query_id
int64 0
299
| query
stringclasses 300
values | source_url
stringlengths 20
191
| document
stringlengths 14
248k
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.29k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
260 | who is a defendant and who is a plaintiff | https://casepacer.com/resources/difference-between-plaintiff-and-defendant | by Ben Jones on Nov 19, 2023 5:00:43 AM
In the realm of the legal system, a fundamental aspect everyone encounters is the clear-cut roles individuals play in legal disputes. These roles signify various responsibilities, rights, and procedural actions that parties must undertake. Central to this discussion is the difference between plaintiff and defendant, two terms that the majority have heard but may not fully comprehend. This distinction is not just about who files a complaint or defends themselves. It's about understanding the core structure of our legal proceedings.
In every legal battle, there are two sides. The plaintiff is the one who initiates the case, the party who claims they have incurred loss or damage due to the defendant's actions or inactions. On the other side is the defendant, the individual, or entity accused of causing the alleged harm. These roles are foundational to the adversarial nature of our legal system, where each side presents its argument, and based on the merits of these arguments, justice is pursued.
Understanding the difference between plaintiff and defendant is crucial. It helps individuals know their rights, what to expect, and how to prepare if they find themselves involved in legal proceedings. This knowledge is empowering and essential for navigating the often complex pathways of the law. Today, we will look even deeper into these roles, shedding light on their characteristics and their significance in the legal landscape.
Understanding the Plaintiff
Navigating the legal world can seem daunting, especially when faced with terms that are unfamiliar. One such term is "plaintiff," a word often used when discussing lawsuits and legal matters. But what is the plaintiff, exactly? In simple terms, the plaintiff is the person who starts a lawsuit. This is the individual or group who steps forward and files a case in court, claiming something wrong was done to them.
When a problem occurs – maybe someone breached a contract, caused an accident, or any number of issues where someone feels wrong – the person who experienced the harm can become a plaintiff. They do this by filing a complaint. This is a crucial document that tells the court what happened, who they believe is responsible, and what they would like to see done about it. This might include asking for money to make up for lost wages, medical bills, or even emotional stress.
From the plaintiff's perspective, this legal action is a way of seeking justice. They believe they've suffered because of someone else's actions or failure to act when they should have. By going to court, they're asking for a formal decision from a judge or a jury that, they hope, will set things right.
The difference between plaintiff and defendant is crucial in understanding legal proceedings. The plaintiff initiates the legal action, seeking redress for perceived harm, while the defendant is the party against whom the action is brought.Throughout the lawsuit, the plaintiff has a specific role and legal proceedings . They need to show evidence that supports their side of the story. This could include things like documents, photos, or witnesses. Their goal is to convince the judge or jury that what they're saying is true and that they deserve compensation or relief.
Understanding who is plaintiff in the context of a lawsuit helps us grasp the personal nature of legal disputes. Behind every case, there's someone who decides to stand up and ask the legal system for help. They kick-start the process, hoping for a solution, and their actions set everything else in motion.
Understanding the Defendant
When someone files a lawsuit, there is another party on the receiving end of those claims. This party is known as the "defendant." But what is a defendant, and what do they do in these legal situations? Simply, the defendant is the person or group being sued or charged in court. They're the ones who must respond to the plaintiff's complaint. If we define the defference between plaintiff and defendant, we see two sides: the plaintiff claims harm, and the defendant is the one accused of causing that harm.
Let's break this down a bit. Imagine someone is accused of causing a car accident. In this case, they would be the defendant if the other party decides to sue for damages. Being a defendant doesn't necessarily mean you did something wrong. It means someone believes you did and has decided to bring it before the court.
From the defendant's point of view, a legal proceeding is about defending themselves. They're given the chance to tell their side of the story. They can challenge the plaintiff's claims or even agree with some facts while disputing others. For instance, they might say, "Yes, I was there, and yes, there was an accident, but it wasn't my fault." They can bring their evidence, like records or witnesses, to support their case.
A critical part of understanding the defendant's role is recognizing their right to a defense. The legal system assures every defendant the opportunity to respond to the charges against them. They can fight the claims on their own or, more commonly, with a lawyer's help.
The term "defendant" is central to the legal process. Defendants have rights, responsibilities, and a chance to defend themselves. Recognizing this helps us see the fairness and balance the legal system aims to uphold in disputes, ensuring each side gets a say.
