech name"},{"id":"7525385","text":"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and","title":"Ursula Jeans"},{"id":"5239634","text":"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"12221872","text":"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as","title":"Ursula Fleming"},{"id":"19569683","text":"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"10690592","text":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a","title":"Susan Sutherland Isaacs"},{"id":"3331213","text":"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \"Forbes\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of","title":"Anna Vissi"},{"id":"20085306","text":"India.\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in","title":"India–Republic of Macedonia relations"},{"id":"1407928","text":"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \"Bloomberg\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \"Andrews\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when","title":"The Andrews Sisters"},{"id":"4922195","text":"\"Murphy Brown\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"5712470","text":"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of","title":"Sunita Williams"},{"id":"8939773","text":"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by the name \"Sophie\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"3756153","text":"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and","title":"Johann von Hoverbeck"},{"id":"2219899","text":"\"bear\" (\"ursula\" = diminutive of \"ursa\" \"female bear\"; \"ursinus\" = \"bear-like\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\"The Lady of Moge\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\"Malafrena\") It was involved in the First World War (\"Conversations at Night\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"2219898","text":"Air and Other Stories\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \"Orsinia\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \"ursus\"","title":"Orsinian Tales"},{"id":"20906045","text":"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"13382943","text":"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"7362114","text":"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who","title":"Ursula Appolloni"},{"id":"15231775","text":"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,","title":"Ursula Dronke"},{"id":"7543792","text":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess","title":"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"16417439","text":"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"15890626","text":"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then","title":"Rosemary Thomas"},{"id":"14089695","text":"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and","title":"Ursula Hoff"},{"id":"11065113","text":"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \"Parson Extraordinary\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \"The Rose of Norfolk\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\" She wrote her first book at the age of","title":"Ursula Bloom"},{"id":"13389974","text":"the board of the \"New Statesman\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\" (Virago, 1983) and \"Whose Cities\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"18792113","text":"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\"Heimatvertriebene\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.","title":"Ursula Haverbeck"},{"id":"707659","text":"European\". Morgan suggests that she was \"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \"Crawford\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at","title":"Anna Leonowens"},{"id":"12239521","text":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"13040591","text":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her","title":"Ursula Bagdasarjanz"},{"id":"13382944","text":"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \"[year] in poetry\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:","title":"1490s in poetry"},{"id":"12580393","text":"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born","title":"Americans"},{"id":"19691056","text":"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"14870579","text":"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable","title":"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson"},{"id":"15984533","text":"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \"Endless Race\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to","title":"Ursula Holden"},{"id":"4922193","text":"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as","title":"Paddi Edwards"},{"id":"11726427","text":"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,","title":"Ursula Merkin"},{"id":"2330544","text":"the set of \"Clash of the Titans\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as","title":"Ursula Andress"},{"id":"13389970","text":"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and","title":"Ursula Owen"},{"id":"20906047","text":"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his","title":"Ursula Barnett"},{"id":"20571986","text":"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’","title":"Isabel Ursula Teshea"},{"id":"13169703","text":"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and","title":"Barbados–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"12239522","text":"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the","title":"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom"},{"id":"4561254","text":"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \"censorship\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \"Zensursula\" nickname of the German minister Ursula","title":"Cecilia Malmström"},{"id":"3366555","text":"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a","title":"Angela Merici"},{"id":"16417443","text":"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \"Ursula Frayne\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June","title":"Ursula Frayne"},{"id":"19691062","text":"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\"Volkskammer\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\"Bundestag\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small","title":"Ursula Fischer"},{"id":"193405","text":"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \"Isle of Man Full Census\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.","title":"Isle of Man"},{"id":"4325882","text":"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"11628990","text":"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States","title":"Ursula Acosta"},{"id":"6234066","text":"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.","title":"W. M. Gorman"},{"id":"11632148","text":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is","title":"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations"},{"id":"7726490","text":"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \"Sabrina\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \"The Vengeance of She\" under","title":"Olga Schoberová"},{"id":"971018","text":"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \"Villa Colombaia\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \"Parthenope\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook","title":"Florence Nightingale"},{"id":"16558943","text":"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \"The Magic Roundabout\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing","title":"Ursula Eason"},{"id":"11912827","text":"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \"petrified\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in","title":"Mother Shipton's Cave"},{"id":"11939442","text":"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the","title":"Genetic history of the British Isles"},{"id":"14351809","text":"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are","title":"Milos Raonic"},{"id":"18168300","text":"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \"I pio omorfi mera\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual","title":"Sophia Patsalides"},{"id":"5300900","text":"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \"Yuzovka\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\"Yuz\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were","title":"Welsh people"},{"id":"14805569","text":"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \"Make a WISH\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,","title":"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia"},{"id":"19569677","text":"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in","title":"Ursula Katherine Duncan"},{"id":"5393583","text":"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \"Forbes\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \"Time\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \"Humanitarian of the Year\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née","title":"Rihanna"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"6310365","text":"for censorship (\"Zensur\") and her given name (\"Ursula\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \"child pornography is legal\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about","title":"Ursula von der Leyen"},{"id":"13394489","text":"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \"St Ursula’s Covent\" (or \"The Nun of Canada\") at the age","title":"Julia Catherine Beckwith"},{"id":"5239637","text":"Palm\". She has also had two \"New York Times\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \"The New York Times\", the \"Los Angeles Times\", and \"The Washington Post\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was","title":"Ursula Hegi"},{"id":"7424306","text":"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \"Cat Royal\" series and \"The Companions Quartet\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature","title":"Julia Golding"},{"id":"17472668","text":"\"Deep Rising\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \"Octaman\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \"The Little Mermaid\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \"Monster Shark\" (1984) and \"Sharktopus\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \"Finding Nemo\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \"Finding Dory\" features an East","title":"Cephalopods in popular culture"},{"id":"4325875","text":"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne","title":"Susanne Klatten"},{"id":"8514598","text":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \"Princess of Denmark\").","title":"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark"},{"id":"5891651","text":"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being","title":"George Henry Andrews"},{"id":"1343148","text":"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \"Čech\" , singular feminine: \"Češka\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,","title":"Czechs"},{"id":"17144984","text":"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \"Úrsula\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \"At the age of","title":"Maria Firmina dos Reis"},{"id":"8939782","text":"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \"Sophia\", however she now goes by","title":"Sophie Choudry"},{"id":"4674767","text":"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland","title":"Interrail"},{"id":"50330","text":"Greek word ἄρκτος (\"arktos\"), meaning bear, as do the names \"arctic\" and \"antarctic\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \"Great Bear\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \"Ursus\" come from Latin \"Ursus/Ursa\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \"Ursula\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \"little she-bear\" (diminutive of Latin \"ursa\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \"Urs\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \"Bär\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \"bear-brave\", \"bear-hardy\", or \"bold bear\".","title":"Bear"},{"id":"10047696","text":"\"Aussies\", and refer to Australia as \"Oz\" or \"down under\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The","title":"Australia–United Kingdom relations"},{"id":"20421334","text":"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \"au pair\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she","title":"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)"},{"id":"19540103","text":"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training","title":"Ursula Ragwitz"},{"id":"3936472","text":"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic","title":"Ursula Plassnik"},{"id":"9343225","text":"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former","title":"Theresa Andrews"},{"id":"18997400","text":"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she","title":"Jasmine Whitbread"},{"id":"16539891","text":"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \"Gazebo TV\". By","title":"By Way of the Stars"},{"id":"11808749","text":"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \"Brazilian Ukraine.\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,","title":"Ukrainian Brazilians"},{"id":"11985548","text":"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and","title":"Barbadian British"},{"id":"1767995","text":"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility","title":"Demographic transition"},{"id":"6566338","text":"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \"Villains\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \"Beauty and the Beast\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and \"Sleeping Beauty\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive","title":"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)"},{"id":"15759674","text":"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most","title":"Ewelina Hańska"},{"id":"3144507","text":"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary","title":"Stanley Unwin (publisher)"},{"id":"4295242","text":"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \"Journey to the River Sea\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time","title":"Eva Ibbotson"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"8365645\",\n \"text\": \"students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8365627\",\n \"text\": \"Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in 1239 as \\\"Osturmundingun\\\". In 1279 it was mentioned as \\\"Ostermundigen\\\". Ostermundigen developed from three medieval villages (the upper, middle and lower villages) which formed a single community. The three villages were surrounded by fourteen fields that were held as fiefs by various nobles. In between\",\n \"title\": \"Ostermundigen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765513\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal of reading Archaeology at Oxford. On her father's remarriage in 1932, Bower became the stepdaughter of children's writer\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936468\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic family. She was born in Klagenfurt on 23 May 1956. From 1971 to 1972 she was an exchange student at the Foxcroft School in Middleburg, Virginia, United States. She received a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1978 and a postgraduate Certificate of Advanced European Studies (equivalent to a\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14765522\",\n \"text\": \"(among other places), and who also captured film footage of her time in the field in the 1930s. Ursula Graham Bower Ursula Violet Graham Bower MBE (later known as U. V. G. Betts) (15 May 1914 – 12 November 1988), was one of the pioneer anthropologists in the Naga Hills between 1937–1946 and a guerrilla fighter against the Japanese in Burma from 1942–45. Born in 1914 in England, the daughter of Commander John Graham Bower, RN (1886–1940), Ursula Bower was educated at Roedean School; a shortage of family funds prevented her from finishing her school education and achieving her goal\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Graham Bower\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330529\",\n \"text\": \"Andress, the third of six children, was born in Ostermundigen, Canton of Bern, Switzerland to a German couple, Anna, a landscape gardener, and Rolf Andress, a German diplomat who was expelled from Switzerland for political reasons. He disappeared during World War II. She has a brother and four sisters. She went to school in Berne until she was 16 and became fluent in French, German and Italian. She studied art in Paris for a year, then went to Rome, where she did jobs such as nannying children. Andress was at a party when she met a producer who offered her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17697597\",\n \"text\": \"Life After Life (novel) Life After Life is a 2013 novel by Kate Atkinson. It is the first of two novels about the Todd family. The second, \\\"A God in Ruins\\\", was published in 2015. The novel has an unusual structure, repeatedly looping back in time to describe alternative possible lives for its central character, Ursula Todd, who is born on 11 February 1910 to an upper-middle-class family near Chalfont St Peter in Buckinghamshire. In the first version, she is strangled by her umbilical cord and stillborn. In later iterations of her life she dies as a child - drowning\",\n \"title\": \"Life After Life (novel)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362110\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who at the time was working at the Italian consulate in Liverpool, England. They married in 1958 in Italy where they resided until 1965. She became fluent in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11651067\",\n \"text\": \"Tracey Emin, who has a Turkish Cypriot father; and fashion designer Hussein Chalayan, who was born in Nicosia. Everton footballer Leon Osman has a Turkish Cypriot father. Politician Andrew Adonis's father is a Greek Cypriot who moved to the UK aged 18. British athlete and former world javelin champion Fatima Whitbread was born in London to a Turkish Cypriot mother and Greek Cypriot father, though she was later adopted. British Cypriots The British Cypriot community in the United Kingdom consists of British people born on, or with ancestors from, the Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus. British Cypriot people may be\",\n \"title\": \"British Cypriots\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19323262\",\n \"text\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor Valerie Ann Taylor, (born February 8, 1944) is a British-born Bangladeshi physiotherapist and philanthropist. She was awarded Independence Day Award in 2004 for her social work by the Government of Bangladesh. In 1998 she was granted Bangladeshi citizenship by the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She is often called the \\\"Mother Theresa of Bangladesh\\\". Taylor was born in Kent, England to Marie Taylor and William Taylor. She grew up living close to National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1969, Taylor came to Bangladesh, under contract for 15 months, with the Voluntary Service Overseas\",\n \"title\": \"Valerie Ann Taylor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8044583\",\n \"text\": \"Merkelová\\\"). Because gender-marked suffixes are inherited in the Czech grammar and also because the gender of a person could be told straight from the surname regardless of the context, Czechs tend to add a feminine suffix to the surnames of Czech as well as foreign women surnames. Thus, e.g. American first lady Michelle Obama is referred to as \\\"Michelle Obamová\\\" in the Czech press. Science Fiction writer Ursula Le Guin appears in Czech translations as \\\"Ursula Le Guinová\\\". This phenomenon is not universal, however. In recent years, there has been lively discussion whether or not to change foreign female surnames\",\n \"title\": \"Czech name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7525385\",\n \"text\": \"of Australia and New Zealand in 1956–1958. She continued to act into the 1970s and died of cancer in 1973, aged 66, some 18 months after her diagnosis. She shares a memorial plaque with her husband Roger in the actors' church St Paul's, Covent Garden. Ursula Jeans Ursula Jeans (born 5 May 1906 – 21 April 1973) was an English film, stage, and television actress. Ursula Jeans was born in Simla, British India, to English parents, and brought up and educated in London. She was the youngest of three siblings. Her brother Desmond Jeans was a boxer and actor, and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Jeans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239634\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12221872\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fleming Ursula Fleming (1930 in Liverpool – 1992 in London) was an English psychotherapist, Lay Dominican and author; she was considered an expert in her field of work. Fleming was educated at Crichton Royal Hospital in Dumfries in south west Scotland. She began developing pain control techniques, as she wanted to be a concert pianist and wanted to control her nerves. Her attempts to find a cure for her unsteady hands led her to find a technique, which she used to treat thousands of patients, and led to her follow a career in alternative medicine. Her technique, known as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fleming\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569683\",\n \"text\": \"1985 her sizeable collection of vascular plants with taxonomic significance was given to the Dundee Museum. The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh has her cryptogam collection including important lichen records and other material. Her mother was born Beatrice Dorothy Percy Weston. Her father had a successful naval career as a senior officer. In the year Ursula Duncan was born he started a War Office job in London, from which he retired in 1919. For much of his daughter's life he was a locally prominent landowner with a specialist interest in breeding Suffolk sheep. Frances Louise was Mrs. Frances Gunner at the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10690592\",\n \"text\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs Susan Sutherland Isaacs, CBE (née Fairhurst; 24 May 1885 – 12 October 1948; also known as Ursula Wise) was a Lancashire-born educational psychologist and psychoanalyst. She published studies on the intellectual and social development of children and promoted the nursery school movement. For Isaacs, the best way for children to learn was by developing their independence. She believed that the most effective way to achieve this was through play, and that the role of adults and early educators was to guide children's play. Isaacs was born in 1885 in Turton, Lancashire, the daughter of William Fairhurst, a\",\n \"title\": \"Susan Sutherland Isaacs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3331213\",\n \"text\": \"IFPI Greece and has become one of the country's best-selling artists of all time, having sold over 9.5 million records worldwide and is one of the country's top earning artists. In 2010, Alpha TV ranked Vissi as the second top-certified female artist in Greece in the phonographic era (since 1960), behind Haris Alexiou, while \\\"Forbes\\\" listed her as the 15th most powerful and influential celebrity in Greece and fourth highest ranked singer. Anna Vissi was born on 20 December 1957 in Pyla, Larnaca. She began singing from a very early age, starting her formal musical studies at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Vissi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20085306\",\n \"text\": \"India.\\\" His arrest in India in March 2014 was met with shock in Macedonia. Alexander the Great, the king of Macedon, began a campaign to conquer India in 326 BC, after conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. He fought a notable battle against Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the Jhelum river. Mother Teresa, who became an Indian citizen in 1951, was born in Skopje (in present-day Macedonia) in 1910. As of December 2016, there are 10 Indian citizens and people of Indian origin in Macedonia. They hold senior managerial positions in ArcelorMittal Steel, or work in\",\n \"title\": \"India–Republic of Macedonia relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1407928\",\n \"text\": \"Hall of Fame upon its opening in 1998. Writing for \\\"Bloomberg\\\", Mark Schoifet said the sisters became the most popular female vocal group of the first half of the 20th century. They are still widely acclaimed today for their famous close harmonies. They were inducted into the Minnesota Rock/Country Hall of Fame in May 2006. The sisters were born to Peter Andreos (anglicized to \\\"Andrews\\\" upon arriving in the US) and Olga (née Sollie); their father was Greek and their mother a Norwegian-American of the Lutheran faith. Patty, the youngest and the lead singer of the group, was 7 when\",\n \"title\": \"The Andrews Sisters\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922195\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Murphy Brown\\\", among numerous others. Edwards died of respiratory failure on October 18, 1999, aged 68, at her home in Encino, California. Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5712470\",\n \"text\": \"reside in Falmouth, Massachusetts. She is the youngest of three children. Her brother Jay Thomas is four years older and her sister Dina Annadj is three years older. Williams' paternal family is from Jhulasan, Mehsana district in Gujarat, India, while her maternal great-grandmother Mary Bohinc (originally Marija Bohinjec), born in Leše, Slovenia, immigrated to America as an eleven-year-old with her mother, 1891 Slovene emigrant Ursula (Strajhar) Bohinac. Williams graduated from Needham High School in Needham, Massachusetts, in 1983. She received a Bachelor of Science degree in physical science from the United States Naval Academy in 1987, and a Master of\",\n \"title\": \"Sunita Williams\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939773\",\n \"text\": \"Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by the name \\\"Sophie\\\". She has one elder brother. Choudry studied at London School of Economics, graduating in European politics and French and is also a gold medalist from the London Academy of\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3756153\",\n \"text\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck Johann von Hoverbeck (1 December 1606 — 6 April 1682) was a Prussian diplomat. Hoverbeck's parents were \\\"Nikolaus von Hoverbeck\\\", a derivative of a Flemish noble family, who emigrated in 1570 from Brabant to the Margraviate of Brandenburg, and \\\"Ursula Gutteter-Dobrodziejski\\\", a derivative from a patrician family in Kraków. Johann von Hoverbeck, born in Aleksandrowice, a manor in the vicinity of Kraków, since 1614 attended the high school in Danzig (Gdańsk). Since 1624 he undertook an extended educational journey through Europe and visited France (Paris, University of Sedan), the Netherlands, England (University of Oxford, London), Italy and\",\n \"title\": \"Johann von Hoverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219899\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"bear\\\" (\\\"ursula\\\" = diminutive of \\\"ursa\\\" \\\"female bear\\\"; \\\"ursinus\\\" = \\\"bear-like\\\"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should bear her name. The history of Orsinia follows, in general, that of other countries of Central Europe, particularly those formerly part of Austria-Hungary. Formerly an independent kingdom (\\\"The Lady of Moge\\\"), by the 19th century it was a dependency of the Austrian Empire (\\\"Malafrena\\\") It was involved in the First World War (\\\"Conversations at Night\\\"), and was thereafter independent for a while. Its fate in World War II is not mentioned, but in 1946 or 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2219898\",\n \"text\": \"Air and Other Stories\\\" 1996). The last-named story extends Orsinian history to the time of the downfall of Communism in Orsinia – and the rest of Eastern Europe – in the winter of 1989. The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe, at different times in the period 1150-1965 (though only two take place before the 20th century). This country, \\\"Orsinia\\\", appears in Le Guin's earliest writings, and was invented by Le Guin when she was a young adult learning her craft as a writer. The names Orsinia and Ursula are both derived from Latin \\\"ursus\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orsinian Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906045\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his business in Cape Town, the International Press\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382943\",\n \"text\": \"1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7362114\",\n \"text\": \"later. Fellow Liberal Charles Caccia described her as \\\"a person with a very big social conscience, with a particular interest in pensioners, women's rights and social justice.\\\" Ursula Appolloni Ursula Appolloni (7 December 1929 – 28 December 1994) was a Canadian politician. She served in the House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament for the Toronto ridings of York South and York South—Weston from 1974 to 1984. Appolloni was born in Cavan, Ireland as Ursula Carroll, and she served in Britain's Women's Royal Air Force from 1948 to 1950. In 1954 she met her future husband, Lucio, who\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Appolloni\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15231775\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Dronke Ursula Miriam Dronke (née Brown, 3 November 1920 – 8 March 2012) was a medievalist and former Vigfússon Reader in Old Norse at the University of Oxford and an Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. She also taught at the University of Munich and in the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at Cambridge University. Born in Sunderland and raised in Newcastle upon Tyne, where her father was a lecturer at Newcastle University, Ursula Brown began her studies as an undergraduate at the University of Tours in 1939, returning to England and enrolling in Somerville College, University of Oxford,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Dronke\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7543792\",\n \"text\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia (; 28 June 1929 – 7 May 1990) was born in Bled, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, subsequently Kingdom of Yugoslavia, now Slovenia. He was the youngest child of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (1888–1934) and Maria of Yugoslavia (1900–1961), daughter of King Ferdinand of Romania (1865–1927) and Marie of Edinburgh (1875–1938). After the fall of the monarchy in Yugoslavia, he went into exile in London, where, after graduating in mathematics from Clare College, Cambridge University, he became an insurance broker. On 2 August 1956, he married his third cousin-once-removed Princess\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Andrew of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417439\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June 1885), born Clara Frayne, was an Irish nun who became a Mother Superior of the Sisters of Mercy and spent her life in missionary work, initially in Canada but largely in Australia developing schools and academies. Clara Frayne was born to a wealthy businessman Robert Frayne, and his wife, Bridget, in Dublin, Ireland. She entered Baggot street with Catherine McCauley the then recently formed Institute of Mercy in Dublin in 1834 and took Ursula in place of her baptismal name. She was appointed Mother Superior in 1842, taking charge of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15890626\",\n \"text\": \"Rosemary Thomas Rosemary Thomas OBE (born 17 July 1964) is a British diplomat who was Ambassador to Belarus 2009–12. She was born Rosemary O'Brien in Liverpool to a catholic family. She attended the Bellerive Girls' School (also known as the Bellerive Convent Grammar School), which was then a catholic girls' direct grant grammar school, and is now the Bellerive FCJ Catholic College. She then attended the University of Leeds where she gained a BA degree in Russian. She joined the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in 1990. From 1997–8 she was a Desk Officer at the Asia–Europe Meeting Summit, then\",\n \"title\": \"Rosemary Thomas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14089695\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Hoff Ursula Hoff (26 December 1909 in London, UK – 10 January 2005 in Melbourne) – Australian scholar, academic, curator, writer, critic, and lecturer; Deputy Director of the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (1968–1973); London Adviser of the Felton Bequest (1975–83); author of numerous books, catalogues, articles, reviews, and scholarly publications on art. Ursula Hoff was born on 26 December 1909 in London to Hans Leopold Hoff, Hamburg-based German Jewish merchant, and his wife, née Thusnelde Margarethe (Tussi) Bulcke, of a German Lutheran upper-middle-class family. Shortly after her birth, the family moved to Hamburg, where Ursula grew up and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hoff\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11065113\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bloom Ursula Bloom (1892–1984) was a British novelist. Born 11 December 1892 in Springfield, Chelmsford, Essex, Ursula Harvey Bloom was the daughter of the Reverend James Harvey Bloom, whom she wrote about in a biography entitled \\\"Parson Extraordinary\\\". She also wrote about her great-grandmother, Frances Graver (born 1809) who was of gypsy (Diddicoy) birth. Graver became known as \\\"The Rose of Norfolk\\\", (the title of the book by Ursula Bloom). Ursula Bloom lived for a number of years in Stratford-upon-Avon, which was the subject of her book, \\\"Rosemary for Stratford-upon-Avon\\\" She wrote her first book at the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bloom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389974\",\n \"text\": \"the board of the \\\"New Statesman\\\" and the committee of the Royal Literary Fund. She has lived in Egypt, Lebanon and the United States. Owen is the editor of \\\"Fathers: Reflections by Daughters\\\" (Virago, 1983) and \\\"Whose Cities\\\" (with Mark Fisher), published by Penguin in 1991. Owen has one daughter and four granddaughters. Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18792113\",\n \"text\": \"In November 2015, at the age of 87, she was sentenced to ten months' imprisonment for Holocaust denial. Several additional convictions in the fall of 2016 led to further such sentences. She has unsuccessfully appealed all sentences, since 7 May 2018 she is serving her latest 2-year jail sentence after being picked up at her home by German police. Born at Winterscheid (today part of Gilserberg) in Hesse, Ursula Haverbeck-Wetzel, by her own account, lived in Sweden for four years as a homeland displaced person (\\\"Heimatvertriebene\\\") from East Prussia and studied pedagogy, philosophy and linguistics, including two years in Scotland.\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Haverbeck\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"707659\",\n \"text\": \"European\\\". Morgan suggests that she was \\\"most likely ... Anglo-Indian (of mixed race) born in India.\\\" Anna's mother, Mary Anne Glascott, was born in 1815 or 1816. For most of her adult life, Anna Edwards had no contact with her family and took pains to disguise her origins by claiming that she had been born with the surname \\\"Crawford\\\" in Caernarfon and giving her father's rank as Captain. By doing so, she protected not only herself but her children, who would have had greater opportunities if their possibly mixed-race heritage remained unknown. Investigations uncovered no record of her birth at\",\n \"title\": \"Anna Leonowens\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239521\",\n \"text\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the UK being a popular\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13040591\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz Ursula Bagdasarjanz (born 30 June 1934 in Winterthur) is a Swiss violinist. Ursula Bagdasarjanz was born in Winterthur, Switzerland, to a mother who was herself a violinist. The seeds of Ursula's musical talent were sown in the cradle, or, as she herself believes, were bestowed as a gift to accompany her through life. Her father, Samuel Bagdasarjanz was born in Romania, whence his family emigrated to Switzerland. Through her mother, Margrit Weiss, born in Switzerland, Ursula learned at an early age to express herself on her instrument. In 1944, at the age of ten, Ursula Bagdasarjanz gave her\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Bagdasarjanz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13382944\",\n \"text\": \"Other events: 16th century: 1490s in poetry Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France). 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Death years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article. There are conflicting or unreliable sources for the birth years of many people born in this period; where sources conflict, the poet is listed again and the conflict is noted: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495: 1496: 1497: 1498: 1499: Birth years link to the corresponding \\\"[year] in poetry\\\" article: 1490: 1491: 1492: 1493: 1494: 1495:\",\n \"title\": \"1490s in poetry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12580393\",\n \"text\": \"any of the original peoples of Europe. This includes people via African, North American, Caribbean, Central American or South American and Oceanian nations that have a large European descended population. The Spanish were some of the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the United States in 1565. Martín de Argüelles born 1566, San Agustín, La Florida then a part of New Spain, was the first person of European descent born in what is now the United States. Twenty-one years later, Virginia Dare born 1587 Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina, was the first child born\",\n \"title\": \"Americans\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691056\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small but long established town in the\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14870579\",\n \"text\": \"parole in 2011 before returning to Sweden. Sabina Eriksson and her identical twin sister, Ursula Eriksson, were born in Sweden on 3 November 1967, and grew up in Sunne, Värmland, with an older sister named Mona and an older brother named Björn. In their youth there was no apparent history of mental health issues or criminal convictions, and by the year 2000, Ursula was living in the U.S. while Sabina was living in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland with her partner and two children. Ursula visited Sabina on Friday 16 May 2008, but for reasons that were unclear, the suddenly inseparable\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula and Sabina Eriksson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15984533\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Holden Ursula Holden (born 8 August 1921) is an English novelist, author of thirteen novels often inspired by her time spent in Ireland. Her first novel, \\\"Endless Race\\\", was published when she was 54. Ursula Holden was born 8 August 1921, in Bridport, Dorset, fourth daughter of five children of Una and Andrew Holden. Her father worked abroad, mostly in Egypt and Holden was educated at home by a governess before going to high school, aged 11, and then to board at St Michael's School, Bognor Regis, at the age of 15. After World War II, Holden went to\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Holden\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4922193\",\n \"text\": \"Paddi Edwards Patricia Mary Ursula Edwards (March 8, 1931 – October 18, 1999), known as Paddi Edwards, was an English-born American actress. She worked steadily in film and television. Raised in Wotton-under-Edge, the elder of two daughters of James and Rosemary (née Hughes) Edwards. She and her parents moved to the United States, where her younger sister, Loraine, was born. The family settled in Waban, Massachusetts. She became a naturalized United States citizen on December 15, 1952. She found a niche in television movies and, towards the end of her life, doing voiceover work in projects for Disney, such as\",\n \"title\": \"Paddi Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11726427\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Merkin Ursula Merkin (1919–2006) was a German-born American philanthropist. She was born in Frankfurt, Germany to Isaac Breuer, a noted German Rabbi, as Ursula (Sara) Breuer. In 1933, at the age of fourteen, she left Germany with her family for Palestine. She remained there with her father, to whom she was very close, until his death in Jerusalem in 1946, at the age of 63. Shortly thereafter, she emigrated to the United States, where she found a teaching position at a Jewish girls' school in Paterson, New Jersey. In 1950 she met and married Hermann Merkin, a German-Jewish businessman,\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Merkin\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2330544\",\n \"text\": \"the set of \\\"Clash of the Titans\\\" in 1979. She gave birth to their son, Dimitri Hamlin, on 19 May 1980. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved into close friend Linda Evans’ Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although an engagement was announced, the couple never married. In 1983, Hamlin broke up with her. Ursula Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex symbol, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films. She is best known for her breakthrough role as\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Andress\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13389970\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Owen Ursula Margaret Owen (born 21 January 1937) is an English publisher, editor and campaigner for free expression. She was born Ursula Margaret Sachs in Oxford, England, to Emma Boehm and Werner Sachs, a chemical engineer who became managing director of a multinational company dealing with non-ferrous metals. Her parents were German Jews, and Owen spent the first 18 months of her life in Berlin, after which the family was forced to leave Nazi Germany and came to London. Owen was educated at Putney High School and from there went to St Hugh's College, where she studied medicine and\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Owen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20906047\",\n \"text\": \"and was active in local anti-apartheid politics. Ursula Barnett Ursula A. Barnett (died 2016) was a German-South African businesswoman, literary scholar and political activist. Ursula Barnett was born in Slovenia to Jewish parents: her father Felix Gross was a writer and journalist, and her mother Elsa Rosenbaum a piano teacher and masseuse. She grew up in Berlin until the family escaped Nazism to Cape Town, South Africa. She gained a degree at Rhodes University, an MA from the University of Cape Town and an MSc in journalism from Columbia University. When her father died in 1961, she took over his\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Barnett\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20571986\",\n \"text\": \"Isabel Ursula Cadogan was born on 24 July 1911 in San Fernando, on the island of Trinidad, in the British West Indies's colony of Trinidad and Tobago, to Maude and Thomas Cadogan. Her father was a tailor and soon after her birth, the family moved to Princes Town, where Cadogan grew up and attended the Government Primary School. Having little access to secondary education, common in the country at that time, Cadogan continued her education under the pupil-teacher system. While working as a student teacher, she began organizing student clubs arranging concerts, dances and speaking events. She founded a boys’\",\n \"title\": \"Isabel Ursula Teshea\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13169703\",\n \"text\": \"21,000 Barbadian born people residing in the UK (the largest Barbadian born diaspora on earth). Barbadians constitute the second largest Afro-Caribbean group in the UK. Barbados–United Kingdom relations Barbados–United Kingdom relations are the relations between the governments of Barbados and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). The historical ties between the two countries are long and complex, including settlement, post-colonialism and modern bilateral relations. The two countries are related through common history spanning three-hundred and thirty-nine years (1627–1966). Since the Barbadian date of independence, these nations continue to share ties through the Commonwealth of Nations, and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbados–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12239522\",\n \"text\": \"destination for Mauritian emigrants. Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom are British people with Mauritian descent, or who were born in Mauritius. The 2001 UK Census recorded 27,078 Mauritian-born people living in the UK. The 2011 UK Census recorded 40,890 Mauritian-born residents in England, 434 in Wales, 571 in Scotland, and 83 in Northern Ireland. The Office for National Statistics estimates that in 2014, 41,000 people born in Mauritius were resident in the UK. Up until 1968, Mauritius was under British rule, and the nation remains very closely linked to the UK, hence the\",\n \"title\": \"Mauritian diaspora in the United Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4561254\",\n \"text\": \"duty for EU member states to block access to child pornography on the Internet. Critics interpret that as the creation of a net censorship infrastructure which would not help children, but would indeed be counterproductive and a dangerous threat to democracy. NGOs working for children's rights, such as Save the Children and NSPCC, have, however, defended the proposal. Malmström was quickly rewarded with the nickname 'Censilia' on the social web and in – mostly German – dailies, a portmanteau word blending the word \\\"censorship\\\" and her given name (“Cecilia”), in imitation of the \\\"Zensursula\\\" nickname of the German minister Ursula\",\n \"title\": \"Cecilia Malmström\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3366555\",\n \"text\": \"Angela Merici Angela Merici, or Angela de Merici (; 21 March 1474 – 27 January 1540), was an Italian religious educator, who is honored as a saint by the Catholic Church. She found the Company of St. Ursula in 1535 in Brescia, in which women dedicated their lives to the service of the Church through the education of girls. From this organization later sprang the monastic Order of Ursulines, whose nuns established places of prayer and learning throughout Europe and, later, worldwide, most notably in North America. Merici was born in 1474 on a farm near Desenzano del Garda, a\",\n \"title\": \"Angela Merici\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16417443\",\n \"text\": \"Kilmore, Victoria in 1875. Mother Ursula died in Nicholson Street, Fitzroy on 9 June 1885, aged 68. A Gothic chapel to her memory was built by her successor in the convent grounds. Her remains are buried in a vault in the chapel under a Celtic cross, reminding all of her origins. She is commemorated in the name of the Ursula Frayne Catholic College, Perth, Western Australia- and also in the dementia ward of Mercy Place, Albury; renamed in 2014 to commemorate \\\"Ursula Frayne\\\". St Vincent de Paul's Orphanage, Melbourne. 1855-1967 Ursula Frayne Ursula Frayne (5 October 1816 – 9 June\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Frayne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19691062\",\n \"text\": \"she was no longer a candidate. Ursula Fischer Ursula Fischer (born Ursula Bätz; 6 September 1952) is a German former national politician (PDS). In 1990, as a result of East Germany's first (and as matters turned out last) free and democratic national election, she was elected of the country's national parliament (\\\"Volkskammer\\\"). Following reunification, she was of the German Upper legislative assembly (\\\"Bundestag\\\") between 1990 and 1994. She then pursued a career in regional politics before returning in 2004 to her earlier vocation as a physician. Ursula Bätz was born in Steinach in the East German Bezirk Suhl, a small\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Fischer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"193405\",\n \"text\": \"country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were the largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\",\n \"title\": \"Isle of Man\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325882\",\n \"text\": \"was sentenced in 2012 to seven years in prison. Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11628990\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Acosta Dr. Ursula Acosta, Ph.D. (January 14, 1933) is one of the founding members of the Puerto Rican Genealogical Society, who has studied and written many works on the subject. She was also a psychologist and retired professor of the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. Acosta, (birth name: Ursula Schmidt) was born in Hanover, Germany to Hans Schmidt and Irma Ulrich. In 1935, her family moved to Leipzig, where she received her primary education. In 1947 her family relocated and moved to Dieburg. In 1952, she met Corporal Sebastian Acosta Ronda, a Puerto Rican in the United States\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Acosta\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6234066\",\n \"text\": \"but his keen eye for applications has given his work a lasting influence on modern economics. Gorman was born in Kesh in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, on 17 June 1923. He spent his early childhood in Lusaka, Rhodesia, where his African nanny called him Terence, saying that William was not a proper Irish name; he was subsequently known as Terence, or 'Terry', throughout his life. After his father was shot dead when Gorman was only four years old, he returned with his mother and her staff to her family estate in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, where he was brought up.\",\n \"title\": \"W. M. Gorman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11632148\",\n \"text\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations Saint Kitts and Nevis – United States relations are bilateral relations between Saint Kitts and Nevis and the United States. Since St. Kitts and Nevis attained full independence in 1983, relations with the United States have been friendly. Alexander Hamilton, an important leader in the founding of the United States, was born in Charleston, Nevis. The United States seeks to help St. Kitts and Nevis develop economically and to help strengthen its moderate, democratic, parliamentary form of government. St. Kitts and Nevis is a beneficiary of the U.S. Caribbean Basin Initiative. U.S. assistance is\",\n \"title\": \"Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7726490\",\n \"text\": \"films. She was often compared with Brigitte Bardot and Ursula Andress. Olga Schoberová Olga Schoberová or Olinka Bérová born March 15, 1943 in Prague, Czech Republic (then Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia), Czech-American actress. Olga was married to Brad Harris on 16 November 1967 and divorced in 1969 with one daughter, Babrinka, called \\\"Sabrina\\\". She married John Calley on December 30, 1972, and divorced almost exactly 20 years later, in December 1992. She is fluent in German and Russian. Olga Schoberová acted in 22 Czech, German, Italian and American movies. In 1968 she appeared in \\\"The Vengeance of She\\\" under\",\n \"title\": \"Olga Schoberová\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"971018\",\n \"text\": \"writing, including her extensive work on religion and mysticism, has only been published posthumously. Florence Nightingale was born on 12 May 1820 into a rich, upper-class, well-connected British family at the \\\"Villa Colombaia\\\", in Florence, Tuscany, Italy, and was named after the city of her birth. Florence's older sister Frances Parthenope had similarly been named after her place of birth, \\\"Parthenope\\\", a Greek settlement now part of the city of Naples. The family moved back to England in 1821, with Nightingale being brought up in the family's homes at Embley, Hampshire and Lea Hurst, Derbyshire. Florence inherited a liberal-humanitarian outlook\",\n \"title\": \"Florence Nightingale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16558943\",\n \"text\": \"pedestrian series of five-minute children's programmes the BBC had acquired from France into what became a cult classic, \\\"The Magic Roundabout\\\". Ursula Eason was born on 19 August 1910 in Streatham, London, the fifth of six children born to auctioneer and surveyor Edward Eason and his wife Aisling, also known as Nancy, née Bruton. She attended the Mount Nod School in Streatham, followed by University College London, from where she graduated with a degree in English. After completing a secretarial course she spent nine months working as a secretary to the assistant manager of The Times Book Club. Her long-standing\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Eason\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11912827\",\n \"text\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave Mother Shipton's Cave (or \\\"Old Mother Shipton's Cave\\\") is at Knaresborough, North Yorkshire, England, near to the River Nidd. Nearby is a petrifying well which is the oldest entrance-charging tourist attraction in England, open since 1630. The water of the well is rich in sulphate and carbonate which is deposited as a ramp and screen below, and in which artefacts are \\\"petrified\\\" (encrusted) as a tourist attraction. The place is associated with the legendary soothsayer and prophetess Mother Shipton (c. 1488 - 1561), born Ursula Southeil, wife of Toby Shipton. According to legend she was born in\",\n \"title\": \"Mother Shipton's Cave\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11939442\",\n \"text\": \"H to be dominant in Ireland and Wales. A few differences were found between North, Mid and South Wales. There was a closer link between North and Mid Wales than either had with the South. Sykes found that 10% of the Irish population were in Haplogroup U5 called Ursula. He calculated a date of 7,300 BC for the entry of this lineage into Ireland. Similar dates were proposed for the other mitochondrial haplogroups, implying that mitochondrial lines in Ireland are far older there than the arrival of Iron Age Celts. Little difference was found between the maternal clans in the\",\n \"title\": \"Genetic history of the British Isles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14351809\",\n \"text\": \"91% of service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Every one of his singles titles has been won on hard courts. His overall winning percentage of 68.5% is one of the highest amongst currently active players. Raonic was born on December 27, 1990, in Titograd, SFR Yugoslavia (now Podgorica, Montenegro), and is of Serb heritage. Prompted by the political unrest in the Balkans, and seeking more professional opportunities, his family moved to Canada in 1994 when he was three, settling in Brampton, Ontario. His parents are\",\n \"title\": \"Milos Raonic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18168300\",\n \"text\": \"Sophia Patsalides Sophia Patsalidou (, born 16 December 2000), known professionally as Sophia Patsalides (), is a Greek Cypriot teen singer. She represented her nation at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with her song \\\"I pio omorfi mera\\\" (The most wonderful day). Sophia was born on 16 December 2000 in Nicosia, the capital city of Cyprus. She has been interested in music since she was little and started singing when she was 3. She grew up listening to pop artists, such as Beyoncé. On 21 July 2014, Sophia Patsalides was internally selected to represent Cyprus at the 12th annual\",\n \"title\": \"Sophia Patsalides\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5300900\",\n \"text\": \"Mandan, a Native American tribe of the central United States, are Welsh emigrants who reached North America under Prince Madog in 1170. The Ukrainian city of Donetsk was founded in 1869 by a Welsh businessman, John Hughes (an engineer from Merthyr Tydfil) who constructed a steel plant and several coal mines in the region; the town was thus named \\\"Yuzovka\\\" (Юзовка) in recognition of his role in its founding (\\\"Yuz\\\" being a Russian or Ukrainian approximation of Hughes). Former Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Wales. After she suffered from bronchopneumonia as a child, her parents were\",\n \"title\": \"Welsh people\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14805569\",\n \"text\": \"medical therapies for critically ill patients. He has organized in Monte Carlo (June 19, 2015) a very important Charity-dinner to support the \\\"Make a WISH\\\" project of the Serbian Embassy of the Sovereign Order of Malta (www.orderofmalta.org.rs)/> Prince Michael of Yugoslavia Prince Michael of Yugoslavia, (, Michael Nicolas Paul George Maria, born 18 June 1958 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Hauts-de-Seine, Île-de-France, France) is an investment executive, socialite and philanthropist. He was formerly a real estate broker. Prince Michael is a member of the House of Karađorđević and a Prince of Yugoslavia as a patrilineal descendant of Alexander Karađorđević, Prince of Serbia. Michael,\",\n \"title\": \"Prince Michael of Yugoslavia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19569677\",\n \"text\": \"botanical interests, she took charge of the Duncan family’s Scottish estate. She was born on 17 September 1910 in Kensington to Dorothy Duncan née Weston and Commander John Alexander Duncan CB RN. The family, including her younger sister Frances, lived in London when the girls were little but moved to their estate at Parkhill near Arbroath when Ursula was nine. Soon after that she started to take an interest in plants, accompanying her father on expeditions to study flowers, and joining the Wild Flower Society. She had a governess for a time, but studied independently too, getting a distinction in\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Katherine Duncan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5393583\",\n \"text\": \"award from the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2014. In 2012, \\\"Forbes\\\" ranked her the fourth most powerful celebrity, while \\\"Time\\\" included her on the annual list of the most influential people in the world in 2012 and 2018. Rihanna was named Harvard University's \\\"Humanitarian of the Year\\\" by the Harvard Foundation in early 2017. She was appointed as an Ambassador on behalf of the government of Barbados in 2018, with her duties involving the promotion of education, tourism and investment. Robyn Rihanna Fenty was born on 20 February 1988, in Saint Michael, Barbados. Her mother, Monica (née\",\n \"title\": \"Rihanna\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6310365\",\n \"text\": \"for censorship (\\\"Zensur\\\") and her given name (\\\"Ursula\\\"). The combination of a sensitive topic like child pornography and internet censorship is said to have caused a rising interest in the Pirate Party. In July 2009 she referred to the problems of struggling against paedophile pornography on the internet as the responsible persons often use servers located in Africa or India, where \\\"child pornography is legal\\\". This claim was based on a study by the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children in 2006; however, child pornography is in fact illegal in India. Indeed, Indian society has much stricter rules about\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula von der Leyen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13394489\",\n \"text\": \"Nova Scotia that she incorporated her experiences through her novels. Two years after Beckwith wrote her novel, her father died in a drowning accident and in 1820 and she was sent to live in Upper Canada (Kingston) with family where she would establish a boarding school for girls and meet and then marry George Henry Hart (between 1822–1824). Beckwith’s mother had renounced her Roman Catholic faith and shared her husbands Methodist views, yet it was her mother’s religious background that would provide the subject matter of Canada’s first novel \\\"St Ursula’s Covent\\\" (or \\\"The Nun of Canada\\\") at the age\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Catherine Beckwith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5239637\",\n \"text\": \"Palm\\\". She has also had two \\\"New York Times\\\" Notable Book mentions. She has written many book reviews for \\\"The New York Times\\\", the \\\"Los Angeles Times\\\", and \\\"The Washington Post\\\". Ursula Hegi Ursula Hegi (born May 23, 1946) is a German-born American writer. She is currently an instructor in the MFA program at Stony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Hegi\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7424306\",\n \"text\": \"Julia Golding Julia Golding (born March 1969), pen names Joss Stirling and Eve Edwards, is a British novelist best known for her \\\"Cat Royal\\\" series and \\\"The Companions Quartet\\\". Born in London, she grew up on the edge of Epping Forest. She originally read English at the University of Cambridge. She then joined the Foreign Office and worked in Poland. Her work as a diplomat took her many places including the Tatra Mountains and the bottom of a Silesian coal mine. Upon leaving Poland, she turned her attention to academic studies and took a doctorate in English Romantic Period literature\",\n \"title\": \"Julia Golding\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17472668\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Deep Rising\\\" (1998) both feature squid. Octopuses have also been depicted in cinema as hybrids, such as in \\\"Octaman\\\", which features a mutant humanoid octopus. In the Disney animated movie \\\"The Little Mermaid\\\", Ursula (the sea witch) is depicted as a human-octopus hybrid with the torso of a woman and the arms of an octopus in place of her legs. \\\"Monster Shark\\\" (1984) and \\\"Sharktopus\\\" (2010) feature fish-octopus hybrids. Cephalopods have been depicted in animated feature films for family audiences. \\\"Finding Nemo\\\" (2003) includes a flapjack octopus among its cast of aquatic characters. The sequel \\\"Finding Dory\\\" features an East\",\n \"title\": \"Cephalopods in popular culture\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4325875\",\n \"text\": \"Susanne Klatten Susanne Klatten (born Susanne Hanna Ursula Quandt on 28 April 1962) is a German heiress, the daughter of Herbert and Johanna Quandt. As of March 2018, her net worth was US$25.1 billion, making her the richest woman in Germany and the 38th richest person in the world. Klatten was born in Bad Homburg, Germany. After gaining a degree in business finance, she worked for the advertising agency Young & Rubicam in Frankfurt from 1981 to 1983. This was followed by a course in marketing and management at the University of Buckingham, and an MBA from IMD in Lausanne\",\n \"title\": \"Susanne Klatten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8514598\",\n \"text\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark () (26 June 1914 – 24 November 2001) was the fourth child and youngest daughter of Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark and Princess Alice of Battenberg. The Duke of Edinburgh is her younger brother. Sophie was born at Villa Mon Repos on the island of Corfu in Greece. Sophie's father was the fourth son of King George I of Greece and Grand Duchess Olga Konstantinovna of Russia. Through King George, she was a great-granddaughter of King Christian IX of Denmark (hence her subsidiary title, \\\"Princess of Denmark\\\").