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240 | what is the term of an official in the house of representatives | https://walberg.house.gov/about/how-congress-works | Image
Oftentimes, people have questions about how Congress works. To help answer those questions, I have put together a list of Frequently Asked Questions about the U.S. Congress. If your question is not answered here, please feel free to contact me.
What does a member of Congress do?
Members of Congress represent the people of their district in the United States Congress by holding hearings, as well as developing and voting on legislation. All bills must pass Congress before they can go to the President to be signed into law.
In order to provide the best representation for Michigan’s 5th District, I spend many hours each week meeting with people in South Central Michigan to discuss my current activities in Congress and listen to their concerns and ideas regarding a variety of issues.
In addition, I am also available to help you if you are experiencing difficulties dealing with a federal agency. To see how I can help you, click here.
What are the qualifications to run for office in the House of Representatives and Senate?
The required qualifications are found in Article 1 of the Constitution:
House of Representatives
25 years of age
A citizen of the United States for at least 7 years
At the time of election, be a resident of the state
U.S. Senate
A citizen of the United States for 9 years
At the time of election, be a resident of the state
How many members of Congress are there?
There are a total of 535 Members of Congress. 100 serve in the U.S. Senate and 435 serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.
How long do members of Congress’ terms last?
Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms and are considered for reelection every even year. Senators however, serve six-year terms and elections to the Senate are staggered over even years so that only about 1/3 of the Senate is up for reelection during any election.
How many members of Congress come from each state?
Each state sends two Senators to represent their state in the U.S. Senate. However, in the House of Representatives, a state’s representation is based on its population. For example, smaller states like Vermont and Delaware have one representative while large states like California have 53 representatives.
Currently, the Michigan Congressional Delegation is composed of 14 representatives in the House and two Senators in the U.S. Senate.
How many people do congressmen and senators represent?
Members of the U.S. House of Representatives each represent a portion of their state known as a Congressional District, which averages 700,000 people. Senators however, represent the entire state.
How do the House and Senate chambers differ?
In the House of Representatives, the majority party holds significant power to draft chamber rules and schedule bills to reach the floor for debate and voting. In most cases, House rules will limit debate so that important legislation can be passed during one legislative business day.
In the Senate however, the majority has the power to schedule when various bills come to the floor for voting but a single Senator can slow legislation from coming to the floor for a vote. Since debate in the Senate is not concluded until 60 senators vote for a cloture motion to approve a bill for consideration, the majority must also coordinate with the minority part to set the rules for debate on legislation. Under this system, legislation can be debated for one or two weeks on the Senate floor alone.
Why does Congress use the committee system?
Congress deals with a broad variety of different policy issues and it is more efficient to have work done at the committee level than on the House or Senate floor. In addition, this system allows members to gain expertise in specific issue areas they are interested in. Throughout history, committees have been created to address particular issues before Congress. The House has 23 committees while the Senate has a total of 20 committees.
How does a bill become a law?
Passing legislation into law is a complicated and lengthy process between the House and Senate before the bill is presented before the President to be signed into law. For a thorough explanation of the legislation process, please see the How a Bill Becomes a Law section on the House website.
Do Members of Congress pay into the social security system?
YES. Since January 1, 1984, all Members of Congress participate in the Social Security system and are required to pay Social Security taxes.
What kind of retirement plan do Members of Congress have?
Members of Congress who were elected after 1984 are automatically enrolled in the Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS). For more information on FERS, please visit the FERS handbook for details.
What kind of health care do Members of Congress receive?
As written into the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, P.L. 111-205), on January 1, 2014, Members of Congress are no longer eligible for health plans offered to federal government employees. They instead must enroll in the District of Columbia’s Health Exchange in order to obtain employment related health plan coverage.
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240 | what is the term of an official in the house of representatives | https://www.house.gov/the-house-explained | We the People of the United States…
As per the Constitution, the U.S. House of Representatives makes and passes federal laws. The House is one of Congress’s two chambers (the other is the U.S. Senate), and part of the federal government’s legislative branch. The number of voting representatives in the House is fixed by law at no more than 435, proportionally representing the population of the 50 states.
Learn About:
What is a Representative?
Also referred to as a congressman or congresswoman, each representative is elected to a two-year term serving the people of a specific congressional district. Among other duties, representatives introduce bills and resolutions, offer amendments and serve on committees. The number of representatives with full voting rights is 435, a number set by Public Law 62-5 on August 8, 1911, and in effect since 1913. The number of representatives per state is proportionate to population.
Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution provides for both the minimum and maximum sizes for the House of Representatives. Currently, there are five delegates representing the District of Columbia, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. A resident commissioner represents Puerto Rico. The delegates and resident commissioner possess the same powers as other members of the House, except that they may not vote when the House is meeting as the House of Representatives.
To be elected, a representative must be at least 25 years old, a United States citizen for at least seven years and an inhabitant of the state he or she represents.
Find Your Representative
Enter your ZIP code in the banner of this page to find the representative for your congressional district.
Did You Know?
After extensive debate, the framers of the Constitution agreed to create the House with representation based on population and the Senate with equal representation. This agreement was part of what is referred to as The Great Compromise .
House leadership includes the speaker, majority and minority leaders, assistant leaders, whips and a party caucus or conference. The speaker acts as leader of the House and combines several institutional and administrative roles. Majority and minority leaders represent their respective parties on the House floor. Whips assist leadership in managing their party's legislative program on the House floor. A party caucus or conference is the name given to a meeting of or organization of all party members in the House. During these meetings, party members discuss matters of concern.
The majority party members and the minority party members meet in separate caucuses to select their leader. Third parties rarely have had enough members to elect their own leadership, and independents will generally join one of the larger party organizations to receive committee assignments.
The House’s standing committees have different legislative jurisdictions. Each considers bills and issues and recommends measures for consideration by the House. Committees also have oversight responsibilities to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas that cut across committee jurisdictions.
The Committee of the Whole House is a committee of the House on which all representatives serve and which meets in the House Chamber for the consideration of measures from the Union calendar.
Before members are assigned to committees, each committee’s size and the proportion of Republicans to Democrats must be decided by the party leaders. The total number of committee slots allotted to each party is approximately the same as the ratio between majority party and minority party members in the full chamber.
What's a Select Committee?
The House will sometimes form a special or select committee for a short time period and specific purpose, frequently an investigation.
Did You Know?
Each committee has a chair and a ranking member. The chair heads the full committee. The ranking member leads the minority members of the committee.
Examples of commissions
Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission: a temporary, independent investigative body created by law and made up of private citizens.
Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe (also known as the Helsinki Commission): an independent U.S. government agency composed of nine members of the United States Senate, nine from the House of Representatives, and one member each from the Departments of State, Defense and Commerce.
House Page Board: a permanent, Congressional advisory group created by law and made up of House members, Officers, and private citizens.
House Commissions
Key Concept
Representatives carry out a broad scope of work in order to best represent their constituents.
Contact Your Representative
Share your thoughts with your representative. Use the Find Your Representative box in the banner of this site to identify your representative, then use the contact form to share your thoughts.
Did You Know?
Representatives’ schedules are sometimes planned out in increments as short as five minutes.
House Rules
Rules of Conduct
The Committee on Ethics has jurisdiction over the rules and statutes governing the conduct of members, officers and employees while performing their official duties.
Key Concept
The Rules Committee controls what bills go to the House Floor and the terms of debate.
Majority Rules
The makeup of the Rules Committee has traditionally been weighted in favor of the majority party, and has been in its current configuration of 9 majority and 4 minority members since the late 1970s.
Did You Know?
The Rules Committee has an online Parliamentary Bootcamp that gives an overview of House Floor procedures, process and precedents.
Key Concept
Each member of the House represents a set number of constituents.
Did You Know?
The House of Representatives moved into the House wing on the south side of the Capitol in 1807, four years before the wing was fully completed.
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240 | what is the term of an official in the house of representatives | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term_limits_in_the_United_States | Term limits in the United States
2 languages
This article is part of a series on the
Term limits are also referred to as rotation in office. That specific terminology is often associated with the Founding Father and later president Thomas Jefferson given his use of it in his political arguments.
Historical background
Term limits date back to the American Revolution and prior to that, to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The Council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually, as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta .
The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates — tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls — who served a single term of one year, with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years (see cursus honorum ). According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on "limited tenure of office" which ensured that "authority circulated frequently", helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or run of offices was to bring the "most experienced" politicians to the upper echelons of power-holding in the ancient republic. [1] Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics, and quite familiar with rotation in the office during antiquity. The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy.[ citation needed ]
Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639, for example, prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms by setting terms at one year's length, and holding "that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years." [2] Shortly after independence, the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at "four years in seven." [3] Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution, but also because it included, virtually unchanged, Franklin's earlier proposals on executive rotation. Pennsylvania's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years, followed by a mandatory vacation of four years. [4]
The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781, established term limits for the delegates of the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years." [5]
On October 2, 1789, the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states. Among the proposals was that from the state of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure, "to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress." [6] The committee made recommendations, which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation (1781–1789). The fifth Article stated that "no person shall be capable of being a delegate [to the continental congress] for more than three years in any term of six years." [a]
Term limits in the Constitution
In contrast to the Articles of Confederation, the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the U.S. Constitution of 1789. At the convention, some delegates spoke passionately against term limits such as Rufus King , who said "that he who has proved himself to be most fit for an Office, ought not to be excluded by the constitution from holding it." [7] The Electoral College , it was believed by some[ who? ] delegates at the convention, could have a role to play in limiting unfit officers from continuing.
When the states ratified the Constitution (1787–1788), several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect, especially, they thought, as regards the presidency and the Senate. Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure, together with certain other features of the Constitution, as "most highly and dangerously oligarchic ." [8] Both Jefferson [9] and George Mason [10] advised limits on re-election to the Senate and to the Presidency, because, said Mason, "nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation." The historian Mercy Otis Warren warned that "there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, will probably be done." [11]
Presidential term limits 1789–1952
Korzi (2013) says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency. He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office. [12] It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another. [b]
The two-term limit tradition was maintained unofficially for 132 years. It was unsuccessfully challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880 , [13] Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 , [14] and Woodrow Wilson in 1920 . [15] Franklin D. Roosevelt successfully ran for a third term in 1940 , citing the outbreak of World War II . [16] The two Roosevelts are the only presidents to run for a third term in a general election; Grant and Wilson aimed to do so but failed to gain their parties' nominations. Franklin Roosevelt was re-elected in 1944 for a fourth term amidst the United States' engagement in World War II but died shortly afterwards in office. The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified in 1951, formally establishing in law the two-term limit—although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry S. Truman , Franklin Roosevelt's successor. Truman declined to run for a third term in 1952.
The fact that "perpetuity in office" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. "Ideas are, in truth, forces," and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support, especially at the local level, that it altered political reality. [17] [c]
During the Civil War , the Constitution of the Confederate States limited its president to a single six-year term. Only Jefferson Davis served as Confederate president, but he did not complete a full term in office before surrendering to the Union .
Era of incumbency
Term limits movement
A movement in favor of term limits took hold in the early 1990s, and reached its apex in 1992 to 1994, a period when seventeen states enacted term limits through state legislation or state constitutional amendments. [18]
Many of the laws enacted limited terms for both the state legislature and in the state's delegation to Congress. As they pertain to Congress, these laws were struck down as unconstitutional by U.S. Supreme Court in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton (1995), in which the court ruled, on a 5–4 vote, that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government. [18] [19]
Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges, term limits continue to garner popular support. As of 2002, the advocacy group " U.S. Term Limits " found that in the seventeen states where state legislators served in rotation, public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent. [20]
Federal term limits
Limited to being elected to a total of two four-year terms. If a vice president becomes president by succession and completes more than two years of said former president's unfinished term, they may be elected in their own right only once. A vice president who becomes president by succession and serves less than two years of their predecessor's term may be elected to two more four-year terms. Becoming the president by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times, for example, if they are vice president and the president dies, resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction. [21]
No term limits, appointed to serve "during good Behaviour" [22] (but can be impeached and removed from office for " high Crimes and Misdemeanors "). In practice a judge or justice serves until death or resignation.
Term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies. Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life and are not subject to election or to term limits. The U.S. Congress remains (since the Thornton decision of 1995) without electoral limits.
"Four more years" redirects here. For the documentary, see Four More Years .
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (November 2020) (
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George Washington 's decision in 1796 not to run for a third term has often been given credit as the start of a tradition that no president should ever run for a third term. [23] Washington wanted to retire when his first term ended in 1792, but all his advisors begged him to stand for re-election. By 1796, however, he insisted on retiring, as he felt exhausted and disgusted by virulent personal attacks on his integrity. His Farewell Address very briefly mentioned why he would not run for a third term and goes on to give a great deal of political advice, but it does not mention term limits. After his death, his refusal to run was explained in terms of a "no-third-tradition." Crockett (2008) argues, "The argument for term limits has a solid and respectable pedigree. Contrary to popular belief, however, that pedigree does not begin with George Washington." [24] The second president, John Adams , lost re-election in 1800 to Thomas Jefferson . Jefferson himself declined re-election to a third term, attributing the precedent to Washington. [25]
In the 1780s, about half the states provided term limits for governors. [26] The Constitutional Convention of 1787 discussed the issue and decided not to institute presidential term limits. "The matter was fairly discussed in the Convention," Washington wrote in 1788, "and to my full convictions <...> I can see no propriety in precluding ourselves from the services of any man, who on some great emergency shall be deemed universally, most capable of serving the Public," even after serving two terms. The Constitution, Washington explained, retained sufficient checks against political corruption and stagnant leadership without a presidential term limits provision. [27] Jefferson, however, strongly endorsed a policy of term limits. He rejected calls from supporters that he run for a third term in 1808, telling several state legislatures in 1807-1808 that he needed to support "the sound precedent set by [his] illustrious predecessor." [25]
A political cartoon showing Washington rejecting Theodore Roosevelt's highly controversial run for a third term in 1912
In 1861, the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice president and barred the president from seeking re-election. That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the Civil War, most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address. Ulysses Grant was urged to run for a third term in 1876, but he refused. He did try to win the 1880 nomination but was defeated in part because of popular anti-third-term sentiment. [28] Theodore Roosevelt had already served over seven years and in 1912, after a four-year hiatus, ran for a third term. He was criticized for doing so, and attempted assassin John Schrank stated that his motivation for shooting Roosevelt was preventing a third term. [29] [ unreliable source? ] The 1912 election was ultimately won by Woodrow Wilson .
Franklin D. Roosevelt (president, 1933–1945) was the only president to be elected more than twice, having won a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944 (though he died in office three months into his fourth term). This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that "no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice." The new amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent president, Harry S. Truman . However, Truman declined to seek re-election to a third term in 1952. [30]
Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch , first elected in 1976, expressing reservations regarding term limits (dated February 10, 2011)
Average age of a member of Congress through 2022
Percentage of Congress over the age of 70 through 2022
Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states. Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one. [31] It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits. In May 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5–4 in U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 (1995), that states cannot impose term limits upon their federal representatives or senators .
In the 1994 U.S. elections , part of the " Contract With America " Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress. After winning the majority, a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six-year terms and members of the House to six two-year terms. [32] However, this rate of rotation was so slow (the life-tenured Supreme Court averages about 16 years) that the congressional version of term limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits, including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits. [d] The bill got only a bare majority (227–204), falling short of the two-thirds majority (290) needed for constitutional amendments. [33] Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes. [e]
Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court, the federal term limit movement was brought to a halt. The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures (as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations) remain in force, however, in fifteen states. [34] [35]
In 2007, Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well. He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment, since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power.
Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits. It is confirmed that in the following five states—and there may be others—state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve:
This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . (February 2017) (
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South Dakota Legislature in 1989 (designated as POM-42 in the U.S. Senate) approved South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 (see Congressional Record of April 4, 1989, at pages 5395 and 5396, with verbatim text provided).
Hawaii Senate in 1990 (designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41—unicameral only (see Congressional Record of September 28, 1998, at page 22655). It took eight years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary—and even then, its text was not provided in the Congressional Record. Back in 1990, Hawaii's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives, and was designated as Memorial 416, (Congressional Record of June 6, 1990, at pages 13,262 and 13,263) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
Utah Legislature in 1990 (designated as POM-644 in the U.S. Senate) approved Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 (see Congressional Record of September 27, 1994, at page 26033, with verbatim text provided). It took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record.
Idaho Legislature in 1992 (designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives) approved Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 (see Congressional Record of April 29, 1992, at page 9804—text not provided in the Congressional Record).
Florida Legislature in 2012 (designated as POM-122 in the U.S. Senate) approved Florida House Memorial No. 83 (see Congressional Record of July 25, 2012, at page S5378, with verbatim text provided).
On February 10, 2016, Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress, pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution, to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress.
Supreme Court
Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, Supreme Court justices are appointed for life "during good behavior." A sentiment has developed, among certain scholars, that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . [36] Equally, scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context. [37] Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore have allowed justices to serve for longer than ever before. [36] [37] Steven G. Calabresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average 26.1 years between 1971 and 2006, the "efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court's membership" is reduced. [36] There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation's highest court, including Professor of Law at Duke University Paul Carrington's "Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005." [38]
Many of the proposals center around a term limit for justices that would be 10, [39] 18 years to 25 years in length. (Larry Sabato, Professor of Political Science at the University of Virginia, suggested between 15 and 18 years.) [36] [37] [38] [40] The staggered term limits of 18 years proposed by Calebresi & Lindgren (2006) and Carrington & Cramton (2005) would allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years, which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments. [37] Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the "Constitution doesn't even mention life tenure; it merely requires that justices serve during ‘good behavior'." [37] The idea was endorsed among Judges, as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as chief justice. Calabresi, Lindgren, and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18-year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement, death, or removal. [36] [37]
Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms, including implementing term limits. The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years, as 82% reported they had heard little or nothing at all. [41] Notwithstanding a lack of awareness, 52% of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years, while 35% disapproved. [41] When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he seems healthy, 48% said "no limit as long as he is healthy", while 31% agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old. [41]
Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level. While there might be others, below are three known examples:
In 1957, the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject (appearing in the U.S. Senate's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3, 1957, at page 10863, with full text provided).
In 1978, the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject (designated as POM-612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25, 1978, at page 11437).
In 1998, the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject (designated as POM-511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17, 1998, at page 16076).
State term limits
Gubernatorial term limits
No limit; four-year terms
No limit; two-year terms
Two; eligible 8 out of any 12 years
Two; eligible 8 out of any 16 years
Two; lifetime
Governors of 37 states and 4 territories are subject to various term limits, [43] while the governors of 13 states, Puerto Rico , and the mayor of Washington, D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of terms. Each state's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes. Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa .
Uniquely, Virginia prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms, although former governors are eligible to serve again as governor after a specified period (currently, 4 years) out of office. Several other states formerly had this "no succession" rule (which was part of Virginia's original constitution in 1776), but all have eliminated the prohibition except Virginia by 2000 (including Mississippi , which repealed it in 1986, and Kentucky , which repealed it in 1992). [44]
Equivalently, the governors of Indiana [71] and Oregon [72] are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years. Conversely, the governors of Montana [73] and Wyoming [74] are limited to two terms, serving 8 out of any 16 years.
The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two-year terms. The governors (or equivalent) in the following states, district, and territory may serve unlimited four-year terms: Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The governor of Utah was previously limited to serving three terms, but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature.
In 2022, voters in North Dakota approved a constitutional amendment that limits the governor to no more than two four-year terms. The amendment only applies to individuals elected after 2023. [82]
State legislatures with term limits
Arizona State Legislature : four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
Arkansas General Assembly : twelve consecutive years in either chamber of the legislature with the option to return after a four year break.
Prior to the 2014 election, the previous limits of three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) applied. These limits no longer apply.
For legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, the previous limits (enacted in 1990) of three two-year terms for Assembly members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) still apply.
Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two-year terms in the House (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms in the Senate (eight years). Former members can run again after a four year break.
Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house. No limit on total number of terms.
Illinois Senate : Senate presidents and minority leaders may not serve for more than 10 years. [86]
Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four-year terms for both houses (twelve years). Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election.
Maine Legislature : four two-year terms for both houses (eight years). No limit on total number of terms.
Michigan Legislature : twelve years combined in either chamber of the legislature. [87]
Prior to the 2022 election, the limits were three two-year terms for House members (six years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Missouri General Assembly : four two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years). Members may be elected again to the other house, but not serve more than 16 years.
Montana State Legislature : four two-year terms for House members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period and two four-year terms for Senate members (eight years) in any sixteen-year period.
Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature; members limited to two consecutive four-year terms (eight years), after which they must wait four years before running again. [88]
Nevada Legislature : six two-year terms for Assembly members (twelve years) and three four-year terms for Senate members (twelve years).
North Dakota Legislature : two cumulative four-year terms for both houses (eight years). Term limits only apply to individuals elected after the approval of the amendment in 2022. [82]
Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two-year terms for House members (eight years) and two consecutive four-year terms for Senate members (eight years).
Oklahoma Legislature : twelve years of total combined service in either the House or the Senate . If a legislator's first term is the result of a special election, that service does not count toward the limit. [89]
South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two-year terms for both houses (eight years).
Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits
Municipal term limits
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , has term limits for the mayor, but not the city council. [90] The mayor may serve two consecutive terms but there is no limit on the total number of terms.
Los Angeles, California , and Phoenix, Arizona , have term limits for both the mayor and city council, but the term limits for the mayor are stricter than the term limits for the council. [90]
A two-term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials (except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum (see the Charter of the City of New York, § 1138). On November 3, 2008, however, when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two-term limit to a three-term limit; one year later, he was elected to a third term. The two-term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010. [91] [92]
Negative impacts
Research studies have shown that legislative term limits increase legislative polarization, [93] reduce the legislative skills of politicians, [94] [95] [96] reduce the legislative productivity of politicians, [97] weaken legislatures vis-à-vis the executive, [98] and reduce voter turnout. [99] Parties respond to the implementation of term limits by recruiting candidates for office on more partisan lines. [100] States that implement term limits in the state legislatures are associated with also developing more powerful House speakers. [101]
Term limits have not proven to reduce campaign spending, [102] reduce the gender gap in political representation, [103] increase the diversity of law-makers, [104] or increase the constituent service activities of law-makers. [105] Term limits have been linked to lower growth in revenues and expenditures. [106]
See also
^ Article IX, paragraph 5, of the Articles of Confederation provided that, "no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years."
^ For a detailed study of the 19th-century concepts of rotation, consult Struble (1979–1980 , p. 650). See also Struble (2010) ; Young (1966) .
^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two-year terms.[ citation needed ]
^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected March 29, 1995, were sponsored by: Democrat John Dingell [12/12 retroactive], rejected 135–297; Republican Bob Inglis [6/12, not retroactive], rejected 114–316; Republican Van Hilleary [12/12, unretroactive, but defers to more stringent state imposed limits], rejected 164–265; Republican Bill McCollum [12/12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits]; approved by less than the requisite 2/3, 227–204; on February 12, 1997, Congress did likewise by a margin of 217–211 [50.7%].
Fagan, Garrett G. (2003) [1999]. The History of Ancient Rome (DVD). The Great Courses. The Teaching Company.
...Office-holding at Rome was based on two important concepts: collegiality and limited tenure of office...
On Franklin's plan of 1775, see
Smyth, Albert Henry, ed. (1907). The Writings of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 6. New York: Macmillan. page 423, article 9.
"Articles of Confederation: March 1, 1781" . The Avalon Project. Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library. Retrieved September 17, 2015.
.
^ Ballagh (1911 , Letter to Edmund Randolph dated October 16, 1787: vol 2, pp. 450-455). See also Ballagh (1911 , Letter to Edmund Pendleton dated May 12, 1776: vol. 1, p.191);
Bennett, Walter H., ed. (1978). Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican. University of Alabama Press. pp. 72–75, 86.
^ Boyd 1950 , vol. 12 p. 440; vol. 13 p. 490. See also Boyd 1950 , vol. 15 p. 25 for Jefferson's definition of rotation in office.
Eliot, Jonathan, ed. (1836). The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. 3. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. p. 485.
Otis Warren, Mercy (1981). "Observations on the new Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions 9". In Staring, Herbert J. (ed.). The Complete Anti-Federalist. Vol. 4. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 270–278.
^ ( Struble 1979–1980 , p.650, footnote 6). The quotation is from Henry James, the biographer.
^ a b John M. Carey, Richard G. Niemi & Lynda W. Powell, Term Limits in State Legislatures (University of Michigan Press: 2009), pp. 1–2.
Rumenap, Stacie (August 2002). "Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits". No Uncertain Terms. Vol. 10, no. 7. pp. 2–3.
.
Pinney, Neil; Serra, George; Sprick, Dalene (January 2004). "The costs of reform: consequences of limiting legislative terms of service". Party Politics. 10 (1): 69–84. doi : 10.1177/1354068804039121 . S2CID 145423773 .
Sabato, Larry J. (April 15, 1010). "Reforming the Least Democratic Branch" . Sabato's Crystal Ball: University of Virginia Center for Politics.
^ Francis N. Thorpe, ed., The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and other Organic Laws..., 7 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1909) 5:3048, 3055–56, 3065.
^ Phillip O'Neill, "Virginia's 'No Succession" Rule: Democratic Pillar or Constitutional Relic?, 23 Richmond Public Interest Law Review 1 (April 2020).
"AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED" . Alabama Constitution. pp. Amendment 282. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Article 3 – The Executive" . Alaska Constitution. pp. Article 3, § 5. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"The Florida Constitution" . Florida Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 5, clause b. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Constitution of the State of Georgia" (PDF). Georgia Constitution. pp. Article V, § I, Paragraph I. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE V" . Hawaii Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Article 1. – EXECUTIVE" . Kansas Constitution. pp. Article 1, § 1. Archived from the original on February 27, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Section 71" . Kentucky Constitution. pp. § 71. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE BRANCH" . Louisiana Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 3, Clause B. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Article IV-1" . Nebraska Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 1. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947" . New Jersey Constitution. pp. Article V, § I, paragraph 5. Archived from the original on June 30, 2009. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE IV. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT" . South Carolina Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 3. Archived from the original on April 27, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"§ 2" . South Dakota Constitution. pp. Article IV, § 2. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Constitution of West Virginia" . West Virginia Constitution. pp. Article VII, § 4. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Title 4 EXECUTIVE" . American Samoa Code. pp. § 4.0107. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE 5" . Indiana Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Constitution of Oregon" . Oregon Constitution. pp. Article V, § 1. Archived from the original on February 5, 2007. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Montana Constitution" . pp. Article IV, § 8. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2011.
"CHAPTER 5 – NOMINATIONS" . Wyoming Statutes. pp. § 22–5–103. Archived from the original on February 22, 2012. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE" . California Constitution. pp. Article 5, § 2. Archived from the original on January 8, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE. III EXECUTIVE" . Delaware Constitution. pp. Article III, § 5. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"Michigan Constitution" (PDF). pp. Article V, § 30. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
"ARTICLE III: EXECUTIVE BRANCH" . Northern Mariana Islands Constitution. pp. Article III, § 4. Archived from the original on October 24, 2004. Retrieved July 28, 2009.
^ Oklahoma Constitution Article 5 Section 17A
Olson, Michael; Rogowski, Jon C (October 11, 2019). "Legislative Term Limits and Polarization". The Journal of Politics. 82 (2): 572–586. doi : 10.1086/706764 . ISSN 0022-3816 . S2CID 211453078 .
Sarbaugh-Thompson, Marjorie; Thompson, Lyke; Elder, Charles D.; Comins, Meg; Elling, Richard C.; Strate, John (December 1, 2006). "Democracy among Strangers: Term Limits' Effects on Relationships between State Legislators in Michigan". State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 6 (4): 384–409. doi : 10.1177/153244000600600402 . ISSN 1532-4400 . S2CID 155402263 .
Burgat, Casey (January 18, 2018). "Five reasons to oppose congressional term limits" . Brookings. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
"Post" . Mischiefs of Faction. January 20, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
Masket, Seth; Shor, Boris (March 1, 2015). "Polarization without Parties: Term Limits and Legislative Partisanship in Nebraska's Unicameral Legislature". State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 15 (1): 67–90. doi : 10.1177/1532440014564984 . ISSN 1532-4400 . S2CID 156175167 .
Shay, Laine P. (2020). "Do Term Limits "Limit" the Speaker? Examining the Effects of Legislative Term Limits on State Speaker Power". State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 21 (2): 139–164. doi : 10.1177/1532440020947643 . ISSN 1532-4400 . S2CID 225428974 .
Masket, Seth E.; Lewis, Jeffrey B. (March 1, 2007). "A Return to Normalcy? Revisiting the Effects of Term Limits on Competitiveness and Spending in California Assembly Elections". State Politics & Policy Quarterly. 7 (1): 20–38. doi : 10.1177/153244000700700102 . ISSN 1532-4400 . S2CID 154582109 .
Carroll, Susan J. ; Jenkins, Krista (2001). "Do Term Limits Help Women Get Elected?". Social Science Quarterly. 82 (1): 197–201. doi : 10.1111/0038-4941.00017 . ISSN 1540-6237 .
Carey, John M.; Niemi, Richard G.; Powell, Lynda W.; Moncrief, Gary F. (2006). "The Effects of Term Limits on State Legislatures: A New Survey of the 50 States". Legislative Studies Quarterly. 31 (1): 105–134. doi : 10.3162/036298006X201742 . ISSN 1939-9162 .
Holcombe, Randall G.; Gmeiner, Robert J. (April 2019). "Term limits and state budgets". Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice. 34 (1): 21–36. doi : 10.1332/251569119X15526464720315 . S2CID 188467004 .
Bailey, Harry A. (1972). "Presidential Tenure and the Two-Term Tradition". Publius. 2 (2): 95–106. doi : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a038259 . JSTOR 3329550 .
Ballagh, James C., ed. (1911). The Letters of Richard Henry Lee. Vol. Two volumes. New York: Macmillan.
Boyd, Julian F., ed. (1950). The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Crockett, David A. (2008). "An Excess of Refinement: Lame Duck Presidents in Constitutional and Historical Context". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 38 (4): 707–721. doi : 10.1111/j.1741-5705.2008.02673.x .
United States presidential nominating convention
Korzi, Michael J. (2009). "Changing Views of Executive Tenure in Early American History". White House Studies. 8 (3): 357–379.
.
Pietrusza, David (2007). 1920: The Year of Six Presidents. New York: Carroll & Graf.
Stein, Charles W. (1943). The Third-Term Tradition: Its Rise and Collapse in American Politics. New York: Columbia University Press.
Further reading
Stathis, Stephen W. (1990). "The Twenty-Second Amendment: A practical remedy or partisan maneuver". Constitutional Commentary. 7: 61.
External links
Term limits in the United States
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The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years. [U.S. Constitution, Article I, section 3, clause 1]
The Virginia Plan, which set the initial terms of debate for the Constitutional Convention, did not specify a length of term for either house of Congress. It merely proposed that members of the Senate “hold their offices for a term sufficient to ensure their independency.”
In deciding term lengths, Convention delegates turned to the practices of state governments. Although the majority of states set one-year terms for both houses of their legislatures, five state constitutions established longer terms for upper house members. South Carolina’s senators served two-year terms, for example, while senators in Delaware served three-year terms with one-third of the senate’s nine members up for reelection each year. New York and Virginia implemented a similar system but with four-year terms instead of three. Only Maryland’s senate, whose members were not directly elected by the people, featured five-year terms.
The first proposal, from Virginians Edmund Randolph and James Madison, called for seven-year Senate terms. Citing Maryland’s system, Randolph and Madison argued that a long term would create stability in the Senate and provide an effective check on the more democratic House of Representatives. George Read of Delaware proposed an even longer term of nine years. Madison endorsed this long term, arguing it would contribute to the “wisdom and virtue” required for the body to counter “symptoms of a levelling spirit” among the people. A few delegates, such as New York’s Alexander Hamilton, suggested that senators be granted life tenure, as existed in England’s House of Lords. Hamilton contended this was necessary to protect senators against the "amazing violence and turbulence of the democratic spirit,” but few delegates supported this idea.
While some delegates proposed long terms to allow for an independent Senate, others worried that long terms would create too much independence. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney of South Carolina, for example, suggested that longer terms would lead senators to lose sight of their state’s interest. Connecticut’s Roger Sherman preferred four-year terms, arguing that frequent elections “preserve the good behavior of rulers.”
On June 26, with a 7 to 4 vote, the delegates compromised and adopted six-year terms for the Senate. In Federalist No. 62, James Madison defended six-year terms for senators, insisting that six-year terms would have a stabilizing effect on the new national government. Long terms, he argued, would reduce turnover in the legislature, allow senators to take responsibility for measures over time, and make senators largely independent of public opinion.
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Lower house of the US Congress
"House of Representatives committee" redirects here. For others, see House of Representatives .
United States House of Representatives
Type
Type
Structure
Seats
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , with the Senate being the upper chamber . Together, they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States . [1] [2] The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills ; those that are also passed by the Senate are sent to the president for signature or veto . The House's exclusive powers include initiating all revenue bills, impeaching federal officers, and electing the president if no candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . [3] [4]
Members of the House serve a fixed term of two years, with each seat up for election before the start of the next Congress. Special elections also occur when a seat is vacated early enough. The House's composition was established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of representatives who, pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , sit in single member congressional districts allocated to each state on the basis of population as measured by the United States census , with each district having at least a single representative, provided that that state is entitled to them. [5] Since its inception in 1789, all representatives have been directly elected. Although suffrage was initially limited, it gradually widened, particularly after the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment and the civil rights movement . Since 1913, the number of voting representatives has been at 435 pursuant to the Apportionment Act of 1911 . [6] The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435. However, the number was temporarily increased from 1959 until 1963 to 437 following the admissions of Alaska and Hawaii to the Union. [7]
The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . The rules of the House generally address a two- party system, with a majority party in government, and a minority party in opposition. The presiding officer is the speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof. Other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has the most voting members.
History
Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time
Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency [9]
Congress's structure was a contentious issue among the founders during the convention. Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress: the lower house would be "of the people", elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house, elected by the lower house, that would represent the individual states, and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment. [10]
The House is commonly referred to as the lower house and the Senate the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology. Both houses' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states. [10]
Eventually, the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise, under which one house of Congress (the House of Representatives) would provide representation proportional to each state's population, whereas the other (the Senate) would provide equal representation amongst the states. [10] The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states (nine out of the 13) in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4, 1789. The House began work on April 1, 1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time.
During the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives. However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed.
Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery. One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War (1861–1865), which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union. The war culminated in the South's defeat and in the abolition of slavery. All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war.
The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877; the ensuing era, known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate. The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times. [11]
The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the speaker of the House . The rise of the speaker's influence began in the 1890s, during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . "Czar Reed", as he was nicknamed, attempted to put into effect his view that "The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch." The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period, with the positions of majority leader and minority leader being created in 1899. While the minority leader was the head of the minority party, the majority leader remained subordinate to the speaker. The speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911. The speaker's powers included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees. However, these powers were curtailed in the "Revolution of 1910" because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon's heavy-handed tactics.
The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945), often winning over two-thirds of the seats. Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade. The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995. In the mid-1970s, members passed major reforms that strengthened the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowed party leaders to nominate committee chairs. These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor. There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party; the power of party leaders (especially the speaker) grew considerably. According to historian Julian E. Zelizer , the majority Democrats minimized the number of staff positions available to the minority Republicans, kept them out of decision-making, and gerrymandered their home districts. Republican Newt Gingrich argued American democracy was being ruined by the Democrats' tactics and that the GOP had to destroy the system before it could be saved. Cooperation in governance, says Zelizer, would have to be put aside until they deposed Speaker Wright and regained power. Gingrich brought an ethics complaint which led to Wright's resignation in 1989. Gingrich gained support from the media and good government forces in his crusade to persuade Americans that the system was, in Gingrich's words, "morally, intellectually and spiritually corrupt". Gingrich followed Wright's successor, Democrat Tom Foley , as speaker after the Republican Revolution of 1994 gave his party control of the House. [12]
Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program, the Contract with America and made major reforms of the House, notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two-year terms. Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress, were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton. However, after Republicans held control in the 1996 election , Clinton and the Gingrich-led House agreed on the first balanced federal budget in decades, along with a substantial tax cut. [13] The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female speaker. The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s. [14] However, the Democrats retook the house in 2019 , which became the largest shift of power to the Democrats since the 1970s. In the 2022 elections, Republicans took back control of the House, winning a slim majority.
Membership, qualifications, and apportionment
Under Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population, as determined by the census conducted every ten years. Each state is entitled to at least one representative, however small its population.
The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states: "The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative." [16] Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911. [6] In 1959, upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 (seating one representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment), and returned to 435 four years later, after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census .
The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a resident commissioner , but other than having a four-year term, the resident commissioner's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories. The five delegates and resident commissioner may participate in debates; before 2011, [17] they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive. [18]
Redistricting
States typically redraw district boundaries after each census, though they may do so at other times, such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries, either through legislation or through non-partisan panels. Malapportionment is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population (see Wesberry v. Sanders ). Additionally, Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to, or have the effect of, discriminating against racial or language minority voters. [20] Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities, federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering to benefit political parties or incumbents. [21] [22] In a 1984 case, Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down based on the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered. However, the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , only about 40 seats, less than 10% of the House membership, are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process, given partisan gerrymandering. [23] [24]
Qualifications
Article I, Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives. Each representative must: (1) be at least twenty-five (25) years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years; and (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent. Members are not required to live in the districts they represent, but they traditionally do. [25] The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I, Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate. [26] Therefore, Article I, Section 5, which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications. Likewise, a state could not establish additional qualifications. William C. C. Claiborne served in the House below the minimum age of 25. [27]
Disqualification: under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution, but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative. This post–Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving. However, disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two-thirds of both houses of Congress.
Elections
Population per U.S. representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C., ranked by population. Since D.C. (ranked 49th) receives no voting seats in the House, its bar is absent.
U.S. congressional districts for the 115th Congress
Elections for representatives are held in every even-numbered year, on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Pursuant to the Uniform Congressional District Act , representatives must be elected from single-member districts . After a census is taken (in a year ending in 0), the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census (with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following January 3). As there is no legislation at the federal level mandating one particular system for elections to the House, systems are set at the state level. As of 2022, first-past-the-post or plurality voting is used in 46 states, electing 412 representatives, ranked-choice or instant-runoff voting in two states (Alaska and Maine), electing 3 representatives, and two-round system in two states (Georgia and Louisiana), electing 20 representatives. Elected representatives serve a two-year term, with no term limit.
In most states, major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer. In some states, the Republican and Democratic parties choose their candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer, which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions. Exceptions can result in so-called floor fights—convention votes by delegates, with outcomes that can be hard to predict. Especially if a convention is closely divided, a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election. The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and no federal statutes regulate ballot access. As a result, the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state, and in the case of a third party in the United States may be affected by results of previous years' elections.
In 1967, Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires all representatives to be elected from single-member-districts. [28] [29] Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision, Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at-large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population, and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities. [30] Several states have used multi-member districts in the past, although only two states (Hawaii and New Mexico) used multi-member districts in 1967. [29] Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all-party primary election on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers (regardless of party) if no candidate received a majority in the primary. The states of Washington and California use a similar (though not identical) system to that used by Louisiana.
Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline. The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day, or as soon as the results are certified.
Non-voting delegates
Terms
Representatives and delegates serve for two-year terms, while a resident commissioner (a kind of delegate) serves for four years. A term starts on January 3 following the election in November. The U.S. Constitution requires that vacancies in the House be filled with a special election. The term of the replacement member expires on the date that the original member's would have expired.
The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two-thirds vote. In the history of the United States, only six members have been expelled from the House; in 1861, three were removed for supporting the Confederate states' secession: Democrats John Bullock Clark of Missouri, John William Reid of Missouri, and Henry Cornelius Burnett of Kentucky. Democrat Michael Myers of Pennsylvania was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980, Democrat James Traficant of Ohio was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption, and Republican George Santos was expelled in 2023 after he was implicated in fraud by both a federal indictment and a House Ethics Committee investigation. [32] [33] [34]
The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority, and does not remove that member from office.
Comparison to the Senate
As a check on the regional, popular, and rapidly changing politics of the House, the Senate has several distinct powers. For example, the " advice and consent " powers (such as the power to approve treaties and confirm members of the Cabinet ) are a sole Senate privilege. [35] The House, however, has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue, to impeach officials, and to choose the president if a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . [36] Both House and Senate confirmation is now required to fill a vacancy if the vice presidency is vacant, according to the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment . [37] [38] The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented: the Senate has longer terms of six years, fewer members (currently one hundred, two for each state), and (in all but seven delegations) larger constituencies per member. The Senate is referred to as the "upper" house, and the House of Representatives as the "lower" house.
Salary and benefits
Salaries
Since December 2014, the annual salary of each representative is $174,000, [39] [40] the same as it is for each member of the Senate . [41] The speaker of the House and the majority and minority leaders earn more: $223,500 for the speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders (the same as Senate leaders). [40] A cost-of-living-adjustment (COLA) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes not to accept it. Congress sets members' salaries; however, the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary (but not COLA [42] ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House. Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years. [43] Outside pay is limited to 15% of congressional pay, and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited. Salaries are not for life, only during active term. [40]
Titles
Representatives use the prefix " The Honorable " before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a representative, congressman, or congresswoman.
Representatives are usually identified in the media and other sources by party and state, and sometimes by congressional district, or a major city or community within their district. For example, Democratic representative Nancy Pelosi , who represents California's 11th congressional district within San Francisco , may be identified as "D–California", "D–California–11" or "D–San Francisco".
"Member of congress" is occasionally abbreviated as either "MOC" or "MC" (similar to MP ). [44] However, the abbreviation "Rep." for Representative is more common, as it avoids confusion as to whether they are a member of the House or the Senate .
Pension
All members of Congress are automatically enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants , except the formula for calculating Congress members' pension results in a 70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service. [45] They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements:
The FERS basic annuity, a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay (70% higher pension than other federal employees based on the first 20 years of service)
The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401(k) -like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $19,000 in 2019. Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5% of pay.
Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service, at age 50 after 20 years of service, and at any age after 25 years of service. [45] With an average age of 58, the US House of Representatives is older than comparable chambers in Russia and the other G7 nations. [46]
Tax deductions
Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state. [47]
Health benefits
Before 2014, members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program (FEHBP), an employer-sponsored health insurance program, and were eligible to participate in other programs, such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program (FSAFEDS). [48]
However, Section 1312(d)(3)(D) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312(d)(3)(D). [48] Under the rule, effective January 1, 2014, members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees. [48] However, if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program (SHOP) exchange, they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage, and members and designated staff eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement. [48]
The ACA and the final rule do not affect members' or staffers' eligibility for Medicare benefits. [48] The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members' and staffers' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment, so members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS (which has three options within the program), the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program, and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program. [48]
The Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol provides members with health care for an annual fee. [48] The attending physician provides routine exams, consultations, and certain diagnostics, and may write prescriptions (although the office does not dispense them). [48] The office does not provide vision or dental care. [48]
Members (but not their dependents, and not former members) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities. [48] There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates (set by the Department of Defense) for inpatient care. [48] (Outside the National Capital Region, charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care). [48]
Personnel, mail and office expenses
House members are eligible for a Member's Representational Allowance (MRA) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district. [49] The MRA is calculated based on three components: one for personnel, one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail. The personnel allowance is the same for all members; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members' district's distance from Washington, D.C., the cost of office space in the member's district, and the number of non-business addresses in their district. These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense—even though each component is calculated individually, the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses. In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member, and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million. [50]
The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010. Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees. Members' employees' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009. [50]
Travel allowance
Before being sworn into office, each member-elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington, D.C., for organization caucuses. [50] Members are allowed "a sum for travel based on the following formula: 64 times the rate per mile ... multiplied by the mileage between Washington, DC, and the furthest point in a Member's district, plus 10%." [50] As of January 2012 [update] the rate ranges from $0.41 to $1.32 per mile ($0.25 to $0.82/km) based on distance ranges between D.C. and the member's district. [50]
Officers
Member officials
The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next-largest party is the minority party. The speaker , committee chairs, and some other officials are generally from the majority party; they have counterparts (for instance, the "ranking members" of committees) in the minority party.
The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own speaker. [51] Although not explicitly required by the Constitution, every speaker has been a member of the House. The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the speaker, which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House. Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party (which need not be the majority party; theoretically, a member of the minority party could be elected as speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party). Under the Presidential Succession Act (1947), the speaker is second in the line of presidential succession after the vice president.
The speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate. Instead, they delegate the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases. The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber. The powers of the presiding officer are extensive; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak. No member may make a speech or a motion unless they have first been recognized by the presiding officer. Moreover, the presiding officer may rule on a " point of order " (a member's objection that a rule has been breached); the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House.
Speakers serve as chairs of their party's steering committee, which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees. The speaker chooses the chairs of standing committees, appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees, and determines which committees consider bills.
Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the majority leader or minority leader . The minority leader heads their party in the House, and the majority leader is their party's second-highest-ranking official, behind the speaker. Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose.
Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires. The majority whip in the House of Representatives is Tom Emmer , who is a member of the Republican Party . The minority whip is Katherine Clark , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips
After the whips, the next ranking official in the House party's leadership is the party conference chair (styled as the Republican conference chair and Democratic caucus chair).
After the conference chair, there are differences between each party's subsequent leadership ranks. After the Democratic caucus chair is the campaign committee chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ), then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee. For the Republicans it is the chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the campaign committee chairman (styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ).
The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of the House leadership hierarchy. Until the post of majority leader was created, the chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader.
Leadership and partisanship
When the presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House, the speaker can become the de facto "leader of the opposition". Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s, Newt Gingrich in the 1990s, John Boehner in the early 2010s, and Nancy Pelosi in the late 2000s and again in the late 2010s and early 2020s. Since the speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House, the position is often used for partisan advantage.
In the instance when the presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the president. For that situation the House minority leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate minority leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership.
Non-member officials
The House is also served by several officials who are not members. The House's chief such officer is the clerk , who maintains public records, prepares documents, and oversees junior officials, including pages until the discontinuation of House pages in 2011. The clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a speaker. Another officer is the chief administrative officer , responsible for the day-to-day administrative support to the House of Representatives. This includes everything from payroll to foodservice .
The position of chief administrative officer (CAO) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of doorkeeper and director of non-legislative and financial services (created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House). The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services, which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina, along with the House "Folding Room".
The chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day. The sergeant at arms is the House's chief law enforcement officer and maintains order and security on House premises. Finally, routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the sergeant at arms belongs, and chairs in even-numbered years.
Procedure
Daily procedures
Like the Senate, the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the speaker , Speaker pro tempore, or (when in Committee of the Whole House) the chair presides. [52] The lower tiers of the rostrum are used by clerks and other officials. A table in front of the rostrum is used by the official reporters. Members' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle. [53] By tradition, Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle, while Republicans sit on the right, facing the presiding officer's chair. [54] Sittings are normally held on weekdays; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare. Sittings of the House are generally open to the public; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office. [55] Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C-SPAN since March 19, 1979, [56] and on HouseLive, the official streaming service operated by the Clerk, since the early 2010s.
The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules, but also on a variety of customs, precedents, and traditions. In many cases, the House waives some of its stricter rules (including time limits on debates) by unanimous consent . [57] A member may block a unanimous consent agreement, but objections are rare. The presiding officer, the speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House, and may warn members who deviate from them. The speaker uses a gavel to maintain order. [58] Legislation to be considered by the House is placed in a box called the hopper. [59]
In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House. It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all presidents of the United States. For daily sessions of the House, the sergeant at arms carries the mace ahead of the speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the speaker's right. When the House is in committee, the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms. [60]
The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business. [61] Under the rules and customs of the House, a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise. House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on. The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate, or when a question is not before the House. [62]
During debates, a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer. The presiding officer decides which members to recognize, and can therefore control the course of debate. [63] All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr. Speaker" or "Madam Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches; other members must be referred to in the third person. In most cases, members do not refer to each other only by name, but also by state, using forms such as "the gentleman from Virginia", "the distinguished gentlewoman from California", or "my distinguished friend from Alabama".
There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables, two on each side. These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the party leadership. Members address the House from microphones at any table or "the well", the area immediately in front of the rostrum. [64]
Passage of legislation
Per the Constitution, the House of Representatives determines the rules according to which it passes legislation. Any of the rules can be changed with each new Congress, but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection. [65] Before legislation reaches the floor of the House, the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure (which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective). For instance, the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted. An "open rule" permits all germane amendments, but a "closed rule" restricts or even prohibits amendment. Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour, equally divided between the majority and minority parties. Each side is led during the debate by a "floor manager", who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak. On contentious matters, many members may wish to speak; thus, a member may receive as little as one minute, or even thirty seconds, to make their point. [66]
When debate concludes, the motion is put to a vote. [67] In many cases, the House votes by voice vote; the presiding officer puts the question, and members respond either "yea!" or "aye!" (in favor of the motion) or "nay!" or "no!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A member may, however, challenge the presiding officer's assessment and "request the yeas and nays" or "request a recorded vote". The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the members present. Traditionally, however, members of Congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. Some votes are always recorded, such as those on the annual budget. [68]
A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways. One is electronically. Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber. Votes are usually held in this way. A second mode of recorded vote is by teller. Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes: green for "yea", red for "nay", and orange for "present" (i.e., to abstain). Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down. Finally, the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House, each of whom announces their vote when their name is called. This procedure is only used rarely (and usually for ceremonial occasions, such as for the election of a speaker) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names. [68]
Voting traditionally lasts for, at most, fifteen minutes, but it may be extended if the leadership needs to "whip" more members into alignment. [68] The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours, from 3:00 to 6:00 a.m., to receive four additional votes, three of which were necessary to pass the legislation. [69] The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour, from 11:00 p.m. to midnight. [70] An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes. [71]
Presiding officers may vote like other members. They may not, however, vote twice in the event of a tie; rather, a tie vote defeats the motion. [72]
Committees and caucuses
Other Democrats: 36 seats
The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes, including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch. The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House, but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties. Generally, each party honors the preferences of individual members, giving priority on the basis of seniority. Historically, membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party's strength in the House, with two exceptions: on the Rules Committee, the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats; [73] and on the Ethics Committee, each party has an equal number of seats. [74] However, when party control in the House is closely divided, extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party. In the 109th Congress, for example, the Republicans controlled about 53% of the House, but had 54% of the Appropriations Committee members, 55% of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee, and 58% of the members on the Judiciary Committee.
The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which, as its name suggests, consists of all members of the House. The Committee meets in the House chamber; it may consider and amend bills, but may not grant them final passage. Generally, the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself. One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress .
Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.
The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and occasionally may establish temporary or advisory committees, such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.
Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman (always a member of the majority party). From 1910 to the 1970s, committee chairs were powerful. Woodrow Wilson in his classic study, [75] suggested:
Power is nowhere concentrated; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs. It is divided up, as it were, into forty-seven seigniories, in each of which a Standing Committee is the court-baron and its chairman lord-proprietor. These petty barons, some of them not a little powerful, but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule, may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires, and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself.
From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority; members of Congress sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one, but their chairship was independent of party leadership. The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairs, shifting power upward to the party leaders. In 1995, Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two-year terms for committee chairs. The chairman's powers are extensive; he controls the committee/subcommittee agenda, and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill. The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member. In some committees like Appropriations, partisan disputes are few.
Legislative functions
Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress. However, the Constitution states, "All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives." Because of the Origination Clause , the Senate cannot initiate bills imposing taxes. This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures. Furthermore, congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills .
Although it cannot originate revenue bills, the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them. Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills: [76]
[T]he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills, and the Senate's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope. The upper house may add to them what it pleases; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation, altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure, and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character.
The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see Act of Congress .
The president may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate. If they do, the bill does not become law unless each House, by a two-thirds vote, votes to override the veto.
Checks and balances
The Constitution provides that the Senate's " advice and consent " is necessary for the president to make appointments and to ratify treaties. [77] Thus, with its potential to frustrate presidential appointments, the Senate is more powerful than the House.
The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for " Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors " and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments. [78] The House may approve "articles of impeachment" by a simple majority vote; however, a two-thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate. [79] A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States. [80] No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings; however, the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law.
In the history of the United States, the House of Representatives has impeached seventeen officials , of whom seven were convicted. (Another, Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House.) Only three presidents of the United States have ever been impeached: Andrew Johnson in 1868, Bill Clinton in 1998, and Donald Trump in 2019 and in 2021. [81] The trials of Johnson, Clinton and Trump all ended in acquittal; in Johnson's case, the Senate fell one vote short of the two-thirds majority required for conviction.
Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the president if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that "the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote". [82] It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a president twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824, it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . (If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the vice president from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.)
Historical composition
This chart shows the historical composition of the United States House of Representatives, from the 1st Congress to the present day.
United States House of Representatives, 1789 to present
Latest election results and party standings
218
215
Republican
Democratic
Affiliation
Members
Delegates/residentcommissioner(non-voting)
Statemajorities
Republican
218
3
25
Democratic
215
3
22
Vacant
2
1
Total
435
6
50
^ a b The Freedom caucus does not publish its member roster and the actual count may therefore be higher.
^ The number of the majority party's voting representatives in the House in excess of the minimum number required to have an absolute majority of voting representatives.
Citations
"The House Explained" . house.gov. Archived from the original on December 3, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
"About Congressional Apportionment" . Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
^ a b See Public Law 62-5 of 1911, though Congress has the authority to change that number.
^ Julian E. Zelizer, Burning Down the House: Newt Gingrich, the Fall of a Speaker, and the Rise of the New Republican Party (2020).
^ Balanced Budget: HR 2015, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation / Spending; Tax Cut: HR 2014, FY 1998 Budget Reconciliation – Revenue
Neuman, Scott (November 3, 2010). "Obama, GOP Grapple With power shift" . NPR. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
"New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes" . NPR. January 5, 2011. Archived from the original on February 6, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
^ See H.Res. 78 , passed January 24, 2007. On April 19, 2007, the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007, a bill "to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives, and for other purposes" by a vote of 241–177. That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two, making 437 members, by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member, and (until the 2010 census) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session.
^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c "no district to elect more than one Representative"
"Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act" . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ. US Dept. of Justice. Archived from the original on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
^ Section 2 reads: "Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress."
Feerick, John. "Essays on Amendment XXV: Presidential Succession" . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution. The Heritage Foundatio. Archived from the original on August 22, 2020.
Brudnick, Ida A. (January 4, 2012). "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Schaffer v. Clinton
Congressional Research Service (August 8, 2019). "Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress" . CRS Report for Congress. United States Senate.
Congressional Research Service. "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2019. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
Brudnick, Ida. "Congressional Salaries and Allowances" (PDF). Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. United States House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 10, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ Article I Archived January 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine , Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3, 2010.
"The Rostrum" . U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Explore Capitol Hill: House Chamber" . Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on January 14, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Lowenthal, Alan. "Congress U" . U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Access to Congress" . Digital Media Law Project. Berkman Center for Internet and Society. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"U.S. House of Representatives" . The District. Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Bill Hopper" . U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on December 8, 2014. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Legislative FAQ: 7. How do Representatives introduce bills?" . U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk. Archived from the original on January 10, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"The House Floor" . Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. Archived from the original on July 2, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
"The House Explained" . House.gov. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
Sessions, Pete. "About the Committee on Rules—History and Processes" . U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Rules. Archived from the original on January 16, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Hudiburg, Jane A. (July 23, 2018). House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements (PDF). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
Singer, Michelle (March 29, 2007). "Under the Influence" . CBS News . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Henry, Ed; Barrett, Ted (July 28, 2005). "House narrowly approves CAFTA" . CNN . Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
"Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split" . Fox News . Associated Press. October 8, 2005. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved January 12, 2015.
Sidlow, Edward; Henschen, Beth (2009). America at Odds, Alternate Edition (6 ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 246. ISBN
. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2015.
^ Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics (1885, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin)
Sources and further reading
Abramowitz, Alan I.; Saunders, Kyle L. (1998). Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. Vol. 60. Journal of Politics. pp. 634–652.
Adler, E. Scott (2002). Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Reelection and the House Committee System. . Univ. of Chicago Press.
Albert, Carl; Goble, Danney (1990). Little Giant: The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert. Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
, Speaker in the 1970s
, Published every two years since 1975; enormous detail on every state and district and member.
, Speaker in the 1980s
Berard, Stanley P. (2001). Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives. Univ. of Oklahoma Press.
,
, Prepared by the Office of the Clerk, Office of History and Preservation, United States House of Representatives. Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress. Also online at Biographical Directory Archived November 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine .
Brady, David W. (1973). Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era: A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives. Univ. Press of Kansas.
Brady, David W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (2002). Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress.
Congressional Quarterly , massive, highly detailed summary of Congressional activity, and major executive and judicial decisions; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac.
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1945–1964 (1965)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1965–1968 (1969)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1969–1972 (1973)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1973–1976 (1977)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1977–1980 (1981)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1981–1984 (1985)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1985–1988 (1989)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1989–1992 (1993)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1993–1996 (1998)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 1997–2001 (2002)
Congressional Quarterly, Congress and the Nation: 2001–2004: A Review of Government and Politics: 107th and 108th Congresses (2005)
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Cooper, Joseph (1970). The Origins of the Standing Committees and the Development of the Modern House. Rice Univ. Press.
Cox, Gary W.; McCubbins, Mathew D. (1993). Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Univ. of California Press.
DeGregorio, Christine A. (1997). Networks of Champions: Leadership, Access, and Advocacy in the U.S. House of Representatives. Univ. of Michigan Press.
Gertzog, Irwin J. (1984). Congressional Women: Their Recruitment, Treatment, and Behavior. Praeger.
Hardeman, D. B.; Bacon, Donald C. (1987). Rayburn: A Biography. Texas Monthly Press.
Hatzenbuehler, Ronald L. (1972). "Party Unity and the Decision for War in the House of Representatives in 1812". William and Mary Quarterly. 29 (3): 367–90. doi : 10.2307/1923870 . ISSN 0043-5597 . JSTOR 1923870 .
, Radical leader in Civil War era
Hibbing, John R. (1991). Congressional Careers: Contours of Life in the U.S. House of Representatives. Univ. of North Carolina Press.
Klingman, Peter D. (1976). Josiah Walls: Florida's Black Congressman of Reconstruction. Univ. Press of Florida.
Grant de Pauw, Linda ; Bickford, Charlene Bangs; Bowling, Kenneth R., eds. (1992–2006). Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America, March 4, 1789 – March 3, 1791.
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Lowitt, Richard (1963). George W. Norris: The Making of a Progressive, 1861–1912. Vol. 1. Syracuse Univ. Press.
, leader of Republican insurgents in 1910
Margulies, Herbert F. (1996). Reconciliation and Revival: James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era. . Greenwood.
Merriner, James L. (1999). Mr. Chairman: Power in Dan Rostenkowski's America. Southern Illinois Univ. Press.
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. Speaker for most of 1811–1825
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Rohde, David W.; Shepsle, Kenneth A. (1987). "Leaders and Followers in the House of Representatives: Reflections on Woodrow Wilson's Congressional Government". Congress & the Presidency. 14 (2): 111–133. doi : 10.1080/07343468709507958 .
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241 | who is the quarterback for the green bay packers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Green_Bay_Packers_starting_quarterbacks | List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks
1 language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin . The Packers have competed in the National Football League (NFL) since 1921, two years after their original founding by Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun . [1] They are members of the North Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) and play their home games at Lambeau Field in central Wisconsin. [2] [3] The early era of the NFL and American football in general was not conducive to passing the football, with the forward pass not being legalized until the early 1900s and not fully adopted for many more years. [4] Although the quarterback position has historically been the one to receive the snap and thus handle the football on every offensive play, [5] the importance of the position during this era was limited by various rules, like having to be five yards behind the line of scrimmage before a forward pass could be attempted. [6] These rules and the tactical focus on rushing the ball limited the importance of the quarterback position while enhancing the value of different types of backs , such as the halfback and the fullback . [7] Some of these backs were considered triple-threat men , capable of rushing, passing or kicking the football, making it common for multiple players to attempt a pass during a game. [8]
As rules changed and the NFL began adopting a more pass-centric approach to offensive football, the importance of the quarterback position grew. [6] [7] Beginning in 1950, total wins and losses by a team's starting quarterback were tracked. [9] Throughout the late 20th century and early 21st century, the significance of the position has grown exponentially. [7] The modern starting quarterback is often viewed as the leader of the team and its player spokesperson. [5] The position is often the highest paid player on an NFL team's roster, with teams assigning significant resources in trying to draft, acquire or trade for a franchise quarterback . [10] [11] These resources are based on the high expectations placed on the position, which include handling the ball on every offensive play (whether it be to pass the ball or hand it off to another player), relaying plays (or sometimes calling plays themselves) to the offense and understanding every teammate's role, formation and responsibility for every play. [5] The emergence of the dual-threat quarterback has also seen additional focus on the position, with quarterbacks like Lamar Jackson and Josh Allen leading their team in both passing and rushing yards during any given game. [12]
Prior to 1950, the Packers had numerous players identified as playing the quarterback position, including Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee Arnie Herber . [13] However, the combination of unreliable statistics in the early era of the NFL and the differences in the early quarterback position make tracking starts by quarterbacks impractical for this timeframe. Since 1950 however, the Packers have had 34 starting quarterbacks in the history of their franchise . Five of those quarterbacks each made over 70 starts and between them started over 75% of the team's games in that time period, with varying levels of success. [9] Tobin Rote , who started 73 games in the 1950s, and Lynn Dickey , who started in 101 games in the late 1970s and early 1980s, saw little on-field success. [14] [15] However, Bart Starr , Brett Favre and Aaron Rodgers all led the Packers to Super Bowl victories, with Starr winning five NFL championships in the 1960s. [16] [17] All three quarterbacks were named the NFL's Most Valuable Player at least once in their careers. [18] Favre started the most games as quarterback for the Packers, both in the regular season (253) and during the playoffs (22). [19] Favre never missed one start with the Packers, contributing to his NFL record of 321 consecutive starts by a quarterback . [20] After Favre was traded to the New York Jets , Rodgers took over as starting quarterback, a role he would hold for 15 seasons. [21] [22] Combined, from Favre's first start in 1992 to Rodgers' last start in 2022, the two quarterbacks started 476 out of 495 possible regular season games. [9] After Rodgers was traded to the Jets in 2023, the Packers named Jordan Love starting quarterback for the 2023 NFL season . [23] Love started all 19 games (17 in the regular season and 2 in the playoffs) during his first season as starter in 2023. He continued as the team's primary starter, excluding missed starts due to injury, in 2024. [24]
Starting quarterbacks
Bart Starr won five NFL Championships as the Packers' starting quarterback during most of the 1960s.
Brett Favre started 275 straight games (regular and postseason combined) for the Packers from 1992 to 2007.
Aaron Rodgers ' regular season winning percentage (.661) is the highest of any Packers quarterback (minimum 10 starts).
Key
Quarterback
Gamesstarted
Record
Refs
W
L
T
% [a]
Quarterback
Gamesstarted
Record
Refs
W
L
% [a]
^ a b Winning percentage is determined by dividing total wins by total games started, with ties counting as one-half win. [25]
Lewis, Robert (December 4, 2023). "Lambeau Field" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on September 12, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2024.
Hogg, Curt (December 24, 2009). "5 Wide: The Evolution Of The Quarterback" . BleacherReport.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2024. Retrieved March 11, 2024.
Christl, Cliff . "Paul Hornung" . Packers.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
Christl, Cliff . "Arnie Herber" . Packers.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
"Brett Favre Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Aaron Rodgers Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"NFL Tie-Breaking Procedures" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
"Zeke Bratkowski Stats" . Pro-Fotball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 22, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
Christl, Cliff . "Zeke Bratkowski" . Packers.com. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
"Carlos Brown Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Jack Concannon" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Jim Del Gaizo Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
Christl, Cliff . "Don Majkowski" . Packers.com. Archived from the original on May 24, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.
"Lamar McHan Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Don Milan Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 21, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Babe Parilli Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Alan Risher Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"John Roach Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Tobin Rote Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"David Whitehurst Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Malik Willis Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Retrieved September 16, 2024.
"Randy Wright Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
"Jim Zorn Stats" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
List of Green Bay Packers starting quarterbacks
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241 | who is the quarterback for the green bay packers | https://www.packers.com/team/players-roster/jordan-love/ | 15
15
268
425
3389
8
25
11
14
95
96.7
25
83
3.3
1
4
0
TOTAL
42
33
690
1087
8154
7.5
60
25
47
360
95.1
88
356
4
5
16
4
Biography
Became just the third quarterback in NFL history to post 4,000-plus passing yards (4,159) and 32-plus passing TDs (32) in his first season with multiple starts, joining Kurt Warner (1999) and Patrick Mahomes (2018).
Became the first QB to help lead the Packers to the postseason in his first full year as a starter since at least 1950, when the league began recording starts for every player.
Was one of four QBs (Dak Prescott, Brock Purdy, Baker Mayfield) to rank in the top 10 in the league in passing TDs (No. 2), passing yards (No. 7) and TD/INT ratio (No. 7, 2.91) in 2023.
His 32 passing TDs were the fourth most by a QB in his first season with multiple starts, trailing only Mahomes (50 in 2018), Warner (41 in 1999) and Daunte Culpepper (33 in 2000).
Threw for multiple TD passes with no INTs in a league-high nine games in 2023, tied for No. 1 in NFL history (Purdy) for the most by a QB in his first 18 career starts.
Over the final eight games last season, completed 196 of 279 passes (70.3 pct.) for 2,150 yards and 18 TDs with one INT for a 112.7 rating, joining Aaron Rodgers (Nov. 14, 2021-Jan. 9, 2022) as the only Green Bay QBs to post 2,150-plus passing yards, 18-plus passing TDs, one/zero interceptions and a completion percentage of 70-plus over an eight-game span in a single season.
Finished his career at Utah State ranked No. 2 in school history in passing yards (8,600), completions (689) and attempts (1,125), tied for No. 2 in TD passes (60), and No. 3 in completion percentage (61.2) despite playing just three seasons.
Earned honorable mention All-Mountain West recognition as a junior in 2019 after setting a single-season school record with 293 completions and posting 3,402 passing yards, the second most in a season in school history. As a sophomore in 2018, set Utah State single-season records for TD passes (32), passing yards (3,567) and 300-yard passing games (seven).
Pro Highlights:
Became just the third quarterback in NFL history to post 4,000-plus passing yards (4,159) and 32-plus passing TDs (32) in his first season with multiple starts, joining Warner (1999) and Mahomes (2018).
Became the first QB to help lead the Packers to the postseason in his first full year as a starter since at least 1950, when the league began recording starts for every player.
Was one of four QBs (Dak Prescott, Brock Purdy, Baker Mayfield) to rank in the top 10 in the league in passing TDs (No. 2), passing yards (No. 7) and TD/INT ratio (No. 7, 2.91) in 2023.
Was one of only two QBs (Prescott) in the league to hit those marks for passing TDs, passing yards and TD/INT ratio last season.
His 32 passing TDs were the fourth most by a QB in his first season with multiple starts, trailing only Mahomes (50 in 2018), Warner (41 in 1999) and Daunte Culpepper (33 in 2000).
Threw for multiple TD passes with no INTs in a league-high nine games in 2023, tied for No. 1 in NFL history (Purdy) for the most by a QB in his first 18 career starts.
Rushed for 247 yards and four TDs on 50 carries (4.9 avg.) in 2023, becoming only the second QB in team history to throw for 30-plus TD passes and rush for four-plus TDs in a season (Aaron Rodgers, 2009 and 2016).
Over the final eight games last season, completed 196 of 279 passes (70.3 pct.) for 2,150 yards and 18 TDs with one INT for a 112.7 rating, joining Rodgers (Nov. 14, 2021-Jan. 9, 2022) as the only Green Bay QBs to post 2,150-plus passing yards, 18-plus passing TDs, one/zero interceptions and a completion percentage of 70-plus over an eight-game span in a single season.
Appeared in four games in 2022 and completed 14 of 21 passes (66.7 pct.) for 195 yards and a TD with no INTs for a 112.2 rating.
Played in six games with one start in 2021, completing 36 of 62 passes (58.1 pct.) for 411 yards and two TDs with three INTs (68.7 rating).
Was inactive (third QB) for all 16 games and both postseason contests as a rookie in 2020.
Was selected by the Packers in the first round (No. 26 overall) of the 2020 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Miami Dolphins in exchange for Green Bay's first-round choice (No. 30 overall) and its fourth-round selection (No. 136).
Joined Utah's Alex Smith (No. 1 overall by San Francisco in 2005) and Wyoming's Josh Allen (No. 7 overall by Buffalo in 2018) as the only QBs in Mountain West Conference history to be selected in the first round.
Became the ninth QB in franchise history and the fifth in the Common Draft Era (since 1967) to be selected in the first round.
2023 SEASON: Started all 17 games, connecting on 372 of 579 passes (64.2 pct.) for 4,159 yards and 32 TDs with 11 INTs for a 96.1 passer ratingâ¦Was one of four QBs (Prescott, Purdy, Mayfield) to rank in the top 10 in the league in passing TDs (No. 2), passing yards (No. 7) and TD/INT ratio (No. 7, 2.91)â¦Was one of only two QBs (Prescott) in the league to hit those marks for passing TDs, passing yards and TD/INT ratioâ¦Also ranked No. 5 in the NFL in TD percentage (5.5), No. 8 in completions and No. 11 in passer ratingâ¦Became just the third NFL quarterback to post 4,000-plus passing yards and 32-plus passing TDs in his first season with multiple starts, joining Warner (1999) and Mahomes (2018)â¦Became the first QB to help lead the Packers to the postseason in his first full year as a starter since at least 1950, when the league began recording starts for every playerâ¦His 32 passing TDs were the fourth most by a QB in his first season with multiple starts, trailing only Mahomes (50 in 2018), Warner (41 in 1999) and Culpepper (33 in 2000)â¦Threw for multiple TD passes with no INTs in nine games on the season (No. 1 in the league), tied for No. 1 in NFL history (Purdy) for the most by a QB in his first 18 career startsâ¦Posted a 100-plus passer rating in 10 games on the season, tied for No. 2 in the NFL behind only Prescott (11)â¦Ranked No. 7 in the NFL on the season with 85 explosive passes (16-plus yards), the third most by a Green Bay QB since 2000 (Aaron Rodgers, 102 in 2011 and 86 in 2018)â¦Was tied for No. 2 in the NFL in red-zone passing TDs (24) and ranked No. 2 in third-down passing TDs (14)â¦Over the final eight games, completed 196 of 279 passes (70.3 pct.) for 2,150 yards and 18 TDs with one INT for a 112.7 rating, joining Rodgers (Nov. 14, 2021-Jan. 9, 2022) as the only Green Bay QBs to post 2,150-plus passing yards, 18-plus passing TDs, one/zero interceptions and a completion percentage of 70-plus over an eight-game span in a single seasonâ¦Rushed for 247 yards and four TDs on 50 carries (4.9 avg.), becoming only the second QB in team history to throw for 30-plus TD passes and rush for four-plus TDs in a season (Rodgers, 2009 and 2016)â¦Had four runs of 20-plus yards, the most by a Green Bay QB in a season since the 1970 merger and tied for the second most by a QB in the NFL in 2023â¦Started both playoff contests, completing 37 of 55 passes (67.3 pct.) for 466 yards and five TDs with two INTs for a 108.6 rating, the fourth-best rating in team history in a single postseason (min. 30 att.)â¦At Chicago (Sept. 10): Threw for 245 yards and three TDs with no INTs on 15-of-27 passing (55.6 pct.) for a 123.2 rating. On third/fourth down, connected on 8 of 10 passes for 153 yards and two TDs with no INTs for a perfect 158.3 rating, the first Packers QB to register a perfect passer rating on third/fourth down since Rodgers at Minnesota on Oct. 27, 2013. Posted a career-high four completions of 30-plus yards (51, 37, 35t, 30)â¦At Atlanta (Sept. 17): Completed 14 of 25 passes (56.0 pct.) for 151 yards and three TDs with no INTs, becoming just the second QB in franchise history to throw three-plus TD passes and zero INTs in both of the first two games of the season (Brett Favre, 1996). Became just the fourth NFL quarterback with at least three TD passes and no INTs in two of his first three career starts, joining Warner (1999), Case Keenum (2013) and Mahomes (2017-18)â¦Vs. New Orleans (Sept. 24): Threw for 259 yards on 22-of-44 passing (50.0 pct.) with a TD and an INT as he helped the Packers match the biggest fourth-quarter comeback in franchise history (down 17-0 through three quarters). Led two TD drives of 80 yards each in the fourth quarter, capping the first one off with his first career TD run, a 1-yard score on fourth down that cut the Saints' lead to 17-11 following his two-point conversion pass to WR Samori Toure. Guided the Packers on a nine-play, 80-yard drive that included his 24-yard run down the left sideline and was capped off by an 8-yard back-shoulder TD pass to WR Romeo Doubs. Finished with a career-best 39 rushing yards on a career-high nine attempts (4.3 avg.)â¦Vs. Detroit (Sept. 28): Completed 23 of 36 passes (63.9 pct.) for 246 yards and a TD with two INTs (69.9 rating). Became the first QB in team history (since 1950) to throw at least one TD pass in each of his first five career starts. Also scored on a 9-yard TD run early in the fourth quarter, giving him a passing TD and a rushing TD in back-to-back games for the first time in his career. Became just the third Green Bay QB since the 1970 AFL-NFL merger to accomplish that feat (Rodgers, four times; Lynn Dickey, twice)â¦At Las Vegas (Oct. 9): Connected on 16 of 30 passes (53.3 pct.) for 182 yards with three INTs (32.2 rating). Completed a career-long 77-yard pass to WR Christian Watson midway through the third quarter down to the Las Vegas 6. Also rushed for 37 yards on two carries (18.5 avg.), highlighted by a 26-yarder in the first quarter. Dating back to 1978, became the first Green Bay QB to post a pass of 75-plus yards and a run of 25-plus yards in the same gameâ¦Vs. L.A. Chargers (Nov. 19): Posted a career-high 322 passing yards and two TDs with no INTs on 27-of-40 passing (67.5 pct.) for a 108.5 rating. With the Packers trailing, 20-16, with 5:24 remaining in the game, led the offense on a six-play, 75-yard drive that was capped off with his 24-yard game-winning TD pass to Doubs with 2:33 left. His eight explosive completions (16-plus yards) were a career bestâ¦At Detroit (Nov. 23): Connected on 22 of 32 passes (68.8 pct.) for 268 yards and three TDs with no INTs (125.5 rating) and also tied his career high with 39 yards on three carries (13.0 avg.), highlighted by a career-long 37-yard run on a third-and-1 in the fourth quarter to the Detroit 42. Became the first Green Bay QB with three-plus TD passes and zero INTs and a run of 35-plus yards in a game since Rodgers did it vs. Minnesota on Nov. 1, 2009â¦Vs. Kansas City (Dec. 3): Threw for 267 yards and three TDs with no INTs on 25-of-36 passing (69.4 pct.) for a 118.6 rating against the defending Super Bowl champions, his third consecutive game with multiple TD passes and no INTsâ¦At Minnesota (Dec. 31): Threw for 256 yards and three TDs with no INTs on 24-of-33 passing (72.7 pct.) for a 125.3 rating, his third consecutive game with multiple TD passes, zero INTs and a rating of 100-plus. Added a 2-yard rushing TD in the second quarter, becoming the first Green Bay QB to post multiple passing TDs and a rushing TD with no INTs in back-to-back gamesâ¦Vs. Chicago (Jan. 7): Posted a career-high completion percentage of 84.4, the second-best mark in a game in team history among QBs with 30-plus attempts (Dickey, 87.1 on Sept. 4, 1983, at Houston) as he connected on 27 of 32 passes for 316 yards and two TDs with no INTs for a career-best 128.6 rating. His 84.4 percentage was the second best in a game by a QB against the Bears among QBs with 30-plus attempts behind only Tom Brady's mark of 85.7 percent (30 of 35 on Oct. 26, 2014). Posted a 145.8 rating on third down, connecting on 7 of 8 passes for 76 yards and two TDs with no INTs, picking up first downs on all seven completionsâ¦At Dallas (NFC Wild Card, Jan. 14): Posted a 157.2 passer rating in his NFL playoff debut, connecting on 16 of 21 passes (76.2 pct.) for 272 yards and three TDs with no INTs. His passer rating tied the fourth-best mark (min. 15 att.) in NFL postseason history and tied Texans QB C.J. Stroud for the top mark by a QB in his NFL playoff debut. The 157.2 rating was the second best by an NFL QB in a road playoff game behind only Terry Bradshaw's perfect 158.3 rating at Baltimore on Dec. 19, 1976. Led the offense on six TD drives in Green Bay's first seven possessions, the Packers' first time doing so in any game since vs. Chicago (Nov. 9, 2014).
2022: Appeared in four games and completed 14 of 21 passes (66.7 pct.) for 195 yards and a TD with no INTs for a 112.2 rating...Served as the No. 2 QB, but did not see any action in the other 13 contestsâ¦At Minnesota (Sept. 11): Took over at QB for the final series with the Packers trailing, 23-7, and connected on 4 of 5 passes (80.0 pct.) for 65 yards (118.8 rating)â¦Vs. N.Y. Jets (Oct. 16): Took over at QB for the final series with the Packers trailing, 27-10. Completed 2 of 4 passes for 8 yards (56.2 rating)â¦At Philadelphia (Nov. 27): Took over for an injured Rodgers (ribs) in the fourth quarter, connecting on 6 of 9 passes (66.7 pct.) for 113 yards and a TD for a 146.8 rating. On his fourth snap, found Watson on a short pass over the middle that went for a season-long 63-yard TD.
2021: Played in six games with one start, completing 36 of 62 passes (58.1 pct.) for 411 yards with two TDs and three INTs (68.7 rating)...Had 12 carries for 27 yards (2.3 avg.)â¦Dressed, but did not play in 10 contests (Weeks 3-8, 10, 12 and 15-16)â¦Was placed on reserve/COVID-19 on Dec. 6 and was sidelined in Week 14 vs. Chicago...At New Orleans (Sept. 12): Made his NFL regular-season debut, taking over for Rodgers in the fourth quarter with the Packers trailing, 38-3. Completed 5 of 7 passes (71.4 pct.) for 68 yards (102.1 rating), including a 32-yarder to WR Randall Cobb down to the New Orleans 30 with just over three minutes remaining. His first career completion came on a third-and-7 throw to WR Amari Rodgers that picked up 19 yardsâ¦At Kansas City (Nov. 7): Made his first NFL start in place of QB Aaron Rodgers (reserve/COVID-19), connecting on 19 of 34 passes (55.9 pct.) for 190 yards and a TD with one INT for a 69.5 rating. Added 23 rushing yards on five carries (4.6 avg.). Threw his first TD pass as a pro when he found WR Allen Lazard on fourth down with 4:54 remaining in the game for a 20-yard scoreâ¦At Detroit (Jan. 9): Came in at QB on the final series of the first half (kneel-down) and then played the entire second half with the Packers already having clinched the No. 1 seed in the NFC. Connected on 10 of 17 passes for 134 yards and a TD with two INTs (64.0 rating). Led the Packers on two TD drives in the fourth quarter, highlighted by his season-long 62-yard TD to TE Josiah Deguara on a screen pass with 4:49 remaining to give the Packers a 30-27 lead.
2020: Was inactive (third QB) for all 16 games and both postseason gamesâ¦2020 Draft: Selected by the Packers in the first round (No. 26 overall), a pick obtained from Miami in exchange for Green Bay's first-round pick (No. 30 overall) and its fourth-round selection (No. 136). Became just the fifth Utah State player in school history to be selected in the first round of the NFL draft, joining Bill Munson (L.A. Rams, 1964, No. 7 overall) as the only QBs in school history to be picked in the first round.