Key Difference Between Plaintiff and Defendant
One of the most straightforward questions we might ask about the legal world is, "What is the difference between defendant and plaintiff?" It's important to understand these roles, especially if we find ourselves part of a legal matter. So, let's clarify the plaintiff versus defendant conundrum.
Firstly, the key difference between plaintiff and defendant lies in who they are in the lawsuit. The plaintiff is the one who starts the legal action. This person or group brings their grievance to the court, asking for a remedy, which could be compensation (often money), an action, or a court order against the defendant. Essentially, the plaintiff is saying something wrong has been done and wants the court's help to fix it.
On the other side, the defendant is the party who must defend against the plaintiff's accusations. They're not asking for any remedy; instead, they're responding to the plaintiff's demands. The defendant will refute or agree with the plaintiff’s claims, provide their explanation or evidence, and challenge the plaintiff's case. Their primary role? To defend their position.
Now, regarding their responsibilities, both parties have important duties. The plaintiff must prove their case. This means they need to show evidence that supports their claims. The defendant, meanwhile, has to respond to these claims. They may present their evidence to contradict the plaintiff's case.
In terms of objectives, both sides aim to convince the judge or jury of their stance. The plaintiff wants to demonstrate the defendant's liability or responsibility for the alleged harm, while the defendant's goal is to cast doubt on the plaintiff's claims, seeking to avoid penalty or liability.
The plaintiff vs defendant meaning revolves around action and reaction, accusation and defense. This dynamic is crucial in ensuring that the legal process is fair, offering both sides the opportunity for their arguments to be heard and considered thoroughly.
Real-Life Examples
Even with definitions and explanations, sometimes the best way to understand legal matters like the difference between defendant and plaintiff is to see them in real-world situations. Let's consider a couple of everyday examples that could help answer the question: "Am I the plaintiff or defendant?"
Imagine Sarah, who hired a local company, Quick Moves, to move her family's belongings to their new home. However, several valuable items were broken in transit. Sarah reached out to the company for compensation, but they refused, claiming no responsibility. Frustrated and feeling she has valid grounds for compensation, Sarah decides to sue Quick Moves. In this scenario, Sarah becomes the plaintiff because she filed the case. Quick Moves becomes the defendant, as they're the party Sarah has accused of causing damages.
In another instance, Michael receives official papers indicating he's being sued by his neighbor, Alex. Alex claims that Michael's tree fell on his car during a storm, causing significant damage. Since Alex has brought the lawsuit, he is the plaintiff. Conversely, Michael, the one who must defend against these claims, is the defendant. Now, Michael has to respond, either accepting fault or contesting Alex's claims, depending on the circumstances.
These examples bring us closer to the real-life roles and conflicts that involve a plaintiff and defendant. These terms become more than abstract concepts; they are positions people find themselves in due to disagreements or disputes. Identifying whether one is a plaintiff or defendant is about understanding which side of the disagreement you stand on when legal action is involved. These roles define your responsibilities in the lawsuit and what your next steps should be.
Legal Terminology Surrounding Plaintiffs and Defendants
When discussing plaintiff and defendant roles, several legal terms frequently come into play. These terms can often sound confusing, but they're important in understanding the processes involving legal disputes. Here, we simplify some of this jargon.
Complaint: This is the initial document the plaintiff files to start a lawsuit. It outlines their side of the story, the harm they've suffered, and how they believe the defendant is responsible.
Answer: After the complaint, the defendant and plaintiff are engaged in the dispute. The defendant must respond to the plaintiff's complaint with an 'answer,' a document that addresses each point raised, agreeing, disagreeing, or stating they don't have enough information to agree or disagree.
Summons: This is an official notice given to the defendant, telling them they're being sued. It acts as a prompt for the defendant to furnish an answer.
Burden of Proof: This is a key term that refers to the plaintiff's responsibility to prove their case. It means they need to provide enough convincing evidence that their claims are valid.
Verdict: This is the final decision. After both sides present their cases, the judge or jury decides who wins. It's based on whether the plaintiff met the burden of proof and proved the defendant's liability.
By understanding these terms, anyone can get clearer insights into legal processes and what happens in courtrooms. It helps clarify who is the defendant and who is the plaintiff and the roles they play in the intricate dance of justice. These aren't just fancy words but pivotal elements that guide how disputes are fairly resolved.