\",\n \"title\": \"Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5891651\",\n \"text\": \"George Henry Andrews George Henry Andrews (1926 – September 3, 1997) was a Liberian sports journalist and later minister of Tourism and Cultural Affairs of Liberia. He presided over a pivotal election in the 1990s. Andrews was born in Cape Palmas, Liberia in 1926., His father, Lawrence Andrews, had impregnated a native girl and felt too ashamed to admit being the father of the child. Lawrence condemned the girl as a liar and left the area. He would not see his son again for nearly 40 years. Andrews grew up in abject poverty, but as a descendant of Americo-Liberian, being\",\n \"title\": \"George Henry Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1343148\",\n \"text\": \"There is a large Czech diaspora, which includes 1,703,930 Americans of Czech/Czechoslovak ancestry, 94,805 Canadians of Czech ancestry, an estimated 45,000 Czech-born residents in the United Kingdom, and ca. 31,000 in Australia. There are smaller communities throughout Europe. Number of Israelis of Czech ancestry is estimated to be about 50,000 to 100,000, with notable induviduals such as Max Brod, Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld or Yehuda Bauer. Czechs The Czechs (, ; singular masculine: \\\"Čech\\\" , singular feminine: \\\"Češka\\\" ) or the Czech people (), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe,\",\n \"title\": \"Czechs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17144984\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis Maria Firmina dos Reis (October 11, 1825 – November 11, 1917) was a Brazilian abolitionist and author. Her novel \\\"Úrsula\\\" (1859) was a depiction of life for Afro-Brazilians under slavery. Maria Firmina dos Reis was born in São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. \\\"At age five, her mother and relatives moved to Viamão where she attended school. In 1847, due to outstanding performance, she won a scholarship for further studies at the level of 'cadeira de primeiras letras' that prepared her to be a teacher.\\\" She maintained the profession ″until her retirement in 1881″. \\\"At the age of\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Firmina dos Reis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8939782\",\n \"text\": \"for whom she has walked the red carpet as showstopper. She was spotted performing for SVA Couture in Lakme Fashion Week. Sophie was spotted with Malaika Arora hosting Miss Diva Universe 2018 Sophie Choudry Sophie Choudry (born Sophia Choudry, 8 February 1976) is an Indian host, singer and film actress. She has been active primarily in Indian films and is also a former MTV India VJ and occasional model and television presenter. Sophie Choudry was born and brought up in Manchester, England, United Kingdom. Her father adored Sophia Loren and hence her birthname is \\\"Sophia\\\", however she now goes by\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Choudry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4674767\",\n \"text\": \"to those who are citizens or official residents from one of countries of the European Union or one of the countries listed hereafter: Albania, Andorra, Belarus, Bosnia-Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Gibraltar, Iceland, Kosovo, Liechtenstein, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and Vatican City. Proof of citizenship can be established by a passport, an identity card, or government issued residency documents. Interrail Passes are sold in 4 traveler categories The Interrail Global Pass is valid in all participating European countries: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Great Britain, Hungary, Ireland\",\n \"title\": \"Interrail\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"50330\",\n \"text\": \"Greek word ἄρκτος (\\\"arktos\\\"), meaning bear, as do the names \\\"arctic\\\" and \\\"antarctic\\\", from the constellation Ursa Major, the \\\"Great Bear\\\", prominent in the northern sky. Bear taxon names such as Ursidae and \\\"Ursus\\\" come from Latin \\\"Ursus/Ursa\\\", he-bear/she-bear. The female first name \\\"Ursula\\\", originally derived from a Christian saint's name, means \\\"little she-bear\\\" (diminutive of Latin \\\"ursa\\\"). In Switzerland, the male first name \\\"Urs\\\" is especially popular, while the name of the canton and city of Bern is derived from \\\"Bär\\\", German for bear. The Germanic name Bernard (including Bernhardt and similar forms) means \\\"bear-brave\\\", \\\"bear-hardy\\\", or \\\"bold bear\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Bear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10047696\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Aussies\\\", and refer to Australia as \\\"Oz\\\" or \\\"down under\\\" (a reference to the fact that Australia is notable for being entirely in the southern hemisphere). Streams of migration from the British Isles to Australia played a key role in Australia's development, and the people of Australia are still predominantly of British or Irish origin. According to the 2011 Australian Census, around 1.1 million Australians were born in Britain, despite the last substantial scheme for preferential migration from Britain to Australia ending in 1972. Former Australian prime minister Julia Gillard was born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in Wales. The\",\n \"title\": \"Australia–United Kingdom relations\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20421334\",\n \"text\": \"various private homes. In April 1951 Richter was one of millions during the post war decade who fled across to West Germany, where she joined up with her sister. She lived first in Freiburg before moving, in 1952, to Switzerland, living successively in Bern and Zürich, working as a hairdresser and then in a hospital. Later she went to London where she worked as an \\\"au pair\\\". She nevertheless kept up her contacts in West Germany. She became pregnant by her boyfriend and in 1956 returned to East Germany where she married, becoming Ursula Saffran. The authorities determined that she\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Richter (intelligence agent)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19540103\",\n \"text\": \"Ursula Ragwitz Ursula Ragwitz (born Ursula Rose: 15 February 1928) is a former senior official of the ruling East German Socialist Unity Party. She started her career as a primary school teacher, and rose to become a member of the powerful Party Central Committee between 1981 and 1989, undertaking various leadership roles in respect of the country's highly politicised culture sector. Ursula Rose was born in Cottbus, historically the cultural centre of Germany's Sorbian ethnic minority. Her father worked as a . Between 1942 and 1945 she studied to become a teacher of German and music at the teacher training\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Ragwitz\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3936472\",\n \"text\": \"April 2009. Barenboim had planned to make his Egyptian debut in January 2009 as part of a world tour with the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra, the Arab-Israeli group he founded with the writer Edward Said. But that concert was canceled out of concern for the performers’ safety because of fighting in Gaza. Ursula Plassnik Ursula Plassnik (born 23 May 1956) is an Austrian diplomat and politician. She was Foreign Minister of Austria between October 2004 and December 2008. She is currently Austrian ambassador to Switzerland (2016-). Plassnik is from the Austrian state of Carinthia and grew up in a social democratic\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula Plassnik\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9343225\",\n \"text\": \"Theresa Andrews Theresa Andrews (born August 25, 1962) is an American former competitive swimmer and Olympic champion. Raised in Maryland, Andrews gained prominence as a national collegiate champion when competing for the University of Florida. In international competition, she was a backstroke specialist who won two gold medals at the 1984 Summer Olympics. Andrews was born in New London, Connecticut in 1962. She grew up in Annapolis, Maryland, where she initially attended St. Mary's High School. She was one of twelve children of Frank and Maxine Andrews; her father was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy and a former\",\n \"title\": \"Theresa Andrews\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18997400\",\n \"text\": \"Jasmine Whitbread Jasmine Mary Whitbread (born 1 September 1963) is the chief executive of London First, an independent, non-profit organisation whose mission is to make London the best city in the world to do business. She was CEO of Save the Children from 2005 until 2015; firstly leading Save the Children UK and in 2010, creating Save the Children International. Whitbread was born in London on 1 September 1963. Her mother, Ursula Whitbread, is Swiss and her father, Gerald Whitbread, is English. She was educated at Kneller Girls' School, then an all-girls comprehensive school in Twickenham, London. In 1986, she\",\n \"title\": \"Jasmine Whitbread\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16539891\",\n \"text\": \"The production was nominated for 2 Gemini awards. Set in 1865, the story is about a thirteen-year-old boy from Prussia, named Lukas, who moves to America to escape family problems and a dangerous enemy. Along his journey he meets a young girl named Ursula and the two children struggle to survive the difficult frontier lifestyle. The mini-series was released on DVD as a cut down 2-hour versions in 2005. In 2012 the full 6 hour version was released on DVD. In addition, the mini-series was also made available for streaming in the digital format on Sullivan Entertainment's \\\"Gazebo TV\\\". By\",\n \"title\": \"By Way of the Stars\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11808749\",\n \"text\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians Ukrainian Brazilians (; , \\\"Ukrayins'ki Brazyl'tsi\\\") are Brazilian citizens born in Ukraine, or Brazilians of Ukrainian descent who remain connected, in some degree, to Ukrainian culture. In 1994, 400,000 people of Ukrainian descent lived in Brazil, 80% (or approximately 350,000) of whom lived in a compact region approximately in size (an area slightly larger than the US state of Rhode Island), in the hilly south central part of the state of Paraná in southern Brazil. They refer to this region as \\\"Brazilian Ukraine.\\\" Smaller numbers of Ukrainians have settled in São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul,\",\n \"title\": \"Ukrainian Brazilians\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11985548\",\n \"text\": \"world champion boxer Nigel Benn is Barbadian British. Barbadian British Barbadian British people, Bajan Brits or British Barbadians, are citizens or residents of the United Kingdom whose ethnic origins lie fully or partially in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The UK is home to the second largest Barbadian-born migrant population out of all the OECD countries, with the 2001 Census recording 21,601 UK residents born on the Caribbean island, compared to the 53,785 Barbadian-born residents of the United States. Historically migration from Barbados to the UK was fairly simple, since many Barbadians once held overseas British citizenship (see: Barbados and\",\n \"title\": \"Barbadian British\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1767995\",\n \"text\": \"of a country, not a prediction. Countries that are at this stage (2 < Total Fertility Rate < 2.5 in 2015) include: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cabo Verde, El Salvador, Faroe Islands, Grenada, Guam, India, Indonesia, Kosovo, Libya, Malaysia, Maldives, Mexico, Myanmar, Nepal, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Palau, Peru, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tunisia, Turkey and Venezuela. The original Demographic Transition model has just four stages, but additional stages have been proposed. Both more-fertile and less-fertile futures have been claimed as a Stage Five. Some countries have sub-replacement fertility (that is, below 2.1–2.2 children per woman). Replacement fertility\",\n \"title\": \"Demographic transition\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6566338\",\n \"text\": \"a baby. Ursula is a main character in the 2016 young adult novel \\\"Poor Unfortunate Soul: A Tale of the Sea Witch\\\" by Serena Valentino. The novel is the third entry of the \\\"Villains\\\" series, a shared universe that crosses over various theatrical Disney films including \\\"Beauty and the Beast\\\", \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" and \\\"Sleeping Beauty\\\". In this novel, Ursula is King Triton's younger sister who was betrayed by him as a child for choosing a tentacled form instead of a mermaid's tail, and grew up as a human in the town of Ipswich with an adoptive\",\n \"title\": \"Ursula (The Little Mermaid)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15759674\",\n \"text\": \"the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to Catherine II. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in Kiev, St. Petersburg, and elsewhere, he chose as his primary residence the village of Pohrebyszcze in the region of Volhynia. She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the Kiev Governorate of Russian partition of Poland. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of her Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most\",\n \"title\": \"Ewelina Hańska\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3144507\",\n \"text\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher) Sir Stanley Unwin, KCMG (19 December 1884 – 13 October 1968) was a British publisher and founder of the George Allen and Unwin Ltd UK publishing house in 1914, on the very day that the First World War was declared. The company found success with authors such as Bertrand Russell, Sidney Webb, R. H. Tawney and Gandhi. He was born at 13 Handen Road in Lee, Lewisham, south-east London. The children's writer Ursula Moray Williams was his niece. Unwin was a lifelong pacifist, and during the First World War, as a conscientious objector, he joined the Voluntary\",\n \"title\": \"Stanley Unwin (publisher)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4295242\",\n \"text\": \"Eva Ibbotson Eva Maria Charlotte Michelle Ibbotson (née Wiesner), better known as Eva Ibbotson (21 January 1925 – 20 October 2010), was an Austrian-born British novelist, known for her children's books. Some of her novels for adults have been successfully reissued for the young adult market in recent years. For the historical novel \\\"Journey to the River Sea\\\" (Macmillan, 2001), she won the Smarties Prize in category 9–11 years, garnered unusual commendation as runner up for the Guardian Prize, and made the Carnegie, Whitbread, and Blue Peter shortlists. She was a finalist for the 2010 Guardian Prize at the time\",\n \"title\": \"Eva Ibbotson\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Ostermundigen context: students. There were 28.8% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 53.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. , there were 82 students in Ostermundigen who came from another municipality, while 460 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Ostermundigen Ostermundigen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. The city is the birthplace of screen legend, Ursula Andress. Most of the buildings in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the Old City of Bern were built from sandstone quarried in Ostermundigen. Ostermundigen is first mentioned in\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 200,\n \"origin_tokens\": 200,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Isle of Man context: country of birth, those born in the Isle of Man were largest group (49.8%), while those born in the United Kingdom were the next largest group at 40% (33.9% in England, 3% in Scotland, 2% in Northern Ireland and 1.1% in Wales), 1.8% in the Republic of Ireland and 0.75% in the Channel Islands. The remaining 8.5% were born elsewhere in the world, with 5% coming from EU countries (other than the UK and Ireland). The \\\"Isle of Man Full Census\\\", last held in 2016, has been a decennial occurrence since 1821, with interim censuses being introduced from 1966.\\n\\ntitle: Ursula Andress context the setClash of the Titans\\\" in 179. birth their son Dimit Hamlin, 19 May 180. After she gave birth to a son at age 44, she moved close friend Linda Evans Coldwater Canyon home until hers was ready. Although eng was, the couple never married. In 193 Hamlin up with her. Urs Andress Ursula Andress (; born 19 March 1936) is a Swiss film and television actress, former model and sex, who has appeared in American, British and Italian films She is best known for her break role as\\ntitle: wordρκτοςarktos meaning, namesararctic const Ursa theGre\\\", prominent Bear tax such as Urs \\\"Urs come \\\"UusUrs heb/she-bear The female first \\\"Ursula\\\", derived from's name \\\"little she-bear\\\"diminutivea In male first \\\"U popular while name the canton and Bern is derived from \\\"B\\\", Theic namebbra\\\",bearhard\\\", or\\\".\\n: Ursula Hiiborn 9 German- American She atony Brook Southampton. She was born Ursula Koch in 1946 in Düsseldorf, Germany, a city that was heavily bombed during World War II. Her perception growing up was that the war was avoided as a topic of discussion despite its evidence everywhere, and The Holocaust was a particularly taboo topic. This had a strong effect on her later writing and her feelings about her German identity. She left West Germany in 1964, at the age of 18.\\n\\nIn which country was Ursula Andrews born?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 532,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15490,\n \"ratio\": \"29.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":86,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":86,"string":"86"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"What was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.","Old Ironpants","Walter Cronkite Jr.","And that's the way it is","Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.","Walter conkrite","Walter Cronkite","Walter L. Cronkite Jr.","Walter Leland Cronkite","Walter Conkrite","Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.","Walter Kronkite"],"string":"[\n \"Cronkite, Walter Leland, Jr.\",\n \"Old Ironpants\",\n \"Walter Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"And that's the way it is\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr.\",\n \"Walter conkrite\",\n \"Walter Cronkite\",\n \"Walter L. Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite\",\n \"Walter Conkrite\",\n \"Walter Leland Cronkite Jr.\",\n \"Walter Kronkite\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"And that's the way it is"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1446174","text":"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446173","text":"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \"CBS Evening News\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \"CBS Evening News\" with the phrase \"...And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446202","text":"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \"CBS Evening News\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \"comfortable old shoe\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \"CBS Evening News\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446159","text":"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446158","text":"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \"CBS Evening News\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \"the most trusted man in America\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1598650","text":"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \"Who, What, When, Where, Why\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.","title":"CBS Evening News"},{"id":"1823915","text":"the United States, the hostage crisis created \"a surge of patriotism\" and left \"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\". The hostage-taking was seen \"not just as a diplomatic affront\", but as a \"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \"CBS Evening News\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8","title":"Iran hostage crisis"},{"id":"16152378","text":"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\" Earl looked over","title":"G. Randy Kasten"},{"id":"10682049","text":"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \"The End\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \"Sufferin' succotash!\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes","title":"Ain't That Ducky"},{"id":"1446197","text":"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \"Whew...boy\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \"nothing new\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"6999412","text":"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \"topical calypso\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\" It was during an edition of \"Tonight\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22","title":"Tonight (1957 TV series)"},{"id":"1943265","text":"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \"The News Hole\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \"major combat operations\" in Iraq under a banner that read","title":"Keith Olbermann"},{"id":"1579519","text":"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \"As The World Turns\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \"CBS News Bulletin\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS","title":"As the World Turns"},{"id":"1446193","text":"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"484046","text":"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \"Douglas Edwards with the News\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \"CBS Evening News\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS","title":"CBS"},{"id":"2003298","text":"early 1964, \"Route 66\". Considered to be \"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \"The Fugitive\", \"The Judgment: Part 2\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \"Roots\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \"Who Shot J.R.?\" cliffhanger of CBS' \"Dallas\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \"M*A*S*H\", titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\". Viewed","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1536313","text":"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \"...and that's the way it is\" or \"the way it is\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \"Not the way it was, as has been","title":"Brian Henderson (television presenter)"},{"id":"1446167","text":"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \"You Are There\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446203","text":"\"The Tonight Show\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \"World In Action\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7654129","text":"\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\" and his signature closing line, \"Keep looking up!\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \"So get thee outside...\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \"Let me show you.\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\" and then add a date and time. Each \"Star Hustler\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as","title":"Star Gazers"},{"id":"1446226","text":"the \"predominant news voice in America.\" Affectionately known as \"Uncle Walter,\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \"USA Today\" wrote that \"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"7655965","text":"and knowing what to keep\" and that \"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\", and that the narrator finds \"an ace that I could keep\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \"The Muppet Show\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \"broke even\", thus really making those his \"final words\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \"The","title":"The Gambler (song)"},{"id":"1713182","text":"were saying in private that \"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \"turning point\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\" and added that, \"we are mired in a stalemate that","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"4047486","text":"Joseph Barbera directed the \"Tom and Jerry\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \"Meet the People\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \"Exit, stage left!\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \"even\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"1446205","text":"\"Back to Neverland\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \"The Magic of Disney Animation\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \"Integrity in the Media\" with Ben Bradlee and","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1446170","text":"of it.\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\" verbatim, he substituted \"as\" for \"like.\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \"Walter Cronkite with the News\", but later the \"CBS Evening","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"981223","text":"and Managing Editor of \"The\" \"CBS Evening News\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \"That's the way it is\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \"courage\" and was roundly ridiculed for","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"4514490","text":"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \"breaking news\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of","title":"Breaking news"},{"id":"13225191","text":"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \"Pilot\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \"Cigarette Smoking Man\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \"Trust No One\", replacing the usual phrase \"The Truth is Out There\" and referencing \"Deep Throat\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \"the best script by far\", offering \"a combination of elation and stark terror\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the","title":"The Erlenmeyer Flask"},{"id":"1446209","text":"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2199612","text":"Cronkite was often cited as the \"most trusted man in America.\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \"CBS Evening News\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \"ABC Evening News\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \"What's My Line?\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron","title":"Television news in the United States"},{"id":"652195","text":"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \"CBS Evening News\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for","title":"Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446198","text":"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \"CBS Evening News\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"1787204","text":"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \"the most trusted man in America\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To","title":"Jon Stewart"},{"id":"1446180","text":"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"498814","text":"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \"into the headlines of American history\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \"really","title":"Cross of Gold speech"},{"id":"4620780","text":"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \"American Idol\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \"M*A*S*H\" finale (\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \"CBS Eye-lert,\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message","title":"NFL on CBS"},{"id":"2542213","text":"whose jibes (\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \"There ya go!\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \"There ya go!\" to McCloud's \"Far out!\") Another recurring theme in the show was","title":"McCloud (TV series)"},{"id":"4425021","text":"episode, \"The Unhired Assassin\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \"Chinatown\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \"The Two Jakes\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \"The Birds\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \"The Twilight Zone\": \"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\" (in a starring role) and \"Steel\" (co-starring","title":"Joe Mantell"},{"id":"605455","text":"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \"Gas\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \"Looney Tunes\" films to a close with his stuttering, \"That's all, folks!\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \"Hare Tonic\" and \"Baseball Bugs\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \"And that's the end!\" After World War II, Bugs continued","title":"Bugs Bunny"},{"id":"15374851","text":"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \"you can cut out a little","title":"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration"},{"id":"13518470","text":"Shepherd), explains that \"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\" In the 1984 film \"Johnny Dangerously\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \"Die Hard\", \"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\" is changed to \"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\". The TV edit of the film \"The Usual Suspects\", instead of having the police lineup say, \"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\", they say \"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\". In the 1998 film","title":"Minced oaths in media"},{"id":"8684196","text":"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \"CBS Evening News\", telling viewers that he was \"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company","title":"Arnold Zenker"},{"id":"20624013","text":"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \"\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\"\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \"\"I was talking to myself!\"\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \"The Empire Strikes Back\"","title":"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back"},{"id":"2870117","text":"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \"And that's the way it is.\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\"Newsbreak\") read by a CBS anchor.","title":"Bicentennial Minutes"},{"id":"10688307","text":"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \"open letter\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \"Variety\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\" He referred to her \"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\" and added, \"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this","title":"Star Jones (TV series)"},{"id":"1357797","text":"and good luck.\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \"good night, and good luck to you all\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \"Good night, and good luck.\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1446225","text":"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"391492","text":"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \"in memoriam\" during \"SNL\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \"just came in from Spain\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \"NBC's Saturday Night\" (now called \"Saturday Night Live\", or \"SNL\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter","title":"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead"},{"id":"12618304","text":"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \"Of Black America\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \"magic bullet\" with a headline stating that \"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been","title":"Lou Dorfsman"},{"id":"7558329","text":"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \"Satellite of Love\". The end of the episode is a parody of \"\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \"The Worst Film Ever Made\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \"Oh, poopie.\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\".","title":"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)"},{"id":"2903157","text":"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,","title":"The 20th Century"},{"id":"4900638","text":"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \"A Beautiful Mind\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\". Also, Lisa says \"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \"Return of the Jedi\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \"Three Gays of the Condo\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances","title":"My Mother the Carjacker"},{"id":"2110727","text":"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \"The Man in Black\" on yet another old time radio program, \"Suspense\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\", each episode of \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \"The sound of suspense\" or \"The fear you can hear.\" At the conclusion,","title":"CBS Radio Mystery Theater"},{"id":"5030768","text":"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \"Dallas,\" titled \"Who Done It\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \"M*A*S*H,\" titled \"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a","title":"The Fugitive (TV series)"},{"id":"625355","text":"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \"So Long, Folks!\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \"Looney Tunes\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \"And Dat's De End!\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \"What's going","title":"Porky Pig"},{"id":"1446189","text":"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \"CBS Evening News\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"5947347","text":"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \"Dragnet\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \"Dragnet\". In its original broadcast, \"Marge on the Lam\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \"Beverly Hills, 90210\". The authors of","title":"Marge on the Lam"},{"id":"3230410","text":"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \"As The World Turns\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \"good night, dear\", just as she had uttered \"good morning, dear\" as the first line of","title":"Helen Wagner"},{"id":"7369532","text":"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \"Who Done It?\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \"The Fugitive\". \"Who Done It?\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \"Entertainment Weekly\" named \"A House Divided\" number","title":"Who shot J.R.?"},{"id":"1357796","text":"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \"Hello America. This is London calling.\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \"good night,","title":"Edward R. Murrow"},{"id":"1318407","text":"famous closing line to children at the end of his \"Texaco Star Theater\" programs, \"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\"). Berle could only reply with, \"What?\" The incident became comedy fodder for \"SCTV\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\" \"SCTV\" would win the award again in 1983. \"SCTV\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \"SCTV\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\" – retitled \"Grizzly Abrams\" –","title":"Second City Television"},{"id":"2722714","text":"famous moment was the \"Hail Mary pass\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \"Hail Mary\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \"Hail Mary\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \"Man of","title":"Roger Staubach"},{"id":"8354055","text":"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \"reporter\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \"Morse Code\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \"Tonight\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.","title":"The Walter Winchell Show"},{"id":"11411352","text":"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \"12 great years\", and he finished with \"Let's do this thing one more time...\" The crowd yelled \"Blow me up, Tom\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \"The FM Talk Station\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \"blow up the station\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk","title":"Tom Leykis"},{"id":"7762321","text":"goes to show you, you gotta \"kill\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \"That's all Folks!\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \"D-D-Dirty Guys\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \"Little","title":"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie"},{"id":"16520194","text":"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\" In the Season 10 episode \"Nelson's Sparrow,\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer","title":"Jason Gideon"},{"id":"4925770","text":"Mary Tyler Moore Show\" episode, \"Today I am a Ma'am\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \"Put on a Happy Face\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \"That's All Folks!\". In the series finale of \"St. Elsewhere\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this","title":"MTM Enterprises"},{"id":"4132865","text":"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"5728793","text":"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \"60 Minutes\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until","title":"Don Hewitt"},{"id":"1446200","text":"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \"NBC Nightly News\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \"ABC Evening News\", which was anchored by","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"10053771","text":"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \"\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\"\" \"\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\"\" (\"They do do that though, don't they though\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \"\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\"\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \"\"Dey do dough,","title":"The Scousers"},{"id":"9563961","text":"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \"sweep\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired (on the same network). \"Who Done It\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third","title":"Who Done It (Dallas)"},{"id":"981253","text":"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \"American Morning\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while","title":"Dan Rather"},{"id":"12807288","text":"Award nomination. \"TV Guide\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \"resistance is futile\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \"TNG\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\" Star Trek\" episodes and the film \"Star Trek: First Contact\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \"\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\". It was used as the title for an","title":"Borg"},{"id":"1446183","text":"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"2003299","text":"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \"M*A*S*H\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \"M*A*S*H\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy","title":"Series finale"},{"id":"1713169","text":"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18","title":"Tet Offensive"},{"id":"965494","text":"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \"Beep beep!\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \"Meep, meep.\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The","title":"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner"},{"id":"4359320","text":"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \"Missed It? Missed Out!,\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an","title":"Live & Kicking"},{"id":"11544741","text":"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \"Julius Caesar\" \"\"Et tu, Brute?\"\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,","title":"Last words"},{"id":"5905587","text":"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \"The sun is still shining\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \"Es lebe die Freiheit!\" (\"Long live Freedom!\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the","title":"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days"},{"id":"4132844","text":"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \"Hooray for Hollywood\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \"As the World Turns\" with a \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"},{"id":"17368985","text":"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \"Who shot J.R.?\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \"M*A*S*H\" aired. \"Who Done It\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \"Dallas\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \"Who Done It\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with","title":"Loraine Despres"},{"id":"4015874","text":"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum","title":"Rove (TV series)"},{"id":"812509","text":"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \"Floreat Etona\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \"bad form\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \"cadaverous\" and \"blackavised\", with \"eyes which were of","title":"Captain Hook"},{"id":"5563198","text":"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \"\"Chicken-mannnn!\"\" and voices shouting, \"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \"Chickenman Returns\", and an updated radio","title":"Chickenman (radio series)"},{"id":"5962151","text":"of the radio program \"Behind the Scenes at CBS\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \"anchor\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \"Camel News Caravan\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By","title":"Douglas Edwards"},{"id":"4442740","text":"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \"\"You are looking live at ...\"\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \"CBS\" (\"\"C.B. eeezz\"\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \"The NFL Today\"s betting analyst Jimmy \"The Greek\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared","title":"Brent Musburger"},{"id":"2035285","text":"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \"Batman\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \"TV (The Book)\", stating that \"West's","title":"Batman (TV series)"},{"id":"8290279","text":"incorrect and that it should say, \"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\" Ogden Nash, in \"The New Yorker\", published a poem that ran \"\"Like\" goes Madison Avenue, \"like so\" goes the nation.\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \"The Morning Show\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \"The Tipping Point\", says that this \"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall","title":"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should"},{"id":"726575","text":"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\"\"Long live our sacred Germany!\"\") Others say the last words were: (\"\"Long live the secret Germany!\"\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that","title":"Claus von Stauffenberg"},{"id":"9607467","text":"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \"The Price Is Right\" (still on the air to this day), \"Let's Make a Deal\", \"The $20,000 Pyramid\", \"The Gong Show\", \"The Newlywed Game\", \"Password\", \"Tattletales\", \"Tic Tac Dough\", \"Bowling for Dollars\", \"Break the Bank\" and \"The Joker's Wild\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \"The Most Trusted","title":"1970s in television"},{"id":"629785","text":"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end","title":"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue"},{"id":"1848362","text":"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\" (originally \"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\" to which the audience would shout \"Nice!\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \"Good game, good game,\" \"I hope you're playing this at home,\" and \"Give us a twirl,\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \"Shut","title":"The Generation Game"},{"id":"11229063","text":"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \"most trusted person\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \"a loser\" and proposed to \"cut losses and get out\". He was supported by most of the \"Wise Men,\" who","title":"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson"},{"id":"1446176","text":"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \"As the World Turns (ATWT)\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \"CBS News Bulletin\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the","title":"Walter Cronkite"},{"id":"15234863","text":"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68","title":"The New York Times controversies"},{"id":"4135786","text":"of Alan Colmes, who said \"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \"You heard the countdown, it's over.\" After","title":"WNBC (AM)"},{"id":"4132857","text":"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not","title":"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1446174\",\n \"text\": \"he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446173\",\n \"text\": \"13 moon missions, Cronkite received the best ratings and made CBS the most-watched television network for the missions. In 1970, when Huntley retired, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" finally dominated the American TV news viewing audience. Although NBC finally settled on the skilled and well-respected broadcast journalist John Chancellor, Cronkite proved to be more popular and continued to be top-rated until his retirement in 1981. One of Cronkite's trademarks was ending the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the phrase \\\"...And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date. Keeping to standards of objective journalism, he omitted this phrase on nights when\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446202\",\n \"text\": \"that time. On February 14, 1980, Cronkite announced that he intended to retire from the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\"; at the time, CBS had a policy of mandatory retirement by age 65. Although sometimes compared to a father figure or an uncle figure, in an interview about his retirement he described himself as being more like a \\\"comfortable old shoe\\\" to his audience. His last day in the anchor chair at the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" was on March 6, 1981; he was succeeded the following Monday by Dan Rather. Cronkite's farewell statement: On the eve of Cronkite's retirement, he appeared on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446159\",\n \"text\": \"civil rights pioneer Martin Luther King Jr., and Beatles musician John Lennon. He was also known for his extensive coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of an Ambassador of Exploration award. Cronkite is well known for his departing catchphrase, \\\"And that's the way it is,\\\" followed by the date of the broadcast. Cronkite was born on November 4, 1916, in Saint Joseph, Missouri, the son of Helen Lena (née Fritsche) and Dr. Walter Leland Cronkite, a dentist. Cronkite lived in Kansas City, Missouri,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446158\",\n \"text\": \"Walter Cronkite Walter Leland Cronkite Jr. (November 4, 1916 – July 17, 2009) was an American broadcast journalist who served as anchorman for the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" for 19 years (1962–1981). During the heyday of CBS News in the 1960s and 1970s, he was often cited as \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\" after being so named in an opinion poll. He reported many events from 1937 to 1981, including bombings in World War II; the Nuremberg trials; combat in the Vietnam War; the Dawson's Field hijackings; Watergate; the Iran Hostage Crisis; and the assassinations of President John F. Kennedy,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1598650\",\n \"text\": \"a one-evening test broadcast on August 19, 1965, before permanently switching to the format on January 31, 1966. Cronkite's prime time special report, \\\"Who, What, When, Where, Why\\\", broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with his declaration that the United States could only hope for a stalemate in Vietnam. It is often credited with influencing Lyndon Johnson's decision to drop out of the race for President. \\\"If I've lost Walter Cronkite ... [I]'ve lost Middle America\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newscast began what would eventually become an 18-year period of dominating the ratings among the network evening news programs.\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Evening News\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1823915\",\n \"text\": \"the United States, the hostage crisis created \\\"a surge of patriotism\\\" and left \\\"the American people more united than they have been on any issue in two decades\\\". The hostage-taking was seen \\\"not just as a diplomatic affront\\\", but as a \\\"declaration of war on diplomacy itself.\\\" Television news gave daily updates. In January 1980, the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" anchor Walter Cronkite began ending each show by saying how many days the hostages had been captive. President Carter applied economic and diplomatic pressure: Oil imports from Iran were ended on November 12, 1979, and with Executive Order 12170, around US$8\",\n \"title\": \"Iran hostage crisis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16152378\",\n \"text\": \"relationships. Kasten has described the genesis of the book as his experiences in a rural community \\\"It was 1970, and my family had recently moved from the San Francisco Bay Area to a town in the San Joaquin Valley…One evening I found myself sitting on a couch at my friend Earl's house…Walter Cronkite was finishing up a newscast with a bit of commentary. He spoke about the dangers of making up one's mind too quickly and labeling events before fully understanding them…His concluding phrase was something like, \\\"Let's not be too quick to use the label-making device.\\\" Earl looked over\",\n \"title\": \"G. Randy Kasten\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10682049\",\n \"text\": \"down the side of the mountain, 'melting' down the rocks. When the hunter is also knocked down, he reveals that he was able to swipe the satchel. The two take a look inside, and soon are just as distressed as the yellow duck — the content is a piece of paper with the words \\\"The End\\\" on it, displayed as the cartoon ends. Daffy cries out the catchphrase \\\"Sufferin' succotash!\\\" This is the first Looney Tunes short to use a shortened version of The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down. Ain't That Ducky Ain't That Ducky is a 1945 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes\",\n \"title\": \"Ain't That Ducky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446197\",\n \"text\": \"hands together on camera with a smile and uttering, \\\"Whew...boy\\\" on July 20, 1969, when the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission put the first men on the moon. According to the 2006 PBS documentary on Cronkite, there was \\\"nothing new\\\" in his reports on the Watergate affair; however, Cronkite brought together a wide range of reporting, and his credibility and status is credited by many with pushing the Watergate story to the forefront with the American public, ultimately resulting in the resignation of President Richard M. Nixon on August 9, 1974. Cronkite had anchored the CBS coverage of Nixon's address,\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6999412\",\n \"text\": \"The style was informal with no attempt to hide studio equipment. Michelmore gave a very relaxed performance, sometimes perching on the edge of his desk, seemingly unfazed by the ringing of his desk telephone letting him know about technical problems. There were regular appearances by Rory McEwen, Cy Grant, singing a \\\"topical calypso\\\", and folk singers Robin Hall and Jimmie Macgregor. Michelmore became known for his catchphrase when closing the show, \\\"That's all for tonight, the next 'Tonight' will be tomorrow night. Until then, good night!\\\" It was during an edition of \\\"Tonight\\\" broadcast on the evening of Friday 22\",\n \"title\": \"Tonight (1957 TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1943265\",\n \"text\": \"blog, hosted on MSNBC.com. Olbermann used the open format of the blog to expand on facts or ideas alluded to in the broadcast, to offer personal musings and reactions. However, in February 2007, Olbermann launched a new blog, \\\"The News Hole\\\". In a technique similar to that of former CBS News anchor Walter Cronkite in connection to the Iran Hostage Crisis, for the last six years of the program, Olbermann closed every show by announcing the number of days passed since President George W. Bush had declared the end of \\\"major combat operations\\\" in Iraq under a banner that read\",\n \"title\": \"Keith Olbermann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1579519\",\n \"text\": \"although they are on the same network. On December 8, 2009, CBS canceled the series after almost 54 years, with the series finale airing on September 17, 2010, making it the last Procter & Gamble soap opera to end. On November 22, 1963, the live CBS broadcast of \\\"As The World Turns\\\" began as always at 1:30 EST. In this episode, the Hughes family was discussing plans for Thanksgiving. Ten minutes later, a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" slide suddenly came up on the screen and Walter Cronkite gave the first report of the assassination. At the end of this bulletin, CBS\",\n \"title\": \"As the World Turns\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446193\",\n \"text\": \"unsure about how much of an impact his editorial report had on Johnson's decision to drop his bid for re-election, and what eventually convinced him that the President had made the statement was Bill Moyers, fellow journalist and former aide to Johnson, telling him \\\"The president flipped off the set and said 'If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America.'\\\" Several weeks later, Johnson, who sought to preserve his legacy and was now convinced his declining health could not withstand growing public criticism, announced he would not seek reelection. During the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Cronkite was anchoring\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"484046\",\n \"text\": \"News, Special Events and Sports at CBS Television in 1948. In 1950, the nightly newscast was retitled \\\"Douglas Edwards with the News\\\", and the following year, it became the first news program to be broadcast on both coasts, thanks to a new coaxial cable connection, prompting Edwards to use the greeting, \\\"Good evening everyone, coast to coast\\\" to begin each edition. The broadcast was renamed the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" when Walter Cronkite replaced Edwards in 1962. Edwards remained with CBS News as anchor/reporter for various daytime television and radio news broadcasts until his retirement on April 1, 1988. Although CBS\",\n \"title\": \"CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003298\",\n \"text\": \"early 1964, \\\"Route 66\\\". Considered to be \\\"the series finale that invented the modern-day series finale,\\\" the 1967 final episode of ABC's \\\"The Fugitive\\\", \\\"The Judgment: Part 2\\\", attracted a 72% audience share when broadcast. This remained the highest viewership percentage in U.S. television history until the 1977 finale of the TV mini-series \\\"Roots\\\" (on the same network) and later the 1980 resolution episode of the internationally prominent \\\"Who Shot J.R.?\\\" cliffhanger of CBS' \\\"Dallas\\\". The most watched series finale in U.S. television history remains the 1983 finale of the CBS war/medical dramedy \\\"M*A*S*H\\\", titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\". Viewed\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1536313\",\n \"text\": \"station TCN-9 from January 1957 until his retirement in late November 2002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\",\n \"title\": \"Brian Henderson (television presenter)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446167\",\n \"text\": \"other news presenters bore the title before him. Cronkite anchored the network's coverage of the 1952 presidential election as well as later conventions. In 1964 he was temporarily replaced by the team of Robert Trout and Roger Mudd; this proved to be a mistake, and Cronkite returned to the anchor chair for future political conventions. From 1953 to 1957, Cronkite hosted the CBS program \\\"You Are There\\\", which reenacted historical events, using the format of a news report. His famous last line for these programs was: \\\"What sort of day was it? A day like all days, filled with those\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446203\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"The Tonight Show\\\" hosted by Johnny Carson. The following night, Carson did a comic spoof of his on-air farewell address. As he had promised on his last show as anchor in 1981, Cronkite continued to broadcast occasionally as a special correspondent for CBS, CNN, and NPR into the 21st century; one such occasion was Cronkite anchoring the second space flight by John Glenn in 1998 as he had Glenn's first in 1962. In 1983, he reported on the British General Election for the ITV current affairs series \\\"World In Action\\\", interviewing, among many others, the victorious Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7654129\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Greetings, greetings, fellow star gazers!\\\" and his signature closing line, \\\"Keep looking up!\\\" These are the most widely recognizable quotes from the show but there were also others in common usage throughout the series. Horkheimer used \\\"So get thee outside...\\\" to encourage viewers to watch the stars. When describing the heavens he would often say \\\"Let me show you.\\\" When introducing a picture of the night sky, he would often say, \\\"O.K., we've got our skies set up for...\\\" and then add a date and time. Each \\\"Star Hustler\\\" episode began with the announcer, Big Wilson, reciting this poem as\",\n \"title\": \"Star Gazers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446226\",\n \"text\": \"the \\\"predominant news voice in America.\\\" Affectionately known as \\\"Uncle Walter,\\\" he covered many of the important news events of the era so effectively that his image and voice are closely associated with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, the Apollo 11 Moon landing, and the Watergate scandal. \\\"USA Today\\\" wrote that \\\"few TV figures have ever had as much power as Cronkite did at his height.\\\" Enjoying the cult of personality surrounding Cronkite in those years, CBS allowed some good-natured fun-poking at its star anchorman in some episodes of the network's\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7655965\",\n \"text\": \"and knowing what to keep\\\" and that \\\"the best you can hope for is to die in your sleep\\\". At this point, the gambler puts out the cigarette and goes to sleep. At the end of the song we are told that \\\"somewhere in the darkness, the gambler, he broke even\\\", and that the narrator finds \\\"an ace that I could keep\\\", in his final words. Rogers' rendition in an appearance on \\\"The Muppet Show\\\" indicates the gambler actually dies in his sleep when he \\\"broke even\\\", thus really making those his \\\"final words\\\" ever spoken. The Gambler (song) \\\"The\",\n \"title\": \"The Gambler (song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713182\",\n \"text\": \"were saying in private that \\\"widespread and deep changes in attitudes, a sense that a watershed has been reached.\\\" A great deal has been said by historians concerning how the news media made Tet the \\\"turning point\\\" in the public's perception of the war. Popular CBS anchor Walter Cronkite stated during a news broadcast on February 27, \\\"We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds\\\" and added that, \\\"we are mired in a stalemate that\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047486\",\n \"text\": \"Joseph Barbera directed the \\\"Tom and Jerry\\\" cartoons for the MGM cartoon studio before opening Hanna-Barbera Productions in 1957.) Snagglepuss has three signature catchphrases. His most famous is his perpetual exclamation, \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" – a line first uttered by Bert Lahr in the film \\\"Meet the People\\\" (1944). Before dashing off (whether to escape or for some other reason), he exclaims \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" (or stage right, and sometimes even up or down), a phrase used in theatrical stage directions. Finally, Snagglepuss tends to add the word \\\"even\\\" to the end of his statements. This is done in a\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446205\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Back to Neverland\\\" shown in the Walt Disney World attraction \\\"The Magic of Disney Animation\\\", interviewing Robin Williams as if he is still on the CBS News channel, ending his on-camera time with Cronkite's famous catchphrase. In the feature, Cronkite describes the steps taken in the creation of an animated film, while Robin Williams becomes an animated character (and even becomes Walter Cronkite, impersonating his voice). He also was shown inviting Disney guests and tourists to the Disney Classics Theater. On May 21, 1999, Walter Cronkite participated in a panel discussion on \\\"Integrity in the Media\\\" with Ben Bradlee and\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446170\",\n \"text\": \"of it.\\\" Cronkite also angered the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, the show's sponsor, by grammatically correcting its advertising slogan. Instead of saying \\\"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\\\" verbatim, he substituted \\\"as\\\" for \\\"like.\\\" He was the lead broadcaster of the network's coverage of the 1960 Winter Olympics, the first-ever time such an event was televised in the United States. He replaced Jim McKay, who had suffered a mental breakdown. On April 16, 1962, Cronkite succeeded Douglas Edwards as anchorman of the CBS's nightly feature newscast, tentatively renamed \\\"Walter Cronkite with the News\\\", but later the \\\"CBS Evening\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981223\",\n \"text\": \"and Managing Editor of \\\"The\\\" \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". Rather assumed the position upon Cronkite's retirement, making his first broadcast on March 9, 1981. From the beginning of his tenure, it was clear that Rather had a significantly different style of reporting the news. In contrast to the avuncular Cronkite, who ended his newscast with \\\"That's the way it is\\\", Rather searched to find a broadcast ending more suitable to his tastes. For one week in September 1986, with CBS the target of potentially hostile new ownership, Rather tried ending his broadcasts with the word \\\"courage\\\" and was roundly ridiculed for\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4514490\",\n \"text\": \"down an abandoned well in San Marino, California, where she ultimately perished due to asphyxia from a lack of oxygen. In the decades before 24-hour news networks such as CNN began to exist, programming interruptions were restricted to extremely urgent news, such as the death of an important political figure. For example, one of the earliest such interruptions that modern viewers would recognize as \\\"breaking news\\\" coverage was for the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963, (with CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite's coverage being especially noted), and as such reflected the relatively crude technology and procedures of\",\n \"title\": \"Breaking news\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13225191\",\n \"text\": \"show had been cancelled. The ending of this episode mirrors that of the \\\"Pilot\\\", including Mulder calling Scully at 11:21 pm and the \\\"Cigarette Smoking Man\\\" storing evidence in The Pentagon. The tagline for this episode is \\\"Trust No One\\\", replacing the usual phrase \\\"The Truth is Out There\\\" and referencing \\\"Deep Throat\\\"'s last words. Executive producer R. W. Goodwin decided to make his directorial debut with the episode, as he considered it \\\"the best script by far\\\", offering \\\"a combination of elation and stark terror\\\". The opening car chase was shot by crew member J.P. Finn, who was the\",\n \"title\": \"The Erlenmeyer Flask\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446209\",\n \"text\": \"focusing on ham radio's part in helping various agencies respond to wildfires in the Western US during 2002, ham radio in space and the role Amateur Radio plays in emergency communications. \\\"Dozens of radio amateurs helped the police and fire departments and other emergency services maintain communications in New York, Pennsylvania and Washington, DC,\\\" narrator Cronkite intoned in reference to ham radio's response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Unusually, Cronkite was a Novice-class licensee—the entry level license—for his entire, and long, tenure in the hobby. On February 15, 2005, he went into the studio at CBS to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2199612\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite was often cited as the \\\"most trusted man in America.