COLLEGE: Played in 38 games with 32 starts in three seasons and finished his career ranked No. 2 in school history in passing yards (8,600), completions (689) and attempts (1,125), tied for No. 2 in TD passes (60), and No. 3 in completion percentage (61.2)â¦Set school career records for total offense (9,003 yards), 300-yard passing games (12) and completions of 80-plus yards (four)â¦Earned his degree in human movement scienceâ¦2019: Completed 293 of 473 passes (61.9 percent) for 3,402 yards and 20 TDs with 17 INTsâ¦Earned honorable mention All-Mountain West recognition and earned third-team all-league honors from Phil Steele's College Footballâ¦Set single-season school records for completions and attempts, while his passing-yardage total ranked No. 2 in school annalsâ¦Registered 3,577 yards of total offense, the third most in school historyâ¦Ranked No. 3 in the conference and No. 23 in the nation in passing yards per game (261.7 ypg)â¦Carried the ball 81 times for 175 yards (2.2 avg.)â¦Completed a career-high 33 passes on 48 attempts (68.8 pct.) for a season-high 416 yards and three TDs at Wake Forest (Aug. 30), with his completion total checking in at No. 2 in school historyâ¦Connected on 30 of 39 passes (76.9 pct.) for 388 yards and two TDs at Fresno State (Nov. 9)â¦Threw three TD passes for the second straight game, completing 30 of 39 passes (76.9 pct.) for 317 yards vs. Kent State (Tropical Smoothie Cafe Frisco Bowl) as he set the school record for most completions in a bowl gameâ¦2018: Earned second-team All-Mountain West honors from both the league's coaches and Phil Steele's College Football after completing 267 of 417 passes (64.0 pct.) for 3,567 yards and 32 TDs with six INTsâ¦Led the conference and ranked No. 10 in the country in passing efficiency (158.3)â¦Led the MWC and was tied for No. 8 in the nation in TD passesâ¦Set single-season school records for TD passes, passing yards, 300-yard passing games (seven) and for being named the Mountain West Offensive Player of the Week (five times)â¦Also tied the single-season school record with a pair of 400-yard passing gamesâ¦His 267 completions and 3,630 yards of total offense ranked No. 2 in school annalsâ¦Posted a career-high seven rushing TDs on the seasonâ¦Helped Utah State set a Mountain West record with 618 points scored in 13 games, breaking the previous mark of 608 points scored by BYU in 2001 in 14 gamesâ¦Earned his first MWC Offensive Player of the Week honor after throwing for 356 yards and two TDs on 26-of-38 passing (68.4 pct.) vs. Air Force (Sept. 22)â¦Earned conference Offensive Player of the Week recognition for the second straight game after throwing four TD passes for the first time in his career in the win at BYU (Oct. 5)â¦Earned his third straight Offensive Player of the Week award after completing 17 of 23 passes (73.9 pct.) for 322 yards and a career-high five TDs vs. UNLV (Oct. 13), matching the school single-game record for TD passesâ¦Earned his fourth MWC Offensive Player of the Week honor after throwing for 448 yards and four TDs on 23-of-34 passing (67.6 pct.) vs. New Mexico (Oct. 27)â¦Posted a career-high 491 passing yards vs. San Jose State (Nov. 10), the third most in a game in school history, and matched his career best with five TD passes (including a career-long 88-yarder) as he took home conference Offensive Player of the Week honors for the fifth time on the seasonâ¦Was named the Offensive Most Valuable Player vs. North Texas (New Mexico Bowl, Dec. 15) after throwing for 359 yards and four TDs on 21-of-43 passing (48.8 pct.) while adding a rushing TDâ¦Set school records for the most TD passes, the most passing yards and the most yards of total offense (362) in a bowl gameâ¦2017: Appeared in 12 games as a redshirt freshman and started the final six contests of the season, completing 129 of 235 passes (54.9 pct.) for 1,631 yards and eight TDs with six INTsâ¦Set a single-season school record for passing yards by a freshmanâ¦Added 165 rushing yards and two TDs on 46 carries (3.6 avg.)â¦Made his collegiate debut, completing 3 of 6 passes (50.0 pct.) for 18 yards vs. Idaho State (Sept. 7)â¦Threw his first career TD pass, connecting on a 77-yarder with RB Gerold Bright in the third quarter, and finished with 171 passing yards on 6-of-13 passing (46.2 pct.) at Wake Forest (Sept. 16)â¦Made his first collegiate start, taking home Mountain West Offensive Player of the Week honors after connecting on 19 of 27 passes (70.4 pct.) for a season-high 316 yards and two TDs while adding eight carries for 42 yards (5.3 avg.) and a TD, the first rushing TD of his college career, at UNLV (Oct. 21)â¦The 316 passing yards were the third most in a game in school history by a freshmanâ¦Posted a career-high 47 rushing yards and a TD on six attempts (7.8 avg.) and added 110 passing yards and a TD on 10-of-16 passing (62.5 pct.) vs. Hawai'i (Nov. 18)â¦Connected on 17 of 30 passes (56.7 pct.) for 284 yards and two TDs and added six carries for 32 yards (5.3 avg.) at Air Force (Nov. 25), including a season-long 20-yard run.
PERSONAL: Given name Jordan Alexander Loveâ¦Born in Bakersfield, Calif. â¦High school: Was named the CIF Division I Valley League Offensive Player of the Year by the Bakersfield Californian and earned all-area co-MVP honors as a senior at Liberty High School in Bakersfield, Calif. â¦Completed 114 of 224 passes (50.9 pct.) for 2,148 yards and 24 TDs while also rushing for 806 yards and eight TDs on 128 carries (6.3 avg.) as he led the Lions to their first-ever Central Section Division I titleâ¦Threw for 200-plus yards in six games on the season and threw at least one TD pass in every gameâ¦Posted two 100-yard rushing games on the season and registered a season-high three rushing TDs against Frontier Highâ¦As a junior, connected on 102 of 198 passes (51.5 pct.) for 1,930 yards and 18 TDsâ¦Also rushed for 384 yards and five TDs on 86 carries (4.5 avg.)â¦Played basketball his first three years in high school and did the high jump, long jump and triple jump in track his first two yearsâ¦Community involvement: Launched the Hands of 10ve Foundation in May 2024 with a mission to encourage kids to participate in sports, bring awareness to mental health and suicide and unite law enforcement with the community...Hosted his second annual free youth football camp at Liberty High School (Bakersfield, Calif.) in July 2024 along with former high school and Packers teammate Krys Barnes...Signed autographs during the 2023 holiday season to benefit The Salvation Army...In September 2022, attended a football game at Denmark (Wis.) High School as part of the Packers Vs. Cancer initiative, interacting with fans and throwing autographed foam footballs into the stands...Did a virtual visit with patients at Marshfield (Wis.) Children's Hospitalâ¦Participated in a virtual bingo event to benefit The Salvation Army.
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241 | who is the quarterback for the green bay packers | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Love | Jordan Love
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For other people named Jordan Love, see Jordan Love (disambiguation) .
American football player
No. 10 – Green Bay Packers
Height:
Weight:
Career history
Passing attempts:
Early life
College career
Love in college at Utah State in 2019
Between his freshman year of high school and his first year of college, Love grew nine inches (23 cm) in height and gained 80 pounds (36 kg). He redshirted his first year at Utah State University in 2016. As a freshman in 2017, he played in 12 games and started the final six. [3] He finished the season, completing 129 of 235 passes for 1,631 yards, eight touchdowns and six interceptions. [7] [8] Following his debut at UNLV , he was named the Mountain West Offensive Player of the Week. [9]
As a sophomore in 2018, Love started all 13 games, completing 267 of 417 passes for a school season record 3,567 yards with 32 touchdowns and six interceptions. [10] He was named the MVP of the 2018 New Mexico Bowl after passing for 359 yards and four touchdowns. [11] His team finished the season with an 11–2 record and ranked No. 22 on the AP poll. [12] Following his sophomore season, he was expected to be a future NFL first-round draft pick. [13]
In 2019, Love returned to Utah State under a new head coach and offensive coordinator. Many teammates from his previous season had graduated, including four starters on the offensive line. [14] Love again started all 13 games, completing 293 of 473 passes for 3,402 yards with 20 touchdowns and a career-high 17 interceptions. His team slid to a 7–6 record with the changes to the roster and coaching staff. [15] Following the end of the 2019 season, Love announced that he would forgo his senior year and enter the 2020 NFL draft . [16] He completed his college career passing for 8,600 yards, throwing 60 touchdowns against 29 interceptions and rushing for an additional 403 yards and 9 touchdowns. [17]
Professional career
Love participated in the NFL Scouting Combine prior to the 2020 NFL draft . [18] NFL.com graded him as the fifth best quarterback in the Combine and projected that he would eventually become a starting quarterback in the NFL. Analyst Lance Zierlein noted in his assessment of Love that "he has the arm to stick throws into tight windows but needs better eye discipline and anticipation to keep windows open. His size, mobility and arm talent combined with his 2018 flashes could be a winning hand that leads a team into the future or a siren's song of erratic play and unfulfilled potential". [6] Love's measurements and performance at the Scouting Combine were praised and increased interest in him as a high draft pick. [18] [19]
After trading up with the Miami Dolphins , the Green Bay Packers drafted Love in the first round (26th pick) in the 2020 draft, making him the first player from a Group of Five conference to be chosen in that draft. [20] [21] The move shocked draft analysts and the news media. The Packers already had an MVP quarterback in Aaron Rodgers . [14] On July 1, 2020, Love signed his rookie four-year, fully guaranteed contract worth over $12.3 million with a signing bonus of over $6.5 million. It was the first time the 26th pick in the draft received a fully guaranteed contract since the rookie pay scale was changed. [22]
Backup years: 2020–2022
Aaron Rodgers (#12) was the starting quarterback for the first three years of Love's (#10) career (both pictured during a 2021 game)
At the beginning of the 2020 NFL season , the Packers listed Love as the third quarterback on the depth chart, behind Rodgers and third year quarterback Tim Boyle . [23] Love was inactive for every game of the 2020 season, both regular season and the postseason. [24] The Packers finished the 2020 season 13–3, earning the number one seed in the NFC. [25] They went on to lose to the eventual Super Bowl champions Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game . [26]
With Boyle signing a contract with the Detroit Lions , [27] the Packers made Love their second string quarterback behind Rodgers to start the 2021 NFL season . [28] After playing twice in the preseason, [29] Love made his NFL regular season debut in the fourth quarter of a 38–3 loss to the New Orleans Saints on September 12, 2021, in relief of Rodgers. [30] He completed six of eight passes but also lost a fumble. [31] Love made his first NFL start on November 7, 2021, against the Kansas City Chiefs , replacing Rodgers, who had tested positive for COVID-19 four days earlier and was ineligible to play. [32] Love completed 19 of 34 passes for 190 yards, threw one interception, and completed his first NFL touchdown pass to Allen Lazard during a 13–7 loss. [33] With the Packers already securing their spot in the playoffs, Love relieved Rodgers in the second half of the last game of the year against the Lions, where he completed 10 of 17 passes for 134 yards and a touchdown, and ran for a two-point conversion, but also threw two late interceptions as the Packers lost 37–30. [34] [35] The Packers finished the season 13–4, losing to the San Francisco 49ers in the Divisional Round of the playoffs . [36]
Love was again the second string quarterback behind Rodgers for the 2022 NFL season . [37] He saw limited action in two early season losses and one late season victory. [38] During another late season game against the Philadelphia Eagles , Love replaced an injured Rodgers, completing six of nine passes for 113 yards, with a long touchdown pass to Christian Watson to bring the Packers within one touchdown of tying the game. [39] Love finished the game with a 146.8 passer rating but was unable to complete the comeback, with the Packers losing 40–33. [40] The Packers finished the year 8–9, missing the playoffs for the first time in four seasons. [41]
Starter: 2023–present
During the offseason, there was much speculation from the national media that Rodgers would retire or be traded. [42] After Rodgers announced his intention to play in the 2023 NFL season for the New York Jets , the Packers completed a trade sending Rodgers to New York for draft picks. [43] In doing so, the Packers also named Love the starting quarterback for the 2023 season. [44] In lieu of exercising his fifth-year option, he signed an incentive-laden one-year contract extension worth up to $22.5 million, covering the 2024 season. [45]
In Love's first start of the 2023 season, he threw for 245 yards and three touchdown passes, as the Packers beat the Chicago Bears 38–20. [46] With that start, Love became only the third different quarterback to start Week 1 for the Packers since 1993, after Brett Favre and Rodgers. [47] Two weeks later, Love completed his first come-from-behind victory with a 18–17 win over the Saints, after the Packers trailed by a score of 17–0 in the fourth quarter. [48] In Week 11 against the Los Angeles Chargers , Love threw for over 300 yards in a game for the first time in his career, leading the Packers to a 23–20 victory. [49] The next week, in Love's first start during a Thanksgiving Day game , he threw for 268 yards and 3 touchdowns to lead the Packers to a 29–22 upset victory over the Lions. [50] In the penultimate game of the season, the Packers secured a victory against the Minnesota Vikings , bringing their record to 8–8. A victory in the last game of the season at home against the Bears would guarantee a berth into the playoffs . [51] Love led the Packers to a 17–9 victory by passing for 316 yards and two touchdown passes, finishing off his first season as the Packers' starting quarterback with 4,159 passing yards, 32 touchdown passes against 11 interceptions, and completing 64.2% of his passes. [52] In his playoff debut against the No. 2 seeded Dallas Cowboys , Love threw for 272 yards and three touchdowns, finishing the game with a near-perfect passer rating of 157.2. With this performance, the Packers became the first No. 7 seed to win a playoff game, winning 48–32. [53] Against the top-seeded 49ers, Love completed 21-of-34 passes for 194 yards and two touchdowns, but threw two interceptions, one of which was a game-sealing pick as the Packers lost 24–21. [54] He was ranked 34th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2024 . [55]
In July 2024, Love signed a new $220 million, four-year extension with the Packers; at an average of $55 million a year, which tied him for the highest average annual value at the time of the signing. The deal included a $75 million signing bonus and $155 million in guaranteed money. [56] The Packers opened the 2024 NFL season against the Philadelphia Eagles in Sao Paulo, Brazil , which marked the NFL's first game in that country. [57] Love completed 17 of 34 passes for 260 yards, two touchdowns and one interception as the Packers lost 34–29. Love suffered an MCL sprain with 15 seconds to play in the fourth quarter. [58] Backup Malik Willis played in his absence for two games, and Love returned ahead of a Week 4 matchup against the Vikings. He completed 32 passes for a career high 389 yards while also throwing four touchdowns and three interceptions as the Packers lost 31–29. [59] Love continued to struggle in the early part of the season, throwing at least one interception in his first eight games of the season. However, he finished the last seven games of the regular season without throwing an interception. [1] The Packers secured a playoff berth, however they lost their last two games of the regular season, including a loss to the Bears that ensured the Packers would be the last seed in the playoffs. [60] Love was injured during the Bears game, but returned the next week for the Wild Card match-up against the Eagles. Love again struggled, throwing three interceptions in a 22–10 loss that ended the Packers season. [61]
NFL career statistics
"Jordan Love College Stats" . Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
"2020 NFL Draft Listing" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
"2024 NFL Top 100" . Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2024. Retrieved September 23, 2024.
External links
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241 | who is the quarterback for the green bay packers | https://www.packers.com/news/focused-and-fearless-jordan-love-takes-the-reins-in-green-bay | Focused and fearless, Jordan Love takes the reins in Green Bay
Poise, playmaking ability have Packers’ young QB off to strong start
By Wes Hodkiewicz Sep 22, 2023
Photographs By Evan Siegle, packers.com; Photo Illustration: Lauren Stone
The quarterback's a cool customer. The observation â however obvious it may seem â hit Aaron Jones on the eve of the Packers' 2023 opener in Chicago earlier this month.
The Pro Bowl running back spent most of the offseason with Jordan Love. He twice flew to California to work out with his new starting quarterback and practiced every day with Love during organized team activities and training camp.
But it wasn't until a recent conversation with Packers assistant quarterbacks coach Connor Lewis that Jones pondered the path Love has traveled the past three years â from prospect to heir apparent to Aaron Rodgers to finally the starting quarterback of the Green Bay Packers.
No matter how intense the pressure, Love was undaunted. He conquered the difficult position of following in the footsteps of a future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with maturity, professionalism, and patience.
"I'm like, 'This guy is the right guy for this,'" Jones recalls telling Lewis. "He doesn't get rattled. He doesn't get shook. He's always poised."
Lewis agreed, having tried his best to get a rise out of Love in the quarterbacks' room. Nothing worked. It's an evergreen anecdote in the Packers' locker room among the countless examples of teammates failing to fluster the QB who can't be moved.
New Orleans Saints
A world-class arm and prototypical intangibles might have made the 6-foot-4, 219-pound quarterback a first-round pick in 2020, but a calm demeanor and composure in the pocket enabled Love to turn potential into progress. It's earned him the respect of both his teammates and coaches.
Blessed with unflinching confidence in the pocket, Love was once categorized by former Utah State offensive coordinator, David Yost, in this way: "When you watch him, you would think his heart rate is always at about 30. I mean it does not budge â good, bad, or indifferent."
General Manager Brian Gutekunst and his scouts felt the same and chose to trade up four spots to secure Love as the 26th overall pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. Love waited three years for his turn, but patience served him well as Rodgers' understudy.
"Whether it was in college and in his time here, through all the ups and downs that he's had, he's maintained a very steady, even-keeled approach," Gutekunst said. "And I think that helps him. His routine helps him get through those games. Hopefully that will serve him as well as we get into this season."
Now, Love is ready to run the show. After registering the NFL's highest passer rating during the first two weeks of the 2023 season, the 24-year-old quarterback leads the Packers into Sunday's home opener against the New Orleans Saints.
"Definitely be a lot of excitement there, just to be in Lambeau," Love said. "A little bit more excitement, just first time being a starter there. So, I'm excited, I'm looking forward to it."
Evan Siegle, packers.com
Poise has been a signature of the burgeoning Love era in Green Bay, which officially began on Sept. 10 against the Packers' archrivals at Soldier Field.
Riding an eight-game win streak over the Bears, the Packers were thrust into the national spotlight right away as critics debated whether Green Bay's new quarterback could build upon Rodgers' success in Chicago.
They got their answer quickly enough, as Love was lights out in a dominant 38-20 victory. He completed 15 of 27 passes for 243 yards, three touchdowns and no interceptions (123.3 passer rating).
Most impressively, Love went 8 of 10 on third and fourth downs for 153 yards with two TDs and no INTs. In doing so, he became the first Packers quarterback to fashion a maximum 158.3 passer rating on third/fourth down since Rodgers at Minnesota on Oct. 27, 2013.
Head Coach Matt LaFleur could see that natural poise in play on the practice field the past couple years. It wasn't always perfect but Love never let setbacks quash his playstyle. Best of all, Love handled success and growth with the same stable temperament.
"He's played how we've expected him to play," LaFleur said. "You never quite know until they get out there, but the thing that's been so impressive to me is just how he's played in terms of the poise that he's shown, the confidence."
Love's brand of leadership began all the way back in the spring. While he didn't officially become QB1 until Rodgers was traded to the New York Jets in April, Love approached the offseason with a QB1 mindset.
That included going above and beyond the confines of Green Bay's standard nine-week offseason program. During his midsummer break, Love welcomed Jones, Christian Watson, Romeo Doubs, Jayden Reed, and Dontayvion Wicks all out to California to work out and run routes together.
Football forged friendship, as the group bonded over meals, conversations and even an impromptu bowling outing after original plans fell through to drive go-carts at a local speedway.
Doubs later referred to the excursion as "the best thing we've done this offseason." Jones came away from that trip feeling better acquainted with Love, both as a player and a person.
"Jordan's our leader," Jones said. "We've seen him put in the work for years now. We're excited that he's getting his opportunity to jumpstart his career and that we get to help him."
Evan Siegle, packers.com
Week 1 at Soldier Field was loud, but Jaire Alexander might have been louder.
Before the 2023 regular season beckoned, Love got a taste of what life can be like as an NFL starting quarterback courtesy of his All-Pro cornerback during training camp at Nitschke Field.
Alexander talked all summerâ¦and talkedâ¦and talked. If he made a play, "J-Money" let "J-Love" hear about it. But it was always a one-way transmitter. Love was unfazed through the endless chatter.
Alexander doesn't lose many battles on the football field but admittedly getting to Love proved to be an impossible proposition.
"I don't see Jordan get rattled at all, man," Alexander said. "He's pretty much the same. I'm always talking to him and trying to get in his head, but I don't know. I don't think it works."
It doesn't. David Bakhtiari learned that truth early in Love's tenure in Green Bay. The five-time All-Pro left tackle put the young QB through his own initiation process to see whether Love had what it takes to succeed at this level.
Love was the same guy throughout. It's nothing forced or contrived. It's simply who Jordan Love is.
"I remember when he first got in here, I purposely would mess with him every day, by design," Bakhtiari said. "I wanted to try and rattle him, because I always want to see what kind of makeup guys are.
"If they show some fortitude early, I'm going to push harder and harder, because I just want to see what their breaking point is, or at what point they start squirming. The longer it takes, it's a good element for a successful player."
Personality translates to playstyle. With the utmost confidence in his arm, Love is unafraid to deliver a ball through a tight window if he feels there's a play to be made.
He's experimented with throwing from different arm angles and running the hurry-up offense like his predecessor to catch opposing defense with 12 men on the field.
If the three-year wait did anything, it allowed Love time to form a vivid plan for how he wanted to attack the game when the ball was placed in his hands.
Sure, mistakes will happen, but fear is a wasted emotion. Love's contention is a quarterback can learn something on every play, every throw, and every decision. He fully embraces that daily education in the film room.
"NFL is hectic. Being in the game, in the moment, plays are very hectic," Love said. "If things go bad on one play â if you get stuck on that play and it's hard for you to refocus on the next play â it can kind of go downhill. I try after every play to not get too high, not get too low. Just reset and focus on what I gotta do out there and everything is going to play itself out."
Evan Siegle, packers.com
Love's philosophy has the young QB off to a promising start in his inaugural season as the Packers' signal-caller.
Through Green Bay's first two road trips, Love has completed 29 of 52 for 396 yards with six touchdowns and no interceptions.
The Packers came up short in Week 2 in Atlanta but Love still fired three more TD passes to join Rodgers (2013), Brett Favre (1996) and Lynn Dickey (1983) as the only QBs in team history to throw for at least three touchdowns in back-to-back games to start a season.
That stat line puts Love in some elite company in the modern era, as just the fourth NFL quarterback in the last decade to throw for at least three touchdowns and no interceptions in the first two games of a season.
The other three? Patrick Mahomes (2018 and 2019), Tom Brady (2015) and Peyton Manning (2014).
Presently, no NFL quarterback has a higher passer rating than Love's 118.8. He's one of five QBs who's yet to throw a throw an INT or lose a fumble in two starts.
"I'm fired up for him," fourth-year running back AJ Dillon said. "He's really stepping into that leadership role and demanding everybody is right there with him and keep getting better every day. I'm excited for him to continue and do my best to help him out back there."
Love feels his bond with LaFleur has aided his emergence. The two grew closer in the meeting room this summer and those honest conversations have spurred a lot of creativity.
Love and LaFleur recognize there will be challenges, including that 25-24 loss on Sunday in which the Falcons rallied back from a 12-point, fourth-quarter deficit for the victory. But the future does appear bright.
On Sunday, Love becomes just the third quarterback in the last 30 years to start for the Packers in their home opener at Lambeau Field â and he won't be doing it alone.
Because when he runs out from the home tunnel, Love will be followed by a locker room that's stood behind him all summer. That team is now ready to rise with its young QB in every battle the Packers face.
"I'll go to war with him any day," linebacker De'Vondre Campbell said. "I got so much respect for him. The more he plays, the better he'll get. He's ready."
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241 | who is the quarterback for the green bay packers | https://www.si.com/nfl/packers/where-s-jordan-love-in-nfl-quarterback-rankings | Whereâs Jordan Love in NFL Quarterback Rankings?
The Packersâ Jordan Love doesnât rank among the NFLâs elite quarterbacks but he could be knocking on the door, according to two sets of quarterback tiers.
GREEN BAY, Wis. â Jordan Love isnât Patrick Mahomes, Joe Burrow, Josh Allen or Lamar Jackson, but the Green Bay Packers have a better quarterback situation than most teams.
The 33rd Teamâs Dan Pizzuta ranked the quarterback situations for all 32 teams . Mahomes, etc., ranked in Tier 1 â âThis Guy Makes Life Easier.â Love is one of five quarterbacks in the second tier of quarterbacks who are good but need help.
Love posted a passer rating of 96.7 in 2024, which is right on par with his 96.1 in 2023. The difference, of course, is how Love finished those seasons.
In 2023, the Packers started 3-6 but rallied into the playoffs by winning six of their final eight games. During that stretch, he ranked second in passer rating. His late-season success is why the Packers were considered Super Bowl contenders entering 2024.
However, after five consecutive games with 100-plus passer ratings, Love finished with a thud.
The Packers lost Week 17 at Minnesota, Week 18 against Chicago and the wild-card game at Philadelphia. During that stretch, 30 quarterbacks threw at least 45 passes. Love ranked 29th in passer rating, 25th in completion percentage and 27th in yards per attempt.
Yeah, but what about drops? By turning all drops into completions, Love would have ranked 26th in completion percentage, according to PFF.
Injuries, of course, were an issue for Love in 2024. If heâs healthy â and he gets some help â he should rebound.
âLove got a big contract in the offseason but itâs paid in a way that doesnât hinder the Packers from doing anything in free agency, if they choose to do so,â Pizzuta said. âGreen Bay only has $32 million charged on the cap at quarterback for the 2025 season.
âWith a full season of health, Love should look more like the 2023 version, making the throws he still showed he could make with fewer forced passes leading into turnovers.â
Love will need help to rebound. Not only did the young receiver corps spin its wheels alongside Love, but big-play receiver Christian Watson figures to miss the first half of the upcoming season while coming off a torn ACL.
Loveâs end-of-season slump coincided with Watsonâs end-of-season injuries. Watson was inactive for the loss at Minnesota, barely played before suffering the ACL injury against Chicago and obviously didnât play against the Eagles.
In a separate story , Dan Wilkins of The Score used TruMedia data to put the quarterbacks into tiers. Love was in the third tier of quarterbacks âknocking on the door.â
Starting with a Toyotathon reference , Wilkins said of Love: âThere are some rough patches of decision-making and then some playmaking highs that few in the league can match. He's oddly reminiscent of Brett Favre. Complimentary? Derogatory? Depends on the day. The upside is what championship dreams are made of.â
In two seasons as Green Bayâs starter, Love is tied for fifth with Buffaloâs Allen with 57 touchdown passes. However, only six have thrown more interceptions than Loveâs 22. Overall, heâs a respectable 13th in rating.
âThe thing that stood out the most is the way the ball comes out of his arm. He be spinning the ball,â running back Josh Jacobs said at the Super Bowl. âI think that was the biggest thing watching film on him before I came in, but then actually getting to practice with him, Iâm like, âOh, yeah, this dudeâs got it. Heâs definitely got it.â
âI think itâs about putting it together on a consistent basis. When he figures it out, heâs going to be special.â
At the start of training camp, general manager Brian Gutekunst handed Love a record-setting contract. While Loveâs final numbers were disappointing, he did improve from a 13th-ranked 7.18 yards per attempt in 2023 to a fifth-ranked 7.97 in 2024.
âI think weâre very, very excited about his growth, not only as a player but what heâs doing in our locker room as a leader,â Gutekunst said at the end of the season. âIâve talked many times about how even keel he is, and I think his growth and the way he manages our football team has been pretty impressive.
âObviously, he went through some things this year, battled through some injuries that he hadnât done that before, came out the other side of it, and was really proud of him how we went through that. Heâs leading our team exactly how we wanted to do it. So, Iâm excited about it.â
More Green Bay Packers News
These are some fun next-team odds for Aaron Rodgers at @FDSportsbook , eh? https://t.co/WaxLJ2Sxqj
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242 | are male and female praying mantis different colors | https://blog.pensoft.net/2017/06/14/gender-dictates-camouflage-strategy-in-this-newly-identified-praying-mantis-group/ | Adult females and males in a newly identified genus of Latin American praying mantises have evolved sharply different camouflage strategies, according to a Cleveland Museum of Natural History -led study published in the journal ZooKeys .
Adult males of the new genus retain the stubby, stick-like body configuration and brown coloration they have used as nymphs, whereas adult females, whose bodies grow to be considerably larger to maximize egg production, transform their appearance to mimic a leaf. They change to green, while their forewings become larger and more rounded compared to the male’s, with veins that simulate a leaf structure.
Although adult females are nearly two inches long, the members of this new mantis genus had escaped scientific recognition until recently, in part because the disparity in camouflage tactics made classification difficult.
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This shrewdness inspired the name for the new mantis species: Hondurantemna chespiritoi. The genus name (Hondurantemna) derives from Honduras, where the first female specimen was found, in combination with Antemna, a Neotropical mantis to which the new lineage is closely related.
Meanwhile, the species name, chespiritoi, is a nod to the late Mexican comedian Roberto Gómez Bolaños, known as Chespirito, or Little Shakespeare. One of Bolaños’ TV characters, a goofy superhero called the Red Grasshopper, was fond of saying “¡No contaban con mi astucia!” — Spanish for “They didn’t count on my cleverness!” — when he defeated bad guys.
“I grew up watching that TV show in Brazil”, says the study’s lead author, Cleveland Museum of Natural History entomologist and Case Western Reserve University biology Ph.D. candidate Henrique Rodrigues.
“The first male specimen of the new mantis species was from Mexico, like Bolaños,” he explains. “And the signature line of Bolaños’ Red Grasshopper character kind of reminded me of the fact that you had this pretty large species of praying mantis that no one had found for many years.”
Adult female and male specimens of the mantis species were in separate museum collections in Paris, France and San Francisco, California, but had remained unidentified and their relationship unrecognized for more than two decades because of their dissimilar appearances.
Entomologist Julio Rivera, Ph.D., spotted the large green female mantis in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle , Paris and brought it to the attention of Cleveland Museum of Natural History Curator of Invertebrate Zoology Gavin Svenson, Ph.D., an international expert on praying mantises. Dr. Svenson later saw the small brown male mantis in the California Academy of Sciences and noted that the two insects, though dissimilar in color and size, had body features that hinted they might be members of the same Antemninae sub-family.
Yet, adaptation to similar environments can cause unrelated organisms to develop similar features. This phenomenon, called convergent evolution, can complicate the process of sorting out connections on the praying mantis family tree.
Dr. Svenson is leading a research project to more accurately reclassify the massive praying mantis family tree using DNA testing and insights from the insects’ body form and features – their morphology. He has consolidated many of the country’s major mantis collections at the Cleveland museum, thus building the Western Hemisphere’s largest assemblage of the insects to aid this effort.
The final pieces of the puzzle that allowed the Cleveland researchers to identify the new mantis lineage arrived by chance. Neil Reid, Ph.D., a lecturer at Queen’s University in Belfast, Northern Ireland, contacted Dr. Svenson, wondering if he wanted to examine a group of unknown praying mantises that Dr. Reid had gathered in a Honduran cloud forest.
The specimens Dr. Reid provided included two adult females and some male and female nymphs in various stages of development. The adult females looked the same as the female from the Paris museum. The male nymphs closely resembled the adult male from San Francisco. Having the nymphs let the researchers see the separate camouflage strategies the male and female mantises adopted as they matured.
Rodrigues conducted DNA tests that confirmed the mantises all represented the same genus and species, which had not been recognized before. The analysis also showed where this new mantis group, or taxon, fit on the complex mantis family tree: verifying that it belonged in the Antemninae subfamily.
“The recognition of H. chespiritoi shows the important role genetics can play in classifying insect relationships. It also highlights the value of museum collections,” Dr. Svenson says.
“When people ask us, ‘Why do you collect things?’, it’s because we still have a shockingly small concept of the biodiversity that’s out there,” Dr. Svenson says. “Museums are the places that hold that biological knowledge, and we’re pulling information out of them all the time.”
Original Source
Rodrigues HR, Rivera J, Reid N, Svenson GJ (2017) An elusive Neotropical giant, Hondurantemna chespiritoi gen. n. & sp. n. (Antemninae, Mantidae): a new lineage of mantises exhibiting an ontogenetic change in cryptic strategy. ZooKeys 680: 73-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.680.11162
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Welcome to the endlessly fascinating and incredibly unique world of the Praying Mantis! In this article, you'll learn about their life cycle, their mating habits, hidden behavioral secrets and much more!
Praying Mantis Mating
Have you ever heard about the power of Parthenogenesis? Parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction where an embryo develops from an unfertilized egg. In other words, it's a method of reproduction where females produce offspring without the need for fertilization by a male. This phenomenon is found in various organisms across different taxonomic groups, including some species of insects, reptiles, and even certain plants. Praying mantises exhibit both sexual and asexual reproduction depending on the species and environmental conditions.
In sexual reproduction, a male praying mantis fertilizes the eggs of a female through copulation. Typically, the male approaches the female cautiously, often performing a mating ritual to avoid being attacked or eaten by the female. Once mating is successful, the female produces fertilized eggs, which she then lays in a protective egg case called an ootheca. The eggs within the ootheca eventually hatch into nymphs, which resemble miniature versions of adult mantises. These nymphs undergo several molts before reaching adulthood.
Some species of praying mantises are also capable of asexual reproduction through parthenogenesis. In this process, the female produces offspring without mating with a male. Instead, she produces viable eggs that develop into offspring without any genetic contribution from a male. The resulting offspring are essentially clones of the mother. Parthenogenesis is often observed in situations where males are scarce or absent, or under certain environmental conditions that favor this mode of reproduction.
Praying mantises are renowned for their complex and often intricate pre-mating rituals, which are primarily enacted by the male. The male carefully approaches the female, sometimes swaying or moving its antennae in a specific manner to signal its intentions. During this courtship phase, the male may also emit pheromones to further communicate its readiness to mate.
Praying mantis mating behavior is both fascinating and diverse across different species. While it is true that in some species, females may engage in cannibalism by killing and consuming their male partners after mating, this behavior is not universal across all species of praying mantises. In fact, it's a misconception perpetuated by certain sensationalized accounts!
The timing of mating in praying mantises can vary depending on factors such as species, geographic location, and environmental conditions. However, in many regions, mating typically occurs during the warmer months of the year, corresponding to the spring and summer seasons.
Here's a breakdown of the mating season for praying mantises:
Spring: In temperate regions, where there are distinct seasons, praying mantises often begin mating activities in the spring. As temperatures rise and daylight hours lengthen, mating behavior becomes more prevalent. This period is crucial for reproductive activity, as it allows the mantises to take advantage of optimal environmental conditions for mating and subsequent egg-laying.
Summer: Mating activity in praying mantises continues into the summer months, particularly in regions with longer warm seasons. During this time, mating rituals and courtship behaviors may be observed more frequently as mantises seek to reproduce and ensure the survival of their offspring.
Autumn: In some regions, mating activity may extend into the early autumn months, especially in areas with milder climates or where mantis populations are able to take advantage of the lingering warmth. However, as temperatures begin to drop and daylight hours shorten, mating activity tends to decline as mantises prepare for the onset of colder weather.
Winter: In colder climates or regions with distinct winter seasons, praying mantises typically enter a period of dormancy or reduced activity during the winter months. Mating activity is rare during this time as mantises conserve energy and seek shelter from the cold. However, in some cases, mating may occur indoors or in warmer microclimates where conditions are more favorable.
While the exact timing of mating can vary, praying mantises generally mate during the spring and summer months when temperatures are warmer and environmental conditions are conducive to reproduction. This ensures that offspring have the best chance of survival by hatching into a favorable environment with ample food and resources.
Stage One: Praying Mantis Eggs
Praying mantises lay their eggs in a variety of locations, often choosing sites that provide protection and ensure the survival of their offspring. Common areas where praying mantises lay their eggs include:
Vegetation: Praying mantises often deposit their eggs on vegetation such as trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plants. They may lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves, within leaf litter, or on branches. Vegetation provides natural cover and camouflage for the egg cases, helping to protect them from predators and environmental conditions.
Stems and Twigs: Some species of praying mantises lay their eggs directly on the stems or twigs of plants. They may attach the egg cases to the surface using a sticky substance secreted by the female mantis. This method of oviposition helps to keep the eggs elevated and away from potential threats on the ground.
Structures: Praying mantises may also lay their eggs on human-made structures such as fences, buildings, and outdoor furniture. They may choose surfaces that mimic the texture and appearance of natural vegetation, providing a suitable substrate for attaching the egg cases. Urban environments can offer alternative egg-laying sites when natural vegetation is scarce.
Soil and Ground Cover: In some cases, praying mantises may lay their eggs directly on the ground or within soil. This is less common than ovipositing on vegetation but may occur in certain species or under specific environmental conditions. The female may dig a shallow hole in the soil and deposit the eggs before covering them with debris for protection.
Man-Made Objects: Praying mantises have been known to lay their eggs on various man-made objects such as fences, walls, garden ornaments, and even vehicles. These surfaces may offer suitable attachment points for the egg cases and may be chosen if natural vegetation is limited in the surrounding area.
Praying mantises are incredibly adaptable in their choice of oviposition sites, selecting locations that provide shelter, protection, and camouflage for their eggs. The specific habitat preferences and oviposition behavior can vary between species and may be influenced by environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and the availability of suitable nesting sites.
An ootheca is a protective egg case produced by female insects, including praying mantises, to enclose and safeguard their eggs until they hatch. The ootheca serves as a durable structure that shields the eggs from environmental hazards such as desiccation, predation, and microbial attack.
Female praying mantises produce dozens to hundreds of eggs, depending on the species. These eggs are initially soft and fragile, making them vulnerable to damage and desiccation. The female secretes a frothy substance containing proteins and other materials from glands in her abdomen. This frothy substance quickly hardens upon exposure to air, forming a protective casing around the eggs. The female deposits the frothy material containing the eggs onto a suitable substrate, such as vegetation, twigs, or other surfaces. As the material continues to harden, it forms a sturdy and resilient ootheca encasing the eggs. Over time, the material comprising the ootheca undergoes further hardening and structural reinforcement, providing additional protection to the developing eggs. The ootheca becomes tough and resistant to physical damage, helping to safeguard the eggs until they hatch.
Praying mantis oothecae vary in size depending on the species, but they typically range from about 1 to 5 centimeters (0.4 to 2 inches) in length. Some species may produce larger or smaller oothecae. The color of a praying mantis ootheca can vary, but it often resembles shades of brown or tan. The coloration helps camouflage the ootheca against natural backgrounds such as vegetation or bark. The surface of a praying mantis ootheca is typically rough and textured, with a slightly wrinkled appearance. This texture helps provide grip and stability when attached to surfaces. Praying mantis oothecae are elongated and cylindrical in shape, with a segmented or ridged exterior. The shape may vary slightly between species but generally resembles a slender tube or capsule. The number of eggs contained within a praying mantis ootheca can vary widely depending on the species and the individual female. Oothecae may contain anywhere from a few dozen to several hundred eggs, with some larger species producing larger egg cases with more eggs inside.
Praying mantis oothecae are distinctive structures that play a crucial role in protecting and preserving the eggs until they hatch, ensuring the survival of the next generation of mantises. Praying mantis eggs typically hatch within several weeks to a few months after being laid. It will begin by just a few peeking out at first, but will soon turn into dozens and even hundreds of brand new mantids!
Stage Two: Praying Mantis Nymphs
During the nymph stage, praying mantises consume a variety of small insects and other invertebrates. Common food sources for praying mantis nymphs include flies, mosquitoes, moths, crickets, grasshoppers, aphids, and other small arthropods. Praying mantis nymphs are voracious predators and actively hunt their prey using their agile forelegs equipped with spines for grasping and holding onto prey.
The amount of food consumed by praying mantis nymphs varies depending on factors such as species, size, and environmental conditions. Generally, nymphs will consume multiple prey items per day, with smaller nymphs typically consuming proportionally smaller prey compared to larger nymphs. As nymphs grow and develop, they may require larger and more frequent meals to support their increasing metabolic demands.
Praying mantis nymphs are smaller in size compared to adults. They emerge from the egg as tiny versions of the adult, often no more than a few millimeters in length, depending on the species. As they molt and grow, nymphs gradually increase in size with each successive instar. Praying mantis nymphs have a similar body structure to adults, with a distinctive elongated thorax, slender abdomen, and characteristic triangular head with large compound eyes. They also possess raptorial forelegs adapted for catching and holding prey. The coloration of praying mantis nymphs can vary depending on the species and environmental factors. Nymphs may exhibit camouflage patterns and coloration that help them blend into their surroundings, providing protection from predators and enhancing their hunting efficiency.
The duration of the nymph stage varies depending on factors such as species, environmental conditions, and food availability. Praying mantis nymphs typically undergo several molts, shedding their exoskeleton to accommodate growth and development. Each molt represents a distinct developmental stage known as an instar.
Instars are developmental stages between molts in the growth of an insect. As praying mantis nymphs grow, they progress through multiple instars, with each instar characterized by specific physical changes and growth increments. During each instar, the nymph undergoes physiological changes, increases in size, and develops new features.
The number of instars a praying mantis nymph undergoes varies among species but generally ranges from five to ten instars. After completing the final instar, the nymph molts one last time to reach adulthood. Each molt and instar stage allows the nymph to grow larger, develop more pronounced features, and prepare for adulthood.
Stage Three: Adolescent Praying Mantis
Praying mantis nymphs are vulnerable to predation by a variety of predators, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, larger insects, and even other mantises. Their small size and relatively soft exoskeleton make them easy targets for predators searching for a quick meal. Praying mantis nymphs are exposed to a range of environmental hazards, including extreme temperatures, drought, flooding, and habitat destruction. Unfavorable environmental conditions such as high heat can disrupt their development, reduce their survival rates, and limit their access to resources.
The duration of the adolescent (or nymphal) stage varies depending on factors such as species, environmental conditions, and food availability. Praying mantis nymphs typically spend several weeks to a few months in this stage, during which they undergo multiple molts as they grow and develop. The exact duration of the nymphal stage can vary widely among species, with smaller species typically completing their development more quickly than larger species.
During this stage, praying mantis nymphs are highly active and voracious predators, hunting for prey to fuel their rapid growth. They also undergo significant physical changes with each molt, gradually acquiring the features and characteristics of adult mantises. Despite the risks and challenges they face during the adolescent stage, many praying mantis nymphs successfully navigate this critical period of development and emerge as fully mature adults ready to reproduce.
Stage Four: Adult Praying Mantis
Certain species of praying mantises undergo wing development after their final molt, transitioning from wingless nymphs to winged adults. This process, known as metamorphosis, involves significant physiological changes that enable the mantis to take flight and engage in aerial dispersal.
Before reaching adulthood, praying mantis nymphs undergo a series of molts to shed their exoskeletons and grow. After the final molt, the adult mantis emerges with fully developed wings. Immediately after eclosion (emergence from the final molt), the adult mantis begins the process of wing unfolding and expansion. The wings are initially soft and folded against the body, but they gradually expand and harden as they are exposed to air. As the wings expand, veins develop within the wing membranes, providing structural support and strengthening the wings for flight. This process takes several hours to complete as the wings continue to mature and harden. Once the wings have fully expanded and hardened, the adult praying mantis gains the ability to fly. However, it may take some time for the mantis to master flight maneuvers and become proficient flyers.
The time it takes for an adult praying mantis's wings to become useful for flying can vary depending on factors such as species, environmental conditions, and individual development. In general, adult mantises are typically capable of flight within a few hours to a day after eclosion, once their wings have fully expanded and hardened.
Praying mantises reach sexual maturity after completing their final molt and becoming adults. The exact age at which they become sexually mature varies among species but typically occurs several weeks to a few months after eclosion. Once sexually mature, adult praying mantises are capable of mating and producing offspring. Mating rituals and behaviors vary among species but often involve elaborate courtship displays and rituals performed by the male to attract and mate with the female. After mating, the female praying mantis produces eggs within an ootheca, or egg case, which she attaches to a suitable substrate. The eggs develop within the ootheca until they hatch into nymphs.
In general, adult mantises typically live for several months to a year, although some species may live longer under optimal conditions. Adult praying mantises may mate and produce multiple egg cases throughout their lifetime, with females capable of producing several oothecae containing numerous eggs.
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242 | are male and female praying mantis different colors | https://www.euclidlibrary.org/prayingmantis | Praying Mantis
Praying Mantis
A praying mantis is a large insect that gets its name from its very long front longs that they hold in a position that resembles praying. Mantises are in the order Mantodea. The Latin name of the praying mantis is Mantis religiosa. What do you think that means?
Both males and females have long bodies with two pairs of wings. Mantises have a mobile, triangular head with large compound eyes. Their front legs, also called the raptorial legs (what do you think this means?), are efficient for the capturing and restraining fast-moving and/or flying prey.
Female praying mantises are larger and heavier than the males. Males have larger eyes and antennae. Praying Mantises have front facing eyes which is unusual for insects. Mantises also have a compound multi-lensed eye structure at the front of their head called ocelli. The ocelli are more pronounced in males. Using this information, do you think you'd be able to tell the difference between male and female praying mantises?
Since males are smaller than females, they are more agile. Females, on the other hand, are more powerful. Adult females are so large and heavy that most of them cannot fly! Their wings cannot carry their bulky weight.
M. religiosa can be found around the world in many different colors including yellow, brown, green, and sometimes black. Scientists have not discovered a reason for this color variation but it seems that the colors match their habitats. Green mantises will be found near green grass and spring trees while brown ones would be attracted to brown grass and dead leaves. Seems like they are good at camouflaging! If they have to leave their location and their coloration no longer matches their surrounding, they will likely be killed by birds or other small animals that eat insects.
Mantises lay their eggs in an egg case that looks a lot like a miniature wasp hive. They can usually be found attached to trees, branches, or stumps. When they hatch, nearly 200 tiny mantises emerge!
The Euclid Public Library had a mantis egg case on display in the children's area in 2019. Did you get a chance to take a look?
Did You Know?
Juvenile mantises always emerge from the egg case in the morning!
Females often need more time to develop so they moult. This means they cast off part of their body in order to grow bigger. This is likely why they live longer and are bigger than males.
After mating, females often eat the male. This provides her with nutrients so she doesn't have to hunt. She gets more nutrients from eating the male than she would from hunting. Remember, she can't fly!
In Germany, praying mantises are endangered species. It is illegal to kill or keep one as a pet.
Recommended Reads
Praying Mantis by Tamra B. Orr (ebook accessible using Hoopla )
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242 | are male and female praying mantis different colors | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/praying-mantis-mating-cannibalism-birds-bite-facts-news | Photograph by Beverly Joubert, Nat Geo Image Collection
It's Praying Mantis Mating Season: Here's What You Need To Know
After growing all summer praying mantises are large and ready to mate, with a diet including hummingbirds and a habit of sexual cannibalism.
ByJason Bittel
September 7, 2018
•9 min read
If you find yourself outside this time of year, you might come across one of the world's more intriguing insects: praying mantises. Despite their saw-like arms and alien eyes, they pose no threat—unless of course you happen to be an insect, gecko, or hummingbird.
It’s not that the praying mantises of the America are more abundant in late summer and fall, says Sydney Brannoch , a mantis expert at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. It’s just that they’re more noticeable.
“Right now, they’d be looking for mates, so the males might be a little bit more active, more prone to flying around,” says Brannoch, who is also a doctoral student at Case Western Reserve University. The animals have also spent all summer hunting and growing, repeatedly shedding their exoskeletons as they reach lengths of up to half a foot.
Now, as the days shorten in the Northern Hemisphere, they have only two things on their mind: food and sex.
Mantis Mates
And sometimes those interests intersect—brutally. Praying mantis courtship can be a dangerous affair; females have been well-documented biting off the heads and eating other body parts of the males that they mate with. However, the frequency of such violence may be just a tad overstated.
“First of all, not all praying mantis species cannibalize their mates,” says Brannoch.
“Maybe if the female is starving or if the male irritates her, she might engage in that behavior. But they don’t always do it.”
2:23
In fact, of the species that exhibit cannibalism of their mates, studies have shown that the females make a meal out of the males between just 13 and 28 percent of the time .
Interestingly, getting eaten may not be as bad as it sounds.
A study published in 2016 found that when female Chinese mantises consume their mates, they acquire important amino acids that are then incorporated into the eggs they lay. They also appear to lay twice as many eggs after cannibalizing a male than they normally would.
So while the male would probably be better off to live and mate with multiple females, at least it seems his nutrients give his DNA an elevated chance of getting passed on to the next generation. ( Related: Praying mantis looks like a flower—now we know why .)
Bird Brains
In some cases, male praying mantises actually comprise a significant portion—if not a majority–of a female’s diet during breeding season. However, these insects eat many other animals as well. Including birds.
Believe it or not, praying mantises have been officially recorded eating birds in every continent except Antarctica. A study published in The Wilson Journal of Ornithology in 2017 compiled 147 cases in which the insects have eaten birds, in 13 countries on six continents. Altogether, 12 different species of mantises have been seen eating 24 types of birds, with hummingbirds as the most common prey.
The mantises have a particularly gruesome way of eating their prey: head-first. In many cases, the insects first pierced the birds’ heads and then feasted on their brains. ( See also: Praying mantis devours hummingbird in shocking photo .)
Yes, this photo is real. According to a recent paper, praying mantises have been documented hunting and killing birds on six continents, with hummingbirds being the most typical prey.
Photograph by Sharon Fullingim, National Geographic Your Shot
The most prolific of these insects is the Chinese mantis (Tenodera sinensis), which has been introduced to the American Northeast. In this region, there are 25 recorded incidents of the creatures eating birds. Ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) are the most common avian victims.
More widespread through the United States, however, is the aforementioned European praying mantis (Mantis religiosa), which is likely the most well-known and well-studied of these creatures.
The study recorded other animals that the hungry insects eat: “frogs, lizards, salamanders, newts, shrews, mice, snakes, tiny soft-shelled turtles, and even once a small bat.”
Clearly, these insects are voracious predators, but can a praying mantis hurt a human?
The short answer is, it’s unlikely. Praying mantises have no venom and cannot sting. Nor do they carry any infectious diseases. And while some varieties like the East African species known as Leptocoloa phthisica can grow nearly 10 inches long, their mouths are still rather small.
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Ears and Eyes
Another special thing that praying mantises can do is to hear approaching bats. While they're flying—they indeed have wings that are normally folded up, and not visible while they are sitting and waiting to pounce on unsuspecting prey—they can detect ultrasonic frequencies that bats use to hunt.
Using an ear-like organ in the center of their chest, they can hear sound above 20,000 hertz, just outside the range of human hearing. If they detect the series of chirps that bats use to make their final approach toward a bit of prey, they can change their flight path, dropping into a downward spiral that helps them avoid being caught, Brannoch explains.
Besides this talent for hearing, these animals have incredible eyes. Unlike all other insects, they can see in three dimensions. And yet, their 3D vision works completely differently from our own, says Vivek Nityananda , an animal behavior expert at Newcastle University upon Tyne in north England.
In a study published earlier this year, Nityananda and his colleagues fitted praying mantises with tiny 3-D goggles, not unlike the ones humans wear to the movies. The differently colored lenses allowed the researchers to show the insects two images at once and then record their reaction.
In the end, it became clear that a praying mantis’s 3-D vision is based on movement.
“Our stereo vision relies on matching the light and dark patterns of a scene and using the difference between the views of our eyes to tell depth,” says Nityananda.
This allows humans to judge depth. But for a sit-and-wait predator like a praying mantis, the background image isn’t nearly as important as the part of the picture that’s moving. After all, it could be lunch.
“Mantises must judge how far away their prey is before attempting capture and without moving, since moving would alert the prey,” says Nityananda.
“Stereo vision is a good solution to doing exactly that.”
It’s pretty incredible that praying mantises can see in 3D so well, a task that is computationally expensive for primates and more complex animals. But mantises, which only possess about one million neurons—compared to that 100 billion or so found in the human brain—have figured out a way to do it more efficiently.
Optical Illusion
Another oddity about mantis eyes: It appears that they have pupils, and can follow you with their eyes as you move. But this is a bit more complicated than it seems.
“Mantises have these big compound eyes, and they’re made up of thousands of light receptors called ommatidia,” says Brannoch.
What mantises don’t have are pupils, which animals like mammals use to focus light on the retina and form an image in the brain.
When you look at the insect’s eyes, the dark spot you see moving is actually just more of those light receptors that, because of the angle, are absorbing all the wavelengths of light—which is why they look black. Meanwhile, the light receptors all around the dark spot are reflecting certain wavelengths, which is why the rest of the eye appears green, white, brown, or purple.
Therefore, the mantises pupil is actually a bit of an optical illusion. No wonder scientists call it a pseudopupil. And thus, they cannot focus their eyes on one point in the same way that animals with pupils can.
No doubt further studies of their vision and behavior will reveal future wonders.
“They are charismatic and beautiful animals, and we have a lot to discover about them,” Nityananda says.
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243 | when did under the cork tree come out | https://falloutboy.fandom.com/wiki/From_Under_the_Cork_Tree | From Under the Cork Tree
Standard edition
Tour edition
General information
Studio
Alternative rock • emo • pop punk • post hardcore • punk rock • rock
Length
00:43:00
Label
Producer(s)
(2005)
2. " Dance, Dance " Released: October 31, 2005
Contents
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
1.
Avron
3:20
6.
Avron
3:10
7.
Avron
3:02
8.
Avron
3:23
9.
Avron
3:23
10.
Avron
2:49
12.
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length
13.
Hurley, Stump, Trohman, Wentz
Hurley, Stump, Trohman, Wentz
01:00:08
References[
↑ https://www.discogs.com/release/672246-Fall-Out-Boy-From-Under-The-Cork-Tree-Limited-Black-Clouds-And-Underdogs-Edition
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me" redirects here. For the One Tree Hill episode, see One Tree Hill season 3 .
2005 studio album by Fall Out Boy
From Under the Cork Tree
Recorded
Singles from From Under the Cork Tree
From Under the Cork Tree is the second studio album by the American rock band Fall Out Boy , released on May 3, 2005, by Island Records as the band's major label debut. The music was composed by lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump , with all lyrics penned by bassist Pete Wentz , expanding the band's songwriting approach they took for some songs on their debut album, Take This to Your Grave (2003). Neal Avron served as the album's producer. Commenting on the record's lyrical themes, Wentz said the lyrics were about "the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life." [2] In support of its release, the group headlined tours worldwide and played at various music festivals. For their Black Clouds and Underdogs tour, the album was re-released as From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" Edition), featuring new songs and remixes.
The album was Fall Out Boy's breakthrough mainstream success. Spearheaded by the lead single " Sugar, We're Goin Down ", the album debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 168,000 first week sales, a position it stayed at for two non-consecutive weeks, earning the band their first Top 10 album and becoming their longest charting and best-selling album. [3] It logged 14 weeks in the Top 20 out of its 78 chart weeks. The album as well as its singles won several awards and the album was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). [4] It has since sold over 2.5 million units in the United States, [5] and over seven million worldwide. [6] The album produced two hugely popular hit singles, "Sugar, We're Goin Down" and " Dance, Dance ", which peaked at No. 8 and No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 respectively, receiving regular radio play on both pop and alternative stations. In 2005, the album was ranked at No. 43 on the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry 's (IFPI) list of the "Top 50 Best Selling Albums of 2005" worldwide. [7]
Fall Out Boy formed near Chicago , Illinois , in 2001. [8] The band debuted with a self-released demo in the same year, and in 2002 released a split EP with Project Rocket through Uprising Records . A first mini-album, Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend was recorded in 2002 but released in 2003 by Uprising against the band's wishes. [9] Both releases helped Fall Out Boy gain notoriety on the internet and attention from record labels. The band signed with indie label Fueled by Ramen and received an advance from major label Island Records , which financed the production of Take This to Your Grave. [9] Grave became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase. [10] Fall Out Boy returned to the studio in November 2004 to begin work on a new album.
However, the group suffered a setback in February 2005 after Wentz's anxieties about creating a new record culminated in a suicide attempt. [2] Wentz explained, "It was overwhelming. I was either totally anxious or totally depressed. It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop. I was racked with self-doubt." [2] After undergoing therapy, Wentz rejoined the band and headed to Burbank, California to record the album.
Recording and production
From Under the Cork Tree was recorded at Ocean Studios in Burbank, California , and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time. [11] [12] The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album. [12] In contrast to Take This to Your Grave's rushed recording schedule, Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree. It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics, continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave. Stump felt that this process was much more "smooth" as every member was able to focus on their individual strengths. [13] He explained: "We haven't had any of those moments when I play the music and he'll say, 'I don't like that,' and he'll read me lyrics and I'll say, 'I don't like those lyrics.' It's very natural and fun." [13] Despite this, the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album, constantly scrapping new material. [14] Two weeks before recording sessions began, the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more, including the album's first single, " Sugar, We're Goin Down ". [14]
The chorus of "Sugar, We're Goin Down" was nearly thrown away by the group's label, Island Records, but it was ultimately salvaged. Wentz recalled, "Our label told us the chorus was too wordy and the guitars were too heavy and that the radio wasn't going to play it." [15] Island Records also intervened when the band wanted to title the album's first track "My Name Is David Ruffin And These Are The Temptations ". Wentz stated "Our label said, 'You're going to get sued for doing that,' and our lawyer said, 'You're definitely going to get sued for doing that,' which totally sucked. So we said, 'OK, why don't we immortalize you in a song?'" [14] The group subsequently retitled the song "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued". [14]
Stump served as the primary composer for From Under the Cork Tree. He said of the album's musical style: "We experimented quite a bit with all sorts of stuff. Some metal , some folk , some R&B . But ultimately, your band sounds like your band. You can put those things in it, but it's still going to sound like you." [16] Niyaz Pirani of the Orange County Register referred to " Dance, Dance " as " pop-punk -meets- swing -dance glory". [17] Critics have described the album as being pop-punk [18] [19] and emo . [18] [20]
On earlier works, Stump collaborated with Wentz on the lyrics. For From Under the Cork Tree and albums thereafter, Wentz handled all the lyrical duties. He called them "more introspective" than the group's previous album. "Take This To Your Grave was very reactionary," Wentz said. "It was like this person does this to you. But part of growing up is understanding that if you end up in the same situation over and over again you probably have to examine your own self and wonder whether that's one of the reasons that you have ended up in the same situation repeatedly. This time the lyrics were more about the anxiety and depression that goes along with looking at your own life." [2] He also said of his lyrics, "This is where we're going to be a year from now, and this is what you're going to be saying about us." [21] Wentz described "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea that Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)" as "looking in the mirror and not feeling safe in your own skin". [2]
The band wanted to create a record that was "a lot more developed," Wentz said. "When we did Take This to Your Grave, we were really young, we had two weeks to do it and it was like, make it or break it, this is your only shot. This time we had more time to sit with the songs and make them work and more of a chance to plan things out. To us, we're throwing the fight, but we didn't write a record that's throwing a fight. We wrote a record that means a lot to us but maybe isn't going to mean a lot to the people who are hyping us as the next big thing. And that's fine. We don't want to be the saviors of anything — we just want to be ourselves. We made a record we really like, and that's all we ever wanted. Fall Out Boy have never been about goals or ambitions. We started out just for fun, and it became this huge thing. [14] In 2007, it emerged that the band had reached an out of court settlement with American Nightmare vocalist Wesley Eisold , over the use of his poetry in some songs from From Under the Cork Tree and Infinity on High . The settlement led to future pressings of both albums listing Eisold in the credits. [22]
Title and artwork
Critical reception
Critical reaction to From Under the Cork Tree was generally positive. In an extremely positive review of the album, Johnny Loftus of AllMusic said: "Musically, Cork Tree's first five tracks are relentless, with razor-sharp melodies that seem familiar but sound totally unique at the same time. The 'Oh! Oh!'s and punchy chords of 'Of All the Gin Joints in All the World' are a thrill greater than any Jimmy Eat World album ever; ' Sugar, We're Going Down ' 's half-time shifts are triumphs of tumbling words; and the opening track meditates wryly on all-ages shows' fame. Further, when Fall Out Boy rip into 'Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year,' summer 2005 will not be able to ignore them. 'We're the therapists pumping through your speakers/Delivering just what you need,' they sing. It's obviously time to embrace our inner mall kid." [18] Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B+ in one of its "short takes" and called it "Peppy pop-punk aimed at the Warped Tour crowd. If the infectious songs don't get you, the snarky titles will". [19]
However, mixed criticism was dealt by reviewers for the band being part of a saturated scene of pop-punk bands. In Rolling Stone 's review, they gave it 3 stars out of 5 saying "...FOB's knack for crafting ginormous, soaring anthems is in full-force: even with its demented, inscrutable lyrics, "Sugar, We're Goin Down" will likely still be blasting from radios ten years on." [27] Music critic Robert Christgau , in a C+ review of the album, said that "these Warped Tour cover boys aren't terrible, but are they ever ordinary. Only their record company would claim that emotional vocals, dramatic dynamics, poppy-punky tempos, and not actually all that catchy tunes add up to their own sound." [29] IGN was very negative towards the album, giving it a 3.6 out of 10 saying: "Pop-punk had to begin somewhere, and when it rains, it apparently pours; Fall Out Boy is merely another addition to a stable bursting at the seams." [20]
Rolling Stone listed it among the "40 Greatest Emo Albums of All Time" in 2016, with Brittany Spanos writing it "changed the course of emo-punk, pop-punk and pop itself with From Under the Cork Tree, which brought the scene mainstream." [30]
Year
Publication
Country
Rank
List
2012
U.K.
14
The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time [32]
2016
Commercial performance
From Under the Cork Tree debuted at No. 9 on the US Billboard 200 with 168,000 copies sold in its first week. It became the band's first top 10 effort, as their 2003 album Take This to Your Grave did not chart in the top 200. Logging 78 weeks on the chart, Cork Tree has sold over 2 million copies in the US and over seven million worldwide, making it Fall Out Boy's best selling album. It is certified RIAA 2× platinum for shipments of two million copies. During Christmas 2005, the album again reached its peak of No. 9 with 257,000 sales, posting the band's second biggest sales week to date as of 2013. [33] Upon the release of Fall Out Boy's 2007 follow-up album Infinity on High , which debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , From Under the Cork Tree re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 168 with 5,300 sales. [34] In early 2015, the album re-entered the Billboard 200 at No. 190 for a 78th week on the strength of the band's American Beauty/American Psycho No. 1 album release. [35]
On the 2005 year-end charts, Cork Tree was No. 53 on the Billboard 200, [36] No. 26 in 2006, [37] and No. 187 on the 2000s decade-end chart. [38]
Three singles were released from this album: " Sugar, We're Goin Down ", " Dance, Dance " and " A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me" ". The first two singles enjoyed mainstream and commercial success and exposed Fall Out Boy to a new audience. From Under the Cork Tree's lead single, " Sugar, We're Goin Down ", debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 at No. 93 and eleven weeks later it peaked at No. 8 in September 2005. It spent five weeks in the top 10 and 20 weeks (five months) in the top 20, logging a total of 42 weeks on the chart before it was retired. The track received heavy airplay spins on Alternative as well as Pop stations, being a crossover hit. It reached No. 3 on Billboard Alternative Songs . Its MTV2-award-winning video enjoyed regular rotation on TV music programs. This exposed the band to the mainstream audience and helped them reach great popularity. In the UK, "Sugar" also reached No. 8, and spent 21 weeks in the top 75. "Sugar, We're Goin Down" has sold over two million copies in the US [39] and was certified Triple Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting the shipment of three million copies. [40] It stands as the band's best-selling single to date.
The second single from the album, " Dance, Dance " was also released to commercial success, charting at No. 9 in the US in January 2006 and No. 8 in the UK, a second top 10 hit single for the band in both regions. In the US it spent 14 weeks in the top 20 out of a total of 30 chart weeks before it was retired, being certified Platinum by the RIAA for the shipment of one million units. "Dance, Dance" is Fall Out Boy's highest hit on Alternative radio, peaking at No. 2 on Billboard Alternative Songs. It charted at No. 35 on Ireland's singles chart. "Dance, Dance"'s music video won awards for "Viewer's Choice" and "Best Group" at the 2006 MTV awards , two Teen Choice Awards for "Rock Track" and "Single", and helped the band win "People's Choice: Favorite International Group" at the MuchMusic Video Awards .
" A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me" ", the album's third and last single, was much less popular than Cork Tree's first two singles but managed to reach No. 65 on the Hot 100. It charted for 13 weeks. On Billboard Alternative Songs, it peaked at No. 38. In the UK, "Sixteen Candles" reached No. 38 on the singles chart. The band considered between "A Little Less Sixteen Candles..." and "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year" as the third and last single, deciding on the former. [41]
Track listing
No.
Title
Length
1.
"Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued"
3:09
2.
3:11
3.
3:21
6.
"I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)"
3:11
7.
3:02
8.
3:23
9.
"Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends"
3:23
10.
"I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me"
3:31
11.
2:49
12.
"Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)"
3:27
13.
"XO"
3:40
Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" edition
On March 14, 2006, a separate version of the album was released entitled From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" edition). This consisted of a total 18 tracks, the first 13 being the original release. The album rose to No. 9 on the Billboard 200 upon its re-release, its second week at its peak position. The three new songs and two dance remixes are as follows and in this order:
No.
Title
Length
14.
2:50
15.
3:28
16.
3:22
17.
4:00
18.
3:28
60:08
The iTunes Store released a similar From Under the Cork Tree (Limited "Black Clouds and Underdogs" Edition) EP consisting of 8 tracks: the above 5 as well as the music videos for "Sugar We're Goin Down" and "Dance, Dance". It also contains a live performance of "Sugar, We're Goin Down".
The limited edition is sometimes sold along with the regular edition under the same name.
The album was re-pressed on vinyl in January 2013. It was on swirled Maroon vinyl, and limited to 1,500 copies, and exclusively sold at Hot Topic.
Patrick Stump – vocals, guitar, piano on "Sugar, We're Goin Down"
Pete Wentz – bass guitar, backing vocals, unclean vocals on tracks 1, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14
Guest artists
William Beckett (of The Academy Is... ) – guest vocals on "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"
Chad Gilbert (of New Found Glory ) – guest vocals on "I Slept With Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written about Me"
Artwork
Other
Production
Neal Avron – producer , mixing on tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13
Tom Lord-Alge – mixing on tracks: 2, 3, 4, 8, 11
Femio Hernandez – mixing assistant
99
9
13
Region
Certification
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
From Under the Cork Tree (Liner notes, CD booklet). Fall Out Boy . 2005. B0004140-02.
{{ cite AV media notes }}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) ( link )
Johnson, Kevin (March 16, 2006). "Fall Out Boy steps up to Arena stardom". St. Louis Post-Dispatch .
Pirani, Niyaz (November 2, 2005). "Fall Out Boy shows in a spirited Irvine show why it rules pop punk". Orange County Register .
^ Bird, ed. 2014, p. 73
^ CD liner notes
Digit page 168 on the PDF archive.
Type From Under the Cork Tree in the "Search:" field.
Sources
Bird, Ryan, ed. (September 2014). "The 51 Most Essential Pop Punk Albums of All Time". Rock Sound (191). London: Freeway Press Inc. ISSN 1465-0185 .
External links
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Track Listings
1
Our Lawyer Made Us Change The Name Of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued
2
3
6
I've Got A Dark Alley And A Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)
7
8
9
Champagne For My Real Friends, Real Pain For My Sham Friends
10
I Slept With Someone In Fall Out Boy And All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me
11
A Little Less Sixteen Candles, A Little More "Touch Me"
12
Get Busy Living Or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part To Save The Scene And Stop Going To Shows)
13
XO
Product details
Language
:
English
Product Dimensions
:
5.63 x 5.04 x 0.39 inches; 3.39 ounces
Manufacturer
:
Island
Label
:
Island
ASIN
:
B000929AU0
Number of discs
:
1
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Disc works case had small crack. NBD to me
If you’re a collector or care about the condition of the case or need everything to be perfect you probably should be using a more hobbyist or boutique website. Mine came cracked but if I wanted anything other than a cd to replace the scratched one I already have that skips. Basically my old cd skips and I love this album and I played it in my car as soon as I got my hands on it.
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Disc works case had small crack. NBD to me
Reviewed in the United States on July 3, 2024
If you’re a collector or care about the condition of the case or need everything to be perfect you probably should be using a more hobbyist or boutique website. Mine came cracked but if I wanted anything other than a cd to replace the scratched one I already have that skips. Basically my old cd skips and I love this album and I played it in my car as soon as I got my hands on it.
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244 | how many pennsylvania house of representatives are there | https://ballotpedia.org/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives | Email *
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the Pennsylvania General Assembly . Alongside the Pennsylvania State Senate , it forms the legislative branch of the Pennsylvania state government and works alongside the governor of Pennsylvania to create laws and establish a state budget. Legislative authority and responsibilities of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives include passing bills on public policy matters, setting levels for state spending, raising and lowering taxes, and voting to uphold or override gubernatorial vetoes.
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives meets in the state capitol building in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania .
Note: A pair of resignations on July 17, 2024, left Republicans with more seats than Democrats in the chamber. However, a rule adopted in July 2023 defined the majority party as “the political party that won the greater number of elections for the 203 seats in the House of Representatives in the general election preceding the term of service that began on the first day of December next after the general election.” Because of this rule, Democrats maintained their majority. [1]
All 203 seats in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were up for election in 2024 . Democrats maintained a 102-101 majority.
All 203 seats in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives were up for election in 2022 . Democrats gained a majority, winning 102 seats to Republicans' 101 seats.
Pennsylvania has a divided government where neither party holds a trifecta . The Democratic Party controls the office of governor and the lower chamber of the state legislature, while the Republican Party controls the upper chamber of the state legislature.
This page contains the following information on the Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
Elections in the chamber and how vacancies are filled
Legislation currently under consideration
A list of committees
Current partisan control
The table below shows the partisan breakdown of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives as of February 2025
Party
On Nov. 8, 2022, Democrats won 102 seats to Republicans' 101. But three seats that Democrats won were guaranteed to become vacant at the start of the legislative session due to a death and two resignations to assume higher office, giving Republicans a functional 101-99 seat majority. Special elections for all three seats were scheduled for February 2023.
The chamber elected Mark Rozzi (D) as speaker on Jan. 3, 2023. After being elected, Rozzi announced he would not caucus with Democrats and would be the state's "first independent speaker of the House." [2] He was elected by a vote of 115-85, which included all Democrats and 16 Republicans. Rep. Carl Metzgar was the Republican nomination for speaker; he received 85 votes to Rozzi's 115. [2] [3]
Democrats won all three special elections on Feb. 7, 2023 , returning them to a 102-101 majority. On Feb. 28, 2023, Rozzi stepped down as House speaker. Rozzi said he resigned because he had accomplished what he had planned to do during his tenure in the leadership position. He stated he wanted to make way for Joanna McClinton (D) to be elected the first female speaker. [2] Clinton was elected speaker on Feb. 28, 2023, with support from all 102 Democrats and no Republicans. [4]
On July 19, 2023, Sara Innamorato (D) resigned from office to run for Allegheny County Executive. Her resignation reverted the partisan control of the chamber to a 101-101 tie. The special election for Innamorato's seat was on Sept. 19, 2023. According to WESA, Innamorato's resignation was anticipated to have no practical effect on the chamber, which was scheduled to return from its summer recess on Sept. 26, 2023. [5] Lindsay Powell (D) was elected to Innamorato's former seat in the special election.
Members
Leadership
The speaker of the House is the presiding officer of the body. [6]
Leadership and members
Office
Name
Party
Salary
Swearing in dates
Membership qualifications
Historical party control
Democrats won a 102-101 majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 2022 , gaining control of the chamber for the first time since 2008. In 2024 , Democrats maintained a 102-101 majority.
The table below shows the partisan history of the Pennsylvania House following every general election from 1992 to 2024. All data from 2006 or earlier comes from Michael Dubin's Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures (McFarland Press, 2007). Data after 2006 was compiled by Ballotpedia staff.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives election results: 1992-2024
Year
'92
'94
'96
'98
'00
'02
'04
'06
'08
'10
'12
'14
'16
'18
'20
'22
'24
Democrats
105
101
99
100
99
94
93
102
104
91
93
84
82
93
92
102
102
Republicans
98
102
104
103
104
109
110
101
99
112
110
119
121
110
111
101
101
Trifecta history
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Between 1992 and 2023, Pennsylvania was under the following types of trifecta control:
Democratic trifecta: 1993
Pennsylvania Party Control: 1992-2025
One year of a Democratic trifecta • Twelve years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Governor
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
Senate
R
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
House
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
D
D
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
D
D
Elections by year
Pennsylvania state representatives serve two-year terms , with all seats up for election every two years. Pennsylvania holds elections for its legislature in even years.
2026
2024
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 6, 2024
Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2022. The general election was on November 8, 2022. A primary was scheduled for May 17, 2022. The filing deadline was March 28, 2022.
In the 2022 elections, Democrats won 102 seats and Republicans won 101 seats. One seat was won by a Democratic representative who passed away prior to the election.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 9, 2022
In the 2020 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from 109-93 to 113-90.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 4, 2020
Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2018. A closed primary election took place on May 15, 2018, and the general election was held on November 6, 2018. The candidate filing deadline was March 6, 2018.
In the 2018 elections, the Republican majority in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives was reduced from 120-79 to 110-93.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 7, 2018
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 119-84 majority. Republicans gained two seats in the election, giving them a 121-82 majority.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 8, 2016
Click [show] to see election information dating back to 2000
2014
Elections for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2014. A primary election took place on May 20, 2014. The general election was held on November 4, 2014 . The signature filing deadline for candidates wishing to run in this election was March 11, 2014.
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 111-91 majority with one vacancy. Republicans gained eight seats in the election, giving them a 119-84 majority.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After November 4, 2014
Heading into the election, Republicans held a 110-91 majority with two vacancies. Democrats regained two vacant seats in the election, giving Republicans a 110-93 majority.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After the 2012 Election
110
110
Vacancy
2
0
Total
203
203
During the 2012 election , the total value of contributions to the 410 House candidates was $33,351,949. The top 10 contributors were: [11]
2012 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$1,268,937
$226,914
The following table details the 10 districts with the smallest margin of victory in the November 6 general election.
2012 Margin of Victory, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
District
Winner
Elections for the office of Pennsylvania House of Representatives took place in 2010. The primary election was held on May 18, 2010, and the general election was held on November 2, 2010 . The candidate filing deadline was March 9, 2010. All 203 seats were up for election.
Heading into the election, Democrats held a 104-98 majority with one vacancy. Democrats lost 13 seats in the election, giving Republicans a 112-91 majority.
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
After the 2010 Election
Total
203
203
During the 2010 election , the total value of contributions to the 444 House candidates was $36,502,678. The top 10 contributors were: [12]
2010 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$1,573,572
$1,413,690
$352,500
2008 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$1,594,259
$1,271,423
$658,850
2006 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$2,631,828
$2,300,714
$421,725
$407,100
$375,432
2004 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$2,382,831
$988,608
2002 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$1,892,821
$975,761
$182,500
2000
2000 Donors, Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Donor
Amount
$3,655,640
$1,568,617
$163,400
Use the interactive map below to find your district.
Redistricting
The majority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
The minority leader of the Pennsylvania State Senate appoints one member.
The majority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
The minority leader of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives appoints one member.
The first four commissioners appoint a fifth member to serve as the commission's chair. If the commission is unable to reach an agreement, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court must appoint a commission chair. [19]
The Pennsylvania Constitution requires that state legislative districts be contiguous and compact. Further, state legislative districts should "respect county, city, incorporated town, borough, township and ward boundaries." There are no such requirements in place for congressional districts. [19]
2020
District map after 2020 redistricting
Click here to view the map. This map took effect for Pennsylvania's 2022 legislative elections.
2010
Pennsylvania received its local census data on March 9, 2011. The state had a 3.4 percent growth rate from 2000-2010, which was below the national average of 9.7 percent. The five most populous cities in the state did not follow a trend: Philadelphia grew by 0.6 percent, Pittsburgh decreased by 8.6 percent, Allentown grew by 10.7 percent, Erie decreased by 1.9 percent, and Reading grew by 8.5 percent. The county with the largest rate of growth was Forest County with a 56 percent rate of growth. [21]
On August 17, 2011, the Commission approved the census data and went to work on a preliminary map, which it passed on October 31, 2011, by a 3-2 vote. Final maps were approved on December 12, 2011, by a 4-1 vote. There was a 30-day window to file appeals, during which 11 were filed. The state Supreme Court overturned the maps on January 25, 2012.
The commission met on April 12, 2012, to vote in favor of a compromise map, which contained two Senate district splits, and 68 House district splits. On June 8, the commission approved the final plan, which went to the state Supreme Court for final approval.
Sessions
Legislation
The legislation tracker below displays all legislation that the Pennsylvania House of Representatives has approved in its most recent legislative session—this includes legislation that has been sent from the House to the Senate and legislation that has already been approved by both chambers and signed by the governor. The table below includes the bill number, its name, progress, most recent action date, and sponsor. Scroll up and down and side to side to see more. Click the bill number to read the bill text and see its voting history. Click the headings to sort the content. Rearrange the order of the headings by clicking and dragging them. Click the magnifying glass in the bottom left corner to search for specific terms. The legislation tracker is maintained and updated by BillTrack50 .
Dates of legislative sessions in Pennsylvania by year
2025
Click [show] for past years' session dates.
2024
2023
2022
2021
2020
Effect of coronavirus pandemic
Submit
Several state legislatures had their sessions impacted as a result of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. On March 16, 2020, the Pennsylvania House of Representatives adopted temporary rules that would allow members to cast votes remotely. [22]
2019
2018
2017
Click [show] to read about the 2017 budget debate.
On June 30, 2017, the Republican-controlled Pennsylvania General Assembly sent Gov. Tom Wolf (D) a $32 billion spending plan for the fiscal year that began on July 1. The budget increased by 1.6 percent over the 2016-2017 budget, leaving a projected $1.5 billion shortfall from the previous year. Collectively, the state began the 2018 fiscal year with a $2 billion budget gap. The House approved the budget 173-27, while the Senate approved it 43-7.
On July 6, the credit-rating agency S&P Global Ratings announced that it had placed Pennsylvania on what it called a "negative credit watch." The agency stated, "Pennsylvania has repeatedly had protracted budget negotiations that failed to result in structural alignment." A decreased credit rating would increase borrowing costs for the state. [23]
On July 10, Wolf announced that he would allow the budget to become law without his signature and without a revenue plan in place. In a statement, he said, "In the coming days, it is my hope that the General Assembly will come together to pass a responsible solution to balance our books." In Pennsylvania, the governor has 10 days to sign or veto legislation after receiving it or it automatically becomes law. Wolf did not sign the 2016-2017 state budget either, which also went into effect without a revenue plan in place. [24] [25]
On July 27, the state Senate, with support from Gov. Tom Wolf (D), passed a revenue package that included a severance tax on gas and oil companies worth an estimated $100 million per year. A severance tax is a tax placed on the extraction of nonrenewable resources. Energy companies in the state opposed the severance tax, arguing that it would make the state less competitive and hurt consumers. The senate plan also proposed increases for utility bills and borrowing $1.3 billion against funds that the state receives from a 1998 legal settlement with tobacco companies. The legislation passed 26-24 with support from both Democrats and Republicans and was sent to the House. [26]
On October 25, the legislature approved a gambling expansion bill that would legalize online casino and lottery games, authorize 10 new casino locations in the state, and allow casino-style gambling games in truck stops and airports. That bill would raise an estimated $200 million per year in license fees and taxes on higher gambling losses. A $1.5 billion borrowing plan and estimated tax increases of $140 million per year were approved that same day; patching up about $1.8 billion of the $2.3 billion budget deficit. [27] On October 31, Gov. Wolf signed the budget legislation. [28]
Background
Major proposals for revenue packages throughout the 2017 legislative session included borrowing money, expanding gambling and liquor sales in the state, and tax increases. Senate and House Republicans voiced support for temporary measures to borrow against state accounts, while Republicans in the House also advocated for delaying a vote on legislation that provides funding various universities in the state. Wolf advocated for tax increases on certain business practices and the natural gas industry.
The Pennsylvania constitution states that spending “shall not exceed the actual and estimated revenues and surplus available.” [29] [30] [31]
2016
Major issues in 2016
Major issues during the 2016 legislative session included passing a state budget, public employee pension plan reform, and school funding. [32]
2015
Major issues in 2015
Major issues during the 2015 legislative session included a severance tax on shale gas, pension reforms, liquor privatization, and judicial reforms. [33]
2014
Major issues in 2014
Major issues during the 2014 legislative session included public pension reform and liquor privatization. [34]
2013
Major issues in 2013
Like many other states, Pennsylvania lawmakers had to work on the budget deficit. Other issues included economic development, public pension reform, liquor privatization, and child abuse. [35]
In November 2013, the Pennsylvania state House and state Senate voted unanimously on a bill, which was signed by Gov. Tom Corbett (R), to change the state’s unemployment compensation law. The bill closed a loophole that allowed a state employee to retire from his job and begin collecting benefits, only to be hired back as a part-time employee while also collecting unemployment compensation after leaving a previous job. While the law closed a triple-dipping loophole, the changes did not prevent double-dipping, in which a state employee retires, begins collecting pension benefits, and returns to work a part-time position. [36]
2012
2011
2010
About legislative sessions in Pennsylvania
The Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution declares that any power not already given to the federal government is reserved to the states and the people. [39] State governments across the country use this authority to hold legislative sessions where a state's elected representatives meet for a period of time to draft and vote on legislation and set state policies on issues such as taxation, education, and government spending. The different types of legislation passed by a legislature may include resolutions, legislatively referred constitutional amendments , and bills that become law.