How Plaintiffs and Defendants Are Represented
How plaintiffs and defendants are represented will help you gain a better understanding of the difference between plaintiff and defendant. Navigating the legal system can be daunting, and the way a party is represented can significantly impact the case's outcome. This brings us to a crucial aspect: understanding how plaintiffs and defendants secure representation and what options are available to them. This part often underscores what is the difference between defendant and plaintiff in terms of their approach to legal battles.
First, let's talk about legal representation, typically handled by attorneys. Lawyers are professionals who understand the ins and outs of legal proceedings. They assist the plaintiff or defendant in presenting their case, offering legal advice, and crafting strategies. While plaintiffs usually hire an attorney to help prove their case, defendants also need legal advice to properly defend themselves. Having an attorney can make a substantial difference in how the case unfolds and is often seen as a valuable investment.
However, hiring a lawyer isn't the only option. Some individuals choose self-representation, known as "pro se" representation. This means they undertake their legal defense without a lawyer's assistance. While this avoids attorney's fees, it requires a significant understanding of legal rules and procedures, which can be overwhelming and risky for many.
In certain cases, a defendant may not be able to afford legal representation. Here's where the concept of appointed counsel comes in. The court assigns a lawyer to the defendant, especially in criminal cases where their liberty is at stake. This right is a cornerstone of the justice system, ensuring fair representation regardless of financial status.
To define plaintiff and defendant roles in the context of representation, one could say they're both participants in a legal tug-of-war, but the presence and quality of legal representation can tip the scales. A knowledgeable lawyer or the decision to self-represent can profoundly influence the proceedings' direction and outcome, highlighting the importance of this choice in the quest for justice.
Understanding Our Roles in Justice
It's clear that recognizing the difference between plaintiff and defendant is more than just understanding who files a lawsuit and who defends against it. It's about appreciating the fundamental structures of our legal system. These roles dictate responsibilities, legal strategies, and potential outcomes, highlighting the gravity of each position within a legal case.
Plaintiffs and defendants stand on opposite sides of a dispute, seeking justice or defending their rights. Their unique standpoints shape the course of the legal process, making it essential for anyone involved in such matters to grasp these differences fully.
This understanding is merely a starting point. Legal matters can be complex, and knowledge is a powerful tool. Whether facing a lawsuit or contemplating one, further education on these roles can provide clarity, guidance, and confidence as you navigate the legal landscape. Remember, the plaintiff and defendant are key players in the pursuit of justice, and knowing their roles is critical in this journey.
Share this
CASEPACER PROMISE
CasePacer helps plaintiff, personal injury, and mass tort firms focus on what’s important so that they can best serve their clients and efficiently grow their firms.
| 1,994 |
260 | who is a defendant and who is a plaintiff | https://learn.g2.com/plaintiff | Our Writers
Submit a Pitch
TechBlend
Glossary Terms
Nice to meet you.
Enter your email to receive our weekly G2 Tea newsletter with the hottest marketing news, trends, and expert opinions.
November 14, 2019
Whether you’re standing in front of Judge Judy or the Supreme Court, you should understand your position in a lawsuit.
In legal terms, the plaintiff is the person who brings a lawsuit against another party. This is not to be confused with being seen as the victim in a lawsuit, because being the plaintiff doesn’t mean you’re in the right. It’s simply the legal term for being the person who filed a lawsuit against the defendant.
Definition of plaintiff:
The individual who files a lawsuit against another party is the plaintiff, while the party the lawsuit is brought against is considered the defendant.
Anyone can be a plaintiff. In cases where the IRS sues someone for tax-evasion or owing back taxes, the IRS is the plaintiff in that litigation process. Businesses, government entities, and corporations can also be plaintiffs in a lawsuit.
How does a plaintiff file a lawsuit?
There are plenty of reasons you might file a lawsuit against another person or entity. Maybe you hired a roofer to re-shingle your roof and they skipped out with your money. Or maybe you were the victim of unfair discrimination at work. Whatever the case, every lawsuit is filed using the same six step process.
It’s important to note that as an individual or business, you’ll likely be filing what’s known as a civil lawsuit. A civil lawsuit can be filed by anyone against any other person or entity and is usually used to seek monetary compensation, not jail time. A criminal lawsuit is levied by the government against any individual who has been accused of committing a crime.
The role of a plaintiff in litigation
When you file a lawsuit against someone, the burden of proof falls on you as the plaintiff. It is your job to prove to the judge and court that the defendant has violated the law. If you decide to bring a lawsuit against another person you must come prepared with evidence that the defendant committed the act you’re accusing them of.