\\\" After Cronkite's retirement in 1981, Dan Rather became the anchor of \\\"CBS Evening News\\\". He was joined by co-anchor Connie Chung from 1993 to 1995. \\\"ABC Evening News\\\" began airing in 1953, hosted by John Charles Daly. Daly had been a well-known CBS radio correspondent, though today he is best remembered as the emcee of CBS's long-running game show, \\\"What's My Line?\\\", which he hosted while serving as ABC's anchorman. Daly left ABC in 1960 and was succeeded by a frequently expanding list of successors that included John Cameron\",\n \"title\": \"Television news in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"652195\",\n \"text\": \"to Brooke Army General, where he was pronounced dead on arrival at the facility by cardiologist and Army colonel Dr. George McGranahan. He was 64 years old. Shortly after Johnson's death, his press secretary Tom Johnson telephoned Walter Cronkite at CBS; Cronkite was live on the air with the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" at the time, and a report on Vietnam was cut abruptly while Cronkite was still on the line, so he could break the news. Johnson's death came two days after Richard Nixon's second inauguration, which followed Nixon's landslide victory in the 1972 election. His death meant that for\",\n \"title\": \"Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446198\",\n \"text\": \"announcing his impending resignation, the night before. The January 22, 1973 broadcast of the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" saw Cronkite break the news of the death of another notable American political figure: former president Lyndon B. Johnson. At approximately 6:38 pm Eastern Time, while a pre-recorded report that the Vietnam peace talks in Paris had been successful was being played for the audience, Cronkite received a telephone call in the studio while off camera. The call was from Tom Johnson, the former press secretary for President Johnson who was at the time serving the former chief executive as station manager at\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1787204\",\n \"text\": \"in a phrase originally used to describe longtime network news anchor Walter Cronkite, \\\"the most trusted man in America\\\". On April 28, 2009, during a discussion on torture with Clifford May, Stewart expressed his opinion that former President Harry S. Truman was a war criminal for his use of the atomic bomb on Japan during World War II. He defended his assertion moments later: \\\"Here's what I think of the atom bombs. I think if you dropped an atom bomb fifteen miles offshore and you said, 'The next one's coming and hitting you', then I would think it's okay. To\",\n \"title\": \"Jon Stewart\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446180\",\n \"text\": \"bulletins as they were handed to him, and recapping the events as they were known. He also related a report given to reporters by Texas Congressman Albert Thomas that the President and Governor were still alive, the first indication of their condition. At 2:00 EST, with the top of the hour station break looming, Cronkite told the audience that there would be a brief pause so that all of CBS' affiliates, including those in the Mountain and Pacific time zones which were not on the same schedule, could join the network. He then left the radio booth and went to\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"498814\",\n \"text\": \"according to his biographer, Michael Kazin, step \\\"into the headlines of American history\\\". As Bryan spoke his final sentence, recalling the Crucifixion of Jesus, he placed his hands to his temples, fingers extended; with the final words, he extended his arms to his sides straight out to his body and held that pose for about five seconds as if offering himself as sacrifice for the cause, as the audience watched in dead silence. He then lowered them, descended from the podium, and began to head back to his seat as the stillness held. Bryan later described the silence as \\\"really\",\n \"title\": \"Cross of Gold speech\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4620780\",\n \"text\": \"2006, CBS' coverage of the earned a 28.1 rating, which topped the season premiere of \\\"American Idol\\\" on Fox. Its Super Bowl XLI broadcast drew the third largest television audience in history, finishing behind only its broadcast of the \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" finale (\\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\") in 1983 and NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XXX (Dallas and Pittsburgh) from 1996. Super Bowl XLI was the second most watched Super Bowl broadcast of all-time, averaging 93.1 million viewers. For the 2007 season, CBS announced the advent of \\\"CBS Eye-lert,\\\" a service that allows viewers to be notified via e-mail and text message\",\n \"title\": \"NFL on CBS\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2542213\",\n \"text\": \"whose jibes (\\\"send in the sagebrush Sherlock Holmes\\\") he never would take personally. Weaver's grin and drawling twang represented McCloud as the embodiment of the American law officer who always sees the good in people but knows the real stakes and spares no pain to catch the bad guy. The character's signature catchphrase was \\\"There ya go!\\\", often received with bemusement or puzzlement by the listener. (One exception was a character played by John Denver; at the end of the show they traded catchphrases, Denver responding \\\"There ya go!\\\" to McCloud's \\\"Far out!\\\") Another recurring theme in the show was\",\n \"title\": \"McCloud (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4425021\",\n \"text\": \"episode, \\\"The Unhired Assassin\\\", where he played Giuseppe Zangara, the would-be assassin of Franklin Delano Roosevelt who ended up accidentally assassinating Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak instead. In the 1974 film \\\"Chinatown\\\", Mantell played Lawrence Walsh, associate of private eye Jake Gittes. He delivered the film's famous last line, \\\"Forget it, Jake, it's Chinatown.\\\" The character of Walsh reappeared in \\\"The Two Jakes\\\". He had a small role in Alfred Hitchcock's \\\"The Birds\\\" (1963). Mantell appeared frequently in series television, including two episodes of \\\"The Twilight Zone\\\": \\\"Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room\\\" (in a starring role) and \\\"Steel\\\" (co-starring\",\n \"title\": \"Joe Mantell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"605455\",\n \"text\": \"and then goes back in the hole. Bugs also made a cameo in the Private Snafu short \\\"Gas\\\", in which he is found stowed away in the titular private's belongings; his only spoken line is his usual catchphrase. Although it was usually Porky Pig who brought the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" films to a close with his stuttering, \\\"That's all, folks!\\\", Bugs replaced him at the end of \\\"Hare Tonic\\\" and \\\"Baseball Bugs\\\", bursting through a drum just as Porky did, but munching on a carrot and saying in his Bronx/Brooklyn accent, \\\"And that's the end!\\\" After World War II, Bugs continued\",\n \"title\": \"Bugs Bunny\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15374851\",\n \"text\": \"ordered the withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of the year, and the bulk of them out by 1965. Such an action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was moving in a less hawkish direction since his speech about world peace at American University on June 10, 1963. In a recorded conversation following a televised interview of September 2, 1963 with CBS News journalist Walter Cronkite, Kennedy can be heard telling the television crew after the television camera went off the air that in relation to his comments on Vietnam, \\\"you can cut out a little\",\n \"title\": \"Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13518470\",\n \"text\": \"Shepherd), explains that \\\"I didn't say fudge. I said THE word...the queen mother of dirty words: the F-dash-dash-dash word.\\\" In the 1984 film \\\"Johnny Dangerously\\\", the character Roman Maronie is known for butchering the English language, especially English vulgarities: One of the more infamous TV edits is that of John McClane's iconic line from \\\"Die Hard\\\", \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, motherfucker\\\" is changed to \\\"Yippee-ki-yay, Mr. Falcon\\\". The TV edit of the film \\\"The Usual Suspects\\\", instead of having the police lineup say, \\\"Give me the keys, you fucking cocksucker\\\", they say \\\"Give me the keys, you fairy godmother\\\". In the 1998 film\",\n \"title\": \"Minced oaths in media\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8684196\",\n \"text\": \"Artists left the network without an immediate substitute. For 13 days, Zenker delivered the \\\"CBS Evening News\\\", telling viewers that he was \\\"sitting in for Walter Cronkite\\\". After the strike ended, Cronkite returned on April 11, 1967, and opened with the words, \\\"Good evening. This is Walter Cronkite, sitting in for Arnold Zenker. It's good to be back.\\\" Once the strike ended Zenker returned to his former post. After that he went on to host a variety of television and radio shows in Boston and Baltimore and worked at one time in labor relations at ABC. Zenker founded the company\",\n \"title\": \"Arnold Zenker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20624013\",\n \"text\": \"beat. The entire song is a conversation between McEnroe (played by Roger Kitter) and the referee (played by Kaplan Kaye). They bicker and bicker until the referee finally loses his patience and just shoots McEnroe dead. The line \\\"\\\"The ball's in, everyone can see that the ball's in!\\\"\\\" was an actual quotation McEnroe used to shout. As McEnroe dies in the song his final words are: \\\"\\\"I was talking to myself!\\\"\\\", which also a genuine excuse the real-life McEnroe used whenever a referee scolded him for being insulted. The title is a pun on the film \\\"The Empire Strikes Back\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Chalk Dust - The Umpire Strikes Back\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2870117\",\n \"text\": \"the weeknight CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, who always ended each news telecast by saying, \\\"And that's the way it is.\\\" The Bicentennial Minute on July 3, 1976, was narrated by Vice President Nelson Rockefeller. The Bicentennial Minute on July 4, 1976, was narrated by First Lady Betty Ford. The final Bicentennial Minute, broadcast on December 31, 1976, was narrated by President Gerald Ford. (This was also the longest Bicentennial minute.) After the series ended, the time slot of the Bicentennial Minute came to be occupied by a brief synopsis of news headlines (\\\"Newsbreak\\\") read by a CBS anchor.\",\n \"title\": \"Bicentennial Minutes\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688307\",\n \"text\": \"former CBS morning host Rene Syler were additional guests. Jones ended the program with an \\\"open letter\\\", a regular segment in which she addresses the audience with a closing statement a la Jerry Springer. In his review in \\\"Variety\\\", Brian Lowry described Jones as \\\"utterly off-putting . . . delivering yet another reminder that Oprah Winfrey's skills aren’t easily cloned.\\\" He referred to her \\\"scant facility for moderating but an unerring knack for uttering non sequiturs\\\" and added, \\\"It's possible, of course, that Jones and her team will gradually revise the formula to better suit her limitations, but at this\",\n \"title\": \"Star Jones (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357797\",\n \"text\": \"and good luck.\\\" The future British monarch, Princess Elizabeth, said as much to the Western world in a live radio address at the end of the year, when she said \\\"good night, and good luck to you all\\\". So, at the end of one 1940 broadcast, Murrow ended his segment with \\\"Good night, and good luck.\\\" Speech teacher Anderson insisted he stick with it, and another Murrow catchphrase was born. When Murrow returned to the U.S. in 1941, CBS hosted a dinner in his honor on December 2 at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. 1,100 guests attended the dinner, which the network\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446225\",\n \"text\": \"was reported to be terminally ill. He died on July 17, 2009, at his home in New York City, at the age of 92. He is believed to have died from cerebrovascular disease. Cronkite's funeral took place on July 23, 2009, at St. Bartholomew's Church in midtown Manhattan, New York City. At his funeral, his friends noted his love of music, including, recently, drumming. For many years, until a decade after he left his post as anchor, Cronkite was considered one of the most trusted figures in the United States. For most of his 19 years as anchor, he was\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"391492\",\n \"text\": \"of the actor John Garfield's death and funeral in 1952. After a brief \\\"in memoriam\\\" during \\\"SNL\\\"'s 40th Anniversary Special on February 15, 2015, Bill Murray ended the segment with the famous phrase which \\\"just came in from Spain\\\". Notes Citations Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead \\\"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\\\" is a catchphrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of \\\"NBC's Saturday Night\\\" (now called \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\", or \\\"SNL\\\") and which mocked the weeks-long media reports of the Spanish Caudillo's impending death. It was one of the first catchphrases from the series to enter\",\n \"title\": \"Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12618304\",\n \"text\": \"public affairs programming. A full-page newspaper ad for the series \\\"Of Black America\\\" showed a black man in black and white, with half his face painted with the stars and stripes of the United States flag. A newspaper ad for \\\"The Warren Report: A CBS News Inquiry in Four Parts\\\" showed a hand holding the John F. Kennedy assassination's \\\"magic bullet\\\" with a headline stating that \\\"This is the bullet that hit both President Kennedy and Governor Connally. Or did it?\\\" Advertising of CBS News coverage of the 1972 presidential election described CBS News anchorman Walter Cronkite as having been\",\n \"title\": \"Lou Dorfsman\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7558329\",\n \"text\": \"his funding has been cut, causing him to pack up Deep 13 and cut loose the \\\"Satellite of Love\\\". The end of the episode is a parody of \\\"\\\", in which an old Clayton tries to reach a Monolith-like giant videocassette labeled \\\"The Worst Film Ever Made\\\". In the final scene, he is reborn as a . When Pearl muses about another chance to raise her son, he utters his final words of the Comedy Central series: \\\"Oh, poopie.\\\" When he was leaving the show, Trace Beaulieu said, \\\"It's kind of bittersweet, but it was time for me to go,\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Dr. Clayton Forrester (Mystery Science Theater 3000)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2903157\",\n \"text\": \"The 20th Century The Twentieth Century was a documentary television program sponsored by the Prudential Insurance Company that ran on the CBS network from 20 October 1957 until 4 January 1970. It was hosted by Walter Cronkite. The opening and closing theme music was written by composer George Antheil. The program presented filmed reports on news and cultural events that were important for the development of the 20th century. The show did not just present the events, but also interpreted them. Such subjects as World War I and major assassinations were presented in context. On 20 January 1967, the show,\",\n \"title\": \"The 20th Century\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4900638\",\n \"text\": \"hidden messages is a homage to similar scenes in \\\"A Beautiful Mind\\\". When Homer is showing the family headlines is a parody of the Headlines segment on \\\"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\\\". Also, Lisa says \\\"Don't go inside! It's a trap!\\\", which is a reference of Admiral Ackbar's famous line, said in \\\"Return of the Jedi\\\". During its original run, the episode gained 12.4 million viewers, losing to a rerun of \\\"Three Gays of the Condo\\\" (12.6). The episode was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award. IGN ranks Glenn Close's performances as the twenty-fifth best guest appearances\",\n \"title\": \"My Mother the Carjacker\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2110727\",\n \"text\": \"fully mortal, merely someone whose heightened insight and erudition plunge the listener into the world of the macabre (in a manner similar to that of \\\"The Man in Black\\\" on yet another old time radio program, \\\"Suspense\\\"). As with Himan Brown's prior \\\"Inner Sanctum Mysteries\\\", each episode of \\\"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\\\" opened and closed with the ominous sound of a creaking crypt door, accompanied by Marshall's disturbing utterance, \\\"Come in!… Welcome. I'm E. G. Marshall.\\\" This was followed by one of Marshall's other catchphrases, usually either \\\"The sound of suspense\\\" or \\\"The fear you can hear.\\\" At the conclusion,\",\n \"title\": \"CBS Radio Mystery Theater\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5030768\",\n \"text\": \"was the most-watched television series episode up to that time. It was viewed by 25.70 million households (45.9 percent of American households with a television set and a 72 percent share), meaning that more than 78 million people tuned in. That record was held until the November 21, 1980 episode of \\\"Dallas,\\\" titled \\\"Who Done It\\\", viewed by 41.47 million households (53.3 percent of households and a 76 percent share), which was later surpassed by the series finale of \\\"M*A*S*H,\\\" titled \\\"Goodbye, Farewell and Amen\\\", on February 28, 1983, viewed by 50.15 million households (60.2 percent of households and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Fugitive (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"625355\",\n \"text\": \"also been used by both Bosko and Buddy and even Beans at the end of Looney Tunes cartoons. In contrast, the Merrie Melodies series used the slogan: \\\"So Long, Folks!\\\" until the mid 1930s when it was replaced with the same one used on the \\\"Looney Tunes\\\" series (when Bugs Bunny was the closing character, he would break the pattern by simply saying, in his Brooklynese accent, \\\"And Dat's De End!\\\"). He is the oldest continuing Looney Tunes character. Porky's most distinctive trait is a severe stutter, for which he sometimes compensates by replacing his words; for example, \\\"What's going\",\n \"title\": \"Porky Pig\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446189\",\n \"text\": \"assassination, including the announcement of Oswald's death on Sunday. The next day, on the day of the funeral, Cronkite concluded \\\"CBS Evening News\\\" with the following assessment about the events of the last four dark days: Referring to his coverage of Kennedy's assassination, in a 2006 TV interview with Nick Clooney, Cronkite recalled, In a 2003 CBS special commemorating the 40th anniversary of the assassination, Cronkite recalled his reaction upon having the death confirmed to him, he said, According to historian Douglas Brinkley, Cronkite provided a sense of perspective throughout the unfolding sequence of disturbing events. In mid-February 1968, on\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5947347\",\n \"text\": \"talk is a caricature of show runner David Mirkin. The old man that comes out when Marge is shooting his cans is a parody of Walter Brennan. The episode's closing sequence is a reference to \\\"Dragnet\\\". George Fenneman recorded the ending in the same fashion as he did on \\\"Dragnet\\\". In its original broadcast, \\\"Marge on the Lam\\\" finished 32nd in ratings for the week of November 1–7, 1993, with a Nielsen rating of 13.1, equivalent to approximately 12.2 million viewing households. It was the highest-rated show on the Fox network that week, beating \\\"Beverly Hills, 90210\\\". The authors of\",\n \"title\": \"Marge on the Lam\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3230410\",\n \"text\": \"Nancy's son Bob Hughes discovers that his mother has died quietly in her apartment. In the following episode, family and friends remember Nancy, with numerous flashbacks to scenes from vintage episodes. Wagner's death from undisclosed causes came less than two months before \\\"As The World Turns\\\" taped its final episode. CBS announced on December 9, 2009, that it was cancelling the show after 54 years on the air. Many fans had hoped that Wagner would be able to close the series with the line \\\"good night, dear\\\", just as she had uttered \\\"good morning, dear\\\" as the first line of\",\n \"title\": \"Helen Wagner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7369532\",\n \"text\": \"Bobby Ewing, and his longtime rival, Cliff Barnes. \\\"Who Done It?\\\" was, at the time, the highest-rated television episode in U.S. history. It had a Nielsen rating of 53.3 and a 76% share, and it was estimated that 83 million people watched the episode, more than the number of voters in that year's presidential election. The previous record for a TV episode had been the 1967 finale for \\\"The Fugitive\\\". \\\"Who Done It?\\\" now sits second on the list, beaten in 1983 by the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\". In 2011, Ken Tucker of \\\"Entertainment Weekly\\\" named \\\"A House Divided\\\" number\",\n \"title\": \"Who shot J.R.?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1357796\",\n \"text\": \"pause before the rest of the phrase. His former speech teacher, Ida Lou Anderson, suggested the opening as a more concise alternative to the one he had inherited from his predecessor at CBS Europe, Cesar Saerchinger: \\\"Hello America. This is London calling.\\\" Murrow's phrase became synonymous with the newscaster and his network. Murrow achieved great celebrity status as a result of his war reports. They led to his second famous catchphrase. At the end of 1940, with every night's German bombing raid, Londoners who might not necessarily see each other the next morning often closed their conversations with \\\"good night,\",\n \"title\": \"Edward R. Murrow\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1318407\",\n \"text\": \"famous closing line to children at the end of his \\\"Texaco Star Theater\\\" programs, \\\"Listen to your Uncle Miltie and go to bed\\\"). Berle could only reply with, \\\"What?\\\" The incident became comedy fodder for \\\"SCTV\\\", as the next season contained a bit where Flaherty beats up a Berle look-alike while shouting, \\\"You'll never ruin another acceptance speech, Uncle Miltie!\\\" \\\"SCTV\\\" would win the award again in 1983. \\\"SCTV\\\" was inducted into Canada's Walk of Fame in 2002. \\\"SCTV\\\" parody shows include a parody of the western drama \\\"The Life and Times of Grizzly Adams\\\" – retitled \\\"Grizzly Abrams\\\" –\",\n \"title\": \"Second City Television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2722714\",\n \"text\": \"famous moment was the \\\"Hail Mary pass\\\" in the 1975 playoff game against the Minnesota Vikings. With seconds on the clock and the Cowboys trailing 14–10, Staubach launched a 50-yard bomb to wide receiver Drew Pearson, who caught the pass and strode into the end zone for a 17–14 victory. After the game, Staubach said he threw the ball and said a \\\"Hail Mary\\\". Since then, any last-second pass to the end zone in a desperate attempt to score a game-winning or tying touchdown is referred to as a \\\"Hail Mary\\\" pass. Staubach was named The Walter Camp \\\"Man of\",\n \"title\": \"Roger Staubach\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8354055\",\n \"text\": \"would have none of this. Still wearing his felt \\\"reporter\\\" hat on the air, and punching out bogus \\\"Morse Code\\\" with his telegraph key to punctuate his stories, Winchell came across as a relic of another era. Even his trademark opening line, \\\"Good evening Mr. and Mrs. North and South America and all the ships at sea ... let's go to press!\\\" seemed obsolete by 1960. NBC's Jack Paar relentlessly mocked Winchell on his own show \\\"Tonight\\\", a feud that effectively ended Winchell's career. The revived Winchell program was a Nielsen ratings disaster and was cancelled after only six broadcasts.\",\n \"title\": \"The Walter Winchell Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11411352\",\n \"text\": \"crowd in the studio, and everyone in southern California who made it \\\"12 great years\\\", and he finished with \\\"Let's do this thing one more time...\\\" The crowd yelled \\\"Blow me up, Tom\\\" one last time to end the show and mark the end of KLSX as \\\"The FM Talk Station\\\" in what coincidentally became a strikingly appropriate catch phrase to be had: The phrase \\\"blow up the station\\\" is a radio term for ending a particular format or station run. After a much longer than usual explosion sound effect, the crowd cheered and KLSX changed format from hot talk\",\n \"title\": \"Tom Leykis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7762321\",\n \"text\": \"goes to show you, you gotta \\\"kill\\\" yourself to win an Oswald in this town!\\\" There was no outro/send-off for this film, because after the third and final act, Bugs, at first, does the \\\"That's all Folks!\\\" send-off, but then Porky tells Bugs that it was his line. Bugs then allows Porky to do the send off, but sadly, before he could do the chance, the Iris-Door used in the opening credits, instantly closes on him, Porky just grumbles and says, \\\"D-D-Dirty Guys\\\" as the film fades out. The cartoons used to make the film include: Also, clips from \\\"Little\",\n \"title\": \"The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16520194\",\n \"text\": \"he did not know his destination or how he would know when he had reached it. He then left the diner and drove off, as his voiceover off-screen narrated the final lines of his letter (also marking his very final words), \\\"I guess I'm just looking for it again. For the belief I had back in college. The belief I had when I first met Sarah and it all seemed so right. The belief in happy endings.\\\" In the Season 10 episode \\\"Nelson's Sparrow,\\\" Gideon was murdered off-screen, having been shot dead at a close range by a serial killer\",\n \"title\": \"Jason Gideon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4925770\",\n \"text\": \"Mary Tyler Moore Show\\\" episode, \\\"Today I am a Ma'am\\\", Mimsie did a higher-pitched meow, and on the episode \\\"Put on a Happy Face\\\", Miss Moore herself was shown stating the Looney Tunes end line, \\\"That's All Folks!\\\". In the series finale of \\\"St. Elsewhere\\\", Mimsie is shown unconscious and dying on-screen, hooked up to an IV, a heart monitor and medical equipment; as the credits roll the heart monitor beeps and then flatlines at the end, marking the end of ‘’St. Elsewhere’’ and Mimsie’s death. Coincidentally, Mimsie died shortly after the airing of the episode. Syndicated prints of this\",\n \"title\": \"MTM Enterprises\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132865\",\n \"text\": \"Cronkite remarked on fearful concerns of demonstrations in Dallas similar to the attack of U.N. Ambassador Adlai Stevenson in Dallas the previous month. At that moment, a CBS News employee seen in the background pulled off a sheet from the AP News ticker. He quickly relayed it (off-camera) to Cronkite, who put on his glasses, took a few seconds to read the sheet, and made the announcement: After reading the flash, Cronkite took off his glasses so he could consult the studio clock, which established the lapse in time since Kennedy had died. He paused briefly and replaced his eyeglasses,\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5728793\",\n \"text\": \"Hewitt directed the televised production of the first 1960 U.S. Presidential candidate debate between Senator John F. Kennedy and Vice-President Richard M. Nixon on September 26, 1960, at the CBS studios in Chicago. These were the first presidential-candidate debates ever televised. He later became executive producer of the \\\"CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite\\\", helming the famous broadcast of John F. Kennedy's assassination as the story developed. He then launched the eight-time Emmy Award-winning show \\\"60 Minutes\\\". Within ten years, the show reached the top 10 in viewership, a position it maintained for 21 of the following 22 seasons, until\",\n \"title\": \"Don Hewitt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446200\",\n \"text\": \"relay what Johnson had said to him. During the final ten minutes of that broadcast, Cronkite reported on the death, giving a retrospective on the life of the nation's 36th president, and announced that CBS would air a special on Johnson later that evening. This story was re-told on a 2007 CBS-TV special honoring Cronkite's 90th birthday. NBC-TV's Garrick Utley, anchoring \\\"NBC Nightly News\\\" that evening, also interrupted his newscast in order to break the story, doing so about three minutes after Cronkite on CBS. The news was not reported on that night's \\\"ABC Evening News\\\", which was anchored by\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10053771\",\n \"text\": \"bushy moustaches, wearing shell suits, and speaking in exaggerated Scouse accents. Common catch phrases they came up included \\\"\\\"Eh? Eh? Eh?\\\"\\\" \\\"\\\"Dey do do dat dough don't dey dough\\\"\\\" (\\\"They do do that though, don't they though\\\"). Whenever a potential problem or dispute arose, this would result in The Scousers repeating to each other their most famous catch phrase: \\\" Eh! Eh! Alright! Alright! Calm down! Calm down!\\\" This catch phrase was Bleasdale's input as he changed the scripted original, which was \\\"\\\"Break it up 'ey, come on, break it up\\\"\\\", during the first rehearsal. McGann brought \\\"\\\"Dey do dough,\",\n \"title\": \"The Scousers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9563961\",\n \"text\": \"of the whodunit was delayed until the November \\\"sweep\\\" period as a ratings ploy by network CBS for the 1980–81 television season. Between 83 million and 90 million American viewers (or 76% of all U.S. television viewers in the United States on November 1980) watched the episode; the 53.3 Nielsen rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record broken on February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired (on the same network). \\\"Who Done It\\\" still attained the second highest Nielsen rating for a single television broadcast in U.S. history, and remains third\",\n \"title\": \"Who Done It (Dallas)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"981253\",\n \"text\": \"daughter was a host of the fundraiser. Rather also said that he did not realize that the event was a partisan fundraiser, although he did realize that after he arrived at the event. During an appearance on CNN's \\\"American Morning\\\", former CBS anchor Walter Cronkite said about Rather: \\\"It surprised quite a few people at CBS and elsewhere that, without being able to pull up the ratings beyond third in a three-man field, that they tolerated his being there for so long.\\\" Cronkite also said that Bob Schieffer's succession was long overdue. In the aftermath of the Kennedy assassination while\",\n \"title\": \"Dan Rather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12807288\",\n \"text\": \"Award nomination. \\\"TV Guide\\\" named the Borg #4 in their 2013 list of the 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time. The phrase \\\"resistance is futile\\\" became prevalent in popular culture from its use in the television show \\\"TNG\\\". The Borg uttered the phrase in several\\\" Star Trek\\\" episodes and the film \\\"Star Trek: First Contact\\\" (which used the phrase as the tagline for the 1996 film). Patrick Stewart's delivery of the line, as Locutus, in \\\"\\\" was ranked no. 93 in TV Land's list of \\\"The 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases\\\". It was used as the title for an\",\n \"title\": \"Borg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446183\",\n \"text\": \"President, mentioning that it came from a reliable source. Before the network left KRLD's feed for good, Barker first announced, then retracted, a confirmation of Kennedy's death. CBS cut back to Cronkite reporting that one of the priests had administered last rites to the president. In the next few minutes, several more bulletins reporting that Kennedy had died were given to Cronkite, including one from CBS's own correspondent Dan Rather that had been reported as confirmation of Kennedy's demise by CBS Radio. As these bulletins came into the newsroom, it was becoming clearer that Kennedy had in fact lost his\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2003299\",\n \"text\": \"by 105.9 million viewers and drawing 77% of those watching televisions at the time, the finale of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" held the record for most watched telecast of all-time for decades until 2010's Super Bowl XLIV edged it out with 106 million viewers, which coincidentally also aired on CBS. However, \\\"M*A*S*H\\\"'s final episode remains the all-time most-watched U.S. television episode (and so far, the only single television episode in U.S. history to be watched by at least 100 million viewers for a single telecast). The second-most-watched series finale in U.S. television history is the 1993 finale of the witty, character-based NBC comedy\",\n \"title\": \"Series finale\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1713169\",\n \"text\": \"second highest annual total in the war. This was a clear indication that the North Vietnamese were capable of ongoing offensive actions, despite their losses at Tet. Most Americans were tired of suffering so many casualties without evidence that they were going to stop anytime in the foreseeable future. Walter Cronkite, anchorman of the CBS Evening News and a World War II combat veteran, argued for negotiations as an honorable way out in a Special Report based on his journalism in Vietnam broadcast on CBS TV in March. The shocks that reverberated from the battlefield continued to widen: On 18\",\n \"title\": \"Tet Offensive\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"965494\",\n \"text\": \"E. and Road Runner appeared in a GEICO commercial, in which the wandering gecko is lost. While he is doing so, he nearly gets crushed with an anvil, and then a piano. Just after this happens, Road Runner runs up to him, says his trademark phrase, \\\"Beep beep!\\\" and goes on his way. The gecko then gets confused about the Road Runner's catchphrase by saying \\\"Meep, meep.\\\" Suddenly, Wile E., chasing the Road Runner, runs up, sees the gecko and imagines him as his dinner, but while doing so, is driven into the ground by a falling ACME safe. The\",\n \"title\": \"Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4359320\",\n \"text\": \"of the old features and presenters return including leprechauns Mr Sage and Mr Onion who acknowledged in the final few minutes of the show that they were the longest serving presenters of the show. The show then ended with Mr Onion pulling the 'Off' switch plunging the studio into darkness. A match was then struck revealing Cawood, Suttie, Farley and Deley standing in the darkness. After saying \\\"Missed It? Missed Out!,\\\" a reference to the show's former catchphrase, they blew the match out sending the studio back into darkness symbolising the end of the show and the end of an\",\n \"title\": \"Live & Kicking\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11544741\",\n \"text\": \"Last words Last words or final words are a person's final articulated words, stated prior to death or as death approaches. Last words may not necessarily be written down or accurately recorded, and they may not be quoted accurately for a variety of reasons. Famous last words include both the literal utterings; such as the sayings of Jesus on the cross, from Shakespeare's \\\"Julius Caesar\\\" \\\"\\\"Et tu, Brute?\\\"\\\", and the ironical sense of words said before a disaster, such as: The last words reported to have been uttered by a person revered as a martyr or hero of a religious,\",\n \"title\": \"Last words\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5905587\",\n \"text\": \"a cigarette, then embrace. Probst remarks that what they did was not in vain. As Sophie is led into a courtyard, she says, \\\"The sun is still shining\\\". She is brought to the execution chamber and placed in a guillotine. The blade falls and the picture goes black. Footsteps are heard, then Hans's voice exclaiming \\\"Es lebe die Freiheit!\\\" (\\\"Long live Freedom!\\\") before the blade falls again. Probst is brought in next, breathing heavily, before the blade falls once more. In the closing shot, thousands of leaflets fall from the sky over Munich. A title explains that copies of the\",\n \"title\": \"Sophie Scholl – The Final Days\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132844\",\n \"text\": \"the initial ABC bulletins came from WRUL, a New York-based station transmitting to Latin America and Europe on shortwave, which was featuring a program of MOR album music when the shooting took place. At the time, Doris Day's recording of \\\"Hooray for Hollywood\\\" was playing when newscaster Don Gardiner broke in with the developments: Four minutes following ABC's radio bulletin, CBS was the first to break the news over television at 12:40 p.m. CST/1:40 p.m. EST. The network interrupted its live production broadcast of \\\"As the World Turns\\\" with a \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide and Walter Cronkite, reporting from\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17368985\",\n \"text\": \"of all television viewers in the U.S. – watched the \\\"Who shot J.R.?\\\" episode. The 53.3 rating was the highest rating of any television episode in U.S. history, a record it held until February 1983 when the final episode of \\\"M*A*S*H\\\" aired. \\\"Who Done It\\\" remains second on the list of all-time most watched television episodes. \\\"Dallas\\\" went on to finish at #1 in the Nielsen Ratings for three of the next four seasons as a result of the publicity this episode generated. Internationally, \\\"Who Done It\\\" still holds the record for the most-watched episode in world television history, with\",\n \"title\": \"Loraine Despres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4015874\",\n \"text\": \"in 2010. The rumour of the show ending later revealed to be true as during the finale on 15 November 2009, McManus confirmed that the show would be ending with the 2009 finale. He said: \\\"It's purely my decision. It's not one I've made lightly or flippantly. The timing was right to stop, stand back and see what happens next.\\\" The final show finished at 11:11pm AEDT with a montage of clips from the 2009 season and a performance by Powderfinger. Rove's last words was a variation of his signature sign off: \\\"I'm Rove McManus, say bye to your mum\",\n \"title\": \"Rove (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"812509\",\n \"text\": \"implied that Hook attended Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford and his final words are \\\"Floreat Etona\\\", Eton's motto. In the novel, Hook's last words are a similarly upper-class \\\"bad form\\\", in disapproval of the way Peter Pan beats him by throwing him overboard. The book relates that Peter Pan began the ongoing rivalry between them by feeding the pirate's hand to a crocodile. After getting a taste of Hook, the crocodile pursues him relentlessly, but the ticking clock it has also swallowed warns Hook of its presence. Hook is described as \\\"cadaverous\\\" and \\\"blackavised\\\", with \\\"eyes which were of\",\n \"title\": \"Captain Hook\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5563198\",\n \"text\": \"office and irritates the Commissioner's secretary, Miss Helfinger. Each episode begins with an overly-dramatic theme, a four-note trumpet sound echoed with Benton Harbor's \\\"Buck-buck-buck-buuuuuck\\\" chicken call, which is followed by a rousing cry of \\\"\\\"Chicken-mannnn!\\\"\\\" and voices shouting, \\\"He's everywhere! He's everywhere!\\\" This tagline became a memorable catchphrase, especially because it's repeated again at the end of each episode, two and a half minutes later. Midway through the series, in 1973, Orkin added special weekend episodes called \\\"Chickenman vs. the Earth Polluters\\\". In 1976, a special LP was created by Orkin and Bert Berdis: \\\"Chickenman Returns\\\", and an updated radio\",\n \"title\": \"Chickenman (radio series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5962151\",\n \"text\": \"of the radio program \\\"Behind the Scenes at CBS\\\". In 1948, as CBS's top correspondents and commentators shunned the fledgling medium of television, Edwards was chosen to present regular CBS television news programs and to host CBS's television coverage of the 1948 Democratic and Republican conventions. The term \\\"anchor\\\" would not be used until 1952, when CBS News chief Sig Mikelson would use it to describe Walter Cronkite's role in the network's political convention coverage. At first, Edwards would be eclipsed by John Cameron Swayze of NBC News's \\\"Camel News Caravan\\\", but he would eventually regain his ratings lead. By\",\n \"title\": \"Douglas Edwards\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4442740\",\n \"text\": \"show-opening teases to the various games CBS would cover, along with live images from the various stadiums. Musburger's accompanying intro to each visual, \\\"\\\"You are looking live at ...\\\"\\\" became one of his catch phrases. In promoting the network, his voice often tailed off on the last letter of \\\"CBS\\\" (\\\"\\\"C.B. eeezz\\\"\\\"), creating another catch phrase. Musburger made headlines when he got into a fist-fight with \\\"The NFL Today\\\"s betting analyst Jimmy \\\"The Greek\\\" Snyder in a Manhattan bar on October 27, 1980. However, the fist-fight incident was quickly regarded as water under the bridge as the two cheerfully appeared\",\n \"title\": \"Brent Musburger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2035285\",\n \"text\": \"third week of the series' run and continued until the end of season two. The first episode of a storyline would typically end with Batman and Robin being in a deathtrap, while the narrator (Dozier) would tell viewers to watch the next night with the repeated phrase: \\\"Tune in tomorrow—same Bat-time, same Bat-channel!\\\" Even decades after the show ceased production, this catch-phrase remains a long-running punchline in popular culture. Television critics Alan Sepinwall and Matt Zoller Seitz ranked \\\"Batman\\\" as the 82nd greatest American television show of all time in their 2016 book titled \\\"TV (The Book)\\\", stating that \\\"West's\",\n \"title\": \"Batman (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8290279\",\n \"text\": \"incorrect and that it should say, \\\"Winston tastes good as a cigarette should.\\\" Ogden Nash, in \\\"The New Yorker\\\", published a poem that ran \\\"\\\"Like\\\" goes Madison Avenue, \\\"like so\\\" goes the nation.\\\" Walter Cronkite, then hosting \\\"The Morning Show\\\", refused to say the line as written, and an announcer was used instead. Malcolm Gladwell, in \\\"The Tipping Point\\\", says that this \\\"ungrammatical and somehow provocative use of 'like' instead of 'as' created a minor sensation\\\" in 1954 and implies that the phrase itself was responsible for vaulting the brand to second place in the U.S. market. Winston overtook Pall\",\n \"title\": \"Winston tastes good like a cigarette should\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"726575\",\n \"text\": \"in the morning (21 July 1944) by a makeshift firing squad in the courtyard of the Bendlerblock, which was lit by the headlights of a truck. Stauffenberg was third in line to be executed, with Lieutenant von Haeften after. However, when it was Stauffenberg's turn, Lieutenant von Haeften placed himself between the firing squad and Stauffenberg, and received the bullets meant for Stauffenberg. When his turn came, Stauffenberg spoke his last words, (\\\"\\\"Long live our sacred Germany!\\\"\\\") Others say the last words were: (\\\"\\\"Long live the secret Germany!\\\"\\\"), in reference to Stefan George and the anti-Nazi circle. Fromm ordered that\",\n \"title\": \"Claus von Stauffenberg\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9607467\",\n \"text\": \"clever wit of Richard Dawson fueled the show's amazingly high ratings. Other successful game shows during this decade included \\\"The Price Is Right\\\" (still on the air to this day), \\\"Let's Make a Deal\\\", \\\"The $20,000 Pyramid\\\", \\\"The Gong Show\\\", \\\"The Newlywed Game\\\", \\\"Password\\\", \\\"Tattletales\\\", \\\"Tic Tac Dough\\\", \\\"Bowling for Dollars\\\", \\\"Break the Bank\\\" and \\\"The Joker's Wild\\\". Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s. Each of the three television networks had widely recognizable and respected journalists helming their newscasts: CBS anchor Walter Cronkite, who was voted \\\"The Most Trusted\",\n \"title\": \"1970s in television\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"629785\",\n \"text\": \"The show draws to a close with the chairman imparting some final words of wisdom intended to evoke time, destiny, fate and eternity, undercut with silliness. For example: \\\"...And so, as the hunter of time blasts the moose of eternity, and the dairy counter worker of fate sighs and grabs her mop...\\\" Lyttelton's final sign-off on the show, shortly before his death in April 2008, was: \\\"And so as the loose-bowelled pigeon of time swoops low over the unsuspecting tourist of destiny, and the flatulent skunk of fate wanders into the air-conditioning system of eternity, I notice it's the end\",\n \"title\": \"I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1848362\",\n \"text\": \"Ford, so the catchphrase was amended to \\\"What's on the board, Miss Ford?\\\" (originally \\\"What have they scored, Miss Ford?\\\"). Forsyth always opened the show with \\\"Good evening Ladies Gentlemen and Children welcome to the Generation Game, it's Nice to see you, to see you ...\\\" to which the audience would shout \\\"Nice!\\\", a catchphrase that Forsyth retained in his later television appearances. Others included \\\"Good game, good game,\\\" \\\"I hope you're playing this at home,\\\" and \\\"Give us a twirl,\\\" which was said to hostess Anthea Redfern to show off her dress. Grayson supplied his own catchphrases, including \\\"Shut\",\n \"title\": \"The Generation Game\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11229063\",\n \"text\": \"a psychological victory, definitively turning American public opinion against the war effort. Iconically, Walter Cronkite of CBS news, voted the nation's \\\"most trusted person\\\" in February expressed on the air that the conflict was deadlocked and that additional fighting would change nothing. Johnson reacted, saying \\\"If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost middle America\\\". Indeed, demoralization about the war was everywhere; 26% then approved of Johnson's handling of Vietnam; 63% disapproved. Clark Clifford, the new Defense Secretary, described the war as \\\"a loser\\\" and proposed to \\\"cut losses and get out\\\". He was supported by most of the \\\"Wise Men,\\\" who\",\n \"title\": \"Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1446176\",\n \"text\": \"dispatch Cronkite to the CBS Radio Network booth to report the events and play the audio over the television airwaves while the crew worked on the camera to see if they could get it set up quicker. Meanwhile, CBS was ten minutes into its live broadcast of the soap opera \\\"As the World Turns (ATWT)\\\", which had begun at the very minute of the shooting. A \\\"CBS News Bulletin\\\" bumper slide abruptly broke into the broadcast at 1:40 pm EST. Over the slide, Cronkite began reading what would be the first of three audio-only bulletins that were filed in the\",\n \"title\": \"Walter Cronkite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15234863\",\n \"text\": \"printed a correction: An appraisal on Saturday about Walter Cronkite’s career included a number of errors. In some copies, it misstated the date that the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was killed and referred incorrectly to Mr. Cronkite’s coverage of D-Day. Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968, not April 30. Mr. Cronkite covered the D-Day landing from a warplane; he did not storm the beaches. In addition, Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon on July 20, 1969, not July 26. “The CBS Evening News” overtook “The Huntley-Brinkley Report” on NBC in the ratings during the 1967-68\",\n \"title\": \"The New York Times controversies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4135786\",\n \"text\": \"of Alan Colmes, who said \\\"I'm Alan Colmes. Thank you, God bless you, and for the last time, this is 66 WNBC New York. Let's do the countdown.\\\" and counted down the seconds to WNBC's demise with the legendary NBC chimes (the notes G-E-C) playing in the background. Their soon-to-be former TV sister station, WNBC-TV, abruptly cut from a pre-produced history piece on WNBC and NBC Radio during their 5:00 pm newscast to cover the sign-off live. The final unofficial voice was that of then-WNBC-TV reporter Roger Grimsby, who could be heard announcing, \\\"You heard the countdown, it's over.\\\" After\",\n \"title\": \"WNBC (AM)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4132857\",\n \"text\": \"then switched to Pete Clapper on Capitol Hill for an interview with the Senate's press liaison. Moments later, the interview was interrupted by Gardiner's report of the President's death: ABC Radio then returned to orchestral music. At 2:00 p.m. EST, Walter Cronkite moved from the CBS Radio flash booth, to his desk. The static CBS news bulletin bumper which had been on the screen for the last several minutes as Cronkite filed audio reports was now replaced by a live image of him, since a camera was now warmed up and ready to broadcast. Any CBS affiliates that had not\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 199,\n \"origin_tokens\": 199,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Walter Cronkite context: he ended the newscast with opinion or commentary. Beginning with January 16, 1980, Day 50 of the Iran hostage crisis, Cronkite added the length of the hostages' captivity to the show's closing in order to remind the audience of the unresolved situation, ending only on Day 444, January 20, 1981. Cronkite is vividly remembered for breaking the news of the Assassination of John F. Kennedy on Friday, November 22, 1963. Cronkite had been standing at the United Press International wire machine in the CBS newsroom as the bulletin of the President's shooting broke and he clamored to get on the\\n\\ntitle: Evening News context: oneeven test broadcast August 19, 15, perman to the format on January 1, 196. Cronkite's prime report, \\\"Who, What When, Where, Why broadcast on February 27, 1968, ended with the United States only hope for stalemate in Vietnam It is often credited influencing Lyndon Johnson's drop out of the race for \\\" I lost Cronkite ...I've Middle\\\", he stated. Under Cronkite, the newsc began would eventually an 18-year ofating the ratings network evening programs.\\ntitle:ite Walter L Cron 91 17,9) American journalist who served asan theC Even for 19 years19–11 theyd of in 16s1970, he as most trust in being in opinion He reported from97 to198 in World II; the Nuremberg tri Vietnam's Field hijack Water the Iran Hostage Cris;inations. (vision station TCN157 his 002. Henderson took part in the reunion with Channel Nine for the 50th birthday of Australian television in September 2006. From his first news broadcast in 1957, the tag-line Henderson used to sign off at the end of every newscast was either \\\"...and that's the way it is\\\" or \\\"the way it is\\\", similar to Walter Cronkite. At the end of his final bulletin, Henderson's voice wavered as he told viewers it was time to watch the news, not present it: \\\"Not the way it was, as has been\\n\\nWhat was CBS TV news broadcaster Walter Cronkite's stock closing phrase?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 523,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14711,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":87,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":87,"string":"87"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which item of clothing cost Isadora Duncan her life?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"],"string":"[\n \"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Scarf- it was caught in a moving car wheel"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1398368","text":"considered this embarrassing, as it suggested that she and Falchetto were going to her hotel for a tryst. Her silk scarf, draped around her neck, became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, pulling her from the open car and breaking her neck. Desti said she called out to warn Duncan about the scarf almost immediately after the car left. Desti brought Duncan to the hospital, where she was pronounced dead. As \"The New York Times\" noted in its obituary, Duncan \"met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera.\" \"According to dispatches from Nice, Duncan was hurled in","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"3488171","text":"motor show was cancelled and the launch was postponed – as matters turned out indefinitely – due to the intervention of war which France (and Britain) declared against Germany in early September 1939. Production of the Amilcar was not resumed after World War II. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar The Amilcar was a French automobile manufactured","title":"Amilcar"},{"id":"1398346","text":"Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout Europe. Born in California, she lived in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50, when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was riding. Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398369","text":"an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed by the force of her fall to the stone pavement.\" Other sources noted that she was almost decapitated by the sudden tightening of the scarf around her neck. The accident gave rise to Gertrude Stein's mordant remark that \"affectations can be dangerous\". At the time of her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen. Her will was the first of a Soviet citizen's to be probated in the U.S. Duncan was cremated, and her ashes were placed next to those of her children in the columbarium","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1925140","text":"arriving on the Côte d'Azur. Edith Wharton wrote \"The Age of Innocence\" (1920) at a villa near Hyères, winning the Pulitzer Prize for the novel (the first woman to do so). Dancer Isadora Duncan frequented Cannes and Nice, but died in 1927 when her scarf caught in a wheel of the Amilcar motor car in which she was a passenger and strangled her. The writer F. Scott Fitzgerald first visited with his wife Zelda in 1924, stopping at Hyères, Cannes and Monte Carlo – eventually staying at Saint-Raphaël, where he wrote much of \"The Great Gatsby\" and began \"Tender is","title":"French Riviera"},{"id":"8931658","text":"by Lefebvre, it started from Königsberg (today's Kaliningrad). 4,700 of the CGS and CGSS were made. Isadora Duncan's fondness for flowing scarves was the cause of her death in 1927 in an automobile accident in Nice, France. The famed American dancer was the passenger in an Amilcar CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels and rear axle, breaking her neck. Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS.","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"2907544","text":"after Isadora Duncan, a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger. In the fourth book, \"The Miserable Mill\", Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell. Orwell finished his famous book \"1984\" in 1948, and in the sixth book, \"The Ersatz Elevator\", it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories. The Squalors' names reference Jerome David \"J. D.\" Salinger and his short story \"For Esmé –","title":"A Series of Unfortunate Events"},{"id":"1711700","text":"Bugatti, a handsome Italian whom she has been admiring for several days. She goes for a drive with him in his sports car, and as they roar along a road by the sea, Isadora's long chiffon scarf catches in the spokes of a wheel and strangles her. Isadora Isadora (also known as The Loves of Isadora) is a 1968 biographical film which tells the story of celebrated American dancer Isadora Duncan. It stars Vanessa Redgrave, James Fox, and Jason Robards. The film was adapted by Melvyn Bragg, Margaret Drabble, and Clive Exton from the books \"My Life\" by Isadora and","title":"Isadora"},{"id":"8931657","text":"Amilcar CGSS The Amilcar CGSS (or CGSs) was a sporting car made by the Amilcar company from 1926 to 1929. The second \"S\" stood for surbaisse and the car was a lowered version of the CGS. Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, died in a CGSS when her silk scarf became entangled around the open-spoked wheels. The 1,074 cc four-cylinder engine from the CGS was fitted but in a slightly higher state of tune delivering . It was also available with a Cozette supercharger for those who needed more power. Thus equipped, a CGSS won the 1927 Monte Carlo Rally. Driven","title":"Amilcar CGSS"},{"id":"1398361","text":"title of the creator of modern dance. In both professional and private life, Duncan flouted traditional mores and morality. She was bisexual and an atheist, and alluded to her communism during her last United States tour, in 1922–23: she waved a red scarf and bared her breast on stage in Boston, proclaiming, \"This is red! So am I!\" Duncan bore two children, both out of wedlock. The first, Deirdre Beatrice (born September 24, 1906), by theatre designer Gordon Craig, and the second, Patrick Augustus (born May 1, 1910), by Paris Singer, one of the many sons of sewing machine magnate","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398374","text":"is also the subject of Amelia Gray's novel \"Isadora\" (2017). Two characters in the \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\" series of novels are named after her, Isadora Quagmire and Duncan Quagmire. Among the films featuring Duncan are: Ballets based on Duncan include: On the theatre stage, Duncan is portrayed in: Duncan is featured in music in: In the poem \"Fever 103\" by Sylvia Plath, the speaker alludes to Isadora's scarves. Archival collections Other Isadora Duncan Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 – September 14, 1927) was an American and French dancer who performed to acclaim throughout","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398373","text":"having San Francisco rename an alley on the same block from Adelaide Place to Isadora Duncan Lane. In medicine, the Isadora Duncan Syndrome refers to injury or death consequent to entanglement of neckwear with a wheel or other machinery. Duncan has attracted literary and artistic attention from the 1920s to the present, in novels, film, ballet, theatre, music, and poetry. Duncan has been portrayed in novels including Aleister Crowley's \"Moonchild\" (as 'Lavinia King'), published in 1923, and Upton Sinclair's \"World's End\" (1940) and \"Between Two Worlds\" (1941), the first two novels in his Pulitzer Prize winning Lanny Budd series. She","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"10129125","text":"was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. The extravagances of the Parisian couturiers came in a variety of shapes, but the most popular silhouette throughout the decade was the tunic over a long underskirt. Early","title":"1910s in Western fashion"},{"id":"1398366","text":"how memorable it was, but what Zelda recalled was that while all eyes were watching Duncan, Zelda was able to steal the salt and pepper shakers from the table. In his book \"Isadora, an Intimate Portrait\", Sewell Stokes, who met Duncan in the last years of her life, describes her extravagant waywardness. Duncan's autobiography \"My Life\" was published in 1927. The Australian composer Percy Grainger called Isadora's autobiography a \"life-enriching masterpiece.\" On the night of September 14, 1927, in Nice, France, Duncan was a passenger in an Amilcar CGSS automobile owned by Benoît Falchetto, a French-Italian mechanic. She wore a","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"1398367","text":"long, flowing, hand-painted silk scarf, created by the Russian-born artist Roman Chatov, a gift from her friend Mary Desti, the mother of American film director Preston Sturges. Desti, who saw Duncan off, had asked her to wear a cape in the open-air vehicle because of the cold weather, but she would only agree to wear the scarf. As they departed, she reportedly said to Desti and some companions, \"\" (\"Farewell, my friends. I go to glory!\"); but according to the American novelist Glenway Wescott, Desti later told him that Duncan's actual parting words were, (\"I am off to love\"). Desti","title":"Isadora Duncan"},{"id":"9157191","text":"that undulated with color. Each garment was made of a single piece of the finest silk, its unique color acquired by repeated immersions in dyes whose shades were suggestive of moonlight or of the watery reflections of the Venetian lagoon. Breton straw, Mexican cochineal, and indigo from the Far East were among the ingredients that Fortuny used. Among his many devotees were Eleonora Duse, Isadora Duncan, Cléo de Mérode, the Marchesa Casati, Émilienne d’Alençon, and Liane de Pougy. Changes in dress during World War I were dictated more by necessity than fashion. As more and more women were forced to","title":"History of fashion design"},{"id":"15163168","text":"Jose Clara The front of the base is inscribed: The name of William Henry Schuetze is misspelled on the monument. Clara was a Spanish sculptor, born in Olot in 1878, who died in Barcelona in 1958. After studying fine art in Toulouse, he met Auguste Rodin during a visit to Paris which led to him deciding to become a sculptor. A student of Barrias Louse-Ernest, his primary model was Isadora Duncan until her death in 1927. With worldwide recognition, he worked and lived the rest of his life in Barcelona. \"Serenity\" was bought by Charles Deering at the Paris Exhibition","title":"Serenity (Clara)"},{"id":"9368632","text":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World is a BBC TV film based on the life of the American dancer Isadora Duncan first broadcast on 22 September 1966. The film was directed and produced by Ken Russell and written by Sewell Stokes and Russell. It starred Vivian Pickles and Peter Bowles. The film is a biopic of American dancer Isadora Duncan. Sewell Stokes became friendly with the dancer towards the very end of her life when she was penniless and alone. In 1928 he wrote a memoir of his conversations with","title":"Isadora Duncan, the Biggest Dancer in the World"},{"id":"1923110","text":"\"Tonight or Never\" which had recently been made into a motion picture. Garden is cited with other artistic figures of the period in Hugh MacDiarmid's poem \"A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle\" (ll.30–2):
Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.
Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.
Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.
Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.
Formerly on NickToons until February 11,","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"19576073","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"19576071","text":"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over","title":"Toytown Stores"},{"id":"17328641","text":"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"847395","text":"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs","title":"Pixar"},{"id":"5770149","text":"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"16945154","text":"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \"new\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2781291","text":"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"12423735","text":"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \"Pinwheel\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"821137","text":"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \"Pulp Fiction\" was released. The Weinsteins","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"4932828","text":"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually","title":"Late night television in the United States"},{"id":"2374416","text":"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \"Mad\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"5770150","text":"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2475883","text":"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at","title":"Cinema of the United States"},{"id":"13691889","text":"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"17328649","text":"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the","title":"News Corp"},{"id":"2340634","text":"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by","title":"Independent film"},{"id":"3184493","text":"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \"The Last Unicorn\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of","title":"Peter S. Beagle"},{"id":"1360383","text":"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New","title":"Nickelodeon"},{"id":"12802302","text":"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \"Greatest Hits of All Time\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s","title":"Alpha Repertory Television Service"},{"id":"872225","text":"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \"superstation\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,","title":"WarnerMedia"},{"id":"1495154","text":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in","title":"Columbia Pictures"},{"id":"13632469","text":"Year\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \"Columnist of the Year\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \"The Daily Telegraph\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for","title":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"id":"5407564","text":"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \"Saint Jack\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \"Director's Cut\" in black and white. \"There's nothing to distract you,\" said Bogdanovich, \"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the","title":"Nickelodeon (film)"},{"id":"4694974","text":"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts","title":"Twig Com"},{"id":"13691886","text":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \"The Dark Crystal\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \"Labyrinth\" and \"The Storyteller.\"","title":"Jim Henson's Creature Shop"},{"id":"10641107","text":"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984","title":"Metro (department store)"},{"id":"2179868","text":"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \"Variety\"; however, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein","title":"Major film studio"},{"id":"1268584","text":"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee","title":"Modern animation in the United States"},{"id":"2781297","text":"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1","title":"Viacom Media Networks"},{"id":"2859817","text":"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \"Tron\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \"The Works\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University","title":"The Works (film)"},{"id":"11992710","text":"Day\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.","title":"Jamie Livingston"},{"id":"3921661","text":"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of","title":"Xtra-vision"},{"id":"17920810","text":"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the","title":"Pixar Photoscience Team"},{"id":"2881796","text":"the book \"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \"The Secret of NIMH\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,","title":"The Secret of NIMH"},{"id":"3991949","text":"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,","title":"Jim Long"},{"id":"838965","text":"could buy his own ticket punch for \"a school project\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network","title":"Kevin Mitnick"},{"id":"1483316","text":"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \"Quiz Kids\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn","title":"Norman Lear"},{"id":"11139746","text":"countries and scored several hit singles, including \"What a Waste\", \"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \"Do It Yourself\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the","title":"The Blockheads"},{"id":"12423739","text":"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running","title":"QUBE"},{"id":"13812365","text":"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \"golden age\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \"pinball\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \"splat\" design) with the \"Nickelodeon\" name overlaid in","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"13812358","text":"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \"The Electric Company\" and included \"Pinwheel\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"2129644","text":"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as","title":"David Geffen"},{"id":"2544969","text":"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which","title":"Tommy Hilfiger"},{"id":"2191399","text":"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they","title":"Spümcø"},{"id":"522569","text":"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process. Following a","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"2470232","text":"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \"Banana Republic\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items","title":"Banana Republic"},{"id":"1505855","text":"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \"Star Wars\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt","title":"Industrial Light & Magic"},{"id":"5188634","text":"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children","title":"Special Olympics Great Britain"},{"id":"17197177","text":"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \"Spy\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \"Nickelodeon Magazine\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \"Fast Company\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \"The New York Times\", \"The Wall Street Journal\" and \"Time\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly","title":"Anne Kreamer"},{"id":"6514376","text":"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \"The Times\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \"Western Mail\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \"The West Australian\". By the end of","title":"Robert Holmes à Court"},{"id":"5054857","text":"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band","title":"DFA Records"},{"id":"240452","text":"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \"Star Wars\" were held","title":"LucasArts"},{"id":"13812364","text":"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \"Against the Odds\" and \"Going Great\"), which stagnated viewership,","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"11370001","text":"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played","title":"Bill Rasmussen"},{"id":"5770157","text":"is a writer and producer for television series such as \"Arrested Development,\" \"Cougar Town,\" \"The Michael J. Fox Show,\" and \"Grandfathered\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"13656644","text":"son, and just \"two suitcases.\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\" He took time outside of his job to work at","title":"Yury Verlinsky"},{"id":"490450","text":"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of","title":"Activision"},{"id":"2943689","text":"properties such as \"Care Bears,\" \"Topsy and Tim,\" \"The Get Along Gang,\" \"Popples,\" and \"Holly Hobbie.\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by","title":"American Greetings"},{"id":"5770148","text":"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,","title":"Geraldine Laybourne"},{"id":"2374417","text":"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra","title":"Warner Communications"},{"id":"4770732","text":"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor","title":"VLSI Technology"},{"id":"6439009","text":"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner","title":"Merchandise Building"},{"id":"2078794","text":"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a","title":"Sanctuary Records"},{"id":"835999","text":"trade magazine \"Cablevision\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,","title":"C-SPAN"},{"id":"15152611","text":"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's","title":"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres"},{"id":"995704","text":"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \"Superman\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \"King Kong\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to","title":"B movie"},{"id":"16003182","text":"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.","title":"History of ESPN"},{"id":"2177792","text":"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member","title":"Turner Broadcasting System"},{"id":"821114","text":"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the","title":"Miramax"},{"id":"16945175","text":"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is","title":"21st Century Fox"},{"id":"2991541","text":"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \"MTV\" (for \"Multilingual Television\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \"Video Singles\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a","title":"CFMT-DT"},{"id":"5197463","text":"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \"Nickelodeon\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in","title":"Odeon Cinemas"},{"id":"7960258","text":"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any","title":"TVX Broadcast Group"},{"id":"4955066","text":"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's","title":"FOREST"},{"id":"13812360","text":"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \"Video Comic Book\", \"Pinwheel\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \"America Goes Bananaz\", \"Nickel Flicks\", and \"By the Way\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \"N\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \"Nickelodeon\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free","title":"History of Nickelodeon"},{"id":"16044191","text":"their portfolio included the opening titles for \"Saturday Night Live\" and \"National Geographic Explorer\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \"You Might","title":"Charlex"},{"id":"522594","text":"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \"The Age of Plastic\", in January 1980 with \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \"Drama\" in the process.","title":"The Buggles"},{"id":"16819195","text":"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"},{"id":"18361274","text":"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room","title":"David Thieme"},{"id":"6887709","text":"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's","title":"Monster Cable"},{"id":"17867603","text":"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \"Nickelodeon\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \"Wilma\" and \"William\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \"Nickelodeon\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \"Did you see","title":"Krissie Illing"},{"id":"8966915","text":"British children's magazine \"Finding Out\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she","title":"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone"},{"id":"14701461","text":"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.","title":"Scott Squires"},{"id":"16819193","text":"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \"imaginative and witty.\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was","title":"M & Co. (design firm)"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"3133722\",\n \"text\": \"Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360352\",\n \"text\": \"Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812359\",\n \"text\": \"putting them over rival companies such as HBO. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979 (as the first ever all children's network) on Warner Cable's system in Buffalo, New York. It quickly expanded its audience reach, first to other Warner Cable systems across the country, and eventually to other cable providers. It was distributed via satellite on RCA Satcom-1, which went into orbit one week earlier on March 26 – originally transmitted on transponder space purchased from televangelists Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Despite its prior history on the QUBE system under the Pinwheel name, Nickelodeon has designated 1979 as the\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2151844\",\n \"text\": \"paid in full at the end of the month. American Express formed a venture with Warner Communications in 1979 called Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, which created MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. The partnership lasted only until 1984. The properties were sold to Viacom soon after. In April 1992, American Express spun off its former subsidiary, First Data Corp., in an initial public offering. In 1994, the Optima True Grace card was introduced. The card was unique in that it offered a grace period on all purchases whether a balance was carried on the card or not (as opposed to traditional\",\n \"title\": \"American Express\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133723\",\n \"text\": \"folded into a separate jointly owned unit, the Warner Cable Corporation). Warner-Amex executive John A. Schneider served as the company's president; other Warner-Amex staff that manned Star/The Movie Channel's initial management team included executive vice president John Lack, programming chief Robert Pittman, and Fred Seibert, who was in charge of developing on-air promotions. On December 1, 1979, the network was relaunched as The Movie Channel; the first feature film to be broadcast on the relaunched service was the 1953 comedy \\\"Roman Holiday\\\". On January 1, 1980, TMC discontinued its time-lease arrangement with Nickelodeon (then a sister network under the Warner,\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3133721\",\n \"text\": \"January 1, 1979, Star Channel became a nationally distributed service after it was uplinked to satellite, becoming the third premium service to be distributed nationally through such a transmission method (after HBO, which was uplinked to satellite in September 1975, and Showtime, which was uplinked in March 1978). In April of that year, it began to share channel and transponder space with Warner-Amex's newly launched children's network, Nickelodeon (an outgrowth of the company's former Pinwheel programming service); this resulted in the latter service switching to an encrypted signal during the regularly scheduled network transition at 10:00 p.m. Eastern and Pacific\",\n \"title\": \"The Movie Channel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4647379\",\n \"text\": \"nationwide outlets. Star Channel began by satellite in January 1979 and was renamed The Movie Channel by the end of the year. Pinwheel became Nickelodeon in April 1979. In 1980, Warner-Amex formed a joint venture with Cablevision's Rainbow Media division to launch Bravo, a cable network indicated to arts and films, it was launched in December 1, 1980, however, it was sold to Rainbow Media in 1984 following Warner-Amex's sale to Viacom. Lack had worked in sales at CBS Radio (in fact, it was he who suggested Schneider to Warner chief Ross) and had an idea of cable programming as\",\n \"title\": \"Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812357\",\n \"text\": \"History of Nickelodeon Nickelodeon is an American basic cable and satellite television network that is part of the Nickelodeon Group, a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom, which focuses on programs aimed at children and teenagers; it has since expanded to include three spin-off digital cable and satellite networks in the United States, and international channels in six continents. Nickelodeon's history dates back to December 1, 1977, when QUBE, the first two-way major market interactive cable television system was launched in Columbus, Ohio by Warner Cable, the parent company of Dimension Pictures. One of the ten \\\"community\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10100368\",\n \"text\": \"company with Radio Caroline in 1978, was relaunched from its own vessel, MV \\\"Magdalena\\\" on 1 July 1979, although this only lasted until 21 September 1979 when the MV Magdalena stranded during a Force 8 gale at the shore of Goeree. It was not until 1999 that Van Landschoot admitted the open secret that he had been involved with the relaunch of his former rival station, again aimed at the promotion of his Carnaby clothing and boutiques, and records of artists he was managing at the time: Dream Express, its offspring L.B.S., Luke and Puzzle. In 1980 he established a\",\n \"title\": \"Radio Atlantis\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360353\",\n \"text\": \"expanded to other cable providers nationwide. It was initially commercial-free and remained without advertising until 1984. Warner sold Nickelodeon, along with its sister networks MTV and VH1, to Viacom in 1986. , the channel is available to about 92.056 million households (79.086% of households with TV) in the United States. The channel's name comes from the first five cent movie theaters called nickelodeons. Its history dates back to December 1, 1977, when Warner Cable Communications launched the first two-way interactive cable system, QUBE, in Columbus, Ohio. Under the name Pinwheel Network, the C-3 cable channel carried \\\"Pinwheel\\\" daily from 7:00\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821113\",\n \"text\": \"Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins operated Miramax with more creative and financial independence than any other division of Disney until September 30, 2005, when they left the company and founded a\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3592188\",\n \"text\": \"Pinwheel (TV series) Pinwheel is a children's television show. It was originally broadcast on channel C-3 of Warner Cable's interactive system QUBE in Columbus, Ohio. However, the show began airing on the Nickelodeon network, from December 1977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) until 1990. \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of C-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio, in the earliest days of cable television broadcasting. C-3 soon changed its name to Pinwheel. In 1979, Warner Cable purchased the Sat-1 communications satellite from Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker and rebranded the Pinwheel Channel as Nickelodeon, where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel\\\" as hour-long\",\n \"title\": \"Pinwheel (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812361\",\n \"text\": \"service, the network ran interstitials between programs, consisting of a male mime doing tricks in front of a black background. At the time of its launch, Nickelodeon's programming aired for thirteen hours each weekday from 8:00 a.m. to 11:00 p.m. and for fourteen hours on weekends from 8:00 a.m. to midnight Eastern and Pacific Time. Premium cable network Star Channel (which later relaunched as The Movie Channel in November 1979) would take over the channel space after Nickelodeon's broadcast day ended. New shows were added to the lineup in 1980, including \\\"Dusty's Treehouse\\\", \\\"First Row Features\\\", \\\"Special Delivery\\\", \\\"What Will\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360354\",\n \"text\": \"a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. Nickelodeon launched on April 1, 1979, initially distributed to Warner Cable systems via satellite on the RCA Satcom-1 transponder. Originally commercial-free, advertising was introduced in January 1984. Nickelodeon's schedule currently consists largely of original series aimed at children, pre-teens and young teenagers, including animated series (such as \\\"SpongeBob SquarePants\\\", \\\"ALVINNN!!! and the Chipmunks\\\", \\\"The Loud House\\\", \\\"Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Kid Danger\\\"), to live-action comedy and action series (such as \\\"Power Rangers Ninja Steel\\\", \\\"The Thundermans\\\", \\\"Henry Danger\\\", \\\"Game Shakers\\\", \\\"School of Rock\\\", along with the month-long\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8837316\",\n \"text\": \"The Ladd Company The Ladd Company was an American film production company founded by Alan Ladd, Jr., Jay Kanter, and Gareth Wigan in 1979. In 1979, the three founders were executives with 20th Century Fox — Ladd was the president — when they announced their intention to leave the company when their contracts expired in December 1980 and form a new production company to be financed by Warner Bros. (Ladd had reportedly been quarreling with other Fox senior executives.) Fox subsequently cut their contracts short, ending on October 1, 1979. The day after the contracts expired, the trio placed ads\",\n \"title\": \"The Ladd Company\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781293\",\n \"text\": \"with HBO's The Comedy Channel the following year, became fully owned by Viacom in 2003.
Channel was originally known as Nicktoons TV until 2003 when it was rebranded as Nicktoons which was rebranded again as Nicktoons Network in 2005 and finally rebranded yet again as Nicktoons once more in 2009.
Channel was originally known Pinwheel until 1979 when it was rebranded as Nickelodeon.
Channel was originally known MTV Hits until 2016 when it was rebranded as NickMusic.
Channel was originally known as The 90's Are All That until 2015 and The Splat until 2017.
Formerly on NickToons until February 11,\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576073\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19576071\",\n \"text\": \"Toytown Stores Toytown is the number 2 independent toy retailer in the UK and Ireland. Providers of children's toys and entertainment products with 23 stores throughout the UK and Ireland. The independent toy retail chain was founded in Belfast in 1979. It is a family run company, founded in 1979 by the managing director, Alan Simpson, who has over 36 years’ experience within the toy trade. Toytown currently employs over 100 staff and operates 22 stores in total, 8 in Northern Ireland, 2 in the Republic of Ireland and 12 in England and Scotland. The company is still expanding over\",\n \"title\": \"Toytown Stores\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328641\",\n \"text\": \"News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the old News Corporation's broadcasting and media properties, such as Fox Entertainment Group. The spin-out was structured so that 21st Century Fox would be the legal successor and continuation of the old News Corporation, with the new News Corp being an entirely new company\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"847395\",\n \"text\": \"Pixar Pixar Animation Studios, commonly referred to as Pixar (), is an American computer animation film studio based in Emeryville, California, that is a subsidiary of Walt Disney Studios, owned by the Walt Disney Company. Pixar began in 1979 as the Graphics Group, part of the Lucasfilm computer division, before its spin-out as a corporation in 1986, with funding by Apple Inc. co-founder Steve Jobs, who became the majority shareholder. Disney purchased Pixar in 2006 at a valuation of $7.4 billion by converting each share of Pixar stock to 2.3 shares of Disney stock, a transaction that resulted in Jobs\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770149\",\n \"text\": \"she went to work for an architectural firm in Philadelphia. Eventually, she earned a Master of Science degree in Elementary Education from the University of Pennsylvania. In 1980, Laybourne signed on as program manager at the year-old network, where she initiated the focus-group approach to programming. Laybourne was one of the first people to focus on television programming for kids. She spent 15 years at Nickelodeon, taking over the management of the network, and started accepting advertising for the network, in 1984. Laybourne and her team were responsible for creating and building the Nickelodeon brand, launching Nick at Nite and\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945154\",\n \"text\": \"21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is the legal successor to News Corporation dealing primarily in the film and television industries. It is currently the United States' fourth-largest media conglomerate after The Walt Disney Company, Comcast and AT&T. The other company, the \\\"new\\\" News Corporation, holds Murdoch's print\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781291\",\n \"text\": \"Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1 and The Movie Channel (TMC). Viacom acquired 66% of the company in 1985 and then acquired the remaining 34% interest in\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423735\",\n \"text\": \"cable channels at the time), including 10 pay-per-view movie channels (a then-new feature for cable TV); 10 broadcast channels (from Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Canton, Akron, and Cleveland); and 10 community channels. These community channels included one dedicated to a single show: \\\"Pinwheel\\\", which would go on to air on Nickelodeon from the latter's launch in 1979; Sight on Sound, a predecessor to MTV; a weather channel; a learning channel; and a channel filled with locally produced programs that showed off QUBE's interactivity. The first QUBE box was issued as a test for 4 months to the family of Mr. and\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821137\",\n \"text\": \"here. Miramax Television is the television production division tasked with producing TV shows based on the existing Miramax films library and original concepts. Its projects include: Miramax Miramax, LLC (also known as Miramax Films) is a Qatari-owned American entertainment company known for producing and distributing films and television shows. It is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Miramax was founded in 1979 by brothers Bob and Harvey Weinstein, and was a leading independent film motion picture distribution and production company before it was acquired by The Walt Disney Company on June 30, 1993. Shortly thereafter, \\\"Pulp Fiction\\\" was released. The Weinsteins\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4932828\",\n \"text\": \"the number of channels that could be carried on a single system at the time (prior to upgrades that led to the advent of digital cable in the 1990s); however in those cases, providers switched between continuously-running channel feeds between dayparts. Prior to the launch of Nick at Nite, Nickelodeon carried The Movie Channel (from 1979 to 1981), BET (from 1980 to 1981), the Alpha Repertory Television Service (ARTS) (from 1981 to 1984) and ARTS' successor A&E (from 1984 to 1985) over its channel space; each one (except for ARTS, which merged with The Entertainment Channel to form A&E) eventually\",\n \"title\": \"Late night television in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374416\",\n \"text\": \"Warner Communications Warner Communications, Inc. was an American entertainment company established in 1972 from the entertainment assets of Kinney National Company, which were spun off due to a financial scandal over its parking operations (as National Kinney Corporation) and changed its name. It was the parent company for Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Music Group and, though Warner Cable, Dimension Pictures. It also owned DC Comics and \\\"Mad\\\" magazine. Warner made (and later lost) considerable profits with Atari, Inc., which it owned from 1976 to 1984. In 1979, Warner formed a joint venture with credit card company American Express, Warner-Amex Satellite\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770150\",\n \"text\": \"expanding the network by establishing it in other countries, developing theme parks and creating Nickelodeon magazine, movie, toy and publishing divisions. Under her leadership, Nickelodeon became the top-rated 24-hour cable programming service and won Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, CableACE Awards and Parents' Choice Awards. The network had a 40% profit margin and explosive growth every year. Laybourne built Nickelodeon into the first global television network to profit from selling advertising targeted towards children. Her programming approach, which made a point of talking to children as equals, built the tiny cable network, which had only five employees in 1980, into an\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2475883\",\n \"text\": \"century, when the medium was new, many Jewish immigrants found employment in the US film industry. They were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of short films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons, after their admission price of a nickel (five cents). Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, William Fox, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. Soon they were the heads of a new kind of enterprise: the movie studio. (The US had at\",\n \"title\": \"Cinema of the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691889\",\n \"text\": \"which cost more than $100,000. Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17328649\",\n \"text\": \"a group of private investors for an undisclosed sum. On June 2016, News Corp acquired Wireless Group (formerly UTV Media), a British radio broadcaster, for $296 million The company consists primarily of the former News Corp's newspaper and book publishing assets, and includes: News Corp News Corporation (officially referred to and trading as News Corp) is an American entertainment company, formed as a spin-off of the original News Corporation (as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979) focusing on newspapers and publishing. It is one of two companies which succeeded the former News Corporation, alongside 21st Century Fox—which consists of the\",\n \"title\": \"News Corp\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2340634\",\n \"text\": \"New York. During the Edison era of the early 1900s, many Jewish immigrants had found jobs in the U.S. film industry. Under the Edison Trust, they were able to make their mark in a brand-new business: the exhibition of films in storefront theaters called nickelodeons. Within a few years, ambitious men like Samuel Goldwyn, Carl Laemmle, Adolph Zukor, Louis B. Mayer, and the Warner Brothers (Harry, Albert, Samuel, and Jack) had switched to the production side of the business. After hearing about Biograph's success in Hollywood, in 1913 many such would-be movie-makers headed west to avoid the fees imposed by\",\n \"title\": \"Independent film\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3184493\",\n \"text\": \"Nord in San Francisco, United States. Peter S. Beagle's book \\\"The Last Unicorn\\\" was made into an animated film of the same name in 1982, based on a screenplay written by Beagle himself. In 1979, Beagle had a contract with ITC Entertainment, which entitled Beagle to 5% of the net profits in the animated property, and 5% of the gross revenues from any film-related merchandising. Since 1999 this film has been controlled by a British company, Granada Media International (a subsidiary of ITV plc). From 2003 through 2011, Beagle was involved in a financial dispute with Granada over nonpayment of\",\n \"title\": \"Peter S. Beagle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1360383\",\n \"text\": \"some of its cartoons and other content, in English and local languages, to free-to-air networks and subscription channels such as KI.KA and Super RTL in Germany, RTÉ Two (English language) and TG4 (Irish language) in Ireland, YTV (in English) and Vrak.TV (in French) in Canada, Canal J in France, Alpha Kids in Greece, and CNBC-e in Turkey. Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12802302\",\n \"text\": \"Bob Pittman commissioned Geraldine Laybourne, who served as general manager of Nickelodeon at the time, to develop programming to fill the vacated time period. Laybourne asked programming and branding consultants Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, founders of Fred/Alan Inc. (who launched successful branding campaigns for MTV when it launched in 1981, and for Nickelodeon in 1984), to come up with programming ideas. Seibert and Goodman came up with the idea to launch a nighttime block of classic television series, modeled after the \\\"Greatest Hits of All Time\\\" oldies radio format, after being presented with over 200 episodes of the 1950s\",\n \"title\": \"Alpha Repertory Television Service\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"872225\",\n \"text\": \"The Movie Channel. Warner Bros. bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks. In 1976, the Turner–owned WTCG originated the \\\"superstation\\\" concept, transmitting via satellite to cable systems nationwide and pioneering the basic cable business model. WTCG was renamed WTBS in 1979 (it is now Meredith-owned WPCH). In 1976, Nolan Bushnell sold Atari, Inc. to Warner Communications for an estimated $2–12 million. Warner made considerable profits (and later losses) with Atari, which it owned from 1976 to 1984. While part of Warner, Atari achieved its greatest success,\",\n \"title\": \"WarnerMedia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1495154\",\n \"text\": \"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, acquired a 5.5% stake in Columbia Pictures. He then announced on November 20, to launch a tender offer to acquire another 20% for the studio. On December 14, a standstill agreement was reached with Columbia by promising not to go beyond 25% or seeking control for at least three years. On January 15, 1979, the Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Kerkorian, to block him from holding stake in Columbia, while controlling MGM. On February 19, 1979, Columbia Pictures Television acquired TOY Productions; the production company founded by Bud Yorkin and writers Saul Turteltaub and Bernie Orenstein in\",\n \"title\": \"Columbia Pictures\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13632469\",\n \"text\": \"Year\\\" in 2004 for its coverage of the Iraq War. The paper also won \\\"Columnist of the Year\\\" three years' running from 2002 to 2004: Zoë Heller (2002), Robert Harris (2003) and Boris Johnson (2004). In 1979, following a letter in \\\"The Daily Telegraph\\\" and a Government report highlighting the shortfall in care available for premature babies, Bliss, the special care baby charity, was founded. In 2009, as part of the Bliss 30th birthday celebrations, the charity was chosen as one of four beneficiaries of the newspaper's Christmas Charity Appeal. In February 2010 a cheque was presented to Bliss for\",\n \"title\": \"The Daily Telegraph\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5407564\",\n \"text\": \"amazing thing happened: I got more job offers than ever before in my life. People seemed so mad at Peter that they were eager to make excuses for me and help me out. And they all wanted to hear about working with him. After making the film, Bogdanovich felt he had compromised so much he took three years off directing before returning with \\\"Saint Jack\\\" (1979). The 2009 DVD release includes a 125-minute \\\"Director's Cut\\\" in black and white. \\\"There's nothing to distract you,\\\" said Bogdanovich, \\\"Ryan's blond hair and blue eyes don't distract you, and you focus on the\",\n \"title\": \"Nickelodeon (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4694974\",\n \"text\": \"factory was founded in the Finnish town of Salo. The factory later changed its name to Salora and specialised in shortwave radios, televisions and radio-phones. In 1979, when Salora and Nokia founded a joint company named Mobira, the manufacturing of mobile phones started in Salo. After some time working with in conjunction with Nokia, Jorma Nieminen (who was at the time heading Nokia's mobile phone section) and two colleagues parted ways with Nokia, and decided to start their own company, called Benefon, in 1988. In 2004, facing financial difficulties, Benefon entered bankruptcy protection and launched a re-organisation program. Benefon's efforts\",\n \"title\": \"Twig Com\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13691886\",\n \"text\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop Jim Henson's Creature Shop is a special/visual effects company founded in 1979 by puppeteer Jim Henson, creator of The Muppets. The company is based out of Hollywood, California, United States, and then Camden Town in London, United Kingdom. Jim Henson's Creature Shop was originally created as a partnership with British illustrator Brian Froud to facilitate the production of \\\"The Dark Crystal\\\". Located in Hampstead, London, it received its name in order to differentiate it from Henson's original puppet workshop in New York City. It was then used for future films such as \\\"Labyrinth\\\" and \\\"The Storyteller.\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Henson's Creature Shop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10641107\",\n \"text\": \"when it bought into Trans-Pacific Credit Pte Ltd in 1982. Metro Holdings also co-founded luxury brand retailer chain, The Hour Glass in 1979. The company also started a subsidiary company, Transmarco in 1978 as a distribution marketing company for luxury brands. The Metro group’s key businesses today focuses primarily on property investments in China, Japan and UK and retail properties in China and Indonesia. Metro Private Limited as the retail branch of Metro Holdings Limited also went into specialty retailing and ventured into many retail formats. Metro Pte Ltd initiated a joint venture with Toys ‘R’ Us Inc in 1984\",\n \"title\": \"Metro (department store)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2179868\",\n \"text\": \"units). With its top five box office showing it was declared a new major studio by \\\"Variety\\\"; however, \\\"The Hollywood Reporter\\\" does not yet recognize the company as a major. The Weinstein Company was founded in late 2005 by brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein after their departure from Miramax Films, which they had founded in 1979. In 1993, they sold control of Miramax to the Walt Disney Company, continuing to run the studio in quasi-independent fashion under the Disney umbrella. When the Weinsteins left Disney, they retained the right to the Dimension Films brand, which is used by The Weinstein\",\n \"title\": \"Major film studio\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1268584\",\n \"text\": \"effects for a relatively low price. The most popular and successful competitor in the CGI race turned out to be Pixar. It originated in 1979 when George Lucas' Lucasfilm was able to recruit Edwin Catmull from the New York Institute of Technology to start the Graphics Group of its special-effects division. In late 1983, Catmull was able to bring in as a freelance independent contractor a Disney animator, John Lasseter, not long after Lasseter (then unbeknownst to Catmull) had been fired by the Walt Disney Company for his vigorous advocacy of computer animation; Lasseter was hired as a full-time employee\",\n \"title\": \"Modern animation in the United States\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2781297\",\n \"text\": \"most concern to investors. The three account for roughly 50% of Viacom's operating profit, estimated David Bank of RBC Capital Markets. Viacom Media Networks Viacom Media Networks, formerly known as MTV Networks, is an American mass media division of Viacom that oversees the operations of many of its television channels and Internet brands. Its sister international division is Viacom International Media Networks. The company was founded in 1984 after Warner Communications and American Express decided to divest the basic cable assets of Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment, renaming it as MTV Networks, Inc. Warner-Amex had originally created and owned Nickelodeon, MTV, VH1\",\n \"title\": \"Viacom Media Networks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2859817\",\n \"text\": \"The lukewarm reception of Disney's heavily computer-themed \\\"Tron\\\" did little to buoy the group's confidence in their ultimate success. CGL was not working in a field without competition. George Lucas also realized the potential gains from computer animation, and in 1979, he created a new department of Lucasfilm which had the same goals as CGL, but ensured that movie industry professionals had a hand in the production. As Lucasfilm began headhunting for the best talent in the industry, many individuals struggling on \\\"The Works\\\" felt that Lucasfilm was a company more likely to succeed and abandoned NYIT. The Cornell University\",\n \"title\": \"The Works (film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11992710\",\n \"text\": \"Day\\\", which opened in 2007. By the next year, the pictures were hosted online and became a popular discovery of several online blogs. Livingston was a member of Chris Wangro's circus troupe The Janus Circus founded by Wangro at Bard College with other Bard Alumni including Zeena Parkins. He also worked as a cinematographer and editor of music videos for MTV, as well as working on advertisements with Nike. In 1979, Livingston received a Polaroid camera and after a few weeks noticed that he was taking about one photo a day, which subsequently evolved into the Polaroid a Day project.\",\n \"title\": \"Jamie Livingston\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3921661\",\n \"text\": \"Xtra-vision Xtra-vision is an online video, film and music store in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland operated by Hilco Ireland. The company original was Ireland's largest chain of DVD/Blu-ray rental stores and entertainment retailing company, founded in 1979 by Richard Murphy. It was previously operated by US company Blockbuster. Starting in 2013, 26 stores in Ireland were trading as HMV/Xtra-vision, offering many of the same items as the bigger HMV stores. On 27 January 2016, Xtra-vision was liquidated and ceased trading. The company now operates as an online business and operates rental vending machines across the Republic of\",\n \"title\": \"Xtra-vision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17920810\",\n \"text\": \"artists computer animated images onto film master negatives. Today the team manages all digital content to a variety of delivery media, film, DVD, and digital cinema projection. The team has won Engineering and Technical Academy Awards and patents for their work in Motion Picture Sciences. Pixar Photoscience Team The Pixar Photoscience Division, a division of Pixar Animation Studios, was founded in 1979 at Lucasfilm for the express purpose of designing and building a laser recorder/scanner system to input and output film to a computer for compositing and color correction of special effects. In the early years of Pixar's history, the\",\n \"title\": \"Pixar Photoscience Team\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2881796\",\n \"text\": \"the book \\\"Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH\\\" had reportedly been offered to Disney in 1972 but turned down. \\\"The Secret of NIMH\\\" was the first feature film to be directed by Don Bluth. In September 1979 he, fellow animators Gary Goldman and John Pomeroy, and eight other animation staff left the animation department at Walt Disney Productions to set up their own independent studio, Don Bluth Productions. The studio worked, at first, out of Bluth's house and garage, but moved to a two-story, facility in Studio City, California, several months later. While they were still working at Disney,\",\n \"title\": \"The Secret of NIMH\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3991949\",\n \"text\": \"of fraud and misuse of shareholder’s funds. On July 17, 1979, Starr Broadcasting Group, along with its 13 radio and television stations and the TM Companies, was merged with Shamrock Broadcasting Corporation, a privately held Los Angeles company controlled by the Roy E. Disney family. Since Long’s vision for the future of the TM Companies did not match that of Shamrock’s management, he resigned on December 31, 1979. Under various ownerships since 1980, today TM Studios/Productions continues to provide commercial production services to the broadcast industry. Long founded FirstCom in 1980 to provide broadcasters with a new level of promotion,\",\n \"title\": \"Jim Long\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"838965\",\n \"text\": \"could buy his own ticket punch for \\\"a school project\\\", he was able to ride any bus in the greater LA area using unused transfer slips he found in a dumpster next to the bus company garage. Social engineering later became his primary method of obtaining information, including usernames and passwords and modem phone numbers. Mitnick first gained unauthorized access to a computer network in 1979, at 16, when a friend gave him the phone number for the Ark, the computer system Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) used for developing their RSTS/E operating system software. He broke into DEC's computer network\",\n \"title\": \"Kevin Mitnick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1483316\",\n \"text\": \"an occasional network. In 1980, Lear founded the organization People for the American Way for the purpose of counteracting the Christian right organization Moral Majority, founded in 1979. In the fall of 1981 Lear began a 14-month run as the host of a revival of the classic game show \\\"Quiz Kids\\\" for the CBS Cable Network. In January 1982 Lear and Jerry Perenchio bought out Avco Embassy Pictures from Avco Financial Corporation, and the Avco part of its name was dropped after merging that with T.A.T. Communications Company to form Embassy Communications, Inc. Embassy Pictures was led by Alan Horn\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Lear\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11139746\",\n \"text\": \"countries and scored several hit singles, including \\\"What a Waste\\\", \\\"Hit Me with Your Rhythm Stick\\\" (which was a UK number one at the beginning of 1979, selling just short of a million copies) and \\\"Reasons to be Cheerful, Part 3\\\" (number three in the UK in 1979). The band's second album, \\\"Do It Yourself\\\", was released in June 1979 in a Barney Bubbles-designed sleeve of which there were over a dozen variations, all based on samples from the Crown wallpaper catalogue. Bubbles also designed the Blockhead logo, which received international acclaim and which continues to be used by the\",\n \"title\": \"The Blockheads\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12423739\",\n \"text\": \"was $875 million. Warner Cable brought in American Express as an investor, and the two companies formed Warner-Amex Cable Communications with a stellar board of directors, including American Express chairman Jim Robinson and President Lou Gerstner, and the former head of Shearson/American Express, Sanford Weill. Warner bought out American Express after the latter made an offer to buy Warner's position, leading to conflicts between the two companies. By this time, MTV and Nickelodeon became meaningful endeavors in their own right under the leadership of Bob Pittman and Geraldine Laybourne respectively. Through the early 1980s, QUBE was either up and running\",\n \"title\": \"QUBE\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812365\",\n \"text\": \"at one point finishing dead last among all U.S. cable channels. After firing its management staff, MTV Networks president Bob Pittman turned to Fred Seibert and Alan Goodman, who created MTV's iconic IDs a few years earlier, to reinvigorate Nickelodeon, leading to what many believe to be the channel's \\\"golden age\\\". Seibert and Goodman's company, Fred/Alan Inc., teamed up with Tom Corey and Scott Nash of the advertising firm Corey McPherson Nash to rebrand the network. The \\\"pinball\\\" logo was replaced with a new one featuring varied orange backgrounds (most notably a \\\"splat\\\" design) with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" name overlaid in\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812358\",\n \"text\": \"channels that were offered at no additional charge to QUBE subscribers was C-3, which exclusively carried Pinwheel each day from 7:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. Eastern Time. The channel was developed by Dr. Vivian Horner, who worked as director of research on the PBS series \\\"The Electric Company\\\" and included \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (one of Nickelodeon's earliest series, which spun off from the C-3 service). Nickelodeon was originally used as a loss leader for then-parent company Warner Cable. As the company saw it, having a commercial-free children's channel would prove useful in franchising its cable systems across the country, with that advantage\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2129644\",\n \"text\": \"retired and in 1977 was informed (erroneously) that he had cancer. During his retirement period he spent a short time (the fall of 1978 and spring of 1979) teaching a noncredit seminar on the music industry and arts management at Yale University, where he featured classroom guests Jackson Browne and Paul Simon. In 1980 a new medical diagnosis revealed the error in the original diagnosis and Geffen was given a clean bill of health, whereupon he decided to return to working in the entertainment industry. In 1980, he founded Geffen Records and recruited Warner Bros. Records exec Ed Rosenblatt as\",\n \"title\": \"David Geffen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2544969\",\n \"text\": \"to New York City and working for several different labels, he set up a company called Tommy Hill in 1979, forming a design team at the age of 28. One of his first clients was Jordache Jeans, and as Hilfiger's company expanded beyond denim he spent time in India, learning more about his trade: \\\"I would sit in the factory with my pile of sketches and watch them being made, tweaking as I went. There’s no better design school in the world.\\\" In 1981 he founded the company 20th Century Survival, and the following year he founded Click Point, which\",\n \"title\": \"Tommy Hilfiger\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2191399\",\n \"text\": \"toy products and comic books, would not happen again for some 25 years until Spümcø was founded and would eventually make history as the first animation studio of its kind. The company was officially founded in 1989 as a small office facility in the heart of Hollywood, by a small group of cartoonists, disappointed in the state of animation during the 1980s. John Kricfalusi, Lynne Naylor, Bob Camp and Jim Smith, who all co-founded the company, were cartoonists who were either laid off by animation companies, or willingly decided to quit. A few short months later, Nickelodeon announced that they\",\n \"title\": \"Spümcø\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522569\",\n \"text\": \"The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process. Following a\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2470232\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Republic Banana Republic is an American clothing and accessories retailer owned by the American multinational corporation Gap Inc. It was founded in 1978, by Mel and Patricia Ziegler with the name \\\"Banana Republic Travel & Safari Clothing Company\\\", with a safari theme; in 1983, Gap purchased the company, changed the name to simply \\\"Banana Republic\\\", and gave it a more upscale image. In late 2016, the brand announced Olivia Palermo as its first women's global style ambassador. The original Banana Republic was founded by Mel and Patricia Ziegler in 1978. The couple were known for acquiring interesting clothing items\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Republic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1505855\",\n \"text\": \"Industrial Light & Magic Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) is an American motion picture visual effects company that was founded in May 1975 by George Lucas. It is a division of the film production company, Lucasfilm, which Lucas founded, and was created when Lucas began production of the film \\\"Star Wars\\\". It is also the original founder company of the animation studio Pixar. ILM originated in Van Nuys, California, then later moved to San Rafael in 1978, and since 2005 it has been based at the Letterman Digital Arts Center in the Presidio of San Francisco. In 2012, The Walt\",\n \"title\": \"Industrial Light & Magic\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5188634\",\n \"text\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain Special Olympics Great Britain is a sporting organisation for children and adults with intellectual disabilities that operates in England, Scotland and Wales. It is part of the global Special Olympics movement. Initially known as Special Olympics UK, it was founded in 1978 by Chris Maloney MBE and at the time, was one of the first European programmes of the international Special Olympics movement. Special Olympics GB was established on August 8, 1979, the year Great Britain made its début at the Special Olympics World Games in Brockport, United States. Special Olympics GB creates opportunities for children\",\n \"title\": \"Special Olympics Great Britain\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17197177\",\n \"text\": \"and Professional Publishing. In 1986, she joined her husband, Kurt Andersen, Graydon Carter, and Thomas Philips as part of the team founding \\\"Spy\\\" magazine. In 1990 she joined Gerry Laybourne as executive vice-president and worldwide creative director for the cable TV channels Nickelodeon and Nick at Nite, where she conceived and launched \\\"Nickelodeon Magazine\\\", as well as launching Nickelodeon's toy and consumer product business. In the early 2000s, she became a columnist for \\\"Fast Company\\\", Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, and has also written for \\\"The New York Times\\\", \\\"The Wall Street Journal\\\" and \\\"Time\\\". Among other publications, she blogs regularly\",\n \"title\": \"Anne Kreamer\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6514376\",\n \"text\": \"found more than 1,000 km from his home and where he was last seen in Botswana. Author Geoff Elliott wrote a book about the disappearance. During 1979, Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for Ansett Transport Industries but was defeated by Rupert Murdoch and roadfreight group TNT. However, a profit of $11 million was made by Bell for future bids. Bell Group made an unsuccessful bid for \\\"The Times\\\" in 1980, and at the same time launched a new Perth newspaper, the \\\"Western Mail\\\", challenging the Herald & Weekly Times group which owned \\\"The West Australian\\\". By the end of\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Holmes à Court\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5054857\",\n \"text\": \"subsequently shortened to its abbreviation DFA. In 2004, DFA Records forced the Canadian duo Death From Above to change their name to Death from Above 1979. Murphy explained his side of the story in a 2005 interview with Pitchfork Media: We knew about them for a long time, the name thing wasn't a big deal. It wasn't until they signed to a major label, which wouldn't release the record until we signed off on the name. That's how this all came about... [Parent company of Death From Above 1979's label, Vice] Atlantic's not gonna release a record by a band\",\n \"title\": \"DFA Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"240452\",\n \"text\": \"will now be assumed by Disney Interactive Studios or licensed to third parties. In 1979, George Lucas wanted to explore other areas of entertainment, and created the Lucasfilm Computer Division in 1979, which included a department for computer games (the Games Group) and another for graphics. The graphics department was spun off into its own corporation in 1982, ultimately becoming Pixar. The Lucasfilm Games Group originally cooperated with Atari, which helped fund the video game group's founding, to produce video games. Though the group had spun out of Lucasfilm, the video game development license for Lucasfilm's \\\"Star Wars\\\" were held\",\n \"title\": \"LucasArts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812364\",\n \"text\": \"Channel. Around that time, Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment began divesting its assets and spun off Nickelodeon and two other channels, music networks MTV and the (now defunct) Radio Television Station (RTS) into the newly formed subsidiary MTV Networks; in order to increase revenue, Nickelodeon began to accept corporate underwriting (a method common in public television) for its programming. Nickelodeon struggled at first, operating at a loss of $10 million by 1984. The network had lacked successful programs (shows on the network that failed to gain traction during its first few years included \\\"Against the Odds\\\" and \\\"Going Great\\\"), which stagnated viewership,\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11370001\",\n \"text\": \"Bill Rasmussen William F. Rasmussen, also known as Bill Rasmussen (born 1932) is a former Sports Director, and one of the founders of ESPN, along with Scott Rasmussen and Ed Egan. Rasmussen served as the first president and CEO of ESPN. ESPN was founded on July 14, 1978, and was launched on September 7, 1979. Bill Rasmussen was born in Chicago, Illinois where he attended Gage Park High School. He received a scholarship to attend DePauw University in Indiana, where he met his future wife Mickey. After college, he was a supply officer in the US Air Force. He played\",\n \"title\": \"Bill Rasmussen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770157\",\n \"text\": \"is a writer and producer for television series such as \\\"Arrested Development,\\\" \\\"Cougar Town,\\\" \\\"The Michael J. Fox Show,\\\" and \\\"Grandfathered\\\" with John Stamos. They have four grandchildren. Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13656644\",\n \"text\": \"son, and just \\\"two suitcases.\\\" He arrived in 1979, one of the many thousands of other Soviet Jews that were allowed to leave that same year, including a young Sergey Brin, who later co-founded Google, Inc. Soon after arriving, he was offered a research position with the Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois, where he ran the cytogenetics laboratory. When asked how he so easily obtained the position, he replied \\\"of my previous experience and because a chromosome in any language is a chromosome and a microscope is a microscope.