Article II of the Pennsylvania Constitution establishes when the Pennsylvania General Assembly , of which the House of Representatives is a part, is to meet. Section 4 of Article II states that the General Assembly is to convene its regular session on the first Tuesday of January each year.
Section 4 gives the Governor of Pennsylvania the authority to convene special sessions of the General Assembly either when he judges a special session to be in the public interest, or when a majority of each legislative House requests a special session.
Legislative roles and procedures
Every state legislature throughout the country features its own internal procedures that it uses to govern itself and how it interacts with other parts of state government. Ballotpedia's coverage of internal state legislative procedures includes veto overrides , the role of the legislature in the state budget , and procedures for filling membership vacancies .
Veto overrides
State legislatures can override governors' vetoes. Depending on the state, this can be done during the regular legislative session, in a special session following the adjournment of the regular session, or during the next legislative session. The rules for legislative overrides of gubernatorial vetoes in Pennsylvania are listed below.
How many legislators are required to vote for an override? Two-thirds of members in both chambers.
Two-thirds of members in both chambers must vote to override a veto, which is 136 of the 203 members in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and 34 of the 50 members in the Pennsylvania State Senate . Pennsylvania is one of 36 states that requires a two-thirds vote from both of its legislative chambers to override a veto.
How can vetoes be overridden after the legislature has adjourned?
Vetoes can be overridden when the next regular session convenes, provided that an election has not occurred. [40]
Role in state budget
Check out Ballotpedia articles about policy in your state on:
Budget instructions are sent to state agencies in August.
State agencies submit their requests to the governor in October.
Agency hearings are held between December and January.
The governor submits his or her proposed budget to the state legislature in February. In a governor's first term, the budget proposal is submitted in March.
The legislature adopts a budget by June 30. A simple majority is required to pass a budget. The fiscal year begins July 1.
Pennsylvania is one of 44 states in which the governor has line item veto authority . [41] [42]
The governor is legally required to submit a balanced budget proposal. Likewise, the legislature is required to pass a balanced budget. [41]
Committees
Standing committees are generally permanent committees, the names of which sometimes change from session to session.
Select or special committees are temporary committees formed to deal with specific issues such as recent legislation, major public policy or proposals, or investigations.
Joint committees are committees that feature members of both chambers of a legislature.
Ballotpedia covers standing and joint committees. The Pennsylvania House of Representatives has 28 standing committees:
In every state but Delaware, voter approval is required to enact a constitutional amendment. In each state, the legislature has a process for referring constitutional amendments before voters. In 18 states, initiated constitutional amendments can be put on the ballot through a signature petition drive. There are also many other types of statewide measures .
The methods in which the Pennsylvania Constitution can be amended:
Initiative
Legislature
According to Article XI , the state Legislature can refer constitutional amendments to the ballot for voters to decide.
A simple majority vote is required during two successive legislative sessions for the Pennsylvania State Legislature to place a constitutional amendment on the ballot. That amounts to a minimum of 102 votes in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives and 26 votes in the Pennsylvania State Senate , assuming no vacancies. Amendments do not require the governor's signature to be referred to the ballot.
When the Legislature finds that a "major emergency threatens or is about to threaten the Commonwealth," a constitutional amendment can be referred to the ballot with a two-thirds vote during one legislative session.
2026 measures:
No measures to list
Potential:
The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2026.
No measures to list
2025 measures:
Below is a list of measures that were referred to the 2025 ballot by the legislature or that have made it approximately halfway through the process in the legislature for referral to the ballot in 2025.
No measures to list
Potential:
The following measures have made it through one chamber—or one session for two session states—and may appear on the ballot in 2025.
No measures to list
Historical elections
Information about voting
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244 | how many pennsylvania house of representatives are there | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives | Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Lower house of the Pennsylvania General Assembly
"Pennsylvania State House" and "Pennsylvania House" redirect here. For the building in Philadelphia, see Independence Hall . For the former hotel in Ohio, see Pennsylvania House (Springfield, Ohio) . For the building in which the legislature meets, see Pennsylvania State Capitol . For the former residence of the Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania, see State House (Pennsylvania) .
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
Majority Leader
Minority Leader
Structure
Seats
203
Salary
$102,844
Elections
Website
The Pennsylvania House of Representatives is the lower house of the bicameral Pennsylvania General Assembly , the legislature of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . There are 203 members, elected for two-year terms from single member districts. [1] [2]
It is the largest full-time state legislature in the country. The New Hampshire House of Representatives is larger but only serves part-time.
Representatives must be at least 21 years of age. They must be a U.S. citizen and a Pennsylvania resident four years, and a resident of the district they represent one year prior to their election and must reside in that district during their term. [3]
Hall of the House
The Hall of the House contains important symbols of Pennsylvania history and the work of legislators.
Speaker's Chair: a throne-like chair of rank that sits directly behind the Speaker's rostrum. Architect Joseph Huston designed the chair in 1906, the year the Capitol was dedicated.
Mace: the House symbol of authority, peace, order and respect for law rests in a pedestal to the right of the Speaker. Its base is solid mahogany, intricately carved and capped by a brass globe engraved with the Pennsylvania coat of arms. An American Eagle perches on top. The tradition of the mace may date to the Roman Republic when attendants of Roman consuls carried bundles of sticks wrapped around an axe to enforce order. The tradition may also come directly from Pennsylvania's English heritage.
Murals: a colorful panorama of Pennsylvania history appear in murals by Edwin Austin Abbey . The most commanding of the series hangs behind the Speaker's rostrum and dominates the wall behind the Speaker. It is called The Apotheosis of Pennsylvania
Ceiling: a work of art in itself with its ornate geometry of gold leaf buttoned at the center by a charming painted illustration. In "The Hours", Abbey represents the passage of time in the form of 24 maidens revolving in an endless circle amidst the moon, the sun and the stars of the Milky Way . [4]
Speaker of the House
The speakership is the oldest elected statewide office in the Commonwealth. Since its first session in 1682—presided over by William Penn —over 130 house members have been elevated to the speaker's chair. The house cannot hold an official session in the absence of the speaker or their designated speaker pro tempore. Speaker Leroy Irvis was the first African American elected speaker of any state legislature in the United States since Reconstruction. Speaker Dennis O'Brien was the only minority-party Speaker known in Pennsylvania and only the second known nationwide.
Democrat Joanna McClinton was elected Speaker of the House on February 28, 2023, becoming the first female Speaker in Pennsylvania. [5]
101
101
Democratic
Republican
Affiliation
Party
Democratic representative
Republican representative
District
Representative
Party
Residence
Committee name
^ Rep. Freeman previously served from 1983 to 1994.
^ Margo Davidson resigned on July 23, 2021, after being charged with theft of state funds.
^ Rep. Neilson previously served from 2012 to 2014.
^ Known as the Consumer Affairs Committee prior to 2023.
^ Known as the Urban Affairs Committee prior to 2023.
Center, Legislativate Data Processing. "Pennsylvania General Assembly" . Pennsylvania General Assembly. Archived from the original on December 18, 2006. Retrieved January 15, 2007.
General
Pennsylvania House of Representatives
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania has two senators in the United States Senate and 17 representatives in the United States House of Representatives.
Pennsylvania is a state in the United States.
Senators
Each state in the United States elects two senators, regardless of the state’s population. Senators serve six-year terms with staggered elections. Americans in the United States’s six territories do not have senators.
Pennsylvania’s senators are:
Representatives
The United States is divided into 435 congressional districts, each with a population of about 710,000 individuals. Each district elects a representative to the House of Representatives for a two-year term. Representatives are also called congressmen/congresswomen.
Americans in the United States’s six territories are represented in the House of Representatives by an additional six non-voting delegates.
Find your representative by entering your address:
Address
Map of Congressional Districts
GovTrack helps everyone learn about and track the activities of the United States Congress.
Launched more than 20 years ago, we’re one of the oldest government transparency and accountability websites on the Internet.
This is a project of Civic Impulse, LLC . GovTrack.us is not a government website.
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244 | how many pennsylvania house of representatives are there | https://www.house.gov/ | Legislative Activity
Committee Schedules
Floor Proceedings
Recent Votes
Bills & Reports
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Select Committee on the CCP Organizing Meeting Select Committee on the Strategic Competition Between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
Monday, February 10, 2025
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Fiscal Year 2026 Member Day Committee on AppropriationsSubcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
2:00 pm
Fixing Bidens Broadband Blunder Committee on Energy and CommerceSubcommittee on Communications and Technology
2:00 pm
02:10 PM
The House adjourned pursuant to a previous special order. The next meeting is scheduled for 12:00 p.m. on March 3, 2025.
02:10 PM
02:10 PM
11:17 AM
SPECIAL ORDER SPEECHES - The House has concluded all anticipated legislative business and has proceeded to Special Order speeches.
11:15 AM
The Speaker laid before the House a message from the President transmitting a notification stating that the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13660 of March 6, 2014 with respect to Ukraine, which was expanded in scope in Executive Order 13661, Executive Order 13662, and Executive Order 14065, and under which additional steps were taken in Executive Order 13685 and Executive Order 13849, is to continue in effect beyond March 6, 2025 - referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to be printed (H. Doc. 119-22).
11:13 AM
The Speaker laid before the House a message from the President transmitting a notification stating that the national emergency declared in Executive Order 13692 of March 8, 2015, with respect to the situation in Venezuela is to continue in effect beyond March 8, 2025 - referred to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and ordered to be printed (H. Doc. 119-21).
10:31 AM
ONE MINUTE SPEECHES - The House proceeded with further one minute speeches.
10:29 AM
Mr. Jack asked unanimous consent That, when the House adjourns on Thursday, February 27, 2025, it adjourn to meet on Monday, March 3, 2025, at noon for morning-hour debate and 2:00 p.m. for legislative business. Agreed to without objection.
10:29 AM
Motion to reconsider laid on the table Agreed to without objection.
10:29 AM
On passage Passed by the Yeas and Nays: 221 - 198, 2 Present (Roll no. 53).
Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Department of Energy relating to “Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters” (On Passage)
Providing for congressional disapproval under chapter 8 of title 5, United States Code, of the rule submitted by the Environmental Protection Agency relating to “Waste Emissions Charge for Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems: Procedures for Facilitating Compliance, Including Netting and Exemptions” (On Passage)
Passed
Medal of Honor Act (On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass, as Amended)
Establishing the congressional budget for the United States Government for fiscal year 2025 and setting forth the appropriate budgetary levels for fiscal years 2026 through 2034 (On Agreeing to the Resolution, as Amended)
Passed
Rural Small Business Resilience Act (On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass)
Passed
DOE and SBA Research Act (On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass)
Passed
Providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 20); providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 35); and providing for consideration of the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 14) (On Agreeing to the Resolution)
Passed
Providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 20); providing for consideration of the joint resolution (H.J. Res. 35); and providing for consideration of the concurrent resolution (H. Con. Res. 14) (On Ordering the Previous Question)
SPUR Act (On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass)
Passed
Small Business Advocacy Improvements Act (On Motion to Suspend the Rules and Pass)
Representatives
Elected to a two-year term, each representative serves the people of a specific congressional district by introducing bills and serving on committees, among other duties.
Visit Your Representative's Website:
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Elected by their peers, certain representatives hold positions that combine institutional, administrative and partisan roles.
Life at the House
U.S. House of Representatives
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The following is a list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania . For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States congressional delegations from Pennsylvania . The list has been updated periodically to reflect changes in membership; current entries are for members of the 119th Congress.
Current members
Lost re-election.
Lost re-election.
Died.
Lost re-election.
Retired.
Retired.
Retired.
Retired.
Resigned.
Lost re-election.
Retired.
Retired.
Redistricted and lost renomination.
Lost re-election.
Lost re-election.
Retired.
Retired and returned to Pennsylvania House of Representatives.
Retired.
Lost re-election.
Lost re-election.
Retired.
Switched parties.
Redistricted and lost re-election.
Retired.
Retired.
Redistricted and lost renomination.
Resigned.
Resigned to become the judge of the Berks judicial district.
Retired.
Died.
Died.
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Retired.
Died.
November 6, 1906 – January 4, 1909
Resigned after being elected judge of the court of common pleas of Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania .
Died.
Died.
Died.
Resigned to become President Judge of Luzerne District Courts.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Lost re-election.
Lost re-election
Died.
Died.
Resigned to become judge of the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas.
Resigned.
Died.
Successfully contested the election of his opponent.
Died.
Died.
Retired.
Died.
Retired.
Died.
Lost re-election.
Resigned.
Lost re-election.
Died.
Died.
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
Retired and resigned early.
Died.
Resigned.
March 4, 1933 – January 3, 1938
Resigned to become a judge of common pleas for Allegheny County, PA
Died.
Died.
Successfully contested the election of Patrick McLane .
Resigned due to conviction of corruption charges.
Died.
Lost re-election.
Retired.
Lost re-election.
Resigned to become judge of common pleas of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania .
Died.
Died.
Resigned.
Died.
Resigned after being appointed associate judge of Lebanon County.
Died.
Died.
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
Resigned.
Anti-Lecompton Democratic
Lost renomination.
Resigned.
Died.
Resigned.
Retired.
Died.
March 4, 1875 – July 19, 1876
Died.
Resigned.
Switched districts.
Died.
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
March 4, 1803 – ????, 1805
Resigned.
Resigned to serve on Pittsburgh City Council.
Resigned after being appointed an assistant to the Attorney General .
Died.
Resigned.
March 4, 1865 – December 2, 1872
March 4, 1833 – October 30, 1836
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
January 3, 1943 – January 3, 1945
Lost re-election.
Resigned.
First elected to finish Representative-elect David Scott 's term.
First elected to finish Representative-elect William Cox Ellis 's term.
Died.
Died.
Expelled as a result of the Abscam scandal.
First elected to finish Representative-elect Francis J. Harper 's term.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Retired.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Resigned after being elected to the US Senate .
Resigned.
Resigned to become president judge of the seventh judicial district of Pennsylvania.
Lost re-election.
Died.
Resigned.
Retired.
Died.
Lost re-election.
Resigned.
Died.
Resigned.
Retired.
Resigned.
Retired.
Died.
Died.
Lost contested election
Died.
Elected to finish the term of Representative-elect William M. Brown .
March 4, 1821 – March 4, 1823
Resigned after becoming judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the 16th judicial district.
Died.
First elected to finish Representative-elect Amos Ellmaker 's term.
Lost re-election.
Died.
January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943
Resigned to become judge of court of common pleas of Allegheny County
Resigned to become a district court judge.
Resigned.
Died.
Died.
Died.
Died.
unsuccessful candidate for renomination
See also
List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania
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245 | where will the oscars be held this year | https://press.oscars.org/news/academy-and-abc-announce-show-date-97th-oscarsr | Share
KEY DATES ALSO ANNOUNCED FOR 2024 AWARDS SEASON
LOS ANGELES, CA — The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and ABC today announced the 97th Oscars® will take place on Sunday, March 2, 2025. The show will air live at 7 p.m. EST/4 p.m. PST on ABC and in more than 200 territories worldwide from the Dolby® Theatre at Ovation Hollywood.
Academy key dates for the 2024 Oscars season are as follows:
General entry, Best Picture, RAISE submission deadline Thursday, November 14, 2024
Governors Awards Sunday, November 17, 2024
Preliminary voting begins 9 a.m. PT Monday, December 9, 2024
Preliminary voting ends 5 p.m. PT Friday, December 13, 2024
Oscars Shortlists Announcement Tuesday, December 17, 2024
Eligibility period ends Tuesday, December 31, 2024
Nominations voting begins 9 a.m. PT Wednesday, January 8, 2025
Nominations voting ends 5 p.m. PT Sunday, January 12, 2025
Oscars Nominations Announcement Friday, January 17, 2025
Oscars Nominees Luncheon Monday, February 10, 2025
Finals voting begins 9 a.m. PT Tuesday, February 11, 2025
Finals voting ends 5 p.m. PT Tuesday, February 18, 2025
Scientific and Technical Awards Tuesday, February 18, 2025
97th Oscars Sunday, March 2, 2025
All dates for the 97th Academy Awards® are subject to change.
ABOUT THE ACADEMY
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is home to a global membership of more than 10,500 of the most accomplished film industry artists and leaders. The Academy recognizes and celebrates all aspects of the arts and sciences of moviemaking through renowned awards for cinematic achievement, including the Oscars®. With the world’s largest film museum and collection, the Academy preserves our cinematic history and presents honest and powerful programs about cinema’s past, present, and future. Across all initiatives, the Academy connects global audiences – its members, the film industry, and film fans – through their shared passion for making and watching films.
FOLLOW THE ACADEMY
| 1,881 |
245 | where will the oscars be held this year | https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2025/02/08/2025-oscars-venue-academy-awards-dolby-theater/78329186007/ | Oscar snubs: Selena Gomez, Nicole Kidman, Angelina Jolie and more
Nominations for the 97th Academy Awards are out. There are a number of notable names that did not make the final cut.
Award season in Hollywood is in full swing and now that the Golden Globes and Grammys have wrapped up, eyes are another another big night: the Oscars .
The 97th Academy Awards are scheduled to take place next month in Los Angeles and will celebrate the best movies of 2024 along with the people behind them.
Nominations for this year's award ceremony was announced by the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences last month and included a broad range of films from the nearly four-hour historical drama, " The Brutalist ," to the fantasy musical blockbuster, " Wicked ."
Leading the pack for the most nominations is Netflix's crime musical "Emilia Pérez" with 13 Oscar nominations , followed by "The Brutalist" and "Wicked," both of which scored 10 nods each.
The night's biggest prize, best picture, meanwhile, features a stacked lineup including those three plus "Anora," "A Complete Unknown," "Conclave," "I'm Still Here," "The Substance," "Dune: Part Two" and "Nickel Boys."
In the lead up to the big night, here's what to know about where this year's Oscars are scheduled to take place.
Where are the Oscars?
The 97th Academy Awards will take place at the Dolby Theater in Hollywood. The awards ceremony has taken place at the theater, previously known as the Kodak Theatre, located inside the Ovation Hollywood shopping center, since 2001, according to the venue's website .
The state-of-the-art theatre in Hollywood, designed with the Academy Awards broadcast in mind, has a seating capacity of 3,300.
Prior to the Dolby Theater, the ceremony moved back and forth between the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Music Center and the Shrine Civic Auditorium between 1990 and 2001 .
The 97th Academy Awards are set for Sunday, March 2, 2025.
What time are the Oscars?
The 2025 Oscars will air on Sunday, March 2 from 7 p.m. to 10 p.m. ET.
Who is hosting the Oscars this year?
Conan O'Brien will host the 2025 Oscars, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences announced in November .
The telecast will mark the former late-night TV star's first time hosting the film awards ceremony. The comedian has previously hosted the Emmys in 2002 and 2006.
"America demanded it and now it's happening: Taco Bell's new Cheesy Chalupa Supreme. In other news, I'm hosting the Oscars," the comedian joked in a statement announcing his hosting gig.
Contributing: Gabe Hauari, Anthony Robledo , USA TODAY
Saman Shafiq is a trending news reporter for USA TODAY. Reach her at [email protected] and follow her on X and Instagram @saman_shafiq7.
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245 | where will the oscars be held this year | https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/where-are-oscars-2024/ | / KCAL News
BEVERLY HILLS, CALIFORNIA - FEBRUARY 12: A view of the red carpet during the 96th Oscars Nominees Luncheon at The Beverly Hilton on February 12, 2024 in Beverly Hills, California. (credit: Jc Olivera / Getty Images)
Where are the 2024 Oscars being held?
The Oscars will be held at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, with Jimmy Kimmel as host for a fourth time.
HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 12: Host Jimmy Kimmel speaks onstage during the 95th Annual Academy Awards at Dolby Theatre on March 12, 2023 in Hollywood, California. (credit: Kevin Winter/Getty Images)
Where have Oscars been held in the past?
Prior Oscars ceremonies have been held at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, Ambassador Hotel, Grauman's Chinese Theater, Biltmore Hotel, Shrine Auditorium, Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences Melrose Ave. Theater, RKO Pantages Theater, Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, Dorothy Chandler Pavilion of the Music Center of L.A. County, Kodak Theatre, Hollywood and Highland Center Theatre (temporarily renamed from Kodak Theatre), and the Dolby Theatre.
HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA - MARCH 06: A view of the 96th Oscars Arrivals Carpet Roll Out at Ovation Hollywood on March 06, 2024 in Hollywood, California. (credit: Kevin Winter/Getty Images)
When do the 2024 Oscars start?
This year's Academy Awards ceremony will take place on Sunday, March 10, 2024 and will broadcast live at 7:00 p.m. ET (4:00 p.m. PT) , an hour earlier than the show has aired in previous years. Here's how to watch .
Red Carpet Fashion
Billie Eilish at the 96th Annual Oscars held at Ovation Hollywood on March 10, 2024, in Los Angeles, California. Alberto Rodriguez/Variety via Getty Images
What your Hollywood's biggest stars wearing on the red carpte? Take a look at the dazzling fashion .
Academy Award Winners
Some stellar actors have been nominated for the 96th edition of the Academy Awards, and you can take a look at the full list of nominees and winners here.
Links:
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245 | where will the oscars be held this year | https://www.vogue.com/article/everything-you-need-to-know-2025-oscars | Save
In the midst of the devastating wildfires in Los Angeles, it felt like the 2025 Oscars might have to be canceled. But now, following the Grammys , Critics Choice Awards , and SAGs , awards season is officially back on track—and Hollywood’s biggest night is just days away.
Here, everything we know so far about the 97th Annual Academy Awards.
Who is nominated for an Oscar in 2025?
Jacques Audiard’s divisive Emilia Pérez (the campaign for which has been rocked by scandal in recent days) leads the pack with 13 nods, closely followed by Brady Corbet’s The Brutalist and Jon M. Chu’s Wicked,with 10 apiece. See the nominations list in full , as well as our rundown of the most shocking snubs and surprises .
When will the 2025 Oscars take place?
The Oscars are scheduled for Sunday, March 2, from 7 p.m. Eastern Time.
Where will the 2025 Oscars be held?
The 97th Academy Awards will be held at its usual venue, the Dolby Theatre at Ovation Hollywood in Los Angeles.
Who will host the 2025 Oscars?
Taking the reins from Jimmy Kimmel, who oversaw proceedings in 2023 and 2024, will be the beloved comedian Conan O’Brien. The Academy confirmed the news on November 15, 2024, releasing a video of the five-time Emmy winner and first-time Academy Award host pretending to accept an Oscar himself.
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“We are thrilled and honored to have the incomparable Conan O’Brien host the Oscars this year,” the Academy’s CEO Bill Kramer and president Janet Yang said in an accompanying statement. “He is the perfect person to help lead our global celebration of film with his brilliant humor, his love of movies and his live TV expertise. His remarkable ability to connect with audiences will bring viewers together to do what the Oscars do best—honor the spectacular films and filmmakers of this year.” A number of other names had been in the mix before O’Brien officially signed on, though, per The Hollywood Reporter , both Kimmel and previous Governors Awards host John Mulaney had already passed on the opportunity to anchor the 2025 show.
Will the 2025 Oscars feel different from previous shows?
Yes, it inevitably will. In a statement released by Kramer and Yang on January 13, the pair said: “We are devastated by the impact of the fires and the profound losses experienced by so many in our community. The Academy has always been a unifying force within the film industry, and we are committed to standing together in the face of hardship. Our members always share how important it is for us to come together as a community, and we are determined to use this opportunity to celebrate our resilient and compassionate industry. We also look forward to honoring our frontline workers who have aided with the fires, recognizing those impacted, and encouraging people to join the Academy in supporting the relief efforts. We will get through this together and bring a sense of healing to our global film community.” This suggests that, much like the Grammys, which raised $24 million for fire relief efforts, the Oscars could also serve as a telethon of sorts.
The pair released a further statement on January 22, which added that the ceremony will “honor Los Angeles as the city of dreams, showcasing its beauty and resilience, as well as its role as a beacon for filmmakers and creative visionaries for over a century. We will reflect on the recent events while highlighting the strength, creativity and optimism that defines Los Angeles and our industry.”
Who will perform at the 2025 Oscars?
In a break from tradition, those in the running for the best-original-song Oscar—Elton John, Selena Gomez, et al—won’t be performing as usual. In the same January 22 statement, Kramer and Yang confirmed that “this year the Best Original Song category presentation will move away from live performances and will be focused on the songwriters. We will celebrate their artistry through personal reflections from the teams who bring these songs to life. All of this, and more, will uncover the stories and inspiration behind this year’s nominees.”
There will, however, be “powerful musical moments that connect film’s rich history to its bold and inspiring future.” Those moments are set include an opening performance from Wicked stars Ariana Grande and Cynthia Erivo, who haven’t publically performed together since last year’s Met Gala ; as well as appearances from Doja Cat, Lisa of Blackpink (and The White Lotus ), Queen Latifah, and Raye. Additional performers will likely be announced in the coming days.
Who will be presenting at the 2025 Oscars?
Expect the full list of presenters to be revealed in due course, but the Academy has confirmed that last year’s four acting winners—Emma Stone, Cillian Murphy, Robert Downey Jr.,and Da’Vine Joy Randolph—will be back to present the acting statuettes.
Also joining them will be Joe Alwyn, Dave Bautista, Halle Berry, Sterling K. Brown, Penélope Cruz, Willem Dafoe, Ana de Armas, Lily-Rose Depp, Elle Fanning, Harrison Ford, Gal Gadot, Andrew Garfield, Selena Gomez, Whoopi Goldberg, Goldie Hawn, Samuel L. Jackson, Scarlett Johansson, John Lithgow, Connie Nielsen, Amy Poehler, Margaret Qualley, Alba Rohrwacher, Zoe Saldaña, Ben Stiller, June Squibb, Oprah Winfrey, Bowen Yang, and Rachel Zegler.
Additionally, on February 19, the Academy announced that Nick Offerman would serve as the announcer for this year’s ceremony.
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245 | where will the oscars be held this year | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96th_Academy_Awards | 96th Academy Awards
Award ceremony for films of 2023
96th Academy Awards
Ratings
The 96th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 10, 2024, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles . During the gala, the AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories honoring films released in 2023 . The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC , was produced by Raj Kapoor and Katy Mullan, and was directed by Hamish Hamilton . [2] [5] Comedian Jimmy Kimmel hosted the show for the fourth time. He first presided over the 89th ceremony held in 2017, and had most recently hosted the previous year's ceremony . [6]
In related events, the Academy held its 14th Governors Awards ceremony at the Ray Dolby Ballroom of the Ovation Hollywood complex in Hollywood, on January 9, 2024. [7] The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by host Natasha Lyonne on February 23, 2024, in a ceremony at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles. [8]
Winners and nominees
The nominees for the 96th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2024, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, by actress Zazie Beetz and actor Jack Quaid . [11] Oppenheimer led all nominees with thirteen nominations; Poor Things came in second with eleven. [12] The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 10. [13]
Oppenheimer was the first Best Picture winner to also win both male acting awards since 1959's Ben-Hur . [14] For the first time in Oscar history, three Best Picture nominees were directed by women. [15] At age 81, Martin Scorsese became the oldest Best Director nominee in Oscar history. [16] Best Actress nominee Lily Gladstone was the first US-born Native American person nominated in that category. [17] The 49-year gap between Robert De Niro 's first nomination for The Godfather Part II and his latest for Killers of the Flower Moon set the record for longest gap between first and most recent career Oscar nominations. [18] Having previously won for composing the titular song for 2021's No Time to Die , Best Original Song co-winner Billie Eilish became the youngest person to win two Oscars. [19] Best Sound winner The Zone of Interest and Best Visual Effects winner Godzilla Minus One were the first non-English language films to win their respective categories. [20]
Awards
Hayao Miyazaki , Best Animated Feature Film co-winner
Toshio Suzuki , Best Animated Feature Film co-winner
Jonathan Glazer , Best International Feature Film winner
Mstyslav Chernov , Best Documentary Feature Film co-winner
Wes Anderson , Best Live Action Short co-winner
Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). [21]
Governors Awards
The Academy held its 14th annual Governors Awards ceremony on January 9, 2024, during which the following awards were presented: [23]
Academy Honorary Awards
Angela Bassett – "Who has inspired audiences around the world with her powerful and fearless performances." [24]
Mel Brooks – "For his comedic brilliance producing acumen and expansive body of work." [24]
Carol Littleton – "Whose commitment to her craft has significantly elevated the art of filmmaking." [24]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
Michelle Satter – "For her unwavering support of filmmakers and commitment to the independent filmmaking community." [25]
Films with multiple nominations and awards
Films with multiple nominations
The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers: [26]
Presenters
Name(s)
Role
Performers
Name(s)
Role
Work
Performers
Ceremony information
Jimmy Kimmel hosted the 96th Academy Awards.
In October 2023, the Academy hired television producers Raj Kapoor and Katy Mullan to oversee production of the 2024 ceremony with veteran television director Hamish Hamilton selected to direct the telecast. [27] "Raj and Hamish have been incredible Oscars collaborators, and we are delighted to welcome them and Katy to lead the 96th Oscars," said AMPAS CEO Bill Kramer and AMPAS President Janet Yang in a press release justifying their selection of the producers. "Their deep love of cinema, fresh vision, and tremendous live television expertise is perfect for our reinvigorated show." [28] In response, Kapoor and Mullan released a statement saying, "As a Canadian boy of South Asian descent and a girl from London who grew up watching the Oscars, dreaming of being part of it, this is a 'pinch me' moment! This has been an exceptional year for the movies, and it's an absolute privilege to be leading the team celebrating the global film industry and the astounding talents that bring these cinematic stories to life. We're dedicated to making it a remarkable celebration for all." [29]
The following month, comedian and talk show host Jimmy Kimmel was announced as host of the gala, and his wife Molly McNearney was hired to join Kapoor and Mullan as a co-producer. [30] Kapoor and Mullan explained their reason to bring back the veteran comedian and talk show host saying, "Jimmy has cemented himself as one of the all-time great Oscars hosts with his perfect blend of humanity and humor, and Molly is one of the best live TV producers around. We are delighted to be working with them and their teams on the show." [31] Kimmel responded to his selection as host in a press release retorting, "I always dreamed of hosting the Oscars exactly four times." [32]
In an effort to increase ratings and viewership, the Academy and ABC announced that the ceremony's start time would be moved ahead by an hour to 4:00 p.m. PT (7:00 p.m. ET ). [33] Producers hoped that the earlier start time would result in winners in major categories being announced earlier in the evening and would therefore mitigate declining viewership on the East Coast. [2] As a result of the changes, the red carpet pre-show that precedes the main telecast was shortened to 30 minutes from its usual 90 minute runtime. ABC would also have the ability to air a primetime program as a lead-out for the ceremony at 7:30 p.m. PT (10:30 p.m. ET), with the network scheduling a new episode of its sitcom Abbott Elementary . [34]
Several others participated in the production of the ceremony and related events. Production designers Misty Buckley and Alana Billingsley designed a new stage for the show. According to Buckley and Billingsley, the stage was designed to "create a modern plaza that invites people in." [35] Furthermore, the set utilized several columns that subtly changed images during several awards presentations such as typewriters for screenwriters for the screenplay categories and sketches of the Best Costume Design nominees for the aforementioned category. [36] Musician Rickey Minor was the musical director for the ceremony. [37] Comedian and journalist Amelia Dimoldenberg served as a social media and red carpet correspondent, interviewing nominees at events including the Oscars nominees lunch and hosting videos showcasing behind the scenes preparations leading up the ceremony. [38] In addition, Dimoldenberg and internet personality Reece Feldman interviewed nominees and guests of the ceremony on platforms such as Facebook and TikTok . [39] Choreographer Mandy Moore oversaw production of Ryan Gosling and Mark Ronson 's performance of " I'm Just Ken " which paid homage to the song " Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend " from the film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . [40] The performance utilized 62 different actors portraying Ken , and featured cameos from Gosling's Barbie co-stars Kingsley Ben-Adir , Scott Evans , Ncuti Gatwa , and Simu Liu , and musicians Wolfgang Van Halen and Slash . [41]
Initially, the Governors Awards were scheduled to be held on November 18, 2023, but they were postponed by two months to January 9, 2024, due to the 2023 Hollywood labor disputes . [42] Meanwhile, actress Michelle Pfeiffer was planned to co-present Best Picture with her Scarface co-star Al Pacino . However, prior commitments on the East Coast prevented her from traveling in time for the ceremony, and Pacino presented the award solo. [43]
Best Picture nominee diversity rules
In September 2020, the Academy announced that, starting with the 96th awards, all films submitted for Best Picture consideration must satisfy an established set of "representation and inclusion standards". [44] In a press release, then-AMPAS president David Rubin and then-Academy CEO Dawn Hudson said of the new standards, "The aperture must widen to reflect our diverse global population in both the creation of motion pictures and in the audiences who connect with them. The Academy is committed to playing a vital role in helping make this a reality. We believe these inclusion standards will be a catalyst for long-lasting, essential change in our industry." [45]
According to the rules, each film would be required to satisfy at least two of the four standards by hiring people from an "underrepresented" group namely individuals from a racial/ethnic minority, LGBTQ+ people, or persons with a cognitive or physical disability in order to compete in the category. Standard A involves "On-screen representation, themes, and narratives" which deals with a film's lead performers, cast, or subject matter. Standard B entails "Creative leadership and department heads" which involves creative heads in a film's production or the film's crew as a whole. Standard C encompasses "Industry access and opportunities" which refers to both paid internships and training opportunities. Standard D involves "Audience development" which refers to representation in marketing, publicity, and distribution. [46] Filmmakers would have to submit a confidential Representation and Inclusion Standards Entry form (RAISE) indicating how their films would comply with the standards outlined by the Academy. [47]
Three years after the new rules were announced, AMPAS released a statement affirming that films not submitted for Best Picture consideration could bypass submitting the RAISE forms reporting a film's gender, race, and disability data. In addition, Academy FAQs stated that British films that have complied with the British Film Institute 's inclusion and diversity standards would also be deemed as satisfying the Academy's diversity requirements. [48]
Box office performance of Best Picture nominees
When the nominations were announced, nine of the ten films nominated for Best Picture had earned a combined gross of $1.09 billion at the American and Canadian box offices at the time. [49] Barbie was the highest-grossing film among the Best Picture nominees with $636 million in domestic box office receipts. [50] Oppenheimer came in second with $326 million; this was followed by Killers of the Flower Moon ($67 million), Poor Things ($20.4 million), The Holdovers ($18.7 million), Past Lives ($10.9 million), American Fiction ($7.9 million), Anatomy of a Fall ($3.9 million), and The Zone of Interest ($1.6 million). [51] The official domestic box office figures for Maestro were unavailable due to their distributor Netflix 's policy of refusing to release such figures. [52] [53] Furthermore, with its win for Best Picture, Oppenheimer became the highest-grossing winner in that category since 2003's The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King . [54]
Critical reviews and reactions
Television critic Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times wrote, "It was a long night, as it always is, but not the slog it often is. The scripted banter was better than usual, and when it failed, personality took up the slack." Regarding Kimmel's performance as host, he commented that he was "a reliable, relatable presence liable to stir no controversy in a venue that has a low tolerance for controversy. At the same time he's sharp enough not to be boring." [55] Alison Herman of Variety remarked that despite the lack of surprises amongst the winners, "The show delivered entertainment and emotion in spades, if not surprise." She also commended Gosling's performance of "I'm Just Ken" as "a maximalist, infectiously goofy singalong was the ideal way to channel the feel-good energy of an Oscars where none of the bonhomie felt forced, as it often can." [56] The Hollywood Reporter columnist Daniel Fienberg lauded Kimmel as "A guy you can trust to do a monologue and then he'll hold together the disparate components and fill dead air and generally keep the mood light." He also singled out the decision to have five previous winners presenting the nominees in each acting category as a highlight of the festivities and acclaimed the witty banter between co-presenters. [57]
Furthermore, The Zone of Interest director, Jonathan Glazer , received both praise and criticism for his acceptance speech calling for an end to Israel's bombardment of Gaza . One sentence from Glazer's speech, in which he said that he and fellow producer James Wilson "stand here as men who refute their Jewishness and the Holocaust being hijacked by an occupation which has led to conflict for so many innocent people", was widely misquoted. Some sources truncated his remarks after the words "refute their Jewishness", suggesting that Glazer was disavowing his Jewish identity . [58] [59] Many pro- Israel figures disapproved of the statement, and over 1,000 Jewish members of the film industry signed an open letter denouncing Glazer's speech and defending the actions of the Israeli government. [60] Others, including playwright Tony Kushner and director of the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum , Piotr Cywiński , defended Glazer's comments. [61] [62] One month after the ceremony took place, over 450 Jewish members of the international film community, including Joel Coen , Elliott Gould , Todd Haynes , Joaquin Phoenix , and Wallace Shawn , signed an open letter in support of Glazer's speech. [63]
Ratings and reception
The American telecast on ABC drew in an average of 19.5 million people over its length, which was a 4% increase from the previous year's ceremony. [64] The show also held steady in Nielsen ratings compared to the previous ceremony with 9.9% of households watching the ceremony. [65] However, it garnered a lower 18–49 demo rating with a 3.8 rating among viewers in that demographic. [66] It was the most watched awards show on U.S. television since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic . [67]
In July 2024, the broadcast was nominated for seven awards at the 76th Primetime Emmys and its corresponding Creative Arts Emmy Awards . [68] Two months later, the broadcast won four of those nominations for Outstanding Variety Special (Live) (Executive Producers: Raj Kapoor, Katy Mullan, and Molly McNearney; Co-Executive Producer: Rob Paine; Producers: Taryn Hurd and Sarah Levine Hall; Host: Jimmy Kimmel), Outstanding Directing for a Variety Special (Hamish Hamilton), Outstanding Music Direction (Rickey Minor), and Outstanding Production Design for a Variety Special (Production Designers: Alana Billinglsey and Misty Buckley; Art Directors: John Zuiker and Margaux LaPresle). [69] It marked the first time since the 63rd ceremony in 1991, that an Academy Awards ceremony was awarded a top Primetime Emmy Award for variety programming. [70] [71]
"In Memoriam"
The "In Memoriam" tribute, which featured singer Andrea Bocelli performing his song " Time to Say Goodbye " with his son Matteo, paid tribute to the following individuals: [72] [73]
Diana Giorgiutti – visual effects producer
Robbie Robertson – composer, musician, songwriter, actor
Dewitt L. Sage – producer, director, documentarian
Before the "In Memoriam" segment, the Academy paid tribute to Russian activist and dissident Alexei Navalny , who died nearly a month before the ceremony, by airing a clip from the Oscar-winning documentary Navalny (2022). [74] Furthermore, a collage of additional names paying tribute to individuals such as Ron Cephas Jones , Norman Lear , Cormac McCarthy , Sinéad O'Connor , Lance Reddick , Suzanne Somers , Ray Stevenson , and Treat Williams appeared onscreen at the conclusion of the segment. [75] [76]
See also
References
^ Multiple sources:
Abrams, Jonathan; Bahr, Sara; Barnes, Brooks; Buchanan, Kyle; Hotlerman, Callie; Jacobs, Julia; Kuo, Christopher; Morino, Douglas; Morris, Wesley; Ryzik, Melina; Sperling, Nicole; Stevens, Matt; Testa, Jessica; Tracy, Marc; Trebay, Guy; Ugwu, Reggie; Wilkinson, Alyssa; Zinoman, Jason (March 10, 2024). "Oscars 2024 Highlights: Oppenheimer Wins Best Picture, and Emma Stone Wins Best Actress for Poor Things" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 10, 2024. Retrieved May 21, 2024.
^ Multiple sources:
External links
Live from Studio 8H: An Evening of Jerome Robbins (1981)
Tchaikovsky: 150th Birthday Gala from Leningrad (1991)
Perlman in Russia (1992)
Tosca: In the Settings and at the Times of Tosca (1993)
Vladimir Horowitz: A Reminiscence (1994)
Itzhak Perlman: In the Fiddler's House ( Great Performances ) (1996)
Dance in America: American Ballet Theatre in Le Corsaire ( Great Performances ) (2000)
2001–present
Stephen Colbert's Election Night 2020: Democracy's Last Stand Building Back America Great Again Better 2020 (2021)
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Is it legal to carry around lockpicks in the UK?
Just wondering because I've seen somewhere that in the US it varies between states, but I'm unsure of the law in the UK (England specifically)
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246 | is it illegal to own a lockpick set in the uk | https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/lock-pick-laws-by-state | 4
Lockpick Laws by State / Lock Pick Laws by State 2024
Lockpick Laws by State / Lock Pick Laws by State 2024
What is a Lockpick?
Lock picking is the act of unlocking a lock without using a key, but instead using tools and techniques to manipulate the internal components of the lock. Lockpicks are typically long, thin pieces of metal with differently curved and bent tips. These are designed to move, or "pick" the pins in cylinder locks.
Lock picking is often associated with criminal activity, such as breaking into homes during burglaries or breaking into a vehicle with intent to steal it. However, lock picking is also an essential skill for those in the locksmith profession, and can help people who have been locked out of their own vehicles. Law-abiding citizens may also learn the skill for legal, strictly recreational use: "locksport" is a sport/hobby that centers around defeating lock systems.
Is Lock Picking Legal?
Public ownership of lockpicks and other lock-picking tools is illegal in some countries, such as Japan . However, in many other countries, lock-picking tools are legal and available for purchase by everyday citizens as long as the buyer has no intent to use the items for criminal purposes.
Lock-picking tools are available and legal in the United States . In the majority of U.S. states and the District of Columbia , lock picking is declared legal by specific legal statutes. Even in these states, however, the person lock picking must show benign intent.
A handful of states have no specific laws regarding lock picking. Therefore, lock picking is legal by lack of statute. These states are:
Lockpick Laws by State / Lock Pick Laws by State 2024
Some municipalities may have laws different from the state law, especially regarding specialized equipment like bump keys and auto tryout keys.
States in which lockpicks are legalized by specific statues are marked Legal (Statute).
States that lack a specific law declaring lockpicks legal or illegal are categorized as Legal (No Statue)
Prima facie evidence of intent is a legal concept that assumes the most obvious explanation for a circumstance is legally assumed to be accurate unless the accused can prove otherwise—for example, if a person is caught carrying a lockpick, it is assumed their intent is to use it to illegally gain access to a vehicle or location that they cannot legally access—unless they can prove a different intent.
50 states
Legal but caution is advised
Possessor may have to counter prima facie evidence of intent, but only if their picks are "concealed...
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Possessor may have to counter prima facie evidence of intent.
Possessor may have to counter prima facie evidence of intent.
Possessor may have to counter prima facie evidence of intent.
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The laws will revolve around - Going Equipped Offence -
Ie - A genuine Locksmith would have lawful permission / consent to gain entry to a property Eg - Owner loses keys and calls locksmith out to gain entry to own property by what means the Locksmith deans suitable / least damaging
Billy Burglar out at any time of day with same tools would have a lot of explaining to do
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Billy Burglar out at any time of day with same tools would have a lot of explaining to do
Isn't Billy Burglar more likely to use a crow bar than lock picks? It takes a lot of practise/skill to use lock picks, I doubt that the common burglar would actually go that route???
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I am interested to hear what the law is on this.
I used to work for a large hotel chain, and was once nominated for a guest care award because I opened a jewel case after the guest had come away without the key.
I have also rescued a few motorists who had locked their keys inside their cars - but am not a professional!
If I had a lock pick, could I argue that I had a justifiable use for it, and had never used it to commit a crime?
There are of course other materials that would aid a thief which might be found about my person - because I use them in my work, and have on occasions forgotten to empty my pockets before I leave for home!
I am thinking along the lines of a strip cut from the side of a 2 litre Coke bottle... better than a credit card, and used to scrape paint into engravings!!
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It's all about context - if you have a lock pick and it's 3am near a dark garage, you will struggle. If it's whilst at work you may have a lawful explanation.
I think you may still get suspected, but it is like most other aspects of law - if you are using it lawfully, then you have no issues. You just have to expect that dependant on the context an officer might reasonably want to do some investigating to ensure your account is true and honest. An honest person with no history of theft carrying an object that he can account for by his work and in non-suspicious circumstances shouldn't have anything to worry about!! The same object carried by a serial burglar with no obvious excuse and in a place where they cannot easily account for their presence will be treated very differently.
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The laws will revolve around - Going Equipped Offence -
Ie - A genuine Locksmith would have lawful permission / consent to gain entry to a property Eg - Owner loses keys and calls locksmith out to gain entry to own property by what means the Locksmith deans suitable / least damaging
Billy Burglar out at any time of day with same tools would have a lot of explaining to do
Thanks for sharing your views and suggestion. I am still interested all UK laws about lock picking.
It's all about context - if you have a lock pick and it's 3am near a dark garage, you will struggle. If it's whilst at work you may have a lawful explanation.
I think you may still get suspected, but it is like most other aspects of law - if you are using it lawfully, then you have no issues. You just have to expect that dependant on the context an officer might reasonably want to do some investigating to ensure your account is true and honest. An honest person with no history of theft carrying an object that he can account for by his work and in non-suspicious circumstances shouldn't have anything to worry about!! The same object carried by a serial burglar with no obvious excuse and in a place where they cannot easily account for their presence will be treated very differently.
I want to use lock pick set to prevent any damage .And I also want to use it as a fun but after following my country laws then I shall use it.
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Use a lock picking set as fun? Not sure that would be reasonable excuse!
Since there is no legal restriction on purchasing, owning or having fun with lock picks, you don't need a reasonable excuse to have them on you.
It's a little worrying that anybody sees possession of lock picks as grounds for arrest, unless you're a lock smith. I'm not a paramedic, but I have been known to carry aspirin in my pockets...
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Asprin is of little use when committing crime, a lockpick set is and other than being a locksmith there sent many reasons to have one.
Combined with almost any suspicious activity it would be a sure arrest
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It's a little worrying that anybody sees possession of lock picks as grounds for arrest, unless you're a lock smith. I'm not a paramedic, but I have been known to carry aspirin in my pockets...
As stated previously, it is circumstantial but absolutely grounds for arrest. If you're in possession of said items and told me you had them on you 'for fun' that would certainly raise my suspicion and arrest would be a consideration.
If I tried to travel through departures with thousands of pounds and told customs it was just 'spare change' customs would let me carry on unchallenged?
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Going equipped is a catch all charge that could be applied to just about any item. I was discussing carrying a knife in my mountain rescue kit with a friend who is a serving officer and we got on to multitools.
Despite my Leatherman being exempt under Sect 139 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (nonlocking folding blade of less than 3"), he would still arrest for going equipped. It may be difficult to prove intent and so not be taken forward by the CPS but the arrest alone could cause problems (CRB checks, entry to USA). Using going equipped as an excuse causes a lack of trust in the Police.
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I'm not sure I can personally reconcile that level of "circumstantial" with "reasonable grounds to suspect".
As far as the cash goes, unlike lock picks, there is a legal restriction on the movement of criminal cash, which allows police and customs to enquire about the source of cash. What we can't do though is arrest someone for money laundering because they are carrying cash and they don't work in a bank.
As for the lock picks, most sets in this country are owned by "amateurs" for a hobby. On the balance of probabilities, "for fun" is going to be the most likely truthful answer. Obviously, with other relevant suspicious activity, you may have grounds for arrest, but the earlier posts suggested you'd be happy to arrest solely for possession.
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246 | is it illegal to own a lockpick set in the uk | https://www.lockpickings.com/are-lock-pick-sets-illegal/ | October 5, 2024
October 5, 2024
In Western Europe, such as Germany or the Netherlands, owning a lock pick set is legal, but using it on someone else’s lock without their permission is not allowed. The mere possession of lock picking tools, such as the elite 3 lock pick set , does not constitute a crime in most cases. The law primarily focuses on intent: “possession of tools with the intent to commit a crime” is what determines legality. In many regions, including Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the laws regarding lockpicking are quite similar.
Why is Lockpicking Legal in Germany?
At first glance, lockpicking might seem simple. Watching videos on platforms like YouTube, it often appears as though locks can be opened effortlessly, one after another.
Just poking around in the lock, and voila – it’s open. So why are these lockpicking tools sold legally in Germany and other Western European countries?
On YouTube, we only see the sensational success stories. It’s far more exciting to show how quickly a lock can be picked rather than showing hours, days, or even weeks of struggle.
You might become familiar with a lock over time. Perhaps it takes two weeks to open on the first attempt, and after much practice, you can pick it in 10 seconds. However, this doesn’t mean you can pick every lock of the same model that quickly.
Lockpicking is, in most cases, much harder than people think.
Action movies and viral YouTube videos give a distorted image of how easy it is to pick locks. Many locks, especially pin tumbler locks, are much more vulnerable to other methods like bump keys than they are to traditional lockpicking techniques.
Lockpicking is often seen as a sport, comparable to solving puzzles, but with an added challenge: locks are specifically designed to be unsolvable! That’s what makes it so exciting when you do finally open one!
Where is Lockpicking Illegal?
Where is Lockpicking Legal?
In most countries, the possession of lockpicks, lock pick sets, or other lock picking tools is not regulated. Whether these tools are used for criminal purposes or legitimate reasons depends entirely on the user’s intent.
For example, in the United States, there are specific state laws, like the California Penal Code, that could classify the possession of lockpicking tools as *prima facie* evidence of criminal intent, depending on the circumstances.
Germany
There are no specific laws against lockpicking in Germany, meaning it is legal as long as you have the owner’s consent. Lock pick sets and bump keys can be freely bought and sold. Additionally, many clubs and organizations in Germany treat lockpicking as a sport, and it is even a popular element in Geocaching. Workshops on lockpicking are often offered at Geocaching events across the country.
Austria
Similar to Germany, owning lockpicking tools in Austria is legal, provided you can offer a reasonable explanation for having them and are not suspected of possessing these tools for criminal purposes.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, lockpicking is also legal, as long as no criminal intent is suspected. Switzerland has a strong lockpicking community, with many hobbyists and professionals using it as a tool for better security awareness.
France
In France, owning lockpicking tools is legal, but possession without proper justification might be viewed suspiciously by law enforcement. For example, if found with lockpicks and no clear explanation, it could lead to an investigation under suspicion of possessing burglary tools.
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, particularly in England and Wales, carrying tools that can be used for burglary or theft, including lockpicks, can result in criminal charges. Under certain conditions, possession of these tools could result in up to three years in prison, especially if the tools are associated with an intent to commit burglary or break into a building.
New Zealand
Lockpicking tools are legal in New Zealand, but carrying them with the intent to use them for unlawful purposes can result in serious penalties, including up to three years in prison.
Australia
Similarly, in Australia, possessing lockpicks is legal, but they can be classified as burglary tools if found in conjunction with other suspicious circumstances, potentially leading to legal trouble.
Disclaimer: We are not lawyers, nor are we legal experts. This article provides a basic understanding of lockpicking laws based on our interpretation. Laws can change, and we strive to keep this page updated, but please ensure you verify the latest regulations.
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246 | is it illegal to own a lockpick set in the uk | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_picking | Lock picking
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Tension wrench" redirects here. For the automotive tool, see Torque wrench .
Manipulating the components of a lock to unlock it without the original key
"Lockpick" redirects here. For other uses, see Lockpick (disambiguation) .
A set of lock picks and tension wrenches for pin/tumbler locks
Picking while tensioning
Lock picking is the practice of unlocking a lock by manipulating the components of the lock device without the original key.
Although lock-picking can be associated with criminal intent , it is an essential skill for the legitimate profession of locksmithing , and is also pursued by law-abiding citizens as a useful skill to learn, or simply as a hobby ( locksport ).
In some countries, such as Japan, lock-picking tools are illegal for most people to possess, but in many others, they are available and legal to own as long as there is no intent to use them for criminal purposes.
Various lock picks and tools for opening and picking locks from the Codex Löffelholz, Nuremberg 1505
Locks by definition secure or fasten something with the intention that access is possible only with the matching key. Despite this, criminal lock picking likely started with the first locks. Famed locksmith Alfred Charles Hobbs said in the mid-1800s:
Rogues are very keen on their profession and know already much more than we can teach them respecting their several kinds of roguery. Rogues knew a good deal about lock-picking long before locksmiths discussed it among themselves... [1]
Professional and recreational lock picking also has a long history. King Louis XVI of France (1754–1793) was a keen designer, picker, and manipulator of locks, [2] and physicist Richard Feynman picked locks for fun in the 1940s while employed on the Manhattan Project . The tradition of student roof and tunnel hacking at MIT included lockpicking, [3] and their guide to this was made widely available in 1991. [4]
Beginning in 1997 [5] more organized recreational lockpicking has now grown and developed a competitive aspect in " locksport ", along with its own governing body, Locksport International. [6] [7]
A common set of skeleton keys used to open most types of warded padlocks
Skeleton keys
The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key , is used for opening warded locks . It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations.
The keys for warded locks only require the back end manipulating which is the end which opens the lock. The other parts are there to distinguish between different varieties of their locks. For example, for a chest of drawers with a warded lock, a skeleton key for that type of warded lock can be made by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway , the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.
A traditional pick set. From left to right: torsion wrench, "twist-flex" torsion wrench, offset diamond pick, ball pick, half-diamond pick, short hook, medium hook, saw (or "L") rake, snake (or "C") rake.
Pin tumbler lock picking
Tension wrench
Half-diamond pick
Hook pick
Ball pick
Rake picks
Two types of rake pick, the double and triple peak, sometimes known as Bogota rakes
These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to rake pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually and generally works well on cheaper locks. Advanced rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured.
Decoder pick
Bump keys
A typical bump key
The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key (or variety of keys) that has been cut so that each peak of the key is equal and has been cut down to the lowest groove of the key. This key is then struck sharply with a hammer whilst applying torque. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's cradle ) will move only the driver pins, leaving the key pins in place. If done correctly, this briefly creates a gap around the shear line, allowing the plug to rotate freely. [8] Some modern high-security locks include bumping protection, such as Master Lock 's "BumpStop" [9] and ILCO 's "Bump Halt" [10] technology.
Wafer tumbler lock picking
Pick guns
A snap gun
The manual pick gun (or snap gun) was invented by Ely Epstein. [11] It usually has a trigger that creates a movement which (like bump keys ) transfers sudden energy to the key pins, which communicate this to the driver pins, causing only those pins to jump, allowing the cylinder to turn freely for a brief moment, until the pin springs return the pins to their locking position. Electric versions are also common, whereby simply pressing a button vibrates the pins while a normal torsion wrench is being used.
Tubular lock pick
A tubular lock pick is a specialized lockpicking tool used for opening a tubular pin tumbler lock . Tubular lock picks are all very similar in design and come in sizes to fit all major tubular locks, including 6, 7, 8, and 10-pin locks. The tool is simply inserted into the lock and turned clockwise with medium torque. As the tool is pushed into the lock, each of the pins is slowly forced down until they stop, thus binding the driver pins behind the shear line of the lock. When the final pin is pushed down, the shear plane is clear and the lock opens. This can usually be accomplished in a matter of seconds.
Most tubular lock picks come with a "decoder" which lets the locksmith know at what depths the pins broke the shear plane. By using the decoding key after the lock has been picked, the locksmith can cut a tubular key to the correct pin depths and thus avoid having to replace the lock.
Anti-picking methods
A deadbolt lock that has been picked, showing that the plug has been turned without the key
The history of lock development, particularly modern locks , is largely one of an arms race between lock pickers and lock inventors.
Today's anti-picking methods in standard pin tumbler locks include the use of sidewards which obstruct the keyway and "security pins" or "carnival pins". These are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel, with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not. [12] Security pins can also have the effect of resetting other pins when adjusted.
Legal status
In Australia, possession of lock picking equipment is legal. However, it may count toward evidence of intent to commit a crime if otherwise incriminating circumstances warrant reasonable suspicion by police. For example, Queensland state law states:
"A person possessing lock picks, an electronic car door lock scanner, or a jemmy in other than easily explainable circumstances, e.g., a locksmith, carpenter, or a person undertaking home renovations, may warrant the suspicion of police that the person may intend to used [sic] the equipment for a burglary or vehicle theft. Obviously, the suspicion held by police must be reasonable and therefore will be dependent on the circumstances under which the person is found with the items." [13] [14]
In B.C. and Ontario Canada, a license is required to carry out locksmithing professionally. [15] [16] It is legal for hobbyists who are not locksmiths to pick locks that they own.[ citation needed ]
Under Section 351 of the Canadian Criminal Code, lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was the intention to commit a crime.
The relevant section states: "Every person who, without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe knowing that the instrument has been used or is intended to be used for that purpose,
(a) is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or
(b) is guilty of an offense punishable on summary conviction." [17]
Some provinces require a license to carry lock picks. [18] Unlike most laws in Canada, the onus is on the defendant to prove that they have a legal purpose to use the lock picks. Similar to some drug trafficking offenses, this may be automatically applied if possession is discovered, though corroborating evidence is needed to support these charges. [19] Hobbyist use and indications thereof should constitute reasonable doubt, though the defendant must prove legal purposes, the crown must still indicate the charges are reasonable given the circumstances. For example, the discovery of lock picks in a dwelling house in absence of other indications of burglary are not grounds for this charge. [20] It is not uncommon for hackathon events in Canada to have lock picking challenges, and this would constitute a reasonable and legal reason for possession.
There is no law or regulation on lock picking, so it is legal as long as one has permission from the owner of the lock to pick the lock in question. Lock picking tools can be freely bought and sold. There are several clubs where lock picking is practiced as a sport. [21] Lock picking has also become a popular part of geocaching in Germany. [22] There are also lock picking workshops at geocaching events. [23]
European Union
Unusually for a country in the EU, ownership of lock picks in Hungary on public property is prohibited. [24]
Japan's law prohibits possession of any lock picking tools and imposes a penalty of one-year imprisonment or a 500,000 yen fine. [25]
In the Netherlands , owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organized by TOOOL ), which started in 2002 and features competitors from around the world. The competition is held during LockCon, an annual conference about locks. [26] [27]
New Zealand
In Poland, according to Article 129/1 of the Misdemeanor Code: both (1) possessing, producing or obtaining a lock pick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it; and (2) delivering a lock pick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine - and (3) a lock pick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal. [29]
United Kingdom
United States
See also
^ A. C. Hobbs (Charles Tomlinson, ed.), Locks and Safes: The Construction of Locks. Published by Virtue & Co., London, 1853 (revised 1868).
^ Andress, David. "The Terror", Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, 2005, p. 12-13
"Understanding Bump Keys (Video)" . L. Scott Harrell. April 19, 2009. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
"Criminal Code" . Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved April 13, 2016.
Schafbuch, David (March 22, 2014). "'Lockpicking' as Hobby - Sesam, öffne dich" . Faz.net (in German).
^ Bookmark list of lock picking geocaches for basic members at geocaching.com, retrieved on June 12, 2018.
"Lockpicking - Toool" . Toool.nl. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
^ "Lock pickers hebben slot in paar seconden open", the Leeuwarder Courant, December 2, 2002
"Vito Tieke", Even Vragen Aan, the Algemeen Dagblad, 2002-12-02
"Duitser kampioen sloten openen", the Sp!ts, probably 2002-12-02
"Duitser wordt in Sneek kampioen sloten openen", the Friesch Dagblad, probably 2002-12-02
"Duitser eerste kampioen sloten openen in Sneek", the Dagblad van het Noorden, probably 2002-12-02
"Sloten openen als nieuwe sport", Dagblad de Limburger, probably 2002-12-02
Note: the dates of some articles were not available, but considering the fact that newspapers generally report promptly, it can be assumed the given dates are correct.
It was also documented on television, in the programs Hart van Nederland and on Omproep Friesland.
"Legislation index" . Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
"Locksmith License" . 1.nyc.gov. Retrieved March 8, 2016.
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247 | what is the largest city in the united states per square mile | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_area | List of United States cities by area
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Population tablesof U.S. cities
This list ranks the top 150 U.S. cities (incorporated places) by 2024 land area. Total areas including water are also given, but when ranked by total area, a number of coastal cities appear disproportionately larger. San Francisco is an extreme example: water makes up nearly 80% of its total area of 232 square miles (601 km2).
In many cases an incorporated place is geographically large because its municipal government has merged with the government of the surrounding county. In some cases the county no longer exists, while in others the arrangement has formed a consolidated city-county (or city- borough in Alaska, or city- parish in Louisiana); these are shown in bold. Some consolidated city-counties, however, include multiple incorporated places. In such cases, this list presents only that portion (or “balance”) of such consolidated city-counties that are not a part of another incorporated place; these are indicated with asterisks (*). Cities that are not consolidated with or part of any county are independent cities , indicated with two asterisks (**).
City
ST
^ Consolidated with the independent city of Nansemond in 1974, which had been Nansemond County until 1972.
^ Consolidated with remaining unincorporated portions of Norfolk County in 1963.
^ Consolidated with Princess Anne County in 1963.
^ "Places" dataset at Census Gazetteer Files , dated August 21, 2024.
List of United States cities by area
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247 | what is the largest city in the united states per square mile | https://www.mapdevelopers.com/area_finder.php | Address
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Enter an address or zoom into the map then click on the starting point of your shape. Continue to click along the outside edge of the shape you want to calculate the area of. As you add points the area will be updated below and converted into acres, square feet, meter, kilometers and miles. It will also show the perimeter of the shape. This tool is useful for finding the approximate acreage or a tract of land, the square footage of a roof, or any other instance where you need a good estimate of the area of something. If you would like this tool on your website use our area calculator embed tool or contact us for details. To return to this area map use the link provided at the bottom of the page. .
Acreage Calculator - Measure the area of a plot of land
The easiest way to measure the acreage of a plot of land is to start by entering an address that is associated with the plot of land you need the area of. In rural areas where an address may not be available, you can enter the cross street or even the GPS coordinate of a point on the land. For GPS coordinates be sure to enter the latitude followed a comma then the longitude ex. (41.87811, -87.629798). In any case this will place a marker that you can use as a reference point to draw the area on the map. Once you are finished drawing the area calculator will display the area of the shape above the map.
How to use the google maps area calculator tool to measure a roof
Special precautions must be taken when measuring the area of a roof. The images that appear on google maps are often at a slight angle, which combined with the angle of a roof can cause errors. For this reason it is best to outline the roof at points which are all at the same elevation. On a simple house for instance you would only click on the corners of the roof and not on any points along the peak as that would cause an error. After measuring the area of the footprint you can estimate the actual roof area based on the angle of the roof. Similarly if you using the area calculator tool to measure a roof with multiple levels, you should do the individual section separately.
The google maps area calculator is not 100% accurate. Do not rely on this tool as your only resource in making important decisions.
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247 | what is the largest city in the united states per square mile | https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-city-rankings/largest-cities-in-us-by-area | Largest Cities in the United States by Area 2024
Cities in the United States come in all different sizes with unique environments and cultures. Cities can be expansive urban areas that cover miles of land, or dense, heavily populated metropolises.
When evaluating how “large” a city is, the population is typically used as the measurement. Cities are less commonly measured by the size of their land area. Often, the land area does not correlate with population size. For example, New York City has a population of 8.623 million people but is 302.6 mi² (784 km²) because New York is so densely populated with approximately 27,000 people per square mile.
The largest cities by area are very different from the largest cities by population. The top ten largest cities by area are:
Sitka, AK (2,870.3 mi²)
Juneau, AK (2,701.9 mi²)
Wrangell, AK (2,542.5 mi²)
4. Anchorage, AK (1,704.7 mi²)
5. Jacksonville, FL (747 mi²)
6. Anaconda, MT (735.6 mi²)
7. Butte, MT (716.2 mi²)
8. Oklahoma City, OK (607 mi²)
9. Houston, TX (599.6 mi²)
10. Phoenix, AZ (516.7 mi²)
The largest city in the United States by area is Sitka, Alaska . Sitka spans over 2,870.3 mi² (7,434.04 km²) but has a population of about only 10,000 people. The four largest cities in the United States are located in the southeastern part of Alaska , and are significantly larger than any other city in the United States.
All other cities in the United States smaller than the top ten are under 500 mi².
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Largest cities by area
This is a list of the largest municipalities and urban areas in the world by area.
This table shows all cities or municipalities with a total area of at least 50,000 km2. Administrative areas without city/municipality status like districts or prefectures are excluded.
City/municipality
Urban area
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But emotions can cloud your reasoning, especially when you need to do something that could cause internal pain, like giving constructive criticism, or moving on from something you’re attached to, like scrapping a favorite topic from your team's content calendar.
There’s a way to suppress this emotional bias, though. It’s a thought process that’s completely objective and data-driven. It's called the rational decision making model, and it will help you make logically sound decisions even in situations with major ramifications , like pivoting your entire blogging strategy.
But before we learn each step of this powerful process, let’s go over what exactly rational decision making is and why it’s important.
What is Rational Decision Making?
Rational decision making is a problem-solving methodology that factors in objectivity and logic instead of subjectivity and intuition to achieve a goal. The goal of rational decision making is to identify a problem, pick a solution between multiple alternatives, and find an answer.
Rational decision making is an important skill to possess, especially in the digital marketing industry. Humans are inherently emotional, so our biases and beliefs can blur our perception of reality. Fortunately, data sharpens our view. By showing us how our audience actually interacts with our brand, data liberates us from relying on our assumptions to determine what our audience likes about us.
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1. Verify and define your problem.
To prove that you actually have a problem, you need evidence for it. Most marketers think data is the silver bullet that can diagnose any issue in our strategy, but you actually need to extract insights from your data to prove anything. If you don’t, you’re just looking at a bunch of numbers packed into a spreadsheet.
To pinpoint your specific problem, collect as much data from your area of need and analyze it to find any alarming patterns or trends.
Example:
“After analyzing our blog traffic report, we now know why our traffic has plateaued for the past year — our organic traffic increases slightly month over month but our email and social traffic decrease.”
2. Research and brainstorm possible solutions for your problem.
Expanding your pool of potential solutions boosts your chances of solving your problem. To find as many potential solutions as possible, you should gather plenty of information about your problem from your own knowledge and the internet. You can also brainstorm with others to uncover more possible solutions.
Example:
Potential Solution 1: “We could focus on growing organic, email, and social traffic all at the same time."
Potential Solution 2: “We could focus on growing email and social traffic at the same time — organic traffic already increases month over month while traffic from email and social decrease.”
Potential Solution 3: "We could solely focus on growing social traffic — growing social traffic is easier than growing email and organic traffic at the same time. We also have 2 million followers on Facebook, so we could push our posts to a ton of readers."
Potential Solution 4: "We could solely focus on growing email traffic — growing email traffic is easier than growing social and organic traffic at the same time. We also have 250,000 blog subscribers, so we could push our posts to a ton of readers."
Potential Solution 5: "We could solely focus on growing organic traffic — growing organic traffic is easier than growing social and email traffic at the same time. We also just implemented a pillar-cluster model to boost our domain’s authority, so we could attract a ton of readers from Google."
3. Set standards of success and failure for your potential solutions.
Setting a threshold to measure your solutions' success and failure lets you determine which ones can actually solve your problem. Your standard of success shouldn’t be too high, though. You’d never be able to find a solution. But if your standards are realistic, quantifiable, and focused, you’ll be able to find one.
Example:
“If one of our solutions increases our total traffic by 10%, we should consider it a practical way to overcome our traffic plateau.”
4. Flesh out the potential results of each solution.
Next, you should determine each of your solutions’ consequences. To do so, create a strength and weaknesses table for each alternative and compare them to each other. You should also prioritize your solutions in a list from best chance to solve the problem to worst chance.
Example:
Potential Result 1: ‘Growing organic, email, and social traffic at the same time could pay a lot of dividends, but our team doesn’t have enough time or resources to optimize all three channels.”
Potential Result 2: “Growing email and social traffic at the same time would marginally increase overall traffic — both channels only account for 20% of our total traffic."
Potential Result 3: “Growing social traffic by posting a blog post everyday on Facebook is challenging because the platform doesn’t elevate links in the news feed and the channel only accounts for 5% of our blog traffic. Focusing solely on social would produce minimal results.”
Potential Result 4: “Growing email traffic by sending two emails per day to our blog subscribers is challenging because we already send one email to subscribers everyday and the channel only accounts for 15% of our blog traffic. Focusing on email would produce minimal results.”
Potential Result 5: “Growing organic traffic by targeting high search volume keywords for all of our new posts is the easiest way to grow our blog’s overall traffic. We have a high domain authority, Google refers 80% of our total traffic, and we just implemented a pillar-cluster model. Focusing on organic would produce the most results.”
5. Choose the best solution and test it.
Based on the evaluation of your potential solutions, choose the best one and test it. You can start monitoring your preliminary results during this stage too.
Example:
“Focusing on organic traffic seems to be the most effective and realistic play for us. Let’s test an organic-only strategy where we only create new content that has current or potential search volume and fits into our pillar cluster model.”
6. Track and analyze the results of your test.
Track and analyze your results to see if your solution actually solved your problem.
Example:
“After a month of testing, our blog traffic has increased by 14% and our organic traffic has increased by 21%.”
7. Implement the solution or test a new one.
If your potential solution passed your test and solved your problem, then it’s the most rational decision you can make. You should implement it to completely solve your current problem or any other related problems in the future. If the solution didn’t solve your problem, then test another potential solution that you came up with.
Example:
“The results from solely focusing on organic surpassed our threshold of success. From now on, we’re pivoting to an organic-only strategy, where we’ll only create new blog content that has current or future search volume and fits into our pillar cluster model.”
Avoid Bias With A Rational Decision Making Process
As humans, it’s natural for our emotions to take over your decision making process. And that’s okay. Sometimes, emotional decisions are better than logical ones. But when you really need to prioritize logic over emotion, arming your mind with the rational decision making model can help you suppress your emotion bias and be as objective as possible.
Editor's note: This post was originally published in July 2018 and has been updated for comprehensiveness.
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248 | the basic steps of rational decision making include defining goals and | https://www.pitchlabs.org/library/operations/project-management-tools/rational-decision-making | 3122
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Decision-making is undertaken by individuals daily, revolving around what to eat, what to wear, whether to go somewhere, what to read, etc. A decision-making process preempts every human action.
The rational decision-making process is often employed when making choices or decisions. The process is based on logic, reason, and carefully considering available information and options. It is a structured approach to making decisions, and it aims to optimize outcomes and reduce the impacts of biases and emotions in decision-making. When a decision is preceded by rational thinking, the results are often a desired outcome and serve a greater good.
This article will review an example of how Lauren utilized rational decision-making.
Lauren is a successful freelancer who has had a particularly successful year in her career. There has been a surge in her clientele. While this is exciting, it also brings some challenges. Lauren needs to make a decision that will significantly shape her future. The surge in her clientele brings both exciting opportunities and challenging choices.
As the offers pour in, one particularly lucrative deal requires Lauren to transition from her cozy home office to a dedicated workspace. The international client offering this two-year contract needs regular face-to-face meetings on a video call, requiring investment in a professional work office with whiteboards and big screen monitors. She had previously worked from her one-room space, but now she needs to build a professional office space. This proposition coincides with a turning point in Lauren's aspirations.
Lauren was planning to purchase a luxurious car, symbolizing her success. The allure of a vehicle that mirrors her blossoming career beckons her. Yet, the decision looms as she realizes that committing to the needed professional office space means putting her automotive dreams on hold.
Lauren is torn between two significant investments promising to enhance her professional and personal life. Here, the rational decision-making process becomes Lauren's guiding light.
The rational decision-making process typically involves several vital steps.
1. Defining the problem: First, Lauren needs to clearly define the issue, which is the decision between spending on office space for her growing clientele vs. Buying a luxurious car.
2. Identifying decision criteria: Next, Lauren determines the key factors influencing her decision, considering the long-term benefits of securing the international deal versus the immediate satisfaction of owning a prestigious car.
3. Weighing in the decision criteria: Lauren assigns a weight to each criterion, acknowledging the potential impact on her career trajectory and personal satisfaction.
4. Exploring alternatives: Lauren explores various scenarios, including negotiating with her clients for a compromise to accommodate their needs and fulfill her aspirations.
5. Evaluating alternatives: She objectively assesses the pros and cons of each alternative, weighing the consequences of delaying the car purchase against the potential gains from securing a long-term client commitment.
6. Selecting the best alternative: With a comprehensive analysis, Lauren makes an informed decision aligning with her goals and priorities.
7. Implementing the decision: Lauren takes the necessary steps to either sign the deal, negotiate terms, or pursue an alternative that suits her clients and satisfies her desires.
8. Monitoring and evaluating: With the decision put in action, Lauren stays vigilant, monitoring the outcomes and adjusting her approach to ensure continued success.
9. Learning and adjusting: Lauren reflects on the experience, learning valuable lessons about balancing professional growth and personal fulfillment. This newfound wisdom guides her future decisions as she navigates the evolving landscape of her freelance career.
By following the rational decision-making steps, Lauren transforms a challenging situation into a strategic choice that aligns with her goals and ensures a sustainable and fulfilling path forward.
Faced with the conflicting choices of building a dedicated office space or the allure of buying a luxurious car, Lauren embarked on a journey of introspection guided by the principles of rational decision-making. The weight of her decision hung in the balance, with the potential to shape her professional trajectory and personal satisfaction. After carefully considering the options and thoroughly evaluating the associated criteria, Lauren chose a path harmonizing with her overarching goals.
Recognizing the transformative potential of the international deal and the enduring impact it could have on her burgeoning career, she boldly decided to prioritize building a dedicated office space.
This choice, rooted in rational analysis, reflected Lauren's commitment to long-term success and her understanding of the sacrifices required for sustained growth. While Lauren temporarily put the luxurious car on hold, she embraced the opportunity to cultivate a thriving professional environment that would undoubtedly yield long-term gains, making her dreams of owning a luxurious car a reality soon enough.
In making this decision, Lauren demonstrated her business acumen, resilience, and foresight. The narrative of her freelance journey had evolved, and with this strategic move, she set the stage for continued prosperity. Lauren embraced her new professional chapter with a sense of purpose and the confidence that comes from deliberate decision-making. Lauren's success was not just about the projects she tackled or the words she penned; it was a testament to her ability to navigate complex choices with wisdom, ensuring a trajectory that promised financial gains and personal fulfillment.
In the grand tapestry of her freelance career, this decision stood out as a defining moment, a testament to Lauren's strategic thinking and unwavering commitment to building a legacy beyond the glossy allure of immediate rewards.
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Hello, I am Hadrat, a communication specialist and an article writer for Pitch Labs. I am passionate about street children and abandoned women, with a special focus on the African terrain. I enjoy writing poems and creative stories.
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248 | the basic steps of rational decision making include defining goals and | https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-principlesofmanagement/chapter/rational-decision-making-vs-other-types-of-decision-making/ | Rational Decision Making vs. Other Types of Decision Making
What you’ll learn to do: explain the concept of “rational decision making” and contrast it with prospect theory, bounded rationality, heuristics, and robust decisions
Though everyone makes decisions, not everyone goes about the process in the same way. In fact, not everyone even uses a “process” to make decisions. There are various decision-making styles, and we will focus on the rational decision-making model. We will also become familiar with a common process that many groups and individuals follow when making decisions. Though almost everyone will agree that decision making should be rational, there are also some important contrasting ideas that often balance out the “rational” aspects to the process.
Learning Outcomes
The Rational Decision-Making Process
The rational decision-making process involves careful, methodical steps. The more carefully and strictly these steps are followed, the more rational the process is. We’ll look at each step in closer detail.
Step 1: Identify the Problem
Though this starting place might seem rather obvious, a failure to identify the problem clearly can derail the entire process. It can sometimes require serious thought to find the central issue that must be addressed. For example, you have taken a new job and you may initially decide you need to find a new car for commuting back and forth from work. However, the central problem is that you need a reliable way to commute to and from work.
Step 2: Establish Decision Criteria
In this step, the decision maker needs to determine what is relevant in making the decision. This step will bring the decision maker’s, and any other stakeholder’s, interests, values and preferences into the process. To continue our example, let’s assume you are married. Some of the criteria identified might include budget, safety, functionality, and reliability.
Step 3: Weigh Decision Criteria
Because the criteria identified will seldom be equally important, you will need to weight the criteria to create the correct priority in the decision. For example, you may have weighted budget, safety, and reliability as the most important criteria to consider, along with several other slightly less critical criteria.
Step 4: Generate Alternatives
Once you have identified the issue and gathered relevant information, now it is time to list potential options for how to decide what to do. Some of those alternatives will be common and fairly obvious options, but it is often helpful to be creative and name unusual solutions as well. The alternatives you generated could include the types of cars, as well as using public transportation, car pooling and a ride-hailing service.
Step 5: Evaluate Alternatives
After creating a somewhat full list of possible alternatives, each alternative can be evaluated. Which choice is most desirable and why? Are all of the options equally feasible, or are some unrealistic or impossible? Now is the time to identify both the merits and the challenges involved in each of the possible solutions.
Step 6: Select the Best Alternative
After a careful evaluation of alternatives, you must choose a solution. You should clearly state your decision so as to avoid confusion or uncertainty. The solution might be one of the particular options that was initially listed, an adaptation of one of those options, or a combination of different aspects from multiple suggestions. It is also possible that an entirely new solution will arise during the evaluation process.
Practice Question
Data, Logic, and Facts
Rational decision making is defined not only by adherence to a careful process, but also by a logical, data-driven manner of following the steps of that process. The process can be time-consuming and costly. It is generally not worthwhile on everyday decisions. It is more useful for big decisions with many criteria that affect many people.
In the evaluation stage, the process usually requires numeric values. The next stage will use these to calculate a score for each alternative. Some properties are not easily measured, and factors that rely on subjective judgment may not be trusted. If they are not fully weighted, the final analysis will lean toward whatever is easiest to measure. In a company, the final decision usually belongs to an executive, who takes the analysis as a guide but makes his own decision.
Ideas that Complement and Contrast with Rational Decision Making
Though most decision makers will recognize much that is commendable in the rational decision-making process, there are also reasons to consider complementary or even contrasting ideas. Taken to its extreme, the rational method might entirely discount factors that are of known and obvious value, such as emotions and feelings, experience, or even ethical principles. This danger, along with other limitations of the rational method, has led to the development of the following concepts to provide a more balanced and holistic approach to decision making:
Prospect Theory
Daniel Kahneman is one of the developers of prospect theory.
An epoch-making idea in the field of behavioral economics, prospect theory is a complex analysis of how individuals make decisions when there is risk involved. Most strictly rational approaches to questions of financial risk rely on the principle of expected value, where the probability of an event is multiplied by the resulting value should the event occur. Notice the numerical and logical approach to that analysis.
However, Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, the developers of prospect theory, demonstrated through various experiments that most people alter that approach based on their subjective judgments in any given situation. One of the common examples of this is that many individuals think differently about the risk of financial loss than they do when considering situations where different levels of financial gain are concerned. In a purely rational approach, the numbers and calculations involved work the same way regardless of whether the situation is one involving potential gain or potential loss.
This graph shows how prospect theory describes individuals’ subjective valuations of profit and loss. Notice that the value curve is not a straight line and that the positive “gains” section of the curve is not symmetrical to the negative “losses” section of the curve.
Prospect theory is a description of how people made actual decisions in experiments. It doesn’t say whether this is right or wrong. It is in the hands of decision makers to determine whether these tendencies are justifiable or if they should be overridden by a rational approach.
Bounded Rationality
Another theory that suggests a modification of pure rationality is known as bounded rationality. This concept revolves on a recognition that human knowledge and capabilities are limited and imperfect. Three specific limitations are generally enumerated:
Decision makers do not have access to all possible information relevant to the decision, and the information they do have is often flawed and imperfect.
Decision makers have limited analytical and computational abilities. They are not capable of judging their information and alternatives perfectly. They will inevitably make misjudgments in the evaluation process.
Decision makers do not have unlimited time to make decisions. Real-life situations provide time constraints in which decisions must be made.
In light of these limitations, the theory of bounded rationality suggests that decision makers must be willing to adapt their rational approach. For example, they must determine how much information is reasonable to pursue during the information-gathering stage; they cannot reasonably expect to gather and analyze all possible information.
Similarly, decision makers must content themselves with a consideration of only a certain number of alternative solutions to the decision.