This is done by creating a burden of proof, and must include the following three things:
Proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty of the accused crime, this includes proving that no other individual could have committed the crime.
Preponderance of the evidence, this means the evidence presented is impactful and meaningful toward deciding the outcome of the trial.
Clear and convincing evidence, this requires that the evidence clearly shows that the defendant is guilty of the crime. This is considered the next step after evidence is considered preponderant.
In most civil cases , the party that provides the most preponderant evidence is awarded the judgement.
For example, if you provide a dozen witnesses who claim they “might” have seen the defendant at the scene of the crime, that evidence isn’t as preponderant as a time-stamped video of the defendant at work during the time the crime was committed.
The quality of evidence matters more than the quantity.
Suit yourself
Bringing a lawsuit against another individual is a huge investment of your time and your money. If you plan on filing charges against someone, you’ll want the right lawyer for the job.
If you plan on filing a civil suit against someone else, you're going to need a lawyer. Check out the best legal services available to you.
Recommended Articles
Get this exclusive AI content editing guide.
| 1,995 |
260 | who is a defendant and who is a plaintiff | https://www.uscourts.gov/about-federal-courts/types-cases/civil-cases | Here’s how you know
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .govA .gov website belongs to an official government
organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPSA lock (
Lock
Locked padlock icon
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to
the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Search
About Federal Courts The U.S. Courts were created under Article III of the Constitution to administer justice fairly.
Back to Main Menu
The U.S. Courts were created under Article III of the Constitution to administer justice fairly.
Popular
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back to Main Menu
Learn about federal court programs and services to help provide fair and impartial justice.
Popular
Back
Back
Back
Back to Main Menu
Administration and governance of the Judicial occurs at both a national and regional level.
Popular
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back to Main Menu
This section provides statistical data and news on the business of the federal Judiciary.
Popular
Back
Back to Main Menu
Link to the national federal rules of practice and procedures, and forms in effect.
Popular
Back
Back
Back
Back
Back to Main Menu
Learn how to file and access case files and court records information.
Back
Back
Civil Cases
Civil Cases
A federal civil case involves a legal dispute between two or more parties. A civil action begins when a party to a dispute files a complaint, and pays a filing fee required by statute. A plaintiff who is unable to pay the fee may file a request to proceed in forma pauperis. If the request is granted, the fee is waived.
The Process
To begin a civil lawsuit in federal court, the plaintiff files a complaint with the court and “serves” a copy of the complaint on the defendant. The complaint describes the plaintiff’s damages or injury, explains how the defendant caused the harm, shows that the court has jurisdiction, and asks the court to order relief. A plaintiff may seek money to compensate for the damages, or may ask the court to order the defendant to stop the conduct that is causing the harm. The court may also order other types of relief, such as a declaration of the legal rights of the plaintiff in a particular situation.
Case Preparation
There may be “discovery,” where the litigants must provide information to each other about the case, such as the identity of witnesses and copies of any documents related to the case. The purpose of discovery is to prepare for trial by requiring the litigants to assemble their evidence and prepare to call witnesses. Each side also may file requests, or “motions,” with the court seeking rulings on the discovery of evidence, or on the procedures to be followed at trial.
Discovery may include a deposition, requiring a witness to answer questions about the case before the trial. The witness answers questions from the lawyer under oath, in the presence of a court reporter, who produces a word-for-word account called a transcript.
Settling Differences
To avoid the expense and delay of having a trial, judges encourage the litigants to try to reach an agreement resolving their dispute. The courts encourage the use of mediation, arbitration, and other forms of alternative dispute resolution, designed to produce a resolution of a dispute without the need for trial or other court proceedings. As a result, litigants often agree to a “settlement.” Absent a settlement, the court will schedule a trial. In a wide variety of civil cases, either side is entitled under the Constitution to request a jury trial. If the parties waive their right to a jury, then a judge without a jury will hear the case.
Trial Process
By applying rules of evidence, the judge determines which information may be presented in the courtroom. So that witnesses speak from their own knowledge and do not change their story based on what they hear another witness say, they are kept out of the courtroom until they testify. A court reporter keeps a record of the trial proceedings, and a deputy clerk of court keeps a record of each person who testifies and any documents, photographs, or other items introduced into evidence.