\\\" He took time outside of his job to work at\",\n \"title\": \"Yury Verlinsky\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"490450\",\n \"text\": \"Activision Activision Publishing, Inc. is an American video game publisher. It was founded on October 1, 1979 and was the world's first independent developer and distributor of video games for gaming consoles. Its first products were cartridges for the Atari 2600 video console system published from July 1980 for the US market and from August 1981 for the international market (UK). As of January 2017, Activision is one of the largest third-party video game publishers in the world and was the top publisher for 2016 in the United States. Its parent company is Activision Blizzard, formed from the merger of\",\n \"title\": \"Activision\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2943689\",\n \"text\": \"properties such as \\\"Care Bears,\\\" \\\"Topsy and Tim,\\\" \\\"The Get Along Gang,\\\" \\\"Popples,\\\" and \\\"Holly Hobbie.\\\" American Greetings also holds an exclusive license for Nickelodeon characters. Founded in 1906 by Polish immigrant Jacob Sapirstein (1885–1987), who sold cards from a horse-drawn cart, American Greetings has been run by members of the family since its inception. Irving I. Stone (Sapirstein's oldest son, who changed his surname to Stone) was stuffing envelopes at age five, handling the business during his father's illness when he was nine, and worked for the company full-time upon leaving high school. He was succeeded as CEO by\",\n \"title\": \"American Greetings\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5770148\",\n \"text\": \"Geraldine Laybourne Geraldine Laybourne (born May 19, 1947) is an American serial entrepreneur in media and technology. She led the team that created Nickelodeon in the 1980s and '90s and co-founded Oxygen Media. She is co-founder of a tech startup for the creative generation named Katapult. Laybourne was born Geraldine Bond on May 19, 1947 in Martinsville, New Jersey, a rural community of about 400. She is the second of four children, born to a former radio writer/actress and community organizer and a stock broker. Laybourne earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Art History from Vassar College. After graduation,\",\n \"title\": \"Geraldine Laybourne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2374417\",\n \"text\": \"Entertainment, which owned such cable channels as MTV, Nickelodeon, and The Movie Channel. Warner bought out American Express's half in 1984, and sold the venture a year later to Viacom, which renamed it MTV Networks (now known as Viacom Media Networks). In 1982, Warner purchased Popular Library from CBS Publications. In 1987, it was announced that Warner Communications and Time Inc. were to merge, although it took two years for the merger to take place. The merged company, Time Warner, was acquired by AT&T in 2018 and renamed WarnerMedia. The Warner Communications name was still credited on releases from Elektra\",\n \"title\": \"Warner Communications\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4770732\",\n \"text\": \"VLSI Technology VLSI Technology, Inc., was a company which designed and manufactured custom and semi-custom Integrated circuits (ICs). The company was based in Silicon Valley, with headquarters at 1109 McKay Drive in San Jose, California, US. Along with LSI Logic, VLSI Technology defined the leading edge of the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) business, which accelerated the push of powerful embedded systems into affordable products. VLSI was acquired in June 1999, for about $1 billion by Philips Electronics and is today a part of the Philips spin-off NXP Semiconductors. The company was founded in 1979, by a trio from Fairchild Semiconductor\",\n \"title\": \"VLSI Technology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6439009\",\n \"text\": \"to serve the needs of Simpsons-Sears. In 1971, the complex was connected to the department store chain's new head office building at 222 Jarvis Street. In January 1979, the venerable Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) bought Simpsons Limited in a hostile takeover, following a stalled (by the Foreign Investment Review Agency) and subsequently failed merger attempt between Simpsons and Simpsons-Sears. Simpsons-Sears continued to operate on its own, out from under its former parent, until 1984, when its name was changed to Sears Canada Inc. In 1991, HBC retired the Simpson's brand, either merging the remaining (Toronto-area) stores into the Bay banner\",\n \"title\": \"Merchandise Building\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2078794\",\n \"text\": \"Sanctuary Records Sanctuary Records Group Limited is a record label based in the United Kingdom and a subsidiary of BMG Rights Management. Until June 2007, it was the largest independent record label in the UK and the largest independent music management company in the world. It was also the world's largest independent owners of music intellectual property rights, with over 160,000 songs. The company was formed in 1979 by Rod Smallwood and Andy Taylor, who had first met as undergraduates at Trinity College, Cambridge, and later organized dance events for students together. In 1979, they discovered Iron Maiden in a\",\n \"title\": \"Sanctuary Records\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"835999\",\n \"text\": \"trade magazine \\\"Cablevision\\\". It was a time of rapid growth in the number of cable television channels available in the United States, and Lamb envisioned a cable-industry financed nonprofit network for televising sessions of the U.S. Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several cable executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans, who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979, and John D. Evans, who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19, 1979,\",\n \"title\": \"C-SPAN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15152611\",\n \"text\": \"Scenic & Wildlife Attractions, Town of Smithville, NJ recreated historic settlement and the Silver Springs Bottled Water Co. under president Walter Schwartz. ABC Motion Pictures was a theatrical movie subsidiary of ABC formed in May 1979. A cable division was started in July 1979 which was incorporated as ABC Video Enterprises, Inc. (AVE) by March 25, 1980. ABC announced ARTS in December 1980 to be launched on April 5, 1981 sharing Nickelodeon's channel at night. ABC and the Hearst Corporation in January 1981 formed a joint venture, Hearst/ABC Video Services, to provide programming to ARTS and launch BETA, a women's\",\n \"title\": \"American Broadcasting-Paramount Theatres\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"995704\",\n \"text\": \"(1977) had each, in turn, become the highest-grossing film in motion picture history. \\\"Superman\\\", released in December 1978, had proved that a studio could spend on a movie about a children's comic book character and turn a big profit—it was the top box-office hit of 1979. Blockbuster fantasy spectacles like the original 1933 \\\"King Kong\\\" had once been exceptional; in the new Hollywood, increasingly under the sway of multi-industrial conglomerates, they would rule. It had taken a decade and a half, from 1961 to 1976, for the production cost of the average Hollywood feature to double from $2 million to\",\n \"title\": \"B movie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16003182\",\n \"text\": \"History of ESPN ESPN is an American-based global cable and satellite television channel that focuses on sports-related programming including live and pre-taped event telecasts, sports highlight and talk shows, and other original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\",\n \"title\": \"History of ESPN\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2177792\",\n \"text\": \"cable subscribers were made to pay extra to receive. Ted Turner's innovation signaled the start of the basic cable revolution. In 1979, the company changed its name to Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. (TBS, Inc.) and the call letters of its main entertainment channel to WTBS. On June 1, 1980, Cable News Network (CNN) was launched at 17:00 EDT becoming the first 24-hour news cable channel. The husband and wife team of Dave Walker and Lois Hart news anchored the first newscast, Burt Reinhardt the then executive vice president of CNN, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees & 25-member\",\n \"title\": \"Turner Broadcasting System\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"821114\",\n \"text\": \"new studio, The Weinstein Company. Miramax was sold by Disney to Filmyard Holdings, a joint venture of Colony NorthStar, Tutor-Saliba Corporation, and Qatar Investment Authority, in 2010, ending Disney's 17-year ownership of the studio. In 2016, ownership of the company was transferred to the beIN Media Group. The company was founded by the brothers Harvey and Bob Weinstein in Buffalo, New York, in 1979, and was named by combining the first names of their parents Miriam and Max. It was created to distribute independent films deemed commercially unfeasible by the major studios. The company's first major success came when the\",\n \"title\": \"Miramax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16945175\",\n \"text\": \"TV. News Corporation's broadcasting properties in Australia, such as Foxtel and Fox Sports Australia, remain a part of the newly renamed News Corp Australia—which was spun off with the new News Corp and is not a part of 21st Century Fox. 21st Century Fox Twenty-First Century Fox, Inc., doing business as 21st Century Fox, is an American multinational mass media corporation that is based in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. It is one of the two companies formed from the 2013 spin-off of the publishing assets of News Corporation, as founded by Rupert Murdoch in 1979. 21st Century Fox is\",\n \"title\": \"21st Century Fox\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2991541\",\n \"text\": \"the remaining 60%. The station was originally going to broadcast on UHF channel 45, but instead moved to channel 47 for technical reasons. The station first signed on the air on September 3, 1979, broadcasting 24 hours a day, seven days a week, as a multicultural independent station under the brand name \\\"MTV\\\" (for \\\"Multilingual Television\\\"); that branding was dropped in 1981 to avoid confusion with the upstart American MTV cable network. (The channel even broadcast a program called \\\"Video Singles\\\", as of 1983.) In August 1980, the channel became the first in Canada to adopt a 24-hour, 7-day a\",\n \"title\": \"CFMT-DT\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5197463\",\n \"text\": \"(although the Irish cinemas were also included within this figure). ODEON Cinemas was created in 1928 by Oscar Deutsch. ODEON publicists liked to claim that the name of the cinemas was derived from his motto, \\\"Oscar Deutsch Entertains Our Nation\\\", but it had been used for cinemas in France and Italy in the 1920s, and the word is actually Ancient Greek. The name \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" was coined in 1888 and was widely used to describe small cinemas in the United States starting from 1905. However, the company is most associated with J. Arthur Rank, the owner for the longest period in\",\n \"title\": \"Odeon Cinemas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7960258\",\n \"text\": \"of TVX and bought the group under its corporate umbrella, rechristening the company as the Paramount Stations Group. In 1994, Viacom acquired the stations as part of its purchase of Paramount Pictures. Notes: TVX Broadcast Group The TVX Broadcast Group was an American media company that owned a group of UHF television stations during the 1980s. Originally known as the Television Corporation, the company was headquartered in Norfolk, Virginia, and was founded by a group of Norfolk-area businessmen led by Timothy McDonald. TVX began with a start-up television station, WTVZ, in 1979. Despite the group's name, it never held any\",\n \"title\": \"TVX Broadcast Group\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4955066\",\n \"text\": \"to be sufficiently independent to maintain its credibility'. After some debate as to whether Evans or Foxley-Norris should run the group, FOREST was launched on 19 June 1979, with Foxley-Norris chairman and Evans chief executive, the men being the group's first two members. Soon after launch, a March 1980 TAC memo showed that the tobacco industry felt that there was confusion about the organisation's purpose, doubts as to the effectiveness of FOREST's activities, and continuing uncertainty as to whether it should endeavour to recruit a mass membership or continue to serve the industry directly. Further doubts were expressed over FOREST's\",\n \"title\": \"FOREST\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13812360\",\n \"text\": \"year of the channel's official launch. Initial programming on Nickelodeon included \\\"Video Comic Book\\\", \\\"Pinwheel\\\" (which was reformatted as a daily hour-long series that ran in a three- to five-hour block format, and was a precursor to the Nick Jr. block that replaced it in 1988), \\\"America Goes Bananaz\\\", \\\"Nickel Flicks\\\", and \\\"By the Way\\\". The network's original logo incorporated a man looking into a Nickelodeon machine that was placed in the \\\"N\\\" in the wordmark; this was replaced the following year by another wordmark with the \\\"Nickelodeon\\\" text in Pinwheel's logo typeface. As Nickelodeon originally operated as a commercial-free\",\n \"title\": \"History of Nickelodeon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16044191\",\n \"text\": \"their portfolio included the opening titles for \\\"Saturday Night Live\\\" and \\\"National Geographic Explorer\\\", branding for Nickelodeon, HA!, Lifetime, and Myers Rum, and tons of commercials and music videos. Charlex Charlex (also known as CHRLX since 1998) is an American animation studio set in New York City that has created and produced commercials and animation for decades. Charlie Levi and Alex Weil set up Charlex in 1979 to support their rock band and to work on commercials. When the band folded, Levi and Weil began working there full-time. In 1984, they directed a music video for The Cars, \\\"You Might\",\n \"title\": \"Charlex\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"522594\",\n \"text\": \"Jack Woolley. The Buggles The Buggles are an English new wave band formed in London, England in 1977 by singer and bassist Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoffrey Downes. They are best known for their 1979 debut single \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" that topped the UK Singles Chart and reached number one in 15 other countries. The duo released their first album, \\\"The Age of Plastic\\\", in January 1980 with \\\"Video Killed the Radio Star\\\" as its lead single. Soon after the album's release, Horn and Downes joined the progressive rock band Yes, recording and releasing \\\"Drama\\\" in the process.\",\n \"title\": \"The Buggles\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819195\",\n \"text\": \"the collection of the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum and the Museum of Modern Art. M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns,\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18361274\",\n \"text\": \"David Thieme David Thieme (born in 1942) is an American designer, son of the artist and designer Anthony Thieme. He is best known for having been the former owner of the Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, the company that sponsored Team Lotus, between 1979 and 1981, and also the official entry for Porsche in the 1979 24 Hours of Le Mans. Thieme studied industrial design at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn. In 1973 he used the money that he had achieved with his work as a designer and founded Essex Overseas Petroleum Corporation, an oil trading company. Based in a room\",\n \"title\": \"David Thieme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6887709\",\n \"text\": \"conclusions on whether more expensive audio or video cables like those from Monster make a difference in audio or video quality when compared to generic cables. Instead of advertising, Monster offers incentives to retailers and their salespeople to sell the cables. Retailers bundle high profit-margin cables with larger purchases that have smaller margins in order to improve profitability. Monster was founded in 1979 by Noel Lee as Monster Cable Products. Lee, an audiophile and engineer, was experimenting with different copper qualities, wire constructs and winding methods of audio cables in his family's garage and comparing them while listening to Tchaikovsky's\",\n \"title\": \"Monster Cable\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17867603\",\n \"text\": \"Back in London, in 1984, she met Mark Britton and they paired up to form the comedy duo \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". Today Krissie Illing lives in Vaour in southern France with her husband Chris Adams, himself a British juggling artist. They have two children. \\\"Wilma\\\" and \\\"William\\\" were created in 1984, two burlesque characters that under the name of \\\"Nickelodeon\\\". They were a success right from the start, both with audiences and critics, and won the Street Entertainer of the Year Award (London) in 1985 A recording of this event was broadcast on Channel 4. Their first full-length show \\\"Did you see\",\n \"title\": \"Krissie Illing\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8966915\",\n \"text\": \"British children's magazine \\\"Finding Out\\\". In 1979, Janet died as a result of smoke inhalation following a fire in the kitchen, leaving Anne devastated and alone for the first time in her life. Their brother Murray described them together as one and a half rather than two people. Anne found herself unexpectedly responsible for the entire business enterprise previously shared with her sister, and managed to honour all of their outstanding commissions. She had to master the techniques for drawing and painting animals, particularly horses, which had been the specialty of her sister. Eventually she became so adept that she\",\n \"title\": \"Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14701461\",\n \"text\": \"Scott Squires Scott Squires (born 1956) is a visual effects supervisor and director. His first film project was \\\"Close Encounters of the Third Kind\\\", where he developed the Cloud Tank Effect. In 1979 Squires, Hoyt Yeatman, Rocco Gioffre, Fred Iguchi, Tom Hollister and Bob Hollister co-founded Dream Quest Images, a visual effects house, which was later purchased by Disney. Squires was president of Dream Quest and left in 1985 to work for Industrial Light and Magic. Squires worked as visual effects supervisor and commercial director at ILM for 20 years and is now a freelance director and visual effects supervisor.\",\n \"title\": \"Scott Squires\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16819193\",\n \"text\": \"M & Co. (design firm) M & Co. is a graphic and product design firm. It is located in New York, New York, United States. Their designs are described by the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum as being \\\"imaginative and witty.\\\" Tibor Kalman founded M & Co. with founding partners Carol Bokuniewicz and Liz Trovato in 1979. Despite studying journalism, he channeled his interest in typography and design to start M & Co. The company employed the likes of Stephen Doyle, Emily Oberman, Alexander Isley, Bethany Johns, and Marlene McCarty. Kalman's wife, Maira, was heavily involved in the organization and was\",\n \"title\": \"M & Co. (design firm)\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Movie Channel context: Time on weekdays and 8:00 p.m. on weekends; Star Channel originally signed off at 4:00 a.m. Eastern and Pacific, three hours before the transponder space reverted to use by Nickelodeon. On September 14 of that year, American Express reached an agreement with Warner Communications to buy 50% of Warner Cable Corporation for $175 million in cash and short-term notes. Through the formation of the joint venture, which was incorporated in December 1979, Star Channel and Nickelodeon were folded into Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment (later Warner-Amex Cable Communications), a company which handled the operations of the group's cable channels (Warner Cable was\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 197,\n \"origin_tokens\": 197,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Nickelodeon context: Nickelodeon Nickelodeon (often shortened to Nick) is an American pay television channel launched on December 1, 1977 as the first cable channel for children. It is owned by Viacom through its Viacom Media Networks division's Nickelodeon Group unit and is based in New York City. It is primarily aimed at children and adolescents aged 2–17. The channel was originally first tested as Pinwheel on December 1, 1977. Pinwheel was at the time only available on QUBE, which was the first two-way major market interactive cable television system, owned by Warner Cable. Pinwheel relaunched as Nickelodeon on April 1, 1979, and\\n\\ntitle: Pinw ( series) context: Pinwheel (TV series Pinw a children's show. It was originally broadcast on C-3 of Warner Cable' interactive system QUBE in Columbus, However, the show began airing on Nickelodeon network from December 977 (when Nickelodeon was first launched) 190 \\\"Pinwheel\\\" was the flagship program of-3, a children's network in Columbus, Ohio the earliest days of cable broadcasting. C- changed its name Pinw. In 179, Warner Cable purchased the- communications satellite from Jim Tammy Faye Bakker rebrand Pinwheel Channel Nickelode where it reformatted \\\"Pinwheel as hour-long\\n: Geraldine Lay: the establish it in,ks and creating Nickely and. Under leadershipon top-ated 24-hour programming and won Awards,odyable Awards and' Awards. had4 profitive yearbourne built Nickon into the profit fromed towards children programming approach, made a point to children as, which five in 19\\n: History ofNN is television channel sports and and, and original programming. This article details the development of ESPN from its founding in 1978, and its history since the channel's launch on September 7, 1979. ESPN was founded by Bill Rasmussen, his son Scott Rasmussen and Aetna insurance agent Ed Eagan. Bill, who had an affinity with sports for much of his life, was fired from his position as the communications manager for the New England Whalers in 1978.\\n\\nNickelodeon was founded in 1979 by which company?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 516,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14475,\n \"ratio\": \"28.1x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.8 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":92,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":92,"string":"92"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Which element along with polonium did the Curies discover?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Radium","Radium (Ra)","Ra-226","Element 88"],"string":"[\n \"Radium\",\n \"Radium (Ra)\",\n \"Ra-226\",\n \"Element 88\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Radium"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"4465576","text":"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"313421","text":"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \"radio-tellurium\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"345264","text":"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two","title":"Radium"},{"id":"278892","text":"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278891","text":"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \"polonium\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \"radium\", from the Latin word for \"ray\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \"radioactivity\". To prove their discoveries beyond any","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"15136004","text":"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"313420","text":"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \"radium F\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18786402","text":"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand","title":"Paris in the Belle Époque"},{"id":"2145202","text":"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.","title":"ESPCI Paris"},{"id":"313412","text":"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"6103505","text":"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a","title":"St. Paul's Convent School"},{"id":"72997","text":"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"1615158","text":"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \"radioactivity\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium","title":"Radioactive decay"},{"id":"1533347","text":"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"278893","text":"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"3567506","text":"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it","title":"Trivial name"},{"id":"69547","text":"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947","title":"Curium"},{"id":"11547999","text":"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,","title":"Uranium tile"},{"id":"278920","text":"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"598551","text":"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and","title":"Age of the Earth"},{"id":"278903","text":"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"366813","text":"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy","title":"Radiation therapy"},{"id":"4465577","text":"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the","title":"History of chemistry"},{"id":"3332058","text":"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \"the girl with radium eyes\". During the trip Ève and Irène","title":"Ève Curie"},{"id":"645575","text":"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \"When","title":"Henri Becquerel"},{"id":"69540","text":"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of","title":"Curium"},{"id":"12658367","text":"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine","title":"Wismut (mining company)"},{"id":"324247","text":"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"278871","text":"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \"polonium\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \"née\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"278927","text":"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"73000","text":"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \"oxy genes\", meaning \"acid-forming\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \"sulfurium\" or the Sanskrit word \"sulvere\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \"telus\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for","title":"Chalcogen"},{"id":"18723811","text":"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas","title":"Women in chemistry"},{"id":"278870","text":"theory of \"radioactivity\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"10756651","text":"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,","title":"Uranium ore"},{"id":"252646","text":"does not match that now known for \"hafnium\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.","title":"Metal"},{"id":"721385","text":"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)","title":"Irène Joliot-Curie"},{"id":"51439","text":"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in","title":"Beta decay"},{"id":"18651066","text":"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"1820371","text":"more powerful fusion weapons known as \"hydrogen bombs\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about","title":"History of nuclear weapons"},{"id":"278890","text":"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\" She later would recall how she felt \"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"69546","text":"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their","title":"Curium"},{"id":"10921124","text":"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \"affect the living function\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann","title":"Radiobiology"},{"id":"19616880","text":"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true","title":"Project Y"},{"id":"45717","text":"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered","title":"Berkelium"},{"id":"1883369","text":"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie","title":"André-Louis Debierne"},{"id":"9152251","text":"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the","title":"Plutonium"},{"id":"69543","text":"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is","title":"Curium"},{"id":"5754907","text":"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \"platinum\" and \"Ural\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \"polia\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian","title":"Gottfried Osann"},{"id":"278921","text":"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów","title":"Marie Curie"},{"id":"313413","text":"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"18651065","text":"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"4254828","text":"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa","title":"Jáchymov"},{"id":"401229","text":"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.","title":"Synthetic element"},{"id":"576618","text":"original title) was published in the \"Proceedings of the Royal Society\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),","title":"Otto Hahn"},{"id":"313441","text":"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \"The Bomb in the Basement\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"313447","text":"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"28517","text":"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971","title":"Actinide"},{"id":"11393088","text":"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"324246","text":"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \"radioactivity\", and were pioneers in","title":"Pierre Curie"},{"id":"10210013","text":"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon","title":"Dayton Project"},{"id":"9232","text":"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \"group IA\". Later the group's name was changed to \"group 1\" in 1988. The trivial name \"alkali metals\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey","title":"Alkali metal"},{"id":"345265","text":"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \"radium\", formed in Modern Latin from \"radius\"","title":"Radium"},{"id":"14748029","text":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\"ulica Freta 16\") in Warsaw's \"New Town\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved","title":"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum"},{"id":"313449","text":"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"482505","text":"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \"radius\", meaning \"ray\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the","title":"Alkaline earth metal"},{"id":"1375874","text":"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \"Radioactive Element 93\" in the \"Physical Review\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \"neptunium\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel","title":"Edwin McMillan"},{"id":"433633","text":"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious","title":"Uranium"},{"id":"1621260","text":"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements","title":"Period 7 element"},{"id":"2229272","text":"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \"Nature\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \"radioactivity.\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine","title":"Nuclear medicine"},{"id":"135050","text":"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by","title":"Francium"},{"id":"175502","text":"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \"celtium\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \"celtium\",","title":"Hafnium"},{"id":"1533307","text":"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes","title":"Period 6 element"},{"id":"2073037","text":"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \"emanium\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different","title":"Group 3 element"},{"id":"313411","text":"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"1490164","text":"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of","title":"James Chadwick"},{"id":"313448","text":"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the","title":"Polonium"},{"id":"11393085","text":"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in","title":"Norman Feather"},{"id":"20071747","text":"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\" in \"Science\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to","title":"Vilma Rose Hunt"},{"id":"15136010","text":"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the","title":"Chemistry: A Volatile History"},{"id":"4033406","text":"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \"Institut de Radiophysique\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.","title":"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death"},{"id":"7879442","text":"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to","title":"Decay scheme"},{"id":"2121286","text":"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743483","text":"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"},{"id":"10411","text":"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \"dakin\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,","title":"Astatine"},{"id":"125679","text":"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \"Uranium X\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \"Law of Radioactive Change,\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.","title":"Ernest Rutherford"},{"id":"165485","text":"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth","title":"Halogen"},{"id":"13811931","text":"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He","title":"Friedrich Oskar Giesel"},{"id":"350096","text":"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One","title":"Radiation"},{"id":"540423","text":"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4","title":"Uraninite"},{"id":"69043","text":"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \"known\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and","title":"Chemical element"},{"id":"311753","text":"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium","title":"Periodic table"},{"id":"3219856","text":"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the","title":"Tube Alloys"},{"id":"173895","text":"and Pierre coined the term \"radioactivity\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of","title":"History of physics"},{"id":"722636","text":"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute","title":"Livermorium"},{"id":"18651067","text":"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)","title":"Ralph A. James"},{"id":"135052","text":"Perey named the new isotope \"actinium-K\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \"catium\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \"cat\" rather than \"cation\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \"francium\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium","title":"Francium"},{"id":"19670403","text":"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.","title":"Victorium"},{"id":"1815931","text":"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \"fog\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity","title":"Nuclear chemistry"},{"id":"2121287","text":"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \"francium\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue","title":"Marguerite Perey"},{"id":"13743479","text":"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to","title":"Alice Leigh-Smith"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"4465576\",\n \"text\": \"element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313421\",\n \"text\": \"the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345264\",\n \"text\": \"seventh of a gram of radium. One kilogram of the Earth's crust contains about 900 picograms of radium, and one liter of sea water contains about 89 femtograms of radium. Radium was discovered by Marie Sklodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898, in a uraninite (pitchblende) sample. While studying the mineral earlier, the Curies removed uranium from it and found that the remaining material was still radioactive. They separated out an element similar to bismuth from pitchblende in July 1898, that turned out to be polonium. They then separated out a radioactive mixture consisting mostly of two\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278892\",\n \"text\": \"doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278891\",\n \"text\": \"was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore. In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named \\\"polonium\\\", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian, Austrian, and Prussian). On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named \\\"radium\\\", from the Latin word for \\\"ray\\\". In the course of their research, they also coined the word \\\"radioactivity\\\". To prove their discoveries beyond any\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136004\",\n \"text\": \"to investigate. Marie Curie began her investigations by testing a uranium ore called pitchblende with an electrometer. She discovered it was four times more radioactive than pure uranium, and wondered if this was due to the presence of an even more radioactive element in the pitchblende. Curie began stockpiling tonnes of pitchblende, then in the most basic of workshops with primitive equipment she undertook a multitude of complex and dangerous procedures in an attempt to isolate this new element. In the event, Curie discovered two new elements, polonium named after her native Poland and radium. Whilst these were naturally occurring\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313420\",\n \"text\": \"years) can be made through the alpha, proton, or deuteron bombardment of lead or bismuth in a cyclotron. Tentatively called \\\"radium F\\\", polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, and was named after Marie Curie's native land of Poland (). Poland at the time was under Russian, German, and Austro-Hungarian partition, and did not exist as an independent country. It was Curie's hope that naming the element after her native land would publicize its lack of independence. Polonium may be the first element named to highlight a political controversy. This element was the first one discovered by\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18786402\",\n \"text\": \"studying the fluorescence of uranium salts, discovered radioactivity in 1896, and in 1903 was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery. Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and Marie Curie (1867-1934) jointly carried on Becquerel's work, discovering radium and polonium (1898). They jointly received the Nobel Prize for physics in 1903. Marie Curie became the first female professor at the University of Paris and won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1911. She was the first woman to be buried in the Panthéon. The neon light was used for the first time in Paris on 3 December 1910 in the Grand\",\n \"title\": \"Paris in the Belle Époque\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2145202\",\n \"text\": \"the School rapidly became a meeting spot for the best scientists. From 1880 on, Pierre and Jacques Curie started a serie of research on crystal electrical properties that led to the piezoelectricity discovery. In 1897, Marie Curie started her work on uranic rays discovered by Becquerel one year earlier. After numerous experiments in the ESPCI laboratories, she discovered that pitchblende was 4 times more radioactive than uranium or thorium. In July 1898, the Curies announced the discovery of polonium and in December of the same year that of radium. Pierre and Marie Curie received the Physics Nobel Prize in 1903.\",\n \"title\": \"ESPCI Paris\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313412\",\n \"text\": \"Today, polonium is usually produced in milligram quantities by the neutron irradiation of bismuth. Due to its intense radioactivity, which results in the radiolysis of chemical bonds and radioactive self-heating, its chemistry has mostly been investigated on the trace scale only. Polonium was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie, when it was extracted from uranium ore and identified solely by its strong radioactivity: it was the first element to be so discovered. Polonium was named after Marie Curie's homeland of Poland. Polonium has few applications, and those are related to its radioactivity: heaters in space probes, antistatic devices,\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6103505\",\n \"text\": \"Kenny did manage to draw attention to poliomyelitis as a national problem. In 1942, the \\\"Elizabeth Kenny Institute\\\" was founded in Minnesota, U.S.A. Sister Kenny can be regarded as the Florence Nightingale of Orthopedies. CURIE (Yellow) Named after Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867–1934). With the help of her husband, a French chemist, Pierre Curie, the couple discovered the twin of polonium, radium. Marie Curie was the only person to have received two Nobel Prizes once in 1903 and in 1911. Marie Curie founded the Paris Institute of Radium, and was appointed its director by the French government. Madame Curie became a\",\n \"title\": \"St. Paul's Convent School\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"72997\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre Curie discovered that a sample of pitchblende was emitting four times as much radioactivity as could be explained by the presence of uranium alone. The Curies gathered several tons of pitchblende and refined it for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898. Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way to create polonium was to extract it over several months from uranium ore. The first attempt at creating livermorium was from 1976 to 1977 at the LBNL, who bombarded curium-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1615158\",\n \"text\": \"isotopes. A systematic search for the total radioactivity in uranium ores also guided Pierre and Marie Curie to isolate two new elements: polonium and radium. Except for the radioactivity of radium, the chemical similarity of radium to barium made these two elements difficult to distinguish. Marie and Pierre Curie’s study of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\",\n \"title\": \"Radioactive decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533347\",\n \"text\": \"element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uraniumores. Polonium has been studied for possible use in heating spacecraft. As it is unstable, all isotopes of polonium are radioactive. There is disagreement as to whether polonium is a post-transition metal or metalloid. Astatine is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on the Earth only as the result of decay of heavier elements, and decays\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278893\",\n \"text\": \"crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910, she isolated pure radium metal. She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days. Between 1898 and 1902, the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells. In 1900, Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris. In 1902 she\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3567506\",\n \"text\": \"gods for mankind. Discoverers of some elements named them after their home country or city. Marie Curie named polonium after Poland; ruthenium, gallium, germanium, and lutetium were based on the Latin names for Russia, France, Germany, and Paris. Other elements are named after the place where they were discovered. Four elements, terbium, erbium, ytterbium, and yttrium were named after a Swedish village Ytterby, where ores containing them were extracted. Other elements named after places are magnesium (after Magnesia), strontium, scandium, europium, thulium (after an old Roman name for the far north of Scandinavia), holmium, copper (derived from Cyprus, where it\",\n \"title\": \"Trivial name\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69547\",\n \"text\": \"production and compounds were later patented listing only Seaborg as the inventor. The new element was named after Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie who are noted for discovering radium and for their work in radioactivity. It followed the example of gadolinium, a lanthanide element above curium in the periodic table, which was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin: The first curium samples were barely visible, and were identified by their radioactivity. Louis Werner and Isadore Perlman created the first substantial sample of 30 µg curium-242 hydroxide at the University of California in 1947\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11547999\",\n \"text\": \"Uranium tile Uranium tiles have been used in the ceramics industry for many centuries, as uranium oxide makes an excellent ceramic glaze, and is reasonably abundant on the earth's crust. Not long after Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity in uranium salts, Madame Curie discovered both polonium and radium as two new radioactive elements also present with uranium. The relatively high specific activity and moderate half-life of 1,600 years of Ra-226, the main radioisotope of radium found in uranium ore, made for a material which when mixed with a phosphor allowed for a glow-in-the-dark substance. Thus, in addition to its medical usage,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium tile\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278920\",\n \"text\": \"two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. Awards that she received include: Marie Curie's 1898 publication with her husband and their collaborator Gustave Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI Paris (Ecole supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. In 1995, she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon, Paris. The curie (symbol Ci), a unit\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"598551\",\n \"text\": \"radioactivity introduced another factor in the calculation. After Henri Becquerel's initial discovery in 1896, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898; and in 1903, Pierre Curie and Albert Laborde announced that radium produces enough heat to melt its own weight in ice in less than an hour. Geologists quickly realized that this upset the assumptions underlying most calculations of the age of Earth. These had assumed that the original heat of the Earth and Sun had dissipated steadily into space, but radioactive decay meant that this heat had been continually replenished. George Darwin and\",\n \"title\": \"Age of the Earth\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278903\",\n \"text\": \"her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This award was \\\"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"366813\",\n \"text\": \"American physician to use x-rays to treat cancer, beginning in 1896. The field of radiation therapy began to grow in the early 1900s largely due to the groundbreaking work of Nobel Prize–winning scientist Marie Curie (1867–1934), who discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium in 1898. This began a new era in medical treatment and research. Through the 1920s the hazards of radiation exposure were not understood, and little protection was used. Radium was believed to have wide curative powers and radiotherapy was applied to many diseases. Prior to World War 2, the only practical sources of radiation for radiotherapy\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation therapy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4465577\",\n \"text\": \"of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. While it took three years for them to isolate radium, they were never able to isolate polonium. Along with the discovery of two new elements and finding techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, Curie oversaw the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the\",\n \"title\": \"History of chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3332058\",\n \"text\": \"their visit to Poland, they also rode horses and hiked in the mountains. In 1921, Ève set off on her first journey across the Atlantic Ocean: that spring, she sailed with her sister and mother on board the ship RMS Olympic to New York City. Marie Curie, as a two-time laureate of the Nobel Prize, the discoverer of radium and polonium, was welcomed there with all due ceremony; her daughters were also very popular with American high society. Radiant at parties and joyous, Ève was dubbed by the press \\\"the girl with radium eyes\\\". During the trip Ève and Irène\",\n \"title\": \"Ève Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"645575\",\n \"text\": \"that the penetrating radiation came from the uranium itself, without any need for excitation by an external energy source. There followed a period of intense research into radioactivity, including the determination that the element thorium is also radioactive and the discovery of additional radioactive elements polonium and radium by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and her husband Pierre Curie. The intensive research of radioactivity led to Henri publishing seven papers on the subject in 1896. Becquerel's other experiments allowed him to research more into radioactivity and figure out different aspects of the magnetic field when radiation is introduced into the magnetic field. \\\"When\",\n \"title\": \"Henri Becquerel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69540\",\n \"text\": \"Curium Curium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Cm and atomic number 96. This element of the actinide series was named after Marie and Pierre Curie – both were known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally produced and identified in July 1944 by the group of Glenn T. Seaborg at the University of California, Berkeley. The discovery was kept secret and only released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors – one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains about 20 grams of\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12658367\",\n \"text\": \"former mining and milling areas. The head office of SDAG Wismut / Wismut GmbH is in Chemnitz-Siegmar. The Ore Mountains (; ) in southern East Germany at the border with the Czech Republic are closely connected to the history of uranium exploitation. The metal was discovered in a sample from a silver mine in the mountain range, and uranium was produced first as a by-product in the early 19th century and later as a main product from the 1890s on. The chemists Marie and Pierre Curie discovered the elements Radium and Polonium in pitchblende tailings from a Czech uranium mine\",\n \"title\": \"Wismut (mining company)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324247\",\n \"text\": \"its study. Their work, including Marie Curie's celebrated doctoral work, made use of a sensitive piezoelectric electrometer constructed by Pierre and his brother Jacques Curie. Pierre Curie's 1898 publication with his wife Mme. Curie and also with M. G. Bémont for their discovery of radium and polonium was honored by a Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award from the Division of History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society presented to the ESPCI ParisTech (officially the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la Ville de Paris) in 2015. Curie and one of his students, Albert Laborde, made the\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278871\",\n \"text\": \"them on visits to Poland. She named the first chemical element that she discovered in 1898 \\\"polonium\\\", after her native country. Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I. Maria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in Congress Poland in the Russian Empire, on 7 November 1867, the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, \\\"née\\\" Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski. The elder siblings of Maria\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278927\",\n \"text\": \"the franc was replaced by the euro. Curie themed postage stamps from Mali, the Republic of Togo, Zambia, and the Republic of Guinea actually show a picture of Susan Marie Frontczak portraying Curie in a 2001 picture by Paul Schroeder. On the first centenary of Marie Curie's second Nobel Prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her Warsaw birthplace. It depicts an infant Maria Skłodowska holding a test tube from which emanate the elements that she would discover as an adult: polonium and radium. Also in 2011, a new Warsaw bridge over the Vistula was\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"73000\",\n \"text\": \"was associated with metals and metal-bearing rock in general; copper, and its alloy bronze, was one of the first metals to be used by humans. Oxygen's name comes from the Greek words \\\"oxy genes\\\", meaning \\\"acid-forming\\\". Sulfur's name comes from either the Latin word \\\"sulfurium\\\" or the Sanskrit word \\\"sulvere\\\"; both of those terms are ancient words for sulfur. Selenium is named after the Greek goddess of the moon, Selene, to match the previously-discovered element tellurium, whose name comes from the Latin word \\\"telus\\\", meaning earth. Polonium is named after Marie Curie's country of birth, Poland. Livermorium is named for\",\n \"title\": \"Chalcogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18723811\",\n \"text\": \"the only woman to be award two Nobel prizes). Her prize in chemistry was for her \\\"discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element.\\\" Irene Joliot-Curie, Marie's daughter, became the second woman to be awarded this prize in 1935 for her discovery of artificial radioactivity. Dorothy Hodgkin won the prize in 1964 for the development of protein crystallography. Among her significant discoveries are the structures of penicillin and vitamin B12. Forty five years later, Ada Yonath shared the prize with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas\",\n \"title\": \"Women in chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278870\",\n \"text\": \"theory of \\\"radioactivity\\\" (a term that she coined), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies into the treatment of neoplasms were conducted using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she developed mobile radiography units to provide X-ray services to field hospitals. While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames, never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10756651\",\n \"text\": \"for silver in the 16th century. F.E. Brückmann made the first mineralogical description of the mineral in 1727 and the vein deposit Jachymov in the Czech Republic became the type locality for uraninite. In 1789 the German chemist M. H. Klaproth discovered the element of uranium in a sample of pitchblende from the Johanngeorgenstadt vein deposit. The first industrial production of uranium was made from the Jachymov deposit and Marie and Pierre Curie used the tailings of the mine for their discovery of polonium and radium. Vein deposits consist of uranium minerals filling in cavities such as cracks, veins, fractures,\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium ore\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"252646\",\n \"text\": \"does not match that now known for \\\"hafnium\\\". After the war, in 1922, Coster and Hevesy found it by X-ray spectroscopic analysis in Norwegian zircon. Hafnium was thus the last stable element to be discovered. By the end of World War II scientists had synthesized four post-uranium elements, all of which are radioactive (unstable) metals: neptunium (in 1940), plutonium (1940–41), and curium and americium (1944), representing elements 93 to 96. The first two of these were eventually found in nature as well. Curium and americium were by-products of the Manhattan project, which produced the world's first atomic bomb in 1945.\",\n \"title\": \"Metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"721385\",\n \"text\": \"technology greatly assisted doctors to locate shrapnel in wounded soldiers, but it was crude and led to both Marie and Irène, who were serving as nurse radiographers, suffering large doses of radiation exposure. Both would eventually die from the consequences of accumulated radiation exposure over their professional life. After the war, Irène returned to Paris to study at the Radium Institute, which had been built by her parents. The institute was completed in 1914 but remained empty during the war. Her doctoral thesis was concerned with the alpha decay of polonium, the element discovered by her parents (along with radium)\",\n \"title\": \"Irène Joliot-Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"51439\",\n \"text\": \"its small rest mass. Radioactivity was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel in uranium, and subsequently observed by Marie and Pierre Curie in thorium and in the new elements polonium and radium. In 1899, Ernest Rutherford separated radioactive emissions into two types: alpha and beta (now beta minus), based on penetration of objects and ability to cause ionization. Alpha rays could be stopped by thin sheets of paper or aluminium, whereas beta rays could penetrate several millimetres of aluminium. In 1900, Paul Villard identified a still more penetrating type of radiation, which Rutherford identified as a fundamentally new type in\",\n \"title\": \"Beta decay\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651066\",\n \"text\": \"them to discover two new elements, although the difficulties for study and isolation were great. In 1944, Seaborg decided to extend the search to heavier elements, and notified chemists Ralph A. James and Leon O. Morgan that irradiasen plutonium and they sent the samples to Chicago for Albert Ghiorso to analyze. By identifying characteristics of emitted alpha particles they found the new elements. Curium (atomic number 96) was discovered in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso during World War II in the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, as part of the Manhattan Project, by bombing plutonium with\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1820371\",\n \"text\": \"more powerful fusion weapons known as \\\"hydrogen bombs\\\". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about\",\n \"title\": \"History of nuclear weapons\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278890\",\n \"text\": \"what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: \\\"The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.\\\" She later would recall how she felt \\\"a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible.\\\" On 14 April 1898, the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69546\",\n \"text\": \"Cm α-decay was correctly determined as 26.7 days. The discovery of curium, as well as americium, in 1944 was closely related to the Manhattan Project, so the results were confidential and declassified only in 1945. Seaborg leaked the synthesis of the elements 95 and 96 on the U.S. radio show for children, the Quiz Kids, five days before the official presentation at an American Chemical Society meeting on November 11, 1945, when one of the listeners asked whether any new transuranium element beside plutonium and neptunium had been discovered during the war. The discovery of curium (Cm and Cm), their\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10921124\",\n \"text\": \"originated from Leopold Freund's 1896 demonstration of the therapeutic treatment of a hairy mole using a new type of electromagnetic radiation called x-rays, which was discovered 1 year previously by the German physicist, Wilhelm Röntgen. After irradiating frogs and insects with X-rays in early 1896, Ivan Romanovich Tarkhanov concluded that these newly discovered rays not only photograph, but also \\\"affect the living function\\\". At the same time, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the radioactive polonium and radium later used to treat cancer. The genetic effects of radiation, including the effects on cancer risk, were recognized much later. In 1927 Hermann\",\n \"title\": \"Radiobiology\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19616880\",\n \"text\": \"in their 1939 treatment of the mechanism of nuclear fission. The first attempt to discover spontaneous fission in uranium was made by Willard Libby, but he failed to detect it. It had been observed in Britain by Frisch and Titterton, and independently in the Soviet Union by Georgy Flyorov and Konstantin Petrzhak in 1940; the latter are generally credited with the discovery. Compton had also heard from the French physicist Pierre Auger that Frédéric Joliot-Curie had detected what might have been spontaneous fission in polonium. If true, it might preclude the use of polonium in the neutron initiators; if true\",\n \"title\": \"Project Y\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"45717\",\n \"text\": \"and curium honored scientists Marie and Pierre Curie as the lanthanide above it, gadolinium, was named after the explorer of the rare earth elements Johan Gadolin. Thus the discovery report by the Berkeley group reads: \\\"It is suggested that element 97 be given the name berkelium (symbol Bk) after the city of Berkeley in a manner similar to that used in naming its chemical homologue terbium (atomic number 65) whose name was derived from the town of Ytterby, Sweden, where the rare earth minerals were first found.