Also, decision makers being far from perfect in their abilities to evaluate potential solutions must inevitably affect their approach. They must be aware of the possibility that their analysis is wrong and be willing to accept evidence to this effect. This especially includes situations in which they’re relying on predictions of an uncertain future. Uncertainty and inaccuracy often arise in efforts to predict the future. For example, your career decision is fraught with uncertainty as you don’t know if you will like the work or the work environment. What are decision makers to do when they are uncertain about potential results from their actions? This makes a strictly rational approach difficult and less reliable.
Heuristics
One of the approaches that might stem from a recognition of bounded rationality is the use of heuristics. These are analytical and decision-making tools that help simplify the analysis process by relying on tried and tested rules of thumb. A heuristic simplifies a complex situation and allows the decision maker to focus only on the most important pieces of information.
For example, a business might use their proven experiences and that of many other companies to conclude that a new product line requires a certain amount of time to gain market share and become profitable. Though there are many complex factors involved in market analysis, the business might use this proven rule to guide its decision making. When a proposed decision contradicts this rule, the company might discard it even if a complex and seemingly rational analysis might seem to support it.
Of course, there are exceptions to most rules, and the use of heuristics might prevent a company from following courses of action that would be beneficial. Likewise, heuristics that were once reliable rules might become obsolete because of changing markets and environments. Nonetheless, most analysts recognize heuristics as useful tools when used properly.
Robust Decisions
One final adaptation of the rational process that is becoming more prominent, especially in areas such as energy production and natural resource preservation, is the practice of making “robust” decisions.
Robust decisions revolve around the inability to predict the future with certainty. Rather than rely on an imperfect analysis to determine the “best” decision, a robust decision provides a plan that will work in light of numerous uncertainties. It supposes that a number of situations are all possible and provides a solution pathway that will be successful if any of those situations should arise. This pathway could potentially be a single solution that works in any of the likely future scenarios, or it might provide separate responses to be enacted depending on how the future uncertainties unfold.
PRactice Questions
Check Your Understanding
Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in the previous section. This short quiz does not count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.
Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.
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248 | the basic steps of rational decision making include defining goals and | https://www.kdan.com/blog/rational-decision-making | In the dynamic world of business, decision-making is a cornerstone of success. A structured, rational decision-making model serves as a powerful tool, particularly in high-stakes environments such as project management and strategic planning. Unlike intuitive or emotional approaches, this model emphasizes logic, data analysis, and systematic evaluation to arrive at optimal solutions.
Contents
Rational decision-making is a systematic approach that relies on logic, evidence, and structured analysis to guide decisions, especially in business contexts. It aims to minimize uncertainty and maximize outcomes by applying a clear, step-by-step process that ensures decisions are both reasoned and justifiable.
This model is particularly valuable in business because it aligns decisions with organizational goals, leveraging data and tools for accurate evaluations. Its structured nature ensures that critical issues are addressed thoroughly, reducing the risk of oversight or bias.
The 7 Steps of the Rational Decision-Making Process
The 7 Steps of the Rational Decision-Making Process
Step 1: Identify the Problem
Recognize and clearly define the issue. A well-defined problem lays the foundation for effective solutions. For example, understanding whether declining sales are due to pricing, product features, or market competition helps focus subsequent steps.
Step 2: Gather Relevant Information
Collect quantitative and qualitative data to inform your decision-making. Tools like surveys, market research , and analytics can provide critical insights.
Step 3: Identify Alternatives
Brainstorm or research potential solutions. For example, if the problem involves supply chain disruptions, alternatives could include diversifying suppliers or adopting inventory management software.
Step 4: Evaluate Alternatives
Assess the pros and cons of each solution using tools like decision trees, SWOT analysis, or cost-benefit analysis. This step ensures decisions are not only logical but also strategically sound.
Step 5: Choose the Best Solution
Based on the evaluation, select the most feasible and impactful option. For instance, businesses often choose solutions that balance cost-effectiveness and long-term benefits.
Step 6: Implement the Solution
Execute the decision, allocating resources appropriately. Clear communication and efficient resource management are crucial during this phase.
Step 7: Monitor and Review
Continuously evaluate the results to ensure the actual decision achieves its goals. Adjustments may be necessary based on feedback and performance metrics.
Tips & Tools for Effective Implementation of Rational Decision-Making
Foster a Data-Driven Culture
Encouraging a data-driven culture is key to successfully implementing rational decision-making within an organization. Start by promoting the importance of data collection and business analysis across all departments. Teams should be encouraged to base their individual decisions on solid data, using clear insights to inform their actions.
Leverage Tools for Rational Decision-Making
Utilizing the right tools is essential to facilitate rational decision-making. Decision matrices, for example, help compare and prioritize options by evaluating them against a set of decision criteria, making it easier to choose the most logical path. Frameworks like SWOT analysis or cost-benefit analysis provide structured methods to evaluate alternatives and predict outcomes. Additionally, tools that offer real-time data tracking and visualization help businesses continuously assess decisions in light of changing circumstances. For instance, ADNEX’s services provide powerful capabilities for data analysis, trend forecasting, and real-time reporting, making it an excellent and rational choice for businesses looking to enhance their rational decision-making processes.
KDAN
Objectivity and Clarity
Rational decision-making relies on data and logical evaluation rather than emotions or gut feelings. This systematic approach minimizes cognitive biases such as overconfidence or confirmation bias, ensuring that decisions are made based on objective criteria. By focusing on facts and structured analysis, individuals can avoid common pitfalls in decision-making and assess all options with greater precision.
Informed Decisions
A key strength of the rational decision-making model is its emphasis on gathering and analyzing relevant data before making a choice. This ensures decisions are supported by accurate and comprehensive information, reducing the likelihood of costly errors. By leveraging detailed evaluations, the outcomes are more likely to align with organizational objectives and yield long-term benefits.
Goal-Oriented Focus
This method ensures that decision-making aligns with broader organizational or personal goals. By maintaining a focus on predefined objectives, the process facilitates strategic planning and ensures that decisions contribute to long-term success. For businesses, this alignment supports sustainability and operational effectiveness by avoiding decisions driven by short-term gains at the expense of overarching priorities.
Improved Accountability
When decisions are rooted in a transparent and logical framework, accountability naturally improves. Teams and decision-makers can clearly trace the rationale behind a choice, making it easier to justify actions and evaluate outcomes. This fosters a culture of responsibility, as each step of the process is well-documented and aligned with collective goals, ensuring all stakeholders are on the same page.
Challenges and Limitations of Rational Decision-Making
Time-Consuming
The rational decision-making model requires collecting and analyzing large volumes of data, evaluating options systematically, and ensuring informed decisions. While effective, this approach is unsuitable for urgent situations where facing time constraints. For instance, critical business decisions in rapidly evolving markets often demand immediate actions.
ADNEX Solution:
ADNEX’s data strategy services address this limitation by offering streamlined tools for data cleaning, analysis, and forecasting. The solutions reduce dependency on multiple platforms, integrating data seamlessly into a unified system. This significantly cuts the time required for decision-making while maintaining data accuracy and insights. Features like real-time processing, a user-friendly interface, and AI-driven chatbots enable businesses to quickly access data insights through conversational queries. This allows decision-makers to identify trends and extract valuable information faster, reducing delays and enhancing the speed of data-backed decisions.
Requires Comprehensive Data
Rational decision-making relies heavily on the availability of accurate and comprehensive data. In cases where data is incomplete or outdated, the process can become unreliable, leading to flawed outcomes.
ADNEX Solution:
ADNEX excels in integrating data from diverse sources, both online and offline, utilizing mature cross-platform tracking technology. By bridging data gaps and providing high-quality diagnostics, ADNEX ensures that businesses can work with clean and actionable data. This not only reduces operational burdens but also enhances the reliability of decision-making processes.
Not Suitable for Emergencies
ADNEX Solution:
Although rational decision-making may not suit emergencies, ADNEX’s advanced AI attribution models and marketing tagging tools enable businesses to predict trends and prepare for contingencies. By leveraging these predictive capabilities, organizations can mitigate risks and make proactive decisions, reducing the need for reactive emergency strategies.
By combining strategic data integration, user-friendly tools, and predictive technologies, ADNEX empowers businesses to overcome the limitations of traditional decision-making frameworks. Their comprehensive solutions ensure that decision-makers can maintain efficiency and accuracy even under challenging circumstances.
Rational Decision-Making vs. Other Decision-Making Approaches
Decision-Making Approach
A structured process that emphasizes logical consistency, data, and systematic evaluation.
Ideal for situations requiring careful analysis and clear reasoning, such as project management or resource allocation.
Bounded Rationality
Acknowledges that decision-makers have constraints like limited time, information, or cognitive ability.
Often used when quick decisions are needed or when comprehensive information is unavailable, though decisions may be less optimal.
Intuitive Decision-Making
Relies on experience, instinct, and “gut feelings.” Often faster than rational decision-making but can be subjective.
Best suited for situations where quick action is needed, such as in fast-paced industries or when detailed data is lacking.
Emotional Decision-Making
Decisions influenced by emotional factors or empathy rather than logic. Can lead to biased but compassionate choices.
Common in leadership and personal decisions, but can be problematic in business settings where objectivity is crucial.
Examples:
Rational Decision-Making is more appropriate in project management, where clear planning and logical analysis are key to success.
Intuitive Decision-Making may be more suitable for roles in product design or creative industries, where quick decisions based on experience can lead to innovative outcomes.
Emotional Decision-Making may be appropriate in leadership scenarios, where empathy and understanding are essential, but caution is needed to avoid decision biases.
Applications of Rational Decision-Making in Business
Marketing Strategy
Rational decision-making is pivotal for marketers as it relies on comprehensive data analysis to craft targeted marketing strategies. By collecting and analyzing consumer data, businesses can identify specific market segments and tailor their marketing efforts accordingly. Marketers utilize data to assess consumer behavior, preferences, and purchase patterns, ensuring that the marketing strategy aligns with consumer needs. Some of the best marketing campaigns of all time have been backed by data-driven insights, demonstrating how a well-researched approach can lead to impactful and lasting brand success.
ADNEX enhances this process by offering services like cross-platform data integration and member analysis, helping businesses to track and segment consumer behaviors for optimized targeting. ADNEX’s data-driven solutions, such as the flexible visual charts and dashboards, enable businesses to make more informed and effective marketing decisions.
Financial Decisions
In financial planning and investment decisions, rational decision-making models play a crucial role by focusing on cost-benefit analyses and precise financial forecasting. Businesses use these models to ensure that investments are aligned with strategic goals and provide a positive return on investment (ROI). For example, when deciding whether to launch a new product or enter a new market, a comprehensive analysis of potential costs, revenues, and risks is essential.
ADNEX supports financial decision-making by providing accurate sales predictions and forecasts, helping businesses evaluate financial outcomes more effectively. With the data integration solutions, ADNEX ensures that businesses have access to relevant financial data, enabling better financial planning.
Operations Management
Rational decision-making is also instrumental in operations management, where businesses aim to optimize resource allocation, improve efficiency, and reduce operational costs. By evaluating various methods of resource utilization, such as staffing, production schedules, and inventory management, companies can make informed decisions that maximize operational efficiency.
ADNEX’s data analysis services support this process by providing insights into operational performance, such as sales analysis and traffic optimization. The solutions enable businesses to identify inefficiencies in their processes and make adjustments that lead to improved operational outcomes.
Empower Your Business with KDAN’s AI-Driven Data Solutions for Rational Decision-Making
Rational decision-making is a crucial process for businesses seeking to optimize their strategies and operations. By relying on structured analysis, objective data, and logical evaluations, companies can ensure that decisions are based on facts rather than emotions, ultimately leading to better business outcomes. This approach is particularly essential in high-stakes areas like marketing, financial planning, and operations management, where clear, evidence-based decisions can significantly impact success.
KDAN is dedicated to offering AI-powered digital solutions that assist businesses in overcoming daily challenges and improving operational efficiency. One of KDAN’s flagship products, ADNEX, stands out as a premier commercial data solution. ADNEX’s AI-driven services provide businesses with precise, real-time data insights that simplify the rational decision-making process. The platform integrates data across multiple platforms, cleans and analyzes it, and delivers actionable insights aligned with organizational goals. This comprehensive approach enables businesses to make informed decisions that boost growth, enhance business financial gain, and minimize risk.
This year, ADNEX formed a strategic partnership with Verz Design, the largest Shopify agent in Southeast Asia, to support brands in expanding internationally. Companies interested in ADNEX’s solutions can visit the ADNEX website for more information or follow KDAN’s official LinkedIn accoun t to stay updated with the latest news.
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248 | the basic steps of rational decision making include defining goals and | https://creately.com/guides/rational-decision-making-model/ | Updated on: 27 August 2024 | 10 min read
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What is the Rational Decision Making Model?
The rational decision-making model is a structured and systematic approach to making decisions. It involves analyzing a problem, evaluating possible solutions, and selecting the best option based on logical reasoning and evidence. The model breaks down the decision-making process into clear steps to ensure that decisions are made thoughtfully and objectively, minimizing biases and maximizing the chances of success.
In essence, the model helps you make informed choices by focusing on facts, data, and a logical process rather than relying on intuition or emotions. It’s often used in business and personal contexts where important decisions need to be made carefully and with consideration of all relevant factors.
Key Principles of the Rational Decision Making Model
The key principles of the rational decision-making model guide you in making well-informed, logical choices. These principles help you approach decisions thoughtfully, increasing the likelihood of achieving successful outcomes.
Logical thinking - Make decisions based on facts and clear reasoning, not just feelings or guesses.
Fair evaluation- Consider all options equally and judge them based on specific criteria without letting personal bias influence your choice.
Step-by-step process - Follow a clear set of steps to ensure you cover all aspects of the decision thoroughly.
Evidence-based choices - Base your decisions on solid information and data to reduce uncertainty and make better choices.
Consistency - Use the same approach for every decision to ensure your choices are reliable and align with your goals.
What is Rational Decision Making?
Rational decision-making is a methodical approach to making choices by carefully analyzing a problem, evaluating possible solutions, and selecting the best option. It involves using logic, facts, and a clear process to make decisions, rather than relying on emotions or guesses. This approach helps ensure that decisions are well-considered, objective, and aligned with the desired goals or outcomes.
How to Use the Rational Decision Model for Decision Making
Follow these detailed steps to use the rational decision-making model to make well-informed, logical choices that lead to better outcomes.
1. Define the problem
The first step is to clearly identify the problem or decision you need to make. Take your time to understand whatâs really at stake and why this decision is important. If the problem is not well-defined, you might end up focusing on the wrong issue or making a decision that doesnât address the real challenge. A well-defined problem provides a strong foundation for the rest of the decision-making process.
2. Identify decision criteria
Next, you need to determine what factors will influence your decision. These are the criteria that matter most in solving the problem, such as cost, time, quality, or impact. By identifying these criteria upfront, you ensure that your decision-making process focuses on the most important aspects. This step helps clarify whatâs truly important and sets the stage for evaluating your options.
3. Weigh the criteria
Once youâve identified your criteria, the next step is to assign a weight or rank to each one. Not all criteria are equally important, so you need to decide which factors should have the most influence on your decision. For example, if cost is more critical than time, you would give it a higher weight. Weighing the criteria helps prioritize your decision-making and ensures that the most important factors guide your choice.
Weighted Decision Matrix
4. Generate alternatives
Now itâs time to brainstorm different options or solutions. Think creatively and consider a range of alternatives that could solve the problem. The goal is to come up with as many viable options as possible. Having a variety of alternatives increases the chances of finding the best solution. Donât limit yourself to just one ideaâexplore all possible avenues.
5. Evaluate alternatives
With your options in hand, itâs time to compare each one against your criteria. Analyze the pros and cons of each alternative and see how well they meet the factors youâve identified. This step is about making a careful, objective evaluation of your options. By systematically assessing each alternative, you can identify the best fit based on your priorities and needs.
6. Make the decision
After evaluating the alternatives, itâs time to make your decision. Choose the option that best meets your criteria and solves the problem. Ensure that your choice aligns with your overall goals and priorities. This is the moment where you commit to a course of action, confident that youâve made a thoughtful and informed decision based on a thorough analysis.
7. Implement the decision
Once the decision is made, you need to put it into action. Create a plan that outlines the steps needed to carry out the decision, assign tasks, and gather the necessary resources. Implementation is crucial because even the best decision can fail without a solid plan. This step ensures that your decision leads to real, tangible results.
8. Monitor and evaluate the outcome
Finally, you should monitor how your decision is working out. Keep track of progress and regularly assess whether the solution is achieving the desired results. If things arenât going as planned, be ready to make adjustments. Monitoring allows you to catch problems early, while evaluating the outcome helps you learn from the experience and improve future decisions.
Rational Decision vs Intuitive Decision Making
Rational decision-making is a structured approach that relies on careful analysis, facts, and logical reasoning. It involves a step-by-step process where all options are considered, making it ideal for complex decisions that require thorough evaluation. However, it can be time-consuming. In contrast, intuitive decision-making is quicker and relies on instincts and gut feelings, drawing from past experiences and subconscious insights. This approach is useful in fast-paced situations where decisions need to be made swiftly, but it may lead to biases or overlook important details. While rational decision-making emphasizes logic and evidence, intuitive decision-making focuses on speed and experience.
Techniques for Rational Decision Making
These techniques can be used individually or in combination to support rational decision-making, ensuring that your choices are well-informed and aligned with your goals.
1. Cost-benefit analysis
This technique involves comparing the costs and benefits of each option. By evaluating the potential gains and losses, you can make decisions that maximize benefits while minimizing costs.
2. SWOT analysis
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis helps you assess both internal and external factors that can impact your decision. This technique gives you a balanced view of the pros and cons.
SWOT Analysis Template
3. Decision matrix
A decision matrix , or weighted scoring model, allows you to evaluate options against a set of criteria. You assign weights to each criterion and score each option, helping you choose the best one based on the overall score.
Decision Matrix Example
4. Pareto analysis
Also known as the 80/20 rule, Pareto analysis helps you focus on the options that will have the greatest impact. By identifying the key factors that contribute most to the outcome, you can prioritize the most effective solutions.
5. Risk analysis
Risk analysis involves assessing the potential risks associated with each option. By understanding and planning for risks, you can make more informed decisions and avoid unexpected setbacks.
Risk Analysis Template
6. Decision tree
A decision tree is a visual tool that maps out possible choices and their potential outcomes. It helps you explore different scenarios and make decisions that consider all possible consequences.
Decision Tree Diagram
7. Break-even analysis
This technique helps you determine the point at which a decision will start generating positive results. By calculating the break-even point, you can decide whether an option is worth pursuing.
Advantages and Limitations of the Rational Decision Making Model
By understanding these advantages and limitations, you can decide when to use the rational decision-making model and when a more flexible approach might be better.
Advantages of the Rational Decision-Making Model
Clear and logical decisions - The model ensures that decisions are made based on facts and logical reasoning, reducing the chances of mistakes or poor choices.
Thorough analysis - By following a step-by-step process, the model helps you explore all possible options and evaluate them carefully, leading to well-thought-out decisions.
Minimizes biases - Since the model relies on objective data and evidence, it reduces the influence of personal biases and emotions on the decision-making process.
Consistency - Using the same structured approach for different decisions leads to consistent outcomes, making it easier to replicate success in future decisions.
Confidence in decisions - Knowing that your choice is based on a logical process and solid evidence can increase your confidence in the decision.
Limitations of the Rational Decision-Making Model
Time-consuming - The detailed, step-by-step process can take a lot of time, making it less practical for decisions that need to be made quickly.
Requires complete information - The model relies on having all relevant information available, which isnât always possible, leading to potential gaps in the decision-making process.
Complexity - For some decisions, especially simple or routine ones, the model can be overly complex, making the process feel unnecessary or cumbersome.
May overlook creativity - The structured approach can sometimes limit creative thinking, as it focuses on logic and facts rather than exploring innovative or unconventional ideas.
Not always flexible - The modelâs rigid structure can make it difficult to adapt to changing circumstances or unexpected challenges that arise during the decision-making process.
Rational Decision-Making with Creately
Creately is a powerful tool that can help you make rational decisions by visually organizing your thoughts and data. Hereâs how Creately can support each step of the rational decision-making process.
Mind mapping for problem definition
Createlyâs mind mapping feature allows you to visually break down and define the problem. You can create a central problem node and branch out with related issues or factors, making it easier to see the full picture.
Brainstorming with teams for generating alternatives
Createlyâs collaborative features enable real-time brainstorming with your team. You can use tools like sticky notes, idea boards, and shared canvases to generate and visualize different alternatives, ensuring that you consider all possible solutions.
Collaborative real-time editing
Creately allows multiple users to collaborate in real time, ensuring that all relevant perspectives are considered. This feature is essential for rational decision-making in teams, as it promotes collective input and consensus-building.
Commenting and Feedback Tools
The commenting feature in Creately lets team members provide feedback directly on the visual elements. This enables clear communication and ensures that all concerns are addressed before finalizing a decision, helping maintain objectivity.
Task management and assignment tools
Createlyâs task management features let you assign tasks and track progress directly within the platform. This helps ensure that the decision is implemented effectively and that everyone involved knows their responsibilities.
Presentation mode for stakeholder communication
Once a decision is made, you can use Createlyâs presentation mode to share your findings and rationale with stakeholders. This feature helps in communicating decisions clearly and gaining buy-in from others.
Conclusion
The rational decision-making model is a powerful tool that helps you make clear and logical choices. By following its structured steps, you can approach decisions with confidence, knowing that you’ve carefully considered all relevant factors. Whether in business or personal life, this model can guide you to better outcomes by turning complex decisions into manageable steps. Remember, the key to success is applying the model thoughtfully and adapting it to your unique situation.
Amanda Athuraliya Communications Specialist
Amanda Athuraliya is the communication specialist/content writer at Creately, online diagramming and collaboration tool. She is an avid reader, a budding writer and a passionate researcher who loves to write about all kinds of topics.
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249 | who holds the record for most everest summits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_records | 2 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the list of records established on Mount Everest. For the record label, see Everest Records .
From Kala Patthar , west of Everest looking the South West face primarily
Mount Everest from Gokyo Ri , showing a little more of the North face
Tashi and Nungshi were the first twins to summit Mount Everest together.
This article lists different records related to Mount Everest . One of the most commonly sought after records is a "summit", meaning to reach the highest elevation point on Mount Everest.
10
18
6
18
15
Summited
Summited
2
2
3 by 1982
3 by 2003
4 by 1985
4 by 2004
5 by 1988
5 by 2005
6 by 1990
6 by 2006
7 by 1992
7 by 2016
8 by 1993
9 by 1995
9 by 2018
10 by 1996
10 by 2022
11 by 2000
21 by 2011
[ edit ]
Record
Holder
Nation
Date
Ref
First dual ascent made by a woman on Mount Everest summit within five days
10 hours 56 min and 46 sec
16 hours and 45 minutes
21 hours
14 hours 31 Minutes
22
Record
Holder
Nation
Date
Ref
Czechoslovakia
Record
Holder
Nation
Date
Ref
Youngest summiters
Record name
13 years, 10 months, 10 days old
13 years, 11 months, 15 days old
15 years, 9 months
19 years 35 days
22 years, 273 days
24 years, 215 days
27 years 5 days
29-year 2 days
30 years 28 days
35 years 236 days
Summited
Summited
Summited
First solo ascent, simultaneously first solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
Summited
Summited, descended by paraglider
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited, descended by skis
Summited, descended by snowboard
May 2001
First person to reach the summit from three different routes (South Col., North Face and Khangshung Face)
Summited by 3 routes
Summited
First two people to marry on top of Mount Everest
Summited, married
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited
Summited Everest
Cindy Abbott
United States
Rob Hill
Summit
United Kingdom
8848m
Nations with most summits, U.K - 481 as of 2011. [128]
Skydives Over Mount Everest
Wendy Elizabeth Smith
Maya Gurung
Maya Gurung
Per Wimmer
Adolphe Botha
South Africa
October, 2008
[129] [130]
Scott Diesel - Lou Diesel
First Person With Gender Reassignment (M to F) Tandem Jump
Kate Craig-Wood
Wendy Elizabeth Smith
Roger Hoe
Klaus Gachter
Tom Noonan - Nick Leventis
Marc Kopp
James George
Libor Fryzek
Czech Republic
October, 2013
[129] [130]
Bibek Pandey
Paul-Henry de Baere
Osama Najaf
Osama Najaf
Al Hodgson
Aliaa Khaja
Nadia Solovyeva
Chhurim summited twice in May 2012, the first woman to summit twice in a season.
Many Mount Everest records are held by Nepali, especially those from the Sherpa region.
On 11 May 2011, Apa Sherpa successfully reached the summit of Everest for the twenty-first time, breaking his own record for the most successful ascents. [133] He first climbed Mount Everest in 1989 at the age of 29. [134]
One famous Nepalese female mountaineer was Pasang Lhamu Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest, but who died during the descent. Another well-known woman Sherpa was the two-time Everest summiter Pemba Doma Sherpa , who died after falling from Lhotse on 22 May 2007. [135]
Nepali mountaineer Lhakpa Sherpa , the first Nepali female climber to reach the summit of Everest and descend from it, stood atop Everest 7 times by 2016 and 8 times by 2017, the most times for woman. She successfully completed her 10th record-breaking ascent of Everest in May 2022. [136] [137] [138]
Nima Jangmu Sherpa, 28, made the historic ascent on Mount Kanchenjunga on 23 May 2018 morning and became the only woman in the world to climb Nepal's three highest peaks (Mount Everest -14 May 2018, Mount Lhotse - 29 April 2018, Mount Kanchenjunga – 23 May 2018) above 8,000 metres in a single season within 25 days. She has also become the only Nepali woman to stand atop the world's third highest peak, Mount Kanchenjunga. [139]
Other examples of noted Nepali Everest mountaineers:
About names: Many Nepalese are only given one name, and are often named for a day of the week
One source of confusion was in record keeping was that the South side was essentially closed in 2014 due to an avalanche disrupting the Khumbu Icefall. So most of the summiters summited from the North side, except for a small group that flew a helicopter over the Khumbu Icefall, even though it was not open. This is why in 2016 Adrian Ballinger said on Instagram "9 Sherpa using supplemental oxygen became the first to summit on the South Side of Everest in the past 3 years" in 2016. [140] The full Nepal route to the summit was not open in 2014 or in 2015, but there was a group that summited from the south side in 2014 as part of a Chinese team that used a helicopter to reach that area. [140]
Most summits in one day
Everest base camp records
Record name
23 hours 42 minutes 13 seconds
Tyler Andrews
United States
63 hours 8 minutes
Aged 4 years and 4 month
Virat sheokand
0 years and 11 months
Ksenia de Cos
Aged 6, 8, 11 years
James, Tobin and Aidan O'Donnell
United Kingdom
August 2016
15 years old
34 years old
9 years old
April 2017
First Person with Cerebral Palsy to trek to Everest Base Camp on horseback
27 years old
Death statistics
^a Kazi Sherpa used supplemental oxygen on the descent. [154]
"Dave Hahn" . rmiguides.com. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
"Everest summits 1351 - 1500" . www.adventurestats.com. Archived from the original on December 14, 2016.
"Everest and age" . www.adventurestats.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2003.
"everest-60-facts-about-the-worlds-tallest-mountain" . Independent.co.uk . 25 May 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
"Rotorcraft World Records" . FAI. Archived from the original on 2008-12-02.
{{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
| 1,910 |
249 | who holds the record for most everest summits | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_summiters_by_frequency | List of Mount Everest summiters by frequency
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This list consists of people who reached the summit of Mount Everest more than once. By 2013, 6,871 summits have been recorded by 4,042 people. [1] [2] By the end of 2016 there were 7,646 summits by 4,469 people. [3] In 2018 about 800 people summited, breaking the record for most in one year compared to 2013, in which 667 summited Mount Everest. [4] [5]
As of July 2022, there have been approximately 11,346 summit ascents by 6,098 people. [6]
Note all information may not be completed/updated, it can take months and even years to update summit counts as confirmed by sources
List
[ edit ]
Frequency
Climber
Nationality
Ref.
30
3
Achiever
Nation
Ref.
Da Jangbu Sherpa, Nepal, 13 summits
Pemba Chhoti Sherpa, Nepal, 11 summit
Kami Rita Sherpa, Nepal, 14 summits
Purba Chhoter Sherpa (Ang Jangbu), 8 summits
Chhewang Dorji Sherpa, Nepal, 9 summits
Chhiring (Tsering) Namgel Sherpa, Nepal, 4 summits
Da Thuk Bhote, Nepal, 3 summits
Passang Bhote, 7 summits
Nima Tsering, Nepal, 6 summits
It can be hard to determine who is who sometimes, as there are some similar names. For example in 2013 two different Kami Rita Sherpa high-altitude workers summited with different guide firms. [431] Nepal may not issue summit certificates to Nepali who don't buy a permit. One problem firms must contend with is summit fraud attempts.
See also
^ The Himalayan Database gave Ngima Nuru Sherpa 20 ascents until 2019 (22 adding those of 2022 that are not yet registered). [23]
^ Senn, F. (Directior). (2009). Die wahren Helden am Everest [Film].
^ Horrell, Mark. Seven Steps from Snowdon to Everest. Mountain Footsteps Press, 2015, p.348.
"09" . himalayandatabase.com. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
"16" . himalayandatabase.com. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Mountaineering in Nepal: Facts and figures, 2020 (PDF). Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Ministry of Culture, Tourism & Civil Aviation, Department of Tourism. May 2020. pp. 143, 152, 196.
"2008" . himalayandatabase.com. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
Lee Nadler Marketer at (19 February 2015). "Ang Kaji Sherpa" . huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
"New Page 1" . everestfilm.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
"K2 2000" . everestnews.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
"Eight Summits" . eightsummits.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
.
Pearson, Stephanie (January 2011). "Higher Love". O, The Oprah Magazine. USA. p. 106.
"Nawang Gombu" . rgs.org. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
"The Nation" . Los Angeles Times. 12 March 1989.
"Welcome" . 7 October 2013.
14 for danuru in this one
List of Mount Everest summiters by frequency
| 1,911 |
249 | who holds the record for most everest summits | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_20th-century_summiters_of_Mount_Everest | Mount Everest is the world's highest mountain at 8,848.86 metres (29,031.7 ft) and thus a particularly desirable peak for mountaineers. This is a list of people who reached the summit of Mount Everest in the 20th century. Overall about 1,383 people summited Everest between 1953 and the end of 2000. [1] After 2000, the number of climbers greatly increased when the peak became more accessible and more popular. By 2013, 6,871 summits had been recorded by 4,042 different people. [2]
Mount Everest from the northern side. The snowy peak catching light in front of Everest is Changtse .
A post-card of Everest from the 1920s, the view from Rongbuk glacier (north side)
Contents
Only six people summited Mount Everest in the 1950s: [1]
In total, 18 people summited in the 1960s. [4] These are some of the ascents:
Wang Fuzhou , Gonpo Dorje , and Chu Ying-hua on May 25, 1960. The 1960 Chinese Mount Everest expedition was the first to successfully climb Mount Everest by the North Ridge.
In total, 78 people summited in the 1970s. [1] These are some of the most notable ascents:
Four summited via South Col on the Saburo Matsukata 1970 expedition: [14]
Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler on 8 May 1978 (first ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen) [21]
Sixteen people summited in October 1978 as part of the Franco-Deutsch expedition led by Dr. Karl Herrligkoffer : [15]
Hubert Hillmaier
Ang Kami
George Ritter
Berndt Kullmann
In the 1980s, 871 climbers set off from Base Camp; around 180 made the summit; and 56 died. [1] [23] Overall about 356 people summited Everest between 1953 and the end of 1989. [1] [23] These are some of the most notable ascents of the 1980s:
Reinhold Messner on August 20, 1980 (first solo ascent, without supplementary oxygen) [21]
Eleven Soviet climbers in May 1982 [28]
1982 Canadian Mount Everest Expedition [29]
Laurie Skreslet on October 5, 1982, with Sherpas Sungdare Sherpa and Lhakpa Dorje [29]
Pat Morrow on October 7, 1982, [30] with Sherpas Pema Dorje and Lhakpa Tshering [29]
1983 German/American Expedition (May 1983) [24]
Haruichi Kawamura (without supplementary oxygen) and Shomi Suzuki (without supplementary oxygen) on October 8, 1983 [24]
Haruyuki Endo (without supplementary oxygen), Hiroshi Yoshino (without supplementary oxygen) and Hironobu Kamuro (without supplementary oxygen) on October 8, 1983 [24]
Dan Reid, George Lowe and Jay Cassell on October 9, 1983 [24]
Metodi Savov and Ivan Valchev on May 8, 1984 [33]
Nikolay Petkov and Kiril Doskov on May 9, 1984 [33]
1985 Norwegian Expedition led by Arne Naess, in April 1985 [35]
Sharon Wood and Dwayne Congdon on May 20, 1986
Jean-Marc Boivin 's [36] 11-12 minute, 2,948 m (9,700 ft) descent to Camp II holds the altitude record for start of a paraglider flight [37]
Sungdare Sherpa on 10 May 1988 [17]
Stipe Bozic, Viki Groselj, Dimitar Ilievski-Murato , and Sherpas Sonam and Agiva on May 10, 1989 [41]
Ricardo Torres-Nava and Sherpas, Ang Lhakpa and Dorje on May 16, 1989 [42]
In the 1990s, 3,017 people set off from Base Camp(s); around 900 reached the summit; 55 died. [1] [23] Overall about 1237 people summited Everest between 1953 and the end of 1999. [1] These are some of the most notable ascents in the 1990s:
Gui Sang
Ekaterina Ivanova
Anatoli Moshnikov
Yervand Ilyinski
Marija and Andrej Štremfelj on October 7, 1990
Cristian Garcia-Huidobro at 10:25 on May 15, 1992
Doron Erel in 1992
Nine people led by Steve Bell October 7, 1993 [56]
Steve Bell on October 7, 1993 [56]
Graham Hoyland on October 7, 1993 [56]
Ginette Harrison on October 7, 1993 [56]
Gary Pfisterer on October 7, 1993 [56]
Scott McIvor on October 7, 1993 [56]
Ramón Blanco on October 7, 1993 [55]
Ninety commercial alpinists in the spring of 1993
Jim Litch on May 14, 1995 [59]
Dan Aguilar on May 14, 1995 [59]
Wongchu Sherpa on May 14, 1995 [59]
Apa Sherpa on May 15, 1995
Brad Bull on May 15, 1995
Tommy Heinrich on May 15, 1995
Ang Rita , May 23, 1996, tenth and last time to summit Mount Everest. [61]
Ken Noguchi on May 13, 1999
Mike Trueman on May 13, 1999
Everestsummiteersassociation.org/
In total, 146 people summited in 2000. [1] Overall about 1383 people summited Everest between 1953 and the end of 2000. [1] These are some of the most notable ascents in 2000:
October 7, 2000 summiters included: [83]
Franc Oderlap
Oliver Scoubes
Conner Scoubes
Ang Dorje
Pasang Tenzing
On October 9, 2000, a group of three Slovenian climbers were the last of the year and this century to summit [86]
Tadej Golob
Matej Flis
Grega Lačen
See also
"Jim Whittaker" . EverestHistory.com. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
Gillman, Peter, ed. (1993). Everest – The Best Writing and Pictures from Seventy Years of Human Endeavour. Little, Brown and Company. pp. 94–95. ISBN
Bonington, Chris (1976). Everest The Hard Way. Hodder & Stoughton.
West, John B. (1985). Everest: The Testing Place. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 143. ISBN
.
"Everest" . SummitPost. Retrieved 8 May 2010.
Harlin, John (May 1989). "Get Down" . Backpacker: 11.
"Everest Summits: 1989" . EverestHistory.com. Archived from the original on 18 May 2008. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
"MT. EVEREST EXPEDITION CONDUCTED BY ITBP" (PDF). Indo-Tibet Border Police. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
Eberhard Jurgalski. "Ascents – Everest" ( PDF , ca. 355 KB). 8000ers.com. Retrieved 4 August 2010.
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"Around the City" . The Hindu. 31 January 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
{{ cite web }}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )
"everest-60-facts-about-the-worlds-tallest-mountain" . Independent.co.uk . Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
Sherpa, Sherap. "USA" . www.everestsummiteersassociation.org. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
Sherpa, Sherap. "Netherlands" . www.everestsummiteersassociation.org. Retrieved 5 June 2018.
"Everest summits 1351 - 1500" . www.adventurestats.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2002. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 16:53 (UTC).
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless otherwise noted.
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249 | who holds the record for most everest summits | https://www.nepalmotherhousetreks.com/blog/facts-about-mount-everest | Feb 21, 2025
Karna Rana
We all can agree with the fact that Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. Also, the mountain holds some of interesting facts you may or may not know. We have collected 30 interesting facts about Mount Everest.
Table of Contents
The elevation of Mount Everest is 8848.86 meters (29,031.7 feet) above sea level. It was recently measured in 2020 with the authority of the Nepalese and Chinese governments. The mountain was named after George Everest, a former Surveyor General of India. Its Nepali name is ‘Sagarmatha,’ meaning “The head of the great blue sky.”. Likewise, the Tibetan name of Everest is ‘Chomolungpa,’ meaning “Holy Mother.”
According to the chairperson of Pasang Lhamu rural municipality, Mr. Mingma Sherpa has a conference on 11th February 2024; people climbing Mount Everest must have to clear up their poo and bring it back to the base camp for disposal. This will help to reduce the garbage on Mt. Everest; likewise, this rule must apply to all other expeditions. Some expeditions have already begun bringing back stools and biodegradable things at the base camp; the rubbish won't decompose due to extreme temperatures, so the mountains start to stink from garbage.
Nepal officially counts 14 after adding six more 8000ers.
How many mountains rise above 8,000 meters in Nepal?
Currently (February 4, 2025), the Nepalese government has processed six mountains that are above eight thousand meters. since the officially recognized six mountains are above eight thousand meters. Now, there are 14 highest mountains in the world only in Nepal. Here is a list of them.
The government has revised its peak profile, formally listing fourteen mountains above 8,000 meters. Now, a total of 20 mountains are recognized as the highest mountains in the world, which are more than 8,000 meters.
However, experts highlight that the authority certified by the International Olympic Committee, the International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA), has to approve the new list for global acceptance.
Four mountains were recently identified from the Kanchenjunga range, and two are from Everest. The Yalung Khang (8,505 meters), Yalung Khang West (8,077 meters), Kanchenjunga Central (8,493 meters), and Kanchanjunga South (8,476 meters) are from the Kanchenjunga Himalaya range.
Additionally, two peaks, Lhotse Middle (8,410 meters) and Lhotse Shar (8,400 meters), are from the Mahalangur Himal range from Everest at Lhotse.
Everest (8,848.86 meters), Kanchenjunga (8,586 meters), Lhotse (8,516 meters), Makalu (8,263 meters), Cho Oyu (8,201 meters), Dhaulagiri (8,167 meters), Manaslu (8,163 meters), and Annapurna I (8,091 meters) are the eight thousand listed here from Nepal.
One in China's Shishapangma stands at 8,027 meters; Pakistan has eight-thousanders K2 (8,611 meters), Nanga Parbat (8,125 meters), Gasherbrum I (8,080 meters), Broad Peak (8,051 meters), and Gasherbrum II (8,034 meters).
We've given our best to present 30 interesting and amazing facts about Mount Everest and climbing it for your information and entertainment. Hope you enjoy it, and maybe you'll consider coming to see it yourself.
1. Sherpa Guide Kami Rita Sherpa Has Climbed Mount Everest The Most Times Times, Extending his Record Again
This morning at 7:49 am, Wednesday, May 22nd, 2024, Kami Rita Sherpa broke his world record with the 30th time summit of Mount Everest nine days ago. The Chief Officer of the Everest Expedition, Khimlal Gautam, has confirmed the 30th successful ascent to Mt. Everest. The Everest Expedition started to ascend on May 10th, 2024, when 414 mountaineers(75 females and 339 males) participated in the 41 different expedition groups. Almost 75 percent of climbers have successfully climbed to Everest. 54-year-old Kamirita Sherpa was born in the Thame village of the Solu Khumbu Pasang Lhamu Rural Municipality. He submitted to Mt. Everest for the first time on May 13, 1994, and extended his journey till today.
Kamirita had successfully climbed twice last year, at 9:20 am, on 23rd May 2023. Kami Rita Sherpa, aged 53, effectively summited Mt. Everest for the 28th time, breaking his records. Hence, Pasang Dawa Sherpa has made an equal ascent to Mount Everest for the 27th time; Kami Rita submitted within six days to reserve his record in the world.
This morning (8:30, on 17 May 2023), Kami Rita Sherpa, from Thame Village, Pasang Lhamu Rural Municipality, successfully submitted his 27th time on the top of the world; he has broken his own most climbed record. A few days ago, on 14 May 2023, Pasang Dawa Sherpa scaled the summit of the world’s highest peak, Mt. Everest (8,848.86 m), for the 26th time, equal to Kami Rita.
Likewise, Kami Rita Sherpa, age 52, climbed Mount Everest (8,848.86 m) for the 26th time to wear out his record for the most climbs of the world's highest peak. The Sherpa reached the top at 18:55 local time, Saturday, May 7th, 2022, along with the other 10 Sherpas through the southeast ridge route.
Kami Rita Sherpa is a Sherpa guide who reached the summit for the 25th time on May 7, 2021, making the record for climbing Mount Everest the most times. He broke his record, which he held in May 2018.
Moreover, he has another record for the most 8,000-meter summits. Along with Mount Everest, he has summited 38 times. , Kami Rita climbed Everest 25 times, Cho Oyo 8 times, Manaslu 3 times, and Lhotse and K2 just once.
Not only he but also Rita’s father was also a professional Sherpa climbing guide. Likewise, his brother is also a climbing guide and has already scaled Mount Everest 17 times. He was born in 1970 AD, at Thame village , Solukhumbu, Nepal.
Similarly, Appa Sherpa and Phurba Tashi Sherpa have retired from climbing professions after summiting for the 21st time at the top of the world.
2. The Name Everest Was Originally Proposed By Andrew Waugh
The most renowned mountain was named after George Everest, who was the British Surveyor General of India. But the original idea of naming Everest was by Andrew (Scott) Waugh.
Andrew Waugh was a British Army officer and Surveyor General of India who served under Sir George Everest. He was willing to give a different name to the mountain because he wanted to preserve the local name. On the other side, every mountain has its local name (e.g., Annapurna, Dhaulagiri). So, he decided to name it after his superior.
After Sir Waugh’s decision, there was an argument going on about the name. Everest himself and the Royal Geographical Society denied the name because it was hard to pronounce for Indian natives and could not be written in Hindi.
Sir Waugh even proposed a name after the refusal. In 1865, the Royal Geographical Society officially accepted the name of the highest peak in the world as ‘Mount Everest.’.
3. China and Nepal are the owners of Mount Everest
Are you wondering where Mt. Everest is located? The summit of Mt. Everest is on the border of Nepal and China. The southern side is owned by Nepal and the northern side by China. It might be interesting because it is one of the coolest borders in the world. Above all, Nepal and China are the owners of Mount Everest.
Since Mt. Everest belongs to Nepal and China, both countries have access to the top of the world. Both countries share eye-catching views of Everest. It does not matter where you observe the mountain; it is equally beautiful. Nepal has Kalapatthar, which will be climbed during the Everest Base Camp Trek , and Gokyo Ri & 5th Lake for the best view, and Tibet has the Tibetan Plateau to admire Everest.
Mount Everest has two main climbing routes, the South Col route and the North Col route. There are other alternative routes, but these are frequently used routes. Among the two routes, the South Col route is easier, whereas the North Col is comparatively longer and more technical. Similarly, the North Col route is a summit from Tibet, and the South Col route is from Nepal.
4. Mount Everest Is Technically NOT The Tallest!
Yes, technically Mount Everest is not the tallest mountain. Everest has a height of 8848 meters above sea level. Hawaii’s Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain base-to-peak at a height of 10,210 meters but only 4,205 meters above sea level.
Mauna Kea is the dormant volcano island of Hawaii. It is the highest point in the state of Hawaii as well as the second tallest peak on the island in the world. Some authorities have labeled Mauna Kea as the tallest in the world, from its base beneath sea level. Moreover, it is the only Hawaiian volcano with evidence of glaciers.
As mentioned above, Mauna Kea is 4,205 meters above sea level. If the altitude is measured from base to peak, then Mount Everest won’t be standing as the tallest mountain in the world.
5. Mount Everest Is Now 8,848.86 Meters High
We have already discussed the altitude of Mount Everest. The foreign ministers of Nepal and China have confirmed the new height of Mount Everest at 8848.86 meters above sea level. The mountain has increased by 86 centimeters. Before it was 8848 meters.
The height of Everest was measured by the Survey of India in 1954. Since then, the height was globally accepted as 8848 meters above sea level. Whereas, China claimed the height of Everest as 8844 meters. In 1999, the US team even measured the height higher at the elevation of 8850 meters, which was sponsored by the National Geographic Society, US.
After the earthquake in 2015, the new height of Everest was the topic of curiosity for scientists around the world. With the joint authority of China and Nepal, the process to measure new heights was forwarded. In 2020, the official height was confirmed at an altitude of 8848.86 meters above sea level.
6. Mount Everest Rises 40 cm Per Century!
The peak of Mount Everest is gradually increasing by approximately 40 centimeters per century. This phenomenon is caused by the uplifting of the Eurasian Plate by the Indian Plate sliding underneath, which results in an uplift of the Himalayas. The process can be broken by natural calamities like earthquakes.
About 50 million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with the Eurasian Plate, which formed the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. The process continues today, which means the mountains are growing eventually every year.
In 1954, the Survey of India measured the height of Everest at 8848 meters. Recently, in 2020, the new height of Everest was confirmed at 8848.86 meters. Compared to the past century, the mountain has gained 86 centimeters now. Some experts have claimed that the earthquake in 2015 played a vital role in the increment of the height.
7. Mount Everest Has Two Heights.
With the latest survey in 2020, the authorities have presented two different heights of Everest. It might sound weird that a single mountain has two different heights. However, both heights are logically correct. The heights of Everest are described below:
8,848.86 meters: The height is also called snow height. The height is measured along with the surface covered with snow or ice. The height was officially recognized by the Chinese and Nepalese governments in 2020.
8,844.43 meters: It is the geological height of Everest. Also recognized as the ‘rock height.’. The rock height is measured without any snow or ice. It was measured by China. Later, it was confirmed by Nepal too.
8. Everest's Summit is Not the Farthest Point From the Earth's Center
Mount Everest is without any doubt the highest mountain in the world. Although standing as the tallest peak, it is not the farthest point from the earth’s center. Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador, South America, has the farthest point from the earth’s center.
The Earth is not a perfectly round sphere. The shape of the earth is particularly oval, having a thicker equator. And that is where Mount Chimborazo is located, making it the radically farthest point. However, the mountain is just 6,263 meters above sea level. It is 2,585 meters below the summit of Mt. Everest.
Mount Everest is an ideal choice for those seeking to stand on the top of the world. But if you want to stand closer to the Moon, then Mount Chimborazo is what you should choose. Let’s not forget that the distance between the summit of both mountains from the earth’s center is around 2.5 kilometers.
9. Mount Everest Is About 60 Million Years Old
People frequently discuss the age of Mount Everest. No one knows the actual age. However, according to some research and experts, it is estimated that the age of Everest is around 60 million years ago, the time when the Himalayas were formed due to the collision of the Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate.
In 1924, Noel Odell became the first person to discover marine fossils on Mount Everest. The statement proves that the mountain was under the ocean before the Eurasian and Indian plate collision. More than that, the limestone and sandstone on the summit were considered to be submarine sedimentary rocks. Also, it is estimated that it can be approximately 450 million years old.
However, geologists have considered that Mount Everest is 60 million years old, the time when the Himalayas were formed.
10. Everest’s Climate Is One Of The Harshest In The World
Everest has one of the harshest climates in the world. How wouldn’t it be, with unimaginable altitude and all you see is glaciers and snowy mountains? Above 5,300 meters, the mountains are capped with snow and ice all year round. Violent storms with strong winds are common. If you ever dream of Everest Base Camp and Everest Expedition, you should always wear protective gear as required.
The warmest temperature ever recorded on the summit of Everest is -20°C. People who head for the Everest Expedition must wear specially designed warm clothes to prevent exposure and frostbite as well as goggles to prevent snow blindness. Sometimes the weather can be challenging and deadly.
Everest's climate is one of the extremes. The temperature can drop up to -60°C. Cold is still acceptable with the essential equipment and gear. Another harsh challenge of Everest is hurricane-force wind. The highest wind force recorded is 285 km/h. Somehow, the wind stays calm in May, and that is the month every climber tries to summit Everest.
11. Nothing Lives On The Top Of Mount Everest
There is no sign of life on the top of Mount Everest. Also, nothing lives on the summit. How could it support life when the temperature is always below -20°C? Also, there is no source of food to survive. Other factors that prevent life from thriving at the top of the world include harsh weather and a lack of oxygen.
Interestingly, there is life below 6,700 meters. The Himalayan Jumping Spider, a small and toxic jumping spider, can live up to 6,700 meters above sea level. It is the highest-known permanent resident on earth. Below the altitude of 6,000 meters, you can spot other animals such as snow leopards, Himalayan tahr, and Himalayan yak.
At an altitude of 5,167 meters, Gorakshep is located where hotels and lodges are available. Plus, it is the highest point you can find a human settlement on Everest. However, there is no life on the top of Mount Everest.
12. Dead bodies are a common scene on Mount Everest
When climbers die climbing Everest, their bodies are left on the mountain. It is almost impossible to bury a dead body due to ice-hard ground. Dragging or carrying dead bodies requires more physical effort and causes shortness of oxygen. So, dead bodies are a common scene on Mount Everest.
It is believed that there are over 200 dead bodies on Mount Everest. No one is sure about the exact number yet. Two-thirds of the people who died while climbing are still resting in peace on Mount Everest. The rescue of a corpse can cost $40,000 to $80,000.
If you ever tried to summit Everest, for sure you could encounter some corpses en route. Likewise, there are some famous bodies. ‘Green boots’ is one of the famous images. He was identified later as Tsewang Paljor from India.
(Green Boots. Picture credit to Wikipedia. )
13. About 310 people have died on Mount Everest
While climbing Mount Everest, climbers face life-threatening obstacles, and every step is a risk. As of July 2022, the study has stated that 310 people have died while attempting the summit of Everest. Also, the majority of corpses are still there.
The major causes of death are avalanches, hypoxia, exhaustion, and hypothermia. Some of the rare events, like falls and other absurd accidents, are also the reason for some deaths. Khumbu Icefall is one of the deadliest zones on the way to the summit. It is said that the glacier has claimed most of the lives.
Our deepest sympathy to all of the beautiful souls who rested on Mount Everest.
14. The average death rate is about 1% on Mount Everest
As we have talked about before, over 310 people have died while summiting Mount Everest. According to July 2022 data, 6098 people have already submitted to the top of the world. Although the number of deaths is increasing, relatively, the death rate has decreased below 1%.
According to the database of the BBC, between the years 1970 and 1990, the death rate was the highest ever recorded. BBC has stated that most of the deaths occurred by the avalanche and then by altitude sickness. After 1990, the success rate increased vastly, and hence, the death rate decreased.
15. The Death Zone Is Above 8,000 Meters
The death zone is defined as the region above 8,000 meters on Mount Everest. At such a high altitude, the oxygen concentration is very low. Normally, at residential altitudes, the air consists of 20% oxygen due to air pressure. Above 6,000 meters, there is still 10% oxygen. But when you cross 8,000 meters, the oxygen level drops to 8%.
When you reach above 8,000 meters, you are breathing 12% less oxygen than usual. Supplemental oxygen is very important. Without supplemental oxygen, one can just survive for a few minutes. Also, consequences can turn out for the worst.
At an altitude of 8,000 meters, your body cannot acclimatize or sustain itself. Your body will slowly die because of hypoxia and hypothermia. That’s why it is called the Death Zone.
16. There Is A "2 O'clock Rule" When Climbing Mount Everest
Every climber follows the 2 o’clock rule when climbing Mount. Due to harsh and unpredictable weather, climbers must reach the summit by 2 pm. The result can be devastating. You can get caught in the death zone and fall short of reaching back to camp. In addition, it gets dark sooner, and falling temperature is another issue too.
Furthermore, there is a tragic story about Mount Everest. In 1996, Rob Hall and Scott Fischer, along with their team, attempted the summit. But they miscalculated and made poor decisions. They successfully summited Mount Everest; however, they ignored the consequences of descending. The tragedy happens on the way back to their camp.
Later, Fischer described it as the ‘2 o’clock rule.’. It means that the climber should reach the summit of Mount Everest before 2 pm. If a group cannot reach the summit before 2 o’clock, then they must abandon the summit and proceed to descend before it’s too late.
17. Jon Krakauer Reached Everest's Peak, But His Team Was Lost "Into Thin Air"
Jon Krakauer is an American writer and was a reporter for Outside magazine. In 1996, Krakauer followed a mountaineering team to climb Mount Everest. He and his team successfully reached the summit. However, he did come back safely, but his 8 members died while descending. They were all caught in blizzard weather on their way back.
Krakauer revealed the truth about the disaster in his book 'Into Thin Air,' published in 1997. It is also recorded as one of the deadliest Everest disasters in history. After that, in 2014, 16 Sherpas were killed by an avalanche. In the following year, 2015, the earthquake killed 22 climbers who successfully summited and returned to base camp, making it the deadliest Everest disaster.
18. The movie "Everest" was partially filmed on Mount Everest
We have just talked about the Everest disaster, ‘Into Thin Air,’ in 1996. The book was later presented in the movie titled ‘Everest.’. The movie shows the true story of the mountain disaster in a realistic version. Talking about the movie, only some parts of the action were filmed on Everest. Most of the scenes were filmed in studios.
The movie ‘Everest’ was released in 2015. Although the movie is based on the true story of Everest, the movie was filmed partially in the Everest Region. Pinewood Studios from England is in charge of making the movie. The scene of Lukla Airport, Namche Bazaar, and Everest Base Camp was filmed in Nepal.
In 2014, when the second unit shooting crew went to shoot at Camp II, an avalanche struck, killing 16 Sherpas. However, the filming crew remained unharmed because they were not there where the disaster took place. Later, the movie was completely filmed on greenscreen with CG imagery from studios.
19. Francys Arsentiev is known as “Sleeping Beauty on Mount Everest.”
Francis Arsentiev is the first woman from America to reach the summit of Mount Everest without any oxygen supply. Sadly, she died on the way back due to hypothermia and cerebral edema. Since then, she has been sleeping on Everest. And then she is recognized as ‘Sleeping Beauty on Mount Everest.’.
In 1998, Francys Arsentiev, along with her husband Sergei Arsentiev, set off for the Everest Expedition. They were climbing without oxygen, so they slowly ascended to the summit, which forced them to stay a night above 8,000 meters. At the time of descending, she was not in good condition. On the way down, some Uzbek Expedition Team members found her body lying on the snow still attached to a guide rope.
At that time, Arsentiev was 40 years old, and she had a son. She was such a bold and brave woman. Her corpse is nicknamed “Sleeping Beauty.”.
20. Everest Has Been Summited Over 9,000 Times
Isn’t it an interesting fact that the world’s highest mountain has been summited over 9,000 times? The first record of the summit of Everest was in 1953 by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa. Since then, more than 5,000 people have stood on top of the world over 9,000 times. Among them, some of the Sherpas have climbed more than once.
In 2018, around 800 people summited Everest, breaking the record for the most people summited in a single year. The previous record was in 2013 when 667 people summited Everest. Interestingly, there were not any expeditions recorded in 1974.
Two routes are frequently practiced by the climbers. One is from Nepal and another from Tibet. Up to date, 66% have been summited from Nepal, which is South Col, and the remaining 34% from the Tibet side, known as North Col.
21. Mount Everest Has Many Firsts and Climbing Records
With all those interesting facts, we try to present some records created by legendary people on Mount Everest.
Mount Everest was first summited on May 29, 1953, by Sir Edmund Hillary, a New Zealand mountaineer, and a Sherpa from Nepal, Tenzing Norgay. They scale Everest from the South Col Route.
A Chinese mountaineering group of Wang Fuzhou, Gong Bu, and Qu Yinhua became the first Chinese to summit Mount Everest in 1960. It was also the first summit of the South Col Route from Tibet.
Junko Tabei, a Japanese woman, became the first woman to climb Mount Everest in 1975. Also, she became the first woman to ascend to all Seven Summits in 1992.
On May 1, 1963, Jim Whittaker became the first American to summit Mount Everest alongside his Sherpa guide Nawang Gombu.
Erik Weihenmayer was the first blind person to reach the summit in 2001.
Pem Dorje and Moni Mulepati, a Nepalese couple, tied the knot on the summit of Mount Everest in 2005, making history as the first people to do so.
On May 8, 2008, the Beijing Olympic torch arrived on Mount Everest at 9:17 am, marking the first time in human history that the Olympic torch had been carried to the world's highest peak and the highest place to hand on the torch in Olympic history.
Jordan Romero from America took the youngest climber to reach the summit record on May 22, 2010, at 13 years and 345 days old.
22. An average Everest climber needs 35 hours of bottled oxygen
According to the Nepal National Mountain Guide Association, they have stated that on average a climber uses 7 bottles of supplemental oxygen for both up and down. Each bottle can last up to 5 hours. So, it means that a climber needs 35 hours of bottled oxygen.
Without oxygen, we cannot even survive for a minute. Oxygen is very important to the function of your body properly. It oxidizes the food and releases energy to work. When oxygen levels drop in the human body, it can cause heavy breathing and headaches. In other cases, it can malfunction in the brain and heart too.
Above 5,000 meters, the oxygen level drops to half of the sea level. As altitude increases, the oxygen level decreases. When a person reaches above 7,000 meters and 8,000 meters (Death Zone), supplemental oxygen is mandatory.
23. Tons of Human Poop Are Frozen on Mount Everest
The campaign to clean up Everest has estimated that about 8,000 kilograms of human feces have been left on Mount Everest. It is making a serious issue of health and environmental problems. Feces do not decompose at the higher frozen altitude.
Now, mountaineers have to carry human waste from the mountain. The rule has been implemented, but still, the system is problematic. Some of the porters and Sherpas have mentioned that they were not able to carry the extra weight of waste due to harsh weather, altitude, and slippery slopes.
Experts have said that the excrement has threatened the water resource of the mountain. The drinking water that climbers are using is contaminated with human feces. Afterward, they suffer from a stomach illness. Some experts have said that it can even affect drinking water resources where humans are inhabitants.
24. Everest Climbers Pee And Poop In Their Tents If They Can
Just now, we discussed the topic of waste and human feces on Mount Everest. Using a toilet on the mountain is a matter of curiosity. Some climbers build tent toilets, whereas some of them pee and poop in their tents. Climbers carry disposable bags for bodily waste and bottles for pee, which they have to bring back. Also, some of the climbers wear diapers.
It takes more time than you expected to build a tent on the mountain. Digging latrines on the frozen ground is not feasible due to the additional effort required. Also, exposing skin in the frozen zone can cause frostbite and hypothermia in other scenarios. So, it is reasonable to use the tent for excrement.
As we talked about before, human waste has been an issue of complication. The waste carried from Mount Everest is dumped at Gorakshep, a frozen lake bed. It is at a high risk of contaminating drinking water streams. In 2003, a mountaineer, Garry Porter, proposed a solution to the problem as the waste can be turned into fertilizer and methane gas for cooking.
25. It Takes 10 Weeks To Climb Mount Everest
Climbing Mount Everest? Well, it is not just a normal adventure. It can take 10 weeks or more than 2 months to reach the summit and descend successfully. All those times are utilized for acclimatization to adapt your body to higher altitudes. Also, waiting for good weather can consume some extra time too.
Everest Base Camp is at a height of 5,364 meters, which only takes some days to reach, not even 2 weeks. The majority of days are spent on the climbing route. It does not require much time to reach the summit, but what goes up must come down. So, jointly (ascending and descending), it can take up to 2 months. In some cases, it can take more than that.
Here is one of the interesting facts. On 21 May 2004, Pemba Dorje Sherpa ascended the summit of Mount Everest in 8 hours and 10 minutes, creating a world record for the fastest ascent on the top of the world.
Mount Everest Base Camp Trek: Essential Tips and Information for Your Successful Trip on the Base of Top of the World “Mt. Everest 8,848.86m”
Here is a list of some tips that help to make your trip successful. Kindly go through it.
15 Essential Tips for a Safe and Enjoyable Trek to Mount Everest Base Camp
Lukla Airport : Your Gateway to the Top of the World Adventure
It is a common question among homophiles and nature enthusiasts: “How much does it cost to climb Mount Everest?”. It takes at least 30,000 USD to climb Mount Everest. The cost can be higher or even can cost less. The cost can depend upon the standard, days, Sherpas, and other expenses.
The normal cost range can be from $30,000 to $85,000. The fully custom expedition can cost up to $115,000 or even more. A climber must pay $11,000 to the Nepalese government for a permit to climb Mount Everest. Normally, the cost includes transportation, camps/tents, Sherpas, food, and supplemental oxygen.
Other expenses of the Everest Expedition are personal equipment and gear. You need to spend from $6,000 to $8,000, according to the quality of your equipment.
27. Sherpas Are The Best Guides On Mount Everest
Whenever it comes to scaling mighty mountains, one thing that strikes our mind is ‘Sherpas.’. From the first person to climb Mount Everest (Tenzing Norgay Sherpa) to date, Sherpas have been assisting in climbing your favorite mountains. Without question, Sherpas are the best guides in the world.
Sherpas are the ethnic group of Nepal native to the mountain region of Nepal. Not only Nepal, but some of them are also scattered around Tibet, India, and Bhutan. They are renowned for climbing mountains and endurance at higher altitudes. Sherpas are the people who can climb Everest without supplemental oxygen.
For past centuries, Sherpas have been providing guide services for mountaineering teams. Also, it has been the main source of income for them. Apart from guiding, Sherpas also provide porter service for an expedition.
28. Sherpa Guides Get Paid US $5,000 Upwards For An Expedition.
A moment ago, we just talked about the legacy of the Sherpa guide. They are the best climbing guide to choose from. Ever wonder how much a Sherpa guide costs? Well, Sherpa guides get paid $5,000 for a month's expedition.
As mentioned before, the climbing guide is the main source of income for Sherpas. Sherpas who lead the expedition team earn around $2,000 to $5,000. The price differs depending on the time interval of the expedition. Whereas Western guides make $50,000 at the same time.
Sherpas have good skills in climbing mountains. Moreover, they are life-saving while climbing to the summit. They are pretty strong and help to carry your supplies along with other equipment. Trust me, Sherpas are not ordinary people.
29. Helicopters Can't Fly To The Top Of Mount Everest
Helicopters need a certain density of air to lift and fly. Generally, helicopters can fly up to 5,000 meters. But on Mount Everest, the air density is very thin. Therefore, the helicopter cannot fly to the top of Mount Everest.
Typically, helicopters are designed to fly a short distance and at relatively lower altitudes than planes. In addition, helicopters fly with rotating blades. Some high-performance helicopters can fly to Gorekshep as well as to Everest Base Camp.
The interesting fact is there is only one gentleman, Didier Delsalle, who landed a helicopter on the summit of Everest in 2005.
If you want to admire Everest, then the Everest Base Camp Trek with Helicopter can be ideal for you. We, Nepal Mother House, provide all the services you want with undeniable offers.
30. Planes Can Fly Over Mount Everest
Yes! The plane can fly over Mount Everest. Today’s aircraft can take flight at an altitude of 8,000 to 10,000 meters. Most commercial airplanes have a certified maximum elevation of 12,000 meters to 13,000 meters.
Flying over Mount Everest is not a big deal; however, flight routes don’t travel through Everest. The unpredictable weather increases the risk of turbulence. Hurricane-force wind and snowstorms are the main reason for making Everest a no-fly zone.
The closest airport to Everest is Tenzing-Hillary Airport in Lukla, which is at a height of 2,860 meters. It is situated 60 km away from the summit. It is one of the most dangerous airports in the world.
Conclusion
We just present you with 30 interesting facts about Mount Everest. Hope you like our presentation. If you or your friends/family ever consider visiting Everest Base Camp Trek to witness Everest or other wonderful Himalayan journeys such as the 12-day Manaslu Circuit Trek with Serang Guma for spiritual awakeness or the Isolated Himalayan Village 22-day Nar Phu Trek with Tilicho Lake Trek , or to visit the forbidden Kingdom of Nepal's 15-day Upper Mustang Trek, avoid the road off the beaten trail 17-day Kanchenjunga Circuit Trek , etc.; we at Nepal Mother House Treks are always here to assist you.
Namaste!
I hearty welcome to Nepal, known as the Kingdom of Himalayans, and the roof of the World “Mt. Everest.” Nepal has been named a Heaven on Earth and is a wonder in the Himalayan. It is the Shangri-La, a cultural Museum, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha, and the country of the living Goddess “Kumari.”
I am Karna Rana Trekking Tour Operator and Mountain Guide, specializing in Trekking, Tour, Travel in Nepal, Hiking in the Himalayan and other Outdoor Activities, Peak Climbing, Expedition, Adventure Trekking, Rafting, etc. applying for my field expiring in 2000. Meanwhile, I have completed my Master’s degree in Rural Development (2016) from the Tribhuvan University of Kathmandu, Nepal’s leading educational institution. I have been applying my field experience in tourism, especially in remote areas of the country, for sustainable eco-tourism for local empowerment. I enjoyed writing my blog own word sharing my travel experience in the Himalayan, aiming to provide the right information and help to the Nepal Traveler.
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249 | who holds the record for most everest summits | https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce4383v4wwno | 13 May 2024
Getty Images
Kami Rita Sherpa arriving back at base camp after his 28th climb in 2023
Mount Everest saw two record-breaking climbs on Sunday with a Nepali sherpa making the most ever summits and a British climber setting the record for a foreigner.
Kami Rita Sherpa, 54, scaled the world's tallest mountain for a 29th time while British man Kenton Cool marked his 18th peak.
Sherpa, already the world-record holder, beat his own landmark in setting the new standard.
A guide for over two decades, he first climbed the summit in 1994 and has made the peak almost every year since.
The climbing season has just started on Mount Everest, which is expecting hundreds of climbers to make the trek over the coming weeks.
Sherpa reached the 8,849m (29,000ft) summit on Sunday at about 07:30 local time (1:45GMT).
Last week, he had posted to Instagram from Everest base camp saying he was back to try a 29th summit "to the top of the world".
"One man's job, another man/woman's dream", he wrote.
The sherpa has previously told media how his climbs are just work - but he did do the trek twice last year to reclaim his crown from long-time rival and compatriot Pasang Dawa Sherpa.
Local authorities said Mr Cool, from Gloucestershire, had also summited on Sunday.
Getty Images
Kenton Cool seen in Kathmandu after his 16th climb in 2022
The British man is also a mountaineering guide and has previously played down his achievements, telling AFP news agency in 2022 that "so many of the Sherpas have so many more ascents".
Lhakpa Sherpa is the woman who has made the most ever climbs of Mount Everest, crowd-funding her world-record 10th climb in 2022.
Nepal's government has issued about 400 mountaineering permits to climbers this year for the spring season which runs from April to June. Almost all climbers are accompanied by a local guide meaning about 800 people are expected to make the ascent.
More than 600 people made it to the peak last year. But it was also one of the deadliest climbing seasons- with 18 deaths recorded on the mountain.
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250 | which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation | https://www.artsyltech.com/accounting-equation-components | Explore the world of financial balance with our in-depth accounting equation guide. Discover how Assets, Liabilities, and Equity work together to shape your business's financial health. Master the basics of accounting and financial analysis!
Key Takeaways
The accounting equation is a fundamental principle that expresses the relationship between a companyâs assets, liabilities, and equity. The equation is expressed as: Assets = Liabilities + Equity. In other words, everything a company owns (assets) must be financed either through debt (liabilities) or owner investment (equity).
Accounting Equation Formula
The accounting equation formula is a fundamental principle in accounting, representing the relationship between a companyâs assets, liabilities, and equity. It is expressed as:
This formula lays the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping and is crucial for preparing financial statements like the balance sheet. Hereâs what each component of the equation signifies.
Assets
These are resources or things of value that a company owns or controls with the expectation that they will provide future economic benefits. Examples include cash, inventory, property, and equipment.
Liabilities
These are the obligations or debts that a company owes to outside parties. Liabilities include loans, accounts payable, mortgages, and other debts.
Ownerâs Equity
Also known as shareholdersâ equity, this represents the ownerâs claims to the assets of the business after all liabilities have been paid off. It includes the money invested by the business owners (capital), retained earnings, and other forms of equity.
In every business transaction, the total value of the assets must always equal the combined total value of the liabilities and equity. This equation is the basis for the balance sheet, a key financial statement that provides a snapshot of a companyâs financial position at a specific point in time.
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The first component of the accounting equation is Assets. Assets can be anything that a company owns and can convert into cash, such as inventory, equipment, land, and buildings.
These items are either short-term or long-term. Short-term assets, which are typically held for less than a year, include cash, stocks, and accounts receivable, while long-term assets include things like property and intellectual property.
Liability, on the other hand, refers to any obligation or debt that a company owes to others. This component includes items such as accounts payable, loans, and taxes owed to the government. All liabilities must be reported on the companyâs balance sheet.
Lastly, we have the equity component of the accounting equation. Equity represents the total amount of money invested in a company by its owners. This includes their initial investments, plus any profits that are retained in the business. Retained earnings increase the companyâs equity and represent profits that are reinvested back into the company.
In practice, the accounting equation is at the heart of double-entry bookkeeping , which involves recording every financial transaction in two places: a debit account and a credit account. Debits and credits should balance each other out, so if an asset account is debited, a liability account or equity account must also be credited.
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The statement «Assets equals Liabilities plus Equity» represents the fundamental accounting equation. This equation is the cornerstone of double-entry bookkeeping and lays the foundation for balance sheets, one of the key financial statements used in accounting. Hereâs what each component represents:
Assets: These are resources owned by a business that are expected to bring future economic benefits. Examples include cash, inventory, equipment, and real estate.
Liabilities: These are obligations that the business needs to settle in the future, typically involving the transfer of assets or provision of services. Common liabilities include loans, accounts payable, and mortgages.
Equity: Also known as shareholdersâ equity or ownersâ equity, this represents the residual interest in the assets of the business after deducting liabilities. It includes funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, and other forms of equity like stock.
The accounting equation essentially shows that all the assets of a company are financed either by borrowing money (liabilities) or by using the ownerâs money (equity). In a balanced ledger, the total value of assets must always equal the combined total of liabilities and equity. This equation ensures the balance sheet remains balanced, which is a key principle in accounting for accurately depicting a companyâs financial position.
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Double-Entry Accounting System and Accounting Equation
The double-entry accounting system and the accounting equation are closely intertwined concepts in the field of accounting. This system is a method of bookkeeping where every entry to an account requires a corresponding and opposite entry to a different account.
The double-entry system has two equal and corresponding sides, known as debit and credit. In practice, this system helps ensure that the accounting equation always remains balanced, which is essential for accurate financial reporting.
Key Principles of Double-Entry Accounting
Every Transaction Affects Two Accounts: For instance, if a business takes a loan (increasing liabilities), it also increases its cash or bank balance (increasing assets).
Debits and Credits: In accounting, debits do not necessarily mean increases nor credits decreases. Whether a debit or a credit increases or decreases an account balance depends on the type of account. For example, debiting an asset account increases its balance, whereas debiting a liability account decreases its balance.
Accounting Equation and Double-Entry Accounting System
The accounting equation forms the basis of the double-entry accounting system. This equation must always be in balance after each transaction. It provides the foundation for recording all financial transactions recorded in the general ledger, and it ensures that the companyâs balance sheet is always balanced.
How Double-Entry Accounting System and Accounting Equation Work Together
Maintaining Balance
Every financial transaction affects at least two accounts in such a way that the accounting equation remains in balance. For example, when a company borrows money from a bank, its assets (cash) increase, and simultaneously its liabilities (bank loan) increase by the same amount.
Financial Integrity
The double-entry system, underpinned by the accounting equation , ensures the integrity of a companyâs financial information by requiring that every debit has a corresponding credit and vice versa.
Error Detection
This system makes it easier to detect errors since the sum of debits should always equal the sum of credits. An imbalance between the two can indicate a recording error.
Comprehensive Financial Picture
The combination of the double-entry system and the accounting equation provides a complete view of a companyâs financial health, including its assets, liabilities, and equity.
In summary, the double-entry accounting system, supported by the accounting equation, is essential for maintaining accurate and reliable financial records, ensuring the financial stability and transparency of a business.
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Debits and Credits in Accounting Equation
In the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity), the concepts of debits and credits are fundamental for maintaining balance. Understanding how debits and credits affect each part of the equation is key to double-entry bookkeeping. Hereâs a breakdown:
Assets
Liabilities
Equity
Debits (Dr): Decrease in equity (such as expenses, dividends, or withdrawals) are recorded as debits.
Credits (Cr): Increase in equity (such as revenues, contributions, or income) are recorded as credits.
Application in the Accounting Equation:
Buying an Asset on Credit
For example, if a company buys equipment for $5,000 on credit:
Debit: Equipment (Asset) $5,000 (increasing asset)
Credit: Accounts Payable (Liability) $5,000 (increasing liability)
Paying Off a Liability
Debit: Accounts Payable (Liability) $2,000 (decreasing liability)
Credit: Cash (Asset) $2,000 (decreasing asset)
Earning Revenue
Debit: Cash (Asset) $3,000 (increasing asset)
Credit: Service Revenue (Equity) $3,000 (increasing equity)
Incurring an Expense
Debit: Rent Expense (Equity) $1,000 (increasing expense, thus decreasing equity)
Credit: Cash (Asset) $1,000 (decreasing asset)
In each of these examples, the total debits equal the total credits, keeping the accounting equation in balance. This balanced approach ensures that a companyâs financial statements accurately reflect its financial position.
Remember, in accounting, the terms «debit» and «credit» do not inherently mean «increase» or «decrease» but rather indicate the side of the ledger where an entry is made â debits on the left side and credits on the right. The impact on the account balance (increase or decrease) depends on the type of account (asset, liability, or equity).
How to Use Accounting Equation
Using the accounting equation is fundamental in financial accounting to maintain accurate and balanced financial records. The equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, serves as the foundation for double-entry bookkeeping. Hereâs how to use it effectively.
Recording Transactions
When a financial transaction occurs, identify which components of the equation are affected. For instance, if you purchase equipment with cash, one asset (cash) decreases while another asset (equipment) increases. If you take a loan (liability increases), your cash (asset) also increases. This keeps the equation balanced.
Balancing the Books
Every transaction should keep the accounting equation in balance. If the total assets no longer equal the total of liabilities and equity, it indicates an error in the accounting records.
Regularly check the balance sheet, a financial statement based on the accounting equation, to ensure that assets always equal liabilities plus equity.
Analyzing Business Performance
Use the accounting equation to assess the financial health of the business. For example, a high proportion of liabilities to assets might indicate a risky financial position. Equity changes reflect the companyâs profitability and financial decisions (e.g., dividends paid, earnings retained).
The accounting equation can help guide decisions like taking on new debt, purchasing assets, or distributing profits. Assess how these decisions will impact your companyâs liabilities, assets, and equity.
Preparing Financial Statements
The balance sheet is directly based on the accounting equation. Ensure all transactions throughout the accounting period are recorded to prepare an accurate balance sheet.
The equation also indirectly impacts other financial statements like the income statement and cash flow statement.
Using Accounting Software
Modern accounting software automatically applies the accounting equation when recording transactions to maintain the balance. Regularly review and reconcile accounts to ensure the software correctly reflects the financial activities.
Regular Audits and Reviews
Periodically review financial records to ensure that the accounting equation is maintained in all aspects, and conduct audits for additional verification.
In practice, the accounting equation is a fundamental principle that ensures every financial transaction is accurately and comprehensively recorded, maintaining the integrity of a businessâs financial information.
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Accounting Equation Examples: Real-Life Situations
The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, is a fundamental principle that applies across all industries. Here are examples of how it might be applied in different industries:
Retail Industry
Transaction: A retail store purchases $10,000 worth of inventory on credit.
Accounting Equation:
Liabilities Increase (Accounts Payable +$10,000)
Result: The storeâs inventory (asset) increases, as does its accounts payable (liability), keeping the equation balanced.
Manufacturing Industry
Transaction: A manufacturer invests $50,000 in new machinery, paying in cash.
Accounting Equation:
Assets Decrease (Cash -$50,000)
Assets Increase (Equipment +$50,000)
Result: Cash, an asset, decreases, but equipment, another asset, increases by the same amount, thus maintaining balance.
Tech Startup
Transaction: An investor contributes $100,000 in exchange for a share of the company.
Accounting Equation:
Equity Increases (Shareholderâs Equity +$100,000)
Result: The companyâs cash (asset) and equity both increase, balancing each other.
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Transaction: The firm pays $5,000 towards a business loan.
Accounting Equation:
Liabilities Decrease (Loan Payable -$5,000)
Result: The payment reduces both the firmâs cash (asset) and its loan payable (liability), keeping the equation in balance.
Real Estate
Transaction: A real estate company sells a property for $200,000, which was initially valued at $150,000.
Accounting Equation:
Equity Increases (Retained Earnings +$50,000)
Result: The cash asset increases, the property asset is removed, and the profit from the sale increases equity, keeping the equation balanced.
Healthcare Industry:
Transaction: A hospital buys medical equipment worth $20,000 on credit.
Accounting Equation:
Liabilities Increase (Accounts Payable +$20,000)
Result: The hospitalâs assets increase due to the new equipment, and its liabilities increase due to the owed payment, maintaining balance.
Non-Profit Organization:
Accounting Equation:
Equity Increases (Donation Revenue +$15,000)
Result: Cash, an asset, increases, as does the equity (recorded as revenue), keeping the equation balanced.
In each of these examples, regardless of the industry, every transaction reflects changes in at least two accounts, maintaining the balance dictated by the accounting equation. This consistency is crucial for accurate financial reporting and analysis across all sectors.
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The accounting equation, Assets = Liabilities + Equity, is a fundamental principle in accounting and is of paramount importance for several reasons:
Foundation of Double-Entry Bookkeeping
The accounting equation is the basis of the double-entry bookkeeping system, where each transaction affects at least two accounts, keeping the overall equation in balance. This system helps ensure the accuracy of financial records. It makes it easier to detect errors in bookkeeping, as the equation must always balance. Discrepancies indicate mistakes that need correction.
Reflects Financial Position
The equation provides a clear snapshot of a companyâs financial health, showing what it owns (assets) versus what it owes (liabilities and equity). It is instrumental in the preparation of the balance sheet, one of the primary financial statements, which is essential for assessing a companyâs financial status at any given time.
By revealing the financial position of a business, the accounting equation helps managers and stakeholders make informed decisions regarding investments, operations, and strategy. Accounting equation helps in analyzing a companyâs liquidity (ability to meet short-term obligations) and solvency (ability to meet long-term obligations).
Ensures Compliance and Transparency
Proper application of the accounting equation ensures compliance with accounting standards and regulations. It provides transparency and reliability in financial reporting, which is crucial for investors, creditors, and other stakeholders.
Facilitates Performance Evaluation
By tracking changes in equity (like retained earnings), the equation helps in evaluating a companyâs profitability over time. Accounting equation is essential for calculating financial ratios that assess various aspects of a companyâs performance.
Universal Applicability
The accounting equation applies to all types of businesses, regardless of size or industry, making it a universal tool in financial accounting. It is a standard practice in accounting globally, facilitating international business and financial analysis .
Supports Financial Planning
Accounting equation helps in forecasting and financial planning by understanding how various transactions will affect the companyâs financial standing.
In summary, the accounting equation is not just a formula; it is a representation of a companyâs financial integrity and a tool for maintaining the balance and accuracy in financial reporting. Its importance spans from day-to-day bookkeeping to strategic financial planning and analysis.
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Wrapping Up
The accounting equation is a fundamental principle in accounting and provides the foundation for all accounting concepts. By understanding the relationship between a companyâs assets, liabilities, and equity, you can manage your finances more effectively and make sound financial decisions for your business. Remember, the accounting equation is not just a simple mathematical formula but a concept thatâs critical to the proper functioning and profitability of your business.
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What is the Accounting Equation?
The accounting equation is a fundamental principle in accounting, represented as Assets = Liabilities + Equity. It forms the basis of the double-entry bookkeeping system.
Why is the Accounting Equation Important?