The opposing attorney may object if a question it invites the witness to say something that is not based on the witness’s personal knowledge, is unfairly prejudicial, or is irrelevant to the case. Generally, the judge either overrules or sustains – allows – the objection. If the objection is sustained, the witness does not answer the question, and the attorney must move on to his next question. The court reporter records the objections so that a court of appeals can review the arguments later if necessary.
Closing
After evidence is heard, each side gives a closing argument. In a jury trial, the judge will explain the law that is relevant to the case and the decisions the jury needs to make. The jury generally is asked to determine whether the defendant is responsible for harming the plaintiff in some way, and then to determine the amount of damages that the defendant will be required to pay. If the case is tried before a judge without a jury, known as a “bench” trial, the judge will decide these issues or order some kind of relief to the prevailing party. In a civil case, the plaintiff must convince the jury by a “preponderance of the evidence” (i.e., that it is more likely than not) that the defendant is responsible for the harm the plaintiff has suffered.
Understanding the Federal Courts
Want to further develop your knowledge of the federal courts? Read Understanding the Federal Courts.
Separation of Powers
Federal judges offer insights into their thinking about the separation of powers and describe how healthy tensions among the branches have a stabilizing effect on democracy in this five-minute video.
Subscribe to Updates
To receive updates, enter your email address and select the topics that interest you.
Email address
| 1,996 |
260 | who is a defendant and who is a plaintiff | https://www.casefox.com/blog/difference-between-plaintiff-vs-defendant/ | Practice Type
Solo Practices
CaseFox helps solo practitioners in improving their legal services with robust features.
Small Firms
CaseFox offers powerful features to manage cases, clients, and accounts efficiently.
Mid-Sized & Large Firms
Intuitive legal practice features to help large-sized firms attain peak efficiency.
Enterprise
CaseFox helps solo practitioners in improving their legal services with robust features.
Help Articles
Find answers to all your queries regarding our legal billing software.
Video Library
Learn about our legal billing software to increase law firm efficiency.
Brochures
Take a look at our software brochures for a quick intro.
What’s New!
Book Personalized Demo >
February 20, 2025 No Comments
What is a plaintiff?
Plaintiff in a civil case is referred to anyone who initiates the lawsuit. This person or entity brings the case to the court. They reach court seeking a legal remedy for a perceived wrong. The plaintiff comes to the court when they believe they have been harmed or injured by an individual or entity in some way and they seek some kind of compensation, resolution, and enforcement of rights.
Key Responsibilities of the Plaintiff:
Here are some of the key responsibilities of the plaintiff that he/she must follow:
Filing a Complaint: One of the key responsibilities of a plaintiff is to file a complaint and begin the legal process for justice. This complaint is to outline the grievances, issues, injustice faced, and desired relief for the same.
Burden of Proof: Generally, in all types of cases, the plaintiff carries the burden of proof. This means they must provide sufficient evidence to support their case. They need at least one strong proof to file a case or petition.
Presenting Evidence: The plaintiff has to present the evidence and necessary arguments to prove their case during the case trial.
What is a defendant?
A defendant in a civil case is an individual, party, or organization against whom the lawsuit has been filed. The plaintiff files a case against the defendant for causing harm, injury, or doing wrong to the plaintiff. The defendant has to respond to the plaintiff’s claim and seek to refute them.
Key Responsibilities of the Defendant:
Here are some of the key responsibilities of the defendant in legal proceedings:
Responding to the Complaint: The defendant must respond to the plaintiff’s complaints and case filing. They are liable to either admit or deny or provide defense for the allegations of the plaintiff.
Defending Against Claims: The defendant has to present all possible evidence and arguments to counter the claims of plaintiffs. They have to prove their innocence in court to mitigate the liability.
Burden of Proof in Criminal Cases: In criminal cases, the defendant is presumed innocent until they are proven guilty. The burden of proof in the case of the defendant lies with the prosecution.
Differences Between Plaintiff and Defendant
Here are some of the major differences between plaintiff and defendant:
Initiation of Legal Action:
Plaintiff:
In a civil complaint , the plaintiff is the party who initiates the legal action. They file a lawsuit and seek redress for a wrong that has been committed against them. Plaintiff’s complaints can be for a variety of reasons that can include personal injury, contract breach, and more.
Defendant:
The defendant is an individual or party against whom the legal complaint is filed. They are required to respond to the plaintiff’s complaint within a specified time period. And they are supposed to defend themselves against the allegations made.