\\\" This tradition ended on berkelium, though, as the naming of the next discovered\",\n \"title\": \"Berkelium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1883369\",\n \"text\": \"André-Louis Debierne André-Louis Debierne (; 14 July 1874 – 31 August 1949) was a French chemist and is considered the discoverer of the element actinium. Debierne studied at the elite École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI ParisTech). He was a student of Charles Friedel, was a close friend of Pierre and Marie Curie and was associated with their work. In 1899, he discovered the radioactive element actinium, as a result of continuing the work with pitchblende that the Curies had initiated. After the death of Pierre Curie in 1906, Debierne helped Marie\",\n \"title\": \"André-Louis Debierne\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9152251\",\n \"text\": \"Plutonium was first produced and isolated on December 14, 1940, by a deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 1.5 metre (60 in) cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. First neptunium-238 (half-life 2.1 days) was synthesized which subsequently beta-decayed to form this new element with atomic number 94 and atomic weight 238 (half-life 87.7 years). Since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus and neptunium after the planet Neptune, element 94 was named after Pluto, which at the time was considered to be a planet as well. Wartime secrecy prevented its discovery being announced until 1948. Plutonium is the\",\n \"title\": \"Plutonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69543\",\n \"text\": \"space probes, including the Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity and Curiosity Mars rovers and the Philae lander on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, to analyze the composition and structure of the surface. Although curium had likely been produced in previous nuclear experiments, it was first intentionally synthesized, isolated and identified in 1944, at the University of California, Berkeley, by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso. In their experiments, they used a cyclotron. Curium was chemically identified at the Metallurgical Laboratory (now Argonne National Laboratory) at the University of Chicago. It was the third transuranium element to be discovered even though it is\",\n \"title\": \"Curium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5754907\",\n \"text\": \"Berzelius nearly led to the discovery of ruthenium in 1828. They dissolved platinum ore from the Ural mountains in aqua regia and sifted through the residue. Where Berzelius found nothing, Osann thought he had detected three new metals and named them pluranium (concatenation of \\\"platinum\\\" and \\\"Ural\\\"), ruthenium (after Ruthenia, the Latin name for Rus) and polinium (from the Greek word \\\"polia\\\", meaning grey-haired, for its residue color; not to be confused with polonium, discovered later). However, the quantity of the metals was too small to isolate, and Osann eventually withdrew his discovery claims. It was up to the Russian\",\n \"title\": \"Gottfried Osann\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"278921\",\n \"text\": \"of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and Pierre Curie (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after Pierre, Marie or both of them). The element with atomic number 96 was named curium. Three radioactive minerals are also named after the Curies: curite, sklodowskite, and cuprosklodowskite. She received numerous honorary degrees from universities across the world. The Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellowship program of the European Union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. In Poland, she had received honorary doctorates from the Lwów\",\n \"title\": \"Marie Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313413\",\n \"text\": \"and sources of neutrons and alpha particles. This radioactivity makes polonium dangerously toxic. Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.4 days; it decays directly to its stable daughter isotope, Pb. A milligram (5 curies) of Po emits about as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of Ra. A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels, 1 Ci = 37 GBq) of Po emit a blue glow which is caused by ionisation of the surrounding air. About one in 100,000 alpha emissions causes an excitation in the nucleus which then results in the emission of\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651065\",\n \"text\": \"Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California) was a chemist at the University of Chicago who co-discovered the elements curium (1944) and americium (1944–1945). Later he worked at UCLA and at the Lawrence Livermore laboratory in California. He also worked on niobium and nuclear spectroscopy. James was part of the Laboratory of Metallurgy, University of Chicago, the team headed by Glenn T. Seaborg. The laboratory had large amounts of plutonium (discovered in 1940–41) that was being produced in Hanford Site to make nuclear weapons. This allowed\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4254828\",\n \"text\": \"227 zentners [11.35 tonnes] were produced), nickel, bismuth and uranium ore were also extracted. There were also other industries: an enormous tobacco factory employed 1,000 women. In addition, there was the manufacture of gloves and corks and of bobbin lace. On 31 March 1873 the town almost entirely burnt down. At the end of the 19th century, Marie Curie discovered, in tons of pitchblende ore containing uraninite from Joachimsthal, the element radium, for which she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Until the First World War this was the foremost source of radium in the world. The first radon spa\",\n \"title\": \"Jáchymov\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"401229\",\n \"text\": \"of the Earth. Only minute traces of technetium occur naturally in the Earth's crust—as a spontaneous fission product of uranium-238 or by neutron capture in molybdenum ores—but technetium is present naturally in red giant stars. The first discovered purely synthetic element was curium, synthesized in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles. The discoveries of americium, berkelium, and californium followed soon. Einsteinium and fermium were discovered by a team of scientists led by Albert Ghiorso in 1952 while studying the radioactive debris from the detonation of the first hydrogen bomb.\",\n \"title\": \"Synthetic element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"576618\",\n \"text\": \"original title) was published in the \\\"Proceedings of the Royal Society\\\" in the issue of 24 March 1905 (76 A, pages 115-117). It was the first of more than 250 scientific publications of Otto Hahn in the field of radiochemistry. In May 1905, Ramsay wrote to Ernest Rutherford: \\\"Hahn is a capital fellow and has done his work admirably. I am sure that you would enjoy having him to work with you.\\\" Rutherford agreed and, from September 1905 until mid-1906, Hahn worked in his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada where he discovered thorium C (later identified as polonium-212),\",\n \"title\": \"Otto Hahn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313441\",\n \"text\": \"isotope. The DoE factsheet submitted for this experiment reported no follow up on these subjects. It has also been suggested that Irène Joliot-Curie was the first person to die from the radiation effects of polonium. She was accidentally exposed to polonium in 1946 when a sealed capsule of the element exploded on her laboratory bench. In 1956, she died from leukemia. According to the 2008 book \\\"The Bomb in the Basement\\\", several deaths in Israel during 1957–1969 were caused by Po. A leak was discovered at a Weizmann Institute laboratory in 1957. Traces of Po were found on the hands\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313447\",\n \"text\": \"radioactive noble gas radon-222, some of which, during its 3.8-day half-life, diffuses into the atmosphere. There it decays through several more steps to polonium-210, much of which, during its 138-day half-life, is washed back down to the Earth's surface, thus entering the biosphere, before finally decaying to stable lead-206. As early as the 1920s Antoine Lacassagne, using polonium provided by his colleague Marie Curie, showed that the element has a specific pattern of uptake in rabbit tissues, with high concentrations, particularly in liver, kidney, and testes. More recent evidence suggests that this behavior results from polonium substituting for its congener\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"28517\",\n \"text\": \"(1827). Jöns Jacob Berzelius characterized this material in more detail by in 1828. By reduction of thorium tetrachloride with potassium, he isolated the metal and named it thorium after the Norse god of thunder and lightning Thor. The same isolation method was later used by Péligot for uranium. Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, an assistant of Marie Curie, in the pitchblende waste left after removal of radium and polonium. He described the substance (in 1899) as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. The discovery of actinium by Debierne was however questioned in 1971\",\n \"title\": \"Actinide\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393088\",\n \"text\": \"from it. This was confirmed independently in 1940 by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names Neptunium for the new element 93 and Plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, who used a cyclotron rather than a reactor. Feather was Professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh from 1945\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"324246\",\n \"text\": \"effect cannot have a dissymmetry absent from its efficient cause. For example, a random mixture of sand in zero gravity has no dissymmetry (it is isotropic). Introduce a gravitational field, and there is a dissymmetry because of the direction of the field. Then the sand grains can 'self-sort' with the density increasing with depth. But this new arrangement, with the directional arrangement of sand grains, actually reflects the dissymmetry of the gravitational field that causes the separation. Curie worked with his wife in isolating polonium and radium. They were the first to use the term \\\"radioactivity\\\", and were pioneers in\",\n \"title\": \"Pierre Curie\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10210013\",\n \"text\": \"dioxide residues from the refinery in Port Hope, Ontario, left over after the removal of uranium and radium, were estimated to contain of polonium per metric ton. A curie of polonium weighs about . Port Hope was already under contract from the Manhattan Project for the supply and refining of uranium ore. The first of radioactive lead dioxide was delivered to the Dayton Project on 10 November 1943. The first batch was processed by 8 December, which made of polonium available for experiments a week later. Three processes were investigated for extracting the polonium from the ore. J. H. Dillon\",\n \"title\": \"Dayton Project\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9232\",\n \"text\": \"the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block, while alkali metals were left in \\\"group IA\\\". Later the group's name was changed to \\\"group 1\\\" in 1988. The trivial name \\\"alkali metals\\\" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227, which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. However, Perey\",\n \"title\": \"Alkali metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"345265\",\n \"text\": \"components: compounds of barium, which gave a brilliant green flame color, and unknown radioactive compounds which gave carmine spectral lines that had never been documented before. The Curies found the radioactive compounds to be very similar to the barium compounds, except that they were more insoluble. This made it possible for the Curies to separate out the radioactive compounds and discover a new element in them. The Curies announced their discovery to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898. The naming of radium dates to about 1899, from the French word \\\"radium\\\", formed in Modern Latin from \\\"radius\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Radium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14748029\",\n \"text\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum The Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum () is a museum in Warsaw, Poland, devoted to the life and work of Polish two-time Nobel laureate Maria Skłodowska-Curie (1867–1934). The museum, which is sponsored by the Polish Chemical Society, is the only biographical museum in the world devoted to the discoverer of polonium and radium. The museum is located at 16 Freta Street (\\\"ulica Freta 16\\\") in Warsaw's \\\"New Town\\\" district (dating from the 15th century), and is housed in the 18th-century apartment building in which Maria Skłodowska was born. Due to renovation, in December 2014 the museum was temporarily moved\",\n \"title\": \"Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313449\",\n \"text\": \"decay of radium-226 from fertilizers applied to the tobacco soils. The presence of polonium in tobacco smoke has been known since the early 1960s. Some of the world's biggest tobacco firms researched ways to remove the substance—to no avail—over a 40-year period. The results were never published. Polonium is found in the food chain, especially in seafood. Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"482505\",\n \"text\": \"of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride. While studying uraninite, on 21 December 1898, Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences. Radium was named in 1899 from the word \\\"radius\\\", meaning \\\"ray\\\", as radium emitted power in the form of rays. Beryllium occurs in the\",\n \"title\": \"Alkaline earth metal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1375874\",\n \"text\": \"elements, proved beyond all doubt that a new element had been discovered. McMillan and Abelson published their results in an article entitled \\\"Radioactive Element 93\\\" in the \\\"Physical Review\\\" on May 27, 1940. They did not propose a name for the element in the article, but they soon decided on \\\"neptunium\\\", since uranium had been named after the planet Uranus, and Neptune is the next planet beyond in our solar system. McMillan suddenly departed at this point, leaving Glenn Seaborg to pursue this line of research, which led to the second transuranium element, plutonium. In 1951, McMillan shared the Nobel\",\n \"title\": \"Edwin McMillan\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"433633\",\n \"text\": \"Fuel used for United States Navy reactors is typically highly enriched in uranium-235 (the exact values are classified). In a breeder reactor, uranium-238 can also be converted into plutonium through the following reaction: Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious\",\n \"title\": \"Uranium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1621260\",\n \"text\": \"has a half-life of 1601 years and decays into radon gas. Because of such instability, radium is luminescent, glowing a faint blue. Radium, in the form of radium chloride, was discovered by Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from uraninite and published the discovery at the French Academy of Sciences five days later. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne through the electrolysis of radium chloride in 1910. Since its discovery, it has given names such as radium A and radium C to several isotopes of other elements\",\n \"title\": \"Period 7 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2229272\",\n \"text\": \"treat leukemia. Many historians consider the discovery of artificially produced radionuclides by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie in 1934 as the most significant milestone in nuclear medicine. In February 1934, they reported the first artificial production of radioactive material in the journal \\\"Nature\\\", after discovering radioactivity in aluminum foil that was irradiated with a polonium preparation. Their work built upon earlier discoveries by Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen for X-ray, Henri Becquerel for radioactive uranium salts, and Marie Curie (mother of Irène Curie) for radioactive thorium, polonium and coining the term \\\"radioactivity.\\\" Taro Takemi studied the application of nuclear physics to medicine\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear medicine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135050\",\n \"text\": \"recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life. Eka-caesium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"175502\",\n \"text\": \"the gaps led to an extensive search for the missing elements. In 1914, several people claimed the discovery after Henry Moseley predicted the gap in the periodic table for the then-undiscovered element 72. Georges Urbain asserted that he found element 72 in the rare earth elements in 1907 and published his results on \\\"celtium\\\" in 1911. Neither the spectra nor the chemical behavior he claimed matched with the element found later, and therefore his claim was turned down after a long-standing controversy. The controversy was partly because the chemists favored the chemical techniques which led to the discovery of \\\"celtium\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Hafnium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1533307\",\n \"text\": \"period 6 other metals are incredibly toxic, such as thallium. Period 6 contains the last stable element, lead. All subsequent elements in the periodic table are radioactive. After bismuth, which has a half-life or more than 10 years, polonium, astatine, and radon are some of the shortest-lived and rarest elements known; less than a gram of astatine is estimated to exist on earth at any given time. Caesium or cesium is the chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C (82 °F), which makes\",\n \"title\": \"Period 6 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2073037\",\n \"text\": \"it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum and called it \\\"emanium\\\" in 1904. After a comparison of the substances half-lives determined by Debierne, Hariett Brooks in 1904, and Otto Hahn and Otto Sackur in 1905, Debierne's chosen name for the new element was retained because it had seniority, despite the contradicting chemical properties he claimed for the element at different\",\n \"title\": \"Group 3 element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313411\",\n \"text\": \"Polonium Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84. A rare and highly radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to selenium and tellurium, though its metallic character resembles that of its horizontal neighbors in the periodic table: thallium, lead, and bismuth. Due to the short half-life of all its isotopes, its natural occurrence is limited to tiny traces of the fleeting polonium-210 (with a half-life of 138 days) in uranium ores, as it is the penultimate daughter of natural uranium-238. Though slightly longer-lived isotopes exist, they are much more difficult to produce.\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1490164\",\n \"text\": \"with no electric charge. Then in January 1932, Feather drew Chadwick's attention to another surprising result. Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie had succeeded in knocking protons from paraffin wax using polonium and beryllium as a source for what they thought was gamma radiation. Rutherford and Chadwick disagreed; protons were too heavy for that. But neutrons would need only a small amount of energy to achieve the same effect. In Rome, Ettore Majorana came to the same conclusion: the Joliot-Curies had discovered the neutron but did not know it. Chadwick dropped all his other responsibilities to concentrate on proving the existence of\",\n \"title\": \"James Chadwick\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"313448\",\n \"text\": \"sulfur, also in group 16 of the periodic table, in sulfur-containing amino-acids or related molecules and that similar patterns of distribution occur in human tissues. Polonium is indeed an element naturally present in all humans, contributing appreciably to natural background dose, with wide geographical and cultural variations, and particularly high levels in arctic residents, for example. Polonium-210 in tobacco contributes to many of the cases of lung cancer worldwide. Most of this polonium is derived from lead-210 deposited on tobacco leaves from the atmosphere; the lead-210 is a product of radon-222 gas, much of which appears to originate from the\",\n \"title\": \"Polonium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"11393085\",\n \"text\": \"1931 under James Chadwick and Ernest Rutherford. His research employed a Wilson cloud chamber and focused on the problem of the long-range alpha particles. In 1932 Feather married Kathleen Grace Burke (d.1975). Feather conducted some of the earliest investigations of the neutron following its discovery by James Chadwick at Cambridge in 1932. Indeed, Feather assisted Chadwick with his initial investigations leading to the discovery. The radioactive polonium source Chadwick used to discover the neutron was derived from old radon tubes that had been acquired by Feather from Kelly Hospital in Baltimore during a year-long visit to Johns Hopkins University in\",\n \"title\": \"Norman Feather\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20071747\",\n \"text\": \"the Harvard School of Public Health, from 1962–1966. She received additional training in radiation biology from the Argonne National Laboratory, in Illinois, in the summer of 1963. While at HSPH, Hunt tested a cigarette butt for radiation, on a hunch. She discovered high levels of Polonium-201, a radioactive element, and launched an investigation alongside colleague Edward P. Radford. The pair published their findings, titled \\\"Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes\\\" in \\\"Science\\\". The article came out on January 17, 1964––just six days after the surgeon general's report on the dangers of smoking was released. In 1964, Hunt was elected to\",\n \"title\": \"Vilma Rose Hunt\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15136010\",\n \"text\": \"with one extra proton than uranium: element 93. Indeed, Fermi discovered elements he did not recognise. He tested for elements below uranium in the periodic table: radon, actinium, polonium, as far back as lead – it was none of these. So, in 1934, the infallible Fermi declared to the world he had created elements heavier than uranium. In 1938, a team of German scientists, led by Otto Hahn, decided to investigate Fermi's bold claim. Unfortunately for Fermi, they quickly disproved his assertion; one of the elements produced was barium, which, with 56 protons, was nowhere near the 92 protons the\",\n \"title\": \"Chemistry: A Volatile History\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4033406\",\n \"text\": \"in several rumors were true, as Arafat was in good health until he suddenly fell ill on 12 October 2004. Tests carried out by the \\\"Institut de Radiophysique\\\" (Institute of Radiation Physics) at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland found traces of polonium, a rare, highly radioactive element, on Arafat's personal belongings, which suggested that there was a high level of polonium inside his body when he died. The lethal element was found in quantities much higher than could occur naturally, and further, that 60%–80% of that polonium (depending on the item being tested) had not come from natural sources.\",\n \"title\": \"Cause of Yasser Arafat's death\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7879442\",\n \"text\": \"a half-life of 6 hours. Here, to the left, we now have an alpha decay. It is the decay of the element Polonium discovered by Marie Curie, with mass number 210. The isotope Po is the penultimate member of the uranium-radium-decay series; it decays into a stable lead-isotope with a half-life of 138 days. In almost all cases, the decay is via the emission of an alpha particle of 5.305 MeV. Only in one case of 100000, an alpha particle of lower energy appears; in this case, the decay leads to an excited level of Pb, which then decays to\",\n \"title\": \"Decay scheme\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121286\",\n \"text\": \"Marguerite Perey Marguerite Catherine Perey (19 October 1909 – 13 May 1975) was a French physicist and a student of Marie Curie. In 1939, Perey discovered the element francium by purifying samples of lanthanum that contained actinium. In 1962, she was the first woman to be elected to the French Académie des Sciences, an honor denied to her mentor Curie. Perey died of cancer in 1975. Perey was born in 1909 in Villemomble, France, just outside Paris where the Curie's Radium Institute was located. Although she hoped to study medicine, the death of her father left the family in financial\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743483\",\n \"text\": \"Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10411\",\n \"text\": \"the symbol Ab, designations that were used for a few years. In 1934, H. G. MacPherson of University of California, Berkeley disproved Allison's method and the validity of his discovery. There was another claim in 1937, by the chemist Rajendralal De. Working in Dacca in British India (now Dhaka in Bangladesh), he chose the name \\\"dakin\\\" for element 85, which he claimed to have isolated as the thorium series equivalent of radium F (polonium-210) in the radium series. The properties he reported for dakin do not correspond to those of astatine; moreover, astatine is not found in the thorium series,\",\n \"title\": \"Astatine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"125679\",\n \"text\": \"which they named thoron (later found to be an isotope of radon). They also found another type of thorium they called Thorium X, and kept on finding traces of helium. They also worked with samples of \\\"Uranium X\\\" from William Crookes and radium from Marie Curie. In 1903, they published their \\\"Law of Radioactive Change,\\\" to account for all their experiments. Until then, atoms were assumed to be the indestructible basis of all matter and although Curie had suggested that radioactivity was an atomic phenomenon, the idea of the atoms of radioactive substances breaking up was a radically new idea.\",\n \"title\": \"Ernest Rutherford\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"165485\",\n \"text\": \"element 85 with a magneto-optical machine, and named the element Alabamine, but was mistaken. In 1937, Rajendralal De claimed to have discovered element 85 in minerals, and called the element dakine, but he was also mistaken. An attempt at discovering element 85 in 1939 by Horia Hulubei and Yvette Cauchois via spectroscopy was also unsuccessful, as was an attempt in the same year by Walter Minder, who discovered an iodine-like element resulting from beta decay of polonium. Element 85, now named astatine, was produced successfully in 1940 by Dale R. Corson, K.R. Mackenzie, and Emilio G. Segrè, who bombarded bismuth\",\n \"title\": \"Halogen\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13811931\",\n \"text\": \"University of Göttingen. Giesel worked at the Chininfabrik Braunschweig. Besides his work in the factory, Giesel's focus was on radiochemistry. Shortly after publication of the discovery of polonium in the summer of 1898, he started to isolate the new element from the waste of uranium production in the chemical plant E. de Haën in Hanover. By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He\",\n \"title\": \"Friedrich Oskar Giesel\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"350096\",\n \"text\": \"a month, he discovered the main properties of X-rays that we understand to this day. In 1896, Henri Becquerel found that rays emanating from certain minerals penetrated black paper and caused fogging of an unexposed photographic plate. His doctoral student Marie Curie discovered that only certain chemical elements gave off these rays of energy. She named this behavior radioactivity. Alpha rays (alpha particles) and beta rays (beta particles) were differentiated by Ernest Rutherford through simple experimentation in 1899. Rutherford used a generic pitchblende radioactive source and determined that the rays produced by the source had differing penetrations in materials. One\",\n \"title\": \"Radiation\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"540423\",\n \"text\": \"Curie used pitchblende, processing tons of it herself, as the source material for her isolation of radium in 1898. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes U and U respectively. Small amounts of helium are also present in uraninite as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in uraninite after having been discovered spectroscopically in the Sun's atmosphere. The extremely rare elements technetium and promethium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 200 pg/kg and 4\",\n \"title\": \"Uraninite\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"69043\",\n \"text\": \"always considered on par with the 80 stable elements. The very heaviest elements (those beyond plutonium, element 94) undergo radioactive decay with half-lives so short that they are not found in nature and must be synthesized. As of 2010, there are 118 known elements (in this context, \\\"known\\\" means observed well enough, even from just a few decay products, to have been differentiated from other elements). Of these 118 elements, 94 occur naturally on Earth. Six of these occur in extreme trace quantities: technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; and\",\n \"title\": \"Chemical element\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"311753\",\n \"text\": \"it is relatively easy to predict the chemical properties of an element if one knows the properties of the elements around it. , the periodic table has 118 confirmed elements, from element 1 (hydrogen) to 118 (oganesson). Elements 113, 115, 117 and 118, the most recent discoveries, were officially confirmed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in December 2015. Their proposed names, nihonium (Nh), moscovium (Mc), tennessine (Ts) and oganesson (Og) respectively, were announced by the IUPAC in June 2016 and made official in November 2016. The first 94 elements occur naturally; the remaining 24, americium\",\n \"title\": \"Periodic table\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3219856\",\n \"text\": \"it. Bretscher even devised a chemical method to separate. This new development was also confirmed in independent work by Edwin M. McMillan and Philip Abelson at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory also in 1940. Nicholas Kemmer of the Cambridge team proposed the names neptunium for the new element 93 and plutonium for 94 by analogy with the outer planets Neptune and Pluto beyond Uranus (uranium being element 92). The Americans fortuitously suggested the same names. The production and identification of the first sample of plutonium in 1941 is generally credited to Glenn Seaborg, using a cyclotron rather than a reactor at the\",\n \"title\": \"Tube Alloys\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"173895\",\n \"text\": \"and Pierre coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\" to describe this property of matter, and isolated the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified two of Becquerel's forms of radiation with electrons and the element helium. Rutherford identified and named two types of radioactivity and in 1911 interpreted experimental evidence as showing that the atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Classical theory, however, predicted that this structure should be unstable. Classical theory had also failed to explain successfully two other experimental results that appeared in the late 19th century. One of\",\n \"title\": \"History of physics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"722636\",\n \"text\": \"elements for them to be chemically investigated in the near future, a property livermorium would then share with its lighter congener polonium, though the short half-lives of all presently known livermorium isotopes means that the element is still inaccessible to experimental chemistry. Livermorium Livermorium is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Lv and has an atomic number of 116. It is an extremely radioactive element that has only been created in the laboratory and has not been observed in nature. The element is named after the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States, which collaborated with the Joint Institute\",\n \"title\": \"Livermorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18651067\",\n \"text\": \"helium ions. It was named in honor of Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie. Similarly, americium (atomic number 95) was discovered in 1944–45 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso, working in the Manhattan Project. By bombing plutonium neutrons in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. It was named after the continents of America, and because it is a homologous element of europium (atomic number 63), positioned right above it. Ralph A. James Ralph Arthur James (23 September 1920 in Salt Lake City, Utah – 24 February 1973 in Alamo, California)\",\n \"title\": \"Ralph A. James\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"135052\",\n \"text\": \"Perey named the new isotope \\\"actinium-K\\\" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name \\\"catium\\\" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of \\\"cat\\\" rather than \\\"cation\\\"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested \\\"francium\\\", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium\",\n \"title\": \"Francium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"19670403\",\n \"text\": \"recent diamond jubilee. He assigned it the symbol Vc. By 1905, however, French chemist Georges Urbain had proven that victorium was not a distinct element but rather an impurity of gadolinium. Victorium Victorium, originally named monium, is a mixture of gadolinium and terbium. In 1898, English chemist William Crookes reported his discovery of it in his inaugural address as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He identified the new substance, based on an analysis of the unique phosphorescence and other ultraviolet-visible spectral phenomena, as a new chemical element, although this was later shown to be false.\",\n \"title\": \"Victorium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1815931\",\n \"text\": \"these was Henri Becquerel, who investigated the relationship between phosphorescence and the blackening of photographic plates. When Becquerel (working in France) discovered that, with no external source of energy, the uranium generated rays which could blacken (or \\\"fog\\\") the photographic plate, radioactivity was discovered. Marie Curie (working in Paris) and her husband Pierre Curie isolated two new radioactive elements from uranium ore. They used radiometric methods to identify which stream the radioactivity was in after each chemical separation; they separated the uranium ore into each of the different chemical elements that were known at the time, and measured the radioactivity\",\n \"title\": \"Nuclear chemistry\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2121287\",\n \"text\": \"difficulties. She interviewed for a job with Marie Curie at the age of 19, and was hired. Perey spent a decade sifting out actinium from all the other components of uranium ore, which Curie then used in her study of the decay of the element. Although Curie died in 1934, the lab continued its study of actinium. A few years later Perey first noticed that the actinium she purified was emitting unexpected radiation. After further study she was able to isolate this new element which she named \\\"francium\\\" for France. Following the discovery, she received a grant to finally pursue\",\n \"title\": \"Marguerite Perey\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13743479\",\n \"text\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith Alice Leigh-Smith (née Prebil), born September 11, 1907, was a Croatian born nuclear physicist. She is best known for being the first woman in British history to receive a PhD in nuclear physics. Additionally, she is remembered for her pioneering research in cancer and for her attempts in the discovery of an elusive element, Element 85. At the age of 25 in 1932, Prebil began working at the Radium Institute in Paris under the tutelage of Marie Curie. Three years later, in 1935, at the age of 28, she would become the first woman in Great Britain to\",\n \"title\": \"Alice Leigh-Smith\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: History of chemistry context: element among the fractions that resulted. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium, after Marie's native country of Poland. On December 21, 1898, the Curies detected the presence of another radioactive material in the pitchblende. They presented this finding to the French Academy of Sciences on December 26, proposing that the new element be called radium. The Curies then went to work isolating polonium and radium from naturally occurring compounds to prove that they were new elements. In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decigram\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 191,\n \"origin_tokens\": 191,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Polonium context the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. Pitchblende, after removal of the radioactive elements uranium and thorium, was more radioactive than the uranium and thorium combined. This spurred the Curies to search for additional radioactive elements. They first separated out polonium from pitchblende in July 1898, and five months later, also isolated radium. German scientist Willy Marckwald successfully isolated 3 milligrams of polonium in 1902, though at the time he believed it was a new element, which he dubbed \\\"radio-tellurium\\\", and it was not until 1905 that it was demonstrated to be the same as polonium.\\n\\ntitle Chal context: Curie that sample of pitchblende was em four times as much radioactivity could be explained by presence of uranium alone The Curies gathered tons of pitchblende refined for several months until they had a pure sample of polonium. The discovery officially took place in 1898 Prior to the invention of particle accelerators, the only way polonium was extract it over several months uranium ore. first attempt at creatingmorium was 176 to 197 at the LB bomb cur-248 with calcium-48, but were not successful.\\ntitle: Marie Curie doubt, the sought to isol polonium and rad in form. Pblende is complex min separation of an ardu task. The discovery of polon been; chem resembles the element bismuth, andonium was the only bismuth- subst in the. Radium, was more elus; it closely chemically bariumblende 1898 Cur, appreci,contamin with barium, were still. The Curto ardu out differential\\n\\ntitle: decay: isotes systematic search for totaliumes also Pierreate elements:ium theactivity made these Marie Pierreie of radioactivity is an important factor in science and medicine. After their research on Becquerel's rays led them to the discovery of both radium and polonium, they coined the term \\\"radioactivity\\\". Their research on the penetrating rays in uranium and the discovery of radium launched an era of using radium\\n\\nWhich element along with polonium did the Curies discover?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 499,\n \"origin_tokens\": 14807,\n \"ratio\": \"29.7x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":93,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":93,"string":"93"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"In The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["Elephantinely","Elephant tusks","Rogue Elephant","Elephant","🐘","Elephant hunting","Elephantineness","Elephant hunter","Rogue elephant","Baby elephants","Brown elephants","ELEPHANT","Elephan","פיל","Elephant population","Elephant evolution","Elefonts","Evolution of elephants","Elephants","Mating elephants","Elaphant","Elephant rage","Gestation period for elephants","Elephant tusk","Sexual behavior of elephants"],"string":"[\n \"Elephantinely\",\n \"Elephant tusks\",\n \"Rogue Elephant\",\n \"Elephant\",\n \"🐘\",\n \"Elephant hunting\",\n \"Elephantineness\",\n \"Elephant hunter\",\n \"Rogue elephant\",\n \"Baby elephants\",\n \"Brown elephants\",\n \"ELEPHANT\",\n \"Elephan\",\n \"פיל\",\n \"Elephant population\",\n \"Elephant evolution\",\n \"Elefonts\",\n \"Evolution of elephants\",\n \"Elephants\",\n \"Mating elephants\",\n \"Elaphant\",\n \"Elephant rage\",\n \"Gestation period for elephants\",\n \"Elephant tusk\",\n \"Sexual behavior of elephants\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"Elephant"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"1675073","text":"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \"Danger Island\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \"Banana Splits\" and \"Danger Island\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \"Banana Splits Club\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \"Snork\" in the theme song lyrics, an","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9932571","text":"Splits\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \"Here Come The Beagles\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\".","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"9932558","text":"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\"You're the Lovin' End\"), Barry White (\"Doin' the Banana Split\"), and Gene Pitney (\"Two Ton Tessie\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\", \"Soul\", \"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\",","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"1675070","text":"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675087","text":"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"15831767","text":"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment","title":"Paradise (Coldplay song)"},{"id":"1675074","text":"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". While Snorky \"spoke\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \"The Three Musketeers\" segments were replaced with repeats of \"The Hillbilly Bears\",","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4993487","text":"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"4993485","text":"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \"Banana Splits\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter","title":"Animal Kwackers"},{"id":"2742391","text":"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \"\"snork\"\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\"clams\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \"Snorks\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4683993","text":"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \"The Day of the Dolphin\" and \"The Birds\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"4548319","text":"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \"English Dialect Dictionary\" notes \"snorker\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \"snork\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few","title":"Snorkers"},{"id":"8330846","text":"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \"banana spider\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.","title":"Cultural depictions of spiders"},{"id":"14203088","text":"names\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \"snore\" and \"relax\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"4047482","text":"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\" and \"Exit, stage left!\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \"Snaggletooth\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\" and \"Snooper and Blabber\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"13514830","text":"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by","title":"Popeye"},{"id":"12971396","text":"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \"Mr. Cartoon\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \"Beeper\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \"Mr. Cartoon\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\", which ended in December 1969. \"Beeper\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \"friend,\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily","title":"Mr. Cartoon"},{"id":"4817088","text":"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \"Berkeley Barb\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \"The Anarchist Cookbook\" in 1970, under the name \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \"Just throw the skins back, man!\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \"extraction\" from banana peel was","title":"Bananadine"},{"id":"10688089","text":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted","title":"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue"},{"id":"2742394","text":"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\". Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"4546994","text":"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \"Chi-co-ry\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \"Hey there, Au-to-cat\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \"Cattanooga Cats\" to be a hit program, like \"The Banana Splits\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \"Cattanooga Cats\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \"Laff-a-Lympics\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"20099827","text":"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \"Sesame Street\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but","title":"Peppermint Park (TV series)"},{"id":"6100988","text":"Hillbilly Bears\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \"Atom Ant\" and \"Secret Squirrel\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\", and \"The Adventures of Gulliver\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967","title":"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show"},{"id":"15679393","text":"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \"Granastrapotherium\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \"Xenastrapotherium\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"1675079","text":"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"4180704","text":"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \"Orkney Snork Nie\". The word \"snork\" means \"snore\": so the joke in the title means \"Orkney doesn't snore\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\". In this the pun is on the \"ook nie\"","title":"Orkney, North West"},{"id":"10127847","text":"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \"Yochelcionella\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \"snorkel\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \"snorkel\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their","title":"Yochelcionella"},{"id":"1912202","text":"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \"The Flintstones\", \"Top Cat\", and \"The Jetsons\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \"The Banana Splits\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \"The Archies\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\", \"Harlem Globetrotters\" and \"Josie and the Pussycats\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the","title":"Laugh track"},{"id":"624877","text":"Your Baby?\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \"The Archie Show\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \"Josie and the","title":"Bubblegum pop"},{"id":"14493023","text":"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \"Pete the Tramp\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \"The Tucker Twins\", \"Snorky\" and \"Pete's Pup\", which ran as \"topper\" strips alongside \"Pete the Tramp\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies","title":"Clarence D. Russell"},{"id":"2742387","text":"Snorks \"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \"The Smurfs\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"669810","text":"Kidettes\", \"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\", \"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\", \"The Herculoids\", \"Shazzan\", \"Fantastic Four\", \"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\" and \"Samson & Goliath\" (a.k.a. \"Young Samson\"). \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \"Wacky Races\" and its spinoffs \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\" and \"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \"Cattanooga Cats\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny","title":"Hanna-Barbera"},{"id":"289293","text":"\"Punky Brewster\", \"ALF\" and \"Star Trek\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\" and \"H.R. Pufnstuf\"; and the original broadcasts of \"Gumby\", \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\", \"Underdog\", \"The Smurfs\", \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\" and \"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \"One to Grow On\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \"Saved by the Bell\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on","title":"NBC"},{"id":"829133","text":"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh","title":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)"},{"id":"10397029","text":"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \"Cow and Chicken\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \"Wacky Races\", \"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\", \"The Banana Splits\" (including \"Arabian Knights\" and","title":"AKA Cartoon Network"},{"id":"15357663","text":"various \"Laff-A-Lympics\" stories were reprinted in \"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \"Superstar Olympics\" appeared in \"Hanna-Barbera Presents\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \"Laff-A-Lympics\" hand-held","title":"Laff-A-Lympics"},{"id":"1675071","text":"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\". \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \"The Banana Bunch\", but they could","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"7468259","text":"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \"U-58\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \"snuiver\" (\"sniffer\"). As early as 1938, a","title":"History of submarines"},{"id":"14601012","text":"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \"The Smurfs\" and \"Alvin and the Chipmunks\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \"It's Punky Brewster\" (based on the sitcom \"Punky Brewster\"), \"\" (based on the sitcom \"ALF\") and \"\" (based on the science fiction drama \"Star Trek\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\"The Gary Coleman Show\") and Mr. T (\"Mister T\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \"The Banana Splits\", \"The Bugaloos\"","title":"Children's programming on NBC"},{"id":"4546989","text":"concurrently with \"Cattanooga Cats\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \"Cattanooga Cats\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \"Cheesie\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \"Autograph Hound\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \"Teeny Tim\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were","title":"Cattanooga Cats"},{"id":"3577023","text":"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\" and \"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \"Seed pie leave now\". \"","title":"Digitiser"},{"id":"5402875","text":"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all","title":"The Minpins"},{"id":"17792435","text":"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818","title":"Timeline of women's education"},{"id":"14203090","text":"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \"Pokémon\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \"Pokémon Red\", \"Blue\", their \"upper version\" and their remakes,","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"3178379","text":"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \"The Hunting of the Snark\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \"agony in eight fits\" – was the final line, \"For the snark was a boojum, you see\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"10428684","text":"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \"Berkeley Barb\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \"The Anarchist Cookbook.\" This book claimed \"\"Musa sapientum\" Bananadine\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \"mellow yellow\" and \"saffron\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \"Mellow Yellow,\" perhaps because the phrase","title":"Urban legends about drugs"},{"id":"14203094","text":"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \"Melee\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \"Pokémon\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \"Wake Up Snorlax!\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \"Snack Attack!\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use","title":"Snorlax"},{"id":"860843","text":"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City","title":"Latrobe, Pennsylvania"},{"id":"5913958","text":"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \"The Simpsons\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \"Rugrats\", provided their voices for the \"Snorks\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \"Pussy\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,","title":"Brian the Bachelor"},{"id":"2598739","text":"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". \"The Banana Splits\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \"H.R. Pufnstuf\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows","title":"Sid Krofft"},{"id":"243402","text":"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\"Rattus rattus\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\"Halichoerus grypus\"), Sika deer (\"Cervus nippon\"), pygmy shrew (\"Sorex minutus\") and feral","title":"Lundy"},{"id":"16435920","text":"and Sally Field on \"The Flying Nun\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \"Danger Island\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \"Uh-oh Chongo!\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work","title":"Kim Kahana"},{"id":"18797528","text":"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \"Darlene and Jinx\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in","title":"Jinx (chimpanzee)"},{"id":"830570","text":"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \"Ink and Paint Club\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \"the","title":"Who Framed Roger Rabbit"},{"id":"15679395","text":"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \"et al\"., 2015, showing the position of \"Granastrapotherium\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \"Granastrapotherium snorki\" (from Spanish, \"gran\", \"great\"; \"Astrapotherium\", \"lightning beast\";","title":"Granastrapotherium"},{"id":"8731813","text":"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\":\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner","title":"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award"},{"id":"4047485","text":"six-issue miniseries \"\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \"The Wizard of Oz\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"16921314","text":"one sitting and one \"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks","title":"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom"},{"id":"3837740","text":"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\" (17 shows), \"The New Adventures of Gilligan\" (24 shows), \"My Favorite Martians\" (16 shows), and former \"Uncle Croc's Block\" segments \"M.U.S.H.\" (\"\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\"\"), \"Fraidy Cat\", and \"Wacky and Packy\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \"Banana Splits\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \"Laugh-In\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown","title":"Groovie Goolies"},{"id":"12482352","text":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little","title":"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper"},{"id":"12915005","text":"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \"Kick-Ass\".","title":"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)"},{"id":"12277004","text":"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \"naive and inexperienced\", he followed Marzouk seeking \"the adventure of Afghanistan\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the","title":"Amr Hamed"},{"id":"4683995","text":"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \"marine animals\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that","title":"Treehouse of Horror XI"},{"id":"10933627","text":"repackaged into syndication as part of \"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \"The Banana Splits\", \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the","title":"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn"},{"id":"2742393","text":"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete First Season\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\" on","title":"Snorks"},{"id":"1675078","text":"producer credits, the other being \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1675072","text":"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \"H.R. Pufnstuf\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \"The Banana Splits\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \"Danger Island\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \"Micro Ventures\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \"Arabian Knights\" and \"The Three Musketeers\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"9524019","text":"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \"Cartoon Alley\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\" and \"Half-Pint Pygmy\") were","title":"Cartoon Alley"},{"id":"1709065","text":"original. \"The Three Musketeers\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\" and \"The Banana Splits & Friends\" show. \"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \"\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime","title":"The Three Musketeers"},{"id":"5097049","text":"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \"The Velvet Underground & Nico\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \"peel slowly and see\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \"mush slowly and guac.\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got","title":"Hellogoodbye (EP)"},{"id":"2945615","text":"the Science Guy\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \"Curious George\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \"Snarf and Bugger.