It is crucial for maintaining the balance of financial records, ensuring accuracy in financial reporting, and providing a clear picture of a companyâs financial health.
How Does the Accounting Equation Relate to a Balance Sheet?
The balance sheet is a financial statement that directly reflects the accounting equation, showcasing a companyâs assets, liabilities, and equity at a specific point in time.
What are Assets in the Accounting Equation?
Assets are resources or items of value owned by a company, like cash, inventory, and property, expected to provide future economic benefits.
What are Liabilities in the Accounting Equation?
Liabilities are financial obligations or debts a company owes, such as loans, accounts payable, and mortgages.
What is Equity in the Accounting Equation?
Equity represents the ownerâs stake in the company, including capital, retained earnings, and any investments made by shareholders.
How Do Business Transactions Affect the Accounting Equation?
Every business transaction impacts the accounting equation by altering the values of assets, liabilities, or equity, while always keeping the equation balanced.
Can the Accounting Equation Ever Be Unbalanced?
In theory, the accounting equation should always be balanced. If itâs unbalanced, it usually indicates an error in transaction recording.
How Does the Accounting Equation Help in Decision Making?
By providing a clear view of a companyâs financial position, the accounting equation helps managers and stakeholders make informed business decisions.
Is the Accounting Equation the Same for All Types of Businesses?
Yes, the accounting equation applies universally to all business types, regardless of size or industry.
How Does the Accounting Equation Aid in Auditing?
Auditors use the accounting equation to verify the accuracy and integrity of a companyâs financial statements.
It helps in forecasting and financial planning by illustrating how different transactions will affect the companyâs financial standing.
These FAQs provide a basic understanding of the accounting equation and its significance in financial accounting. The equation is essential for anyone involved in financial management or interested in understanding the financial dynamics of a business.
Maintain the integrity of the fundamental accounting equation. Automate data capture, reduce errors, and ensure accurate asset, liability, and equity tracking.
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250 | which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation | https://www.wyzant.com/resources/lessons/accounting/financial-statements/ | Companies use basic financial statements to communicate a company’s financial information to outsiders – parties other than the company’s directors and managers, who are the “insiders.”
What is a financial statement? What does it tell us? Why should we care? These are good questions and they deserve an answer.
A business is a financial entity separate from its owners. Each business must keep financial records. A number of federal and state laws require this. But even if there were no laws, it would still be a good idea anyway. Businesses provide vital goods and services to those living in the community. They provide jobs for people, and tax dollars that improve our roads, parks and schools. It is in everyone’s best interest that our community’s businesses be successful.
Business owners take a risk. What if no one wants to buy their goods or services? The owner has spent time and money to start a business, purchased land, buildings and equipment, hired people to work in the business…all this done with the hope that the business will be successful. And if the business is NOT a success, the owner may have lost his or her life’s savings, workers must find jobs, and creditors may go unpaid.
Financial information may not make a business successful, but it helps the owner make sound business decisions. It can also help a bank or creditor evaluate the company for a loan or charge account. And the IRS will be interested in collecting the appropriate amount of income tax. So financial information willserve many purposes.
Financial information comes in many forms, but the most important are the Financial Statements. They summarize relevant financial information in a format that is useful in making important business decisions. If this were not possible, the whole process would be a waste of time. Too much information may be equally useless. Financial statements summarize a large number of Transactions into a small number of significant categories. To be useful, information must be organized.
Quick Quiz
A.
Include the balance sheet, income statement, and income tax return.
B.
Provide information about the profitability and financial position of the company.
C.
D.
Are prepared for a fee by the Financial Accounting Standards Board.
The answer is B. An income tax return is not one of the financial statements. Income tax returns contain confidential information and follow tax law, not accounting principles. The three required financial statements include the:
balance sheet,
income statement,
cash flow statement.
Many companies also include a statement of owner’s equity or statement of retained earnings along with the other three statements. GAAP also requires certain additional financial and non-financial disclosures in a section called the Notes to the Financial Statements. The Notes are an integral part of a company’s financial information and must be included with the financial statements.
Preparing the financial statements is the LAST step in the accounting process. They are generally prepared by accountants working for the company, but small companies often have their financial statements prepared by a Certified Public Accountant (CPA). The FASB is a government-endorsed non-profit organization responsible for establishing WHAT information is contained in financial statements and HOW it is presented. This is referred to as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and revolves around the principles of “adequate disclosure” and “fair presentation.”
Financial statements have generally agreed-upon formats and follow the same rules of disclosure. This puts everyone on the same level playing field, and makes it possible to compare different companies with each other, or to evaluate different year’s performance within the same company. There are three main financial statements:
Income Statement
Balance Sheet
Statement of Cash Flows
Each financial statement tells it’s own story. Together they form a comprehensive financial picture of the company, the results of its operations, its financial condition, and the sources and uses of its money. Evaluating past performance helps managers identify successful strategies, eliminate wasteful spending and budget appropriately for the future. Armed with this information they will be able to make necessary business decisions in a timely manner.
The Accounting Process in a Nutshell
Capture and Record a business transaction,
Classify the transaction into appropriate Accounts,
Post transactions to their individual Ledger Accounts,
Summarize and Report the balances of Ledger Accounts in financial statements.
There are 5 types of Accounts.
Assets
Liabilities
Revenues
Expenses
All the accounts in an accounting system are listed in a Chart of Accounts. They are listed in the order shown above. This helps us prepare financial statements, by conveniently organizing accounts in the same order they will be used in the financial statements.
Financial Statements
The Balance Sheet lists the balances in all Asset, Liability and Owners’ Equity accounts.
The Income Statement lists the balances in all Revenue and Expense accounts.
The Balance Sheet and Income Statement must accompany each other in order to comply with GAAP. Financial statements presented separately do not comply with GAAP. This is necessary so financial statement users get a true and complete financial picture of the company.
All accounts are used in one or the other statement, but not both. All accounts are used once, and only once, in the financial statements. The Balance Sheet shows account balances at a particular date. The Income Statement shows the accumulation in the Revenue and Expense accounts, for a given period of time, generally one year. The Income Statement can be prepared for any span of time, and companies often prepare them monthly or quarterly.
It is common for companies to prepare a Statement of Retained Earnings or a Statement of Owners’ Equity, but one of these statement is not required by GAAP. These statements provide a link between the Income Statement and the Balance Sheet. They also reconcile the Owners’ Equity or Retained Earnings account from the start to the end of the year.
The Statement of Cash Flows is the third financial statement required by GAAP, for full disclosure. The Cash Flow statement shows the inflows and outflows of Cash over a period of time, usually one year. The time period will coincide with the Income Statement. In fact, account balances are not used in the Cash Flow statement. The accounts are analyzed to determine the Sources (inflows) and Uses (outflows) of cash over a period of time.
There are 3 types of cash flow (CF):
Operating – CF generated by normal business operations
Investing – CF from buying/selling assets: buildings, real estate, investment portfolios, equipment.
Financing – CF from investors or long-term creditors
The SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) requires companies to follow GAAP n their financial statements. That doesn’t mean companies do what they are supposed to do. Enron executives had millions of reasons ($$) to falsify financial information for their own personal gain. Auditors are independent CPAs hired by companies to determine whether the rules of GAAP and full disclosure are being followed in their financial statements. In the case of Enron and Arthur Andersen, auditors sometimes fail to find problems that exist, and in some cases might have also failed in their responsibilities as accounting professionals.
The Accounting Equation
You may have heard someone say “the books are in balance” when referring to a company’s accounting records. This refers to the use of the double-entry system of accounting, which uses equal entries in two or more accounts to record each business transaction. Because the dollar amounts are equal we say the transaction is “in balance.” You can think of it like an old two pan balance scale, which measures things in dollars, instead of pounds.
Double-entry accounting follows one simple rule, called the accounting equation. It is a simple algebraic equation, expressed as an equality.
The Accounting Equation is:
everything we own = who provided the financing
In an earlier chapter, you learned that each transaction describes both an object and form of financing. In the accounting equation, Assets are the objects, and are on the Left side of the equation. Financing activities are on the Right side of the equation. Liabilities represent borrowings and credit arrangements. Owners’ Equity represents investments by owners, residual net worth and retained earnings from ongoing business operations.
The accounting equation uses “simple math” and involves only addition and subtraction. In fact, almost all the math you will do in this course is simple math. We will occasionally use multiplication and division, but all changes to accounts will be addition or subtraction.
Think for a moment about a new company. It’s accounting system consists of a new, “fresh” set of books, no entries have ever been made, all accounts have a zero balance.
Assets
Liabilities
The books are in balance!
If each, and every, transaction is a entered as a “balanced” entry, the books will stay in balance.
There are three general types of transactions and entries.
Routine, daily operating events – represents over 99% of all transactions.
Occasional events involving major assets, liabilities and owners’ equity transactions.
Adjusting and Closing entries – made to prepare statements and close the books at the end of the year.
Here are some examples of common type 2 transactions. Before and after each one, the books must be in balance. In Chapter 3 we will see how these are actually entered into the books, in the form of journal entries.
Owner deposits $100 in the company checking account.
Assets
Liabilities
$100
$0
$100
Cash is an Asset, on the Left side. Owners’ Equity is on the Right side. The amounts are equal
A $1000 computer is purchased on credit.
Assets
Liabilities
$1000
$1000
$0
Computer is an Asset, on the Left side. A Charge account is a Liability and is on the Right side.
The owner transfers a parcel of land to the company, and signs a contract for a building to be constructed. The land is worth $10,000 and the building will cost $90,000. The building will be paid for with a bank loan.
Assets
Liabilities
$100,000
$90,000
$10,000
Land and Building are Assets, on the Left side. Bank loan is a Liability and is on the Right side. This is a compound entry, and involves more than two accounts.
Balance Sheet accounts can increase or decrease, so you will be adding to or subtracting from their balance after each transaction.
The accounting equation can be expressed in 3 ways:
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity
Liabilities = Assets – Owners’ Equity
Owners’ Equity = Assets – Liabilities
It is common to abbreviate the accounting equation as A=L+OE. Using the numbers from the balance sheet above we get the following equations:
33,000 = 14,000 + 19,000 [A=L+OE]
14,000 = 33,000 – 19,000 [L=A-OE]
19,00 = 33,000 – 14,000 [OE=A-L]
If you know any two of the amounts you can calculate the third.
Quick Quiz
Assets
Liabilities
Try making up several examples on your own for practice.
We can see the Accounting Equation reflected in the layout of the Balance Sheet, as shown below. Notice that Total Assets equals the sum of Total Liabilities and Total Owners’ Equity, shown in bold below.
ABC Company Balance Sheet December 31, 2002
Assets
Cash
$ 10,000
The Chart of Accounts
An Account is a record used to summarize increases and decreases in a particular asset or liability, revenue or expense, or in owner’s equity. Accounts usually have very simple and generic titles such as Cash, Accounts Payable, Sales, and Inventory. These are simple and descriptive terms under which many different transactions can be recorded.
Accounts are organized in a Chart of Accounts . This is a simple list of account titles presented in the following order: Assets, Liabilities, Owners’ Equity, Revenue, Expenses. Organizing accounts in the correct order makes it much easier to prepare financial statements and enter transactions.
When doing homework problems students should read carefully and look for a Chart of Accounts, or for references to specific accounts, that should be used in that problem. If you don’t find these, you should look for the correct accounts to use.
Here is a sample Chart of Accounts, showing accounts in the correct order.Account group dividers are usually omitted in actual practice. They are shown here for illustrative purposes, so the student can see how the Chart of Accounts is organized, and how it relates to the financial statements.
ABC Company, Inc. Chart of Accounts
Income Statement Accounts —- Revenue Accounts —- Sales Revenue Sales Returns & Allowances Sales Discounts Interest Income —- Expense Accounts —- Advertising Expense Bank Fees Depreciation Expense Payroll Expense Payroll Tax Expense Rent Expense Income Tax Expense Telephone Expense Utilities Expense
Balance Sheet Accounts —- Asset Accounts —- Cash Accounts Receivable Prepaid Expenses Supplies Inventory Land Buildings Vehicles & Equipment Accumulated Depreciation Other Assets —- Liability Accounts —- Accounts Payable Notes Payable – Current Notes Payable – Long Term —- Stockholders’ Equity Accounts —- Common Stock Retained Earnings
Related Ask An Expert Questions
| 1,916 |
250 | which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation | https://career.rady.ucsd.edu/blog/2022/11/22/the-accounting-equation-explained/ | The accounting equation is a principle in accounting that says that a company’s assets must be equal to its liabilities and equity. This equation relies on the double-entry system of accounting , where every transaction results in positive or negative changes to at least two of these accounts: assets, liabilities, or equity.
In this guide, we’ll cover:
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What Is the Accounting Equation?
The accounting equation shows how a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity are related and how a change in one typically results in a change to another. In the accounting equation, assets are equal to liabilities plus equity.
You can find a company’s assets, liabilities, and equity on a few key financial statements, including the balance sheet and the income statement. These financial statements give a quick overview of the company’s financial position. The accounting equation makes sure the balance sheet is balanced, showing that transactions are recorded accurately.
Who Uses the Accounting Equation?
Accountants and members of a company’s financial team are the primary users of the accounting equation. Understanding how to use the formula is a crucial skill for accountants because it is a quick way to check that transactions are recorded correctly.
Accounting Equation Formula
Assets = Liabilities + Equity
There are different ways to express this concept, like “equity = assets – liabilities,” but they all serve the same purpose: ensuring correctly reported transactions and balanced balance sheets. On the other hand, if assets are not equal to liabilities plus equity (or if it does not balance), it likely means there was a mistake in financial reporting or data processing.
Components of the Accounting Equation
Assets
An asset is anything a company owns. Assets typically hold positive economic value and can be liquified (turned into cash) in the future. However, some assets are less liquid than others, making them harder to convert to cash. For example, inventory is very liquid — the company can quickly sell it for money. Real estate, though, is less liquid — selling for cash is time-consuming and sometimes difficult, depending on the market.
Some examples of assets include:
Cash
Liabilities
Liabilities are amounts of money that the company owes to others. Sometimes, liabilities are called obligations — the company has an obligation to make payments on loans or mortgages, or they risk damage to their credit and business.
Some examples of liabilities include:
Deferred revenue
Loan payments
Equity
There are two ways to look at equity. One is to consider equity as any assets left over after deducting all liabilities. In fact, the equation for determining how much equity a company has is subtracting the company’s liabilities from its assets.
However, equity can also be thought of as investments into the company either by founders, owners, public shareholders, or by customers buying products leading to higher revenue.
Some examples of equity include:
Owner contributions
Net profits
Investments from shareholders
What Is the Double-Entry Accounting System?
The accounting equation relies on a double-entry accounting system. In a double-entry accounting system, every transaction affects at least two accounts. For example, if a company buys a $1,000 piece of equipment on credit, that $1,000 is an increase in liabilities (the company must pay it back) but also an increase in assets.
These two sides of a transaction are debit (DR) and credit (CR). So, taking out a business loan will increase liabilities (credit) but also increase spending power and assets (debit). Conversely, lowering liabilities, perhaps by paying off a loan or selling a property, will have a positive and negative effect on assets: the lost asset is deducted but the increased spending power is a positive asset change.
Accounting Equation in Practice
Using Apple’s 2022 earnings report , we can find all the information we need to fill in the accounting equation.
For 2022, Apple reported:
Total assets: $352,755 million
Total liabilities: $302,083 million
Total equity: $50,672 million
$352,755m (assets) = $302,083m (liabilities) + $50,672m (equity)
And we find that the numbers do balance, meaning Apple has been reporting transactions accurately and its double-entry system is working.
Showing You Understand the Accounting Equation on Resumes
The accounting equation is a foundational hard skill every accountant needs. So, if you have prior work or internship experience with balancing books or creating and understanding financial statements, it will be understood that you know the accounting equation. In the description for your accounting work or internship experience, you could say something like:
“I recorded, tracked, and reported Company X’s financial statements, and ensured everything was accurate using the accounting equation.”
Additionally, you can use your cover letter to detail other experiences you have using the equation. For example, you can talk about how you checked that the books were balanced for a friend or family member’s small business.
Related Skills for Accountants
While using the accounting equation is vital, there are many more skills accountants need to succeed. Some of the most important skills for accountants include:
Knowing how to create and read financial statements
Having the ability to calculate profit margins
Understanding of accounting-specific formulas, such as the current ratio
Practical knowledge of the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP)
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250 | which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation | https://www.bookstime.com/what-is-the-accounting-equation | September 09, 2019
Reading Time 7 mins
In the formation of accounting data, a basic accounting equation is used for financial statement no matter if you are just a small business or a multimillion company. The Italian mathematician Luca Pacioli formulated a basic accounting equation formula in 1494 in his work “A Treatise on Accounts and Records.” Accounting systems of all countries are based on the use of this basic accounting equation. Virtually every business transaction to be reflected in accounting can be formalized within the framework of this equation or within its several variations that we will review later in this article. So, what is the accounting equation ? Let’s look at its definition from a dictionary.
Equation Definition
The basis of accounting balances and reports on profits and losses (financial statements) of almost all foreign organizations is based on a basic accounting equation. This equation has the following formula ( the accounting equation may be expressed as ):Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equityLet’s take a close look at accounting equation components:
AssetsAssets reflect the total value of the property that the business has, and which is in its turnover. In other words, it is what it owns. LiabilitiesLiabilities reflect the size of the financing of an organization’s assets by third parties, banks, and private financial institutions. This is what the company owes.EquityOwner’s equity characterizes the value of investments made in this organization by its owner/s (shareholders). Owner’s equity is everything that is left from the assets after paying all the liabilities.
What is the Accounting Equation Used for?
In the financial reporting system, one of the financial statements – the balance sheet continues to play a fundamental role. It performs important functions. The balance sheet, first of all, introduces owners to the management, property status of an economic entity. They will find out from the balance sheet what the owner owns, i.e., what is the quantity and quality of the company’s resources that the company can dispose of, and who was involved in the creation of these resources. Secondly, according to the balance sheet, it is determined whether the enterprise will be able to cover the obligations to third parties (shareholders, investors, creditors, buyers, sellers, etc.) soon. Thirdly, the content of capital and liability items makes it possible to use it both by internal and external users. As the central form of financial reporting, the balance sheet allows determining at the reporting date the composition and structure of an enterprise’s assets, liquidity, and turnover of current assets, availability of owner’s equity and liabilities, condition and dynamics of receivables and payables, creditworthiness and solvency of an enterprise.Balance sheet data allows you to evaluate the efficiency of placement of the enterprise’s capital, its adequacy for the current and forthcoming economic activity, the size and structure of borrowed sources, as well as the effectiveness of their attraction. Thus, the balance sheet is the most informative form for analyzing and evaluating the financial situation of an economic entity, and without the accounting equation, it would not be possible to create this financial report. Thus, it is necessary both for large and small businesses.
Balance in Accounting
The basis of accounting and bookkeeping is the principle of balance. To carry out economic activities, the company needs funds and that these funds should be given to the company by someone. The funds owned by the company are called assets. The owner, the founder, provides a part of these assets. The total amount of funds contributed by them is called capital. If the owner is the only one who contributed, then the equation Assets = Owner’s Equity will be fair. However, assets may be contributed by someone else who is not the owner. The debt of the company for these assets is called liabilities. Therefore, now the equation will take the following form: Assets = Liabilities and Owner’s Equity. The left and right sides of the equation always coincide because the same assets are considered from two points of view. The equality on both sides of the equation is forever preserved and does not depend on the number of business transactions.
Rearranging the Accounting Equation
Formulation 1Now that you know the answer to the question “What is the accounting equation?”, you should know that like every algebraic equality, the basic accounting equation can be transformed and represented as follows:Owner’s Equity = Assets – LiabilitiesWritten in this form, it means that the creditors of organizations have the priority right to satisfy their financial requirements in comparison to its owners. The equation shows what the total value of the organization’s assets is, what part of it is the primary reimbursement account of the organization’s debt obligations to creditors, and what part of the assets is secured by the financial participation of the owners (shareholders) of the organization and therefore remains in their ownership after all debt obligations are repaid.Formulation 2Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s EquityElements of financial reporting form the basic accounting equation or balance equation (balance sheet equation), which characterizes the financial position of the organization and reflects the interrelation of the two main reporting forms: balance sheet and income statement. Formulation 3Net Assets (Net Worth/Owner’s Equity) = Assets – LiabilitiesYou might also come across the term “net assets” or “net worth.” Its value is defined as the difference between the value of an organization’s assets less its liabilities. In other words, the value of the organization’s net assets is equal to its owner’s equity. The use of the adjective “net” concerning assets means deducting the corresponding liabilities; for example, net current assets are current assets less current (short-term) liabilities.Formulation 4
Based on the definitions of the concepts “income” and “expenses,” the basic accounting equality can be represented as follows:Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Revenues – Expenses.In this form, accounting equality provides a visual representation of the economic interrelation of the main accounts: the difference between income and expenses, which is a net profit (net loss) calculated in the income statement that increases or decreases the business’ owner’s equity amount.In addition to income and expenses, two more operations affect the amount of equity reflecting the interrelation of the business with the “outside” world:
investments
owner withdrawals (dividends)
These operations can also be entered into the basic balance equation:Assets = Liabilities + Capital + Revenues – Expenses + Investments – DividendsIn this form, the equation is rarely used. At the same time, this form of the equation demonstrates not only the process of increasing capital as a result of the organization’s activities but also the possibilities for its change introduced from outside.
Accounting Equation Example
Accounting Equation Formula and Calculation
The formula is very simple: Assets = Liabilities + Owner’s equity. You will need to keep this balance at all times, no matter how many transactions you have recorded. If you have a Balance sheet on hand, calculating whether this balance has been maintained is quite easy.
Add all the Assets, such as cash and cars, together.
Now, look for Liabilities (what your business owes to third parties) and total them as well.
Next, add Shareholder’s equity to the total Liabilities.
Finally, check if the amount you have for Assets equals the amount you got in step 3.
Limits of the Accounting Equation
The accounting equation helps to keep an accurate record of all the accounting transactions. However, even if it is balanced, there is no guarantee that mistakes or fraud are eliminated. In addition, it is not able to give much insight into the company’s financials. Business owners and investors will have to do analysis separately.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is the accounting equation important? The accounting equation plays an important role as the basis of the double-entry bookkeeping system. It provides a global standard for financial reporting.
What are the basic elements of the accounting equation?
There are three main elements:
Assets – all the things that you own;
Liabilities – all the things that you owe;
Shareholder’s equity – owners’ residual claim on assets after debts have been paid.
Why is the accounting equation always in balance?
Every financial transaction involves at least two accounts. It reflects what a business received and what it gave in return. For example, it can pay cash (Assets decreased) to acquire inventory (Assets increased) or take a loan from a bank, simultaneously increasing Assets and Liabilities.
Takeaways
By using an accounting equation, you can tell whether a company’s total assets equal its total liabilities and its shareholders’ total equity. It maintains a clear relationship between a company’s assets, liability, cash flow, and total equity.
The accounting equation is used to maintain a balance sheet. However, it’s critical to ensure that each entry in debit has an entry in credit. The accounting equation maintains the balance between debits and credits.
The accounting equation is critical to maintaining a business. Thanks to the accounting equation, the balance sheet offers the following data:
the number of assets, resources, etc., the company owns;
proof that the company can cover its liabilities and obligations;
cash flow volume;
The accounting equation enables companies to evaluate their progress and attract investors.
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This article is not intended to provide tax, legal, or investment advice, and BooksTime does not provide any services in these areas. This material has been prepared for informational purposes only, and should not be relied upon for tax, legal, or investment purposes. These topics are complex and constantly changing. The information presented here may be incomplete or out of date. Be sure to consult a relevant professional. BooksTime is not responsible for your compliance or noncompliance with any laws or regulations.
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250 | which financial statement involves all aspects of the accounting equation | https://www.devry.edu/blog/accounting-equation.html | Search
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By DeVry University
December 8, 2021
6 min read
Accounting is full of various equations and formulas that are designed to help you quickly and effectively acquire information about the financial standing of your business. Among these many formulas is the famous accounting equation, which is used to calculate the total value of the assets held by your company.
In a situation where the business has a sole proprietor, the formula is as follows:
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity
For publicly held corporations, the formula is the same, but equity is described as shareholder’s equity:
Assets = Liabilities + Shareholder's Equity
And as any accountant knows, having a clear picture of a company’s finances and what it has on hand is one of the most important elements in making good financial decisions, and why the accounting equation is so critical.
In this article, we'll dig into each element of the accounting equation and explain some of its applications in order to help you become more familiar with the formula. You'll learn about all of these things and more as we explore the following sections:
Why the Accounting Equation Is Important
Considered to be the foundation of the double-entry bookkeeping system, the accounting equation is important because, as explained by Investopedia , it is a concise expression of the complex and multi-item display of a balance sheet. In short, it’s the principle that keeps the balance sheet balanced, with each entry on the debit side having a corresponding entry on the credit side. This is why it is sometimes referred to as the balance sheet equation.
The importance of the accounting equation lies in the way it captures the relationship among 3 elements: Assets, liabilities and equity. It helps accountants to assess whether the business transactions carried out by the company are being accurately reflected in its books.
The elemental and unchanging concepts that are essential in modern accounting are that a company’s owner or shareholder equity will increase when assets increase. With increased liabilities, equity is decreased. With reduced liabilities, achieved by paying off debt for example, equity is increased.
Elements of the Accounting Equation
As you can see from the accounting equation itself, there are three elements that make up the whole formula — assets, liabilities and equity. Here's a brief explanation of each element and why they are important to your ability to properly perform accounting tasks.
Assets
A company’s assets are any resources that it owns. For instance, if you ran a lumber company and had 70,000 pounds of lumber sitting in a warehouse, that inventory would be considered an asset. Assets also include non-physical holdings, such as prepaid insurance and investments and accounts receivable. In order for your accounting and financial reporting to be clear and correct, your assets must always equal the amount of liability plus equity, whether held by shareholders or a sole proprietor.
Liabilities
Liabilities are considered to be anything that is a claim against the company's assets, such as accounts payable or other debts that the company owes. Ultimately, liabilities have a negative value representation and are offset using the double accounting principle. For example, if your company secured a loan from a bank for $10,000, assets would increase by $10,000, as would the company’s total liabilities.
Equity
Equity is any amount of money remaining after liabilities are subtracted from assets. Due to the nature of the accounting formula, other elements can be moved around as needed to solve for unknown variables. For instance, if you did not know the equity of the company but did know the liabilities and assets, you could subtract liabilities from assets in order to determine the equity. In scenarios where the company is publicly traded, you could then determine individual shareholder equity by calculating the total company equity and then pulling the percentage owned by a particular shareholder.
Example of the Accounting Equation
To help you better understand how the accounting equation works, here is a quick example of how the equation can be used.
Let's say that you are aiming to calculate the total assets owned by the company. In this scenario, you would follow the basic accounting equation formula of Assets = Liabilities + Owner Equity. For this example, let's assume that you have $1000 of liabilities and the owner equity is $5000. You could use the formula in the following manner:
Assets = -$1000 + $5000 Assets = $4000
What is the Double-Entry Accounting System?
The origins of the double-entry accounting system, one of the most important concepts in accounting, can be traced back to 15th century Italy . Double-entry accounting, or double-entry bookkeeping, means that for every entry into an account, there needs to be a corresponding and opposite entry into another account. The result of the double entry is a debit entry in one or more accounts, and a corresponding credit entry into one or more accounts on the other side of the balance sheet. The concept of double-entry ensures that a company’s accounts remain balanced, and can be used to make an accurate depiction of the company’s current financial position.
Relying heavily on the accounting equation, the double-entry system and the balance sheet that tracks its results are critical in preparing financial statements that show investors, shareholders and government agencies a company’s current financial condition and predicting its future earnings.
Common Applications for the Accounting Formulas
The accounting equation has a few expanded versions that can be used to calculate different variables, but there are also dozens of different accounting formulas that accountants use to identify crucial elements of a company's finances. Here are a few of these equations along with a brief explanation of how they work.
Gross Profit
Gross profit refers to the total amount of profit left after expenses associated with providing goods or services are removed. Gross profit, also known as gross income, includes only variable costs and does not account for the fixed costs of a business that are not directly attached to production. To calculate the gross profit of sold items, you would use the following formula:
Sales - Cost of Goods Sold = Gross Profit
Gross Profit Margin
Gross profit margin takes the gross profit figure you obtained from the gross profit formula and then divides it by total sales in order to identify the percentage of each sale that you retain every time a product is sold. The formula used to calculate this number is:
Gross Profit divided by Sales = Gross Profit Margin
Net Income
Net income takes the gross profit figure and then subtracts other expenses that are not necessarily associated with the cost of product creation. For instance, the gross profit calculation would not include fixed expenses such as executive salaries or office rent. To calculate the net income of your company, you would use the following formula:
Income - Expenses = Net Income
Break-Even Point
The break-even point is the point at which your gross income exceeds that of all your expenses across the company. The primary goal of all companies is to reach this point and then continue to increase sales in order to increase overall profits. The following formula is used to calculate the break-even point:
Fixed costs divided by (Sales price per unit - Variable cost per unit) = Break-Even Point
Cost of Goods Sold
Cost of goods sold is a figure used to determine the overall cost that the goods required to produce, including materials and labor. This figure is useful for determining sale price as you can use it to set your overall profit margin for a certain good. The formula used to arrive at this figure is:
Beginning Inventory + Purchases of the Inventory - Ending Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold
Current Ratio
Current ratio shows you the present standing of your company in terms of how many assets your company has compared to its liabilities. Typically, you want to have a higher ratio as that indicates you have more assets than you do liabilities. The following formula can help you identify the current ratio of your company:
Current Assets divided by Current Liabilities = Current Ratio
Accounting Equation FAQs
What is the expanded accounting equation?
When financial analysts want to gain a better understanding of a company’s shareholder equity, they will use an expanded version of the equation. This analysis breaks out, or expands, the detail of shareholder equity into these elements:
Contributed capital: Also known as paid-in capital, this is capital provided by the company’s original stockholders.
Beginning retained earnings: Earnings not distributed to stockholders from the previous accounting period.
Revenue: This is revenue generated from the company’s ongoing operations.
Expenses: Costs incurred to run the operations of the business.
Dividends: Since these items are the earnings distributed to the stockholders, they are subtracted from stockholders’ equity.
How does the accounting equation differ from the working capital formula?
Both equations provide important insights into a company’s financial position, but they focus on different aspects of a company’s financial condition. Concentrating on the long-term financial health of a company, the accounting equation represents the relationship between a company’s assets, liabilities and equity.
The working capital formula, which is more concerned with the company’s ability to meet its short-term financial obligations, calculates a company’s short-term liquidity by subtracting current liabilities from current assets.
Who uses the accounting equation?
The primary users of the accounting equation are accountants and other members of a financial team. Because the equation is a quick way to determine that transactions are recorded correctly, it is crucial for them to understand how to use the formula.
Are there other accounting basics I could learn about?
Yes, by familiarizing yourself with basic accounting terms and the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles , you will be on your way to gaining a better understanding of the principles and methods of modern business accounting.
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251 | when was the first dark tower book published | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(series) | The Dark Tower (series)
Series by Stephen King
The Dark Tower
Illustrator
The Dark Tower is a series of eight novels, one novella, and a children's book written by American author Stephen King . Incorporating themes from multiple genres, including dark fantasy , science fantasy , horror , and Western , it describes a "gunslinger" and his quest toward a tower, the nature of which is both physical and metaphorical. The series, and its use of the Dark Tower, expands upon Stephen King's multiverse and in doing so, links together many of his other novels.
In addition to the eight novels of the series proper that comprise 4,250 pages, many of King's other books relate to the story, introducing concepts and characters that come into play as the series progresses.
A film serving as a sequel to the events of The Dark Tower was released in August 2017. [1]
Stephen King saw The Dark Tower series as a first draft, initially planning to rewrite it. However, after revising The Gunslinger, "he is trying to decide how much he can rewrite." [2]
The series is referred to on King's website as his magnum opus . [3]
In the story, Roland Deschain is a member of a knightly order known as gunslingers and the last of the line of "Arthur Eld", his world's analogue of King Arthur . Politically organized along the lines of a feudal society, it shares technological and social characteristics with the American Old West but is also magical . Many of the magical aspects have vanished from Mid-World but traces remain, as do relics from a technologically advanced society. Roland's quest is to find the Dark Tower, a fabled building said to be the nexus of all universes. Roland's world is said to have "moved on", and it appears to be coming apart at the seams. Mighty nations have been torn apart by war, entire cities and regions vanish without a trace and time does not flow in an orderly fashion. Sometimes, even the sun rises in the north and sets in the east. As the series opens, Roland's motives, goals, and age are unclear, although later installments shed light on these mysteries.
For a detailed synopsis of the novels, see the relevant article for each book .
Connections to King's other works
King created a language for his characters, known as the High Speech. Examples of this language include the phrases Thankee, Sai ("Thank you, Sir/Ma'am.") and Dan-Tete ("Little Savior"). In addition, King uses the term Ka, which is the approximate equivalent of destiny, or fate, in the fictional language High Speech (and similarly, Ka-tet, a group of people bound together by fate/destiny). This term originated in Egyptian mythology and storytelling, and has figured in several other novels and screenplays since 1976. The term also appears in King's short story, "Low Men in Yellow Coats", in which Ted describes its meaning to Bobby.
Main series
4.5
6
7
845
272,273
2004
Total
4,316
1,358,065
Continuation
[ edit ]
While the series was declared finished with the publication of the seventh volume in 2004, Stephen King described in an interview in March 2009 an idea for a new short story he'd recently had: "And then I thought, 'Well, why don't I find three more like this and do a book that would be almost like modern fairy tales?' Then this thing started to add on bits and pieces so I guess it will be a novel." According to King, the idea was a new Dark Tower novel.
King said, regarding The Dark Tower, "It's not really done yet. Those seven books are really sections of one long über-novel." [11] King confirmed this during his TimesTalk event at The Times Center in New York City on November 10, 2009, and the next day King's official site posted that King would begin working on this novel in about eight months, with a tentative title being The Wind Through the Keyhole. [12] King noted that this novel would likely be set between the fourth and the fifth books of the series. The book, titled The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole , was announced on Stephen King's official site on March 10, 2011, and was published on April 24, 2012. [13]
Each book in the series was originally published in hardcover format with a number of full-color illustrations spread throughout. Each book contained works by a single illustrator only. Subsequent printings of each book in trade paperback format usually preserve the illustrations in full, except for books I and IV. Pocket-sized paperback reprints contain only black-and-white chapter or section header illustrations.
The illustrators who worked on each book are:
Illustrator
Title
Comments
0.5
1
2
3
4
4.5
5
6
7
Bill Sheehan of The Washington Post called the series "a humane, visionary epic and a true magnum opus" that stands as an "imposing example of pure storytelling," "filled with brilliantly rendered set pieces... cataclysmic encounters and moments of desolating tragedy." [14] Erica Noonan of the Boston Globe said, "There's a fascinating world to be discovered in the series" but noted that its epic nature keeps it from being user-friendly . [15] Allen Johnston of The New York Times was disappointed with how the series progressed; while he marveled at the "sheer absurdity of [the books'] existence" and complimented King's writing style, he said preparation would have improved the series, stating "King doesn't have the writerly finesse for these sorts of games, and the voices let him down." [16] Michael Berry of the San Francisco Chronicle , however, called the series' early installments "highfalutin hodgepodge" but the ending "a valediction" that "more than delivers on what has been promised." [17] Joshua Rothman of The New Yorker praised the series, feeling that "the novels were better and weirder than [he'd] hoped." Because it features several of his classic tropes, Rothman claimed, "If you really like Stephen King, you owe it to yourself to give the series a shot." [18]
Other media
The series has prompted related non-fiction books by authors besides King. Robin Furth has published the two-volume Stephen King's The Dark Tower: A Concordance, an encyclopedia-style companion to the series that she originally wrote for King's personal use. Bev Vincent has published The Road to The Dark Tower: Exploring Stephen King's Magnum Opus, a book containing back story, summary and analysis and The Dark Tower Companion, which includes interviews and coverage of the Marvel graphic novels. Stephen King has endorsed these books.
Charlie the Choo-Choo is a "children's book" by Stephen King released in 2016, published under the pseudonym Beryl Evans. It is adapted from a section of King's previous novel The Dark Tower III: The Waste Lands. It was illustrated by Ned Dameron.
Several Dark Tower series arcs were published by Marvel Comics .
A prequel , The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born is plotted by Robin Furth, scripted by Peter David , and illustrated by Jae Lee and Richard Isanove , and is set around the time of the flashbacks in The Gunslinger and Wizard and Glass. The first issue of this first arc was released on February 7, 2007. A hardcover volume containing all seven issues was released on November 7, 2007.
The second arc in the series, The Long Road Home , began publication on March 5, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all five issues was released on October 15, 2008.
The third arc, The Dark Tower: Treachery , began publication on September 10, 2008. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues was released on April 21, 2009.
Following the completion of the third arc a one-shot issue titled The Dark Tower: Sorcerer was released April 8, 2009. The story focuses on the history of the villainous wizard Marten Broadcloak .
The fourth arc, The Dark Tower: Fall of Gilead , began publication on May 13, 2009. A hardcover volume containing all 6 issues, as well as the Sorcerer One-Shot was released on February 2, 2010.
The fifth arc, The Dark Tower: Battle of Jericho Hill , began publication on December 3, 2009. A hardcover volume containing all 5 issues was released on August 17, 2010.
Marvel Comics has also published three supplemental books to date that expand upon characters and locations first introduced in the novels. The Dark Tower: Gunslingers' Guidebook was released in 2007, The Dark Tower: End-World Almanac was released in 2008, and The Dark Tower: Guide to Gilead was released in 2009. All three books were written by Anthony Flamini , with Furth serving as creative consultant. End-World Almanac and Guide to Gilead feature illustrations by David Yardin.
An adaptation of King's novella " The Little Sisters of Eluria ", titled The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Little Sisters of Eluria, began publication on December 8, 2010. The collected hardback edition was released on June 8, 2011.
A second adaptation of King's novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, titled The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Battle of Tull, began publication on June 1, 2011. The collected hardback edition was released on January 25, 2012.
A third adaptation of King's novel The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, titled The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger - The Way Station, began publication on December 14, 2011. The collected hardback edition was released on June 27, 2012.
December 7, 2009 saw the release of a spin-off online game titled Discordia, [19] available to play free of charge on the official Stephen King website. The game is a continuation of the original Dark Tower story, following the war between the Tet Corporation and Sombra/NCP in New York, and it has been supervised by both Stephen King and Robin Furth . From the website: "Exploring the behind-the-scenes conflict between the two companies, Discordia introduces long-time Dark Tower fans to new characters and numerous mechanical/magical items developed by Mid-World's Old Ones. Over the course of our adventure we will visit many locations, both those familiar to Dark Tower fans and others which we only glimpsed in the Dark Tower novels. While we may not see Roland and his ka-tet in this adventure, the development team has remembered the faces of its fathers. We have done our best to honor the original Dark Tower series while simultaneously mapping new and exciting Dark Tower territory."
Sony Pictures and Media Rights Capital adapted the series for film. [20] The film is directed by Nikolaj Arcel, [21] and stars Idris Elba and Matthew McConaughey , cast respectively as Roland Deschain and Walter O'Dim. [22] The film was released on August 4, 2017. [23] Critics panned the film with it receiving a score of 16% on Rotten Tomatoes. [24] The film combines elements from several novels in The Dark Tower series, serving as a canonical sequel to the novel series. Stephen King has indicated that The Dark Tower film and television series will follow Roland's "last time round" to the titular Dark Tower. [25] [26] [27] In July 2016, director Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that The Dark Tower film would be a sequel to the novels as well as a direct adaptation, with Roland in the next cycle of his journey to the Tower. [28]
In a 2017 interview with Collider , Stephen King expressed hope for a sequel film in addition to the upcoming television series, suggesting that it should be R-rated , with Roland wearing a hat, and that it would include the "lobstrosities" from The Drawing of the Three . [29] In an interview with ComingSoon.net , Nikolaj Arcel confirmed that The Drawing of the Three would form the basis for the sequel, and that yet-to-be-cast actors who will play Eddie and Susannah Dean would appear alongside Elba, McConaughey, Taylor, and Haley reprising their roles as Roland, Walter, Jake and Sayre respectively. [30]
In February 2018, Amazon bought the rights to The Dark Tower books for a series adaptation, though it was not made clear at first if anyone from the film would be involved. [31] It was later confirmed that the series would serve as a reboot, with Sam Strike and Jasper Pääkkönen being cast as Roland Deschain and The Man in Black, respectively. [32] In June 2019, Michael Rooker , Jerome Flynn and Joana Ribeiro were also believed to be cast members. [33] In January 2020, Amazon decided not to move forward with the pilot, but production company MRC is shopping the pilot scripts elsewhere. [34] In December 2022, director Mike Flanagan announced that he had acquired the rights to develop a television series based on the books and has plans for a multi-season release. [35] [36]
Currently there exist five audio versions of The Dark Tower series – in English, Polish, German, French and Russian. The audio book in English published by Hodder & Stoughton features voices of George Guidall and Frank Muller [37] and has neither music nor sound effects. The audio book in German published by Deutschland Random House Audio introduces Vittorio Alfieri [38] and David Nathan [39] as the narrators. The French audiobooks are published by Éditions Gallimard and narrated by Jacques Frantz . [40] In Russian, The Gunslinger , as narrated by Igor Knyazev, [41] does not have any music or sound effects
The first two novels in the series, The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger and The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three, were produced on audio cassette by New Audio Library (NAL) in 1988 and 1989 respectively. The Waste Lands, The Dark Tower Part III, was produced on audio cassette by Penguin Highbridge Audio in 1991. Each of these early editions was narrated by the author. The Waste Lands includes musical accompaniment throughout.
All of these editions were subsequently re-recorded in 1997 with Frank Muller as the narrator for continuity. Muller narrates the fourth book in the series, The Dark Tower IV: Wizard and Glass. Stephen King selected Muller as his voice for all audio narrations at this time. Frank Muller suffered a catastrophic brain injury in a motorcycle accident in 2001. The narration task then fell to George Guidall, who recorded the final three books in the series in quick succession in 2003 and 2004. George Guidall was also called upon to re-record The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger, the first book in the series, in 2003, as the author made significant changes to that story to better match what came later. [42]
"AR BookFinder US" . Renaissance Learning, Inc. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
Agger, Michael (2004-10-17). "Pulp Metafiction" . New York Times. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
"Stephenking.com/discordia" . Stephenking.com. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
"Wind" . Verlagsgruppe Random House (in German). Retrieved 2017-07-04.
External links
The Dark Tower (series)
| 1,920 |
251 | when was the first dark tower book published | https://www.bookseriesinorder.com/dark-tower/ | Publication Order of The Dark Tower Books
The Gunslinger
(1987)
(2012)
Publication Order of The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Books
By: Stephen King, Robin Furth, Peter David
The Journey Begins
(2019)
By: Stephen King, Robin Furth, Peter David
The Prisoner
The Dark Tower series written Stephen king is blend of multiple genres including science fiction, horror, dark and western fantasies. Seven volumes of this fascinating series are published in addition to one prequel (2012) with first volume released in 1982. Stephen King claimed that whole dark tower series is his first draft and his plan to redraft the whole series was changed after the release of revised Gunslinger (1st volume of series).
The Dark tower series was principally based on Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came, a poem by Robert Browning but two movies, Lords of the Rings Arthurian Legend, and The Good, the Bad & the Ugly, also inspired Stephen king. The lead character, Roland Deschain, is inspired by Clint Eastwood’s Man with No Name as explained by Stephen King. The Dark tower series comprised of more than 4,000 pages, incorporated unique and exclusive names of location to make this series special and worth remembering. Stephen developed a high speech for the characters in The Dark Tower series as the terms ka, ka-tet, thankee and sai meaning fate, people with similar faith, thank you and sir respectively. High speech is designed based Egyptian mythology and used by many other authors in their screen plays and volumes.
The Dark Tower series is about the search of Roland Deschain, member of knightly order and the last gunslinger in Mid World, to find dark tower, an ultimate, powerful yet subtle magical network or edifice, across deserted and apocalyptic lands of Mid-world. The dark tower, link to time and space continuum, is located capricious area of End world having distinct dancing sea roses. The purpose of Roland Deschain’s journey is to destroy someone using the evil technology of the Great Older Ones to nullify an eminent threat of world’s destruction. The situation is started to move towards its doom with a drift in time and direction during the journey of Roland. The reality started fray as a consequence of drift in time and direction. The six magnetic Beams always kept time, space, size and dimension aligned but the Beams starts to week that may result in destroying the dark tower. Faith of the world rests in Ronald’s hands to save the magnetic beams.
Roland, the lead character in the dark tower series, born in Inland and the last gunslinger of knightly order was entrusted with the mission to find and save the existence of their world by fortifying the dark tower. Roland made the quest to save the world his obsession and mania. Roland lacked imagination but lack of imagination proved to crucial in surviving instincts as his only imagination is to survive for the fortification of the dark tower. Roland is supported by many companions (Ka-tet) and he encountered various rivalries throughout his journey to find the dark tower. The names and description of ka-tet and rivals are excluded to keep suspense. Storyline of first two volumes of The Dark Tower Series is described below for the interest our readers;
The Gunslinger, 1st volume of the Dark Tower series, released in 1982 and revised edition published in 2003, is comprised of five stories published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. Names of short stories were The Way Station, The Oracle and the Mountains, The Slow Mutants, The Gunslinger and the Dark Man. Revision of 1st volume was conducted to exclude continuity errors. Roland, the man in black, travelled through the deserted Mid-World to find dark tower. The Gunslinger is about the story of Roland finding a magician, the man in black. In his expedition to find the man in black, he encountered demon infected Mohaine desert, a murderous preacher and her congregate, speaking demon. He found perfect ka-tet in a teenage boy from present day world. The boy accompanied Roland in his mission with persistent threat to Roland’s life. This volume is full of flash backs related to Roland’s life such as his encounter in kitchen resulted in the hanging of cook, his treachery with his teacher and the successful battle expeditions.
The Drawing of the three, 2nd volume of the Dark Tower series was released in 1987. Roland resumed his journey after his final battle with the man in black, and suddenly confronted by a beast on the beach of the Western Sea. He managed to kill the beast on the expense of his two fingers and one tow. The beast infected Roland with some kind of magic as three doorways appeared along the western beach that may take him to present day world. The door could lead him to New York (1987), Africa (1964) and Africa (1977). Roland encountered half legged Odetta Holmes and Detta Walker and the psychopath responsible for Odetta Holmes and Detta Walker. The mission of Roland was to prepare Odetta Holmes and Detta Walker for the wrath of the psychopath.
The series is declared complete by Stephen after the publication of 7th volume of The Dark Tower Series but another prequel short story was released in 2012. Furthermore, Stephen has planned to continue the Dark Tower series. 7th volume of the Dark Tower series is British Fantasy Award winner. However 4th, 5th and 6th volume of the Dark Tower series was nominated for Locus Award nominee.
A television series and one film based on the adaptation from the Dark Tower series were announced by HBO, a sister company of Warner Bros in 2010 but the project was delayed and postponed in 2011. However, film titled as The Dark Tower is still on track with expected release date in 2017. Furthermore, it is speculated that Russell Crowe will be featuring as Roland Deschain. Discordia, an online game, was released on 2009 based on The Dark Tower series.
More than 30 million copies of the Dark Tower have been sold in 40 countries, making it one of the best adventurous fantasy series. Many critics in National newspaper applauded the dark Tower series and described it as magnum opus filled cataclysmic encounters and desolating tragedy. The epic journey of Roland is worth reading for all the wonders and high speech dialogues in the Dark Tower series. This is one of the greatest series ever.
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Hello Stephen King fan! We at the Stephen King Wiki are incredibly happy you've decided to visit, please feel free to check out our Discusions and/or start editing articles. If you're visiting anonymously you'll need to make an account . Before you start editing or posting, you'll want to read our simple ruleset , just so you don't accidentally break any rules. If you see anyone breaking any of these rules, please report it to the message wall of an Administrator .
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First edition cover
The Gunslinger is the 14th book published by Stephen King; it was his twelfth novel and the eighth novel under his own name. The book was released by Grant on 10 June 1982 and was the first volume of the Dark Tower series . The book was illustrated by Michael Whelan .
Publication History[
The book was originally published as a quintet of novellas in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction over three years:
Plot[
It tells the story of the gunslinger, Roland of Gilead , and his quest to catch the man in black , the first of many steps towards his ultimate destination - the Dark Tower .
The main story takes place in a world that is somewhat similar to the Old West but exists in an alternate timeframe or parallel universe to ours. Roland exists in a place where "the world has moved on." This world has a few things in common with our own, however, including memories of the song "Hey Jude" and the child's rhyme that begins "Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit." Vestiges of forgotten or skewed versions of real-world technology also appear, such as a reference to a gas pump that is worshipped as a god named "Amoco," and an abandoned way station with a water pump which is powered by an "atomic slug."
As Roland travels across the desert with his mule in search of the man in black, he encounters Brown , a farmer and Zoltan , his crow. Brown graciously offers to put Roland up for the night. While Roland is there, we learn of his time spent in Tull through a the tale he tells to Brown. Tull was a small town which Roland came to not too long before the start of the novel. The man in black had passed through the town previously; he brought a dead man back to life and left a trap for Roland: the town itself. After Roland spends some time there, the leader of the local church reveals to him that the man in black has impregnated her and has turned her against Roland. She turns the entire town on Roland; men, women, and children. In order to escape with his life, Roland is forced to kill every resident of the town including his lover, Allie . Telling this story seems cathartic for Roland. When he awakes the next day his mule is dead forcing him to proceed on foot. Before Roland leaves, Brown asks his permission to eat the mule.
At the way station Roland first encounters Jake Chambers , who died in his own world (presumably our own) when he was pushed in front of a car while walking to school in Manhattan. Roland is nearly dead when he makes it to the way station. Jake brings him water and beef jerky while he is recovering. Jake does not know how long he has been at the way station, nor does he know exactly how he got there. He hid when the man in black passed by the way station. Roland hypnotizes him to determine the details of his death, but makes him forget before he wakes (since Jake's death was extremely violent and painful). Before they leave the way station they encounter a demon in the cellar while looking for food. After their conversation, Roland snatches the jawbone from the skeleton in the hole, from which the demon speaks.
After leaving the way station, Jake and Roland eventually make their way out of the desert into more welcoming lands. Roland rescues Jake from an encounter with a succubus who is an oracle and then couples with the oracle himself in order to learn more about his fate and the path to the Dark Tower. Roland gives Jake the jawbone from the way station to focus on while he is gone. After Roland returns, Jake discards the jawbone. As Jake and Roland make their way closer to the mountain, Jake begins to fear what will become of him.
In a flashback, we learn about Roland's chance encounter in a kitchen which leads to the hanging of Hax the cook. The apprentice gunslingers are allowed to witness the hanging with their fathers' permission. Roland reveals how he was tricked into calling out his teacher Cort early, through the treachery of Marten . He succeeded in defeating Cort in battle through his ingenious weapon selection - his hawk, David.
Jake and Roland make their way into the twisting tunnels below the mountain, propelled along by an ancient mine cart. During the journey, they are attacked by the "Slow Mutants," monstrous subterranean creatures. Roland fights the Slow Mutants off and they proceed. Eventually they find the Man in Black and, as Jake dangles precariously from the tracks, Roland comes to a pivotal choice; save Jake or pursue the Man in Black. Roland chooses to follow the Man in Black. Jake tells Roland, whilst hanging: "Go then. There are other worlds than these." He lets go of the edge and falls without screaming.
After sacrificing Jake in the mountain, Roland makes his way down to speak to the man in black. The man in black reads Roland's fate from a pack of Tarot cards, including "the sailor" (Jake), "the prisoner" ( Eddie Dean ), "the lady of shadows" ( Odetta Holmes ), " death " (but not for Roland), and the Tower itself as the center of everything. The man in black states that he is merely a pawn of Roland's true enemy who is the one who now controls the Dark Tower itself.
The man in black creates a representation of the universe in an attempt to frighten Roland by showing him how truly insignificant he is in the grand scheme of things. He asks Roland to give up his quest. Roland refuses and is made to fall asleep by the man in black. When he wakes up, ten years have passed and there is a skeleton next to him — what he assumes to be the man in black. Roland then sits on the edge of the Western Sea while contemplating the three people he now is charged with bringing into All-World - the Prisoner, the Lady of Shadows, and Death.
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251 | when was the first dark tower book published | https://screenrant.com/mike-flanagan-dark-tower-updates/ | Mike Flanagan's Dark Tower: Confirmation & Everything We Know About The Stephen King Adaptation
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Acclaimed filmmaker Mike Flanagan is tackling Stephen King's epic fantasy horror series The Dark Tower , and there are already a ton of exciting updates about the new TV show. Starting with the publication of 1982's The Gunslinger, the Dark Tower series is set in a bizarre parallel world in which a mysterious Western-style gunslinger named Roland traverses the land in search of The Man in Black and the eponymous monolithic tower. A stark departure from many of King's other works, the deft blending of genres makes The Dark Tower one of the most unique book series of the 20th century.
Stephen King's works have been adapted into film and TV shows since the debut of his first novel, but The Dark Tower has always been something of a bugaboo for Hollywood, and the industry has struggled to tackle the massive universe. The 2017 film was resoundingly rejected by fans of the book series, and its lengthy production timeline seemed to spell doom for any further exploration of the Dark Tower mythos. However, noted Stephen King fan Mike Flanagan has opted to take another stab at the complex horror property.
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Stephen King Assuages Fears About The Dark Tower
With work progressing slowly on the epic adaptation series, the latest news finds Stephen King weighing in on Mike Flanagan's Dark Tower . The King of Horror appeared on The Kingcast and put some fears to bed regarding Flanagan's developing take on his beloved sci-fi/fantasy book series. "I've seen screenplays and pitches," said King, "and he starts where he should start, and the beats are perfect. Just perfect." In the same interview, King jokingly called Flanagan the "King Whisperer."
Though the update doesn't really give away much, it does show that it's heading in the right direction. The fact that Flanagan was confident enough to share his work with King is a good sign as well. King's endorsement of the project does bode well, but it's important to note that the legendary horror author doesn't have a great track record with his own adaptations. King notoriously despised Stanley Kubrick's The Shining, and spearheaded a TV adaptation in 1997 that was poorly-received.
Mike Flanagan's Dark Tower Is Confirmed
Another Take On The Dark Tower Is Happening
Regardless of where the project does eventually land, its high-profile creative talent such as Flanagan and Stephen King will make it a hot commodity.
While news has been somewhat scant on the project, The Dark Tower has been confirmed since 2022 with Mike Flanagan attached since day one. The series has been in talks with Amazon Prime Video, though nothing is certain about that deal at this moment. Regardless of where the project does eventually land, its high-profile creative talent such as Flanagan and Stephen King will make it a hot commodity.
The pilot episode for a Dark Tower TV series was produced in 2019, but the series wasn't picked up.
Development updates have ground to a halt in the years since, and recent comments from Mike Flanagan make it clear that adapting The Dark Tower is no easy feat. Even an experienced Stephen King scribe like Flanagan hasn't been able to make much progress bringing the epic fantasy to life, and there is currently no timetable on when the project will finally begin to take shape.
Mike Flanagan's Dark Tower Cast Rumors
Will Any Of Flanagan's Familiar Cast Return?
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Nothing is known about the cast of The Dark Tower, but the rumor mill has been churning ever since the project was announced in 2022. Carla Gugino's recent comments seem to suggest she is on a short list to appear in the series, though it is unclear who she could play. Additionally, Mike Flanagan's frequent collaborator Henry Thomas has expressed interest in The Dark Tower , but Thomas has not been tapped to play a role yet. Like Gugino, it is unclear exactly who Thomas could play. The role of Roland is perhaps the most hotly-contested, but Thomas isn't likely a candidate for the part.
Mike Flanagan himself started the rumor mill churning once again when he suggested that Rahul Kohli could be playing Roland in The Dark Tower. After a fan online expressed sadness that Kohli was passed over for the role of Reed Richards in the MCU's Fantastic Four, the fan then suggested Kohli would make a better Roland Deschain anyway. Flanagan would go on to retweet that post and make his own heartfelt post about the actor. Unlike the previously rumored cast members, Kohli makes sense to play Roland.
Mike Flanagan's Dark Tower Story
How Will The TV Series Approach The Epic Novels?
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Unlike the failed 2017 film adaptation, Mike Flanagan has already boasted how his take on King's fantasy opus will stick more closely to the source material. That means, with seven main books and a host of short stories and spinoffs, Flanagan has his work cut out for him. The Dark Tower will likely begin with the first novel , The Gunslinger, which introduces Roland as he journeys across the desert in pursuit of The Man in Black.
The Dark Tower book series includes:
Book Title
Release Year
1982
The Dark Tower II: The Drawing of the Three
1987
1991
1997
2003
2004
2004
1998
A short story set within the universe published in King's Everything's Eventual
The Dark Tower: The Wind Through the Keyhole
2012
Takes place between books 4 & 5
On his journey across the wasteland, Roland encounters Jake Chambers, a young boy with odd memories from a world not unlike Roland's. At this juncture, it isn't clear if Flanagan will go one novel at a time or if seasons will combine and truncate the lengthy story for narrative clarity. Either way, The Dark Tower could be the most ambitious Stephen King adaptation ever.
The Dark Tower
The Dark Tower is a multimedia franchise based on Stephen King's epic series of eight novels. The story follows Roland Deschain, the last of the Gunslingers, as he embarks on a quest to reach the Dark Tower, a mystical structure that stands at the center of all worlds and realities. The series blends elements of dark fantasy, horror, science fiction, and Western genres. Over the years, the franchise has expanded beyond the original books to include a film, comic books, and upcoming TV adaptations, making it one of King's most ambitious and interconnected works.
Cast
Character(s)
Roland Deschain, The Man in Black, Jake Chambers, Eddie Dean, Susannah Dean, Oy, The Crimson King, Stephen Deschain, Sayre, Tirana
Summary
The Dark Tower is a multimedia franchise based on Stephen King's epic series of eight novels. The story follows Roland Deschain, the last of the Gunslingers, as he embarks on a quest to reach the Dark Tower, a mystical structure that stands at the center of all worlds and realities. The series blends elements of dark fantasy, horror, science fiction, and Western genres. Over the years, the franchise has expanded beyond the original books to include a film, comic books, and upcoming TV adaptations, making it one of King's most ambitious and interconnected works.
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Henry Thomas could play Father Callahan, the only role I can think of for Carla is Roland’s mother, she’s too young and pretty to play Rhea and is totally wrong for Susannah.
2024-05-29 21:44:31
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Does nobody else pick up on the fact that Roland and was an Italian Western Era Clint Eastwood look alike? The book cover pictures are almost like the old movie promo posters. So, when I read the series, I pictured Clint Eastwood. And, don't get me wrong, I love Idris Elba in movies and love every part Rahul Kohli has done. Great actor...but not even close to a Clint Eastwood persona. In my opinion, that's a huge part of the Dark Tower deal so why would you pick anyone for the main character that is nothing like the main character? Maybe Rahul could be Cuthbert or Eddie Dean? I am so stoked Mike F. is doing this project. He does amazing work and I think he can pull it off. Especially if he pays attention to detail and sticks to the story. Here's something movie makers miss; book series, video game series, anime series, etc. all have the big fan base for a reason. Don't think "I can do better". Look at what happened when that other guy made the movie. Everybody hated it. Why? Because the only similarity was the name.
2024-06-18 01:02:59
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I’m with you on picturing some variation of Clint Eastwood.
Maybe Scott Eastwood might be a good fit if he can nail the character. He definitely is as close to Clint Eastwood as you can get.
I could also see Henry Cavill looking the role. Paint on some sun damage and throw some dust on him and you’ve got Roland.
Just as long as they get the eyes right, it will make a big difference for me anyway. I feel like Stephen King made it a point to mention and describe Roland’s eyes multiple times throughout the series. Kind of a defining characteristic in my opinion.
2025-02-08 16:31:26
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251 | when was the first dark tower book published | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Tower:_The_Gunslinger | 19 languages
A fantasy novel by American author Stephen King
This article is about the 1982 novel. For the original 1978 novella, see The Gunslinger (novella) . For the titular character, see Roland Deschain .
The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger
First edition cover
Background and publication
The book tells the story of The Gunslinger, Roland of Gilead , and his quest to catch the man in black , the first of many steps toward Roland's ultimate destination, The Dark Tower. The main story takes place in a world somewhat similar to the Old West but in an alternate timeframe or parallel universe . Roland exists in a world that has "moved on." This world has a few things in common with our own, however, including memories of the old song " Hey Jude " and the child's rhyme that begins " Beans, Beans, the Musical Fruit ", as well as the existence of hamburgers and beer . Vestiges of forgotten or skewed versions of real-world technology also appear, such as a reference to a gas pump that is worshipped as a god named " Amoco " and an abandoned way station with a water pump powered by an "atomic slug."
As Roland travels across the desert in search of the man in black, whom he knows as Walter, he encounters a farmer named Brown and his raven, Zoltan. Roland spends the night there and recalls his time spent in Tull, a small town Roland passed through not long before meeting them. The man in black had also stayed in the town; he brought a dead man stricken by addiction to the opiate-like "devil grass" back to life and left a trap for Roland. Roland meets the leader of the local church, who reveals to him that the man in black impregnated her with a demon . She turns the entire town against Roland, who is forced to kill everyone. When he awakens the morning after telling Brown this story, his mule is dead, forcing him to proceed on foot.
Roland arrives at an abandoned way station and first encounters Jake Chambers , a young boy. Roland collapses from dehydration, and Jake brings him water. Jake remembers neither how long he has been at the way station nor exactly how he got there, and he hid when the man in black passed through. Roland hypnotizes Jake to determine the details of where he came from and discovers he died in a different universe that appears much closer in nature to our own. He was pushed in front of a car while walking to school in Manhattan . Before they leave, Roland and Jake search for food in a cellar and encounter a demon. Roland masters the demon and takes a jawbone from the hole from which it spoke to him.
Roland and Jake make their way out of the desert. Roland rescues Jake from an encounter with a succubus and after they've made camp, tells him to hold on to the jawbone as a protective charm. Roland leaves him at camp and couples with the succubus, who is also an oracle, to learn more about his fate and the path to the Dark Tower. In a flashback, it is revealed that Roland is the son of Steven Deschain, a Gunslinger and lord of Gilead. Roland received a brutal training at the hand of his teacher, Cort. Roland was tricked into a premature test of manhood by dueling with Cort at age 14, earlier than any other apprentice. He was provoked by Marten , who served as Steven's wizard and seduced Roland's mother, Gabrielle Deschain. That was a time of instability and revolution. Roland defeated Cort in battle by choosing his hawk, David, as his weapon and sacrificing David to distract Cort.
Jake and Roland see the man in black at the mountain. He says he will meet just one of them on the other side, which aggravates Jake's fears that Roland will either kill or abandon him. Roland and Jake make their way into twisting tunnels within the mountain, traveling on an old railway handcar . They are attacked by subterranean creatures called "Slow Mutants." At the tunnel's exit, they continue on foot. As the track on which they are traveling begins to break, Roland lets Jake fall into an abyss and continues his quest.
After sacrificing Jake in the mountain, Roland makes his way down to speak with the man in black. The man in black reads Roland's fate from a pack of cards, which includes such omens as "the sailor," "the prisoner," "the lady of shadows," "death," and the Tower itself. The man in black states that he is a pawn of Roland's true enemy , who now controls the Dark Tower itself. The man in black also reveals that he was Marten. He then sends Roland a vision of the universe, zooming out past a red planet covered in canals , a ring of rocks , a large stormy planet , a ringed planet , and then to galaxies and beyond, attempting to frighten Roland by showing him how truly insignificant he is. The man in black then asks Roland to renounce his quest. Roland refuses, and the man in black tells him to go west before putting him to sleep. When Roland awakens, ten years have passed, and there is a skeleton next to him that he assumes to be the man in black's. Roland takes the jawbone from the skeleton before traveling to the shore of the Western Sea.
Revised and expanded edition
King revised The Gunslinger in 2003. In his introduction to the new edition, King stated that he felt the original version was "dry" and difficult for new readers to access. He also made the storytelling more linear and the book's plot more consistent with the series ending. Other changes were made to resolve continuity errors introduced by later volumes. The added material was over 9000 words (35 pages) in length. [5] Some changes include: [6]
Removal of a reference to Roland reading a magazine in Tull. Later information presented in The Drawing of the Three suggests paper is a scarcity in Roland's world.
Reference to 12 years having passed since the fall of Gilead, which happened when Roland was a teenager, is changed to "unknown years." Otherwise, it would be deduced that Roland is in his 30s, whereas later books imply Roland is ancient.
Likewise, the man in black originally says he is "nearly immortal;" in the revision, he says this of both himself and Roland.
"[Roland] didn't know where Cort was" becomes "Cort was dead" because the Fall of Gilead was not fleshed out until later books.
Roland's cold-hearted killing of Allie is changed to make him appear more humane. Originally, when the town of Tull turns on Roland, Allie is seized by a townsperson and used as a human shield. She begs Roland not to fire before he guns down both her and her captor. In the revised version, she has been driven mad by Walter by the time she is seized, and she begs Roland to put her out of her misery.
The town of Farson is changed to Taunton because John Farson is a character in the later books.
References to the Beast were changed to refer to the Crimson King , who otherwise is not mentioned in the series until The Waste Lands .
"Blue Heaven" and "Algul Siento," terms revealed in the final books, are mentioned.
A single Taheen appears early in the revised version. The Taheen are a race of creatures that wouldn't originally appear until the final three books.
A major textual change is the fate and identity of the man in black. In the original text, Walter's death at the end of the story is of no uncertainty to Roland. In the revised edition, Roland speculates whether his discovery of Walter's bones is some trick or whether Walter has truly died. The original text also kept Walter and Marten Broadcloak completely disambiguated. Even after the death of Walter, Broadcloak was still to be found and killed. Later, in Wizard and Glass, Walter and Marten, along with Randall Flagg , are all revealed to be the same person. Although no reference to the name "Flagg" is made in the revised edition of The Gunslinger, all references to Walter and Marten are altered so that it is plausible they are the same man.
Jake Chambers , originally nine years old, was made 10–11 years old in the revised edition.
In general, the world the gunslinger walked through in the original text was a run-down version of our own. The text mentions England, the star Polaris, Mars, Jesus and other biblical figures, Easter, All-Saint's Eve (Halloween), and Greek and Egyptian gods . In the revision, most of these references were removed to make Roland's world only vaguely like ours.
In the expanded edition of the novel, on the last page before the text, the word RESUMPTION appears. In the "Argument" foreword for Wolves of the Calla , King explains that this is the subtitle of the novel.
Rojak, Lisa (5 January 2010). Haunted Heart: The Life and Times of Stephen King. Macmillan. p. 115. ISBN
.
King, Stephen (2003). The Gunslinger: Revised and Expanded Edition. Toronto: Signet Fiction. xxii. ISBN
.
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252 | who played booster in jingle all the way | https://hero.fandom.com/wiki/Booster_(Jingle_All_the_Way) | Heroes Wiki
-Welcome to the Hero/Protagonist wiki! If you can help us with this wiki please sign up and help us! Thanks! -M-NUva
READ MORE
Goals
To help Turbo-Man save the world and the innocent from Dementor
(succeeded in the TV series within the film)
..
Superhero partner
Booster is a big pink furry smilodon like creature and partner of Turbo-Man from the Turbo-Man tv show in the movie, Jingle all the Way (1996).
He was played by the puppeteer, Jeff L. Deist.
Biography[
Booster is a a big pink sabor-tooth tiger like creature superhero partner and sidekick of the tv show title hero, Turbo-Man. Their arch enemy is the supervillain, Dementor He first appeared in the beginning of the film on television flying to the rescue with Turb-Man to save the world and rescue a boy named Billy, the president (Billy's Father), and Billy's mother from Dementor and his army, the Demon Team. Like Turbo-Man and Dementor, there is an action figure of him too.
Near the end of the movie, Booster is seen in the the Holiday-wintertainment Parade, next to Howard, who was accidentally chosen as dressed for the role as Turbo-man. Booster was seen brushing a tear of joy when watching Howard finally give a Turbo-Man action figure to his son, Jamie.
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252 | who played booster in jingle all the way | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_All_the_Way | Jingle All the Way
Jingle All the Way
November 22, 1996 (1996-11-22) (United States)
Running time
89 minutes
Box office
Jingle All the Way is a 1996 American Christmas family comedy film [2] directed by Brian Levant . The film stars Arnold Schwarzenegger and Sinbad as Howard Langston and Myron Larabee, two rival fathers living in Minneapolis desperately trying to purchase the popular Turbo Man action figure for their respective sons on a last-minute shopping spree on Christmas Eve . The film's title is borrowed from the lyrics of the popular Christmas song " Jingle Bells ".
Inspired by real-life Christmas toy sell-outs for such items as Cabbage Patch Kids , the film was written by Randy Kornfield. Producer Chris Columbus rewrote the script, adding in elements of satire about the commercialization of Christmas , and the project was picked up by 20th Century Fox . Delays to Fox's reboot of Planet of the Apes allowed Schwarzenegger to come on board the film, while Columbus opted to cast Sinbad instead of Joe Pesci as Myron. Jingle All the Way was set and filmed in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul at a variety of locations, including the Mall of America . After five weeks of filming, production moved to California , where scenes such as the end parade were shot. The film's swift production meant merchandising was limited to a replica of the Turbo Man action figure used in the film.
Upon release, Jingle All the Way grossed $129.8 million worldwide but received generally negative reviews from critics, though the humor and Sinbad and Schwarzenegger's performances received some praise. In 2001, Fox was ordered to pay $19 million to Murray Hill Publishing for stealing the idea for the film; the verdict was overturned three years later. Jingle All the Way is the third and final collaboration between Sinbad and Phil Hartman after Coneheads (1993) and Houseguest (1995), and the last film featuring Hartman to be released during his lifetime before he was murdered in 1998. In 2014, the film was followed by a sequel in name only, Jingle All the Way 2 , starring Larry the Cable Guy .
In Minneapolis , workaholic mattress salesman Howard Langston loves his wife, Liz, and nine-year-old son, Jamie, but rarely finds time for them. He is often put in a bad light by his neighbor, divorcé Ted Maltin, who harbors unrequited feelings for Liz. After missing Jamie's karate class graduation due to being pulled over by Officer Hummel, Howard resolves to redeem himself by fulfilling his Christmas wish for a Turbo Man action figure based on the popular television superhero, despite Liz having asked him to buy the toy two weeks earlier, which Howard forgot about. On Christmas Eve, Howard sets out to buy the toy, but finds that every store has sold out, and in the process develops a rivalry with Myron Larabee, a postal worker father with the same goal.
In desperation, Howard attempts to buy a figure from a counterfeit ring run by con artists dressed in Santa suits, which results in a massive fight in the warehouse that is broken up by the police. Howard narrowly escapes arrest by posing as an undercover officer. Exhausted at his failure and out of fuel, Howard goes to Mickey's Diner and calls home, intending to tell Liz the truth. Jamie answers the phone but keeps reminding him of his promise to be home on time for the annual Holiday Wintertainment Parade. Losing his patience, Howard yells at Jamie. When he tries to apologize, Jamie scolds him for not keeping his promises, causing Howard to feel guilty.
Howard finds Myron at the diner, where they overhear a radio station advertising a competition for a Turbo Man doll. The ensuing fight between them results in the diner's phone getting disconnected, forcing them to race to the radio station on foot, where the DJ reveals that the competition was actually for a Turbo Man gift certificate. The police arrive, but Howard and Myron escape after Myron threatens the officers by pretending one of his packages is a bomb.
Upon returning home, Howard finds Ted putting the star on his family's Christmas tree. In retaliation, Howard starts to steal the Turbo Man doll Ted bought for his son, Johnny, but can't bring himself to do it. Unfortunately, Liz catches him in the act, and Howard is left alone while his family goes to the Christmas parade with Ted and Johnny.
After dropping off Jamie and Johnny, Ted attempts to seduce Liz, but she rejects him. Meanwhile, remembering his promise to Jamie to go to the parade, Howard decides to attend as well, but runs into Officer Hummell again. The resulting chase leads to Howard hiding inside a storage room, where he is mistaken for the actor portraying Turbo Man. As Turbo Man, Howard uses his chance to present the special edition action figure to Jamie, but they are confronted by Myron dressed as Turbo Man's archenemy, Dementor.
Despite Howard's pleas for Myron to stop, another chase ensues, during which Myron grabs the toy from Jamie but is cornered by the police, while Howard rescues Jamie. Howard reveals himself to his family and apologizes for his shortcomings. Officer Hummell returns the toy to Jamie, who decides to give the toy to Myron for his son. The entire parade then praises Howard as Jamie admits his performance as Turbo Man was the best present he could get.
In a post-credits scene , Howard realizes he forgot to buy a gift for his wife.
Sinbad as Myron Larabee
E.J. De La Pena as Johnny Maltin
Bruce Bohne as Santa at Warehouse Door
Chris Parnell as Toy Store Sales Clerk
Arnold Schwarzenegger (left) and Sinbad (right) starred in the film as the lead characters.
The film draws inspiration from the high demand for Christmas toys such as the Cabbage Patch Kids and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in the late 1980s and early 1990s, which often led to intense searching and occasional violence among shoppers, such as the Cabbage Patch riots , over finding the toys. [5] [6] Randy Kornfield wrote the film's original screenplay after witnessing his in-laws go to a Santa Monica toy store at dawn in order to get his son a Power Ranger. [5] While admitting to missing the clamor for the Cabbage Patch Kids and Power Rangers, producer Chris Columbus experienced a similar situation in 1995 when he attempted to obtain a Buzz Lightyear action figure from the film Toy Story , released that year. As a result, he rewrote Kornfield's script, which was accepted by 20th Century Fox . [6] Columbus was always "attracted to the dark side of the happiest holiday of the year", so wrote elements of the film as a satire of the commercialization of Christmas. [7]
Brian Levant was hired to direct the film. Columbus said Levant "underst[ood] the humor in the material" and "was very animated and excited, and he had a vision of what he wanted to do". Levant said "The story that was important to me was between the father and son... It's a story about love, and a father's journey to deliver it in the form of a Turbo Man doll. The fact that I got to design a toy line and do the commercials and make pajamas and comic books was fun for me as a filmmaker. But at its root, the movie's about something really sweet. It's about love and building a better family. I think that's consistent with everything I've done." [8]
Arnold Schwarzenegger was quickly cast. [6] He became available in February 1996 after Fox's remake of Planet of the Apes was held up again; [4] Columbus also exited that project to work on Jingle All the Way. [9] The film marks Schwarzenegger's fourth appearance as the lead in a comedy film, following Twins (1988), Kindergarten Cop (1990) and Junior (1994). [10] Schwarzenegger was paid a reported $20 million for the role. [11] He enjoyed the film, having experienced last-minute Christmas shopping himself, [11] and was attracted to playing an "ordinary" character in a family film. [12] Columbus initially wanted Joe Pesci to play Myron. [12] Comedian Sinbad was chosen instead, partly due to his similar height and size to Schwarzenegger. [12] Sinbad was suggested for the part by Schwarzenegger's agent, but the producers felt he was unsuited to the role of a villain as it could harm his clean, family-oriented comedy act and reputation, although Sinbad felt the character would generate the audience's sympathy rather than hate. [13] Furthermore, he missed the audition due to his appearance with First Lady Hillary Clinton and musician Sheryl Crow on the USO tour of Bosnia and Herzegovina , [14] but Columbus waited for him to return to allow him to audition and, although Sinbad felt he had "messed" it up, he was given the part. [13] He improvised the majority of his lines in the film; [13] Schwarzenegger also improvised many of his responses in his conversations with Sinbad's character. [15]
Filming took place in Minnesota for five weeks from April 15, 1996; at the time, it was the largest film production to ever take place in the state. [16] Jingle All the Way was set and filmed in the Twin Cities metropolitan area of Minnesota at locations such as Bloomington 's Mall of America , [3] Mickey's Diner , [17] downtown Minneapolis , Linden Hills , residential areas of Edina and primarily downtown Saint Paul . Unused shops in the Seventh place Mall area were redecorated to resemble Christmas decorated stores, [16] while the Energy Park Studios were used for much of the filming and the Christmas lights stayed up at Rice Park for use in the film. [18] The Mall of America and the state's "semi-wintry weather" proved attractive for the studio. [11] Although Schwarzenegger stated that the locals were "well-behaved" and "cooperative", Levant often found filming "impossible" due to the scale and noise of the crowds who came to watch production, especially in the Mall of America, [11] but overall found the locals to be "respectful" and "lovely people." [17] Levant spent several months in the area before filming in order to prepare. The film uses artistic license by treating Minneapolis and Saint Paul as one city, as this was logistically easier; the police are labeled "Twin Cities Police" in the film. [17] Additionally, the city's Holidazzle Parade is renamed the Wintertainment Parade and takes place on 2nd Avenue during the day, rather than Nicollet Mall at night. Levant wanted to film the parade at night but was overruled for practical reasons. [17]
The parade was filmed at Universal Studios Hollywood in California on the New York Street set, [19] due to safety concerns. The set was designed to resemble 2nd Avenue; the parade was shot from above by helicopters and stitched into matte shots of the real-life street. [17] It took three weeks to film, with 1,500 extras being used in the scene, along with three custom-designed floats. [19] Other parts of the film to be shot in Los Angeles included store interiors, [18] and the warehouse fight scene between Howard and the criminal Santas, for which a Pasadena furniture warehouse was used. [19] Turbo Man was created and designed for the film. This meant the commercials and scenes from the Turbo Man TV series were all shot by Levant, while all of the Turbo Man merchandise, packaging and props in the film were custom-made one-offs and designed to look "authentic, as if they all sprang from the same well." [4] Along with Columbus and Levant, production designer Leslie McDonald and character designer Tim Flattery crafted Turbo Man, Booster and Dementor and helped make the full-size Turbo Man suit for the film's climax. [19] Principal production finished in August; Columbus "fine-tun[ed] the picture until the last possible minute," using multiple test audiences "to see where the big laughs actually lie." [20]
TVT Records released the film's soundtrack album on Audio CD on November 26, 1996. [21] [22] It features only two of composer David Newman 's pieces from Jingle All the Way, but features many of the songs by other artists included in the film, as well as other Christmas songs and new tracks by the Brian Setzer Orchestra . [23] Intrada Music Group released a Special Collection limited edition of Newman's full 23-track score on November 3, 2008. [24]
No.
Title
Writer(s)
4:05
3.
2:36
4.
As Schwarzenegger only signed on for the film in February and the film was shot so quickly, only six and a half months were available for merchandising, instead of the ideal year. As such, merchandising was limited to a 13.5-inch replica $25 Talking Turbo Man action figure and the West Coast exclusive Turbo Man Time Racer vehicle, while no tie-in promotions could be secured. [4] [6] Despite this, several critics wrote that the film was only being made to sell the toy. Columbus dismissed this notion, stating that with only roughly 200,000 Turbo Man toys being made, the merchandising was far less than the year's other releases, such as Space Jam and 101 Dalmatians . [7] The film's release coincided with the Tickle Me Elmo craze, in which high demand for the doll during the 1996 Christmas season led to store mobbing similar to that depicted for Turbo Man.