Burden of Proof:
Plaintiff:
In civil cases, the plaintiff bears the burden of proof. This means they must present evidence to support their complaint. This evidence should be strong enough to convince the court that their claims are valid and the defendant has wronged them. In civil cases, the standard of proof is usually “preponderance of the evidence,” this means that the claims of the plaintiff are more likely than not to be true.
Defendant:
The defendant usually doesn’t have the initial burden of proof. But they must provide evidence and arguments to counter the claims. In criminal cases, the burden of proof usually lies with the prosecution. They have to prove the defendant guilty.
Role in the Legal Process:
Plaintiff:
Understanding the plaintiff’s role in legal proceedings is crucial. They play a major role in demonstrating that they have suffered harm, financial loss, or any kind of emergency because of the defendant’s actions or negligence. They initiate the case, present the case outline, and provide evidence to support their allegations.
Defendant:
The role of the defendant in legal proceedings is to refute the plaintiff’s allegations. Understanding the defendant’s role is necessary in the legal process. They may present their own case evidence, call witnesses to testify, offer defense to undermine the plaintiff’s case. They play a major role in demonstrating that they are not liable.
Legal Remedies:
Plaintiff
The plaintiff typically seeks a legal remedy from the court that can include monetary compensation for any damages, specific performance that might require fulfilling contractual obligations, an injunction, or a declaratory judgment.
Defendant
The defendant’s objective is to minimize and avoid the consequences. They may want to get a case dismissed, reach a settlement stage, or get a favorable judgment that absolves them of responsibility.
Settlement and Negotiation:
Plaintiff
In civil cases, the plaintiff may be open for settlement and negotiation in certain cases. This is to resolve the case or an issue without going for trial. Plaintiffs may choose settlement to get a quick and less costly resolution. Not just that, the plaintiff may also settle for a less amount that they originally agreed for to avoid the long and uncertain process of trial.
Defendant
The defendant may also seek to settle the case without going to the court. This is to avoid the cost and risk that are associated with the trial. Settlement negotiation involves both parties working towards mutually accepting the resolution and is facilitated by their attorney.
The Bottom Line
In the blog above, we have covered everything that you need to know about the plaintiff and defendant. By understanding the difference between them, and their responsibility, you can gain a clear understanding of their place in the legal system. Both parties play crucial roles in ensuring a fair and justice resolution.
Search for:
Subscibe Button
Enter email address
February 20, 2025
Submit
Type above and press Enter to search. Press Esc to cancel.
modal-check
Dismiss ad Dismiss ad
| 1,997 |
260 | who is a defendant and who is a plaintiff | https://www.enjuris.com/personal-injury-law/plaintiff-vs-defendant/ | Plaintiff vs. Defendant in a Civil Case — Learn the Difference
Lawyers are often ridiculed for their apparent aversion to plain English. To some people, it seems like lawyers are speaking a foreign language. This overly-technical language even has a name: “ legalese .”
Though many have advocated for the abolishment of legalese ( including the Harvard Business Review , among other publications), there are 2 fundamental legal terms that are here to stay and it’s in your best interest to know what they mean and how they’re used.
These two words are: plaintiff and defendant.
So what is a plaintiff and what is a defendant?
What’s the difference between a plaintiff and a defendant?
In a civil case, the person or entity that files the lawsuit is called the plaintiff. The person or entity being sued is called the defendant.
In a civil case, the “defendant” is the person or entity being sued and the “plaintiff” is the person or entity filing the lawsuit. Tweet this
Let’s look at an example.
John is stopped at a red light. Linda is driving behind John and texting on her cell phone. As a result, Linda doesn’t see John’s car and she rear-ends him. John is seriously injured and he files a car accident lawsuit against Linda to recover additional damages that aren’t covered by insurance. In this example, John is the plaintiff and Linda is the defendant.
Because the plaintiff files the lawsuit, the plaintiff is responsible for drafting the complaint. The “complaint” is the first document filed in court for the case. The complaint states the factual and legal basis for the plaintiff’s claim. A copy of the complaint is served to the defendant and the defendant is required to file an answer. The “answer” is simply the defendant’s response to each allegation in the complaint.
How can you distinguish the plaintiff from the defendant just by looking at a complaint or hearing a case name?
The plaintiff is generally named first in the case caption and the defendant is named second.