\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the","title":"Dragon Tales"},{"id":"6063856","text":"Masked booby The masked booby (\"Sula dactylatra\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \"Sula\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \"Sula granti\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy","title":"Masked booby"},{"id":"14885143","text":"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \"King Kong\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic","title":"King Klunk"},{"id":"13594222","text":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,","title":"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?"},{"id":"17542302","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"17542312","text":"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963","title":"Cupiennius salei"},{"id":"14274863","text":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of","title":"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)"},{"id":"12668159","text":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\". Various endangered animals answer the question \"What do you see?\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping","title":"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?"},{"id":"8153190","text":"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \"\"The Lock Up\"\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but","title":"The Sandwich EP"},{"id":"744327","text":"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \"Monster Squad\" and \"Van Helsing\". The Hulk is an example of the \"Monster as Hero\" archetype. The theme of the \"Friendly Monster\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \"monsters\". The creatures of \"Monsters, Inc.\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \"The Muppets\" and \"Sesame Street\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or","title":"Monster"},{"id":"12381579","text":"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \"Rocky and Bullwinkle\" (also known as \"Rocky and his Friends\", \"The Bullwinkle Show\" or \"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\"), a series starring a \"plucky\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern","title":"Funny animal"},{"id":"1675076","text":"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \"Doin' The Banana Split\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \"Banana Buggies\" mentioned","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"1974701","text":"other and say: \"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\" – \"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \"Trust me, I'm a rat!\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,","title":"Bananas in Pyjamas"},{"id":"7651517","text":"stating underneath, \"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \"Fearsome Creatures\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest","title":"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts"},{"id":"1675075","text":"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \"The Atom Ant Show\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\", \"The Adventures of Gulliver\" and \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,","title":"The Banana Splits"},{"id":"8755663","text":"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \"DOPI\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \"creepy creatures\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order","title":"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)"},{"id":"3178380","text":"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \"chasm\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \"boojum\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\". The snark's flavour","title":"Snark (Lewis Carroll)"},{"id":"16376949","text":"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \"Super Bubsy\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy","title":"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind"},{"id":"118790","text":"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze","title":"Elephant"},{"id":"4047484","text":"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \"Mudsy\" Muddlemore from \"The Funky Phantom\" and Brutus the lion from \"The Roman Holidays\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018","title":"Snagglepuss"},{"id":"14904556","text":"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \"The Banana Republic\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \"The Jungle Book\",","title":"Djungelboken"},{"id":"9932564","text":"1989 release \"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\" and as a hidden track on the \"Our Bodies Our Selves\" release also from 1993. \"Banana Pad Riot\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\"Two Ton Tessie\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\"We're The Banana Splits\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\"Doin' The Banana Split\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \"The Tra La La Song\" for the 1995 compilation album \"\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout","title":"Banana Splits discography"},{"id":"2823921","text":"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not","title":"Pearls Before Swine (comics)"},{"id":"4230623","text":"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round","title":"Siphon (mollusc)"},{"id":"20009309","text":"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was","title":"Robert Irwin (television personality)"},{"id":"6337407","text":"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \"Macrauchenia\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \"Macrauchenia\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \"Macrauchenia\" is known, like its","title":"Macrauchenia"},{"id":"4118553","text":"Kids\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \"Peanuts\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep","title":"Speech balloon"},{"id":"2559653","text":"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they","title":"Common snapping turtle"},{"id":"2308433","text":"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \"Sus scrofa domesticus\" or \"Sus domesticus\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants","title":"Suidae"},{"id":"9650786","text":"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \"Rallus plateni\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \"Aramidopsis\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails","title":"Snoring rail"}],"string":"[\n {\n \"id\": \"1675073\",\n \"text\": \"Michael Vincent) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932571\",\n \"text\": \"Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932558\",\n \"text\": \"Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". The Banana Splits' bubblegum pop rock and roll was provided by studio professionals, including Al Kooper (\\\"You're the Lovin' End\\\"), Barry White (\\\"Doin' the Banana Split\\\"), and Gene Pitney (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"). Jimmy Radcliffe provided his songs (\\\"I'm Gonna Find a Cave\\\", \\\"Soul\\\", \\\"Don't Go Away Go-Go Girl\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675070\",\n \"text\": \"The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and Marty Krofft, and the series' sponsor was Kellogg's Cereals. The show featured\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675087\",\n \"text\": \"VHS. Warner Archive has yet to release the complete series on DVD. The Banana Splits The Banana Splits Adventure Hour was an hour-long, packaged television variety program featuring The Banana Splits, a fictional rock band composed of four funny animal characters. The costumed hosts of the show were Fleegle (guitar, vocals), Bingo (drums, vocals), Drooper (bass, vocals) and Snorky (keyboards, effects). The series was produced by Hanna-Barbera, and ran for 31 episodes on NBC Saturday mornings, from September 7, 1968, to September 5, 1970, and in syndication from 1971 to 1982. The costumes and sets were designed by Sid and\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15831767\",\n \"text\": \"and after a seemingly hopeless wander comes across three other elephants (the rest of Coldplay) playing the song in the veld (South African grasslands). One of the elephant costumes is Snork from the fictional band The Banana Splits, identifiable by his glasses and polka-dot ears. The video shifts to the band playing a concert together, before returning to the veld where they run towards the camera. The music video was shot on location in London, Cape Town, the Klein Karoo in the Western Cape and Johannesburg. The bike shop shown is Woodstock Cycleworks in Woodstock, Cape Town. The concert segment\",\n \"title\": \"Paradise (Coldplay song)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675074\",\n \"text\": \"elephant. Fleegle would assume the role of leader of the Banana Splits, and preside at club meetings. The characters were played by actors in voluminous fleecy costumes, similar to later Sid and Marty Krofft characters such as \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". While Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" in honking noises, the other three spoke in English—Drooper with a Southern drawl in the manner of Michael Nesmith, and Fleegle with a pronounced lisp. The Splits' segments, including songs-of-the-week and comedy skits, served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In the second season, \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" segments were replaced with repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993487\",\n \"text\": \"released on DVD on 16 April 2012. Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4993485\",\n \"text\": \"Animal Kwackers Animal Kwackers was a popular children's television series produced by Yorkshire Television and broadcast on Britain's ITV in the 1970s. The Animal Kwackers were a four-piece pop band consisting of Rory, a lion; Twang, a monkey; Bongo, a dog; and Boots, a tiger. The characters were played by actors in costumes. The show was similar in many ways to the successful United States of America (US) series, \\\"Banana Splits\\\". The music was a mixture of well-known pop songs and original songs - most of which (including the theme song) were written by Roy Apps and the producer Peter\",\n \"title\": \"Animal Kwackers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742391\",\n \"text\": \"gaining various product lines. The Snorks are a race of small, colorful beings that live happily in the undersea world of Snorkland. They have snorkels on their heads, which are used to propel them swiftly through the water. As evidenced by the cartoon series, when a Snork becomes excited their tube makes a \\\"\\\"snork\\\"\\\" sound. They have much of the same technology as contemporary humans, adapted to their own aquatic environment. The Snorks use clams as currency (\\\"clams\\\" is also a slang term for money). According to the \\\"Snorks\\\" backstory, which was described in the show's worldwide (first season in\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683993\",\n \"text\": \"happily ever after with a mostly restored Homer still having a chicken's lower body as he produces eggs for the family. In a parody of \\\"The Day of the Dolphin\\\" and \\\"The Birds\\\", Lisa takes pity on the star attraction of Springfield's Marine World, a dolphin named Snorky, whose trainers let him be humiliated while forced to perform stunts for the crowd's amusement. After Snorky's show, Lisa sets the dolphin free to swim in the ocean. Unbeknownst to Lisa, Snorky is actually king of the dolphins and organizes the world's dolphins into an army to declare war on humanity. The\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4548319\",\n \"text\": \"Snorkers Snorkers is a British English colloquialism for sausages. It may have a Royal Navy slang origin. The term is probably derived from an earlier dialect term for a young pig: Wright's 19th-century \\\"English Dialect Dictionary\\\" notes \\\"snorker\\\" as a widespread word for a piglet, related to the word \\\"snork\\\", to grunt or snore. Snorkers is the nickname for Palethorpe's pre-cooked tinned sausages. The nickname originated aboard World War II Royal Navy submarines, along with other culinary delights such as HITS (tinned Herrings In Tomato Sauce) and Baby's Heads (tinned steak and kidney pudding). Fresh food lasted only a few\",\n \"title\": \"Snorkers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8330846\",\n \"text\": \"team. The widespread urban legend that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger. Huntsman spiders are large and swift, often eliciting arachnophobic reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The \\\"banana spider\\\" myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer.\",\n \"title\": \"Cultural depictions of spiders\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203088\",\n \"text\": \"names\\\" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Basing the name off its constant sleeping spells, the species was renamed Snorlax, a combination of the words \\\"snore\\\" and \\\"relax\\\". Snorlax is a fat noseless ursid-like Pokémon that has a cream-colored face, hands and feet, while the rest of its body is teal in color. Its head is also large, and it has two small canine teeth visibly protruding from its lower jaw. Its feet are large compared to most Pokémon, which assist\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047482\",\n \"text\": \"Snagglepuss Snagglepuss is a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character created in 1959, a pink anthropomorphic cougar sporting an upturned collar, shirt cuffs, and a string tie who has a great desire to be a stage actor. He is voiced by Daws Butler and is best known for his catchphrases: \\\"Heavens to Murgatroyd!\\\" and \\\"Exit, stage left!\\\" A similar-looking orange mountain lion, known as \\\"Snaggletooth\\\" and without collar or cuffs, first appeared in \\\"The Quick Draw McGraw Show\\\" in 1959, before appearing as a supporting character in \\\"Augie Doggie & Doggie Daddy\\\" and \\\"Snooper and Blabber\\\". Snagglepuss appeared in his own series of\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13514830\",\n \"text\": \"Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by\",\n \"title\": \"Popeye\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12971396\",\n \"text\": \"Huffman conceived the idea of cartoons for a studio audience after George Lewis left the program. Huffman's \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was accompanied by an animal sidekick, known as \\\"Beeper\\\" who joined the show in 1974. Before that, \\\"Mr. Cartoon\\\" was generally accompanied by one of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\", which ended in December 1969. \\\"Beeper\\\" was known as Mr. Cartoon's \\\"friend,\\\" and got the name Beeper following a contest in which kids sent in their suggestions for the creature's name. The show aired at four on weekday afternoons for one hour until September 1988, when the show was replaced in its daily\",\n \"title\": \"Mr. Cartoon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4817088\",\n \"text\": \"bananadine became more widely known when William Powell, believing the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" article to be true, reproduced the method in \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook\\\" in 1970, under the name \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" (referring to the banana's old binomial nomenclature). In 1971, a book of one-line joke comics was released, contained a comic in which a teen is secretly handing bunches of bananas to a zoo gorilla at night, uttering the line: \\\"Just throw the skins back, man!\\\" Bananadine Bananadine is a fictional psychoactive substance which is supposedly extracted from banana peels. A hoax recipe for its \\\"extraction\\\" from banana peel was\",\n \"title\": \"Bananadine\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10688089\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (onscreen title: Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Review) is a 1978 American live-action/animated television special produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions (in association with deFaria Productions) featuring animated character Fred Flintstone and hosted by Roy Clark and Bonnie Franklin. It premiered on CBS on Friday, January 13, 1978 at 8:00 pm EST. A celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone on his 48th birthday featuring costumed Hanna-Barbera characters: Yogi Bear, Jabberjaw, Huckleberry Hound, Scooby-Doo, The Banana Splits, Hong Kong Phooey, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, Wally Gator and The Hair Bear Bunch. The show is co-hosted\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742394\",\n \"text\": \"DVD in region 1. On December 6, 2016, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Third and Fourth Seasons\\\". Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546994\",\n \"text\": \"Curtis), and in the pleasing and unusual character voices and dialect. For example, Motormouse would often over enunciate words, saying things like \\\"Chi-co-ry\\\", and greeting Autocat with a friendly \\\"Hey there, Au-to-cat\\\". Motormouse resembled Pixie & Dixie in character design. Hanna-Barbera had high hopes for \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" to be a hit program, like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", but the show failed to attract a large audience during its original run. Mildew Wolf, the most popular character on the program, resurfaced six years after the cancellation of \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" as co-host, with Snagglepuss, on \\\"Laff-a-Lympics\\\", this time voiced by John Stephenson. Lambsy\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20099827\",\n \"text\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series) Peppermint Park is an American direct-to-video children's show consisting of six volumes, released in 1987 and 1988. The show had many similarities to \\\"Sesame Street\\\", in that it was a mixture of live action, animation, and puppets. Characters included Ernie, who sang a song about the letter M; Snorkee, a reptile who is often oblivious to his surroundings and lacks common sense; Maynard, an elderly man who laments over his wasted youth; and Piggle, a pig with a big appetite, amongst others. The videos are now out of print, and are extremely difficult to find, but\",\n \"title\": \"Peppermint Park (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6100988\",\n \"text\": \"Hillbilly Bears\\\" cartoon segments were later repeated during the second season of \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" (1969–1970), and all 52 \\\"Atom Ant\\\" and \\\"Secret Squirrel\\\" half-hours were syndicated as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\", an umbrella title for a package combining episodes of several different Hanna-Barbera series (the other series included \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour, The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\", and \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\"). The program contained six segments: The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show was an hour-long Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions from 1965 to 1967\",\n \"title\": \"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679393\",\n \"text\": \"Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\"; and snorkel, breathing tube, in reference to the trunk). Remains found in Bolivia and Peru, seem to belong to \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\" or a very similar animal. This astrapothere differs from its coeval, the uruguaytheriine astrapotheriid \\\"Xenastrapotherium\\\" by their larger size, between 2.5 and 3.5 tonnes, with tusks about\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675079\",\n \"text\": \"website, as well as a CD and a DVD featuring 13 new songs, released by Universal Records. In addition, a child-themed area named Banana Splitsville was placed at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina's Hard Rock Park rock-and-roll theme park, which later became Freestyle Music Park before closing permanently in 2009. The show's theme song, titled \\\"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\\\", was credited as being written by Ritchie Adams and Mark Barkan, but that was merely contractual. In fact it was written by N.B. Winkless, Jr. on the slightly out-of-tune upright piano in his living room—a piano that\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4180704\",\n \"text\": \"Football World Cup, although it was not used in the World Cup. The Orkney Stadium Disaster, when 42 fans died at the stadium in 1991, was the second worst sporting disaster in South Africa. Orkney enjoyed fame in the late 1980s and early 1990s as the setting for a popular Afrikaans television sitcom called \\\"Orkney Snork Nie\\\". The word \\\"snork\\\" means \\\"snore\\\": so the joke in the title means \\\"Orkney doesn't snore\\\". Even further back the Afrikaans jab at the sleepy town was \\\"Ook nie dorp nie; ook nie plaas nie\\\". In this the pun is on the \\\"ook nie\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Orkney, North West\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10127847\",\n \"text\": \"Yochelcionella Yochelcionella is an extinct genus of basal molluscs which lived during the Tommotian epoch, the first epoch of the Cambrian period. This genus is often reconstructed to resemble snails. \\\"Yochelcionella\\\" is the type genus of the family Yochelcionellidae. This genus of molluscs possessed shells which were shaped like curved caps, with an exhaust pipe shaped \\\"snorkel\\\" emanating underneath where the apex (point of the shell) curves over. It is believed that the \\\"snorkel\\\" was used in breathing, allowing waste water to flow away from the gills. When they were first discovered, they were originally thought to be monoplacophorans. Their\",\n \"title\": \"Yochelcionella\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1912202\",\n \"text\": \"Douglass for their Saturday-morning content. Hanna-Barbera (HB) was the first cartoon production studio to cease using Douglass's services. They first used the laugh track for their prime-time shows, such as \\\"The Flintstones\\\", \\\"Top Cat\\\", and \\\"The Jetsons\\\". They then expanded using the laugh track into their daytime fare, starting with \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" in 1968, which emulated Filmation's \\\"The Archies\\\". Successful series prior to 1971, like \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\", \\\"Harlem Globetrotters\\\" and \\\"Josie and the Pussycats\\\" employed a full laugh track. This changed at the start of the 1971–72 season, when Hanna-Barbera employed their limited laugh track using the\",\n \"title\": \"Laugh track\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"624877\",\n \"text\": \"Your Baby?\\\" Other cartoon bands appeared during 1968–72 in response to the Archies' success. Cartoon producers Hanna-Barbera created The Banana Splits, which made its debut one week before \\\"The Archie Show\\\" in September 1968, for a Saturday morning cartoon show featuring costumed actors miming to pre-recorded tracks à la the early Monkees. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!\\\" was originally developed as cartoon band show, but even after that idea was dropped, the second season in 1970 included seven episodes that each used a different bubblegum song for extended chase scenes with each performed by Austin Roberts. Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Josie and the\",\n \"title\": \"Bubblegum pop\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14493023\",\n \"text\": \"be a tramp myself, but I wasn't. Even if some people say I was.\\\" After Russell signed a contract with King Features Syndicate in 1930, \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\" was launched on January 10, 1932. Russell continued working for King Features for the next three decades, and during that time he created several other strips, \\\"The Tucker Twins\\\", \\\"Snorky\\\" and \\\"Pete's Pup\\\", which ran as \\\"topper\\\" strips alongside \\\"Pete the Tramp\\\". He usually sat at his drawing table working eight weeks ahead of the publication dates. During World War II, Russell and Otto Soglow drew their characters at kids' bond rallies\",\n \"title\": \"Clarence D. Russell\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742387\",\n \"text\": \"Snorks \\\"Also not to be confused with the enemies in the S.T.A.L.K.E.R game franchise.\\\" Snorks is an American-Belgian animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera and ran for a total of four seasons (and 65 episodes) on NBC from September 15, 1984, to May 13, 1989. Although not as popular as its sister Hanna-Barbera cartoon \\\"The Smurfs\\\", the program continued to be available in syndication from 1987 to 1989 as part of \\\"The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera\\\"s third season. In 1977 Freddy Monnickendam, a Belgian businessman and artist, first made contact with the comics industry when he negotiated the rights for\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"669810\",\n \"text\": \"Kidettes\\\", \\\"The Abbott and Costello Cartoon Show\\\", \\\"Birdman and the Galaxy Trio\\\", \\\"The Herculoids\\\", \\\"Shazzan\\\", \\\"Fantastic Four\\\", \\\"Moby Dick and Mighty Mightor\\\" and \\\"Samson & Goliath\\\" (a.k.a. \\\"Young Samson\\\"). \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" arose on the air in 1968, while the successful \\\"Wacky Races\\\" and its spinoffs \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\" and \\\"Dastardly and Muttley in Their Flying Machines\\\" aired on CBS, returned Hanna-Barbera to straight comedy, followed by \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" for ABC. The studio had its first (and only) record label Hanna-Barbera Records, headed by Danny\",\n \"title\": \"Hanna-Barbera\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"289293\",\n \"text\": \"\\\"Punky Brewster\\\", \\\"ALF\\\" and \\\"Star Trek\\\" as well as animated vehicles for Gary Coleman and Mr. T; live-action programs like \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\" and \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\"; and the original broadcasts of \\\"Gumby\\\", \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\", \\\"Underdog\\\", \\\"The Smurfs\\\", \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\" and \\\"Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears\\\". From 1984 to 1989, the network aired a series of public service announcements called \\\"One to Grow On\\\", which aired after the end credits of every program or every other children's program. In 1989, NBC premiered \\\"Saved by the Bell\\\", a live-action teen sitcom which originated on\",\n \"title\": \"NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"829133\",\n \"text\": \"personalities. The dwarfs names were chosen from a pool of about fifty potentials, including Jumpy, Deafy, Dizzey, Hickey, Wheezy, Baldy, Gabby, Nifty, Sniffy, Swift, Lazy, Puffy, Stuffy, Tubby, Shorty, and Burpy. The seven finalists were chosen through a process of elimination. The leader of the dwarfs, required to be pompous, self-important and bumbling, was named Doc; others were named for their distinguishing character traits. At the end of the October story meetings, however, only Doc, Grumpy, Bashful, Sleepy and Happy of the final seven were named; at this point, Sneezy and Dopey were replaced by 'Jumpy' and an unnamed seventh\",\n \"title\": \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10397029\",\n \"text\": \"AKA Cartoon Network AKA Cartoon Network was a slot in the Cartoon Network UK weekday evening schedule from 1999 to 2000, between 7 and 9pm on weekday evenings. The slot consisted of repeated shows such as Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Tom and Jerry, Looney Tunes and \\\"Cow and Chicken\\\". In addition, the slot included an original show called Cult Toons, broadcast only on Friday evenings. 'AKA' Stings and Cult Toons material would consist of Hanna-Barbera owned footage, prominently from the 1960s and 1970s (such as \\\"Wacky Races\\\", \\\"The Perils of Penelope Pitstop\\\", \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" (including \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and\",\n \"title\": \"AKA Cartoon Network\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15357663\",\n \"text\": \"various \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" stories were reprinted in \\\"Laff-A-Lympics Annual\\\" hardback books in the United Kingdom by Fleetway. An updated Laff-A-Lympics called the \\\"Superstar Olympics\\\" appeared in \\\"Hanna-Barbera Presents\\\" #6 in 1996. The Superstar Olympics featured Atom Ant, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, Barney Rubble, Betty Rubble, Boo Boo Bear, Chopper, Cindy Bear, Dick Dastardly, Fred Flintstone, Grape Ape, Hokey Wolf, Huckleberry Hound, Jabberjaw, Magilla Gorilla, Muttley, Peter Potamus, Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks, Quick Draw McGraw, Ranger Smith, Secret Squirrel, Snagglepuss, Snooper and Blabber, Squiddly Diddly, Top Cat, Touché Turtle, Wally Gator, Wilma Flintstone, and Yogi Bear. A \\\"Laff-A-Lympics\\\" hand-held\",\n \"title\": \"Laff-A-Lympics\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675071\",\n \"text\": \"both live action and animated segments, and was Hanna-Barbera's first foray into mixing live action with animation. In 1967, William Hanna and Joseph Barbera approached Sid Krofft and Marty Krofft to design costumes for a television show which would feature animated and live-action segments, with the whole show hosted by a bubblegum rock group of anthropomorphic characters. The format of the show was loosely based on \\\"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\" premiered on NBC on September 7, 1968. In his autobiography, Barbera said that the show was to be called \\\"The Banana Bunch\\\", but they could\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7468259\",\n \"text\": \"Greenock, Scotland as early as 1916. The snorkel allowed the submarine to avoid detection for long periods by travelling under the water using non-electric powered propulsion. Although the company received a British Patent for the design, no further use was made of it—the British Admiralty did not accept it for use in Royal Navy submarines. The first boat to be fitted with a snorkel was \\\"U-58\\\", which experimented with the equipment in the Baltic Sea during the summer of 1943. The technology was based on pre-war Dutch experiments with a device named a \\\"snuiver\\\" (\\\"sniffer\\\"). As early as 1938, a\",\n \"title\": \"History of submarines\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14601012\",\n \"text\": \"During this period, the network also aired original animated series – most notably, the 1980s series \\\"The Smurfs\\\" and \\\"Alvin and the Chipmunks\\\". It also carried animated series adapted from certain live-action NBC series such as \\\"It's Punky Brewster\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"Punky Brewster\\\"), \\\"\\\" (based on the sitcom \\\"ALF\\\") and \\\"\\\" (based on the science fiction drama \\\"Star Trek\\\"), as well as animated series vehicles for certain NBC prime time stars including Gary Coleman (\\\"The Gary Coleman Show\\\") and Mr. T (\\\"Mister T\\\"), and original live-action series including the Sid & Marty Krofft-produced \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The Bugaloos\\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Children's programming on NBC\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4546989\",\n \"text\": \"concurrently with \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" until both met their demise at the end of the 1970–1971 season. \\\"Cattanooga Cats\\\" depicted the adventures of a fictitious rock band similar to The Archies and The Banana Splits populated by anthropomorphic hillbilly cats consisting of: A fifth member, a mouse keyboardist named \\\"Cheesie\\\", was storyboarded but cut out of the series. The group traveled around in a van, was chased by a female cat groupie named Chessie, the \\\"Autograph Hound\\\" (also voiced by Julie Bennett) and Kitty Jo owned a big blue dog named \\\"Teeny Tim\\\". The singing vocals for The Cattanooga Cats were\",\n \"title\": \"Cattanooga Cats\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3577023\",\n \"text\": \"froze to death in the toilet. The Man's Daddy (later renamed Daddy) - a bizarre ant/elephant creature who declared himself to be a famous comedian. His jokes tended to be disjointed, usually relying on a nonsense answer or a far-fetched pun. His jokes included: Question. Why did Superman wear his pants outside his trousers? Answer. Because he was a pervert.\\\", Question.: What do you call a dog wearing a policeman's hat? Answer: PC Dog-hat\\\" and \\\"Question.: What do you say if there is a seed in your pie and a man in your yard? Answer: \\\"Seed pie leave now\\\". \\\"\",\n \"title\": \"Digitiser\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5402875\",\n \"text\": \"The Minpins The Minpins is a book by Roald Dahl with illustrations by Patrick Benson. It was published in 1991, a few months after Dahl's death in November 1990, and is the author's final contribution to literature after an illustrious career spanning almost half a century. The book was republished in 2017 under the title Billy and the Minpins with new illustrations by Quentin Blake. Little Billy is forbidden by his mother to enter the Forest of Sin behind his house. She tells him of the Whangdoodle, Hornswogglers, Snozzwanglers and Vermicious knids that live in the forest. Worst of all\",\n \"title\": \"The Minpins\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17792435\",\n \"text\": \"1907: 1908: 1909: 1910: 1911: 1912: 1913: 1914: 1915: 1917: 1918: 1920: 1921: 1922: 1923: 1925: 1926: 1927: 1928: 1929: 1930: 1931: 1932: 1933: 1934: 1935: 1936: 1937: 1938: 1940: 1941: 1942: 1943: 1945: 1946: 1947: 1949: 1950: 1951: 1955: 1957: 1959: 1962: 1963: 1964: 1965: 1966: 1969: 1970: 1971: 1972: 1975: 1976: 1977: 1978: 1979: 1980: 1982: 1983: 1984: 1987: 1988: 1994: 1996: 2001: 2005–2006: 2006: 2011: 2013: 2016: Timeline of women's education This is a timeline of women's education. 1237 1239 1608 1636 1639 1644 1674 1678 1685 1727 1732 1742 1751 1783 1786 1787 1788 1803 1818\",\n \"title\": \"Timeline of women's education\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203090\",\n \"text\": \"children use its large fat belly as a place to play. Snorlax has hidden potential to unleash tremendous power when holding the Snorlium Z item, however, which gives access to its signature Z-Move Pulverizing Pancake. Snorlax has a pre-evolution, Munchlax, which is obtainable via breeding a Snorlax that is holding Lax Incense. Munchlax also sports a voracious appetite, and evolves into a Snorlax when it has a sufficiently high level of friendship with its Trainer. Snorlax's most notable role in the \\\"Pokémon\\\" games has been that of an inadvertent roadblock. In \\\"Pokémon Red\\\", \\\"Blue\\\", their \\\"upper version\\\" and their remakes,\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178379\",\n \"text\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll) The snark is a fictional animal species created by Lewis Carroll in his nonsense poem \\\"The Hunting of the Snark\\\". His descriptions of the creatures were, in his own words, unimaginable, and he wanted that to remain so. According to Carroll, the initial inspiration to write the poem – which he called an \\\"agony in eight fits\\\" – was the final line, \\\"For the snark was a boojum, you see\\\". Carroll was asked repeatedly to explain the snark. In all cases, his answer was he did not know and could not explain. Later commentators have offered many\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10428684\",\n \"text\": \"in organic chemistry and requires both expensive laboratory equipment and expensive, carefully controlled precursor chemicals. Originating from a recipe originally published as a hoax in the \\\"Berkeley Barb\\\" in March 1967, variants of this legend often circulate on the Internet and were popular on BBSs well before the widespread availability of Internet access through William Powell's \\\"The Anarchist Cookbook.\\\" This book claimed \\\"\\\"Musa sapientum\\\" Bananadine\\\" was a mild psychoactive drug found in banana peels. The slang terms \\\"mellow yellow\\\" and \\\"saffron\\\" (for the color of the peels) were borrowed from the 1966 Donovan song, \\\"Mellow Yellow,\\\" perhaps because the phrase\",\n \"title\": \"Urban legends about drugs\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14203094\",\n \"text\": \"jumps up when it appears and slams into whomever it hits. In \\\"Melee\\\", Snorlax is seen as a Poké Float that allows players to fight upon on its head and belly. In the \\\"Pokémon\\\" anime, a number of Snorlax play various supporting roles in certain episodes. The first appearance of a Snorlax was in episode 41 - \\\"Wake Up Snorlax!\\\" - in which it becomes a roadblock to the next town Ash is traveling to. Ash Ketchum also captures one in \\\"Snack Attack!\\\" that was eating the grapefruits of the Grapefruit Islands. He uses it sporadically, mostly opting to use\",\n \"title\": \"Snorlax\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"860843\",\n \"text\": \"the childhood home of Fred Rogers, children's television personality who was buried there in Unity Cemetery after his death in 2003. While it was believed for years that the first professional American football game was played in Latrobe, the city's claim was refused induction into the Hall of Fame records. Latrobe is home of the first banana split, invented in Latrobe by David Strickler in 1904. Latrobe is also home to the training camp of the six time Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers. In May 2006, Anheuser-Busch purchased the Rolling Rock brands, but not the brewery. In June 2006, City\",\n \"title\": \"Latrobe, Pennsylvania\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5913958\",\n \"text\": \"the two horses in the background were intended to begin mating, but the sketch was never used. Nancy Cartwright, voice actor of Bart Simpson on \\\"The Simpsons\\\", and Michael Bell, voice actor of Chaz Finster on \\\"Rugrats\\\", provided their voices for the \\\"Snorks\\\" reference. The name of Quagmire's cat was originally \\\"Pussy\\\", but broadcasting standards objected. The episode was originally to feature a sequence showing Chris breaking entry into Goldman's Pharmacy in order to destroy the acne medication wearing a Balaclava, but the scene was never shown. The promo features Quagmire in a limo finding the girl of his dreams,\",\n \"title\": \"Brian the Bachelor\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2598739\",\n \"text\": \"Hanna-Barbera, who recruited the Kroffts to design costumes for their latest show, \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" was a huge success for NBC, so the Krofft brothers were asked to develop their own series. The result was \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\", a short-lived television series that became a cult phenomenon. Sid continued to churn out outlandish ideas throughout the '70s, and brother Marty was commissioned to bring Sid's weird and wacky ideas to life on the television screen. The duo's children's shows were wildly popular and paved the way for the Kroffts to invade primetime with television variety shows\",\n \"title\": \"Sid Krofft\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"243402\",\n \"text\": \"of wild pony, the Lundy pony. Until recently, Lundy and the Shiant Isles in the Hebrides were the only two places in the UK where the black rat (\\\"Rattus rattus\\\") could be found regularly. In the rest of the United Kingdom they have largely been replaced by brown rats except for occasional sightings in port towns and the Thames Estuary. It has since been eradicated on the island, in order to protect the nesting seabirds. Other species which have made the island their home include the grey seal (\\\"Halichoerus grypus\\\"), Sika deer (\\\"Cervus nippon\\\"), pygmy shrew (\\\"Sorex minutus\\\") and feral\",\n \"title\": \"Lundy\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16435920\",\n \"text\": \"and Sally Field on \\\"The Flying Nun\\\". In 1968, Kahana played a leading role in the Hanna Barbera children's adventure serial \\\"Danger Island\\\", a live-action serialized adventure story that appeared as part of the \\\"Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". His character, Chongo, was a mute castaway from a shipwrecked merchant marine vessel who communicated only using hand signs and bird calls. As the comedic sidekick to fellow castaway Elihu Morgan (played by Rockne Tarkington), Chongo's antics prompted his friend to call out, \\\"Uh-oh Chongo!\\\". The catchphrase became popular with children during the following decade, and inevitably followed Kahana in his work\",\n \"title\": \"Kim Kahana\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"18797528\",\n \"text\": \"of his performing career. He retired in 1967 to the St. Louis Zoo. Jinx (chimpanzee) Jinx (1953–19??) was a performing chimpanzee, and member of the ice skating duo \\\"Darlene and Jinx\\\", with his owner and trainer Darlene Sellek. Jinx – a member of the Pan Troglodyte species – was born in late 1953 in the Belgian Congo, Africa, near Kinshasa (then called Leopoldville). Jinx was purchased for $600 (f.o.b. Africa) from a Miami, Florida, pet shop when he was 2 month old. “We had no idea of going into show business. We just wanted a pet”, explained Darlene Sellek in\",\n \"title\": \"Jinx (chimpanzee)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"830570\",\n \"text\": \"of their pouches, each with letters, when put together would spell YOU ARE GUILTY. This was also cut for budget and technical reasons. Doom's five-man weasel gang (Stupid, Smart Ass, Greasy, Wheezy, and Psycho) satirizes the Seven Dwarfs (Doc, Grumpy, Happy, Sleepy, Bashful, Sneezy, and Dopey), who appeared in \\\"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\\\" (1937). Originally, seven weasels were to mimic the dwarf's complement, but eventually, two of them, Slimey and Slezey, were written out of the script. Further references included The \\\"Ink and Paint Club\\\" resembling the Harlem Cotton Club, while Zemeckis compared Judge Doom's invention of \\\"the\",\n \"title\": \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"15679395\",\n \"text\": \"had to have a larger trunk than other astrapotheres. Most likely, like elephants, this animal used its muscular proboscis together with its tusks to cut leaves off trees and shrubs. Cladogram based in the phylogenetic analysis published by Vallejo-Pareja \\\"et al\\\"., 2015, showing the position of \\\"Granastrapotherium\\\": Granastrapotherium Granastrapotherium is an extinct genus of ungulate mammals, described from remains found in rocks of the Honda Group in the Tatacoa Desert, in the Colombian departments of Huila and Tolima, at the Miocene fossil site La Venta. The only species formally recognized is \\\"Granastrapotherium snorki\\\" (from Spanish, \\\"gran\\\", \\\"great\\\"; \\\"Astrapotherium\\\", \\\"lightning beast\\\";\",\n \"title\": \"Granastrapotherium\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8731813\",\n \"text\": \"Roach in poetry. Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: Nominees Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees\\\":\\\" Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner: 2 Finalists: Nominees: Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winners Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Finalists Nominees Winner Nominees Winner\",\n \"title\": \"Hurston-Wright Legacy Award\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047485\",\n \"text\": \"six-issue miniseries \\\"\\\" in where it is revealed to be a prequel to the original shorts. Snagglepuss lives in a cavern, which he constantly tries to make more habitable for himself. No matter what he does, however, he always winds up back where he started or worse off than he was before. In some episodes, Snagglepuss is chased by Major Minor (voiced by Don Messick), a tiny-sized hunter. Butler's voice characterization is reminiscent of the more soft-spoken aspect of Bert Lahr's broad-ranging characterizations, specifically the Cowardly Lion in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film \\\"The Wizard of Oz\\\". (Coincidentally, William Hanna and\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16921314\",\n \"text\": \"one sitting and one \\\"laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed\\\". Chapter 21 asserts that zebras \\\"must be extraordinarily inconspicuous\\\" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the \\\"few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law.\\\" These include the skunks, the African zoril (striped polecat) and the teledu (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the aposematism of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks\",\n \"title\": \"Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3837740\",\n \"text\": \"the live-action sequences) (13 shows), \\\"Lassie's Rescue Rangers\\\" (17 shows), \\\"The New Adventures of Gilligan\\\" (24 shows), \\\"My Favorite Martians\\\" (16 shows), and former \\\"Uncle Croc's Block\\\" segments \\\"M.U.S.H.\\\" (\\\"\\\"Mangy Unwanted Shabby Heroes\\\"\\\"), \\\"Fraidy Cat\\\", and \\\"Wacky and Packy\\\" (combined into 18 shows). The cartoon aired with the UK version of Hanna-Barbera's \\\"Banana Splits\\\" in the early 1980s, and as of May 2009, the show can be streamed in the US in minisode form on Crackle. The show was structured very much like the then-popular show \\\"Laugh-In\\\", with several short segments of one-liner jokes and riddles. This was most shown\",\n \"title\": \"Groovie Goolies\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12482352\",\n \"text\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper is a 1982 animated Christmas television special starring Yogi Bear. It is the third and final Yogi Christmas special. Produced by Hanna-Barbera, it first aired on on CBS. When Huckleberry Hound and his friends Hokey Wolf, Snagglepuss, Quick Draw McGraw, Augie Doggie and Doggie Daddy, and Snooper and Blabber visit Jellystone Park for Christmas, they discover Yogi Bear and Boo-Boo have escaped from Jellystone and hidden out in a department store, where Yogi is posing as a Santa Claus. Along the way, he helps a little\",\n \"title\": \"Yogi Bear's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12915005\",\n \"text\": \"Jr. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\",\n \"title\": \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12277004\",\n \"text\": \"disappear into the forests of the coastal mountains for days at a time as a spiritual retreat to memorise the Quran. Considered to be \\\"naive and inexperienced\\\", he followed Marzouk seeking \\\"the adventure of Afghanistan\\\" and lived for a while with the Khadr family in Pakistan, where he became known for his love of banana splits and sharing their ability to mix the Western world with his current life. On August 20, 1998, Al Farouq training camp was bombed by American cruise missiles and Amr Hamed was killed. In November 2001, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police investigated claims that the\",\n \"title\": \"Amr Hamed\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4683995\",\n \"text\": \"them. When Lisa is bitten by a small dolphin after removing a set of bottle rings around its face, Homer encourages the townspeople to fight back. A battle ensues between the dolphins and the humans, with heavy casualties on both sides. The end of the story reveals the humans lost the war and have been driven into the sea. Lisa admits she regrets freeing Snorky in the first place, but Marge comforts her that everyone will have to adjust to their new life as \\\"marine animals\\\". Meanwhile, after the final story ended, the two aliens Kang and Kodos complain that\",\n \"title\": \"Treehouse of Horror XI\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"10933627\",\n \"text\": \"repackaged into syndication as part of \\\"The Banana Splits and Friends Show\\\". Although originally airing in an hour-long format as a Saturday morning show called \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\", subsequent incarnations were re-edited and sold into syndication as half-hour episodes which included several series not originally part of the original show. As part of \\\"The Banana Splits\\\", \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" enjoyed new life, becoming well known to subsequent generations for the next four decades. The show opened and closed with a catchy theme song, using banjo accompaniment to give it a Southern flavor: We got the\",\n \"title\": \"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2742393\",\n \"text\": \"encounters with the Snorks. In the episode \\\"Allstar's Freshwater Adventure\\\", the Snorks (who are saltwater Snorks) meet freshwater Snorks. Freshwater Snorks have two snorkels on their head and a distinctive biochemistry from saltwater snorks. On September 25, 2012, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete First Season\\\" on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classics Collection label. The release is available exclusively through Warner's online store and Amazon.com. In addition, 39 episodes have been released on Hulu per a distribution agreement with Content Media Corporation. On July 7, 2015, Warner Archive released \\\"Snorks: The Complete Second Season\\\" on\",\n \"title\": \"Snorks\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675078\",\n \"text\": \"producer credits, the other being \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\"; Edward Rosen served as producer on both series. They would not, however, assume the title full-time for another five years. This Hanna-Barbera series was also one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to utilize a laugh track. Hanna-Barbera produced \\\"The Banana Splits in Hocus Pocus Park\\\", a televised feature film, for ABC in 1972. In August 2008, Warner Bros. announced a multi-platform release featuring new comedy shorts and music videos; this debuted on Cartoon Network starting on September 2, 2008. The relaunch included a live show and a\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675072\",\n \"text\": \"not get permission from the author of a children's book by that title. The Krofft brothers give credit to the success of the series for opening the door for their own entry into television, \\\"H.R. Pufnstuf\\\". NBC picked up the Krofft series, which was launched during an hour-long special hosted by \\\"The Banana Splits\\\" on August 30, 1969. The show's live-action segment \\\"Danger Island\\\", a cliffhanger serial, as well as the short-lived \\\"Micro Ventures\\\", a part-live action, part-animated series consisting of only four episodes, ran alongside the animated segments \\\"Arabian Knights\\\" and \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\". Actors Jan-Michael Vincent (billed as\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9524019\",\n \"text\": \"Turner's hands by this point), but during the show's first season \\\"Cartoon Alley\\\" featured shorts from the Gaumont Film Company. Many recognizable characters have been featured in at least one episode such as Bugs Bunny, Woody Woodpecker, Popeye, Felix The Cat, Porky Pig, Andy Panda, Tom and Jerry, Droopy, Screwy Squirrel, Barney Bear, Spike, George and Junior, and others not so famous such as Goopy Geer and The Captain and the Kids. The shorts often appeared uncut and uncensored (a few cartoons utilized cuts for content), and the more controversial cartoons (such as \\\"Hiawatha's Rabbit Hunt\\\" and \\\"Half-Pint Pygmy\\\") were\",\n \"title\": \"Cartoon Alley\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1709065\",\n \"text\": \"original. \\\"The Three Musketeers\\\" was a series of animated shorts produced by Hanna-Barbera's as part of \\\"The Banana Splits Comedy-Adventure Hour\\\" and \\\"The Banana Splits & Friends\\\" show. \\\"Albert the Fifth Musketeer\\\" is a 1994 French animated series featuring a new musketeer, the titular Albert. \\\"\\\", a direct-to-video animated movie produced by Walt Disney Pictures and the Australian office of DisneyToon Studios, directed by Donovan Cook, and released on August 17, 2004. A Barbie adaption of the tale by the name of \\\"Barbie and the Three Musketeers\\\" was made in 2009. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"5097049\",\n \"text\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP) Hellogoodbye is the eponymous debut EP from Hellogoodbye. It was released on August 17, 2004 by Drive-Thru Records. All the vocals and instruments were recorded solely by Forrest Kline, except for the lead vocals on track 4, which were performed by Jesse Kurvink. The cover is a spoof on Andy Warhol's album cover for \\\"The Velvet Underground & Nico\\\" (1967) by The Velvet Underground. Instead of featuring a banana with the words \\\"peel slowly and see\\\", it instead depicts an avocado with the accompanying phrase \\\"mush slowly and guac.\\\" On March 18, 2004, shortly after the band got\",\n \"title\": \"Hellogoodbye (EP)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2945615\",\n \"text\": \"the Science Guy\\\" (made by Walt Disney Television) and \\\"Curious George\\\" (produced by Universal Television) In 2002, C-T was renamed to Sony Pictures Television, a company that would co-produce the third season of the program. After a tour of the lot of Sony Studios, Wesley Eure created the first treatment of the show, including the initial conception of the two-headed dragon Zak and Wheezie, back then known as \\\"Snarf and Bugger.\\\" The series received a massive multi-million dollar grant from the federal government, beating out \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" for the request. As part of the conditions for the\",\n \"title\": \"Dragon Tales\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6063856\",\n \"text\": \"Masked booby The masked booby (\\\"Sula dactylatra\\\") is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae. First described by French naturalist René-Primevère Lesson in 1831, the masked booby is one of six species of booby in the genus \\\"Sula\\\". This species breeds on islands in tropical oceans, except in the eastern Atlantic; in the eastern Pacific it is replaced by the Nazca booby, \\\"Sula granti\\\", which was formerly regarded as a subspecies of masked booby. It is also called the masked gannet or the blue-faced booby. The masked booby nests in small colonies, laying two chalky white eggs on sandy\",\n \"title\": \"Masked booby\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14885143\",\n \"text\": \"King Klunk King Klunk is a 1933 animated short subject, produced and directed by Walter Lantz. It stars Pooch the Pup, and is the twelfth of the thirteen cartoons featuring that character. The cartoon is a parody of the RKO feature \\\"King Kong\\\", which premiered six months earlier to this cartoon's release on September 4, 1933 from Universal Pictures. Pooch and a girl coonhound sail into Africa, looking to take photographs of King Klunk, the largest gorilla in the planet. On the continent, a pack of chimpanzees are doing a dance ritual as well preparing a meal for their gigantic\",\n \"title\": \"King Klunk\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"13594222\",\n \"text\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear? is a children's picture book, published in 1991, written and illustrated by Bill Martin, Jr. and Eric Carle. The book is designed to help toddlers identify zoo animals and the noises they make. It features a polar bear, a lion, a hippopotamus, a flamingo, a zebra, a boa constrictor, an elephant, a leopard, a peacock, a walrus, a zoo keeper and some children. This is a companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\", published by Carle and Martin in 1967,\",\n \"title\": \"Polar Bear, Polar Bear, What Do You Hear?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542302\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"17542312\",\n \"text\": \"Cupiennius salei Cupiennius salei, commonly called the tiger wandering spider, is a large spider belonging to a group of wandering spiders found in Central America (also one of many diverse types that mistakenly get called banana spiders), although this species is specifically from Eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. The species was accidentally introduced into Germany in the early 20th century from banana plantations in Central America. In the mid-1950s it was realised that the spider is an ideal model for biological research because of its large size, inactive behaviour, and ease of breeding in laboratories. From an initial 1963\",\n \"title\": \"Cupiennius salei\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14274863\",\n \"text\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series) The Three Musketeers is an American Saturday morning cartoon produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions for NBC. It premiered in 1968, running for 18 episodes as a segment on \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\". It took the main characters Athos, Porthos, Aramis, and D'Artagnian from the novel by Alexandre Dumas and placed them in new adventures fighting the enemies of the crowned heads of France. They are sometimes assisted by a queen's handmaid named constance (D'Artagnian's lover from the novel) and her young nephew, Tooley. A recurring theme has Toolie trying to prove himself worthy of\",\n \"title\": \"The Three Musketeers (animated TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12668159\",\n \"text\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See? is a children's picture book by Bill Martin, Jr. and illustrated by Eric Carle. It is the third companion book to \\\"Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?\\\". Various endangered animals answer the question \\\"What do you see?\\\" and the answers are what animal they see. The text is in rhyme. The list of animals includes a panda bear, a bald eagle, a water buffalo, a spider monkey, a green sea turtle, a macaroni penguin, a sea lion, a red wolf, a whooping\",\n \"title\": \"Panda Bear, Panda Bear, What Do You See?\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8153190\",\n \"text\": \"The Sandwich EP The Sandwich EP is the debut EP recorded by the Stoke-based ska punk band Grown at Home. It was produced and mixed by Iain Wetherell. The EP received positive reviews, and the song \\\"Don't Be a Menace to King Kong While Drinking Banana Juice in The Congo\\\" was broadcast on BBC Radio 1's \\\"\\\"The Lock Up\\\"\\\" with Mike Davies. The EP was released by Cash For Pigs Records (a label founded to release the EP) on compact disc. It is an eponymously titled EP, with cover art depicting a sandwich and the Grown at Home logo, but\",\n \"title\": \"The Sandwich EP\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"744327\",\n \"text\": \"and Frankenstein's monster are two examples of misunderstood creatures. Frankenstein's monster is frequently depicted in this manner, in films such as \\\"Monster Squad\\\" and \\\"Van Helsing\\\". The Hulk is an example of the \\\"Monster as Hero\\\" archetype. The theme of the \\\"Friendly Monster\\\" is pervasive in pop-culture. Chewbacca, Elmo, and Shrek are notable examples of friendly \\\"monsters\\\". The creatures of \\\"Monsters, Inc.