The world premiere was held on November 16, 1996, at the Mall of America in Bloomington, where parts of the film were shot. A day of events was held to celebrate the film's release, and Schwarzenegger donated memorabilia from the film to the Mall's Planet Hollywood . [3]
Home media
In 1998, Murray Hill Publishing sued 20th Century Fox for $150,000, claiming that the idea for the film was stolen from a screenplay they had purchased from high school teacher Brian Webster entitled Could This Be Christmas? They said the script had 36 similarities with Jingle All the Way, including the plot, dialogue and character names. [31] [32] [33] [34] Murray Hill President Bob Laurel bought the script from Webster in 1993, and sent it to Fox and other studios in 1994 but received no response and claimed the idea was copied by Kornfield, who was Fox's script reader. [31] In 2001, Fox were found liable of copyright infringement and ordered to pay $19 million ($15 million in damages and $4 million in legal costs) to Murray Hill, with Webster to receive a portion. [31] [34] [35] Laurel died a few months after the verdict, before receiving any of the money. [36] On appeal, the damages figure was lowered to $1.5 million, before the verdict itself was quashed in 2004 after a judge decided the idea was not stolen, as Fox had bought Kornfield's screenplay before he or anybody else at Fox had read Could This Be Christmas? [37] [38]
Critical response
On Rotten Tomatoes , Jingle All the Way holds an approval rating of 21% based on 47 reviews and an average rating of 4.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Arnold Schwarzenegger tries his best, but Jingle All the Way suffers from an uneven tone, shifting wildly from a would-be satire on materialism to an antic, slapstick yuk-fest." [40] On Metacritic the film has a score of 34 out of 100 based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". [41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. [42]
Emanuel Levy felt the film "highly formulaic" and criticized Levant's direction as little more advanced than a television sitcom. Although he felt that the script did not provide sufficient opportunity for Hartman, Wilson and Conrad to give exceptional performances, he opined that "Schwarzenegger has developed a light comic delivery, punctuated occasionally by an ironic one-liner," while "Sinbad has good moments". [43] Neil Jeffries of Empire disagreed, feeling Schwarzenegger to be "wooden" and Sinbad to be "trying desperately to be funnier than his hat" but praised Lloyd as the "saving grace" of the film. [44]
The New York Times critic Janet Maslin felt the film lacked any real plot, failed in its attempt at satire, should have included Myron's only mentioned son and "mostly wasted" Hartman, while Levant's direction was "listless". [45] Similarly, the BBC 's Neil Smith criticized the film's script, its focus on the commercialization of Christmas, as well as Schwarzenegger's performance which shows "the comic timing of a dead moose," but singled out Hartman for praise. [10] Chicago Tribune critic Michael Wilmington panned the film, wondering why the characters (primarily Howard) acted so illogically: "Howard Langston is supposed to be a successful mattress manufacturer, but the movie paints him as a hot-tempered buffoon without a sensible idea in his head." [46] Jack Garner of USA Today condemned the film, finding it more "cynical" than satirical, stating "this painfully bad movie has been inspired strictly by the potential jingle of cash registers." He wrote of Levant's directorial failure as he "offers no ... sense of comic timing," while "pauses in the midst of much of the dialogue are downright painful." [47] Trevor Johnston suggested that the film "seems to mark a point of decline in the Schwarzenegger career arc" and the anti-consumerism message largely failed, with "Jim Belushi's corrupt mall Santa with his stolen-goods warehouse ... provid[ing] the film's sole flash of dark humour." [48]
IGN 's Mike Drucker praised its subject matter as "one of the few holiday movies to directly deal with the commercialization of Christmas" although felt the last twenty minutes of the film let it down, as the first hour or so had "some family entertainment" value if taken with a "grain of salt". He concluded the film was "a member of the so-corny-its-good genre," while "Arnold delivers plenty of one-liners ripe for sound board crank callers." [27] Jamie Malanowski of The New York Times praised the film's satirical premise but felt it was "full of unrealized potential" because "the filmmakers [wrongly] equate mayhem with humor." [49] Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars, writing that he "liked a lot of the movie", which he thought had "energy" and humor which would have mass audience appeal. He was, though, disappointed by "its relentlessly materialistic view of Christmas, and by the choice to go with action and (mild) violence over dialogue and plot." [50] Kevin Carr of 7M Pictures concluded that while the film is not very good, as a form of family entertainment it is "surprisingly fun." [29]
See also
Petrikin, Chris (February 18, 1998). "Fox renamed that toon" . Variety. Archived from the original on April 2, 2019. Retrieved March 31, 2018.
Strauss, Bob (November 19, 1996). "Sales Pitch Or Satire? - Schwarzenegger's Turbo Man Quest Spotlights Commercialism In 'Jingle'". Daily News of Los Angeles . p. L7.
Strauss, Bob (November 17, 1996). "Got a goofy movie idea? Give Levant a jingle". Chicago Sun-Times . p. Showcase 1.
Thompson, Anne (May 17, 1996). "The Apes of Wrath" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 11, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
Schaefer, Stephen (December 2, 1996). "Sinbad leaps at the chance to go postal in 'Jingle All the Way'". USA Today . p. 3D.
Strickler, Jeff (November 22, 1996). "Schwarzenegger loves the laughs best". Star-Tribune . p. 01E.
Beck, Marilyn; Smith, Stacy Jenel (September 19, 1996). "Columbus Fine-Tuning 'All The Way' to Deadline". Daily News of Los Angeles . p. L2.
Haymes, Greg (December 12, 1996). "Cranking Up Christmas Holiday Music A Sound Idea For Stocking Stuffers". The Times Union . p. P2.
"What's New". St. Petersburg Times . September 5, 1997. p. 11.
Kelley, Bill (August 27, 1998). "Paramount, Fox Entering DVD Market". The Virginian-Pilot . p. E3.
Drucker, Mike (December 9, 2004). "Jingle All the Way" . IGN . Archived from the original on March 12, 2012. Retrieved December 14, 2010.
Hicks, Chris (October 18, 2007). "New DVDs offer a few gems". The Deseret News . p. C05.
Turner, Mark (December 22, 2008). "Digital Views". Decatur Daily Democrat. p. 2A.
"Jury: Fox stole idea for 'Jingle All the Way'". Jefferson City News-Tribune. March 7, 2001.
"Film idea stolen, suit says". Daily Breeze . Associated Press. March 16, 1998. p. B2.
"Studio Accused of Stealing Plot". San Jose Mercury News . March 17, 1998. p. 2A.
Rubin, Neil (March 18, 2001). "Jingle all way to bank? Not yet". The Detroit News . p. 02A.
"Fox loses legal fight over script" . BBC News . March 7, 2001. Archived from the original on May 2, 2004. Retrieved December 13, 2010.
Finley, Nolan (September 9, 2001). "Farewell to Bobby Laurel, the Last of the Two-Handed Set Shooters". The Detroit News . p. 17A.
"Movie script not stolen, court rules". Chicago Tribune . March 21, 2004. p. 15.
Levy, Emmanuel (November 30, 1996). "Jingle All the Way" . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
Wilmington, Michael (November 23, 1996). "Yule Be Sorry – Only Scrooge Coulf Enjoy Arnold Schwarzenegger's Frantic, Laughless 'Jingle All The Way'". Chicago Tribune . p. C.
Garner, Jack (December 4, 1996). "'Jingle All the Way': no bells or whistles". USA Today . p. arc.
Johnston, Trevor (January 1997). "Jingle all the way". Sight & Sound . 7 (1): 39–40.
External links
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252 | who played booster in jingle all the way | https://screencrush.com/jingle-all-the-way-then-and-now/ | See the Cast of ‘Jingle All the Way’ Then and Now
Arnold Schwarzenegger, Howard Langston
20th Century Fox/Getty Images
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Then: Back then, action icon Arnold Schwarzenegger was attached to star in Fox's 'Planet of the Apes' reboot, and while he waited for that film to get going, he agreed to star in the studio's new holiday comedy, 'Jingle All the Way.' In the film, Schwarzenegger plays workaholic family man Howard Langston, who desperately tries to win his son's approval by doing the impossible: purchasing the most popular toy on the market at the last minute on Christmas Eve.
Of course, Schwarzenegger never did star in that 'Planet of the Apes' reboot, and we all saw how that turned out.
Now: After taking time off from acting to serve as Governor of California for several years, Schwarzenegger is finally back to acting, and 2013 has been a big year: first he starred in 'The Last Stand,' the English-language directorial debut from Jee-woon Kim, and then in 'Escape Plan' with Sylvester Stallone. Next he'll appear in 'Sabotage,' from the director of 'End of Watch.'
Sinbad, Myron Larabee
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Then: The role of postal worker and antagonist Myron Larabee was initially supposed to go to Joe Pesci, but the studio thought the actor was too short to go up against Schwarzenegger, so they cast comedian Sinbad, who was similar in stature and had previously appeared with 'Jingle All the Way' co-star Phil Hartman in the film 'Houseguest.'
Now: In 2008, Sinbad appeared as himself on an episode of 'It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia,' and competed on the 2010 season of 'The Apprentice.' He had a short-lived reality show on WE tv in 2011, and this year he played an animated version of himself on the series 'American Dad.'
Rita Wilson, Liz Langston
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Then: Rita Wilson played Liz Langston, Howard's wife who is always struggling to get her husband to find time for her and their son. Wilson is the wife of Tom Hanks and had also appeared that year in his directorial debut, 'That Thing You Do.'
Now: Wilson has also appeared in the films 'Old Dogs' and 'It's Complicated,' and alongside husband Hanks in 2011's 'Larry Crowne.' She's close friends with actress and filmmaker Nia Vardalos, and has produced her films 'My Big Fat Greek Wedding,' 'Connie and Carla,' and 'My Life in Ruins,' in which she also starred.
Jake Lloyd, Jamie Langston
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Then: 1996 was the year Jake Lloyd made his debut as a child actor, appearing in 'Jingle All the Way' as Jamie, Howard's son who wants nothing more than a Turbo Man toy for Christmas -- and to spend time with his dad. Just a few years later, Lloyd played young Anakin Skywalker in 'Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace.'
Now: Lloyd also voiced Anakin in several 'Star Wars' video games and appeared in episodes of 'The Pretender' throughout the late '90s, but then he retired from acting, citing the exhaustion from interviews (up to 60 a day sometimes, he said) and bullying from his classmates. Lloyd went to Chicago, where he studied film and editing, and although he resents 'Star Wars' and doesn't watch the films or own any memorabilia, he still often makes appearances at conventions for fans.
Phil Hartman, Ted Maltin
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Then: Legendary 'SNL' star Phil Hartman played Howard's slimy neighbor Ted Maltin, who is always making Howard look bad to his wife, Liz, and clearly trying to hit on her. At the time, Hartman was also starring on the hit sitcom 'NewsRadio,' and had appeared in two other films with Sinbad: 'Coneheads' and 'Houseguest.'
Now: Hartman tragically died at the age of 48 in 1998. He appeared in 'Small Soldiers,' which was released after his death, and lent his voice to the English release of 'Kiki's Delivery Service,' also released posthumously. Among his many credits, Hartman left us with classic performances in 'Three Amigos,' 'Saturday Night Live,' 'NewsRadio,' and as Captain Carl on 'Pee-wee's Playhouse.'
Jim Belushi, Mall Santa
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20th Century Fox/Getty Images
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Then: Jim Belushi played a belligerent mall Santa. Like his brother John Belushi (who died in 1982), Jim had also starred on 'SNL' (where he was known for doing an Arnold Schwarzenegger impression). Prior to appearing in 'Jingle All the Way,' audiences knew him best for his work in films like 'K-9' and 'Red Heat.'
Now: From 2001 to 2009, Belushi starred on the sitcom 'According to Jim,' and since then has appeared in the films 'Underdog,' 'The Ghost Writer,' and 'New Year's Eve.' He's also a talented voice actor whose work has appeared in 'Hoodwinked,' 'Casper's Scare School,' and the upcoming 'Dorothy of Oz,' in which he'll be playing the Cowardly Lion.
Danny Woodburn, Tony the Elf
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20th Century Fox/Getty Images
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Then: Danny Woodburn played Tony the Elf, the mall Santa's little helper who helps Howard by tipping him off to where there might be a Turbo Man action figure he can get at the last minute. Woodburn also played the recurring roles of Mickey Abbott on 'Seinfeld' and Otli on the 'Conan' TV series.
Now: Woodburn is one of the most successful actors with dwarfism working today, appearing in the films 'Death to Smoochy,' Watchmen,' and 'Mirror Mirror,' and currently starring on the show 'Crash and Bernstein.' He was recently cast in the role of Splinter in the new Michael Bay-produced 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.'
Chris Parnell, Toy Store Sales Clerk
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20th Century Fox/Getty Images
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Then: Back before he starred on 'SNL,' Chris Parnell made his film debut as an obnoxious toy store sales clerk in 'Jingle All the Way.' It would still be two years before this member of notable improv group The Groundlings would be cast on 'SNL' and become a household name.
Now: From 1998 to 2009, Parnell starred on 'SNL,' where along with Andy Samberg, he introduced the world to Digital Shorts with "Lazy Sunday." He has appeared in the films 'Anchorman,' 'Hot Rod,' and 'Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story.' Parnell had a recurring role on '30 Rock' as Dr. Leo Spaceman, and recently lent his voice to 'Escape from Planet Earth' and 'Hotel Transylvania.' Currently he stars on the series 'Suburgatory' and just reprised his role as Garth Holliday in 'Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues.'
Information
| 1,929 |
253 | who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In cricket , a hat-trick occurs when a bowler takes a wicket with each of three consecutive deliveries . Although hat-tricks can carry over between innings, meaning a batter can be dismissed twice as part of the same hat-trick, they do not carry over between matches. As of January 2025, this feat has only been achieved 48 times, by 44 different bowlers, in more than 2,000 men's Test matches , [1] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration.
The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australia pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed "The Demon Bowler", [2] who dismissed three England batters with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent Test hat-trick was taken by Noman Ali in January 2025.
This article relates to men's cricket only. There have been three hat-tricks in women's Test cricket .
Notable Test hat-tricks
A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward . [3]
Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistan fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and England fast bowler Stuart Broad .
Test hat-tricks spread over two innings
Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. This was at WACA, Perth in 1988. He took a wicket (Curtly Ambrose) with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of his next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings (Patrick Patterson). He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings. [4] Even more unusually, Hughes's two first-innings wickets were not consecutive, since Tim May had bowled an over himself in between Hughes's two deliveries, and took the wicket of Gus Logie. [5]
Two other hat-tricks have taken place over two innings rather than one, both taken by West Indians against Australia – Courtney Walsh and Jermaine Lawson . Walsh's, at the Gabba in 1988, was unusual since, like Hughes' (which was in the very next Test in the series), other wickets fell between the beginning and end of the hat-trick. After dismissing Dodemaide to finish off Australia's first innings, Walsh did not open the bowling in the Australian second innings, and in fact did not bowl until Australia had already lost two wickets and were 65 for 2: then with his first two deliveries he dismissed Wood and Veletta. Lawson's hat trick was at the Kensington Oval in 2003. He removed tail-enders Lee and MacGill in successive deliveries before Australia declared their first innings (at 605/9), and then took the wicket of Langer with the first delivery of Australia's second innings. [6]
Other notable Test hat-tricks
Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994. [7]
Alok Kapali took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only six wickets in his entire Test career. [7]
Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday. [8]
Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only male player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match. [9]
Sri Lankan seamer Nuwan Zoysa became the first player in the history to take a hat-trick off the first three balls of a Test match. He achieved this against Zimbabwe at Harare in November 1999, dismissing Trevor Gripper, Murray Goodwin and Neil Johnson. [10] Indian pacer Irfan Pathan is the second bowler to take a hat-trick in the first over of a Test match, against Pakistan in 2006. [11]
In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls). [12] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed. [13]
Test hat-tricks
Australia bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat-trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match.
Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat-trick for England, four years after Spofforth achieved the feat.
Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat-trick, achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904.
Courtney Walsh 's hat-trick in 1988 was spread across two innings. In Australia's first innings he dismissed the last two batters with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings.
Wasim Akram took two hat-tricks over a span of nine days in 1999.
When Peter Siddle took a hat-trick for Australia in 2010, his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat-trick.
Key
Symbol
Meaning
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
The innings (first or second) in which the hat-trick was achieved
Test
The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.
Reference
No.
Bowler
For
Against
Inn.
Test
Dismissals
Venue
Date
Ref.
1
Test hat-tricks by team
Bowling type
24
6
9
Ground
Hat-tricks
"Result" . ESPN Cric Info. ESPNcricinfo. 6 December 1988. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
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253 | who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | https://testbook.com/question-answer/how-many-indian-bowlers-have-taken-a-hat-trick-in--5fcdcffe696af9b59cfd99a2 | This question was previously asked in
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Three Indian bowlers - Harbhajan Singh, Irfan Pathan, and Jasprit Bumrah have managed to bag a hat-trick in Test cricket.
An occasion when a player scores three times (wickets, goals, sixes) in the same game is known as hat trick.
Important Points
Deepak Chahar is the only Indian to have taken a hat-trick in T20Is.
Chetan Sharma was the first Indian bowler to take a hat-trick in ODI cricket, against New Zealand in the 1987 World Cup.
Kapil Dev was the second Indian bowler to take a hat-trick in ODI cricket.
He achieved this feat in the Asia Cup final against Sri Lanka, played at the Eden Gardens in 1991.
Additional Information
A hat-trick is a rare occurrence in any form of cricket, An occasion when a player scores three times (wickets, goals,sixes) in the same game is known as hat trick, and only 49 hat-tricks have been taken in the history of ODI cricket.
Pakistan's Jalal-ud-Din became the first bowler to take a hat-trick in ODI cricket.
He did so against Australia in 1982.
Sri Lanka's bowler, Lasith Malinga has taken 3 hat-tricks in ODI cricket.
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253 | who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2021/mar/29/cricket-hat-tricks-history-sheffield-naseem-shah | This article is more than 3 years old
A short history of cricket hat-tricks: from Sheffield's hills to Naseem Shah
This article is more than 3 years old
Hat-tricks are as magical as they are fleeting. There have only been 48 in Test cricket and each has its own tale to tell
Last modified on Thu 26 May 2022 14.54 CEST
Sheffield, as the locals will proudly tell you, is surrounded by hills. There are seven of the things, each looming over the steel city, hinting at the greenery of the Peak District just beyond. On one such hill, dominating the skyline behind the train station, is the brutalist Park Hill Estate, nowadays an emblem of gentrification while also serving as a backdrop for TV series such as This Is England and in music videos for the city’s most famous musical sons, Arctic Monkeys.
Above Park Hill lies Skye Edge Fields, a hilly green expanse offering views over the city, its tranquillity today at odds with its 1920s nickname of Little Chicago, named because of the number of gangs that operated in the area. Today you are more likely to find picnickers armed with a lunch box in search of a scenic snack than a Don Valley Al Capone tooled up with a switchblade. On the north-eastern cusp of Skye Edge Fields is Manor Oaks Road, an area of winding streets and newly built houses that stand on the site of cricketing history.
This whole area was known as Hyde Park. At its peak in the 1840s this stretch of cricket pitches was South Yorkshire’s equivalent of the Mumbai maidans, boasting nearly six acres of hillside land that would stage numerous games simultaneously. WG even graced the spot, recalling the steep locale in his 1899 book Cricketing Reminiscences and Personal Reflections: “The ground stood on the top of a high hill, and I began to despair of the cab ever getting to the top.”
So what brings me to the Sheffield hillsides (on foot, unlike the good doctor) armed with some hastily printed map coordinates? We’re hunting the home of the hat-trick.
Sports as varied as lacrosse, water polo, darts and marbles all employ the term hat-trick in some way to celebrate something happening thrice. In ice hockey, the occurrence of a player scoring three goals is often met with the home crowd removing their own head gear and hurling it onto the ice. Can’t see that catching on at Headingley.
A hat-trick is most commonly associated globally with football. In France they celebrate the coup du chapeau, in Italy they cheer a tripletta, in Japan a Hattotorikku. A player who scores three goals in a game is rightly lauded, those who bag a perfect hat-trick – goals scored with right foot, left foot and a header – even more so.
The Premier League has witnessed 345 hat-tricks since it was started in 1992, and there have been 52 World Cup hat-tricks in the 21 tournaments since the first in Uruguay in 1930. Some are iconic, Pelé in 1958, Paolo Rossi in 1982. Others, rather less so. Harry Kane’s 2018 hat-trick against Panama, anyone?
But what about cricket? A hat-trick is used to describe three wickets falling in successive balls by the same bowler. The hat-trick in cricket is a more special feat, given the laws of possibility are more stacked. There have been only 48 hat-tricks in the history of Test cricket. That’s just 48 passages of play, lasting no longer than 10 minutes each, across 2,555 Test matches, most of which stretch over a number of days. Test hat-tricks are as magical as they are fleeting. Three is the magic number when it comes to hat-tricks but it is the three-in-a-row that makes a cricketing hat-trick particularly special, the BAM-BAM-BAM! adding to the allure, a giddy relentlessness that contributes to the seduction of player and viewer alike. Three quick wickets can turn an innings, a match or even an entire series on its head. A hat-trick can dismantle the top order of a batting line-up, rip out the guts or blow away the tail. They can be the cherry on top of a victory or a mast to cling to in defeat. The 48 hat-tricks in Test cricket all have their own tale to tell.
The England and Lancashire bowler Johnny Briggs. Photograph: Getty Images
The Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1879 was the scene of the first Test triple. Fittingly, it was in the third Test match on record, Australia’s Fred Spofforth the man to achieve it. The Poms got their revenge over the next 20 years with the next four hat-tricks falling to Englishmen, three of them coming against Australia. Billy Bates in 1883 became the first Englishman to take one, with the MCG again the scene. Bates was later joined by Johnny Briggs (Sydney, 1892), George Lohmann (Port Elizabeth, 1896) and Jack Hearne, who became the first to take a hat- trick on English soil, at Headingley in 1899.
The hat-trick pendulum then swung back to Australia with Hughie Trumble’s fast off-spinners snaring him two separate hat-tricks at the same venue (Melbourne) against England in 1902 and 1904, the latter in his final Test appearance. Only one other player in Test history has taken a hat-trick in his final appearance, but where Trumble’s capped a long and auspicious career, Geoff Griffin’s (1960) was the opposite. The South African remains the only bowler to take a Test hat-trick at Lord’s but his feat was overshadowed by what followed: called for throwing 11 times during the game, he never played Test cricket again and “retired” aged 23.
Trumble is one of only four players in Test history to take two hat-tricks. He is joined by the Australian Jimmy Mathews, who is the only man to take two hat-tricks in one game – on the same day even, against South Africa at Old Trafford in 1912, the unfortunate Tommy Ward being his crowning wicket on both occasions; Wasim Akram, whose brace of three came just nine days apart against Sri Lanka in 1999; and Stuart Broad, whose first came at the expense of India – via a huge inside edge from Harbhajan Singh’s bat – at Trent Bridge in 2011. Broad’s second, against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014, was less memorable – even the bowler himself had to be informed by the umpire before the “threepenny” dropped.
Here we come to another phenomenon: the hat-trick of unperceived existence. If a hat-trick is taken but the players, crowd, viewers and listeners don’t realise, is it really a hat-trick at all? Yes, the stattos chalk it up, on paper it fulfils the criteria, but without any of the drama, something is lost from the “trick”. Broad was foxed by the over that fell between, breaking up his first wicket from his second and third.
Sometimes the gap is longer, with Courtney Walsh’s 1988 hat-trick at the Gabba the first to be spread across two innings. The very next game, Merv Hughes’ triple whammy was in danger of contravening the hat-trick-trade-descriptions-act altogether, coming as it did in three separate overs and across two innings. No surprise big Merv also didn’t realise his achievement at the time. Technically, they do still count, but these elongated affairs just aren’t the same.
Hat-tricks are about momentum. They are lessened if something gets in the way. DRS has done bowlers many favours since 2009 but does serve to diminish a hat-trick moment. The T-sign, even if deployed merely to delay the inevitable, dilutes the magic. There’s something primal in seeing a stump cartwheel, a catch be snaffled or an umpire raise a digit with the finality of a Roman emperor in the face of a 30,000 strong appeal and knowing the hat-trick has been sealed. There’s no doubt to dampen the abandon. Moeen Ali’s 2017 hat-trick against South Africa at the Oval was blighted by DRS, so too Peter Siddle’s 2010 birthday special in Brisbane. DRS is to hat-tricks as a health and safety officer is to an all-night rave, flicking off the music just after “the drop” and insisting everyone pays attention to the permutations on their clipboard.
Test hat-tricks have come in all shapes and sizes. They come on debuts (Damien Fleming in 1994, Maurice Allom in 1930, Peter Petherick in 1976); the first over of a game (Irfan Pathan’s spectacular 2006 effort v Pakistan is right up there with the very best), or incredibly in the case of Sri Lanka’s Nuwan Zoysa against Zimbabwe in 1999, the first three balls of his opening over, just the second over of the match.
The site of HH Stephenson’s original hat-trick. Photograph: James Wallace
Some stick in the memory due to the skill or sense of theatre – Shane Warne in 1994 or Darren Gough in 1999. Some rely more on luck: Harbhajan’s 2001 triple against Australia belonged more to questionable umpiring, much as Broad’s a decade later. Some are achieved by players approaching the end − Rangana Herath is the oldest of the 45, aged 38 when he grabbed his in Galle, or by those who are just starting out – Naseem Shah is the youngest, the Pakistani’s 2020 hat-trick against Bangladesh coming aged just 16.
But what about that name? Hat-trick. It may conjure up the image of a magician lifting a rabbit from a stovepipe but its origins aren’t to be found in the magic kingdom, rather in those hills above Sheffield.
Heathfield Harmon Stephenson, the legendary Surrey ‘roundarm’ seam bowler, is the ‘Houdini’ of the hat-trick. At Hyde Park in 1858, ‘HH’ took three wickets in three balls playing for an All England XI against local side Hallam. The batsmen weren’t the only ones bowled over by Stephenson; those in attendance were so moved by his exploits that they held a whip round, put the collected bounty in a hat and presented it to the bowler. The hat-trick was born, the term ubiquitous globally over 160 years later.
The new issue of WCM , a county cricket special, is out now. Photograph: WCM
And we’ve found the place, or near enough. The coordinates of the old Hyde Park ground lead to a cul-de-sac off Manor Oaks Road, but it’s not an “X” that marks the spot. It appears that the locals these days might be less enamoured with HH Stephenson’s exploits. Midway up a beige brick wall sits a sign: “No Ball Games.”
This is an article from Wisden Cricket Monthly . Subscribe to the digital edition and pay just £2.99 for three issues or subscribe to the print edition and pay just £5 for three issues.
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253 | who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | https://internationalcricket.fandom.com/wiki/Test_cricket_hat-tricks | This is a list of all hat-tricks in Test cricket; that is, the occasions when a bowler has taken three wickets in consecutive deliveries in Test cricket matches. As of 8 March 2008, a hat-trick has been taken 37 times since the first Test match in 1877, most recently by England medium-fast bowler Ryan Sidebottom on 8 March 2008 in the 1866th Test. On average, a hat-trick occurs roughly every 50 Tests. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that play Test cricket has taken a Test hat-trick and India is the only country against whom nobody has taken a hat-trick
In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI against England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls). These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.
England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat-tricks to date, 21 of 37 (57%). With Ryan Sidebottom's hat-trick, England overtook Australia as the team having taken the most Test match hat-tricks. To date the number of hat-tricks by team is; England - 11, Australia - 10, West Indies - 4, Pakistan - 4, New Zealand - 2, India - 2, South Africa - 1, Sri Lanka - 1, Bangladesh - 1, Zimbabwe - 1.
Contents
Notable Test hat-tricks[
A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings (No. 8 and 9 in the list below), both taken on 28 May 1912.
Only two other cricketers have taken a Test hat-trick more than once: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (No. 6 and 7 in the list below, two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground) and Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (No. 24 and 25 in the list below, just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams). Wasim Akram is also the only player to have taken a hat-trick while Test captain.
Only two cricketers have taken a Test hat-trick and a One-Day International hat-trick: both Pakistani bowlers, Mohammed Sami and Wasim Akram; however, Wasim Akram has the unique distinction of taking two Test hat-tricks and two ODI hat-tricks, making four international hat-tricks in all.
Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut, English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 (No. 10), New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 (No. 17), and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 (No. 20).
T J Matthews (both hat-tricks), Dominic Cork, Mohammed Sami and Jermaine Lawson all achieved their hat-tricks without fielding assistance.
No player has taken four wickets in four balls (although this feat has been accomplished in one day cricket, by Lasith Malinga 28/3/2007 vs South Africa), but Allom's hat-trick was the last three of four wickets in five balls of his eighth over in Test cricket (the second ball being a dot ball). Two other Test players have taken four wickets in five balls: Chris Old , playing for England against Pakistan at Edgbaston in 1978 (the third ball of the series was a no ball), and Wasim Akram, playing for Pakistan against West Indies at Lahore in 1990-91 (the third ball of the series was a dot ball).
The youngest player to take a hat-trick is Bangladeshi leg spinner Alok Kapali (No. 32), when aged 19 years 240 days. The oldest player is English off spinner Tom Goddard (No.11), aged 38 years and 87 days.
Irfan Pathan (No. 36) is the only bowler to have taken a hat-trick in the first over of a Test match.
Merv Hughes (No. 19) is the only bowler to have taken a Test hat-trick with each ball in a different over.
List of Test hat-tricks[
19.
20.
32.
References[
Lists
Full
Bowlers Taking Hat Tricks (a list to Pathan, No.36, with dismissed batsmen), Howstat, 2006. Last accessed 21 March 2006.
Hat Tricks in Test Matches (a list to Pathan, No.36, with dismissed batsmen), Cricinfo, 2006. Last accessed 21 March 2006.
Partial
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack (includes a list to Franklin, No.35), 2005, Matthew Engel (ed), John Wisden & Co Ltd, ISBN 0-947766-89-8 (and earlier editions)
Hat-tricks in Test Cricket (includes a list to Sami, No.30, with dates, batsmen and dismissals), h2g2, 21 February 2003. Last accessed 21 March 2006.
Sami bowls into record books (includes a list to Sami, No.30, with innings, Test, and dismissal), Cricinfo, March 22, 2002. Last accessed 21 March 2006.
Harbhajan makes history (includes a list to Harbhajan, No.29, with innings, Test, and dismissal), Cricinfo, March 12, 2001. Last accessed 21 March 2006.
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253 | who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_One_Day_International_cricket_hat-tricks | List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga is the only cricketer to have taken three ODI hat-tricks.
A hat-trick in cricket is when a bowler takes three wickets on consecutive deliveries , dismissing three different batsmen . It is a relatively rare event in One Day International (ODI) cricket with only 50 occurrences in 4546 matches since the first ODI match between Australia and England on 5 January 1971. The first ODI hat-trick was taken by Pakistan's Jalal-ud-Din against Australia in Hyderabad , Sindh , in September 1982. The most recent player to achieve this feat is Maheesh Theekshana of Sri Lanka against New Zealand in January 2025.
The only bowler to have taken three ODI hat-tricks is Sri Lanka's Lasith Malinga . Five other bowlers— Pakistan's Wasim Akram and Saqlain Mushtaq , Sri Lanka's Chaminda Vaas , New Zealand's Trent Boult and India's Kuldeep Yadav —have taken two hat-tricks in the format. Vaas is the first and only bowler to claim a hat-trick on the first three balls of any form of international cricket; he achieved the feat against Bangladesh during the 2003 World Cup . Malinga is the only player to claim four wickets in consecutive balls; he achieved the feat against South Africa in the 2007 World Cup . Four players have taken a hat-trick on their ODI debuts: Bangladesh's Taijul Islam against Zimbabwe in 2014, [1] South Africa's Kagiso Rabada against Bangladesh in 2015, [2] Sri Lanka's Wanindu Hasaranga against Zimbabwe in 2017, [3] and Sri Lanka's Shehan Madushanka against Bangladesh in 2018. [4] India's Chetan Sharma was the first cricketer to take a hat-trick in a World Cup match. Eleven hat-tricks have been taken in World Cup matches.
Pakistan's Wasim Akram and Mohammad Sami are the only players to have taken hat-tricks in ODIs and Tests . [5] Brett Lee (Australia), Lasith Malinga , Thisara Perera , Wanindu Hasaranga (all 3 from Sri Lanka) and Kagiso Rabada are the only players to have taken hat-tricks in ODIs and Twenty20 matches .
Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium is involved in both most number ODI of hat-tricks (5) as well as most number of hat-tricks by debutants (3)
Key
Symbol
Meaning
W
D
No.
Bowler
Hat-tricks
Bowling type
31
8
Ground
Hat-tricks
E. 1 Vaas took 8–19; this is the only time (as of 25 July 2021 [update] ) that a bowler has taken eight wickets in an ODI. [57]
F. 1 First three deliveries of the match
G. 1 Four wickets in four deliveries
Specific
"Test matches – Hat-tricks" . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 21 March 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks
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254 | when is season 2 of jessica jones being released | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Jones_season_2 | Jessica Jones season 2
Season of television series
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Super-powered private investigator Jessica Jones has become known as a vigilante hero around New York City since she killed her tormentor Kilgrave . Trish Walker , Jones's best friend and adopted sister, attempts to convince Jones to investigate her past and IGH, the company that gave her abilities, but Jones is not interested. Walker is dealing with declining ratings for her radio show Trish Talk and sees her ex-boyfriend Will Simpson —who was also experimented on by IGH—following her. Pryce Cheng , another investigator, seeks to absorb Jones into his company at the request of lawyer Jeri Hogarth . When Jones attacks and injures Cheng, he plans to sue her with Hogarth, who is already facing a lawsuit from Pam , her former assistant and lover. Jones is approached by Robert Coleman , who calls himself "Whizzer" and was given superspeed by IGH. When he is killed in an apparent construction accident, Jones traces his medication to an abandoned building which she remembers being taken to and experimented on.
15
2
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jones goes to the home of Miklos Kozlov , the IGH doctor who had experimented on Simpson. She finds a shiva for Kozlov, who has died in a "freak accident". One of Kozlov's army patients believes that Simpson is behind this, and Jones suspects that he also killed Coleman. Walker asks Malcolm Ducasse , Jones's neighbor and work partner, to help her rather than further involve the reluctant Jones. Walker confronts Maximilian Tatum, a director, about the sexual relationship they had when she was a child actress working for him, threatening to publicly reveal this unless he helps her get access to records at a hospital he has influence over. After Tatum refuses, Walker runs into Simpson. Jones also arrives, having tracked Walker down when she did not answer her phone. Simpson claims that someone else who was experimented on by IGH has killed Kozlov and Coleman and that he is there to protect Walker, since she was noticed investigating IGH. This other person soon appears and kills Simpson while Jones gets Walker to safety.
16
3
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth is diagnosed with ALS , and her law-firm partners Steven Benowitz and Linda Chao plan to buy her out based on a clause in their contracts. Jones agrees to investigate the other partners to find blackmail material for Hogarth. Jones receives an eviction notice from her building's new superintendent Oscar Arocho , who fears Jones's abilities. She also discovers the name Leslie Hansen in the abandoned IGH building. Hansen was a doctor at the hospital where Jones was taken following the accident that killed her family. Jones and Walker find Hansen's apartment empty and a charred human head in the basement. Walker uses her radio show to ask the public for information on Hansen and receives a call from a woman claiming to be Hansen. Jones meets with her and learns that she died after the accident but was brought back to life by IGH; the superpowers were a side-effect. Jones angers the woman who escapes using abilities similar to Jones'. DNA analysis shows that the charred head belongs to the real Leslie Hansen.
17
4
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth looks into ways to painlessly end her life, which her doctor does not support. Cheng fires Hogarth for no longer prioritizing him and his lawsuit, and he also offers Ducasse a job at his company; Ducasse turns down the role, and Jones promises to work with him better. Jones and Walker try to find out who the mysterious woman posing as Hansen was, and Jones scares Tatum into getting the IGH files from the hospital. In addition to Jones and Coleman, there is a file on Inez Green . They find her living on the streets, where she explains that she was a nurse at the hospital who was seriously injured by the mysterious woman. Jones and Walker promise to keep her safe. Cheng sends one of his men to steal all of Jones's research from her office, hoping to find something to use against her. The man is attacked by the mysterious woman, who tears him apart. When Jones arrives, she is arrested for the murder. Walker tries to help her using an IGH performance enhancer she took from Simpson but is also arrested. Ducasse takes Green to safety.
18
5
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jones spends a day at the police station before Hogarth convinces her to tell the truth. Detective Eddy Costa believes Jones and releases her with the promise that she will keep Costa informed of her investigation. Walker, bailed out by her mother, Dorothy , struggles with after-effects of using the IGH drug. Her new boyfriend Griffin Sinclair asks her to marry him, but Walker turns him down. She takes the IGH drug again. Ducasse takes Green to Hogarth, who agrees to protect her. Hogarth asks Green about IGH's experiments. Jones meets with David Kawecki, an inmate at a mental hospital serving time for the murder of Green's fellow nurse, who was actually killed by the mysterious woman. Jones learns of a shared interest in octopuses that Kawecki has with an IGH doctor and visits the aquarium. She recognizes the doctor, Karl Malus , in a new memory from after the accident. He meets with the mysterious woman, who upon discovering Jones surveilling them, smashes the glass enclosure of an aquarium in order to create a commotion to cover their escape.
19
6
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Walker becomes addicted to the IGH drug and starts looking for criminals to attack. Security footage from outside the aquarium shows Malus drugging the woman and forcing her to leave with him, despite the pair appearing to be a loving couple before. Jones sends Ducasse to his old university—where he was suspended for his previous drug habit—to investigate Malus; they learn of Justis Ambrose, who attended university with Malus and appears to have been paying for all his personal expenses for years. Jones confronts Ambrose, who explains that his son Eric was born with a fatal genetic defect which Malus cured with his experimental treatments. Eric appears to have no special abilities, and Jones threatens him to gain Malus' location. Green realizes that Hogarth has ALS and tells her that there was an IGH patient that could heal people by touching them, and he saved her life after the woman had attacked her. Jones goes to the location, where she finds Malus and the woman living together. The latter claims to be Jones's mother.
20
7
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Years earlier, after Brian Jones and his son Phillip are killed in an accident, his wife Alisa and daughter Jessica are rushed to hospital. Dr. Leslie Hansen secretly takes them to IGH. Jessica is saved and returned to hospital in 20 days, but Alisa's injuries are severe and her treatments take years, altering her looks and causing increased strength and extreme mood swings. Jessica is adopted by the Walkers but grows away from her foster family over time, especially after her adopted sister Trish becomes a drug addict at the beginning of her pop-star career. Intent on seeing Jessica, Alisa escapes IGH by killing a nurse and severely injuring Green. She finds Jessica living with a new boyfriend, Stirling Adams , but sees him apparently attempt to exploit her and kills him in a fit of rage. Returning to IGH, Malus promises Alisa that he will cure her of the side effects. Adams' death leads to Jessica re-connecting with Trish, helping her become sober. Now, Jessica refuses to forgive Alisa and attacks her; Malus renders Jessica unconscious with a sedative.
21
8
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Trish sleeps with Ducasse, and he notices that she has become addicted to the IGH drug. When she refuses to admit this, he leaves and decides to continue Jessica's investigation into Hogarth's partners. He discovers that Benowitz is secretly gay and frequents a gay bar unbeknownst to his wife. Ducasse tells Benowitz that Chao had hired him, and Benowitz gives Ducasse blackmail material that he has on her. Outside of the gay bar, Ducasse is attacked by homophobic thugs. Trish rescues him and gives him some of the IGH drug to help him heal, but it is too much for Ducasse and he runs off. Hogarth visits Shane Ryback (the man who can heal people with his hands) in prison, taking him on as a client. Jessica calls the police to Malus' house, and he flees. Alisa decides to stay with Jessica, hoping to prove that she is the same person who raised Jessica despite looking different and having extreme mood swings. They go to Jessica's apartment, where they are shot at from outside. Jessica is hit, enraging Alisa.
22
9
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Wanting revenge for the death of his man, Cheng tries to kill Alisa. Shooting at her from across the street, he only hits Jessica. Alisa races to find and kill Cheng, but Jessica is able to render him unconscious first and convinces Alisa to find a solution other than murder. Ryback is released from prison, and he attempts to heal Hogarth, but he cannot promise that it will work. During a live broadcast of her radio show, Trish, under the influence of the IGH drug, rails against the superficiality of her show's programming and quits. She is offered a desirable job on television but realizes that she has run out of the drug. Arocho, whose relationship with Jessica has become less hostile and more romantic, comes to Jessica when his ex-wife kidnaps their son Vido. Jessica and Alisa race to save Vido, using their abilities for good. Alisa sees the potential of a life with Jessica doing good like this but still wants to protect Jessica by killing Cheng and running away. Jessica frees Cheng and, when Alisa gives chase, she is confronted by police and surrenders to them.
23
10
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Hogarth arranges a plea deal for Alisa, where she can avoid the Raft , a superhuman prison, if she gives up Malus. Alisa agrees when Jessica promises to keep Malus safe. Trish struggles with withdrawals during her television audition, where she overhears that the super-powered killer has been caught. Jessica explains everything to Trish and Ducasse but tells them to stay away. She finds Malus and convinces him to go to a country with no extradition so Alisa can talk about him without fear of him being caught. He first waits for a new passport provided by Arocho, and he also tells Jessica that he never treated Ryback. Hogarth does not believe Jessica when she says this, but she arrives home to find Green and Ryback have robbed her (and thus realizes she was not cured). Trish and Ducasse decide to track down Malus themselves, while Jessica discovers that Alisa is being tormented by one of her guards, Dale Holiday . Investigating him, Jessica finds evidence that he has murdered inmates before. He attacks her, and she accidentally kills him in self-defense.
24
11
Jack Kenny & Lisa Randolph
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jessica makes Holiday's death look like suicide, and she begins having hallucinations of Kilgrave. Trish knocks Ducasse out and restrains him, and she asks Malus to give her abilities like Jessica's. Jessica arrives with the passport from Arocho to give to Malus, to find him gone. She tracks them down just as Ducasse escapes, but Trish manages to get away with Malus. With Holiday dead, Alisa gets a new guard who treats her well. Jessica berates Ducasse for not trusting her and for taking advantage of their working relationship. They both agree that he should no longer work for her. Malus takes Trish to the old IGH facility, where he begins to put her through the same process that changed Jessica and Alisa. Jessica arrives and stops the procedure, and she is then almost convinced by her hallucination of Kilgrave to murder Malus. She stops herself, but he decides to end his own life. Malus destroys the facility with himself inside it, while Jessica gets Trish to the hospital. Alisa learns of Malus' death via a news report, kills her new guard and escapes from prison.
25
12
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Alisa goes looking for Trish, blaming her for Malus' death. She terrorizes the Trish Talk studio, before seeing Trish's mother in an interview discussing why Trish is now hospitalized. She finds Jessica protecting Trish at the hospital but still attempts to kill the latter. When Costa and his partner, Ruth Sunday , arrive they try to arrest Alisa. Jessica tries to talk Alisa down, but Alisa grabs Sunday and jumps out of the hospital, letting Sunday fall to her death. Costa tells Jessica to stay out of the way of the police, but Jessica secretly organizes to meet with Alisa at Trish's apartment. Meanwhile, Trish is angry at Jessica for stopping the procedure early, but she soon begins to have violent convulsions. Hogarth tracks down Green and tells her a fabricated story about Ryback secretly conning multiple women. Giving Green a gun, Hogarth watches her confront Ryback and shoot him. Hogarth then calls the police. At Trish's apartment, Jessica considers killing Alisa but is unable to do it. Alisa knocks Jessica out and kidnaps her.
26
13
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
Jessica attempts to resist Alisa but eventually decides to work with her. They drive towards the Mexico–United States border , saving a family caught in a traffic accident on the way. Jessica meets with Arocho to arrange new papers so they can cross the border, but he is followed by the police. Jessica and Alisa then drive towards the Canada–United States border but are confronted with police road blocks. They then go to the nearby amusement park Playland, where Alisa decides to wait until the police arrive. Trish sees a news report on the traffic accident and talks to Costa about the road blocks. Remembering that the Jones family had visited Playland before the accident, Trish goes there and kills Alisa. Jessica takes the blame but does not forgive Trish. Trish later discovers that her reflexes appear to be heightened. Ducasse gives the blackmail material he found to Hogarth, allowing her to leave the law firm with enough money to start her own. Ducasse then begins working for Hogarth as part of Cheng's agency. Jessica embraces some aspects of normal life with Arocho.
Cast and characters
Notable guests
In January 2015, Netflix COO Ted Sarandos stated that Jessica Jones was "eligible to go into multiple seasons for sure" and Netflix would look at "how well [they] are addressing both the Marvel fanbase but also the broader fanbase" in terms of determining if additional seasons would be appropriate. [18] In July 2015, Sarandos said some of the Marvel Netflix series would "selectively have multiple seasons as they come out of the gate," [19] with series showrunner Melissa Rosenberg saying she was hopeful Jessica Jones would get an additional season before The Defenders . [20] Rosenberg later expanded on this, saying that Marvel Television and Netflix were working out the placement of a potential second season, though "[i]t might not be possible from a logistical standpoint" to have a second season of Jessica Jones debut before The Defenders; [21] Sarandos later confirmed this to be the case, stating that the season would air after The Defenders released in 2017. [22] On January 17, 2016, Netflix ordered a second season of 13 episodes. [23] Raelle Tucker joined the season as an executive producer and writer, replacing Liz Friedman from the first season, who departed the series to work on the pilot for the ABC series, Conviction . [24]
Rosenberg and the season's writers were halfway through the writing process by August 2016, [25] with the scripts completed by the end of October 2016. [26] Writing during the 2016 United States presidential election , Rosenberg noted she "was just so angry" and that she and the writing team tried to tap "into the rage Hillary [Clinton] must have felt every day" for the characters. [27] With The Defenders releasing before the season, Rosenberg used the miniseries as an opportunity to help "set up" elements for the season, working with The Defenders executive producers and writers Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez to do so. [28]
Rosenberg wanted to "continue with [the Jessica Jones ] character" in the season, saying, "She's a very damaged character, her damage goes beyond [ David Tennant 's] Kilgrave . There's a lot to mine from in her backstory and in her present day situation." [29] Actress Krysten Ritter said that the second season would evolve from the first and that, for Jones, "The first season was in her head and the second season is in her heart," [30] adding that Jones "is in a pretty dark headspace" at the beginning of the season and that the season would be "more of an emotional thriller this time." [31] On whether Tennant could return for the second season, Rosenberg said, "Sure, when you have David Tennant, you want him around forever [...] But the show is called Jessica Jones and the story is about Jessica's arc and how does that play out in its best form?" It was noted that Kilgrave would be "hard to top", though, with Marvel Television head Jeph Loeb saying, "One of the things that's important about any Marvel show is your hero is often defined by how strong your antagonist is," [32] with Rosenberg adding that the objective for the new villain, or villains, for the season would be not to match or do what was done with Kilgrave. [28] [33] As Kilgrave does appear in the season, Rosenberg felt it was important to have him return to "be that mirror again" for Jones, as he is "such a part of her construction and her dilemma." [31]
Rosenberg also hoped to "further expand on the ensemble and on Jessica's world" by giving more screen time to supporting characters, [34] [35] noting that in the first season, "the trick of a show that's called Jessica Jones [is if] she's not in the scene, it's not a guarantee that scene will end up in the final picture. You have to earn secondary character stories. You have to flesh them out enough so that they can eventually carry stories of their own" in future seasons. [35] She also wanted to continue to explore the relationship between Jones and Trish Walker , stating "That is the core relationship in the piece. It is about female friendship, it is about how friends evolve—they're sisters, really—and it's about how they evolve and ping off each other." [33] On Jones becoming famous after her heroics in the first season, Ritter said, "She keeps her circle small because she doesn't want people in her life, so there's no textbook on how to deal with new popularity or new eyes on you." [30] Speaking on the social issues she hoped to tackle in the season, after covering "issues of choice, interracial relationships, domestic violence, [and] issues of consent" while also exploring "feminism and being a woman in this world" in the first, Rosenberg said, "I'm not quite sure yet what the social issues are that we're dealing with [in season 2]. We're just trying to find some resonance for [Jessica Jones] and a new place to push her, to give Krysten something new to play and really push the boundaries of the character." [33]
After much of the first season was taken from the Alias comic book, Rosenberg wanted to continue that trend with the second season, but she acknowledged that "the MCU is very different from the comics in terms of its mythology. In the books there were things building towards " Civil War " and all that, and here that's not the case. The nature of that is we're probably not going to be able to continue to do parallel storylines [to Alias]". [29] On having Jones continue to struggle with the same issues in the second season, Loeb said, "The end of the [first season]—and it was one of the things that was very important when we talked about the end of the first [season]—was that it wasn't, 'Ooh, I triumphed and now I can get in my hovercar and join the Avengers .' That wasn't the story we were interested in telling." [36] Rosenberg elaborated by comparing the Jessica Jones to her previous series Dexter , saying that she learned "you can advance the character, but you never want to cure the character. With Dexter , the moment he felt guilt or accepted that he was 'bad,' the show's over. He's no longer a sociopath. The equivalent for us would be if Jessica somehow recovered from the damage that had been done to her. People don't just heal". [25] She added that Jones' killing of Kilgrave at the end of the first season was "a life changing experience" and something that would affect the character going forward. [35] Rosenberg also stated that the season would be "about digging deeper into this chaos and peeling back those layers [of Jones' life], just going to the core of her being" after the first season focused on Jones' trauma and facing her abuser. [31]
After the season was ordered, several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season, including Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones , [2] Rachael Taylor as Patricia "Trish" Walker , [37] [3] and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth . [38] [9] Eka Darville also reprised his role as Malcolm Ducasse . [4] In March 2017, J. R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar Arocho , which was revealed in July after the airing of his character's death on Power . [5] [39] In April 2017, Janet McTeer was cast in an undisclosed role, described as someone who has "an enormous impact on Jessica's life." [40] She was revealed to be playing Alisa , Jessica's mother, [10] who was briefly portrayed in flashbacks by Miriam Shor in the first season. [41] By July, Leah Gibson had also joined the cast, [7] in the role of Inez Green . [8] Also joining in the season was Terry Chen as Pryce Cheng . [6]
Filming began the week of April 3, 2017 in New York City , once again using the working title Violet. [43] This followed the end of production on The Defenders in March, [44] with Ritter having indicated in May 2016 that the season would film back-to-back with The Defenders. [45] Filming occurred at the Long Island Aquarium and Exhibition Center . [46] Filming for the season wrapped on September 14, 2017. [47]
Approaching the second season, Rosenberg wanted to increase the number of female directors working on the series as a further push for representation. This was a goal that "Marvel was completely on board with", and, given the demand of many talented female directors at the time, the series' producers looked to book only female directors first and approach male directors later in the pre-production phase if needed. Another member of the production suggested that the series book only female directors for the season, which Rosenberg "hadn't contemplated [as a] concept prior to that conversation". She quickly made that the goal of the production and, in October 2016, Rosenberg confirmed that all 13 episodes of the season would be directed by women. [26] Oscar's paintings in the season were created by comic book artist David Mack , who has drawn covers for Jessica Jones comics. [11] [48]
A soundtrack album for the season was released by Hollywood Records and Marvel Music digitally on March 16, 2018, featuring selections of the original score for the season composed by Sean Callery , as well as the original song " I Want Your Cray Cray ". [49]
All music composed by Sean Callery. [49]
Jessica Jones: Season 2 (Original Soundtrack)
No.
Title
Length
1.
5:11
2.
5:13
5.
2:51
7.
2:51
14.
In December 2017, a teaser trailer for the season was released, along with announcing the season release date. [50] A trailer was released on February 7, 2018. [51] Ahead of the season releasing, Netflix revealed the episode titles and creative teams with pulp comic covers for each episode created by women artists. The artists included, in respective order for each episode: Stephanie Hans , Jen Bartel , Elizabeth Torque, Kate Niemczyk, Colleen Doran , Erica Henderson , Audrey Mox, Joyce Chin , Jenny Frison , Amy Reeder , Emanuela Lupacchino, June Brigman , and Annie Wu . [52] The season held its red carpet premiere on March 7, 2018, at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square. [8]
The second season of Jessica Jones was released on March 8, 2018, [50] to coincide with International Women's Day , [51] on the streaming service Netflix worldwide, in Ultra HD 4K and high-dynamic-range video . [53] The season, along with the additional Jessica Jones seasons and the other Marvel Netflix series , was removed from Netflix on March 1, 2022, due to Netflix's license for the series ending and Disney regaining the rights. [54] The season became available on Disney+ in the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand on March 16, ahead of its debut in Disney+'s other markets by the end of 2022. [55] [56]
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the season has an approval rating of 82% with an average rating of 7.00/10, based on 89 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "While Jessica Jones is a slower burn with less focus than its inaugural season, its enticing new character arc more fully details the most charismatic Defender." [57] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 70 out of 100 based on 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [58]
In her review of the first five episodes of the season, Allison Keene of Collider gave the season 4 out of 5 stars. She felt "[t]he season really starts to kick into gear.. once we're introduced to the central mystery: the truth behind IGH," with the season getting "better and better as it goes along." However, as with previous Marvel Netflix series, the season suffered from pacing issues, featuring "a minimal or non-existent score, scenes that go on for too long, and a limited number of edits that add up to everything feeling like it's happening in real time. It's not as bad as any other Marvel series on Netflix in this regard — not even close — but it's still a problem, and one that has unbelievably still not been addressed in terms of episode count (or shorter runtimes within episodes)." Keene also felt the season missed a "driving force" by not having David Tennant back as Kilgrave, but she was glad the season largely ignored the events of The Defenders to focus on Jones and her relationships. [59] Awarding the season a "B", Liz Shannon Miller from IndieWire said the season's all-female directors kept "the show's noir bent in place though doesn't push too hard into the realm of art — but the clean approach works, as does Ritter's always grounded and believable performance." She also enjoyed the Hogarth medical storyline, saying it was "one of the most compelling new storylines", despite it not connecting to the overall larger narrative through the first five episodes. For Miller, Janet McTeer was "the most dynamic element of these early episodes. While she has potential as a foil, there's not enough of her to keep us hooked, not to mention the lack of the emotional hook that we had with Kilgrave in season 1." Miller also felt the plot lacked direction, and agreed with Keene about the pacing issues. [60]
Digital Spy 's Jo Berry said in her review, "While the beginning of the new season lacks the focus of the first, and is missing a truly menacing bad guy for Jessica to go up against, the new additions and expanded storylines don't detract from Ritter's powerhouse performance [...] Pacing quibbles aside, this is a darkly enjoyable return for Jessica Jones, thanks to the strong scripts, slick direction and Ritter's gripping performance." [12] In a more mixed review, The Washington Post 's David Betancourt noted the season "lacks shock value". While Ritter "still brings her A-game [...] It's the lack of Kilgrave that at first seems to be what's missing from season 2." He did praise the supporting cast, feeling Darville "has a standout performance" as Malcolm, with his connection to the larger storyline "surprising and enjoyable to watch", and also praising Taylor, adding it "wouldn't hurt to bring [Taylor] in" as her comics alter ego Hellcat, to help the season that "lags at the beginning". [61]
Conversely, Susana Polo from Polygon was left disappointed and bored by the early episodes, also noting the lack of compelling antagonist for the season. She said, "I don't see Jessica Jones' second season winning over anyone who was lukewarm about her first — or anyone who skipped it entirely. I'm a big fan, and even I left these first five episodes wondering exactly what had happened to the series that gripped me and never let go in 2015." [62]
Accolades
[ edit ]
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.
2018
Jessica Jones season 2
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254 | when is season 2 of jessica jones being released | https://time.com/5140405/jessica-jones-season-2-release-date/ | <i>Jessica Jones</i> Season 2 Is Netflix’s Next Marvel Binge. Here’s What to Expect
Jessica Jones Season 2 Is Netflix’s Next Marvel Binge. Here’s What to Expect
4 minute read
February 13, 2018 5:32 PM EST
Marvel’s best whiskey-swigging, gritty heroine Jessica Jones (Krysten Ritter) is back and still fighting demons from her past. The last time we saw Jessica Jones in season 1 of the Netflix series about the superhero, she had finally vanquished Kilgrave (David Tennant) and started answering calls from people around New York needing her help as private investigator. She later appeared in Marvel’s The Defenders , joining streetwise heroes Luke Cage, Daredevil and Iron Fist to take down their enemies in the Netflix series.
A look at Netflix’s trailer for season 2 of Jessica Jones finds the angry superhero detective examining the details surrounding her parents’ death and the mystery of the experiments that gave her extraordinary powers. It also appears her tormenter Kilgrave will return to the series — whether he comes back to life or is appears in Jessica’s flashbacks remains to be seen.
Netflix
Season 2 of Jessica Jones hits Netflix on March 8. Here’s what’s ahead for the hero.
Jessica Jones season 2 trailer
The trailer for the second season of Jessica Jones reveals little about the plot of our main hero’s new adventures. She’s still drinking a lot. And while she is trying to piece her life back together, Jessica can’t seem to shake the “super vigilante shit” constantly being thrown at her, as the the events of season 1 and The Defenders make her known throughout New York for her powers. The circumstances of her family’s death in a car accident and the murky way she received her powers further haunt Jessica.
“I have 17 years of questions, and they are deep,” she says in the trailer.
Jessica Jones season 2 cast
Netflix
As she tries to crack the case of her own origin story, other figures from her past and current life appear in Jessica Jones season 2. Her best friend Trish Walker appears to be on her way to becoming Marvel hero Hellcat, a sidekick to Jessica and superhero in her own right. Known as Patsy Walker in the comics, Jessica Jones‘s Trish came to her friend’s aid more than once in season 1. This time around, it looks like Trish may get a little more to do as she jumps to Jessica’s defense — whether the angsty detective likes it or not.
“Jessica might not want a sidekick, but she needs one,” she says in the trailer.
Other returning figures include David Tennant as Kilgrave, Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth. It’s unclear whether Mike Colter will return to reprise his role as Luke Cage.
New cast members will include Janet McTeer (Me Before You, Damages) in an unrevealed role and J.R. Ramirez (Power, Arrow) as Oscar, a single father who is the new superintendent at Jessica’s building.
Jessica Jones season 2 villain
Jessica’s antagonists are still everywhere in season 2 of Jessica Jones. One of her oldest enemies, Kilgrave, or The Purple Man — who despite dying at the end of the first season — still appears to live on in some form or another in the new season (Tennant was confirmed to return to the series). The trailer does not show the circumstances of Kilgrave’s return, but reveals a pair of hands clapping three times while Jessica has a purple light shone on her, hinting that she hasn’t fully shaken one of her biggest enemies.
Other enemies abound — Jessica is looking for the shadowy figures who performed experiments on her as a child and a mysterious man wants to take over her detective agency. The trailer further warns of a killer beyond Jessica’s control.
Where Jessica Jones season 2 fits in the Marvel-Netflix timeline
Jessica Jones season 2 comes after the events of the Battle of New York shown in the 2012 theatrical release The Avengers, which the first season acknowledged and does again in the new series when a child asks Jessica if she knows Captain America. New Yorkers are also aware that she teamed up with heroes Daredevil, Luke Cage and Iron Fist in The Defenders, hence the ramping up of higher vigilante demands. New seasons of Daredevil, Luke Cage and Iron Fist are also coming to Netflix, though specific premiere dates have not been announced yet.
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254 | when is season 2 of jessica jones being released | https://marvelcinematicuniverse.fandom.com/wiki/Jessica_Jones_(TV_series)/Season_Two | Marvel Cinematic Universe Wiki
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Contents
Synopsis[
New York City private investigator Jessica Jones is beginning to put her life back together after murdering her tormenter, Kilgrave . Now known throughout the city as a super-powered killer, a new case makes her reluctantly confront who she really is while digging deeper into her past to explore the reasons why.
Plot[
In 2000 , the Jones family is driving a car when Jessica distracts her father, Brian . This causes a crash that the public believes killed everyone, but Jessica.
In the present day , Jessica Jones returns to her Private Investigators Business and starts getting new clients due to her fame. She meets with a man named Robert Coleman or Whizzer, who claims to have super-speed despite his body not looking fit. He says that someone is trying to kill him. Another client, Pryce Cheng wants to buy out Alias Investigations for his own firm, but Jones rudely refuses. Meanwhile, Trish Walker does favors for people as Patsy in order to get a hospital file containing information on the death of the Jones family. Walker goes to Alias Investigations and gives a box to Jones. In the box is Jones' family's ashes. Jones tells Walker that she spent all this time getting over their deaths, she doesn't need more put on her.
Jones returns home to find Whizzer still insisting someone is after him. He pulls a gun on Jones and then throws the box containing her brother's ashes at her. She deflects the box and chases him down the street, but she cannot keep up as he uses his super-speed. Suddenly, scaffolding falls on Whizzer and kills him. Jones returns to her apartment and simply stares off into the distance. Malcolm Ducasse comes in and cleans up the ashes. Jones looks in Coleman's bag that he left and finds a location of a laboratory. She reads the name and gets flashes of memories to when she was carried off by a scarred woman .
The next day, Ducasse finds out that the building Jones discovered was leased by Miklos Kozlov . Meanwhile, Hogarth finds out that she has ALS. Jones arrives at Kozlov's home only to find he got into a mysterious car crash and died. Later, detectives Eddy Costa and Ruth Sunday meet with Jones to discuss Coleman's death. They suspect she did it. Jones goes down to her superintendent, Oscar Arocho , whom she knows saw the accident and knows she didn't do it. He tells the detectives that he didn't see it, which angers Jones. Walker sits on the set of a movie when she hears a man walking towards her. She takes out a gun and warns the man, he reveals himself to be Simpson. Walker calls Jones who arrives shortly after. Jones accuses Simpson of killing Whizzer and Kozlov, but he refuses, saying that his new drugs allow him to keep control. Suddenly, the lights go out. Simpson tells them to run while he stays behind to fight the assailant. They soon escape, but find Simpson's corpse later.
Jones and Walker's leads bring them to an old IGH doctor, Inez Green . They bring Green home with them when they find out she is in danger. Meanwhile, Cheng's friend, Nick Spanos robs Jones' apartment. Hansen catches him and kills him. Jones returns home to find out what happened. The police suspect she killed Spanos and arrest her.
Jessica brings Walker to a hospital. With all the anger and stress, she yells at Ducasse for practically no reason. He decides to quit because she never treated him right. She then tells the illusion of Kilgrave that she isn't a killer, she can control herself. Kilgrave then disappears. Meanwhile, Alisa sees that Malus has been killed and Walker is the last person who saw him. She then breaks out of jail.
Walker wakes up at the hospital and finds enough strength to leave. Jessica wakes up in the car and Alisa tells her that she hasn't tried to help her yet. Meanwhile, Ducasse fixes up Jessica's apartment as a final send off. He then confirms his appointment with Linda Chao , puts on a suit, and shaves his head. In the street, Alisa and Jessica notice a car crash. They save the family from the fire which makes Alisa feel really good and Jessica thinks there could be hope. Hogarth is at her home when Ducasse walks in. He explains that he tricked Chao into getting blackmail information. Hogarth uses this to win her firm back.
Alisa and Jessica arrive at Playland , an old amusement park that they used to go to. They get on a ferris wheel and talk. Alisa explains that she doesn't want any more harm for her daughter. Alisa called the cops to arrest her. She wants Jessica to leave and not see the cops come. However, Jessica chooses to stay. Suddenly, Jessica hears a gun shot. She looks over to see her mother collapsing. She jumps off the ferris wheel and finds Walker with a gun. She is about the kill Walker, but simply tells her to run. Jessica then walks back to the ferris wheel and sits next to her dead mother. Costa arrives and believes that Jessica shot Alisa herself. He comforts her.
In the days following, Walker tries to make up with Jessica, but to no success. As she walks out, she bumps into someone, causing her to drop her phone. However, she catches it with her foot and realizes she has powers. Jones walks by Ducasse without saying a word and arrives at Arocho's apartment to have dinner.
Cast[
Music[
Runaway
References[
External Links[
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| 1,946 |
254 | when is season 2 of jessica jones being released | https://www.whats-on-netflix.com/news/jessica-jones-season-2-release-date-everything-we-know/ | Copy to clipboard
Jessica Jones was Marvel’s second Netflix release in 2015, 7 months after the initial Debut of Daredevil. Below you will find everything we currently know about the second season of ‘Jessica Jones’, including release date, her role in the new Defenders series, and possible crossovers/villans.
Jessica Jones (played by Krysten Ritter) is an ex-superhero who now sufferers from PTSD following her traumatic experience with her “ex-boyfriend” Kilgrave (David Tennant). Even though Jessica is a tough bad ass, she still struggles with her demons, inside and out. Jessica’s powers include super strength and the ability to jump great distances, she put’s these gifts to good use and starts to build a career as a hot-headed private investigator, and quite a good one at that. Everything seems to be going smoothly for Jessica until the man who tormented her re-surfaces and once again brings chaos to her life.
The first season was arguably one of the best out of all the Defenders and a pleasant introduction for this previously unknown Marvel Hero. What definitely helped the show was its superb villain played by David Tennant, so when season 2 comes around they will have a hard job with matching it after the climatic finale.
From the new trailer that released in February, it looks like the show is going to delve into more of Jessica’s past surrounding her parents’ death, and the experiments that supposedly gave her powers in the first place. Fans of the comics and her character, in general, should be looking forward to this.
Returning Cast Members
A brief list of all the confirmed Characters/Actors confirmed to be returning in Season 2:
Krysten Ritter (Jessica Jones)
Rachel Taylor (Trish Walker)
Wil Traval (Will Simpson/Nuke)
Carrie-Anne Moss (Jeri Hogarth)
Many have not been officially confirmed yet but we can expect…
Eka Darville (Malcolm Ducasse)
Mike Colter (Luke Cage)
Role in ‘The Defenders’
If you are an avid fan of Marvel’s new Netflix shows then you should already be familiar with the upcoming ‘Defender’ series that will combine all four hero’s (Jessica Jones, Daredevil, Luke Cage and the Iron Fist) in an all out war against the Hand.
From what we can initially gather from the Official Trailer below is that Jessica Jones is first introduced to Matt Murdock while she is under arrest for supposedly stealing evidence and getting a witness killed. Some pretty heavy charges that we’re sure Matt will solve with ease. We already know that Jessica doesn’t particularly ‘play well’ with others, so it will be interesting to see all the heroes try and get along.
More Crossovers in Season 2?
If you watched the first season of Jessica Jones that you should remember Luke Cage being quite ‘involved’ in the season. We don’t particularly expect this to stop anytime soon, and depending on the timelines we are more than likely going to see Daredevil and the Iron Fist play a role in the second season as well (Even if it’s only briefly).
Season 2 Villian
After the climatic end to the first season, many people have been left wondering how the showrunners are even going to attempt to match the malevolent presence of Kilgrave. A popular theory is that we have already been introduced to one of the main antagonists of the season, and it is in fact Officer Bill Simpson, the police officer that Kilgrave briefly controls, who then becomes an asset for both Jessica and her Sister Trish. By the end of the season, Bill is clearly addicted to these little pills that give him the reaction time, strength and endurance of a Super Soldier.
Once Officer Simpson resorted to the Red, White and Blue pills, comic books fans immediately realized that he is, in fact, the Marvel Character/Villian ‘Nuke‘, a crazed patriotic Supersoldier from the same program as ‘Wolverine’.
Season 2 Release Date
In January 2016 the second season was ordered and filming began back in April of this year, interestingly alongside the filming of the Defenders series. After a 2 year wait, we finally know that the release date for Jessica Jones Season 2 is March 8th, 2018.
Check out the new trailer that hit on the 7th of Febuary 2018.
Are you looking forward to more Jessica Jones? Let us know in the comments below!
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| 1,947 |
254 | when is season 2 of jessica jones being released | https://screenrant.com/jessica-jones-season-2-release-time-netflix/ | What Time Does Jessica Jones Season 2 Drop On Netflix?
Related
Season 2 of Netflix's critically acclaimed Marvel-based series Jessica Jones arrives this week. But what time exactly can you start binging the new episodes?
While Marvel Television's three-year (and counting) tenure on Netflix has mostly been met with positive reviews from both fans and critics, last year brought what were clearly the two biggest missteps in the run to date. The first was Iron Fist Season 1, which critics hated, and fans were highly divided on. The second was The Defenders limited series, which critics mostly liked, but fans had some issues with, even if those issues generally weren't enough to doom the whole venture. Thankfully, The Punisher Season 1 seemed to begin to right the ship, delivering an end product that many fans cited as a return to form for Marvel Television's streaming outings.
Now, Marvel and Netflix have the chance to land a one-two punch of renewed quality on audiences with Jessica Jones Season 2. While it's a close race with Daredevil Season 1, Jessica Jones Season 1 tends to be the most critically acclaimed Marvel/Netflix season so far, and fans have been waiting with bated breath for Jessica's second solo story for over two years at this point.
So, when can you plop down on the couch to take in Jessica Jones' second batch of 13 episodes? The answer is midnight PST on Thursday, March 8. That's 3am EST, 2am CST, and 8am GMT, just for reference. Is staying up until the wee hours of the morning advisable for those who have to work the next day? No, probably not. Regardless, many diehard Marvel fans will probably do just that, with the most dedicated possibly opting to binge the entire, thirteen-episode season in one continuous shot, interrupted only for bathroom breaks and meals.
Habitual viewers of Netflix programs on the day that they drop might feel like something is amiss concerning Jessica Jones' Season 2 debut. That's because the vast majority of Netflix original series debut their seasons on Friday, making Jessica Jones' Thursday arrival a rarity. The reason for this move seems to be the sheer amount of Netflix original content currently coming through the pipeline. Indeed, the third and final season of Love hits the service on Friday, March 9, and Netflix clearly didn't think to put both out on the same day would be a good move.
As for what's on the horizon after Jessica Jones season 2, Luke Cage Season 2 just today received a June 22 premiere date. This points to Netflix and Marvel continuing the three-seasons-a-year release schedule that began in 2017, with another season hitting the service this Fall, probably around October or November. It remains to be seen which that will be, although Daredevil Season 3 and Iron Fist Season 2 are both currently in production.
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255 | who sang i want to be bobbys girl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby's_Girl_(song) | Bobby's Girl (song)
1962 pop rock single originally performed by Marcie Blane
"Bobby's Girl"
"What Does a Girl Do" (1963)
"Bobby's Girl" is a song and single written by Gary Klein and Henry Hoffman. The original was performed by American teenage singer Marcie Blane , and became a No. 3 hit on the US charts. A near-simultaneous cover by British singer Susan Maughan was a hit in the UK, coincidentally also reaching No. 3 on the UK charts. [2] [3] Both Blane and Maughan are one-hit wonders ; for both these artists, "Bobby's Girl" marked their only appearance on a national top 40 chart.
Marcie Blane version
Chart history
3
5
2
"Mama Do The Twist" (1962)
Susan Maughan 's cover version was released in the UK, also in 1962. It featured Wally Stott and his orchestra and chorus. [13] Substantially re-arranged from Blane's original, Maughan's version dropped the spoken word intro, and had a more sophisticated, less 'teen-age' sound. It spent nineteen weeks on the UK's Record Retailer chart, peaking at No. 3. [14] [15]
Chart history
6
The Copstars version
Foreign-language versions
1963 : French singer Arielle performed the French-language version Je n'aime que Bobby [19] (I only love Bobby).
1972 : Canadian singer Mimi Hétu performed the French-language version Pardonne-moi [20] (Forgive me).
1984 : French singer Douchka performed the French-language version Mon p'tit cœur [21] (My little heart).
"Bobby's Girl" . www.discogs.com. 1962. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
"Bobby's Girl" . BMI Repertoire. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-07-14. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Yesteryear's Hits . Billboard. 30 December 1967. Retrieved 2013-06-01.
Hallberg, Eric; Henningsson, Ulf (1998). Eric Hallberg, Ulf Henningsson presenterar Tio i topp med de utslagna på försök: 1961 - 74. Premium Publishing. p. 313. ISBN
"Pardonne-Moi - Mimi Hétu" . www.discogs.com. April 1972. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
"Douchka - Douchka" . www.discogs.com. 1984. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
External links
Bobby's Girl (song)
| 1,949 |
255 | who sang i want to be bobbys girl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby's_Girl | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bobby's Girl may refer to:
"Bobby's Girl" (song) , a 1962 song performed by Marcie Blane, covered by many artists
See also
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Bobby's Girl.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
| 1,950 |
255 | who sang i want to be bobbys girl | https://genius.com/Susan-maughan-bobbys-girl-lyrics | Bobby’s Girl Lyrics
[Chorus]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlThat's the most important thing to meAnd if I was Bobby's girlIf I was Bobby's girlWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd be[Verse 1]When people ask of meWhat would you like to beNow that your not a kid anymore (You're not a kid any more)I know just what to sayI answer right awayThere's just one thing I've been wishin' for[Chorus]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlThat's the most important thing to meAnd if I was Bobby's girlIf I was Bobby's girlWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd be[Verse 2]Each day I stay at homeHopin' that he will phoneBut I think Bobby has someone else (You're not a kid any more)Still in my heart I prayThere soon will come a dayWhen I will have him all to myself
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[Chorus]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlThat's the most important thing to meAnd if I was Bobby's girlIf I was Bobby's girlWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd beWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd be(As Bobby's girl)
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255 | who sang i want to be bobbys girl | https://genius.com/Marcie-blane-bobbys-girl-lyrics | Bobby’s Girl Lyrics
[Intro](You're not a kid anymore)(You're not a kid anymore)[Verse 1]When people ask of me"What would you like to beNow that you're not a kid anymore?" (You're not a kid anymore)I know just what to sayI answer right awayThere's just one thing I've been wishing for[Chorus]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlThat's the most important thing to meAnd if I was Bobby's girlIf I was Bobby's girlWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd be[Verse 2]Each night I sit at homeHoping that he will phoneBut I know Bobby has someone else (You're not a kid anymore)Still in my heart I prayThat soon will come a dayWhen I will have him all to myself
You might also like
[Chorus]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlThat's the most important thing to meAnd if I was Bobby's girlIf I was Bobby's girlWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd beWhat a faithful, thankful girl I'd be[Outro]I wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be Bobby's girlI wanna be...
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255 | who sang i want to be bobbys girl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Maughan | Susan Maughan
4 languages
English singer (born 1938)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous .
(1938-07-01) 1 July 1938 (age 86) Consett , County Durham , England
Genres
Pop
Occupation
Singer
Instrument
Vocals
Susan Maughan (born Marian Maughan, 1 July 1938) [1] [2] is an English singer who released successful singles in the 1960s. Her most famous and successful song, " Bobby's Girl " (a cover of the Marcie Blane single), reached number three in the UK Singles Chart at Christmas time in 1962. [3] It also reached number six in the Norwegian chart in that year according to VG-lista 1962 .
Maughan was born in Consett , County Durham. The sleeve notes on her 1963 album, written by John Franz, stated that
"Susan's family moved to Birmingham (in 1953) when Susan was 15. She started work there as a shorthand typist, but all the time she scanned the musical press to see if any band leaders needed a girl singer. Her luck was in as the well known Midlands band leader Ronnie Hancock was advertising for that very thing! An immediate audition was arranged, and Susan joined this fine band and sang happily with them for three years. In September 1961 Susan decided to try her luck in London, and during her brief 36-hour visit she won not only a recording contract but also a year's contract as featured singer with the Ray Ellington Quartet. Her biggest break came in September 1962 when she recorded 'Bobby's Girl'; her success brought so many offers that in November 1963 Susan decided to branch out as a solo artist."
In early 1963, following the success of "Bobby's Girl", Maughan had further minor UK hits entitled "Hand A Handkerchief To Helen" and "She's New To You". [3] Also at that time she released her first album on Philips called I Wanna Be Bobby's Girl But.... [3] All songs on this album featured male names, including the John D. Loudermilk songs "Norman" and "James (Hold The Ladder Steady)" which were hits in the US for the American singer Sue Thompson . Thompson had a minor UK hit in 1965 with "Paper Tiger", and the songs were also covered in the UK by Carol Deene .
John Franz's 1963 sleeve notes conclude: "Susan is one of the most conscientious artists in the entertainment industry – never quite believing in her own triumphs but continually striving to improve her work in every detail. This hard work, coupled with her natural singing talent can only lead to greater achievements in the future."
She appeared at the 1963 Royal Variety Performance , and in the 1963 film What a Crazy World . [4] Maughan also appeared in the film Pop Gear (1965) [3] and sang the title song for the second Charles Vine low-budget superspy film , Where the Bullets Fly (1966). In 1971, she appeared in series five of the Morecambe & Wise BBC television series, having previously appeared on their 1962 ATV series. In that year she also replaced Clodagh Rodgers in the show at London's Adelphi Theatre , Meet Me in London, after Rodgers withdrew just before curtain up on the first night when one of her songs was cut. Late in rehearsals it had become clear the show was too long for one running twice-nightly.
In 1974, she recorded the song, "Time", from the film, Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry , which she sang during her appearance the same year on the Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club TV show.
From 1983 to 1988 she appeared in various Emu TV programmes in the segment Boggles Kingdom alongside, Carl Wayne and Rod Hull . The segment revolved around Rod's ancestor King Boggle, his sister Princess Hortensia, played by Maughan and servant, Odd Job John who were trapped in medieval times. [5] Maughan performed several solo songs during the show including a rendition of Let Me Entertain You from the musical Gypsy as well as several group numbers. [6]
Personal life
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3.
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7.
8.
10.
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Writer(s)
Length
1.
3.
8.
9.
10.
"Teddy"
11.
Sentimental Susan (Philips – 1964)
2.
4.
7.
9.
"Bewitched"
10.
11.
No.
Title
Length
1.
11.
"Cute"
12.
No.
Title
Length
1.
3:20
2.
3:12
5.
3:47
6.
2:32
10.
3:16
11.
4.
5.
6.
13.
14.
Let's Go Round Again (Not On Label)
No.
Title
Length
1.
5.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
No.
Title
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Length
1.
4.
5.
9.
11.
I Want To Be Bobby's Girl (Gold Dust Records - 1996)
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1.
9.
14.
16.
22.
24.
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length
1.
Edith Lindeman
Carl Stutz
Susan Maughan
Clifford Harris
Jerry Tate
Alan Fielding
"Baby Doll Twist" – (1962) – Philips
"Mama Do The Twist" – (1962) – Philips
"The Verdict Is Guilty" – (1963) – Philips
"She's New To You" – (1963) – Philips – UK No.45
"Hey Lover" – (1964) – Philips
"Little Things Mean A Lot" – (1964) – Philips
"That Other Place" – (1964) – Philips
"Make Him Mine" – (1964) – Philips
"You Can Never Get Away From Me" – (1965) – Philips
"When She Walks Away" – (1965) – Philips
"Poor Boy" – (1965) – Philips
"Don't Go Home" – (1966) – Philips
"Come And Get Me" – (1966) – Philips
"To Him" – (1967) – (Philips)
"Time (Is Such A Funny Thing)" – (1974) – Ember
"El Bimbo" – (1975) – Ember [13]
See also
^ Most internet references give her birth year as 1942. The correct year of 1938 is confirmed from the UK General Register Office Records.
"Susan Maughan" . IMDb.com. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
External links
| 1,953 |
256 | when were 7 books removed from the bible | https://www.clintonnc.com/features/lifestyle/98511/what-books-were-removed-from-the-bible | By Keith Throckmorton Contributing columnist -
July 20, 2024
By Keith Throckmorton Contributing columnist
In 325 AD, the Council of Nicaea debated and decided on 27 books for the New Testament and 39 books for the Old Testament. There were 14 other books they did not omit from the Bible either. These books are 1 Esdras, 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, The Rest of Ester, The Wisdom of Solomon, Esslesiasticus (also known as Sirach), Baruch with the Epistle Jeremiah, The Songs of the 3 Holy Children, The History of Susana, Bel and the Dragon, The Prayer of Manasseh, 1 Maccabees, and 2 Maccabees.
The Bible was translated from Latin to English in 1611. At that time, the Bible contained 80 books, including 14 that would be removed from some versions of the Bible. In 1684, under the direction of Pope Innocent XI, these books were removed from most versions of the Bible except the 1611 edition, which was first translated into English. These books are called the Apocrypha, meaning those hidden, written in Greek. It applies to all that were removed from the Bible. There are many speculations as to why these 14 books were omitted.
The King James version of the Bible first created the term “Apocrypha” and separated these 14 books from the rest. These books are still contained in the Bibles of Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox, and the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Old Testament. They are not called Apocrypha, but they are called deuterocanonical. These books belong to the second list of sacred books, accepted as the word of God. Jews and Protestants regard them as Apocrypha.
The reasons for these 14 books removal from the Bible remain a mystery. There are many conspiracy theories, but no one knows the exact cause. One theory is that these books were omitted because they were known to only a few people. They were omitted because they would not apply to the majority of people. Some scholars believe that these 14 books did not convey the narrative of what the ancient text was trying to convey. It was not their intent to say these books were inaccurate or false but to say they were not suited for the Bible because the information was not applicable and did not have a place in the narrative of the Bible.
Some books were not written during the same period as the Bible, which was another reason for not including them. An assumption was made that these books were incomplete and would be omitted from the Bible. Many people disagree as to the reasons why these books, over time, were removed. Most people are confident that these books remained in the Bible until 1828; however, translators say that they made it challenging for people to understand the word of God.
In addition, confusion existed because some of the teachings in these books went against the accepted books in the Bible. They were difficult to read and understand. According to the translators, the Bible’s purpose was to prepare people to accept God and understand Him. Any teachings that would have complicated or challenged the purpose of the Bible would have resulted in contention.
These 14 books were probably removed from the common Bible in the seventeenth century. Today, there are different versions of the Bible. The Roman Catholic religion prefers to keep these books in their Bibles to remain as accurate as possible to the original Word of God.
I suggest that these books be read in their entirety, that you remember that man removed them, and allow the Holy Spirit to guide your beliefs.
Keith Throckmorton of Perquimans County, NC is a retired from the Fairfax County Police Department.
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Call: T: 910-592-8137 F: 910-592-8756 Address: 109 W. Main St. Clinton, NC 28328
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256 | when were 7 books removed from the bible | https://christianpure.com/learn/missing-books-protestant-removal-bible/ | Your cart is currently empty!
7 Missing Bible Books: Why Did Protestants Remove Them from the Bible?
October 21, 2024
Table of Contents
Summary
Protestant Bible is missing seven books compared to the Catholic Bible, meaning it is incomplete.
Missing books are known as the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books, including Tobit, Judith, Maccabees, Wisdom of Solomon, Baruch, and Sirach.
Protestants may read these books for historical knowledge, but do not believe them to be inspired by God.
Exclusion of these books by Protestants has been a debate between Catholics and Protestants for centuries.
This article explores the reasons behind these differences, the significance of the Catholic Apocrypha, and the ongoing debate surrounding the completeness of the Protestant Bible.
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Which books did Martin Luther remove from the Bible?
Luther moved seven Old Testament books to a separate section in his German Bible translation. These books are:
Tobit
Judith
Baruch (including the Letter of Jeremiah)
Luther called these books “Apocrypha.” This means writings or statements of questionable authorship or authenticity. He placed them between the Old and New Testaments in his Bible translation.
Luther also questioned the authority of some New Testament books. These were Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation. But he did not remove these from the New Testament. He simply placed them at the end of his translation.
Luther was not the first to question these books. Some early Church leaders had expressed doubts about them. Luther was influenced by these earlier debates.
Luther’s main concern was whether these books were inspired by God. He believed that only books written by prophets or apostles should be in the Bible. He wasn’t sure if these disputed books met that criteria.
Psychologically we can see Luther’s actions as a search for certainty. He wanted to be sure about the divine origin of every book in the Bible. This desire for certainty is a common human trait, especially in matters of faith.
Historically, Luther’s decision had a major impact. Many Protestant Bibles followed his lead. They either excluded these books entirely or placed them in a separate section.
But we must remember that Luther did not have the final say on the Bible’s contents. Different Christian traditions have made different decisions about these books. Catholics and Orthodox Christians include them in their Bibles. Most Protestant Bibles do not.
In the end, Luther’s actions sparked a debate that continues to this day. It reminds us of the complex history of our sacred texts. It also shows how human decisions have shaped the Bibles we read today.
Why did Martin Luther remove these books?
Related
Luther was concerned with the doctrine of sola scriptura – scripture alone. He believed that the Bible should be the sole source of Christian doctrine. Luther questioned whether these disputed books met the standard of divine inspiration.
Luther had doubts about the historical authenticity of these books. He believed that true scripture should have a clear connection to the prophets or apostles. In his view, these books lacked such connections.
The reformer also found some teachings in these books problematic. For example, 2 Maccabees seemed to support the doctrine of purgatory. Luther rejected this Catholic teaching. Psychologically we can see how Luther’s desire for doctrinal purity influenced his view of these books.
Luther was also influenced by Jewish scholars of his time. They did not consider these books part of their canon. Luther respected their opinion on Old Testament matters. This shows his openness to other perspectives, even from outside his own faith tradition.
Another factor was Luther’s emphasis on Christ-centered interpretation of scripture. He famously asked of each book, “Does it preach Christ?” He felt some of these books did not meet this criterion strongly enough.
We must also consider Luther’s personal spiritual journey. As a monk, he had struggled with feelings of unworthiness before God. His discovery of justification by faith alone was liberating for him. Books that seemed to emphasize works-righteousness, like Tobit, troubled him.
Luther’s academic training also played a role. He was educated in the humanist tradition, which emphasized returning to original sources. This made him skeptical of later additions to the biblical canon.
Historically we should note that Luther was not alone in questioning these books. He was part of a larger debate that had been ongoing in the Church for centuries. His actions brought this debate to the forefront.
It’s important to understand that Luther did not completely reject these books. He still considered them useful for reading, just not for establishing doctrine. This nuanced view shows the complexity of his thinking on this issue.
Psychologically, we can see Luther’s actions as a quest for certainty and purity in matters of faith. This is a common human desire, especially in times of great change and upheaval.
In the end, Luther’s decision was based on his understanding of scripture, history, and doctrine. It reflected his deep commitment to what he believed was the true Christian faith. Although we may not all agree with his conclusions, we can appreciate the seriousness with which he approached this issue.
When were these books removed from Protestant Bibles?
The removal of these books from Protestant Bibles was not a single event. It was a gradual process that unfolded over time. Let us explore this historical journey together.
The process began with Martin Luther’s German Bible translation in 1534. Luther placed these disputed books in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments. He called this section the “Apocrypha.”
Other Protestant reformers followed Luther’s lead. Ulrich Zwingli’s Zürich Bible of 1531 placed these books in an appendix. John Calvin’s Geneva Bible of 1560 also separated these books.
In England, the process was slower. The Great Bible of 1539 included these books. So did the Bishop’s Bible of 1568 and the King James Version of 1611. These English Bibles placed the disputed books in a separate section, but still included them.
The turning point came in the mid-17th century. In 1615, George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, banned the reading of these books in churches. This was a major step towards their removal.
In 1642, the Long Parliament of England forbade the reading of these books in churches. This political decision had a lasting impact on English Protestant Bibles.
The first English Bible to completely omit these books was the Westminster Standard Bible of 1646. This Bible was associated with the Puritan movement. It set a precedent for future Protestant Bibles.
By the early 18th century, most Protestant Bibles in English no longer included these books. The same was true for Bibles in other Protestant countries.
Psychologically we can see this gradual removal as a process of identity formation. Protestants were defining themselves in contrast to Catholic tradition. Removing these books was part of that process.
Historically, this change coincided with the rise of printing. As Bibles became more widely available, decisions about their contents became more major. Publishers had to decide whether to include these books or not.
Not all Protestants agreed with removing these books. Some, like the Lutheran church, continued to value them. This shows the diversity within Protestant thought.
The debate over these books continues to this day. Some modern Protestant Bibles include them as a separate section. Others omit them entirely. This ongoing discussion reminds us of the living nature of our faith traditions.
In recent years, there has been renewed interest in these books among some Protestants. This shows that the story of these books is not over. Their status continues to be a topic of discussion and reflection.
What are the main differences between Catholic and Protestant Bibles today?
The most noticeable difference is in the number of books. Catholic Bibles have 73 books, while most Protestant Bibles have 66. This difference lies in the Old Testament.
Catholic Bibles include seven books that most Protestant Bibles do not:
Tobit
Judith
Catholics call these books “deuterocanonical,” meaning “second canon.” Protestants often call them “apocryphal.” These terms reflect different views on their authority.
Catholic Bibles also include some additional passages in the books of Esther and Daniel. These are not found in most Protestant Bibles.
The New Testament is the same in both Catholic and Protestant Bibles. It contains 27 books. This shared New Testament is a beautiful point of unity among Christians.
Another difference is in the order of books. Catholic Bibles generally follow the order of the ancient Greek translation called the Septuagint. Protestant Bibles usually follow the order of the Hebrew Bible.
Psychologically these differences can shape how believers approach scripture. Catholics may have a broader view of what constitutes scripture. Protestants might focus more intensely on a smaller set of books.
Historically, these differences stem from decisions made during the Reformation. They reflect different approaches to determining which books should be considered scripture.
These differences do not affect core Christian doctrines. Both Catholic and Protestant Bibles contain the essential teachings of Christianity.
In recent years, there has been more dialogue between Catholics and Protestants about these differences. This reflects a growing spirit of ecumenism and mutual understanding.
Some modern Bible translations bridge these differences. They include the deuterocanonical books as a separate section. This allows readers from different traditions to access all the texts.
We should also consider the Eastern Orthodox perspective. Their Bibles include even more books than Catholic Bibles. This reminds us of the rich diversity within Christianity.
These differences in our Bibles can be seen as an opportunity for learning and dialogue. They invite us to explore the history of our faith and the reasons behind our traditions.
As a community of believers, we can appreciate these differences while focusing on what unites us. Our shared love for God’s Word transcends the specific contents of our Bibles.
In the end, what matters most is not just the books in our Bibles, but how we live out their teachings. Both Catholic and Protestant Bibles call us to love God and our neighbor. This is the heart of our shared Christian faith.
What did the early Church Fathers teach about these disputed books?
The teachings of the early Church Fathers on these disputed books present a complex and nuanced picture. Their views help us understand the historical context of our current discussions.
Many early Church Fathers quoted from these disputed books. They often treated them as scripture. For example, Clement of Rome, writing around 96 AD, quoted from the Wisdom of Solomon. This suggests he viewed it as authoritative.
Irenaeus, in the 2nd century, cited the story of Susanna from the Greek version of Daniel. This story is not in the Hebrew Bible but is in Catholic Bibles today. Irenaeus treated it as scripture.
Cyprian of Carthage, in the 3rd century, quoted from Tobit, Wisdom, and Sirach. He introduced these quotations with phrases like “as it is written.” This indicates he viewed these books as scripture.
But not all Church Fathers agreed. Jerome, who translated the Bible into Latin in the 4th century, was skeptical of these books. He noted that they were not part of the Hebrew Bible. Yet, he included them in his translation at the request of Church authorities.
Augustine, a contemporary of Jerome, supported the inclusion of these books. His influence was major in shaping the Western Church’s view.
Psychologically we can see these diverse views as reflecting different approaches to authority and tradition. Some Fathers emphasized continuity with Jewish tradition, while others focused on Christian usage.
Historically, we must remember that the concept of a fixed biblical canon was still developing during this period. The Church Fathers were part of the process of discerning which books should be considered scripture.
Even those Fathers who questioned these books still found them valuable. Athanasius, for example, recommended them for reading, even though he didn’t consider them canonical.
The Eastern and Western churches developed slightly different views on these books. This reflects the diverse perspectives within early Christianity.
Some Church Fathers made distinctions between books. Rufinus, for example, used the term “ecclesiastical books” for some of these disputed texts. This suggests a category between canonical and non-canonical.
We should also consider the practical use of these books in the early Church. They were read in worship and used in teaching. This practical acceptance was sometimes ahead of theoretical discussions about their status.
The debates among the Church Fathers remind us that questions about scripture have always been part of our faith journey. They approached these questions with seriousness and devotion.
In the end, the teachings of the Church Fathers on these books were not uniform. They reflect the rich diversity of early Christian thought. Their discussions laid the groundwork for later debates during the Reformation.
How do these removed books affect Christian doctrine or practice?
The books removed from some Protestant Bibles have a powerful impact on Christian doctrine and practice, though in ways that may not be immediately obvious. These deuterocanonical texts, as we call them, touch on important themes of faith, morality, and the human relationship with God.
Consider the book of Wisdom, which offers beautiful reflections on the nature of God’s wisdom and justice. Its teachings reinforce core Christian beliefs about divine providence and the immortality of the soul. The books of Maccabees, while historical in nature, provide inspiration for faithfulness in times of persecution – a message that has bolstered Christians facing hardship throughout the ages.
Tobit and Judith present models of piety and trust in God’s providence. Their stories have nourished the faith of countless believers over the centuries. The additions to Esther and Daniel expand on God’s care for His people in trying circumstances. These narratives deepen our understanding of God’s involvement in human affairs.
In terms of practice, prayers for the dead find scriptural support in 2 Maccabees. This has influenced Catholic and Orthodox traditions around purgatory and praying for the deceased. The book of Sirach offers practical wisdom for daily living that complements Proverbs and shapes Christian ethics.
Removing these books does not fundamentally alter core Christian doctrines. The central tenets of the faith remain intact in the Protestant canon. But their absence does remove a layer of scriptural support for certain beliefs and practices. This creates some divergence between Catholic/Orthodox and Protestant traditions.
These books enrich our understanding of God’s work in history. They provide additional context for the New Testament and early Christianity. While not essential for salvation, they offer valuable spiritual nourishment and insight into living the Christian life. Their inclusion or exclusion shapes how different Christian traditions approach certain doctrinal and practical matters.
I encourage all to read these texts with an open heart. Whether considered scripture or not, they contain wisdom that can deepen our faith and understanding of God’s love for us.
Are the removed books still considered valuable for Christians to read?
The books removed from some Protestant Bibles remain profoundly valuable for all Christians to read and ponder. Although there may be disagreement about their canonical status, their spiritual worth is beyond question.
These texts offer us a window into the faith and struggles of God’s people in the centuries before Christ. They help us better understand the world Jesus was born into and the religious ideas shaping Jewish thought at that time. This historical and cultural context enriches our reading of the New Testament.
The wisdom literature in books like Sirach and Wisdom of Solomon complements Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. It offers practical guidance for living a life of faith and virtue. These teachings resonate with the moral instruction found in the Gospels and Epistles. They provide additional resources for Christian formation and ethical reflection.
Stories like Tobit and Judith inspire us with examples of faithfulness and trust in God’s providence. They remind us that God is active in the lives of ordinary people, working through them in extraordinary ways. Such narratives can bolster our own faith in difficult times.
The historical books of Maccabees recount a pivotal period in Jewish history. They show us the courage of those who remained faithful to God in the face of persecution. This offers encouragement to Christians facing their own trials and tribulations today.
Even for those who do not consider these books scripture, they remain valuable historical documents. They provide insight into the development of Jewish thought and practice in the Second Temple period. This helps us better understand the religious environment that shaped early Christianity.
I see great value in the human experiences and emotions expressed in these texts. They grapple with questions of suffering, faith, and divine justice in ways that still resonate today. Reading them can help us process our own spiritual journeys and struggles.
Although we must be clear about the differing views on their canonical status, I encourage all Christians to read these books. Approach them with an open mind and heart, seeking the wisdom and inspiration they contain. Let them deepen your understanding of God’s work in history and enrich your spiritual life.
In the spirit of Christian unity, engaging with these texts can also foster greater understanding between different traditions. They remind us of our shared heritage and the richness of our faith’s history. Let us read them together, discussing their insights and allowing them to draw us closer to God and to one another.
Why do Catholics and Orthodox Christians keep these books in their Bibles?
The Catholic and Orthodox churches maintain these deuterocanonical books in their Bibles for several important reasons rooted in history, tradition, and theology.
We must consider the historical context. These books were part of the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Hebrew Scriptures widely used by early Christians. The apostles and New Testament authors frequently quoted from the Septuagint, including passages from these disputed books. This gave them a level of authority in the early church.
The early Christian community, guided by the Holy Spirit, discerned the value of these texts for faith and practice. Church Fathers like Augustine and Athanasius included them in their lists of sacred scripture. This tradition was carried forward through the centuries, shaping the way the church understood the extent of the biblical canon.
Theologically, these books are seen as part of the continuous revelation of God’s plan of salvation. They bridge the gap between the Old and New Testaments, providing insight into the development of key concepts like the afterlife, the role of wisdom, and the hope for a Messiah. They help us understand the religious and cultural context that prepared the way for Christ.
The Catholic and Orthodox churches believe that the Holy Spirit guides the church in matters of faith and doctrine. The long-standing inclusion of these books is seen as part of that guidance. Their presence in the Bible for over 1500 years of Christian history carries major weight.
These books also support certain doctrinal and pastoral practices in Catholic and Orthodox traditions. For example, the concept of purgatory finds support in 2 Maccabees, Although the book of Tobit provides a model for Christian marriage. Removing them would weaken the scriptural basis for these beliefs and practices.
Psychologically these books address human experiences and spiritual struggles in ways that resonate deeply with many believers. They offer comfort, wisdom, and inspiration that have nourished the faith of countless Christians through the ages.
I see their inclusion as part of the organic development of the biblical canon. The church’s understanding of scripture has evolved over time, guided by the Holy Spirit. Maintaining these books honors that process and the wisdom of our forebears in faith.
Catholic and Orthodox Christians keep these books because they are seen as part of the full deposit of faith entrusted to the church. They are valued as divinely inspired texts that continue to speak God’s word to His people today. While respecting the decisions of other Christian traditions, we maintain these books as a precious part of our spiritual heritage.
What are the arguments for and against including these books in the Bible?
The question of including or excluding the deuterocanonical books from the Bible has been debated for centuries. Let us consider the arguments on both sides with charity and openness to the Holy Spirit’s guidance.
Arguments for inclusion:
Historical usage: These books were part of the Septuagint, widely used by early Christians and quoted in the New Testament. This gives them a claim to apostolic authority.
Church tradition: The early church fathers and councils generally accepted these books as scripture. They have been part of the Christian Bible for most of church history.
Theological content: These books contain valuable teachings that complement the rest of scripture and support certain doctrinal positions.
Spiritual value: Many believers have found inspiration and guidance in these texts over the centuries.
Completeness: Including these books provides a fuller picture of Jewish thought and history leading up to the time of Christ.
Arguments against inclusion:
Hebrew canon: These books were not part of the Hebrew Bible used by Jews in Palestine during Jesus’ time.
New Testament usage: Although the New Testament alludes to these books, it never directly quotes them as scripture.
Doctrinal concerns: Some teachings in these books are seen as contradicting other parts of scripture or supporting questionable doctrines.
Historical accuracy: Some of these books contain historical or factual errors, raising questions about their inspiration.
Self-witness: Unlike other Old Testament books, these texts do not claim divine inspiration for themselves.
I see merit in both perspectives. The inclusion of these books reflects the lived experience of the church through much of its history. Their exclusion represents a desire to return to the most certain foundations of biblical authority.
Psychologically, this debate touches on deep questions of identity, authority, and tradition. How we view these books often reflects our broader understanding of the church’s role in interpreting scripture and doctrine.
I encourage you to consider these arguments prayerfully. Seek to understand the perspectives of different Christian traditions. Remember that while this is an important issue, it need not divide us as brothers and sisters in Christ.
Whether these books are considered scripture or valuable historical and spiritual texts, they have much to teach us. Let us approach them, and this debate, with humility and a desire to grow closer to God and one another.
How should Christians today view the authority of these disputed books?
The question of how to view the authority of the deuterocanonical books is one that requires wisdom, humility, and respect for different Christian traditions. Let me offer some guidance on how we might approach this issue today.
We must recognize that there is no single Christian view on the authority of these books. Different traditions have come to different conclusions, all seeking to be faithful to God’s word. We must respect these differences while seeking to understand the reasoning behind them.
For Catholics and Orthodox Christians, these books are considered fully canonical scripture. They are seen as divinely inspired and authoritative for doctrine and practice. If you belong to these traditions, you should give these books the same weight as other parts of scripture, while recognizing that some fellow Christians view them differently.
Many Protestant Christians view these books as valuable but not canonical. They may see them as useful for teaching and spiritual growth, but not authoritative for establishing doctrine. If this is your tradition, you can still benefit from reading these books, while maintaining a distinction between them and the protocanonical texts.
Some Christians reject these books entirely. Although we must respect this position, I would encourage even those who hold this view to at least familiarize themselves with the content of these texts. They provide important historical and cultural context for understanding the New Testament.
I recognize that our view of these books often reflects deeper beliefs about religious authority, tradition, and the nature of scripture. It’s important to examine our own assumptions and biases as we approach this issue.
Historically, we see that the church’s understanding of the canon has developed over time. This should give us humility in holding our own views and openness to continued guidance from the Holy Spirit.
Practically speaking, I encourage all Christians to read these books, regardless of their view on canonicity. Approach them with an open heart, seeking wisdom and inspiration. Even if not considered scripture, they contain valuable insights into faith and life.
When discussing this issue with other Christians, do so with charity and respect. Seek to understand different perspectives rather than simply arguing for your own position. Remember that what unites us in Christ is far greater than what divides us over the canon.
Let us focus on living out the clear teachings of scripture that we all agree on. Love God, love your neighbor, seek justice and mercy. These commandments are at the heart of our faith, regardless of our view on the deuterocanonical books.
I encourage you to continue studying and praying about this issue. Seek guidance from trusted spiritual leaders and be open to the Holy Spirit’s leading. May our engagement with all of scripture, disputed or not, draw us closer to God and to one another.
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Schaefer, T. (2015). Luther Bible, 1551 Edition. Lutheran Theological Journal, 49, 171.
Simpson, G. M. (2010). “Written on Their Hearts”: Thinking with Luther About Scripture, Natural Law, and the Moral Life. 30, 419.
Trinterud, L. J. (1962). A Reappraisal of William Tyndale’s Debt to Martin Luther. Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture, 31, 24–45.
Ungureanu, J. C. (2019). Science, Religion, and the Protestant Tradition. Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith.
Vogel, W. (1987). The Eschatological Theology of Martin Luther. Part II: Luther’s Exposition of Daniel and Revelation. Andrews University Seminary Studies, 25, 5.
Würgler, A. (2023). Buchdruck und Reformation in Genf (1478-1600): Ein Überblick. Zwingliana.
김명실. (2016). 루터의 성찬기도문 개정의 의의와 한계. 45, 231–255.
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256 | when were 7 books removed from the bible | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lost_Books_of_the_Bible_and_the_Forgotten_Books_of_Eden | Toggle the table of contents
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden
3 languages
English translations of pseudepigrapha and apocryphon
The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden (1926) is a collection of 17th-century and 18th-century English translations of some Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and New Testament Apocrypha , some of which were assembled in the 1820s, and then republished with the current title in 1926.
History of the translations
Rutherford Hayes Platt , in the preface to his 1964 reprint of The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden states:
"First issued in 1926, this is the most popular collection of apocryphal and pseudepigraphical literature ever published."
The translations were first published, under this title, by an unknown editor in The Lost Books of the Bible Cleveland 1926, but the translations had previously been published many times.
The book is, essentially, a combined reprint of earlier works. The first half, Lost Books of the Bible, is an unimproved reprint of a book published by William Hone in 1820, titled The Apocryphal New Testament, itself a reprint of a translation of the Apostolic Fathers done in 1693 by William Wake , who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury, and a smattering of medieval embellishments on the New Testament, from a book by Jeremiah Jones (1693–1724), posthumously published in 1736. In the three centuries since these were originally published, a great deal more is known about the Apostolic Fathers (including a good deal of the original text that was not available in 1693) and New Testament Apocrypha.
The second half of the book, The Forgotten Books of Eden, includes a translation originally published in 1882 of the "First and Second Books of Adam and Eve", translated first from ancient Ethiopic to German by Ernest Trumpp and then into English by Solomon Caesar Malan , and a number of items of Old Testament pseudepigrapha, such as reprinted in the second volume of R.H. Charles 's Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1913).
More modern translations of these works include J. H. Charlesworth , ed. Old Testament Pseudepigrapha; W. Schneemelcher , ed. New Testament Apocrypha; and M. R. James , The Apocryphal New Testament.
The Lost Books of the Bible
The Secrets of Enoch (also known as the Slavonic Enoch or Second Enoch)
Edgar J. Goodspeed , Modern Apocrypha (Boston, Beacon Press, 1956), chapt. 15.
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The Lost Books of the Bible and the Forgotten Books of Eden
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256 | when were 7 books removed from the bible | https://www.ncregister.com/blog/why-did-martin-luther-remove-books-from-bible | A Service of EWTN News, Inc.
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Why Did Martin Luther Remove Inspired Books From the Bible?
“It was by the apostolic Tradition that the Church discerned which writings are to be included in the list of the sacred books.” (CCC 120)
Lucas Cranach the Elder, “Portrait of Martin Luther,” 1529 (photo: Public Domain)
Amid all the damage Martin Luther did in rending the body of Christ, perhaps his most deeply ingrained legacy is his shortened canon of Scriptures.
Many people seem to believe Catholics “added” books to the Bible. They don’t seem to realize that Luther removed seven entire books and parts of three others from it for no other reason than that they didn’t fit his idea of “what God really wanted.” Luther claimed they celebrated Judaism and because he wanted to justify his challenging the authority of the Catholic Church, he threw them out.
The Protestant Bible consists of only 66 books ― 39 books in the Old Testament and 27 books in the New Testament. The Catholic (i.e., the original canon) settled upon in the 4th century is contains 73 books including Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (i.e., Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, and 1 and 2 Maccabees ― what Protestants call the Apocrypha.
In fact, Luther’s first German translation was missing 25 books (i.e., Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy, Esther, Job, Ecclesiastes, Jonah, Tobias, Judith, Wisdom, Sirach (i.e., Ecclesiasticus), Baruch, 1 and 2 Maccabees, Matthew, Luke, John, Acts, Romans, Hebrews, James, Jude and Revelation. He referred to the Epistle of James as “straw not worthy to be burned in my oven as tinder.” The rest he called “Judaizing nonsense.” Subsequent Protestants, deciding that Luther wasn’t really inspired by the Holy Spirit, replaced most of the books he had removed.
In the third and fourth century, amid a flurry of gnostic nonsense producing dubious gospels left and right, the Council of Nicaea met to determine which books were canon. Some of them were easy to detect. The Gospel of Thomas quoted Jesus as saying that women can’t get into Heaven. The Infancy Gospel according to St. Thomas had a particularly gruesome scene in which the young Jesus killed his little playmates. These stories are, at the very least, uninspired and uninspiring.
The major problem lay with the Old Testament which Jewish scholars limited to 39 books. However, there was also a Greek Old Testament (i.e., the Septuagint) which contained these 39 books and others. All of the New Testament writers wrote in Greek and thus used the Greek Septuagint as source material. The learned scholars and saints who assembled the Bible the Church has preserved believed the Scriptures were divinely inspired. If such were the case, the authors couldn’thave used the wrong source ― that would be ludicrous. Thus, the council wisely included the Septuagint in the books of the Christian Bible rather than the Hebrew Masoretic text.
Luther argued that the Catholic Church had no right to decide matters of canonicity, completely disregarding that fact that he had awarded himself that very right. He held that the internal worth of a book was the chief factor in deciding if it should be kept or not. This argument is silly, because Judaism obviously doesn’t recognize the 27 Christian books either.
Luther’s mistakes are obvious. The reformer’s intention wasn’t to get at the truth of the Scriptures but rather to edit out the “messy parts” that contradicted his new vision of Christianity. So why would anyone trust a man who hated all Jewish references in the Bible so much that he singlehandedly corrupted it?
Though the Hebrew Bible that Jesus read didn’t include these books, he referred to them in his ministry. The New Testament we have today is completely dependent upon the Septuagint and thus, for the sake of continuity, historicity and authenticity, Luther should have kept his unauthorized editing to himself.
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256 | when were 7 books removed from the bible | https://www.catholic.com/audio/sp/did-catholics-add-7-books-to-the-bible-or-did-protestants-remove-them | Joe Heschmeyer:
Welcome back to Shameless Popery. I’m Joe Heschmeyer. So today I want to explore what ought to be a really easy historical question, namely, at the time of the Reformation, did the Catholic Church add seven books to the Bible in response to the reformers, or did the Protestants remove seven books from the Bible? The reason I say it should be an easy historical question is that scholars are unanimous on this, because you simply need to read the evidence and you’ll see there were clearly seven books in the Bible that were removed by the reformers. Another way to pose this would be to say, “How many books were in the Bible at the time of the Reformation?” So it’s not just Catholic, but also Protestant scholars and secular scholars. And moreover, simply the writings prior to the Reformation themselves. So I’ll give you a couple examples.
First, the Council of Florence in 1442. This is an ecumenical council. That’s one reason it matters. Another reason it matters is this is a reunion council, at which the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church are trying to get back together under the leadership of the Pope. And for a while, it looks like it’s going to succeed. And while they’re doing that, they have to say things like what they believe in common. And so in 1442, in the Bowl of Union with the Copts, this is from Session 11 of the Council of Florence, they’re declaring the church’s belief that one God is the author of both the Old and the New Testament, and that these books are… They’re inspired by God. And we’re told, “The church accepts and venerates their books whose titles are as follows,” and then you get a full list of all of the books of the Old Testament, and then all of the books of the New Testament, and it’s clearly the entire 73 book Catholic Bible.
So there’s seven books that are going to be present on this list that are in Catholic Bibles today, that aren’t in Protestant Bibles today. Tobit, Judith, Wisdom, the book they call Ecclesiasticus, which is also called Sirach Ecclesiasticus, it means church book. Baruch, and then First and Second Maccabees. Those seven books along with two different debates about whether we go with the shorter or longer versions of Esther and Daniel, that’s what the entire debate is about. And it’s very clear that Florence has what we would call the deuterocanon, what Protestants would call the apocrypha. Now, someone can say, “I think Florence is wrong. I think the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church and the Coptic Church didn’t know which books were in the Bible.” But nevertheless, that’s not the question. The question is, did we add seven books to the Bible, or did Protestants remove them?
And historically, we have to say Protestants removed seven books that were universally in the Bible at the time of the Reformation. And in fact, when I say Protestants, I’m careful here not to just say Luther or the reformers because as the Methodist scholar, Ben Witherington III points out, the Geneva Bible, the first to produce an English Old Testament translation entirely from Hebrew… this is a Protestant Bible under Anglican authority… like its predecessors, included what he calls the apocrypha. He says, “In fact, The King James Bible, 1611, also incorporated the apocrypha, including…” and then he includes the longer form of Daniel and the Prayer of Manasseh. So it’s not just that Catholic Bibles had these seven books like they were tacked on or something. Early Protestant bibles also did, and then Witherington goes on, he says, “In fact, none of the major Bible translations that emerged during the German, Swiss, or English reformations produced a Bible of simply 66 books.”
He says, “It is true that beyond the 66 books, these other seven or more were viewed as deuterocanonical, hence the term apocrypha, but never, nonetheless, they were still seen as having some authority.” So you don’t have the production of the modern 66 book Protestant Bible prior to the Reformation, and you don’t even have it really at the time of the Reformation, at least not in the early days. We’ll get in a little bit into who removed those books and why, and by what authority. But for now it’s just to establish the really basic question that, “Hey, these books were removed by Protestants, not added by Catholics.”
Now, the reason I feel it necessary to say that is because there are Protestants who say the opposite, in spite of all of the evidence. So I’ll give you an example. Todd Friel, who has the show Wretched, which has half a million subscribers on YouTube, he’s going to just make total hash of this history and just say one falsehood after another. It’s a fairly short video, so I’m going to reply to the whole thing, but here’s Friel, in his own words. He’s responding to a reader who wrote in.
Todd Friel:
And I have a friend who says one of them supports purgatory, and that’s why.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Sorry, Jack, I thought I had that set to the right mark and I screwed it up.
Todd Friel:
From Brady, “Why did the reformers remove some books from the Bible?” That’s a loaded question. I have a friend who says one of them supports purgatory, and that’s why. Ah, the importance of knowing our biblical history. Please do not be deceived by people who will tell you on the YouTube machine, the Bible wasn’t concocted until the fourth century. It was the Council of Nicaea that put those books together. Otherwise, the whole thing was a hash. That is not biblically, historically, accurate. Inside of the first century, we know that the books that you and I have in our New Testament were the books that were recognized by the early church in the first century.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Hold on a second. He keeps saying the New Testament, and you might be saying, “Oh, maybe he’s just misspeaking.” No, this entire video, he assumes, quite obviously incorrectly, that the seven books in question are seven New Testament books. None of them are. The New Testament is identical between Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox, Coptic Bibles. The entire debate is about the Old Testament. So that should be the first red flag that something is really wrong with this line of argumentation that he doesn’t even know which part of the Bible we’re dealing with, Old Testament or New Testament.
But second, the reader wrote in and said, “Hey, it sounds like the reformers removed seven books from the Bible. Why did they do that?” And he starts talking about, “Oh, don’t listen to people who say there was no Bible prior to the Council of Nicaea.” That’s not the question at all. No one asked about Nicaea. The question’s about the Reformation. The reader isn’t saying there was no Bible, the reader, or the writer is saying, “There was a Bible and it seems like Protestants removed some books from it. Why’d that happen?” And so what he’s saying here is just not… It’s not even remotely right.
Todd Friel:
Were they codified? Meaning, did somebody put a binding around them and go, “That’s it, stamp of approval.”? No, these books were assumed to be apostolic in authority in the first century.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Now, I could quibble with some of his history here, but I’m not going to, because I think he’s actually making an important point, one that he’s going to violate later. Namely, there is an important difference between whether a book is recognized as canonical, as inspired as sacred text, and whether it’s officially declared such. You can have a lot of things that you believe as a Christian that are never officially declared, particularly if they’re uncontroversial. So we can get into the whole history of the New Testament canon, and how it was figured out. There’s a little more debate about it than he’s letting on, but that’s not really the point, because again, we’re not supposed to be talking about the New Testament. This is a question about the Old Testament, and the Old Testament was not clearly settled by the close of the first century. There was a great deal of debate about it. Nevertheless, I’ll let him continue.
Todd Friel:
As time passes, which it does, and we sometimes fail to remember that when we’re thinking about history, interlopers came along, some good books, some not so good. Some claiming to be from Peter, others claiming to be from Paul. But were they really? That is why, then, in the fourth century, the church went, “We really, there’s just too many challengers coming in, causing a whole lot of confusion.” Some of them weren’t so terrible like the Didache, but some of them were heretical. And the church recognized we just have to codify this using a reed, five standards, to determine these are the books that are in, to keep the others out. It wasn’t as much about which ones are in, but blocking others out.
Joe Heschmeyer:
So I have no idea where he’s getting this or what he’s talking about, because again, he still thinks we’re in the New Testament, which we’re not. But also the Council of Nicaea, you can look for yourself, you can go online. The first Council of Nicaea, the canons of the Council are online and they don’t say anything about which books are in the Bible. Now, there’s an interesting detail in Saint Jerome’s writing where he suggests they do consider which books are canonical, but if they do, we don’t have any record of it, and so this whole thing about how they had a five point standard they were looking at is apparently just made up out of whole cloth. Now, you can say as a general rule, when early Christians considered which books were and weren’t canonical, they were looking at certain traits, particularly when we’re talking about New Testament books, which again, we’re not, but you can’t say the Council of Nicaea did that.
It didn’t. And you can go read that for yourself. I’d give you a quotation here, but it’s hard to quote nothing. So really the person who should be giving you a quotation saying, “Here’s the canon in the First Council of Nicaea that does this,” would be Todd Friel. And he doesn’t, because there is no such canon. And so you’ll find a lot of times skeptics will make this claim. This is really famously Dan Brown’s argument in DaVinci Code, and it’s just so obviously untrue, that all you have to do is just go to Google, just type in Canons of the first Council of Nicaea. It’s not like we’re looking at some esoteric text, this 19th century monastery has one copy in Greek. No, no, no. This is an extremely important church council that has been widely translated into English. We know the canons. We regularly pray the Nicaean Creed. It is not secret what it did and didn’t say, and it didn’t say anything one way or the other about which books belong in the Bible.
Todd Friel:
However, history is not done. A fellow named Jerome, commissioned to write a Latin version of the Bible using Greek and Hebrew, he translated it into Latin. Did he include the books that the Roman Catholic Church has in their canon today? And the answer is he translated them with a note saying, “But these aren’t actually the Bible. They can be profitable for understanding how people before us did things. But these are not inspired writ.” That’s from the Latin Vulgate.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay. So this has elements of truth in it, but it’s still getting a lot of things wrong. So let’s talk about the fourth century church, because he mentioned earlier, this is the church that figures out which Bible is the right Bible, right? It’s got all these interlopers and it’s saying… He says it’s the Council of Nicaea, but not really then, which books are and aren’t in the Bible. And it’s true, the fourth century church makes a really important set of contributions to this. But when you read what the Fourth Century Church actually has to say, it’s not anything like what he’s saying. And instead, you’ve got things like the Third Council of Carthage in 397 that now this is a regional council, it’s not an ecumenical council, it’s not binding on all Christians. It is a North African council. But North Africa at the time is a major hub of Christianity, and it’s listing which books are in the Bible.
And it says, “It was also determined that besides the canonical scriptures, nothing be read in the church under the title of Divine Scriptures. The canonical scriptures are these…” And then it lists the entire Catholic Bible, including Maccabees, including Judith, including Tobit, including all of these books that Protestants today deny. So when he talks about how great the fourth century church is, well he doesn’t actually think they got this right. He thinks the fourth century church is actually wrong. St. Augustine says the same thing. He talks about this, he gives a whole list in On Christian doctrine and he explicitly mentions Judith, Second Book of Maccabees. He actually mentions all of the seven. And then in City of God, he talks about how these books, he looks particularly the two books of Maccabees, he says, “They are not considered canonical by the Jews, but they are considered canonical by the church.”
So there’s no question that there’s a widespread belief in the fourth century that these 73 books are the books that make up the Bible. And this is what leads to the Latin Vulgate. You might notice that Friel said, “Oh, Jerome was commissioned to translate the Vulgate into Latin.” And you might say, “Well, commissioned by who?” Commissioned by the Pope, because there was enough clarity about which books should be considered canonical, that it was important to bind them into a single volume called Book or Bible, and that’s what he did. But Jerome disagreed with what everybody else said. Now that part is where Friel is half right. But I think Jerome’s position gets exaggerated and misrepresented enough that it’s worth reading what Jerome has to say for himself. In his prologue to the book of Judith, he argues that he wasn’t going to translate the book, he said, “But because this book is found by the Nicaean Council to have been counted among the number of the sacred scriptures, I’ve acquiesced to your request, indeed, a demand.”
So he’s been told to do it, so he is going to do it. And also he says, “First Council of Nicaea says this is scripture.” Now again, I don’t know what Jerome’s talking about, but Jerome is writing about 80 years after the First Council of Nicaea. Now, I don’t think Todd Friel has some special knowledge of the First Council of Nicaea that is not widely known, because he’s gotten everything else factually wrong here. But I would not be shocked to learn that Jerome, writing 80 years after the First Council of Nicaea, knows details about the proceedings of the council that didn’t make it into the final acts of the council, or the final canons of the council. That’s purely historical speculation. We’re left with this strange situation where Jerome claims that this book, Judith, which Catholics accept and Protestants reject, was affirmed by the First Council of Nicaea.
We don’t know what he’s talking about again, but it’s an interesting, intriguing historical detail. It also complicates the picture. Going on, Jerome writing against Rufinus, one of his frenemies, talks about which version of Daniel to use, and he uses the longer form of Daniel, and he writes about this too, Rufinus. He says, “Well, we’ve got four versions to choose from.” He says, “The churches choose to read Daniel in the version of Theodotion. What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches?” So he follows that version when figuring out which base text to use for translation. And to make this all even a little more complicated, so you’ll notice he’s… Even he’s got his private theological judgments. He’s got his own views about which books should and shouldn’t be considered scripture, but he’s willing to defer to what he calls the judgment of the church.
So this is an important detail that gets misrepresented because you have this idea that oh, sure, the Third Council of Carthage, oh sure, the Pope, oh sure, the broader church, maybe even the First Council of Nicaea and now Lost Canons, all say these books are inspired, but Jerome, he’s going to trump all that. Well, Jerome doesn’t think Jerome trumps all of that. He expresses, in his very blunt style, his own views, but nevertheless, he defers and he goes along. He could have not translated the Latin Vulgate, right? He, you might notice, translates these seven books to include in the Latin version of the Bible that’s used for the next 1000 years as the standard Bible throughout all of Western Christianity. So I just think that’s worth including additionally and beyond all that, beyond his references to Nicaea’s apparent endorsement of Judith, beyond his personal deference to the judgment of the churches on these matters, you also have him in numerous places citing to these books as scripture, even though elsewhere he says they’re not scripture.
So Jerome’s position is way more nuanced and complicated than I think Protestants give it credit for. So yeah, sure you get half a point for Jerome, but Jerome is virtually alone on this question. You have Jerome, you have Rufinus, and you have what’s called The Ordinary Gloss, which is a biblical commentary that was popular in the Middle Ages that argued against the canonicity of these seven books. Outside of those three sources, I don’t know of anyone else prior to the 16th century who’s making an argument that these seven books shouldn’t be in the Bible. And I would have a good deal of difficulty making any kind of principled case that an ecumenical council says X and Jerome says Y, and we should go with Jerome instead of the council. And as I said, I don’t think Jerome would make that argument, because we see from his own conduct that he didn’t view himself as greater than a church council. Okay, back to Friel.
Todd Friel:
Fast-forward, we enter into the Protestant Reformation. It is now…
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay, just want to point out, this is standard Protestant history where there’s just, you skip 1000 years, but fine. Okay, we’ll do it.
Todd Friel:
The 16th century, and justification by faith alone, it is sweeping Western civilization, and the books that were recognized at that time were these same 27 that you have in your New Testament today. Why then does the Roman Catholic Church today have more, and did Protestants take them out?
Joe Heschmeyer:
First of all, the Catholic Church doesn’t have more books in the New Testament. You literally, to check this, would only need to open a Catholic Bible one time. We have the same books in the same order. This question is like saying, “Why do Protestants have five legs?” And you’re just like, “I don’t know how to answer that because it’s an absurd hypothetical.” No one who has even a little bit of knowledge about this would make this claim, but go on.
Todd Friel:
Historically, no, because they were never codified as being biblical. The apocryphal books, a collection of writings that were actually rejected early by the church, were now, suddenly, courtesy of the Council of Trent in 1545, which took about four years to complete, they started to add those books to the canon. Protestants did not remove them, the Roman Catholic Church added them, and that is simply historical fact.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Again, none of that is historical fact. First of all, we know these books were not rejected by the early church, as we’ve just seen. You’ve got Augustine and you’ve got Third Council of Carthage, there’s plenty of other old citations. Even people who don’t seem to include them on their canonical list will regularly cite them and call them scripture and use them to prove doctrine. And so no, it’s just not true these seven books weren’t included, or they were rejected in antiquity. But you’ll notice that he’s gone back to saying, “Well, they weren’t codified,” but he already called that out as a cheap trick early on. That people say, “Well, the Bible wasn’t codified until the fourth century, therefore we didn’t know what books were in it.” And he rightly said, “You can know what the books were even before they’re codified.” Well, so here.
They knew what the books were even prior to the being codified. That’s not just a special argument that you could only use for the New Testament. That’s also true of Christianity’s knowledge of the Old Testament, that we knew which books were in the Old Testament even before they were codified. Now sure, there were debates. There were debates about the New Testament as well, but the idea that there was a general consensus is something that I think is important to preserve, and something that he’s just getting historically wrong here.
Now again, you heard him just make the claim that the Catholic Church added these books at the Council of Trent. Now, you already saw the Council of Florence about a century prior. So ask yourself, how could that claim possibly be true? How could we say the Catholic Church adds seven books at the Council of Trent that it had already affirmed and codified a century earlier, and that we find regularly cited to by popes, that we find regularly cited to by church councils, and church fathers, and everything else all down through history? And that we find on these biblical canonical lists like St. Augustine’s list, like the third Council of Carthage and the like? And the answer is, you can’t make sense of that. This is a nonsensical, just false historical claim.
Todd Friel:
Why did they do that? Well, men like Martin Luther, understanding justification by faith alone, recognized purgatory doesn’t even… it wouldn’t make sense. If we are totally forgiven, imputed with Christ’s righteousness, why do we have to go burn off our bad works, or earn our way into paradise, if it’s already been earned for us? So he started looking through his New Testament, and couldn’t find a single verse that even comes close. I suppose you could argue First Corinthians four, but that has more to do with works than it does salvation. There was no support for purgatory, so…
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay, so this is picking nits, and I acknowledge that, but that’s not First Corinthians four, it’s First Corinthians three that I assume he’s talking about, unless he’s got some other verse in mind. But the usual passage in First Corinthians that gets pointed to in purgatory debates is First Corinthians 3:10-15, in which St. Paul describes himself as a skilled master builder who laid a foundation, and the foundation of course is Jesus Christ. And he says, “Now if anyone builds on the foundation with gold, silver, precious stones, wood, hay, stubble, each man’s work will become manifest for the day. That is, judgment day will disclose it, because it will be revealed with fire, and the fire will test what sort of work each one has done.” So then he describes two categories of saved people. First, if the work which any man has built on the foundation survives, he will receive a reward.
Second, if any man’s work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire. Now if you understand the actual teaching on purgatory, which isn’t what Todd Friel just said. We aren’t saying, “Jesus Christ isn’t enough. We have to also save ourselves through good work.” That’s not the way this… That’s an inaccurate understanding of purgatory. That’s an inaccurate understanding even of the justification debates. It’s not, “I need my own merit apart from Christ.” That’s just inaccurate. What it is, with the belief in purgatory, is that there are some, who because of the lives they led, although they are saved, they’ll be saved as through fire. And that’s right there in First Corinthians three. So when he says, “This isn’t about salvation, it’s about works.” Well to divide them up that dramatically is presupposing the Protestant framework.
Now, I guess we should say a few more words about this, because he’s saying, he mentioned earlier in the 16th century, you’ve got the spread of this idea in justification by faith alone, and that Martin Luther can’t harmonize justification by faith alone with his belief, or with purgatory, excuse me. And I would just say, yeah, we’ll get back to that, but that’s not an argument against the Bible. That’s not an argument against these seven books. That’s an argument against Martin Luther’s belief, and justification by faith alone. So here I want to actually, this is the part that is a little bit of a digression, and I acknowledge that, but I’m going to do it anyway, to say, “Why do we trust that First and Second Maccabees belong in the Bible?” There are a lot of ways you could go about proving that, but one way that I think is really interesting and doesn’t get talked about a lot is this connection they have with the Epistle to the Hebrews.
And so in Second Maccabees 12, this is the part Martin Luther objects to, presumably, there is this scene in which Judas Maccabeus and his men have just had a battle, and some of their comrades have fallen, and they go and they find on the bodies of everyone who was dead sacred tokens of the idols of Jamnia, which the law forbids the Jews to wear. In other words, these are guys who died, on the one hand, fighting for the freedom of Israel, but on the other hand, carrying these superstitious pagan relics, or tokens, whatever you want to… Amulets, there’s the word I was looking for. And so they bless God. Judas Maccabeus and his men realize that God has acted rightly, and then they turn to prayer, beseeching that the sin which had been committed might be blotted out.
Okay. So they clearly have a belief that there’s a chance that there will be some purification of these men after death. They’re not obviously going to hell. These are men who died fighting for Israel, but they’re also not, obviously, right with God. They’re in this weird, complicated relationship, as so many lives are. And so what do they do when they die? They pray for them, and then Judas exhorts the people to keep themselves free from sin. Don’t go that way. And then he takes up a collection of 2000 drachmas of silver, and sent it to Jerusalem to provide for a sin offering. A sin offering after death. This is a really fascinating theological concept. Now so far, this is just a historical account, but then we’re told by the author that in doing this, he acted very well and honorably, taking account of the resurrection. For if he were not expecting that those who had fallen would rise again, it would’ve been superfluous and foolish to pray for the dead.
But if he was looking to the splendid reward that is laid up for those who fall asleep in godliness, it was a holy and pious thought. Therefore, he made atonement for the dead that they might be delivered from their sin. Now, that account makes a lot of sense, if you believe in something like purgatory. It does not make any sense if you believe in something like sola fide. Todd Friel says this, you just can’t harmonize that view with something like sola fide. Okay, great. So if First and Second Maccabees belongs in the Bible, or even if First and Second Maccabees are theologically orthodox, right? Because even if you don’t think it’s divinely inspired, if you think this thing is true and good, that’s enough. That’s the only standard it would have to meet. That’s where the Hebrews part comes in. Christian Brady has, he turned this into an article, but originally he just posted it online, that Hebrews 11 is a midrash of First Maccabees two. He’s looking at First Maccabees, well then look at Second Maccabees next.
Todd Friel:
Why did they do that? Well, men like Martin Luther, understanding justification by faith alone, recognized purgatory doesn’t even make sense. If we are totally forgiven imputed with Christ’s righteousness, why do we have to go burn off our bad works, or earn our way into paradise, if it’s already been earned for us? So he started looking through his New Testament, and couldn’t find a single verse that even comes close. I suppose you could argue First Corinthians four, but that has more to do with works than it does salvation. There was no support for purgatory, so what did the Roman Catholic Church do?
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay, before we get his answer to his own rhetorical question, let’s just get a couple things straight. First, I know this is at the risk of picking nits, but he’s wrong about the passages. First Corinthians three, not first Corinthians four. In first Corinthians three, now remember, he says there’s nothing in the New Testament that sounds like, “Your works might get burnt up after you die.” Well, listen to one Corinthians three for yourself and see if the Catholic Church is just making this up.
St. Paul begins by declaring himself a skilled master builder, and says he lays a foundation which is Jesus Christ. Then he says, quote, “Now if anyone builds on the foundation with gold, silver, precious stone, wood, hay, stubble, each man’s work will become manifest, for the day,” that’s Judgment Day, “will disclose it. Because it will be revealed with fire, and the fire will test what sort of work each one has done.” Paul then lays out two categories of saved people. Number one, “If the work which any man has built on the foundation survives, he will receive a reward.” Number two, “If any man’s work is burned up, he will suffer loss, though he himself will be saved, but only as through fire.”
So look, I agree with Todd Friel that there’s no room for this kind of theology if you accept imputational justification by faith alone. And it should be pointed out here that the early church didn’t. We’ll get into that in a little more, but this is not what the early church believed about how one was saved. They didn’t believe justification by faith alone, they didn’t believe in imputation. Protestant authors are really clear about this. Alister McGrath really famously in Iustitia Dei says, “This is a theological novelty of the 16th century, a theological novum.” So that idea, this is a brand new theology of how we’re saved that’s inconsistent with the belief in purgatory, and is inconsistent with First Corinthians three. Now, First Corinthians three is there in the Bible. So the idea, “Oh, there was nothing there in the Bible, and so we had to go and make some texts up about purgatory.” Well, that’s where he’s going to go next, so we’ll let him go there.
Todd Friel:
Find some books that do talk about it, and they added those to the canon…
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay, so that’s just not true. Well, let’s talk a little bit about the books and then about why we can trust the books. Now, I’ve already seen, they were already there. You’ve got the early Christians talking about them. You’ve got the Council of Florence talking about them. This is not something they were inventing in response to sola fide. Long before anyone was claiming this 16th century doctrine of imputed justification by faith alone, you’ve got a clear belief both in purgatory and a belief that these seven books are in the Bible. Now, of those seven books, there’s one in particular that’s going to be relevant for this debate, and that’s second Maccabees. So Second Maccabees 12 tells the story about Judas Maccabeus. First and Second Maccabees both tell this story, but there’s a particular moment in Second Maccabees 12 that’s really relevant, because Judas and his men, they’re going to fight against the Greek persecutors, and many of the Israelites fall in battle. And they find, under the tunic of everyone who had died, sacred tokens of the idols of Jamnia, which the law forbids the Jews to wear.
In other words, these are men who on the one hand, died defending Israel. These were people who died fighting against Gentile oppression. But on the other hand, they still had these superstitious amulets. And so the question is, what do you make of that theologically? What do you make of somebody whose life is a muddle of righteousness and sin? And look, I don’t think they’re the first people to ask that question about loved ones who’ve died, or fellow believers who’ve died, where you say, “Yeah, I can see lots of really promising things, but I can also see some things that give me some pause, some things that really troubled me.” And what do they do? Well, we’re told. First, they bless God, because he knows all things, and this was revealed in this moment very profoundly to them. Second, we’re told, they turned to prayer, beseeching that the sin which should have been committed might be wholly blotted out.
Now, if you don’t have something like purgatory, this doesn’t make any sense. They’re either in heaven, and don’t need your prayers, or in hell, and can’t make use of your prayers. And so praying for the dead makes no sense without purgatory, and yet here they are, very clearly praying for the dead. And then they don’t even just do that. Judith Maccabeus then tells the people to keep themselves free from sin, so this doesn’t happen to them. And then they collect a sin offering. He goes around and collects a collection, man to man, to the amount of 2000 drachmas of silver. Now, we’re going to return to why this matters because Hebrews is going to talk about this. We’ll get there. I’m getting a little ahead of myself. But then we’re told, the author then comments on this.
So instead of just mentioning these things happen, where we could say, well, it depicted it. Sometimes scripture depicts things that are actually evil. Well, the author here is very clear this was good. He says in verse 43, “In doing this, he acted very well and honorably, taking account of the resurrection. For if he were not expecting that those who’d fallen would rise again, it would’ve been superfluous and foolish to pray for the dead. But if he was looking to the splendid reward that is laid up for those who fall asleep in godliness, it was a holy and pious thought. Therefore, he made atonement for the dead, that they might be delivered from their sin.” This is the kind of theology that Todd Friel is saying is bad and wrong. Well, the problem with that is that this is the kind of theology the New Testament is steeped in.
So I’m going to give you a couple examples. Now, remember, this is First and Second Maccabees this story is in, that if you want to understand the epistle to the Hebrews, it’s really important to read those two books. Why do I say that? Christian Brady has an… It’s originally a blog article. I think that he turned into an actual essay. The original article was called Hebrews 11 is a Midrash of First Maccabees Two, and you’ll find a nearly verbatim form of this in a published essay form later. But he argues that if you look at the flow of it, Hebrews 11 has that famous hall of fame in which the author of Hebrew says, “By faith, our ancestors received approval,” and then proceeds to list individuals in a roughly chronological order. And that this really closely mirrors what we find in first Maccabees chapter two, with Mattathias’ dying declaration, to remember the deeds of the ancestors, which has a very similar kind of list.
Now, Brady actually argues that there’s a way that we should read it with and against First Maccabees two. That Hebrews 11 is both intentionally patterned off of First Maccabees two, but is also going maybe a little deeper, going beyond. That it’s not enough to just hope for earthly glory. We’re also setting our eyes on something greater. That as you move from the Old Testament to the New Testament, the promises are bigger. This is an explicit part of Hebrews, that with Christ comes greater promises. But let’s get a little sense of what we’re talking about here, because he mentions this First Maccabees two. If you’ve never read it, this section goes from verse 49 to verse 68, but I’m going to quote just a little bit of the middle, part 51 to 55. Mattathias says, “Remember the deeds of the fathers, which they did in their generations and received great honor and an everlasting name.
“Was not Abraham found faithful and tested, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness? Joseph, in the time of his distress, kept the commandment and became Lord of Egypt. Phineas, our father, because he was deeply zealous, received the covenant of everlasting priesthood. Joshua, because he fulfilled the command, became a judge in Israel.” Now, it goes on from there, but if you’ve ever read Hebrews 11, that should sound really similar. Only, where First Maccabees two is focusing on their mighty deeds, Hebrews 11 is focusing on the profundity of their faith that these two of course go hand in hand. We could get into the whole faith and works thing again, but these two are going hand in glove. But first, the Hebrews 11 list, which goes all throughout the entire Hebrews 11, but then also kind of leads to the culmination in the first couple verses of Hebrews 12.
At the end of it, it’s interesting for another reason. It’s not just that it looks a lot like First Maccabees, looks like it was patterned off of it. But the final examples that he gives, he says, “What more shall I say? For time would fail me to tell of Gideon, Barak Samson,” and then so on and so on, and then he includes this line. “Some were tortured, refusing to accept release that they might rise again to a better life.” Wait a second. He’s given all these biblical examples, and if you’ve got a Protestant Bible, you might be saying, “What’s that last example he gave? This is in chronological order, seemingly. I don’t know that one.” Well, it’s because you don’t have Second Maccabees. Second Maccabees, chapter six, this is Eleazar. He is told to eat pork, he refuses to, and then he’s killed. This is also present in Second Maccabees seven.
There’s a woman who has seven sons who’s presented the same option. You can eat pork and live, live as a gentile, and you’ll be fine, or you can be a religious exemption, and you’ll be killed for that. If you are a conscientious objector, you’re not going to live. And so for example, Second Maccabees 7:7, the second of the seven sons is brought forth. They tear the skin of his head with the hair, and ask him, “Will you eat, rather than have your body punished limb by limb?” He then replies in Hebrew, “No.” “Therefore, he in turn underwent tortures as the first brother had done, and when he was at his last breath, he said, “You accursed wretch. You dismiss us from this present life, but the king of the universe will raise us up to an everlasting renewal of life,” or the Vulgate has, “In the resurrection of eternal life, because we have died for his laws.”
Now remember, here are the things Hebrews is saying. There’s some kind of example in salvation history where the faithful were tortured and refused to accept release, that they might rise again to a better life. So we’re looking for three things. Number one, the person has to be tortured. Number two, they have to be offered release and say no. And number three, this has to be because of a belief in the resurrection. Second Maccabees seven has all those three things in those order very explicitly, and I don’t know another passage that has those three things in that order, except for maybe Second Maccabees six. So I’m not the only person to notice this. This is, again, a pretty widely accepted, I think, scholarly opinion. Matthew C. Easter, who teaches at Missouri Baptist, I believe he is Baptist, he talks about this. And it is one of the essays in the Zondervan Academic book, Reading Hebrews in Context.
This is a mainstream evangelical publication. This is not some weird fringe thing. He says, “Given the number of parallels to Second Maccabees 6-7 in Hebrews 11 and 12, the author’s introduction of God as creator in Hebrews 11:3 likely parallels the Maccabean mother’s words.” This is the mother of the seven sons. “If Hebrews 11:3 parallels the scene of martyrdom in Second Maccabees seven, then the author introduced God as creator to substantiate the hope of resurrection we see later in Hebrews 11.” Now, that’s a lot there. I totally understand if all of that is a little more detailed than you’re hoping for, or wanting. But the basic gist is this. Hebrews appears to be both patterned, in its most famous section, off of First Maccabees two, and seems to include reference to scriptural examples from Second Maccabees. Now, Protestants might say, “Well, maybe they’re just including these events because they’re historically true, and not because they’re canonical.”
That would make it really unique, because all the other examples are coming from scripture. These appear to all be scriptural examples. But fine, if you just say Second Maccabees is historically true, you still have to say, “Well, historically, the Jewish people believed in something like purgatory,” which if you read the Jewish encyclopedia article on purgatory, you’ll find they did, and still do. This is why Jews pray for the dead. When someone dies and they sit Shiva, 10 men gather around and pray for the soul of the dead person. Why? Because they believe in an intermediate state. There’s some differences in the Jewish and Catholic view, but they clearly don’t believe in anything like the Protestant view. Okay.
Todd Friel:
In order to support their doctrines that had actually no biblical support, that’s history, that’s reality, protestants did not take out books. It was the Roman Catholic Church, in the middle of the 16th century, who added them.
Joe Heschmeyer:
Okay, so I think you can see all of that was false. That it is not the case that the Catholic Church added seven books. It’s not the case that they added them in the 16th century, and it’s not the case that they added them in response to the Protestant reformation. And it’s not the case they added them to try to invent a justification for purgatory. What’s amazing about all of this is that he’s really… If you were to take all of these claims, and just assume that the opposite of everything he says is true, you would have a really good case against the Protestant Bible. By that, I mean there is somebody who is removing books from the Bible because he doesn’t like their theology, and that’s Martin Luther. And you don’t have to take my words for it, you can take Martin Luther’s words for it.
And his preface to the epistles of St. James and St. Jude in 1522, in his German translation of the Bible, he says he likes… He says, “Though the epistle of St. James was rejected by the ancients,” that’s a gross mischaracterization of the debate about St. James, but nevertheless, “I praise it and consider it a good book because it sets up no doctrines of men, but vigorously promulgates the law of God. However, to state my own opinion about it, though without prejudice to anyone, I do not regard it as the writing of an apostle, and my reasons follow.” He then says, “In the first place, it is flatly against St. Paul and all the rest of scripture, in ascribing justification to works.” Now, he explains that it appears to contradict Romans four based on Luther’s reading of Romans four. He says, “Now, although this epistle might be helped in an interpretation devised for its justification by works, it cannot be defended in its application to works of Moses’s statement in Genesis 15.”
In other words, even if you could invent some workaround where you can harmonize the Epistle of James with sola fide, which later Protestants have tried to do, that still, he says, wouldn’t do it. And he says, “This fault, therefore, proves this epistle is not the work of any apostle.” So let’s break that down. Luther realized that it wasn’t just Second Maccabees that contradicted sola fide, it’s also the Epistle of James, famously in James 2:24, it says, “So you see the justification is not by faith alone.” Luther adds the word alone to Romans 3:28, to say that justification is by faith alone, where the actual uncorrupted text says, “Justification is by faith, apart from works of the law,” which is what Catholics believe. We believe in justification by faith. We don’t believe in justification by faith alone, because the only time the phrase faith alone appears is when James tells us in James two, “Justification is not by faith alone.”
You can go check this, do a little search in Bible Gateway, or wherever you read your Bible online. Look up the phrase faith alone, and you’ll see it appears one time, and it’s James telling us, “That’s not how justification works.” Luther admits this. This is a defeater for his whole theology. And so his solution is, “Yeah, it must not be written by James. It must not really be an inspired book.” And then he goes on, in his preface to the book of Revelation… This is the first one. He’s going to change this view later, but originally, in regards to Revelation, he says, “Let everyone think of it as his own spirit leads him. My spirit cannot accommodate itself to this book.” And he says, “For me, this is reason enough not to think highly of it. Christ is neither taught nor known in it.” And then he says, “Therefore, I stick to the books which present Christ to me clearly and purely.”
So I mentioned this before, but I want to just give some biblical, or give some, excuse me, historical support for this. Philip Schaff, who is a Protestant theologian and one of the finest historians of the early church from the 19th century, meaning he’s in the 19th century, but he’s dealing with early Christianity. He’s responsible for the anti-Nicaean fathers, or no, no, excuse me, the Nicaean and Post-Nicaean Fathers series, which is a massive undertaking of just translating these works in English. And so he is a really important figure for all of this. He knows the church fathers very well, and in his own work history of the Christian Church, he says, “If anyone expects to find in this period, or in any of the church fathers, Augustine himself not excepted, the Protestant justification of justification by faith alone, as the article upon which the church stands or falls, you’ll be greatly disappointed.” He says, “You just don’t find it.” The closest you get, according to him, is St. Clement of Rome who joins it with the doctrine of James.
In other words, even Clement, even when he sounds like he’s getting close to sola fide, then says all this stuff that agrees with James and doesn’t endorse the sola fide view. So you don’t have anyone in the early church believing what Luther does about justification, but you do have them believing in these seven books, and you do have them believing and praying for the dead. I mean, all of that is abundantly supported. So yes, there is someone who changes the Bible because they don’t like the belief on purgatory, but it isn’t the Catholic Church doesn’t like the belief on purgatory, so we add some books to add purgatory. Luther doesn’t like the belief on purgatory, and doesn’t like the belief on justification, and so he takes books out of the Old Testament and the New Testament. The very thing that we just got accused of by Todd Friel is actually true of Martin Luther, and not of the Catholic Church. That Luther tries to remove four books from the New Testament, tries to remove seven books from the Old Testament, that’s just historical fact.
Now, closing thoughts. I want to turn back to the Ben Witherington III article from Christian History from 2017, where he talks about how the early Protestant Bibles, despite Luther having these doubts about them, despite him lowering seven books to a second tier status, he doesn’t totally remove them. And I said we’d get back to this and say, “Okay, so how did those books get totally removed from Protestant Bibles?” Because they’re in all the original Protestant Bibles. You’ll find the deuterocanon, the so-called apocrypha, in the German, Swiss, and English Bibles that the reformers produced. So what happens? Well, according to Witherington… This is accurate. It’s not just own private view. He says, “So when and where does the Protestant Bible of 66 books show up? This practice was not standardized until 1825, when the British and Foreign Bible Society in essence threw down the gauntlet, and said, “These 66 books and no others.””
But then he says, “But this was not the Bible of Luther, Calvin, Knox, or even the Wesleys, who used the authorized version.” That’s the KJV. So if you’re reading a KJV today, and it has 66 books in it, it’s not the original KJV. If you’re reading a Protestant Bible that has 66 books, it’s not the one used by the reformers. That these were books that were removed. And more importantly, not just was it not the Bible used by the reformers, it’s not the Bible used by the early Christians. It’s not the Bible used for the 1000 years and more preceding the Reformation. That as a matter of sheer historical fact, Protestants gave themselves the authority to just randomly remove books from the Bible by their own authority. Martin Luther felt free to both discard four books from the New Testament, and left it up to each of our individual spirits which books we would add or remove. I mean, that is total wildness. He’s right there in text talking about that.
And you have Protestants today who still pretend that this isn’t the case, and that actually, he was just accepting the books that he’d already been given, and then the Catholic Church was the one doing this. That this wild spirit of biblical anarchy to say, “It’s not the Bible that rules over me. I rule over the Bible. I can add books and remove them as I please,” that’s not the Catholic Church’s view of the Bible. That’s not what the Catholic Church did with the Bible. That’s what Martin Luther and later Protestant reformers did with the Bible. So there you go. On the simple question of whether it was us who added them or the Protestants who removed them, I hope that leaves the matter to rest, and I hope it gives my Protestant readers and listeners something to think about. Something to really ponder. Did they have the authority to take those books out of the Bible? And if they can take them out, who else can take books out, or add books? For Shameless Popery, I’m Joe Heschmeyer. God bless you.
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257 | who win road march in trinidad and tobago | https://www.sokah2soca.com/p/trinidad-roadmarch-winners-following.html | Photo © owner is Ebuzztt.com
The calypsonian said, "The road is made to walk on Carnival Day!" In this case, it was Let's Play, Ah Mas, and the result was 'Road March Song of the Year'!
The following post is a reprint from the blog Santiwah (replaced by Sokah2Soca). Some of the dates in the post date to an earlier period in the history of the "Official Road March Competition." The winning songs, played by the bands before 1961, were called "Leggos" (Break Away). From 1962 on, the competition became 'officially entrenched' in the carnival scene and culture and was given the name "Road March (current name).
The real names of the Calypsonians here were sourced from TUCO and added to this listing (to ensure 'full disclosure' with the listing). Thanks to TUCO and their research for listing the official names of the singers. The names were added here as a public service!
Before 1961, there was no official road march competition! The official competition was sanctioned in 1962! "Leggos" before 1962 and "Road March" from 1962—what does that mean? Simply put, the competition was given an official brand name by the authorities in 1962, with resources put in place to record plays to determine an 'official winner' for the most popular song played on the road and celebrated by the masqueraders.
As a reminder:
Please note that from 1834 to 1931, there was no official competition but a record of the song most played. However, starting in 1932 and up until 1961, the official competition was called "Leggo" (let go/free up yourself). The following year, 1962, the competition carried the name "Road March."
The video at the end of this listing was sourced from YouTube and is presented for your listening pleasure by "IsDePanInMe." You can now listen to a selection of these winning calypsos!
We have updated the post to reflect "The Early Years," dating from 1834 to 1931. The information was sourced from Wikipedia Link: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Road_March Use the comment feature of this post to share your thoughts about the song here with your peers. All comments will be posted. Please don't forget to visit us on our 'Facebook Fan Page.'. Use the search term @sokah2soca and don't forget to "LIKE US". We are also on Twitter and are now using Instagram ; and SoundCloud and don't forget to #Sokah2Soca and enjoy!
The Early Years
1800 1834—Congo Barra—Point De Six Ans (No Six Years) 1835—1896—No Information (pending) 1897 Chantwell—J'ouvert Band 1898—No Information (pending) 1899—Chantwell—Prisonie Levez 1900's 1900 to 1905—No Information (pending) 1906—Sophie Mataloney aka Jamette Matador—Pauline 1907—Lionel Belasco—L'Année Passée (last year); (melody used by Lord Invader in 1943 hit 'Rum and Coca Cola') 1910's 1911—Lionel Belasco—Poem One 1915—1918 World War 1—No Carnival
1916
1917
1918 1919—(Information pending) 1920's 1920—Atilla The Hun—Bigman Sweetman 1921—Johnny Walker—Go Way Gal 1922—Attila The Hun—Toddy 1923—King Houdini—Sly Mongoose 1924—(Name of Singer pending)—Mavis Powder
1925—King Houdini—Fire Brigade Water The Road 1926—Sam Manning—Camilla 1927—Atilla The Hun—Song pending (information needed) 1928—Mentor—Mr. Huggins 1929—Pending (information needed) 1930's 1930—Inveigler—Captain Cipriani 1931—King Houdini—Mr. Huggins (remake) First Official Leggo on Record 1932 1932—Norman Spann aka King Radio Tiger Tom Play Tiger Cat
1933—Norman Spann, aka King Radio Wash Pan Wash
1934—Cletus Ali aka Dougla After Johnny Drink Me Rum
1935—Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon, aka Roaring Lion Dingolay Oy
1936—Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon, aka Roaring Lion: Advantage Could Never Done
1937—Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon, aka Roaring Lion Netty Netty
1938—Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon, aka Roaring Lion, No Norah Darling
1939—Norman Spann, aka King Radio Mathilda
1940's 1940—Egbert Moore aka Beginner Run Yuh Run
1941—Rafael Cairi Llama De Leon, aka Roaring Lion, Whoopsin, Whoopsin
1942—No Carnival
1943—No Carnival
1944—No Carnival
1945—No Carnival
1946—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener—Jump In The Line or Chinese Never Had A VJ Day (Lai Fook Lee)/Unofficial Leggo for that year (information is confusing regarding which song actually won).
1947—Andrew Bernard aka King Pharoah
1948—Fitzroy Alexander, aka Lord Melody (previously known as Lord Livingstone) Canaan Barrow (Canaan Barrow as per the National Archives of Trinidad and Tobago Tel # (868) 623-2874)
*The 1948 winner is now in dispute! Who really won in 1948? Was it, Lord Melody, with "Canaan Barrow? Or was it King Radio with "Who Dead, Canaan? Or was it Mighty Killer with a song entitled "East Indians with Christian Names"?
1949—Victor Atwell aka Wonder Ramgoat Baptism
1950's1950: Cephas Alexander aka Killer In a Calabash
1951: Fitzgerald Henry, aka Terror Tiny Davis
1952 Carlton Gomes aka Spit Fire Post Post
1953 Carlton Gomes aka Spit Fire Bow Wow, Wow
1954 Carlton Joseph aka Blakie Steel Band Clash
1955 German Composition/popular by BBC Radio UK 1953/1954 Happy Wonderer (Valerie Valera)
1956 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow," Jean and Dinah
1957 Carlton Gomes aka Spitfire PNM (Peoples National Movement—Political Party)
1958 Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Pay As You Earn
1959 Caruso Run the Gunslingers
1960's 1960—Slinger Francisco, aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Mae Mae
1961—Slinger Francisco, aka "The Mighty Sparrow," Royal Jail
First Official Road March Winner Recorded
1962—Blakie Maria
1964—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener This Is Mas
1965—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener My Pussin
1966—Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Obeah Wedding
1967—Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Sixty Seven
1968—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener, Miss Tourist
1969—Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Sa Sa Yae
1970's 1970 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Margie
1971 Aldwyn Roberts aka Lord Kitchener Madison Square
1972—Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Drunk and Disorderly
1973—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener, Rainorama
1974—Winston Bailey aka "Shadow," Bass Man
1975—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener: Tribute to Spree Simon
1976—Aldwyn Roberts, aka Lord Kitchener, Flag Woman
1977—McArthur Lewis aka Calypso Rose Tempo
1978—McArthur Lewis aka Calypso Rose: Come Leh We Jam (Soca Jam)
1979—Sylvester Lockhart, aka Poser Ah Tell She
1980's 1980—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Soca Baptist
1981—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue, Ethel
1982—Sedley Joseph, akaPenguin Penguin Deputy
1983—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue, Rebecca
1984—Slinger Francisco aka "The Mighty Sparrow" Doh Back Back
1985—Edwin Ayoung aka Crazy Soucoyant
1986—David Rudder, Bahia Girl
1987—Kelvin Pope, aka Duke Thunder
1988—Christopher Herbert aka Tambu This Party Is It
1989—Christopher Herbert aka Tambu Free Up
1990's 1990—Christopher Herbert aka Tambu We Aren't Going Home
1991—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue, Get Something and Wave
1992—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Jab Jab
1993—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue Bacchanal Time
1994—Barnett Henry, aka Preacher Jump and Wave
1995—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue, Signal To Lara
1996—Nigel Lewis Movin
1998—Wayne Rodriguez: Footsteps
1999—Sanell Dempster River
2000's 2000—Austin Lyons aka Super Blue/Neil Iwer George (Tie) Pump Up/Carnival Come Back Again
2001—Winston Bailey aka Shadow Stranger
2002—Naya George Trinidad
2003—Faye-Ann Lyons Display
2006—Machel Montano and Patrice Roberts Band of the Year
2007—Machel Montano: Jumbie
2009—Faye Ann Lyons Alvarez "Meet Super Blue"
2010's 2010—JW and Blaze Palance
2011—Machel Montano HD—Advantage
2012—Machel Montano—Pump Yuh Flag
2013—Austin Lyons aka Blue Boy/Super Blue—Fantastic Friday
2014—Machel Montano HD—MOR (Ministry of Road)
2015—Machel "Monk Monte" Montano—Like Ah Boss
2016—Machel Montano—Waiting on the Stage
2017—Ultimate Rejects ft. MX Prime—Full Extreme
2018—Machel Montano & Austin "Superblue" Lyons—Soca Kingdom
2019—Machel Montano, Ian Alvarez (Bunji Garlin) & Gamal Doyle (Skinny Fabulous)—Famalay 2020's 2020—Iwer George & Kees Dieffenthaller (of KES the Band)—Stage Gone Bad
2021—No Carnival (Covid-19 Pandemic; Backyard Jam by Farmer Nappy most popular online!)
2022—No Carnival (Covid-19 Pandemic)
2023—Ian Alvarez aka Bunji Garlin—Hard Fete
2024—Mical Teja—DNA
Let's take our culture places:
We present the music here for your listening pleasure and promotional purposes only, adhering to the "Fair Use" Musical Content Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976. Sokah2Soca/Soca Music Blog © 1990 by Santiwah is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-SA/4.0/.
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Comments
Kitchener claims to have changed leggo to Road March. As far as I know Melody was the composer but Radio recorded it.Lion claims Wanga as a leggo.In 1957 Dr. Nelson sung by Nap Hepburn was said to be a road march.Rudd
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| 1,969 |
257 | who win road march in trinidad and tobago | http://www.tntisland.com/roadmarchderby.html | 2025 Road March Results
... check back Thursday/Friday after carnival for road march results ...
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Page maintained by www.tntisland.com, Copyright © 1996-2025 Last Revised: 06/01/2025.
| 1,970 |
257 | who win road march in trinidad and tobago | https://www.panonthenet.com/tnt/history/road-marches-1932-present.htm | Calypso/Soca Road March - Trinidad & Tobago - 1932 to Present
It all starts with the tune. When Steel
Talks takes a look at 87-plus Years of Carnival Road March Tunes
1932 to Present
2022 - Carnival Cancelled - COVID 19 Pandemic
2021 - Carnival Cancelled - COVID 19 Pandemic
2019 - Machel Montano, Bunji Garlin
& Skinny Fabulous - Famalay
2018 - Machel Montano & Superblue - â Soca Kingdom â
2017 - Ultimate Rejects - â Full
Extreme â
2011 - Machel Montano - â Advantage - The Return
2010 - JW & Blaze - â Palance â
2008 - Fay-Ann Lyons - â Get
On â
2007 - Machel Montano - â Jumbie â
2003 - Fay-Ann Lyons - â Display â
2002 - Naya George - â Trinidad â
2001 - Shadow aka Mighty Shadow - â Stranger â
1999 - Sanelle Dempster - â River â
1998 - Wayne Rodriguez -
â Footsteps â
-
Charge
1997 - Machel Montano -
â Big
Truck â - Heavy Duty
1996 - Nigel Lewis - â Movinâ â
1987 - Duke - â Thunder â
1986 - David Rudder - â Bahia
Girl â
1985 - Crazy - â Soucouyant â
1983 - Blue Boy - â Rebecca â
1982 - Penguin - â Deputy â
1981 - Blue Boy - â Ethel â
1980 - Blue Boy - â Soca
Baptist â
1977 - Calypso Rose - â Tempo â
1976 - Kitchener - â Flag
Woman â
1973 - Kitchener - â Rainorama â
1970 - Kitchener - â Margie â
1967 - Kitchener - â Sixty-Seven â
1962 - Blakie - â Maria â
1955 - Obernkirchen Childrenâs Choir - â The
Happy Wanderer â
1953 - Vivian Comma - âMadeline Oyeâ
1952 - Spit Fire - âPost, Post Another Letter For Thelmaâ
1951 - Terror - âTiny Davisâ
1950 - Killer - âIn a Calabashâ
1949 - Wonder - âRamgoat Baptismâ
1948 - King Radio -
âWho Dead? Canaanâ
1947 - Pharaoh - âKing Pharaohâ
1946 No - Competition - No Carnival
1945
World War II No Carnival
1944
World War II No Carnival
1943
World War II No Carnival
1942
World War II No Carnival
1941 - Lion - âWhoopsin Whoopsinâ
1940 - Beginner -
âRun Yuh Runâ
1939 - King Radio - â Mathilda â
1936 - Lion - âAdvantage Could Never
Doneâ
1935 - Lion - âDingolay Oyâ
1934 - Railway Douglas -
âAfter Johnny Drink Me Rumâ
1933 - King Radio -
âWash Pan Washâ
1932 - King Radio
| 1,971 |
257 | who win road march in trinidad and tobago | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Road_March | Carnival Road March
Song played at carnivals
This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . (November 2021) (
)
The Carnival Road March is the musical composition played most often at the "judging points" along the parade route during a Caribbean Carnival . Originating as part of the Trinidad and Tobago Carnival , the term has been applied to other Caribbean carnivals. There it was and is still viewed as a musical genre.
In Trinidad and Tobago the Road March title has been officially given out every year since 1932 (with the exception of the years affected by World War II when Carnival did not officially take place). Popular Unofficial Road Marches have also been recognized in T&T from since 1834 after slavery was abolished. Prior to World War II, T&T Road Marches were referred to as "Leggos" or "Breakaways" by the general population but were rebranded by the Carnival authorities as the Road March from 1946. Scoring is based upon a register-and-count system devised by a Carnival committee before the start of the parade.
After a German pop song " Happy Wanderer " by the Obernkirchen Children's Choir won the Trinidad & Tobago Road March title in 1955 the rules were amended to restrict songs eligible to be in the road march competition to only songs vocalised by local Trinidad & Tobago artistes. The Road March title is among the most prestigious in Trinidad Carnival. The most such titles have gone to the late Lord Kitchener with eleven wins, ahead of Super Blue with ten wins, Machel Montano also with ten wins and the Mighty Sparrow with eight wins. In the mid-1970s, a woman officially broke through in the male dominated Calypso arena. Calypso Rose was the first female to officially win the Trinidad and Tobago Road March competition in 1977 with her song "Give More Tempo". The following year 1978 with "Come Leh We Jam" in addition to winning the Road March title again, Calypso Rose also won the "Calypso King" competition, the first time a woman had received that award. As a result, the "Calypso King" competition was officially renamed the " Calypso Monarch " competition to take into account that females also take part and have won titles.
First Calypso recordings were made in 1912 so Trinidad & Tobago Road Marches prior to 1912 were not recorded that year but may have been recorded years later after recording technology became available to Calypso pioneers of the 1910s to 1930s. In 2019 Skinny Fabulous of St. Vincent & the Grenadines created history by becoming the second foreign artiste (after the German Obernkirchen Children's Choir) and the very first foreign soca artiste to win the prestigious Trinidad & Tobago Road March title with a song called "Famalay" which was vocalised by Skinny Fabulous , Machel Montano and Bunji Garllin .