\\\" scare children in order to create energy for running machinery, while the furry monsters of \\\"The Muppets\\\" and \\\"Sesame Street\\\" live in harmony with animals and humans alike. Japanese culture also commonly features monsters which are benevolent or\",\n \"title\": \"Monster\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"12381579\",\n \"text\": \"the physical comedy that predominated film shorts to more dialogue-oriented jokes (including celebrity impressions and one-liner jokes). Hanna-Barbera Productions focused almost exclusively on these kinds of funny animal TV series, creating an extensive line of funny animal television series starring characters such as Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Snagglepuss and Top Cat. Jay Ward Productions also produced \\\"Rocky and Bullwinkle\\\" (also known as \\\"Rocky and his Friends\\\", \\\"The Bullwinkle Show\\\" or \\\"The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show\\\"), a series starring a \\\"plucky\\\" flying squirrel named Rocky and his incompetent moose sidekick and best friend, Bullwinkle J. Moose, as they fought against Eastern\",\n \"title\": \"Funny animal\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675076\",\n \"text\": \"Bumper Cars, Merry-Go-Rounds, and many other rides at Six Flags and Coney Island. The Sour Grapes Bunch is a group of human girl characters from the Banana Splits. One of the members of the club—Charley, usually played by Shirley Hillstrom—would bring a written note to the Splits. None of the Sour Grapes spoke in the entire series; however, they would also do a number with the Banana Splits. In the first-season episode on October 5, 1968, a song debuted entitled \\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\", as all five girls appeared together with the Splits. Also featured were the \\\"Banana Buggies\\\" mentioned\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1974701\",\n \"text\": \"other and say: \\\"Are you thinking what I'm thinking, B1?\\\" – \\\"I think I am, B2! It's [Bananas' ideas] time!\\\". Rat in a Hat also has three catchphrases, \\\"Oh, cheese and whiskers!\\\", usually stated when he has not succeeded at a task; \\\"Trust me, I'm a rat!\\\" when trying to deceive other characters; and \\\"I'm a rat, I'm a rat, I'm a clever clever rat\\\", which he sings when he thinks of a good idea. Given the age of the target audience, chasing teddy bears is not usually a plot line for the show itself, and when it is depicted,\",\n \"title\": \"Bananas in Pyjamas\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"7651517\",\n \"text\": \"stating underneath, \\\"It [the bear] is now in the Washington Zoo, albeit the animal pictured is presumably not a hog bear. Likewise, in the sketch of the snoligoster there is a reference to Inman F. Eldredge (1883–1963), a Gifford Pinchot Medal awardee, who while pursuing an escaped fugitive in the everglades, encounters the dreadful swamp-wyrm which afterward devours the criminal. An episode which is doubtlessly a fanciful idealization of Eldredge's background as a timber cruiser in Southern Florida. Other persons referenced in \\\"Fearsome Creatures\\\" are John P. Wentling (1878-19XX; who was Professor of Forestry at both the Pennsylvania State Forest\",\n \"title\": \"Fearsome Creatures of the Lumberwoods, With a Few Desert and Mountain Beasts\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"1675075\",\n \"text\": \"a cartoon segment that previously appeared on \\\"The Atom Ant Show\\\" (1965–1968). In reruns, episodes of \\\"The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show\\\", \\\"The Adventures of Gulliver\\\" and \\\"The New Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\\\" were aired on the show. For the first season, some of the live-action segments—specifically those used during the musical segments—were shot at Six Flags Over Texas, an amusement park located in Arlington, Texas. For the second season, filming took place at the Coney Island amusement park in Cincinnati, Ohio. In many episodes, the Banana Splits would be seen riding on the Runaway Mine Train roller coasters, Log Flumes,\",\n \"title\": \"The Banana Splits\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"8755663\",\n \"text\": \"a Brooklyn accent. The pirate crew were also a branch of the Democratic Order of Pirates, International, or \\\"DOPI\\\" for short. Sam Scurvy has one goal in life: world domination. He believes that if he can get the secret to talking to animals from Doctor Dolittle, he will be able to raise an army of \\\"creepy creatures\\\" to help him take over the world. By using his eavesdropping device the Sneaky Snorkel, Scurvy gets wind of Doctor Dolittle's latest missions and then plots to hinder, disrupt, or even kidnap the Doctor, Tommy, or any one of his animals, in order\",\n \"title\": \"Doctor Dolittle (TV series)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"3178380\",\n \"text\": \"analyses of the work. One such likens the contemporary Commissioners in Lunacy individually to the ten hunters, noting that Carroll's favourite uncle, Skeffington Lutwidge, himself a member of the Commission had, like the poem's Baker, met his end in a \\\"chasm\\\"—Lutwidge was murdered by an asylum inmate called McKave. The poem describes several varieties of snark. Some have feathers and bite, and some have whiskers and scratch. The \\\"boojum\\\" is a particular variety of snark, which causes the baker at the end of the poem to \\\"softly and suddenly vanish away, and never be met with again\\\". The snark's flavour\",\n \"title\": \"Snark (Lewis Carroll)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"16376949\",\n \"text\": \"inclusion of some underground tube ways in the first level. A group of 20+ people worked on the game. During the programming of the game to the SNES, one of the hazards in the game was a catnip that could drive Bubsy mad. This was replaced by banana peels because of Nintendo's censorship policies. The game was developed and released concurrently for the Genesis and Super NES, with each version looking and sounding almost identical. Approximately two years later, the game was also ported to Windows 95, under the name \\\"Super Bubsy\\\". It contained slightly upscaled graphics, and the Bubsy\",\n \"title\": \"Bubsy in Claws Encounters of the Furred Kind\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"118790\",\n \"text\": \"spray dust or grass on themselves. When underwater, the elephant uses its trunk as a snorkel. The African elephant has two finger-like extensions at the tip of the trunk that allow it to grasp and bring food to its mouth. The Asian elephant has only one, and relies more on wrapping around a food item and squeezing it into its mouth. Asian elephants have more muscle coordination and can perform more complex tasks. Losing the trunk would be detrimental to an elephant's survival, although in rare cases, individuals have survived with shortened ones. One elephant has been observed to graze\",\n \"title\": \"Elephant\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4047484\",\n \"text\": \"product. As part of the settlement, the disclaimer \\\"Snagglepuss voice by Daws Butler\\\" was required to appear on each commercial, thus making Butler one of the few voice artists to receive a screen credit in a TV commercial. Butler reused his Snagglepuss voice for two other Hanna-Barbera characters: Jonathan Wellington \\\"Mudsy\\\" Muddlemore from \\\"The Funky Phantom\\\" and Brutus the lion from \\\"The Roman Holidays\\\". In 2017, Snagglepuss appeared in a eight-page story in \\\"Suicide Squad/Banana Splits Annual\\\" #1 by Mark Russell where he is portrayed as a gay Tennessee Williams-type playwright in 1950s America. This was followed by the 2018\",\n \"title\": \"Snagglepuss\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"14904556\",\n \"text\": \"Baloo is portrayed as a boxer, complete with boxing cloves and training clothes. Monkeys: The monkeys are portrayed as extremely stupid Swedish upper-class, commonly referred to as fjortis. Unlike all the other animals, they seem to be unaware of the danger of the helicopters flying above the jungle. They refer to bananas as money and live in a place called \\\"The Banana Republic\\\". Snakes: The snakes are portrayed as Japanese Kill Bill spoofs, to emphasize their lethality. Vultures: The vultures are portrayed as extremely annoying paparazzi. Djungelboken Djungelboken is a Swedish play written by based on Kipling's \\\"The Jungle Book\\\",\",\n \"title\": \"Djungelboken\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9932564\",\n \"text\": \"1989 release \\\"Big Black Bugs Bleed Blue Blood\\\" and as a hidden track on the \\\"Our Bodies Our Selves\\\" release also from 1993. \\\"Banana Pad Riot\\\" also featured recordings from punk bands The Vindictives (\\\"Two Ton Tessie\\\"), Boris The Sprinkler (\\\"We're The Banana Splits\\\"), and The Young Fresh Fellows (\\\"Doin' The Banana Split\\\"). Liz Phair and Material Issue recorded \\\"The Tra La La Song\\\" for the 1995 compilation album \\\"\\\". Their version was based on the Decca Records single version, with a different arrangement than the version used on the TV series, also including an otherwise unheard additional verse. Throughout\",\n \"title\": \"Banana Splits discography\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2823921\",\n \"text\": \"his family. He is a vegetarian, and also loves his father. Stephan Pastis appears self-reflexively in the strip. He is often seen with Rat, who makes him the target of criticism about his artwork and jokes involving puns. His character has also expressed his hate of being an attorney, which was his former career. He is usually depicted wearing a baseball cap backward, a plain white T-shirt, and blue jeans. Snuffles (also known as Mister Snuffles) is Zebra's cat. Originally, he was adopted by the crocodiles on September 30, 2007, to kill Zebra, but the plan backfired. He does not\",\n \"title\": \"Pearls Before Swine (comics)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4230623\",\n \"text\": \"oxygen content so they cannot effectively use their gill. Apple snails use the siphon in a way that is reminiscent of a human swimmer using a snorkel, except that the apple snail's siphon can be retracted completely, or extended to various lengths as needed. For these freshwater snails, the siphon is an anti-predator adaptation. It reduces their vulnerability to being attacked and eaten by birds because it enables the apple snails to breathe without having to come all the way up to the surface, where they are easily visible to predators. The shells of these freshwater snails have simple round\",\n \"title\": \"Siphon (mollusc)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"20009309\",\n \"text\": \"prehensile-tailed porcupine, and an albino Burmese python. On 25 January 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon a beaver, a tarantula, a baby muntjac, and a hyacinth macaw. On 2 May 2018, he presented six African pygmy goats, a kookaburra, a capybara, and an American alligator. Then on 19 September 2018, Irwin presented to Fallon and Kevin Hart a baby ostrich, two kingsnakes, a tarantula, and a lanner falcon. He appeared again on 22 November 2018 presenting two baby Asian small-clawed otters, a couple of baby African crested porcupines, an aardvark, and a baby zebra. On 6 April 2017, Robert Irwin was\",\n \"title\": \"Robert Irwin (television personality)\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"6337407\",\n \"text\": \"some early scientists to believe that, much like a whale, it used these nostrils as a form of snorkel. Soon after some more recent findings, this theory was rejected. An alternative theory is that the ungulate possessed a trunk, perhaps to keep dust out of the nostrils. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s trunk may be comparable to that of the modern Saiga antelope. One insight into \\\"Macrauchenia\\\"'s habits is that its ankle joints and shin bones may indicate that it was adapted to have unusually good mobility, being able to rapidly change direction when it ran at high speed. \\\"Macrauchenia\\\" is known, like its\",\n \"title\": \"Macrauchenia\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"4118553\",\n \"text\": \"Kids\\\". This practice has even been reduced to a single letter Z, so that a speech bubble with this letter standing all alone (again, drawn by hand rather than a font type) means the character is sleeping in most humorous comics. This can be seen, for instance, in Charles Schulz's \\\"Peanuts\\\" comic strips. Originally, the resemblance between the 'z' sound and that of a snore seemed exclusive to the English language, but the spread of American comics has made it a frequent feature in other countries. An exception to this is in Japanese manga, where the usual symbol for sleep\",\n \"title\": \"Speech balloon\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2559653\",\n \"text\": \"In shallow waters, common snapping turtles may lie beneath a muddy bottom with only their heads exposed, stretching their long necks to the surface for an occasional breath (their nostrils are positioned on the very tip of the snout, effectively functioning as snorkels). Snapping turtles consume both plant and animal matter, and are important aquatic scavengers, but they are also active hunters that prey on anything they can swallow, including many invertebrates, fish, frogs, reptiles (including snakes and smaller turtles), unwary birds, and small mammals. In some areas, adult snapping turtles can be incidentally detrimental to breeding waterfowl, as they\",\n \"title\": \"Common snapping turtle\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"2308433\",\n \"text\": \"Suidae Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs or boars. In addition to numerous fossil species, 17 extant species are currently recognized (or 18 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. The family includes the domestic pig, \\\"Sus scrofa domesticus\\\" or \\\"Sus domesticus\\\", in addition to numerous species of wild pig, such as babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa. The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants\",\n \"title\": \"Suidae\"\n },\n {\n \"id\": \"9650786\",\n \"text\": \"150 species. They are small to medium-sized, terrestrial or wetland birds, and their short bodies are often flattened laterally to help them move through dense vegetation. Island species readily become flightless; of 53 extant or recently extinct taxa restricted to islands, 32 have lost the ability to fly. The snoring rail was first classified as \\\"Rallus plateni\\\" by German ornithologist August Wilhelm Heinrich Blasius in 1886, but was moved to its current monotypic genus \\\"Aramidopsis\\\" by English zoologist Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1893. Following Taylor (1998), it was considered to be more similar to the Inaccessible Island and white-throated rails\",\n \"title\": \"Snoring rail\"\n }\n]"},"compressed_ctxs_1":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Splits context: Michael) and Ronne Troup appeared in the live-action component \\\"Danger Island\\\". All the live-action material filmed for the series' first season, including the \\\"Banana Splits\\\" and \\\"Danger Island\\\" segments, was directed by Richard Donner. Each show represented a meeting of the \\\"Banana Splits Club\\\", and the wraparounds featured the adventures of the club members, who doubled as a musical quartet, meant to be reminiscent of The Monkees. The main characters were Fleegle, a beagle (possibly crossed with a flat-coated retriever); Bingo, an orange-furred gorilla (possibly half-orangutan); Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, called \\\"Snork\\\" in the theme song lyrics, an\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 216,\n \"origin_tokens\": 217,\n \"ratio\": \"1.0x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.0 in GPT-4.\"\n}"},"compressed_ctxs_100":{"kind":"string","value":"{\n \"compressed_prompt\": \"Please write a high-quality answer for the given question using only the provided search results (some of which might be irrelevant). Only give me the answer and do not output any other words.\\n\\ntitle: Banana Splitsography context: Splits\\\" album, along with all other non-LP songs released as singles or EP tracks. Song titles in italics are not by the Banana Splits; they are from \\\"Here Come The Beagles\\\", the soundtrack album from the Total TV cartoon series. All the Beagles tracks are in rechanneled stereo. Banana Splits discography The Banana Splits are a fictional musical group of four animal characters; Fleegle, a beagle; Bingo, a gorilla; Drooper, a lion; and Snorky, an elephant; played by actors in costume miming to music created for them, who starred in their own successful television series \\\"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\\\".\\n\\ntitle: The Banana Spl context: elephant. Fleegle assume the role of of Banana Splits and at club meet. The characters were played by actors voluminecy costumes similar to Sid and Marty Kff characters such \\\"H.R. Pufnst Snorky \\\"spoke\\\" hon no, spokeDro with a Southern draw in manner Michael Nesmith Fleegle with pronounced lisp. Splits' including-of-the-week and skits served as wraparounds for a number of individual segments. In, \\\" Three Musketeers segments were replaced repeats of \\\"The Hillbilly Bears\\\",\\ntitle The Spl: Theana Spl Theanaits wasaged program featuring The, a fict rock of animal characters. Theumed hosts were (itar),ingo (rums,), (b, Snork,). The produceda and ran 1 onBC Saturday m from September 7, 96, 51970 and from 19 to9. The by Sidyt, and the sponsor was Cere.\\n\\ntitle: La:. of the Leo Burnett Agency but was credited to Adams and Barkan for contractual reasons. In 1995, Hollywood Library released the 1,000-copy limited-edition CD reissue \\\"We're the Banana Splits/Here Come the Beagles\\\" which, in addition to the original album version, includes an alternate version on the song. American punk rock band The Dickies made the song a hit in the United Kingdom in 1979 with their cover version, marketed by A&M Records as \\\"Banana Splits (Tra La La Song)\\\". The record reached #7 in the UK Singles Chart. This cover version was later used in the 2010 film \\\"Kick-Ass\\\".\\n\\nIn The Banana Splits what sort of animal was Snorky?\",\n \"compressed_tokens\": 552,\n \"origin_tokens\": 15930,\n \"ratio\": \"28.9x\",\n \"saving\": \", Saving $0.9 in GPT-4.\"\n}"}}},{"rowIdx":94,"cells":{"id":{"kind":"number","value":94,"string":"94"},"question":{"kind":"string","value":"Who had an 80s No 1 hit with Can't Fight This Feeling?"},"answers":{"kind":"list like","value":["REO (album)","Alan Gratzer","R.E.O. Speedwagon","REO Speedwagon","Michael Bryan Murphy","Can't Stop Rockin","Reo Speedwagon","R.E.O Speedwagon"],"string":"[\n \"REO (album)\",\n \"Alan Gratzer\",\n \"R.E.O. Speedwagon\",\n \"REO Speedwagon\",\n \"Michael Bryan Murphy\",\n \"Can't Stop Rockin\",\n \"Reo Speedwagon\",\n \"R.E.O Speedwagon\"\n]"},"target":{"kind":"string","value":"REO Speedwagon"},"ctxs":{"kind":"list like","value":[{"id":"354395","text":"REO Speedwagon REO Speedwagon (originally styled as R.E.O. Speedwagon) is an American rock band from Champaign, Illinois. Formed in 1967, the band cultivated a following during the 1970s and achieved significant commercial success throughout the 1980s. \"Hi Infidelity\" (1980) contained four US Top 40 hits and is the group's best-selling album, with over ten million copies sold. Over the course of its career, the band has sold more than 40 million records and has charted thirteen Top 40 hits, including the number ones \"Keep On Loving You\" and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". REO Speedwagon's mainstream popularity waned in the late","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6330528","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by Kevin Cronin) and reached number sixteen in the UK. \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" has appeared on dozens of 'various artists' compilation albums, as","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6330532","text":"episode of The Goldbergs. In 2016, the song was used in the UK and US on adverts for Sheba cat food. REO Speedwagon Can't Fight This Feeling \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" is a power ballad performed by the American rock band REO Speedwagon. The single remained at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three consecutive weeks from March 9 to March 23, 1985. The song first appeared on REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was the group's second number-one hit on the U.S. charts (the first being 1981's \"Keep on Loving You\", also written by","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"9054333","text":"Kevin Cronin Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and occasional pianist for the American rock band, REO Speedwagon. REO Speedwagon had several hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 throughout the 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: \"Keep on Loving You\" (1981) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1985). Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School. His brother is Wisconsin weatherman and politician Sean Cronin. REO","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"1140723","text":"channels was used with considerable success by bands formed in previous decades. Among the first were ZZ Top, who mixed hard blues rock with new wave music to produce a series of highly successful singles, beginning with \"Gimme All Your Lovin'\" (1983), which helped their albums \"Eliminator\" (1983) and \"Afterburner\" (1985) achieve diamond and multi-platinum status respectively. Others found renewed success in the singles charts with power ballads, including REO Speedwagon with \"Keep on Loving You\" (1980) and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" (1984), Journey with \"Don't Stop Believin'\" (1981) and \"Open Arms\" (1982), Foreigner's \"I Want to Know What Love","title":"Hard rock"},{"id":"19753522","text":"I Do' Wanna Know \"I Do' Wanna Know\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin that was the lead single from REO Speedwagon's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It was more of a rocker reminiscent of the songs REO Speedwagon had released in the 1970s than the ballads the band had been successful with in the early 1980s. It had limited success on popular music charts, which was blamed for delaying sales of the album until the release of the follow up single, the ballad \"Can't Fight This Feeling.\" The video to the song was nominated for several awards. \"I","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354408","text":"#7), \"Sweet Time\" (U.S. #26) and the Album Rock chart hit \"The Key.\" The band came storming back two years later with \"Wheels Are Turnin'\", an album that included the #1 hit single \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" plus three more hits: \"I Do' Wanna Know\" (U.S. #29), \"One Lonely Night\" (U.S. #19), and \"Live Every Moment\" (U.S. #34). REO Speedwagon toured the US in 1985, including a sold-out concert in Madison, Wisconsin in May. On July 13, on the way to a show in Milwaukee, the band made a stop in Philadelphia to play at the US leg of Live","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"6240520","text":"Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling album, tied with \"Good Trouble\", reaching No. 7 on the \"Billboard\" 200. The lead single was \"I Do' Wanna Know,\" which stalled at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. But the second single, \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" was REO's second and longest-running number one single. Other singles released were \"One Lonely Night\" and \"Live Every Moment\". These singles also reached the Top 40 of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, reaching #19 and #34, respectively.","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"9054335","text":"lead vocals due to his conversion to Christianity. The band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but are still releasing records such as \"Find Your Own Way Home\" in 2007. Their most famous album, \"Hi Infidelity\", sold over 10 million copies. Kevin has stated in various interviews that they \"play for free but get paid for the traveling\". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as \"Keep on Loving You\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling\", \"The Key\", \"Keep Pushin'\", \"Roll With the Changes\", \"Time for Me to Fly\", \"Movin'\", \"Here With","title":"Kevin Cronin"},{"id":"13691041","text":"copies in the U.S. which led it to go 4× Platinum. A conspicuous absentee from the album is \"Keep the Fire Burnin'\", which reached #7 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1982. The collection is one of several released by the band's label. The album was remastered and reissued in 2002. The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"12989578","text":"he was interested in singing the song. Frey agreed, and recorded the vocal part in one day. The following day he played the guitar and recorded the background vocals, and was paid $15,000 for the work. The mid-to-up-tempo recording featured a steady drumbeat, synthesizer, and guitar, with a repeated saxophone riff framing the lyrical message. The guitar solo is played by Frey himself. The song became a major hit single, reaching No. 2 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart in March 1985, behind \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. It was also popular internationally, reaching No. 2 on the","title":"The Heat Is On (Glenn Frey song)"},{"id":"5474077","text":"little mainstream success reaching #58 R&B. However the track did afford Hunt a hit in France at #10 and charted in the UK at #44. In 1982 she helped write and produce some of the music for Chéri. Hunt is the mother of three children; Rosalind Hunt of the musical group Chéri, singer Freddie James and writer Jeanne (Dupuis) Croteau. Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"13889254","text":"for the fighting game, Tekken Tag Tournament 2. His highest charting single so far is \"Can't Fight this Feeling\", with Sophie Ellis-Bextor, which managed a peak position of #13 in France and has been in the chart for 17 consecutive weeks. It was also a smash hit in Russia, where it topped the charts, and was a worldwide hit on the club scene. This year, he made a remix of the song \"Live Your Dreams\". This song is a Soraya's (a popular Spanish singer) collaboration with the very famous French DJ Antoine Clamaran. The song has been very successful and","title":"Junior Caldera"},{"id":"13766814","text":"pick-me-up. It's true: You can be famous – even if there's no money left in the world.\" Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act. Mays auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".\" Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as: \"I'm just like my character. I've","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"6330529","text":"well as several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums. REO Speedwagon performed the song at the 1985 Live Aid concert; they were introduced by Chevy Chase, mentioning that the song was a number-one single at the moment in the United States. Two different music videos exist for the song. One is a basic video, appearing almost homemade, featuring the band in the studio. It begins with Kevin Cronin playing the piano, attempting to find the key in which he can best sing the song (starting off in G major, he later decides he can sing it better in A). After Cronin","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling"},{"id":"6903346","text":"Sammy Cohen who was a Vaudeville performer who became an alcoholic and lost his career. He is interested in renewing his career and has faith in Theresa's ability, and together they develop an act called \"Buddy and Babe\" in order to raise money for Theresa's tuition. Shot in 1979, the film was released in 1983, by which time the film's \"TV Singer\" Geraldine Hunt had scored a 1980 \"Billboard\" National Disco Action Top 100 number-one hit with \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hey Babe! Hey Babe!, also known as Babe! and also known as Rise and Shine, is a 1980 film,","title":"Hey Babe!"},{"id":"13691040","text":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album) The Hits is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains hits such as \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Keep on Loving You\", as well as new tracks \"Here with Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You\". \"Here with Me\" cracked the top 20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. and the top ten on the Adult Contemporary chart; however, it would be the last single to feature drummer Alan Gratzer and guitarist Gary Richrath, as they each left the band within the year following this album's release. The album has sold over 4 million","title":"The Hits (REO Speedwagon album)"},{"id":"5474074","text":"Geraldine Hunt Geraldine Hunt (born February 10, 1945 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American R&B singer best known for the 1980 #1 Hot Dance Music/Club Play hit \"Can't Fake the Feeling\". Hunt's parents are Rosie Lee Vickers and Frank Milligan. Her father was a one-man band, and her grandmother, Louella Reed, was a singer on the Chitlin Circuit. In 1947 her family relocated to Chicago. While growing up on Chicago's south side Hunt discovered her musical talent. Living in that part of Chicago was not easy; recalls Geraldine. \"On the weekends, we had to sleep on the floor, gangs","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"19753524","text":"being \"bubblegum-edged.\" The lyrics represent the singer's reproachment of a lover he believes is about to leave him. Draba-Mann points out that \"Do'\" in the title is not the affirmative \"do\" but rather an abbreviation for \"don't.\" The single had only limited chart success. It peaked at #29 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, although it did better on the \"Billboard\" Mainstream Rock chart where it reached #5. The follow up single from \"Wheels Are Turnin\", \"Can't Fight This Feeling,\" reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. \"Billboard Magazine\" writer Kim Freeman suggested that the release of \"I Do' Wanna Know\"","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"354409","text":"Aid, which broke a record for number of viewers. They performed \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"Roll With the Changes,\" which featured members of the Beach Boys, the band members' families, and Paul Shaffer on stage for backing vocals. 1987's \"Life as We Know It\" saw a decline in sales, but still managed to provide the band with the top-20 hits \"That Ain't Love\" (U.S. #16) and \"In My Dreams\" (U.S. #19). \"The Hits\" (1988) is a compilation album from REO Speedwagon. It contains new tracks \"Here With Me\" and \"I Don't Want to Lose You.\" \"Here with Me\" cracked","title":"REO Speedwagon"},{"id":"13018165","text":"\"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Kevin McHale came from a boy-band background, having previously been part of the group Not Like Them. He explained that the diversity of the cast's backgrounds reflects the range of different musical styles within the show itself: \"It's a mix of everything: classic rock, current stuff, R&B. Even the musical theatre stuff is switched up. You won't always recognize it.\"","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"777487","text":"his eighth U.S. Mainstream Top 40 number-one song, at the moment being the most among male artists. It became the best-selling song of the year in the U.S. with 2.4 million copies sold. On February 26, 2017, Timberlake opened the 89th Academy Awards with a performance of \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\", since the song earned him a nomination. Also that year, Timberlake starred with Kate Winslet and Juno Temple in Woody Allen's drama film \"Wonder Wheel\", and headlined several festivals and live sets, including Rock in Rio, the United States Grand Prix, and the Pilgrimage Music & Cultural Festival, which","title":"Justin Timberlake"},{"id":"3817877","text":"allocated the 15th spot on the list. The song debuted on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 during the week of February 9, 1985, at position 43, when \"Like a Virgin\" was descending out of the top ten. The single climbed the Hot 100 quickly, jumping 13 spots to number five the week of March 9, 1985, and eventually spent two weeks at number two, held off by REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and Phil Collins' \"One More Night\". The week when the song slipped to position three, her upcoming single \"Crazy for You\" reached number four, giving Madonna two simultaneous","title":"Material Girl"},{"id":"12565664","text":"Slayer, Anthrax, Poison, Mötley Crüe, Ozzy Osbourne, Twisted Sister and others. Phil Collins had three UK number one singles in the 80s, seven US number one singles, another with Genesis, and when his work with Genesis, his work with other artists, as well as his solo career is totalled, Collins had more top 40 hits on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart during the 1980s than any other artist. His former Genesis colleague, Peter Gabriel, also had a very successful solo career, which included a US number one single and three top ten UK hits (including a duet with Kate Bush).","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"13753770","text":"named after the character Kurt from \"The Sound of Music\", was created for him. Auditioning actors with no theatrical experience were required to demonstrate their ability to sing and dance. Jayma Mays (Emma Pillsbury) auditioned with the song \"Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch-a, Touch Me\" from \"The Rocky Horror Show\", while Cory Monteith (Finn Hudson) initially submitted a tape of himself acting only, and was requested to submit a second, musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". Cory Monteith has deemed his casting \"spot on\" as his lack of formal training","title":"Characters of Glee"},{"id":"13018213","text":"Lea Michele sounding raw—and lovely—on a \"What a Girl Wants\", or Monteith singing a perfectly credible REO Speedwagon in the shower, there's Michele and Monteith sounding like 1990s-era Cher on \"No Air\", or Monteith sounding like the Monteith XRZ-200 on the out-of-the-shower version of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". During the second season, Rob Sheffield for \"Rolling Stone\" noted the Britney Spears and \"Rocky Horror\" tribute episodes as examples when he lauded \"Glee\" and its choice of music. He praised Murphy for his selection and resurrection of \"forgotten\" pop songs and compared the show's uniqueness to \"MTV in its prime\" as","title":"Glee (TV series)"},{"id":"8417784","text":"debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Hot Dance Airplay chart for the week ending 5 August, climbing to number 1 in its 21 October 2006 issue. For this song, he was awarded at the International Dance Music Awards at WMC (Miami, USA) with Best HiNRG/Euro track. There he met New York based house diva Barbara Tucker. By the end of 2007 they released the single \"One\". In 2008, Peter Luts associated with house producer Basto and released the single \"On My Own\". He also released the singles \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" and \"The Rain\". Peter Luts Peter Luts (14","title":"Peter Luts"},{"id":"12565668","text":"had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s. Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade. In 1988, Irish singer Enya achieved a breakthrough in her career with","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577058","text":"Cronin who appears to be a wizard. The rest of the video follows the knight walking through the streets of a big city. The video uses a lot of stop motion. REO Speedwagon One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\".","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"1983174","text":"Fleetwood Mac, co-written with Melissa Manchester. He followed it in 1979 with \"Keep the Fire\" and in 1982 with High Adventure. The latter contained his rock duet with Journey front man Steve Perry \"Don't Fight It\", which rose to No. 17 on the \"US Billboard Top 100\". Although he abandoned playing the harmonica in his solo career, he continued to play guitar, just as he had done with Loggins & Messina. Loggins also co-wrote the song \"What a Fool Believes\" with Michael McDonald. Each recorded his own version of the song, with McDonald recording as a member of the Doobie","title":"Kenny Loggins"},{"id":"3902558","text":"acts such as Johnny Mathis (two albums), Billy Paul, Ronnie Dyson, Anthony & The Imperials and New York City in the mid to late 1970s, but generally with less commercial appeal. Subsequently, Bell had success with Deniece Williams, including her R&B #1 and Top 10 re-make of The Royalettes' \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" in 1982; James Ingram with \"I Don't Have the Heart\" in 1990 (Bell's second #1 pop hit); and Elton John, whose EP, \"The Thom Bell Sessions,\" featured back-up by the Spinners and produced the Top 10 hit, \"Mama Can't Buy You Love\", in 1979. Other artists","title":"Thom Bell"},{"id":"6240522","text":"initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\"' before the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" was not successful with pop radio stations and noted that sales began to take off only after the release of the second single. In 2013, the album was released on CD by UK-based company Rock Candy Records, with expanded liner notes and photos. The LP version contained a cut-out stroboscope. Wheels Are Turnin' Wheels Are Turnin' is the eleventh studio album by REO Speedwagon, released in late 1984 (see 1984 in music). It is their second best-selling","title":"Wheels Are Turnin'"},{"id":"5474076","text":"her first glimmer of success in 1970 when \"You & I\" a duet with Charlie Hodges reached #45 on the R&B chart in \"Billboard\" and in 1972 Hunt's remake of \"Baby I Need Your Loving\" reached #47 R&B. In 1975 Hunt relocated to Montreal, Quebec where she recorded her first album in 1978, the disco-oriented \"Sweet Honesty\". In 1980 Hunt's second album \"No Way\" yielded the track \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" which reached #1 on the club chart in \"Billboard\" where it spent a total of seven weeks: with Top 40 radio then being disco-resistant \"Can't Fake the Feeling\" had","title":"Geraldine Hunt"},{"id":"2791107","text":"the 1980s, soft rock songs still enjoyed mild success thanks to Sheena Easton, Amy Grant, Lionel Richie, Christopher Cross, Dan Hill, Leo Sayer, Billy Ocean, Julio Iglesias and Bertie Higgins. No song spent more than six weeks at #1 on this chart during the 1980s, with nine songs accomplishing that feat. Two of these were by Lionel Richie, \"You Are\" in 1983 and \"Hello\" in 1984, which also reached #1 on the Hot 100. Soft rock persisted in the 1990s, with artists from previous decades continuing to release new music, such as Genesis, whose 1992 soft rock single \"Hold on","title":"Soft rock"},{"id":"19753525","text":"before \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" could be regarded as an \"oversight,\" However, lead singer Kevin Cronin, who authored both songs disagreed, stating that \"At that point we'd been out of the public eye for two years...and we wanted to re-establish ourselves as being back with our upbeat shuffle rock 'n' roll stuff,\" adding that the song \"made its point\" and that \"not all singles are released to be hits.\" Grein attributed the initial sluggish sales of \"Wheels Are Turnin\" prior to the release of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" to the fact that \"I Do' Wanna Know\" \"wasn't fully accepted at","title":"I Do' Wanna Know"},{"id":"8295464","text":"his emotion, the 3D wireframe tried to allow for the same effects. The original score for the film's soundtrack album was composed by John Powell. A soundtrack, consisting of the film's score, was released on March 25, 2008, by Varèse Sarabande. Near the end of the picture, the cast comes together and sings the song, \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" by REO Speedwagon. Others songs featured in the film are: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 79% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 132 reviews. The site's consensus reads, \"\"Horton Hears A Who!\" is both whimsical and heartwarming,","title":"Horton Hears a Who! (film)"},{"id":"5359267","text":"all-time record. In order, these singles were \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", \"She Loves You\", \"Can't Buy Me Love\", \"Love Me Do\", \"A Hard Day's Night\" and \"I Feel Fine\". For songwriters Lennon and McCartney, it was the seventh number-one they wrote in the same calendar year (1964), another all-time record. The song was the first of six Hot 100 number one chart-toppers in a row (not counting the EP \"4 – by the Beatles\") by one act, also a record at the time. The subsequent singles were \"Eight Days a Week\", \"Ticket to Ride\", \"Help!\", \"Yesterday\" and \"We","title":"I Feel Fine"},{"id":"10717771","text":"Chicago Recording Company Chicago Recording Company, or CRC, is a recording studio in Chicago, Illinois, founded in 1975. Boasting twelve studios, CRC is the largest recording company in the midwest, and the largest independent studio in the country. Originally called Sound House Studios, CRC was founded by Alan Kubicka in Medinah, Illinois. In 1975 the studio moved to Michigan Ave in Chicago, IL and became Chicago Recording Company. Early records made there include \"Lovin' Feeling\" by Phil Upchurch and \"Don't Fight The Feeling\" by Jim Peterik CRC has been host to dozens of notable artists that have recorded at the","title":"Chicago Recording Company"},{"id":"20689686","text":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album) Black Velvet is the fourth and final studio album by American funk/soul artist Charles Bradley, released on 9 November 2018. The album release was preceded by two singles, \"Can't Fight the Feeling\" and \"I Feel a Change\". The name of the album comes from Bradley's stage name during his time as a James Brown impersonator. The album consists of songs originally recorded for Bradley's three previous studio albums, and was compiled by producer Thomas Brenneck after Bradley's death from cancer in September 2017. Included are covers of \"Stay Away\" by Nirvana and \"Heart of Gold\"","title":"Black Velvet (Charles Bradley album)"},{"id":"8412517","text":"Lionel Richie discography Lionel Richie is an American R&B and pop singer-songwriter, who has released ten studio albums, three live albums, and seven compilation albums. Formerly the lead vocalist of The Commodores, Richie began a solo career in the early 1980s and has released over 40 singles, five of which became number-one hits on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Richie's first three studio albums have all been certified \"Multi-Platinum\" by the Recording Industry Association of America. His second album, \"Can't Slow Down\", is his most successful, being certified 10× Platinum (i.e. Diamond) in the US. The album spent 59 consecutive","title":"Lionel Richie discography"},{"id":"13766811","text":"digital download. \"On My Own\" charted at number 42 in Ireland and 73 in the UK, and \"Can't Fight This Feeling\" charted at number 117 in the UK. \"Rehab\" charted at number 93 in Australia, 38 in Ireland, 62 in the UK and 98 in America. \"Don't Stop Believin' reached number 2 in the UK, 4 in America, 50 in Canada, 5 in Australia, 4 in Ireland and 16 in New Zealand. It sold 177,000 copies in the US in its first week, and went on to sell the most copies of any \"Glee\" single: it was certified gold with","title":"Pilot (Glee)"},{"id":"2450374","text":"Daughter\" profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. Music history of the United States in the 1980s Popular music of the United States in the 1980s","title":"Music history of the United States in the 1980s"},{"id":"16854987","text":"artist. Webster's best known work is his material recorded since the mid-1980s including the Jamaican number one single \"Can We Meet\" and work with producers Norman Grant of the Twinkle Brothers and later Ocho Rios-based Barry O'Hare, which has resulted in several albums, primarily comprising roots reggae. Webster suffered a stroke in 2008, which restricted his movement and he now uses a wheelchair. He has continued to record, including the \"Inner Path\" album in 2011. He was honoured at the 2011 Reggae Sumfest festival with the 'Reggae Icon' award. E.T. Webster Errol \"E.T.\" Webster (born c. 1945) is a Jamaican","title":"E.T. Webster"},{"id":"2722618","text":"from The Supremes's \"Baby Love\" (1964), Aretha Franklin's \"Rock Steady\" (1971) and Irene Cara's \"What A Feeling\" (1983), respectively. \"60s 70s 80s\" became a huge success in Japan, reaching number one on the Oricon Singles Chart, and sold over 293,000 units in that region, becoming Amuro's first number-one single since \"I Have Never Seen\" and her highest selling single since \"Baby Don't Cry\". On March 25, 2008, Amuro was awarded \"Best Female Video\" for \"Hide & Seek\" (from the album \"Play\") at Space Shower Music Video Awards. \"Hide & Seek\" also won the award for \"Best R&B Video\" at MTV","title":"Namie Amuro"},{"id":"12565651","text":"profiled the life of Loretta Lynn (with Sissy Spacek in the lead role), while Willie Nelson also had a series of acting credits. Dolly Parton had much success in the 1980s, with several leading movie roles, two No. 1 albums and 13 number one hits, and having many successful tours; she also teamed up with Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt in 1987 for the multi-plaitnum \"Trio\" album. Others who had been around for a while and continued to have great success were Eddy Arnold, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, Waylon Jennings, Ray Price, Hank Williams Jr. and Tammy Wynette. In addition","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"5895595","text":"number-one from a previous position beneath the Top 20, following The Beatles and the 27–1 leap of their single \"Can't Buy Me Love\" in April 1964. In addition, it was the first number-one collaboration between solo women since 1979's two-weeks number-one run of \"No More Tears (Enough Is Enough),\" performed by Barbra Streisand and Donna Summer. The same week, \"The Boy Is Mine\" also moved to number-one on the Hot R&B Singles, Hot 100 Singles Sales and Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales charts. Within the first month of its purchasable release the song went on to sell 605,000 units. It spent","title":"The Boy Is Mine (song)"},{"id":"13754009","text":"musical tape, in which he sang \"a cheesy, '80s music-video-style version\" of REO Speedwagon's \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles; his vocal skills were considered weak, but he later performed very well with one of \"Glee\" casting directors, who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn's, his \"naive, but not stupid sweetness\". Monteith said of his casting process, \"I was like a lot of kids, looking for something to be interested in. Something to be passionate about. All you need is permission. Not only for \"Glee\", but for anything","title":"Finn Hudson"},{"id":"2166491","text":"Nik Kershaw Nicholas David Kershaw (born 1 March 1958) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, multi-instrumentalist and record producer. Kershaw came to prominence in the mid 1980s as a solo artist, releasing eight singles that entered the Top 40 charts in the UK during the 1980s, including \"Wouldn't It Be Good\", \"Dancing Girls\", \"I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\", \"Human Racing\", \"The Riddle\", \"Wide Boy\", \"Don Quixote\" and \"When a Heart Beats\". His 62 weeks on the UK Singles Chart through 1984 and 1985 beat all other solo artists. Kershaw appeared at the dual-venue concert Live Aid in","title":"Nik Kershaw"},{"id":"12565617","text":"during the 1980s and saw great commercial success, such as David Bowie, Phil Collins, John Lennon, Billy Ocean, Sheena Easton and Paul McCartney. Many British pop bands also dominated the American charts in the early 1980s. Many of them became popular due to their constant exposure on MTV, these bands included The Human League, Culture Club, Duran Duran, and Wham!. Between the four, they have had 9 U.S. number ones with hits like \"Don't You Want Me Baby\", \"Karma Chameleon\", \"The Reflex\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\" In the later part of the decade Rick Astley, George Michael","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"4377792","text":"Martin Fry Martin David Fry (born 9 March 1958) is an English singer, songwriter, composer, musician, and record producer. Fry's music career spans more than 30 years. He came to prominence in the early 1980s as co-founder and lead singer of the pop band ABC, which released six singles that entered the Top 20 charts in the United Kingdom during the 1980s, including \"Tears Are Not Enough\", \"Poison Arrow\", \"The Look of Love\", \"All of My Heart\", \"That Was Then but This Is Now\" and \"When Smokey Sings\". He is the only member who has been with ABC throughout its","title":"Martin Fry"},{"id":"4177753","text":"Billy Steinberg William Endfield \"Billy\" Steinberg (born February 26, 1950) is an American songwriter. He achieved his greatest success in the 1980s with songwriting partner Tom Kelly; together the two wrote or co-wrote the No. 1 hits \"Like a Virgin\" by Madonna (1984), \"True Colors\" by Cyndi Lauper (1986), \"Eternal Flame\" by the Bangles (1989), \"So Emotional\" by Whitney Houston (1987) and \"Alone\" (covered by Heart in 1987). They also wrote or co-wrote the hit songs \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by various artists, 1987), \"I Touch Myself\" by Divinyls (1990), and \"I'll Stand By You\" by The Pretenders (1994).","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"2892733","text":"Marie Fredriksson Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as (born 30 May 1958), is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter and pianist, best known for forming one half of the pop rock duo Roxette, which she created together with Per Gessle in 1986. She and Gessle achieved international success from the late 1980s to the early 1990s with a total of six top 10 US hit songs such as \"It Must Have Been Love\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"The Look\", \"Joyride\", and \"Dangerous\". In 2002, after fainting at home, she was diagnosed with brain cancer. During her rehabilitation she continued to make music, resulting in","title":"Marie Fredriksson"},{"id":"14223583","text":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song) \"Can't Fight this Feeling\" is a song written by Junior Caldera, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Roselyn Della Sabina, and produced by Junior Caldera for his first album, \"Début\", released in 2009. It was released as the album's fourth single in February 2010. It was also the second single from Ellis-Bextor's fourth studio album, \"Make A Scene\". The single was released in France prior to the release of Ellis-Bextor following single, \"Bittersweet\". The video for the song was shot in Paris on 10 March 2010. It was believed that Roselyn Della Sabina stopped writing for","title":"Can't Fight This Feeling (Junior Caldera song)"},{"id":"4177758","text":"which she replied \"Well, now you did.\" She then turned her back and walked away with Warren Beaty. Steinberg says he has never met Madonna since. The success of the partnership continued with more number one singles, \"True Colors\" (recorded by Cyndi Lauper), \"So Emotional\" (by Whitney Houston), \"Eternal Flame\" (by The Bangles) and \"Alone\" (by Heart). Their other hits include \"In Your Room\" (The Bangles), 'Spirit of Love' (by Laura Branigan), \"I Drove All Night\" (recorded by Roy Orbison, Cyndi Lauper and Celine Dion), \"I Touch Myself\" (Divinyls), 'Sex as a Weapon' (by Pat Benatar), and 'Look Me in","title":"Billy Steinberg"},{"id":"5884663","text":"Heart\", \"Hopeless\" and \"You Belong to Me\". The cover photo was originally for the unreleased version of \"Stop and Smell the Roses\" (1981), entitled \"Can't Fight Lightning\". Issued on 24 February 1989 by Rhino, only in the US. Never charting anywhere, \"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2\" went out of print during the 1990s. Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2 is Ringo Starr's second official compilation album, released on Rhino. The successor to 1975's \"Blast from Your Past\", it rounds up Starr's highlights from 1976's \"Ringo's Rotogravure\" to","title":"Starr Struck: Best of Ringo Starr, Vol. 2"},{"id":"12565650","text":"Restless Heart and Exile, the latter which previously enjoyed success with the pop hit \"Kiss You All Over\". Despite the prevailing pop country sound, enduring acts from the 1970s and earlier continued to enjoy great success with fans. George Jones, one of the longest-running acts of the time, recorded several successful singles, including the critically acclaimed \"He Stopped Loving Her Today\". Conway Twitty continued to have a series of No. 1 hits, with 1986's \"Desperado Love\" becoming his 40th chart-topper on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Singles chart, a record that stood for nearly 20 years. The movie \"Coal Miner's Daughter\"","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"19577057","text":"One Lonely Night (song) \"One Lonely Night\" is a song performed by the American band REO Speedwagon. The song is the third single from the band's 1984 album \"Wheels Are Turnin'\". It peaked at No. 19 on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100, making it the second best performing single from the album in the United States, although very far from the success of \"Can't Fight This Feeling\". The video has a medieval setting, and starts out with a knight arguing with his spouse. He then walks out on her. The song begins playing and he encounters the lead singer Kevin","title":"One Lonely Night (song)"},{"id":"12565614","text":"song \"Nothing Compares 2 U\", which would become the biggest song of the year worldwide in the new decade to follow. Prince had four number one singles and 14 top ten hits on the Hot 100 Chart. Lionel Richie teamed with Diana Ross to record one of the decade's biggest hits Endless Love, which top the Billboard charts for nine weeks. Other songs by Richie, such as All Night Long and Hello also top the charts, he would have a total of five number one hits, and 13 top ten singles. Diana Ross brought Upside Down to the top spot","title":"1980s in music"},{"id":"11387797","text":"and end) by Merle Haggard. \"You Should Hear How She Talks About You,\" another Snow/Pitchford composition, was a Top 5 hit for Melissa Manchester for which she won the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance in 1983. That same year, Pitchford, Kenny Loggins and Steve Perry wrote and composed \"Don’t Fight It,\" a Top 20 hit that was Grammy-nominated in the Best Pop Vocal Duo category. With musical director Michael Miller, he wrote the theme song for the weekly dance-music show \"Solid Gold\" (1980–88). Inspired by a 1979 news story about Elmore City, Oklahoma, a town which had","title":"Dean Pitchford"},{"id":"11244613","text":"their albums from 1986–2001, excluding compilations, were re-mastered and re-released in September 2009. Previously released bonus tracks were included on all the re-released albums. Sources Citations Roxette discography Roxette is the second most commercially successful band from Sweden, after ABBA. They have sold an estimated 60 million records, with over 3.5 million record sales in the United States, achieving platinum for \"Joyride\" and \"Look Sharp!\" there. They enjoyed worldwide success, from the late 1980s until the mid-1990s, gaining nineteen UK top 40 hits and four US #1 singles with \"The Look\", \"Listen to Your Heart\", \"It Must Have Been Love\",","title":"Roxette discography"},{"id":"3093136","text":"Ariana Grande's third album \"Dangerous Woman\", with half of its songs (including both singles) being produced by him. The same year, he produced the 10th track for Nick Jonas' third studio album, while also co-producing standalone songs for American singers Pink (\"Just Like Fire\") and Katy Perry (\"Rise\"). In 2016, he co-wrote the song \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" by Justin Timberlake which is also the title song for the film \"Trolls\" with Shellback. The song became Timberlake's fifth and Martin's twenty-second number-one hit in the US. It reached the top spot in 16 other countries. The song gave Timberlake and","title":"Max Martin"},{"id":"3319316","text":"Canada, further singles did not fare as well in the United States, where, after \"Let the Song Last Forever\" in late 1978, he went almost a decade without cracking any of \"Billboard\"'s singles charts. In 1987, Hill returned to the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 with the Top 40 hit \"Can't We Try\", a duet with the then-unknown Vonda Shepard (her last name was incorrectly spelled \"Sheppard\" on the label). It peaked at No. 6 on the Hot 100. He also had a near Top 40 hit with \"Never Thought (That I Could Love)\". Both records reached #2 on the Adult Contemporary","title":"Dan Hill"},{"id":"19491749","text":"like Jagger\" in 2011. Among males, it saw Timberlake end the longest break between Hot 100 number ones since Dr. Dre went 12 years, two months and three weeks between \"No Diggity\" (by Blackstreet featuring Dr. Dre) and \"Crack a Bottle\", his collaboration with Eminem and 50 Cent. The song has so far spent 52 weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, becoming one of a few singles to have spent at least a year on the chart. \"Can't Stop the Feeling!\" reached number one on Radio Songs in just its fifth week, marking the quickest sprint to the top since","title":"Can't Stop the Feeling!"},{"id":"2500130","text":"a neo-traditionalist whose national success began in the early 1980s, enjoyed success as both a radio artist (17 No. 1 songs) and as a movie star (1992's \"Pure Country\"). Alabama, the most successful country band of the 1980s, continued their run of popularity with sell-out concerts and best-selling albums, while topping the country chart five times. Among older artists having big hits, Conway Twitty was one of the most successful, scoring two Top 3 hits with \"Crazy in Love\" and \"I Couldn't See You Leaving\", while Eddie Rabbitt had a No. 1 hit with \"On Second Thought.\" Dolly Parton had","title":"1990s in music"},{"id":"3752033","text":"Richard Coles Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English musician, journalist and Church of England priest. Now vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire, he was formerly the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band The Communards, which achieved three Top Ten hits, including the Number 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of \"Don't Leave Me This Way\". He also appears frequently on radio and television as well as in newspapers. In March 2011 he became the regular host of BBC Radio 4's \"Saturday Live\" programme. Coles was born in Northampton, England.","title":"Richard Coles"},{"id":"4442695","text":"song on the Hot 100 during the 1980s in terms of the number of weeks spent at number one. The guitar solo was performed by Steve Lukather. \"Physical\" was both preceded and followed in the #1 chart position by recordings of the duo Hall & Oates. \"Private Eyes\" was dethroned by \"Physical\" in November 1981, and \"Physical\" was dethroned by \"I Can't Go for That (No Can Do)\" the following January. \"Physical\" held \"Waiting for a Girl Like You\" by Foreigner at #2 off the top of the Hot 100 for nine weeks, and \"I Can't Go For That\" held","title":"Physical (Olivia Newton-John song)"},{"id":"3800106","text":"the Billboard chart), \"Frontiers\" (1983), \"Raised on Radio\" (1986), and \"Trial By Fire\" (1996). The single \"Open Arms\" from \"Escape\" was their biggest hit single, charting at No. 2 for six weeks on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Perry had become the unmistakable voice of Journey. During his Journey tenure, Perry also sang backing vocals on several Sammy Hagar songs, including the 1980 tracks \"The Iceman\" (a nickname Hagar had for Scott Mathews) and \"Run For Your Life\", and duetting with Kenny Loggins on the 1982 No. 17 hit single \"Don't Fight It\". Perry also worked with other musicians including Sheena","title":"Steve Perry"},{"id":"14223584","text":"Madonna to complete this song. The single was released in Australia on 26 March 2011.