Trinidad and Tobago
Year
Performer
Song
2021
“Stage Gone Bad" (also won ISM )
2nd & 1st T&T RM wins
2019
2018
2017
2016
Monk Monte
Happiest Man Alive
Soca Gold 2013
Double M
2008
2007
2002
Soca Matrix / Iwer & Family
1998
1996
Bacchanal Time
In The Power
"Get Something and Wave"
The Cry
1979
Poser
2nd soca to win RM
1978
Her Majesty Calypso Rose (1st soca song to win RM)
1977
Action Is Tight (1st official female winner)
Kitch: Home For Carnival (11th & final Road March win)
1975
Kitchener
Carnival Fever In Kitch
1969
Sparrow
16 Carnival Hits (Ice)
Calypso Genius Vol.1
Lord Kitchener (RCA)
Sparrow's breakout song (1st Road March win)
1955
Two competitions
1951
1945
Calypso Carnival (Decca)
"Brown Skin Girl"
"Rum & Coca Cola"
Lord Invader Calypso
"Lai Fook Lee"
1933
1st official competition, 1st official "Leggo" champ
1931
1924
(No winning "Breakaway/Leggo" song)
(No winning "Breakaway/Leggo" song)
(No winning "Breakaway/Leggo" song)
(No winning "Breakaway/Leggo" song)
“L'Année Passée“ (English: "Last Year")
Interpolates melody from Martiniquan folksong ;
Melody also used by Lord Invader in his 1943 hit "Rum & Coca Cola"
Sung in Patios & English
"Pauline" (Rework of Guadeloupan folksong)
Sung in Patios & English
Sung in Patios & English
Protest Calypso in Patios
"Last Man Standing" ”Let It Rain” ”Nat U”
Three-way tie; each receiving 25 plays
2022
2011
"Dress Back"
1974
“Tomorrow"
2008
1996
Grenada Carnival, also known as Spicemas, was founded to celebrate the anniversary of the independence of Grenada, Carriacou, and Petit Martinique, which gained their independence on 7 February 1974. In 1978 Grenada Carnival was moved to the month of May by the Eric Gairy led government but after that government was overthrown in March 1979, the 1979 Carnival celebration was cancelled. In 1980 the new People's Revolutionary Government (PRG) led by Maurice Bishop brought back Grenada Carnival, which was held in May that year. After a feasibility study Grenada Carnival was moved to August the following year. [4] Hence annually from 1981 Grenada's Carnival has been held in August culminating with their Road March competition.
Year
Performer
Song
1982
Year
Performer
Song
Also won Soca Monarch, 9th RM Win
2023
2018
2017
2005
2004
Alpha
2002
Invader
1990
Translator
"Ninja"
1989
Educator
1976
"Showcase"
2022
2010
1985
Year
Performer
Song
"Manners" / "Recipe"
2012
2005
2004
"Happy Birthday Carnival"
1997
"Horse Chip"
"Shang Shang / Winey Eva Mae"
Anguilla
[ edit ]
Year
Performer
Song
"For Di Fans Dem"
For Di Fans Dem
2011
"Cut Them Off"
2011
Chardanai
External links
Carnival Road March
| 1,972 |
257 | who win road march in trinidad and tobago | https://www.caribbean-beat.com/roadmarch | Trinidad & Tobago Road March Poll
Vote for your favourite Trinidad & Tobago Road March tune of all time in our mega-poll
Vote as anonymous
Vote with your WordPress account
What are your favourite T&T Road March tunes of all time? (Select up to 5)
2023 • Bunji Garlin • Hard Fete
2020 • Iwer George & Kees Dieffenthaller • Stage Gone Bad
2019 • Skinny Fabulous, Machel Montano & Bunji Garlin • Famalay
2018 • Machel Montano and Superblue • Soca Kingdom
2017 • Ultimate Rejects, featuring MX Prime • Full Extreme
2016 • Machel Montano • Waiting on the Stage
2015 • Machel Montano • Like ah Boss
2014 • Machel Montano • Ministry of Road
2013 • Superblue • Fantastic Friday
2011 • Machel Montano • Advantage
2010 • JW & Blaze • Palance
2007 • Machel Montano • Jumbie
2006 • Machel Montano and Patrice Roberts • Band of de Year
2005 • Shurwayne Winchester • Dead or Alive
2004 • Shurwayne Winchester • Look de Band Comin’
2003 • Fay-Ann Lyons • Display
2002 • Naya George • Trinidad
2000 (tie) • Superblue • Pump Up
1999 • Sanelle Dempster • River
1998 • Wayne Rodriguez • Footsteps
1996 • Nigel Lewis • Movin’
1993 • Superblue • Bacchanal Time
1992 • Superblue • Jab Jab
1990 • Tambu • We Ain’t Going Home
1989 • Tambu • Free Up
1987 • Mighty Duke • Thunder
1985 • Crazy • Soucoyant
1983 • Blue Boy • Rebecca
1979 • Poser • A Tell She (Smoke Ah Watty)
1978 • Calypso Rose • Come Leh We Jam
1977 • Calypso Rose • Tempo
1975 • Lord Kitchener • Tribute to Spree Simon
1974 • Shadow • Bass Man
1973 • Lord Kitchener • Rainorama
1970 • Lord Kitchener • Margie
1968 • Lord Kitchener • Miss Tourist
1967 • Lord Kitchener • Sixty-Seven
1964 • Lord Kitchener • This Is Mas
1963 • Lord Kitchener • The Road
1962 • Lord Blakie • Maria
1959 • Lord Caruso • Run the Gunslingers
1958 • Mighty Sparrow • Pay As You Earn
1957 • Nap Hepburn • Doctor Nelson
1957 • Lord Christo • Chicken Chest
1956 • Mighty Sparrow • Jean and Dinah
1955 • Obernkirchen Children’s Choir • The Happy Wanderer (German pop song)
1954 • Lord Blakie • Steel Band Clash
1952 • Spit Fire • Post, Post Another Letter for Thelma
1953 • Vivian Comma • Madeline Oye
1953 • Spit Fire • Bow Wow Wow
1951 • Mighty Terror • Tiny Davis
1950 • Mighty Killer • In a Calabash
1949 • Roaring Wonder • Ramgoat Baptism
1948 • Lord Melody • Canaan Barrow
1947 • King Pharaoh • Portuguese Dance (Vishki Vashki Voo)
1946 • Lord Kitchener • Jump in the Line
1945 • Roaring Lion • All Day All Night, Mary-Ann
1944 • King Radio • Brown Skin Girl
1943 • Lord Invader • Rum and Coca-Cola
1942 • Lord Kitchener • Lai Fook Lee
1941 • Roaring Lion • Whoopsin Whoopsin
1940 • Lord Beginner • Run Yuh Run
1939 • King Radio • Mathilda
1937 • Roaring Lion • Netty Netty
1936 • Roaring Lion • Advantage Could Never Done
1935 • Roaring Lion • Dingolay Oy
1934 • Railway Douglas • After Johnny Drink Me Rum
1933 • King Radio • Wash Pan Wash
1932 • King Radio • Tiger Tom Play Tiger Cat
1931 • King Houdini • Mr Huggins
1930 • Lord Inveigler • Captain Cipriani
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| 1,973 |
258 | a government that is run by one person alone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocracy | Autocracy
Form of government
Not to be confused with adhocracy .
Basic forms of government
Autocrats maintain power through political repression of any opposition and co-optation of other influential or powerful members of society. The general public is controlled through indoctrination and propaganda , and an autocracy may attempt to legitimize itself in the eyes of the public through appeals to political ideology , religion, birthright , or foreign hostility. Some autocracies establish legislatures, unfair elections , or show trials to further exercise control while presenting the appearance of democracy. The only limits to autocratic rule are practical considerations in preserving the regime . Autocrats must retain control over the nation's elites and institutions for their will to be exercised, but they must also prevent any other individual or group from gaining significant power or influence. Internal challenges are the most significant threats faced by autocrats, as they may lead to a coup d'état .
Autocracy was among the earliest forms of government. It began as despotism , which existed throughout the ancient world in the form of chiefdoms , city-states , and empires . Monarchy was the predominant form of autocracy for most of history. Dictatorship became more common in the 19th century, beginning with the caudillos in Latin America and the empires of Napoleon and Napoleon III in Europe. Totalitarian dictatorships developed in the 20th century with the advent of fascist and communist states. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, most dictatorships have been characterized as authoritarian rather than totalitarian.
Etymology and use
Political structure
Many attempts have been made to define the political structure of autocracy. [3] It traditionally entails a single unrestrained ruler, known as an autocrat, [4] though unrestrained non-democratic rule by a group may also be defined as autocratic. [4] [5] Autocracy is distinguished from other forms of government by the power of the autocrat to unilaterally repress the civil liberties of the people and to choose what liberties they may exercise. [3] It is distinct from democracy and feudalism , [6] and modern autocracy is often defined as any non-democratic government. [4] [7] [8] [9] As with all forms of government, autocracy has no clearly defined boundaries, and it may intersect with other forms of government. [10] Though autocracy usually encompasses an entire country, it can sometimes take place at subnational or local levels, even in countries with a more democratic government, if the national government has limited control over a specific area or its political conflicts. [11]
Autocracies impose few to no limits on the power of the autocrat, [12] and any formal institutions that exist create only limited accountability. [7] To maintain power, an autocrat must have the support of elites that hold influence in the country and assist the autocrat in carrying out their will. [13] The amount of direct control that an autocrat wields in practice may vary. [14] As an autocratic government solidifies its rule, it develops stronger institutions to carry out the autocrat's will. These institutions are necessary for maintaining control and extracting value from the state , but they can also serve as checks on the autocrat. [15] Autocrats must also balance the affiliation that regional elites have over their jurisdiction; too little can prevent effective rule, while too much may cause the elite to favor the region's interests over the autocrat's. [16] Some autocracies incorporate an elected legislature that has a limited ability to check the power of the autocrat, though these are not usually formed through free and fair elections . [14] These legislatures may also be prone to corruption and can be influenced by the autocrat in exchange for preferential treatment. [17] Other institutions, such as an independent judiciary or an active civil society , may also limit the autocrat's power. [15]
Some autocracies emphasize a ruling family rather than a single autocrat. This has been the case of most monarchies. Such arrangements allow for royal intermarriage , which can join autocracies together through dynastic unions . [18] Personalist dictatorships may also give significance to the ruling family through a cult of personality , such as the Kim family of North Korea . [19]
Origin and development
The earliest autocracies, such as chiefdoms , formed where there was previously no centralized government. [20] The initial development of an autocracy is attributed to its efficiency over anarchy , as it provides security and negates internal divisions. Mancur Olson introduced the term "stationary bandits" to describe the method of control associated with autocracy, as opposed to the "roaming bandits" that dominate anarchic society. Under this definition, autocrats as stationary bandits see long-term investment in the society that they exploit through taxation and other seizure of resources, as opposed to the bandits in stateless societies that have no incentive to improve society. This creates a Pareto efficiency in which both the autocrat and the subjects benefit over the alternative. [15]
Douglass North , John Joseph Wallis , and Barry R. Weingast describe autocracies as natural states that arise from this need to monopolize violence. In contrast to Olson, these scholars understand the early state not as a single ruler, but as an organization formed by many actors. They describe the process of autocratic state formation as a bargaining process among individuals with access to violence. For them, these individuals form a dominant coalition that grants each other privileges such as the access to resources. As violence reduces the economic rents , members of the dominant coalition have incentives to cooperate and to avoid fighting. A limited access to privileges is necessary to avoid competition among the members of the dominant coalition, who then will credibly commit to cooperate and will form the state. [21]
There is great variance in the types of states that become autocratic. Neither a state's size, its military strength, its economic success, nor its cultural attributes significantly affect whether it is likely to be autocratic. [22] Autocracy is more likely to form in heterogeneous populations, as there is greater inequality and less social cohesion . Autocracies formed under these conditions are often more volatile for the same reasons. [15]
Stability and succession
Autocracies face challenges to their authority from several fronts, including the citizenry, political opposition, and internal disloyalty from elites. [23] As autocrats must share their power with the state's elites to see their will carried out, these elites are the greatest threat to the autocrat. [18] Most autocratic governments are overthrown by a coup , [24] and historically most have been succeeded by another autocratic government, though a trend toward democracy developed in 20th century Europe. [25] These new governments are commonly a different type of autocracy or a weaker variant of the same type. [26]
While popular support for revolution is often necessary to overthrow an autocratic government, most revolts are accompanied by internal support from elites who believe that it is no longer in their interest to support the autocrat. [11] Overthrow of an autocratic government purely through popular revolt is virtually nonexistent throughout history, [27] but popular support for democracy is a significant indicator of challenges to autocratic rule. [28] Modernization and increased wealth are often associated with stronger support for democracy, though failing to provide these things also reduces support for the autocratic regime. [29] Popular revolt is most likely to occur during periods of reform. Government reform can provide an impetus for stronger opposition, especially when it does not meet expectations, and it can weaken the centralization of power through poor implementation. When revolt appears likely, an autocrat may grant civil rights, redistribute wealth, or abdicate from power entirely to avoid the threat of violence. [11]
Some autocracies use hereditary succession in which a set of rules determines who will be the next autocrat. Otherwise, a successor may be handpicked, either by the autocrat or by another governmental body. Pre-determined successors are incentivized to overthrow and replace the autocrat, creating a dilemma for autocrats wishing to choose a successor. The threat of overthrow is greater for appointed successors over hereditary successors, as hereditary successors are often younger and less influential. [30] Other autocracies have no appointed successor, and a power struggle will take place upon the death or removal of the autocrat. [31] These methods of succession are a common distinction between monarchical rule and dictatorial rule; monarchies use an established system of succession such as hereditary succession, while dictatorships do not. [32] Autocratic rule is most unstable during succession from one autocrat to another. [33] Orders of succession allow for more peaceful transition of power, but it prevents meaningful vetting of successors for competence or fortitude. [32] When rule passes between autocrats, the incoming autocrat often inherits an established bureaucracy. This bureaucracy facilitates the transfer of power, as the new ruler gains immediate control over the nation without having to conquer its people or win their popular support. [15]
Autocrats may claim that they have legitimacy under a legal framework, or they may exert influence purely through force. [3] Opinion on whether an autocratic government is legitimate can vary, even among its own population. [34] An autocracy's approach to legitimacy can be affected by recognition from other nations. Widely accepted autocratic governments are more able to convince their own populations of their legitimacy. Less widely accepted autocracies may rally internal support by attributing their lack of recognition to malevolent foreign efforts, such as American imperialism or Zionism . [26]
Historically, the most common claim of legitimacy is birthright in an autocracy that uses hereditary succession. Theocratic governments appeal to religion to justify their rule, arguing that religious leaders must also be political leaders. [34] Other autocrats may use similar claims of divine authority to justify their rule, often in absolute monarchy . This includes the Mandate of Heaven in ancient China and the divine right of kings in 17th century England and France. [35] When an autocratic government has a state ideology, this may be used to justify the autocrat's rule. This is most common in communist or ethnonationalist governments. Autocracies with unfair elections will cite election results to prove that the autocrat has a mandate to rule. [34] Some autocracies will use practical considerations to legitimise their rule, arguing that they are necessary to provide basic needs to the population. [26]
Autocracy encompasses most non-democratic forms of government, including dictatorships , monarchies , and dominant-party regimes . [36] Monarchies were common in medieval Europe, [18] but in the modern era dictatorship is the most common form of government globally. [32]
Autocratic governments are classified as totalitarian when they engage in direct control of citizens' lives, or as authoritarian when they do not. [37] Totalitarian governments do not allow political or cultural pluralism . Instead, citizens are expected to devote themselves to a single ideological vision and demonstrate their support of the state ideology through political engagement. Totalitarian governments are revolutionary , seeking radically to reform society, and they often engage in terror against groups that do not comply with the state's vision. [38] Totalitarianism is associated with communist states and Nazi Germany . [39] Authoritarian governments maintain control of a nation purely through repression and controlled opposition rather than mandated adherence to a state ideology. [40] These include most traditional monarchies, military dictatorships, theocracies , and dominant party states. [41]
An absolute autocracy may be referred to as despotism , in which the autocrat rules purely through personal control without any meaningful institutions. [42] These were most common in pre-industrial societies, when large bureaucracies had not yet become standard in government. [43] Sultanism is a type of personalist dictatorship [34] in which a ruling family directly integrates itself into the state through a cult of personality , where it maintains control purely through rewards for allies and force against enemies. In these regimes, there is no guiding ideology or legal system, and the state serves only to bring about the leader's own personal enrichment. [19] Other descriptors, such as tyranny and absolutism, may also be associated with variations of autocracy. [5]
Though autocracies often restrict civil and political rights , some may allow limited exercise of some rights. These autocracies grant moderate representation to political opponents and allow exercise of some civil rights, though less than those associated with democracy. These are contrasted with closed autocracies, which do not permit the exercise of these rights. [44] Several forms of semi-autocratic government have been defined in which governments blend elements of democracy and autocracy. [3] These include limited autocracy, semi-autocracy, liberal autocracy , [3] semi-liberal autocracy, [44] anocracy , [9] and electoral autocracy . [45] These governments may begin as democratic governments and then become autocratic as the elected leader seizes control over the nation's institutions and electoral process. [46] Conversely, autocratic governments may transition to democracy through a period of semi-autocratic rule. [47]
Julius Caesar (engraved c. 1587 – c. 1589)
Autocracy has been the primary form of government for most of human history. [48] One of the earliest forms of government was the chiefdom that developed in tribal societies , which date back to the Neolithic . [49] Chiefdoms are regional collections of villages ruled over by tribal chief . [50] They are an emergent form of governance, originating from societies that previously lacked a centralized authority. [20] Historical chiefs often held only tenuous power over the chiefdom, [51] but they trended towards autocracy as heterarchical governance was replaced with hierarchical governance. [52]
Early states were formed by warlords ruling over conquered territory. [15] The first states were the city-states of Mesopotamia , which first developed around the 35th century BCE. [53] These early states were ruled by kings who were both political and religious leaders. [54] These were followed by the first empire, the Akkadian Empire , when they were conquered by Sargon of Akkad in the 24th century BCE. [55] The blending of autocratic rule with religious significance continued under the Akkadian Empire, as the king Naram-Sin of Akkad was the first of several kings to be recognized as a god over the following centuries. [56] Ancient Egypt also existed as an autocratic government for most of its early history, [43] first developing states at the end of the fourth millennium BCE. [57]
China has been subject to autocratic rule almost without interruption since its ancient feudal society was replaced by the Qin dynasty in 221 BCE, [58] and even its feudal government had stronger elements of autocracy than other instances of feudalism. [59] The early Chinese philosophy of Confucianism emphasized the importance of benevolent autocratic rule to maintain order, [60] and this philosophy heavily influenced future Chinese thought. [61]
City-states in Ancient Greece and the Etruscan civilization were often ruled by tyrants, though myth and historical revisionism later re-imagined these tyrants as kings with hereditary succession. [62] The Roman Republic introduced the concept of the Roman dictator who would be temporarily invested with unchecked power to restore stability during periods of crisis. [63] This temporary dictatorship was eventually subverted by Julius Caesar when he became dictator for life in 44 BCE, ending the Roman Republic and ushering the creation of the autocratic Roman Empire . [64]
Several early military dictatorships formed in East Asia during the post-classical era . These include the rule of the Goguryeo kingdom by Yeon Gaesomun in 642, [65] the Goryeo military regime beginning in 1170, [66] and the shogunate in Japan between the 12th and 19th centuries. [67]
Parliamentary monarchies became common in the 13th century as monarchs sought larger advising bodies that were representative of the kingdom. [18] European nations moved away from feudalism and towards centralized monarchy as the primary form of government in the 14th century. [68]
Modern era
Absolutism became more common in European monarchies at the onset of the 16th century as the continent struggled with weak leadership and religious conflict. Legislatures during this period were often tailored to enforce the king's will but not challenge it. [15] [69] This was sometimes justified through the divine right of kings, particularly in the kingdoms of England and France. [35]
The French Revolution marked a significant shift in the perception of dictatorship as a form of tyrannical rule, as revolutionaries justified their actions as a means of combatting tyranny. [70] In Europe, the original forms of dictatorship were Bonapartism , a form of monarchism that rejected feudalism, and Caesarism , imperial rule reminiscent of Julius Caesar. These were primarily used to define the First and Second French Empires . [71] European monarchies moved away from autocracy in the 19th century as legislatures increased in power. [72] In 19th century Latin America, regional rulers known as caudillos seized power in several nations as early examples of dictators. [73]
The 19th and 20th centuries brought about the decline of traditional monarchies in favor of modern states , many of which developed as autocracies. [74] The upheaval caused by World War I resulted in a broad shift of governance across Europe, and many nations moved away from traditional monarchies. [75] Most European monarchs were stripped of their powers to become constitutional monarchs , or they were displaced entirely in favor of republics . [72] Totalitarianism first developed as a form of autocracy during the interwar period . [76] It seized power in many of these republics, particularly during the Great Depression . This saw the establishment of fascist , communist , and military dictatorships throughout Europe. [75]
The communist state first developed as a new form of autocracy following the Russian Revolution . This type of autocratic government enforced totalitarian control over its citizens through a mass party said to represent the citizens . [77] While other forms of European dictatorship were dissolved after World War II , communism was strengthened and became the basis of several dictatorships in Eastern Europe . [75] Communist states became the primary model for autocratic government in the late-20th century, and many non-communist autocratic regimes replicated the communist style of government. [78]
The decline in autocracy across Western Europe affected autocratic government elsewhere in the world through colonization. Societies without a state were readily colonized by European nations and subsequently adopted democracy and parliamentary government after it became common in Europe. Regions with historically strong autocratic states were able to resist European colonization or otherwise went unchanged, allowing autocracy to be preserved. [79]
The strength of autocracy in global politics was significantly reduced at the end of the Cold War with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, but it saw a resurgence over the following decades through regional powers such as China, Iran, Russia, and Saudi Arabia. [80] The fall of totalitarian regimes led to authoritarianism becoming the predominant form of autocracy in the 21st century. [81]
Political activity
The Nagode Trial , a 1947 show trial in Slovenia
Political repression is the primary method by which autocrats preserve the regime and prevent the loss of power. [82] This repression may take place implicitly by coercing and intimidating potential opposition, or it may involve direct violence. Autocratic governments also engage in co-optation, in which influential figures are provided benefits by the regime in exchange for their support. [83] Coercing these elites is usually more efficient for the autocrat than intimidating them through violence. Political parties are a common method of co-optation and coercion, as they provide a mechanism to control members of the government, initiate new members, and discourage a military coup. Autocratic governments controlled through a political party last longer on average than other autocratic governments. [18]
Control over the public is maintained through indoctrination and propaganda . [84] Autocratic governments enjoy similar levels of public support to democratic governments, and a state's status as autocratic is not a significant indicator in whether it is supported by its citizens. [85] Autocrats often appeal to the people by supporting a specific political, ethnic, or religious movement. [86]
The different forms of autocratic government create significant variance in their foreign policy. [87] Overall, autocratic governments are more likely to go to war than democratic governments, as citizens are not part of the selectorate to which autocrats are accountable. [88] [89] Totalitarian autocracies have historically engaged in militarism and expansionism after consolidating power, particularly fascist governments. This allows the autocracy to spread its state ideology, and the existence of foreign adversaries allows the autocrat to rally internal support. [90]
Autocratic regimes in the 21st century have departed from the historical precedent of direct rule in favor of institutions that resemble those of democratic governments. This may include controlled liberties for citizens such as the formation of opposition parties to participate in unfair elections . [91] [92] Elections provide several benefits to autocratic regimes, allowing for a venue to restrain or appease the opposition and creating a method to transfer power without violent conflict. [93] Many autocrats also institute show trials to carry out political repression rather than carrying out direct purges. This may be done to more publicly discourage future dissidents. [94] Prior to this trend, autocratic elections rarely invited public participation. They were instead used by elites to choose a leader amongst themselves, such as in an electoral monarchy . The creation of a constitution is another common measure used by autocrats to stay in power; as they are able to draft the constitution unilaterally, it can be tailored to suit their rule. [18]
Study and evaluation
Global Political Regimes, 2023 [95]
Liberal democracy
Electoral democracy
Electoral autocracy
Closed autocracy
Famines since 1850 by political regime. Autocratic countries have experienced significantly more famines than democratic countries.
Autocratic government has been central to political theory since the development of Ancient Greek political philosophy . [96] Despite its historical prominence, autocracy has not been widely recognized as its own political theory in the way that democracy has. [96] Autocratic government is generally considered to be less desirable than democratic government. Reasons for this include its proclivity for corruption and violence as well as its lack of efficiency and its weakness in promoting liberty and transparency. [97]
Historically, data on the operation of autocratic government has been limited, preventing detailed study. [98] Study of postcolonial autocracy in Africa has been particularly limited, as these governments were less likely to keep detailed records of their activities relative to other governments at the time, and they frequently destroyed the records that did exist. [99] Study of citizen support for autocratic government relative to democratic government has also been infrequent, and most studies conducted in this area have been limited to East Asia . [100] Collection of information on autocratic regimes has improved in the 21st century, allowing for more detailed analysis. [98]
Autocratic government has been found to have effects on a country's politics, including its government's structure and bureaucracy, long after it democratizes. Comparisons between regions have found disparities in citizen attitudes, policy preferences, and political engagement depending on whether it had been subject to autocracy, even in different regions within the same country. Citizens of postcommunist nations are more likely to distrust government and free markets, directly hindering the long-term economic prosperity of these nations. Xenophobia is generally more common in post-autocratic nations, and voters in these nations are more likely to vote for far-right or far-left political parties. [101]
Many democracy indices have been developed to measure how democratic or authoritarian countries are, such as the Polity data series , the Freedom in the World report, and the Varieties of Democracy indices. [102] [103] These indices measure various attributes of a government's actions and its citizens' rights to sort democracies and autocracies. These attributes might include enfranchisement , freedom of expression , freedom of information , separation of powers , or free and fair elections, among others. [104] Both the choice in attributes and the method of measuring them are subjective, and they are defined individually be each index. [105] Despite this, different democracy indices generally produce similar results. [106] [103] Most discrepancies come from the measurement of anocratic governments that blend democratic and autocratic traits. [107]
The concepts of tyranny and despotism as distinct modes of government were abandoned in the 19th century in favor of more specific typologies. [108] Modern typology of autocratic regimes originates from the work of Juan Linz in the mid-20th century, when his division of democracy, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism became accepted. [81] The first general theory of autocracy that defined it independently of other systems was created by Gordon Tullock in 1974 through applied public choice theory . [109] At the end of the Cold War, Francis Fukuyama 's theory of the end of history became popular among political scientists. This theory proposed that autocratic government was approaching a permanent decline to be replaced by liberal democracy . This theory was largely abandoned after the increase in autocratic government over the following decades. [80] In the 2010s, the concept of "autocracy promotion" became influential in the study of autocracy, proposing that some governments have sought to establish autocratic rule in foreign nations, though subsequent studies have found little evidence to support that such efforts are as widespread or successful as originally thought. [110] [111]
See also
^ Siaroff 2013 , pp. 240, 242–243, 245.
Fiala, Andrew, ed. (2015). The Bloomsbury Companion to Political Philosophy. Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN
.
.
.
Schmidt, Manfred G. (2016). "Regime Types: Measuring Democracy and Autocracy" . In Keman, Hans; Woldendorp, Jaap (eds.). Handbook of Research Methods and Applications in Political Science. Edward Elgar Publishing . pp. 111–126. ISBN
.
External links
Forms
Autocracy
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dictatorship
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dictatorship, form of government in which one person or a small group possesses absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. The term dictatorship comes from the Latin title dictator , which in the Roman Republic designated a temporary magistrate who was granted extraordinary powers in order to deal with state crises. Modern dictators , however, resemble ancient tyrants rather than ancient dictators. Ancient philosophers’ descriptions of the tyrannies of Greece and Sicily go far toward characterizing modern dictatorships. Dictators usually resort to force or fraud to gain despotic political power, which they maintain through the use of intimidation, terror, and the suppression of basic civil liberties . They may also employ techniques of mass propaganda in order to sustain their public support.
With the decline and disappearance in the 19th and 20th centuries of monarchies based on hereditary descent, dictatorship became one of the two chief forms of government in use by nations throughout the world, the other being constitutional democracy . Rule by dictators has taken several different forms. In Latin America in the 19th century, various dictators arose after effective central authority had collapsed in the new nations recently freed from Spanish colonial rule. These caudillos , or self-proclaimed leaders, usually led a private army and tried to establish control over a territory before marching upon a weak national government. Antonio López de Santa Anna in Mexico and Juan Manuel de Rosas in Argentina are examples of such leaders. (See personalismo .) Later 20th-century dictators in Latin America were different. They were national rather than provincial leaders and often were put in their position of power by nationalistic military officers. They usually allied themselves with a particular social class , and attempted either to maintain the interests of wealthy and privileged elites or to institute far-reaching left-wing social reforms.
In the new states of Africa and Asia after World War II , dictators quickly established themselves on the ruins of constitutional arrangements inherited from the Western colonial powers that had proved unworkable in the absence of a strong middle class and in the face of local traditions of autocratic rule. In some such countries, elected presidents and prime ministers captured personal power by establishing one-party rule and suppressing the opposition, while in others the army seized power and established military dictatorships.
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The communist and fascist dictatorships that arose in various technologically advanced countries in the first half of the 20th century were distinctively different from the authoritarian regimes of Latin America or the postcolonial dictatorships of Africa and Asia. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were the leading examples of such modern totalitarian dictatorships. The crucial elements of both were the identification of the state with a single mass party and of the party with its charismatic leader, the use of an official ideology to legitimize and maintain the regime, the use of terror and propaganda to suppress dissent and stifle opposition, and the use of modern science and technology to control the economy and individual behaviour. Soviet-type communist dictatorships arose in central and eastern Europe, China , and other countries in the wake of World War II, though most of them (as well as the Soviet Union itself) had collapsed by the last decade of the 20th century.
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During times of domestic or foreign crisis, even most constitutional governments have conferred emergency powers on the chief executive , and in some notable cases this provided the opportunity for duly elected leaders to overthrow democracy and rule dictatorially thereafter. The proclamation of emergency rule, for example, was the beginning of the dictatorships of Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy , Kemal Atatürk in Turkey , Józef Piłsudṣki in Poland , and António de Oliveira Salazar in Portugal . In other democracies , however, constitutional arrangements have survived quite lengthy periods of crisis, as in Great Britain and the United States during World War II, in which the use of extraordinary powers by the executive came to a halt with the end of the wartime emergency.
| 1,985 |
258 | a government that is run by one person alone | https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/autocracy | plural autocracies
2
3
the Magna Carta is historically important because it signified the British rejection of autocracy and constituted the first formal restraining of the power of the monarch
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Following it all is independent journalist and Nobel Prize-winner Maria Ressa, with an eye toward the specter of increasing autocracy. —Matthew Carey, Deadline, 14 Feb. 2025 Iranians want a full-fledged democracy, not an autocracy. —Akbar Ganji, Foreign Affairs, 13 Feb. 2025 Of course, democratic erosion is a problem all on its own; few Americans want to live in one of those hybrid regimes halfway between democracy and autocracy. —Nathaniel Rakich, ABC News, 21 Jan. 2025 Taken together, these overlapping layers of resistance make the path to autocracy far more challenging than many casual observers might assume. —Victor Menaldo, The Conversation, 16 Jan. 2025 See All Example Sentences for autocracy
Word History
earlier, "self-control," borrowed from Greek autokrateîa "self-control, power over oneself," from autokratḗs "ruling by itself (of a mind), with sole authority (for a task)" + -ia -y entry 2 — more at autocrat
Note: The word acquired the present meaning under the influence of Latin autocratōr (from about the fifth century on) and Greek autokrátōr, meaning "with sole authority," and later by association with autocrat . See note at autocrat .
First Known Use
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| 1,986 |
258 | a government that is run by one person alone | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy | Absolute monarchy
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Form of government in which the monarch has absolute power
This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (September 2020) (
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Basic forms of government
Absolute monarchy [1] [2] is a form of monarchy in which the sovereign is the sole source of political power, unconstrained by constitutions , legislatures or other checks on their authority. [3]
The absolutist system of government saw its high point in Europe during the 16th and 17th century , associated with a form of rule unconstrained by the former checks of feudalism , embodied by figures such as Louis XIV of France, the "Sun King" . Attempting to establish an absolutist government along continental lines, Charles I of England viewed Parliament as unnecessary, which would ultimately lead to the English Civil War (1642–1651) and his execution . Absolutism declined substantially, first following the French Revolution , and later after World War I , both of which led to the popularization of modes of government based on the notion of popular sovereignty . Nonetheless, it provided an ideological foundation for the newer political theories and movements that emerged to oppose liberal democracy, such as Legitimism and Carlism in the early 19th century, or " integral nationalism " in the early 20th century.
Absolute monarchies include Brunei , Eswatini , [4] Oman , [5] Saudi Arabia , [6] Vatican City , [7] and the individual emirates composing the United Arab Emirates , which itself is a federation of such monarchies – a federal monarchy . [8] [9] Though absolute monarchies are sometimes supported by legal documents, they are distinct from constitutional monarchies , in which the authority of the monarch is restricted (e.g. by legislature or unwritten customs) or balanced by that of other officials, such as a prime minister , as is in the case of the United Kingdom , or the Nordic countries . [3]
Historical examples of absolute monarchies
Presidential system : Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
Presidential republic
Hybrid systems:
Semi-presidential republic : Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
Assembly-independent republic : Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
Other systems:
Semi-constitutional monarchy : Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
One-party state : Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
Military junta : Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
Provisional government : No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
Dependent territories or places without governments
Note: this chart represents the de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.
In the Ottoman Empire , the Sultan wielded absolute power over the state and was considered a Padishah meaning "Great King" by his people. Many sultans wielded absolute power through heavenly mandates reflected in their titles, such as "Shadow of God on Earth". In ancient Mesopotamia , many rulers of Assyria , Babylonia and Sumer were absolute monarchs as well.
Throughout Imperial China , many emperors and one empress ( Wu Zetian ) wielded absolute power through the Mandate of Heaven . In pre-Columbian America , the Inca Empire was ruled by a Sapa Inca , who was considered the son of Inti , the sun god and absolute ruler over the people and nation. Korea under the Joseon dynasty [10] and short-lived empire was also an absolute monarchy.
Throughout much of European history, the divine right of kings was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs claimed supreme autocratic power by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power.
Throughout the Age of Enlightenment , the concept of the divine right to power and democratic ideals were given serious merit.
The Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Springtime of the Peoples [11] or the Springtime of Nations, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history . By the 19th century, divine right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the Western world , except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until February Revolution in 1917 and in the Vatican City where it remains today.
Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Denmark–Norway
Absolutism was underpinned by a written constitution for the first time in Europe in 1665 Kongeloven, ' King's Law ' of Denmark–Norway , which ordered that the Monarch:
...shall from this day forth be revered and considered the most perfect and supreme person on the Earth by all his subjects, standing above all human laws and having no judge above his person, neither in spiritual nor temporal matters, except God alone. [13] [14]
This law consequently authorized the king to abolish all other centers of power. Most important was the abolition of the Council of the Realm in Denmark. Absolute monarchy lasted until 1814 in Norway , and 1848 in Denmark .
The House of Habsburg is currently extinct in its male line, due to the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in 1700. However, the House of Habsburg-Lorraine still carries the female line of the House of Habsburg.
Louis XIV of France (1638–1715) is said to have proclaimed L'état, c'est moi !, 'I am the State!'. [15] Although often criticized for his extravagances, such as the Palace of Versailles , he reigned over France for a long period, some historians consider him an absolute monarch, while some other historians[ who? ] have questioned whether Louis' reign should be considered 'absolute', given the reality of the balance of power between the monarch and the nobility, as well as parliaments. [16] [ need quotation to verify ]
The king of France concentrated legislative, executive, and judicial powers in his person. He was the supreme judicial authority. He could condemn people to death without the right of appeal. It was both his duty to punish offenses and stop them from being committed. From his judicial authority followed his power both to make laws and to annul them. [17]
King Frederick II of Prussia, "the Great"
In Brandenburg-Prussia , the concept of absolute monarch took a notable turn from the above with its emphasis on the monarch as the "first servant of the state", but it also echoed many of the important characteristics of absolutism. Prussia was ruled by the House of Hohenzollern as a feudal monarchy from 1525 to 1701 and an absolute monarchy from 1701 to 1848, after which it became a federal semi-constitutional monarchy from 1848 to 1918 until the monarchy was abolished during the German Revolution . [18]
Frederick I was the first King in Prussia , beginning his reign on 18 January 1701. [19] King Frederick the Great adopted the title King of Prussia in 1772, the same year he annexed most of Royal Prussia in the First Partition of Poland , and practiced enlightened absolutism until his death in 1786. He introduced a general civil code, abolished torture and established the principle that the Crown would not interfere in matters of justice. [20] He also promoted an advanced secondary education, the forerunner of today's German gymnasium (grammar school) system, which prepares the brightest pupils for university studies. The Prussian education system was emulated in various countries, including the United States.
Photograph of Tsar Alexander II, 1878–81
Until 1905, the tsars and emperors of Russia governed as absolute monarchs. Ivan IV ("the Terrible") was known for his reign of terror through the oprichnina . Following the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century, the traditional alliance of autocratic monarchy, the church, and the aristocracy was widely seen as the only basis for preserving the social order and Russian statehood, which legitimized the rule of the Romanov dynasty . [21] Peter I ("the Great") reduced the power of the Russian nobility and strengthened the central power of the monarch, establishing a bureaucracy. This tradition of absolutism was expanded by Catherine II and her descendants. Although Alexander II made some reforms and established an independent judicial system, Russia did not have a representative assembly or a constitution until the 1905 Revolution . However, the concept of absolutism was so ingrained in Russia that the Russian Constitution of 1906 still described the monarch as an autocrat.
Russia became the last European country (excluding Vatican City ) to abolish absolutism, and it was the only one to do so as late as the 20th century (the Ottoman Empire drafted its first constitution in 1876). Russia was one of the four continental empires which collapsed after World War I , along with Germany , Austria–Hungary , and the Ottoman Empire . In 1918, the Bolsheviks executed the Romanov family , ending three centuries of Romanov rule. [22]
The form of government instituted in Sweden under King Charles XI and passed on to his son, Charles XII is commonly referred to as absolute monarchy; however, the Swedish monarch was never absolute in the sense of wielding arbitrary power . The monarch still ruled under the law and could only legislate in agreement with the Riksdag of the Estates ; rather, the absolutism introduced was the monarch's ability to run the government unfettered by the privy council , contrary to earlier practice. The absolute rule of Charles XI was instituted by the crown and the Riksdag in order to carry out the Great Reduction which would have been made impossible by the privy council which comprised the high nobility.
After the death of Charles XII in 1718, the system of absolute rule was largely blamed for the ruination of the realm in the Great Northern War , and the reaction tipped the balance of power to the other extreme end of the spectrum, ushering in the Age of Liberty . After half a century of largely unrestricted parliamentary rule proved just as ruinous, King Gustav III seized back royal power in the coup d'état of 1772 , and later once again abolished the privy council under the Union and Security Act in 1789, which, in turn, was rendered void in 1809 when Gustav IV Adolf was deposed in a coup and the constitution of 1809 was put in its place. The years between 1789 and 1809, then, are also referred to as a period of absolute monarchy.
Contemporary trends
In Bhutan , the government moved from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy following planned parliamentary elections to the Tshogdu in 2003, and the election of a National Assembly in 2008 .
In Nepal , there were several swings between constitutional rule and direct rule related to the Nepalese Civil War , the Maoist insurgency , and the 2001 Nepalese royal massacre , with the Nepalese monarchy being abolished on 28 May 2008. [26]
Liechtenstein has moved towards expanding the power of the monarch — the Prince of Liechtenstein was given vast expanded powers after a referendum to amend the Constitution of Liechtenstein in 2003, which led BBC News to describe the prince as an "absolute monarch again". [28] The referendum granted the monarch the powers to dismiss the government, nominate judges and veto legislation, among others. [29] Just prior to the referendum, the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe published a comprehensive report analysing the amendments, opining that they were not compatible with the European standards of democracy, effectively making Liechtenstein a de facto absolute monarchy. [30] Prince Hans-Adam II had also previously threatened to leave the country and move his assets out of Liechtenstein if voters had chosen to restrict his powers. [28]
Vatican City
Vatican City continues to be an absolute monarchy, but is unique because it is also a microstate , ecclesiastical jurisdiction , and elective monarchy . As of 2023, Vatican City has a population of 764 residents (regardless of citizenship). It is the smallest state in the world both by area and by population . The Pope is the absolute monarch of Vatican City, and is elected by a papal conclave with a two-thirds supermajority. [31] [32]
As governed by the Holy See, Vatican City State is an sacerdotal - monarchical state ruled by the Pope, who is the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church . [33] Unlike citizenship of other states, which is based either on jus sanguinis or jus soli , citizenship of Vatican City is granted on jus officii, namely on the grounds of appointment to work in a certain capacity in the service of the Holy See. It usually ceases upon cessation of the appointment. Citizenship is also extended to the spouse and children of a citizen, provided they are living together in the city. [34]
Current absolute monarchs
There is a considerable variety of opinion by historians on the extent of absolutism among European monarchs. Some, such as Perry Anderson , argue that quite a few monarchs achieved levels of absolutist control over their states, while historians such as Roger Mettam dispute the very concept of absolutism. [46] In general, historians who disagree with the appellation of absolutism argue that most monarchs labeled as absolutist exerted no greater power over their subjects than any other non-absolutist rulers, and these historians tend to emphasize the differences between the absolutist rhetoric of monarchs and the realities of the effective use of power by these absolute monarchs. Renaissance historian William Bouwsma summed up this contradiction:
Nothing so clearly indicates the limits of royal power as the fact that governments were perennially in financial trouble, unable to tap the wealth of those ablest to pay, and likely to stir up a costly revolt whenever they attempted to develop an adequate income. [47]
William Bouwsma
Anthropology , sociology , and ethology as well as various other disciplines such as political science attempt to explain the rise of absolute monarchy ranging from extrapolation generally, to certain Marxist explanations in terms of the class struggle as the underlying dynamic of human historical development generally and absolute monarchy in particular.
In the 17th century, French legal theorist Jean Domat defended the concept of absolute monarchy in works such as "On Social Order and Absolute Monarchy", citing absolute monarchy as preserving natural order as God intended. [48] Other intellectual figures who supported absolute monarchy include Thomas Hobbes and Charles Maurras .
See also
"Swaziland profile" . BBC News. 2018-09-03. Archived from the original on 2023-09-15. Retrieved 2018-07-21.
Joseon was an absolute monarchy
Merriman, John (1996). A History of Modern Europe: From the French Revolution to the present. p. 715.
"Charles I of England" . World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 September 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
"Kongeloven af 1665" (in Danish). Danske konger. Archived from the original on 2012-03-30.
^ A partial English translation of the law can be found in
Ekman, Ernst (1957). "The Danish Royal Law of 1665". The Journal of Modern History. 29 (2): 102–107. doi : 10.1086/237987 . S2CID 145652129 .
^ Mettam, R. Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.
^ Mousnier, R. The Institutions of France under the Absolute Monarchy, 1598-2012 V1. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1979.
^ The Western Experience, Seventh Edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill , 1999.
Beier, Brigitte (2007). Die Chronik der Deutschen (in German). wissenmedia. p. 162. ISBN
^ David Fraser, Frederick the Great: King of Prussia (2001) online
Lieven, Dominic (2021). "The Russian Empire (1453–1917)". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, Christopher Alan; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire . Oxford University Press. p. 965. ISBN
Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, eds. (2017). Decades of Reconstruction . Cambridge University Press. p. 331. ISBN
. Archived from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
Tartter, Jean R. (1986). "Government and politics". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Morocco, a country study . Area Handbook. Foreign Area Studies: The American University. pp. 246–247. OCLC 12749718 . Archived from the original on 2023-12-12. Retrieved 2022-03-25.
Osborn, Andrew (17 March 2003). "European prince wins new powers" . The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ Benedict XVI (11 June 2007). De aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani Pontificis Archived 22 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine (in Latin). Motu proprio . Vatican City: Vatican Publishing House.
^ "Pope alters voting for successor" Archived 14 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . BBC News . 26 June 2007.
"Holy See (Vatican City)" . CIA—The World Factbook. 22 September 2021. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
"Law on citizenship, residence and access" (PDF) (in Italian). Vatican City State. 22 February 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister" . The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Seven absolute monarchs exercise political power over a federation established in 1971.
Simelane, H.S. (2005), "Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of", in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African history, vol. 3, Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 1528–30, 9781579584559
"Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah dies" . BBC News . 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 22 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture. "About H.M the Sultan" . Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Robbers, Gerhard (2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions, Volume 1. p. 791. ISBN
.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. "The Economist Democracy Index 2010" (PDF). The Economist. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2011.
^ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21 Archived 2023-08-07 at the Wayback Machine .
^ Mettam, Roger. Power and Faction in Louis XIV's France, 1991.
^ Bouwsma, William J., in Kimmel, Michael S. Absolutism and Its Discontents: State and Society in Seventeenth-Century France and England. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1988, 15
Further reading
Beloff, Max. The Age of Absolutism 1660–1815.
Blum, Jerome , et al. (1970). The European World, vol 1, pp 267–466.
Miller, John (ed.) (1990). Absolutism in Seventeenth-Century Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Wilson, Peter H. (2000). Absolutism in Central Europe. New York: Routledge.
Zmohra, Hillay. (2001). Monarchy, Aristocracy, and the State in Europe – 1300–1800. New York: Routledge.
Forms
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258 | a government that is run by one person alone | https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/autocracy/ | Autocracy
Autocracy
An autocracy is a form of government in which one ruler has absolute control and decision-making power in all matters of state and over all the country’s people.
Grades
Joseph Stalin
After the death of the Soviet Union's founder, Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin ruled the the USSR in autocratic fashion.
Photograph by Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images
Article
Vocabulary
An autocracy is a form of government in which one ruler has absolute control and decision-making power. Autocracies have existed since ancient times, when kings and emperors ruled over great countries and tribal lands, and they exist today in the form of absolute monarchies and dictatorships. Unlike in a democracy, the people living in countries with autocratic governments have no say in determining the nation’s laws, or in how those laws are enforced. An autocratic ruler is accountable to no one; there is no system of checks and balances, no constitutional limit on the ruler’s power, and the ruler is not held accountable by a cabinet of advisors, a system of courts, the people, or the press.In autocratic governments, the power of the ruler is absolute; dissent is not tolerated. For this reason, scholars have often linked autocracy with totalitarian regimes, such as that of Adolf Hitler in Germany and Josef Stalin in the Soviet Union. Autocracy is a general concept rather than a specific form of government. Though autocratic rulers have complete power over the people of their countries, their methods of governing can be vastly different.Absolute monarchies and dictatorships still exist in modern times. Today’s kings and queens, as in ancient times, often rule by right of succession. Their royal lineage can be traced back to ancient times when their royal ancestors ruled by divine right—as it was widely believed that they descended from the gods. Dictators are absolute rulers who acquire their power rather than inherit it. Most commonly, dictators gain power as a result of revolution—typically, when a group of rebels rise up in protest and overthrow the existing government. Then, the dictator assumes control with the goal of establishing a new order. Dictators, especially military dictators, acquire their power by force.Throughout history, during times of political unrest, people have tended to accept the command of strong leaders who could take control of their countries. In fact, Niccolo Machiavelli, an Italian political philosopher from the 15th century, recommended autocracy as a temporary measure and as a means of restoring political order and ending dissent.
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Author
Program Specialists
Margot Willis, National Geographic Society
Producer
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| 1,988 |
259 | where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(Australian_TV_series) | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)
1 language
Australian reality television series
Genre
Related
On 16 July 2015, the series was renewed for a second season , [7] which premiered on 31 January 2016. [8] The second season was accompanied by the companion series I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Now! (similar to the original British series). It aired on Eleven (now 10 Peach) following each episode of the main series, hosted by comedian and former season one contestant Joel Creasey and The Bachelor Australia 3 contestant Heather Maltman. [9] I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! Now! did not air after the main show in later seasons due to low viewing rates. On 1 August 2016 the series was renewed for a third season with Morris and Brown returning as hosts, [10] which premiered on 29 January 2017. A fourth season commenced on 28 January 2018 and concluded 12 March 2018.
A fifth season was announced and premiered on 13 January 2019. The show aired over a four-week period instead of the previous six week period. [11] In addition to the normal show, an hour-long companion series called I'm A Celebrity: 'Saturday Schoolies' aired on Saturdays at 7 pm, hosted by Scott Tweedie , and involved the celebrities completing different tasks and assignments in order to win the 'golden lunchbox'. On 7 February 2019, it was confirmed the show would return for a sixth season , [12] [13] which premiered on 5 January 2020. [14] [15]
In May 2020, Network 10 renewed the series for a seventh season [16] [17] and in August 2020 they confirmed that it would continue to air in 2021 despite the COVID-19 pandemic . [18] However, it was unclear whether the series would be able to film in South Africa or be moved to another production location. [19] In November 2020, it was confirmed the series will be filmed in Australia at a site near Murwillumbah, New South Wales (the site used for many international versions of the show), which premiered on 3 January 2021. [20] [21]
The series' eighth season was announced in August 2021 [22] and premiered on 3 January 2022, [23] whilst a ninth season was renewed in October 2022 [24] and premiered on 2 April 2023. [25]
In February 2023, it was announced Brown had signed with Seven Network and would be leaving Network 10 in July 2023 after his final hosting duties of the 2023 season. [4] [5] [6] In September 2023, it was rumoured Robert Irwin , son of Steve Irwin , would be Brown's replacement as host in 2024. [26] [27] In October 2023, Network 10 confirmed the series had been renewed for a tenth season at their annual upfronts, that Irwin would be taking over the hosting duties of Chris Brown and premiering on 24 March 2024. [28] [29] [30] [31] In September 2024, the series was renewed for an eleventh season with Morris and Irwin returning as hosts, which premiered on 19 January 2025. [32]
The premise of the show is that there is a group of well known personalities living together in a specially constructed camp site in a jungle. During their time in the jungle they are isolated from the outside world and are not commonly aware of outside events. The contestants compete for $100,000 to be donated to a charity of their choosing, in addition to being personally reimbursed for their participation. [35] While in the jungle, some of the contestants (generally voted by the viewing public) compete in challenges for food and luxuries for the camp. These challenges often involve local wildlife and are meant to take the contestants out of their comfort zone. Each week one or more of the contestants are evicted from the jungle, based on viewer votes. In addition, if the contestants become overwhelmed by their situation they can leave the series by speaking the phrase "I'm a celebrity...get me out of here!". However, it is reported that if contestants do quit they will have their income for participating in the series markedly reduced. [36] Throughout the show, additional contestants (called "intruders") enter the competition; and beginning with season two, some contestants are only included temporarily (i.e. having a guest appearance). [37] In the end, a final viewer vote occurs to determine the winner of the series, who is given the title of "King or Queen of the Jungle".
Bushtucker trials
The contestants take part in daily trials to earn food. These trials aim to test both physical and mental abilities. The winner is usually determined by the number of stars collected during the trial, with each star representing a meal earned by the winning contestant for their camp mates.
Sunday Slam: In the fifth season , the celebrities participated in the "Sunday Slam", [38] in which each Sunday a celebrity, or celebrities when the camp was divided and competing head-to-head, had to complete a gigantic obstacle course. If the celebrity completed the course they would win a 'slam' of meals for their celebrities and if they didn't they would leave with very little food or nothing. The new tucker trial was split into two main parts - The Course and The Slammer, with the time spent on the gauntlet would determine how steep the Slammer would be. There were a number of challenges in the obstacle course, including a slippery slide, an electric forest, a spinning turntable, twin spinning logs, a mole hole, 'feathering' chambers and the boulder dash. [38]
Superhero Sundays: In season 6 , "Superhero Sundays" were introduced, which involved a group of celebrities participating in superhero themed trials each Sunday. These challenges include Dreadmill, [39] The Scariest Trial We've Ever Done! [40] and Buns of Steel.
Celebrity chest challenges
Secret mission
Mystery box
Immunity challenges
The show is broadcast Sunday to Thursday at 7.30 pm, with a weekly eviction show on Sunday (except for the first week, where the celebrities arrive in the 'jungle'). All shows are presented by Julia Morris & Robert Irwin from a nearby studio. The program is live to AEDT States (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory), in other states the program is delayed to accommodate local time zones. As season 8 is the first to air outside of Daylight Savings Time, Queensland will also receive the broadcast live alongside the South East states, with other states receiving a delayed broadcast.
The Fallout Zone
Saturday Schoolies
Voting and elimination
Throughout the show the public votes on who competes in the following tucker trial and whom to evict from the campsite. Viewers can either vote via SMS (by texting the name of the celebrity to 1995 1010) or vote via Social Media (namely Facebook or Twitter ) by using the celebrity's hashtag (#celeb[name]). Voting via social media is limited to 20 votes per account. For tucker trial voting, viewers vote for celebrity they wish to compete. For eviction voting, viewers vote for a celebrity to stay. Voting closes at approximately 7:30pm AEDT for Sunday's eviction vote and at approximately 8pm AEDT for voting on other days.
Prior to the premiere of the second season, it was announced that the voting process would change slightly compared to the inaugural season. SMS voting was used for both trial and eviction voting while Twitter voting was used exclusively for trial voting. This change was implemented to even the playing field between celebrities with a larger international fan base (who are more likely to receive Twitter votes from said fan base) and celebrities with a smaller fan base who are only known in Australia. [43] However, this decision was later reversed, allowing Twitter and Facebook votes for the finals. [44]
Pre-recorded format
Series overview
Key:
Runner-up
1
45
Celebrity
10
Notes
^1 Throughout the series the contestants were given the opportunity, through challenges, to swap teams. On Day 6 the contestants played a game called 'Escape Fartists' which allowed Luke, Richard and Angie to move onto the Red team, in exchange for Jacqui, Sam and Yvie's positions. Consequently, placing them these three celebrities on the Blue team.
^2 The Grand Final was recorded on Wednesday 13 February (Day 33), but due to scheduling Channel 10 aired the episodes on the following Sunday 17 February.
^3 When Lambie appeared in the show in 2019, she was not serving as a Senator. In the 2019 Federal Election, Lambie was re-elected to the Senate .
Season 6 (2020)
Celebrity
Team Red
Team Blue
Team Green
Celebrity
Team Red
Team Blue
1
20
Winner
1
20
6
17
1
14
Withdrew
Celebrity
9
20
Team Julia
Team Robert
1
30
Winner
Celebrity
Won
Nominated
In June 2017, Tom Arnold filed a lawsuit against Network Ten and A List Entertainment for defrauding him for being on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. Arnold claims that he was promised a payment of $425,000 and a comedy tour in Australia, however he was missing $140,000 in payment and that Network Ten backed out of the comedy tour. [84]
See also
Dickens, Andrew (8 September 2014). "I'm a Celebrity heads to Oz" . C21 Media. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
Knox, David (11 May 2020). "Osher-led programming, new multichannel for 10" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2020.
Knox, David (10 August 2020). "10 confirms I'm A Celebrity for 2021" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
Knox, David (2 February 2015). "Sunday 1 February 2015" . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Knox, David (16 March 2015). "Sunday 15 March 2015" . TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
Knox, David (1 February 2016). "Sunday 31 January 2016" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
Knox, David (14 March 2016). "Sunday 13 March 2016" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
Knox, David (30 January 2017). "Sunday 29 January 2017" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
Knox, David (14 March 2017). "Monday 13 March 2017" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2017.
Knox, David (29 January 2018). "Sunday 28 January 2018" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 29 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
Knox, David (13 March 2018). "Monday 12 March 2018" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 13 March 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Knox, David (14 January 2019). "Sunday 13 January 2019" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
Knox, David (18 February 2019). "Sunday 17 February 2019" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
Knox, David (6 January 2020). "Sunday 5 January 2020" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 6 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
Knox, David (3 February 2020). "Sunday 2 February 2020" . TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
Knox, David (4 January 2021). "Sunday 3 January 2021" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 3 January 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
Knox, David (1 February 2021). "Sunday 31 January 2021" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
Knox, David (4 January 2021). "Monday 3 January 2022" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
Knox, David (31 January 2022). "Sunday 30 January 2022" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
Knox, David (3 April 2016). "Logie Awards 2016: nominations" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
Knox, David (26 March 2017). "Logie Awards 2017: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 22 April 2017.
Knox, David (27 May 2018). "Logie Awards 2018: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
Knox, David (26 May 2019). "Logie Awards 2019: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 19 June 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
Knox, David (1 November 2020). "AACTA Awards 2020: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
Knox, David (15 May 2022). "Logie Awards 2022: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
Knox, David (23 October 2022). "AACTA Awards 2022: nominees" . TV Tonight. TV Tonight . Archived from the original on 25 October 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
External links
Let Off The Map (since 2020)
Neighbours (1986–2010, 2011–2022 on 10 Peach , since 2023)
Pooches at Play (since 2017)
Roads Less Travelled (since 2020)
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (Australian TV series)
| 1,989 |
259 | where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed | https://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/im-a-celebrity-get-me-out-of-here-tv-location/view/google/ | Advertisement
This is the production facility, which is located in the permanently built up camp at the edge of a sub-tropical rain forest that extends from Numinbah Nature Reserve and Springbrook National Park, named Murwillumbah. The small town, with a population of around 8,000 is used for both filming and producing - it is set within the foothills of the McPherson Mountain Range within the volcanic Tweed valley and just 13km south of the border with Queensland State, and a 1/2 day's drive from the capital of New South Wales, Sydney, 848km away. Murwillumbah was nominated one of the top ten sea/tree change towns in Australia, and the annual Tweed Banana Festival, the second oldest festival in Australia, occurs in the town. The shooting location for the show is 300 meters to the north east of the production facility. Since beginning to shoot outside Murwillumbah, several on-screen moments have happened, including the 2012 cast's nomination of ex-Coronation Street actress Helen Flanagan for every challenge on the show that year (and crying through each of them), TV Chef and Doctor Gillian McKeith's smuggling of food flavourings in the lining of her underwear (and her theatrical faint during the challenge she was forced to confront), and musician Myleene Klass' jungle shower (and white bikini) during season six. Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Indonesia, Malaysia and South Africa.
Microsoft has removed the Birds Eye imagery for this map.
You may wish to switch to the Google Maps view instead.
| 1,990 |
259 | where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series) | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)
British reality television series
Genre
Production companies
Related
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (often shortened to I'm a Celebrity or I'm a Celeb) is a British survival reality television show, that is broadcast on ITV . It was created by London Weekend Television (LWT) and is produced by Lifted Entertainment . The format sees a group of celebrities living together in extreme conditions with few creature comforts. Each member undertakes challenges to secure additional food and treats for the group, and to avoid being voted out by viewers during their stay, with the final episode's votes nominating who wins a series.
The programme's first series debuted on 25 August 2002 and was filmed within Tully, Queensland , Australia. [1] From the second series in 2003 until 2019, it was filmed around Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia. [2] The 2020 and 2021 series were filmed at Gwrych Castle in Wales due to the COVID-19 pandemic , before returning to Australia in 2022. [3] Celebrities participating on the programme nominate a charity to receive a donation from ITV, with the money raised from charges on voting via text, phone or interactive services. Each series has been hosted by Ant & Dec , with the sole exception being the eighteenth series in 2018 when Ant McPartlin suspended his TV appearances for a year, so Declan Donnelly was joined instead by Holly Willoughby . [4] [5]
I'm a Celebrity is often a ratings winner for ITV, attracting on average over 9 million viewers each series, with its success spawning an international franchise of the same name . The main show was accompanied by a sister show from 2002 until 2020 and again from 2024 on ITV2 , now entitled I'm a Celebrity: Unpacked , which features behind-the-scenes footage and discussions on celebrities voted out of the latest episode, and clips of the next episode. In 2022, the show won The Sir Bruce Forsyth Entertainment Award at the National Television Awards . [6]
Ant & Dec have hosted the show together since it began in 2002, with the exception of the 2018 series.
Dec was joined by Holly Willoughby for the 2018 series
In return for their appearance on I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!, the celebrities are asked to nominate a charity to which the producers, ITV Studios , make donations. The celebrities themselves are also paid a fee to compensate them for possible loss of earnings while they are in the jungle. The money is raised by allowing viewers to vote by phone for the celebrity they would like to complete a "Bushtucker Trial" – a physical task usually involving snakes, spiders or other creepy-crawlies found in the jungle – and, later in each series, to vote for the celebrity they would like to see win the show. The final remaining celebrity is declared the winner of the show, and is branded the "King" or "Queen".
Bushtucker trials
Bushtucker trials are used in the show to allow the contestants to gain food and treats for camp. Bushtucker Trials take two formats: eating trials, or physical/mental tasks.
In the eating trials, contestants are required to eat a variety of different "jungle" foods. Each dish successfully eaten will gain the contestants one star, which equals one meal for camp (although the number of meals per star can vary). The foods that are required to be eaten can include: crickets (in a variety of forms, such as cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks or eaten dead), green ants, mealworms, witchetty grub, roasted spider or tarantulas, genitals of various animals, cockroach (prepared in various ways such as being cooked into biscuits, blended into drinks, eaten alive or dead). Other past foods include beach worms, bull's tongues, the anus of various animals, vomit fruits, cooked pigs' brains, various animal testicles, raw fish eyes, sheep eyes, blended rats or mice tails. Prior to the airing of the nineteenth series in 2019, ITV announced that eating trials would no longer contain live bugs. [9]
The second type of challenge is more of a physical or mental task that requires the contestants to perform activities to gain stars. These can include searching through dung, going through tunnels, negotiating obstacles on high wires, or performing other tasks.
Dingo Dollar challenges
Another way that contestants can earn treats is to do what is known as the "Dingo Dollar Challenge". This involves two or more celebrities going into the jungle to perform a task that releases an item to open a container with an amount of dingo dollars. Once that has been completed and the dollars have been retrieved, it is taken to a small woodshack shop, with shopkeeper Kiosk Keith, and in Series 18 onwards, Kiosk Kev. [10]
In the 2020 series, as a result of not being able to film in Australia due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and the 2021 series due to the country's borders remaining shut, this challenge was replaced by a "Castle Coin Challenge", in-keeping with the theme of being at Gwrych Castle in Wales, rather than in the Australian Jungle. Other than that, the basic format of the challenge is the same. The only other format change to note is that Kiosk Kev has been replaced by his Welsh counterpart, Kiosk Cledwyn.
New South Wales, Australia (2003–2019, 2022–present)
Bridges that lead into the camp in Dungay , north-eastern New South Wales (April 2004)
Since the second series the following year, the programme has been filmed around Springbrook National Park , near Murwillumbah , New South Wales , Australia. The camp and filming studios are located in Dungay on Creek Road. [2] For the fifth series in 2005, there were reportedly plans to relocate the show to the coastal town of Cardwell in Queensland; however this did not happen due to logistical problems and time constraints in building the new set and required infrastructure. [13]
Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other backstage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. From this area, a restricted access road climbs to the site of the studios . The road then descends into a valley via four-wheel drive access to the set of the show.
Gwrych Castle, Wales (2020–2021)
Work on Gwrych Castle to prepare for filming (October 2020)
In August 2020, it was confirmed that due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the twentieth series would be filmed in Gwrych Castle in Abergele , North Wales . [14]
As part of the agreement with Gwrych Castle Preservation Trust, ITV will help support the ongoing restoration project of the site. [15] This has included the adding of permanent roofs to certain sections of the castle and repairs to the walls, floors and stairs to make the building safe and secure. ITV has reportedly donated £300,000 to the trust for the use of the site for four months, as well as paying for additional emergency restoration work. Production began on the site in September 2020.
On 2 August 2021, it was confirmed that the show would return to Wales for a second series, due to "continued uncertainty" over the COVID-19 pandemic and travel restrictions." [16]
In October 2021, it was reported that ITV Studios' U.S. subsidiary and horror film studio Blumhouse was pitching a reboot of the American version of I'm a Celebrity under the title Celebrity Castle, which was reported to have expanded upon the series 20 concept. [17]
South Africa (2023)
In 2006, ITV apologised after confusion over instructions for telephone and red-button interactive voting led to allegations in the media that the wrong person had been evicted in the run-off vote between Toby Anstis and Dean Gaffney in the sixth series .
In November 2006, the series was forced to enhance its procedures after Ofcom found that it had breached Rule 1.16 of the Broadcasting Code for airing bad language before the watershed . [20] An episode broadcast on 30 November 2006 was ruled to have breached Rule 2.2 of the Broadcasting Code after an investigation launched as part of the wider UK television public voting controversy. Due to late running, seven percent of phone and text votes for that episode of the show were not counted, although this did not affect the result. [21]
Sarah Matravers blamed the series for the breakdown of her relationship with contestant Marc Bannerman after he flirted with Cerys Matthews in the seventh series . [22] Matthews and Bannerman later alleged the footage had been edited by ITV. [23]
Former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren , who was due to appear on the seventh series but pulled out at the last minute, alleged that the show and the choice of winner was fixed, and the trials posed no real danger. He alleged that the show doctor told him that "Things are so safe, I would send my own kids in to do the show. There is nothing bad in there. They're hoodwinking the public". [24]
In 2009, ITV apologised for not having properly advised the contestants in the ninth series of the relevant Australian legislation regarding animal cruelty. [25] Gino D'Acampo and Stuart Manning were charged by New South Wales Police after RSPCA Australia complained over their killing and eating of a rat during the show. [26]
In 2012, the decision by Nadine Dorries to enter the show was the source of criticism, which led to her suspension from the Conservative Party due to allegations she did not seek permission from the party whip Andrew Mitchell, resulting in an inquiry by the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards . [27]
The fifteenth series saw Ferne McCann eat a live water spider as part of a bushtucker trial. Ofcom reportedly received 694 complaints from the public over allegations of 'animal cruelty for entertainment'. ITV also received a further 500 complaints. In January 2016, it was reported no further action would be taken. [28]
In 2017, viewers complained that camp mate Iain Lee was the subject of bullying and isolation from other camp mates during the seventeenth series , and there were concerns raised due to the effect it could have on his mental health. There were calls for fellow contestant Rebekah Vardy to be cut as a mental health ambassador, due to her alleged role in the 'bullying'. On the ITV programme Good Morning Britain the day after her eviction, Vardy defended herself for remarks she made about Iain Lee in Extra Camp, the ITV2 spin-off series, stating that she was "under pressure", and that they were taken out of context. After his eviction from the camp, Dennis Wise also said on Good Morning Britain that he and Lee were on friendly terms, and said that ITV would not allow bullying on the show. He later accused the show of 'editing him' to look like a bully. Following his third place eviction, Lee directly addressed his relationship with those accused of 'picking on him', stating that he "loves them" and that there's "no beef between [them]". He also addressed claims that he had a "game plan", stating that he was just being himself. [29] [30]
In 2019, some viewers criticised Adele Roberts ' elimination after a typing error in the app caused confusion over the votes. App votes were therefore not counted, which led to only phone votes to have an effect on the elimination. [31]
That same year, Chris Packham wrote an open letter to Ant & Dec expressing his desire for them to retire the bushtucker trials. [32]
On 13 November 2020, the RSPCA stated that it had "serious concerns about the welfare of animals" featured in the programme. They stated that the production company had got in touch with them ahead of the 20th series taking place in the UK, and had advised that consideration should be given to using welfare-friendly alternatives to animals in the Bushtucker trials, but that it was "really disappointed" that animals were still planned to be used in the trials. It recommended viewers could contact Ofcom , or ITV directly if they wanted to take action. [33]
In November 2020 rural crime officers from North Wales Police began investigations into the ITV network after TV presenter and naturalist Iolo Williams complained that non-native insects, used in the show at Gwrych Castle, could escape and pose a threat to ecosystems. Gwrych Castle woods is a site of special scientific interest (SSSI), as is the nearby Coed y Gopa , managed by the Woodland Trust . Natural Resources Wales , which is responsible for regulating the release of non-native species did not receive an application from ITV to release non-native species. The release of species without a licence would be an offence under the Wildlife and Countryside Act . ITV said the programme "complies with animal welfare law concerning the use of animals, and we are proud of our exemplary production practices". [34]
Series overview
Runner-up
Late arrival
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 15
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 9
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 15
Day 1
Day 15
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 13
Day 1
Day 11
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 18
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 18
Team Base Camp
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Team Snake Rock
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 16
Home Camp
Away Camp
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 14
Day 1
Day 12
Base Camp
Camp Exile
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 4
Camp Sheila
Camp Bruce
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 12
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 16
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Day 5
Day 17
Team Croc Creek/Rescuer
Team Celebrity Slammer
Celebrity
Day 5
Day 22
Day 1
Day 21
Entered after contestants were brought together
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 19
Jungle Celebs
City Celebs
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 18
Day 1
Day 16
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 18
Day 1
Day 16
Day 5
Day 15
Day 1
Day 3
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Team Snake Rock
Team Croc Creek
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 20
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 18
Day 1
Day 18
Day 1
Day 17
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 13
Celebrity
Day 1
Day 2
Day 1
Day 22
Day 5
Day 22
Day 1
Day 21
Day 5
Day 19
Extra Camp (2016–2019)
The Daily Drop (2020)
Unpacked (2024–present)
I'm a Celebrity... South Africa (2023)
Key
Runner-up
Busk-Cowley, Mark (2014). I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Out Of Here!: The Inside Story. London: Bantam Press . ISBN
"Outback Magazine – Stations" . www.hoofsandhorns.com.au. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
"Broadcast Bulletin Issue number 83" . Ofcom. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
"Ofcom Broadcast Bulletin, Issue 108" (PDF). Ofcom. 8 May 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
"And the countdown begins..." I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. ITV. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (British TV series)
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259 | where is im a celebrity get me out of here 2017 filmed | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I'm_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here! | I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
6 languages
International reality television franchise
This article is about the international reality television franchise. For other uses, including specific versions of the show, see I'm a Celebrity (disambiguation) .
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
Created by
Television series
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! (independent international versions, see below )
Miscellaneous
Genre
Distributor
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! is a reality television format in which a number of celebrities live together in a jungle environment for a number of weeks, competing to be crowned "King-" or "Queen of the Jungle".
The show was originally created in the United Kingdom by Granada Television and produced by its subsidiary, ITV 's then London franchise London Weekend Television (LWT) and developed by a team including James Allen, Natalka Znak, Brent Baker and Stewart Morris. The first episode was aired on 25 August 2002, hosted by Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly , better known as Ant and Dec .
It is now produced by ITV Studios and has been licensed globally to countries including the United States, Germany, France, Hungary, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Romania, Russia, Australia and India. [1]
Filming location
Camp locations in Australia
On location in the Dungay Creek 'Jungle', Dungay in north-eastern New South Wales , Australia (April 2004)
The UK, German and the 2003 US versions of the series take place in New South Wales , Australia, at a permanently-built up camp and filming studios on a disused banana plantation facility called Dungay Creek in Dungay near Murwillumbah . [2] However, the first UK series of the show (aired in 2002) was filmed on a smaller site close to King Ranch (officially El Rancho del Rey) in Cardstone , [3] with a temporary studio built on the banks of Kooroomool Creek , [4] near Tully, Queensland , in Australia. [5] For the fifth British series in 2005, there were reportedly plans to relocate the show to the coastal town of Cardwell (also in Queensland); however these were subsequently dropped due to logistical problems and time constraints in building the new set and required infrastructure. [6]
The leaseholder of the privately owned Dungay site is the British production company ITV Studios , formerly Granada Television, which extensively redesigned and built on the previously open site and equipped it with camera and sound technology for TV broadcasting. About 600 mostly Australian crew members, including 136 from the UK, are involved in the yearly production and in excess of 100 cameras are used. [7] Inside the entrance to the filming location is an open area allocated to buildings which accommodate on-site medical facilities, containers for the storage of props, and other backstage facilities. Families and friends of the celebrities are housed here each morning during evictions. A restricted access road ascends to the location of the studios from this area. The four-wheel drive access to the show's set then descends into a valley.
Castle location in Wales
In August 2020, it was confirmed that due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related travel restrictions, the 20th UK series would be filmed in Gwrych Castle in Abergele , North Wales . [8] Due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the 15th season of the German version was originally planned for 2021 to take place for the first time in the history of the show not in Australia , but in North Wales, at Gwrych Castle . [9] However, on 22 October 2020, it was announced that production in Wales had been cancelled and that broadcaster RTL was working on a new concept. [10] On 2 August 2021, it was announced that, due to Australia's border remaining closed amid COVID-19 restrictions in the country, filming for the UK version would again be taking place at Gwrych Castle in Abergele, Wales. As part of the agreement with Gwrych Castle Preservation Trust, ITV announced it would continue to help support the ongoing restoration project of the site. [11]
The Australian series is usually filmed in Blyde River Canyon near Hoedspruit and Kruger National Park , in South Africa. [12] The seventh season , however, was pre-recorded in Australia during late 2020 at the site used by the British and German versions since 2003. On 18 October 2021, it was announced by RTL that the German version would now be filmed at the same location in South Africa instead of its usual home in Australia, taking the filming slot previously occupied by the Australian version. [13] In September 2022, it was confirmed that ITV would pre-record a special "All-Stars" series in South Africa, featuring former campmates and scheduled to air in 2023. [14]
Other versions of the show have been filmed in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Suriname, Indonesia and Malaysia.
This series has been criticised by Tessa Jowell , at the time the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport . In an interview with the Financial Times during the second UK series, she said, "If they weren't mostly – save their blushes – has-been celebrities, there might be more interest ... I think that if we saw many more programming hours taken over by reality TV, I hope you'd begin to see a viewers' revolt." [15]
The show's use of live insects and other living creatures in the bushtucker trials has led to some public criticism of the show and its producers and those involved in the programming. This issue was highlighted during the 2009 UK series, where celebrity chef Gino D'Acampo killed, cooked and ate a rat. The RSPCA Australia investigated the incident and sought to prosecute D'Acampo and actor Stuart Manning for animal cruelty after this episode of the show was aired. ITV was fined but the two celebrities involved were not prosecuted for animal cruelty despite being charged with the offence by the New South Wales Police . This incident did, however, highlight among certain groups such as Buglife, a British charity for the conservation of insects, and the RSPCA , the controversy surrounding the killing of living creatures for human entertainment.
There has been criticism that the producers present the celebrities as living in a "dangerous" jungle, despite the fact that they are actually kept in a controlled environment, with some of the scenery being artificial, e.g. a pond and a small waterfall. [19]
In November 2014, TV presenter Chris Packham wrote an open letter to Ant & Dec , asking them and ITV to end the "abuse of animals" in I'm A Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!. He described the trials as "out of date" and "silly". [20] Packham again requested that the programme end its perceived animal abuse on stage during the 2019 TV Choice Awards , whilst imploring celebrities and those in the television industry to be more conscious of the environment. [21]
In January 2021, the Australian version of the reality show received criticism for its "sick", "traumatic" and "unnecessary" content when a contestant was bitten by a snake in an episode. [22]
International versions
Awaiting
Ended
Unknown
Original version (in title column)
Versions of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! by country
Country
Season 3, 2025: Upcoming season [31]
March 15, 2015
January 21, 2022
Awaiting
Season 2, Oct–Nov 2008: Andrea Keleti
Season 4, Oct–Nov 2014: Andrea Molnár
Season 6, 2022: Curtis
May 4, 2022
April 20, 2014
Ended
Season 4, Fall 2023: Evgenia Iskandarova
Season 5, 2024: Igor Chekhov
Costa Rica (2009)
^ Since 2023, the show has aired without ITV Studios' involvement in the production.
"The real picture" . www.theguardian.com. 6 September 2002. Retrieved 19 November 2018.
"ITV's jungle juggernaut" . Royal Television Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
"Geldof drops Celebrity lawsuit" . 25 April 2003. Retrieved 30 November 2024 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!
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Welcoming us to the jungle unlike any other Australian TV show I’m A Celebrity… Get Me Out Of Here! reveals the rather dramatic, side to losing yourself in the wild – and it’s enough to keep us riveted for hours at a time.
Each year, a handful of pampered celebrities are unceremoniously dumped into a ‘jungle’, where they are left to fend for themselves, living off little food and competing against each other for small luxuries.
In 2025, the show will be bringing just as much drama as its previous seasons, and the popcorn will be a-flowing.
Co-host Julia Morris shows off the wild location where I’m A Celebrity was filmed prior to the pandemic and now returns to in 2023. (Credit: Instagram)
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And while the viewing pleasures are countless , there’s one question that we can’t help but ponder – where exactly is it that the contestants endure such hardships?
We were led to believe that the series was filmed in Africa, but then in 2019 the official I’m A Celebrity Instagram account threw everything into question when they posted a geo-tag in ‘Katoomba, NSW’.
Fans didn’t know what to think – had we been living a lie? Were the celebs really just plonked in the Blue Mountains, possibly catching a taxi home on weekends to visit family?
Host Julia Morris cleared things up quickly, confirming that the conspiracy theory was exactly that – a conspiracy.
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“Can you imagine how much easier my life would be if we were in the Blue Mountains?” she told The Kyle and Jackie O Show at the time.
Julia shares a moment with one of the locals from the new NSW filming location. (Credit: (Instagram))
But it seems that the 2019 rumour became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as the show’s days of filming in South Africa came to an unceremonious end when the COVID-19 pandemic struck in 2020.
Borders slammed shut and international travel was off the cards, so the show had to hunt down a new filming location much closer to home.
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Producers settled on Murwillumbah in NSW for both the 2021 and 2022 seasons.
Though the location was a new one for the Australian production, it has also been used for I’m A Celeb before – the UK version of the show filmed several seasons there.
Keep scrolling as we delve into the details of the I’m A Celebrity Australia filming locations.
Where is I’m A Celebrity filmed?
There’s no denying the beauty of the scenery seen on the popular TV show.
In 2025, I’m A Celebrity once again returned to South Africa’s Kruger National Park.
According to its website, the park is the country’s “most exciting African safari destination”, which offers vast landscapes and “spectacular” African wildlife.
Creatures big and small reside within its boundaries, many of which the contestants wouldn’t likely have ever come across. Aardvarks, rhinos, zebras, cheetahs and even American buffalos can be found wandering the parts.
With this in mind, we’d be a little apprehensive about being thrown into the thick of the bush without any guidance, so maybe filming on Aussie turf was easier on contestants… or maybe not!
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Where was I’m A Celebrity filmed during COVID?
The 2021 and 2022 seasons of the hit reality show had to make do with Australian filming locations due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but that wasn’t necessarily a bad thing.
Channel 10 chose a site near Murwillumbah in NSW for both seasons and knew the spot would be perfect, given its history with the UK franchise.
Before the spot was officially chosen, former host Dr Chris Brown told news.com.au that the production team were hunting for somewhere that would provide “that sense of adventure and sense of discovery for our celebrities… we want them to be out of their comfort zones.”
While NSW is no South Africa, the Aussie location came with its own share of creepy crawlies, dangers and everything else we’ve come to expect from I’m A Celeb.
Some of the wildlife in the old location at Kruger National Park, South Africa. (Credit: (Getty))
Is it REALLY a jungle?
This one has us scratching our heads a bit. While the show itself advertises the fact that celebrities are thrown into a jungle, and with the word ‘jungle’ thrown around more times than you could count, it turns out the set isn’t exactly classified as one.
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Technically speaking the NSW location wasn’t a jungle, but Murwillumbah is full of rainforest and farmland areas, which kind of count… right?
A rainforest is about as close as you can get to a true jungle here in Australia, and the only real difference is that a rainforest has a layer of tall canopy trees while a true jungle does not.
So no, the stars didn’t go into the actual jungle when the show was filmed in Australia, but anyone who has spent time camping or hiking in an Aussie rainforest know that it can be just as full-on as a proper jungle.
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As for the original South Africa location, news.com.au reporter Anthony Sharwood revealed in 2015 that set was actually on a veldt.
A veldt is an African term describing a mostly grassy area with only a few trees, and it seems the show is filmed in a deep valley where things are slightly wetter with more bush.
Speaking to an Australian academic who specialises in African woodlands, Sharwood revealed that the Kruger National Park is entirely devoid of any jungle at all… pardon!?
Jungle or no jungle, there’s no denying the celebrities are put to the test in unfamiliar surroundings during the show. (Credit: Ten)
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What are the conditions like on the I’m A Celebrity set?
Because the I’m A Celeb contestants spend most of their time out in the open, they’re exposed to all kinds of brutal conditions, including the weather and… bugs.
During the 2021 season, Jess Eva faced a horrifying ordeal where bugs crawled into her ears and got stuck in there for weeks.
A medic tried to flush the critters out on the show, but after Jess left the jungle the intense pain in her ears persisted and she later found out the bugs were still in there.
She was eventually hospitalised and the bugs were successfully removed, but after hearing that story there’s no way we’d ever sign up for the show.
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WATCH: Jess Eva opens up about her bug ordeal on I’m A Celebrity… Get Me Out of Here
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And while Australia is no stranger to an extreme weather event, but it seems on the South Africa set of I’m A Celebrity, things could definitely get a little out of hand.
In fact, in 2017, major rainfall disrupted filming as flooding of up to three metres deep sparked evacuations.
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Speaking to Sunshine Coast Daily , the show’s safety consultant Paul Chivers said the rainfall had hit them “really hard”.
“Obviously it has flooded the set here and now we are concerned about crocodiles coming down the river and also hippos tend to come in to the side of the rapids and hide.”
According to Chivers, flash flooding poses the biggest risk to the cast and crew during filming – but don’t be alarmed, there’s a strict contingency plan in place should the weather take a turn for the worse.
“We have to just play it by ear as the water rises, then we will put the procedures in place and the controls we have into action,” he said.
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