Here’s a quick example:
Oliver Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
In the above example, “Oliver Brown” is the plaintiff and “Board of Education of Topeka” is the defendant.
Enjuris tip:Plaintiff is spelled with two f’s (p-l-a-i-n-t-i-f-f). Many people incorrectly spell plaintiff as "plaintif" or even "plantif." Others commonly mispell "defendant" as "defendent."
How can I remember the difference between a plaintiff and a defendant?
If you’re involved in a lawsuit, you’re likely thinking about a million different things at once. So, how are you supposed to remember which party is the plaintiff and which is the defendant?
The word “plaintiff” comes from the Old French word “plaintive,” which means to express or suffer woe – generally an accurate description of a plaintiff!
The word “defendant” contains the word “defend,” which is exactly what a defendant is doing.
The burden of proof belongs to the plaintiffs
One of the critical differences between a plaintiff and defendant in a civil case is that the plaintiff is generally charged with the burden of proving the allegations .
In other words, if John sues Linda for car accident damages since she was texting and driving, it’s not up to Linda to prove that she wasn’t driving distracted. Rather, it’s John’s responsibility (or burden) to prove that Linda was in fact distracted.
The specific burden of proof (sometimes called the “evidentiary standard”) depends on the type of case. In most civil cases, the plaintiff must prove their case by a “preponderance of the evidence.” This means the plaintiff must show that a particular fact or event was more likely than not to have occurred.
In some civil cases, the plaintiff must prove their case by “clear and convincing evidence.” This is a higher standard and requires the plaintiff to prove that a particular fact is substantially more likely than not to be true.
Other terms to know
There are a couple of common situations where the parties involved in a civil lawsuit are referred to as something other than plaintiff and defendant.
Appeals. When a case is appealed , the terms “plaintiff” and “defendant” are seldom used. An appeal is a written petition to a higher court to modify or reverse a decision of a lower court. The party that appeals a ruling (regardless of whether it’s the plaintiff or defendant) is called the “appellant.” The other party responding to the appeal is called the “appellee.”
Counterclaims. If a defendant is sued by a plaintiff, the defendant can turn around and assert a claim against the plaintiff. This is called a “counterclaim.” In this situation, the defendant may be referred to as the “counter-claimant” or “counter-plaintiff.” Similarly, the plaintiff may be referred to as the “counter-defendant.”
Bankruptcy. The terms “plaintiff” and “defendant” aren't used in bankruptcy cases. Instead, the person filing the bankruptcy is called the “debtor” and the party filing a claim against the debtor is called a “creditor.”
It’s not always easy to follow along with what a lawyer is saying. A good attorney will take the time to explain legal terms so that you have a good understanding of what’s going on in your case. Read more about how to choose the right lawyer for your case .
Enjuris tip: Confused by legal jargon? Check out our Personal Injury Glossary for a list of commonly used terms and their definitions.
Downloads:
Free personal injury guides for download to print or save. View all downloads .
Tell your story:
Tell your story - What would you want others to know? Tell us what happened in your accident, and how life has changed for you.
Find an attorney:
Need an attorney? Our Enjuris Partners are ready to help FIND OUT IF YOU HAVE A CASE
Powered by
Enjuris is a platform dedicated to helping people who are dealing with life-altering accidents and injuries. We support students , families, caregivers and communities with resources, personal stories and a national directory of partner attorneys.
Copyright © 2025 Enjuris.com. All rights reserved. The accuracy, completeness, or currency of information on this site is not guaranteed. The information provided is not legal advice, does not constitute a lawyer referral service, and no attorney-client relationship is or will be formed by use of this site. For state-specific information, particularly regarding attorney advertising, refer to the Terms of Use. Your use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .
X
| 1,998 |
261 | when was the first time the philadelphia eagles went to the superbowl | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Eagles | Philadelphia Eagles
43 languages
National Football League franchise in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Logo
Wordmark
Established July 8, 1933; 91 years ago (July 8, 1933) [1] First season: 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , U.S.Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex [2] (Philadelphia)
League / conference affiliations
Playoff appearances (31)
The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia. Since their formation, the Eagles have appeared in the playoffs 31 times, won 16 division titles (including 13 in the NFC East ), appeared in four pre- merger NFL Championship Games , winning three of them ( 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 ), and appeared in five Super Bowls , winning Super Bowls LII and LIX .
The Philadelphia Eagles rank among the best teams in the NFL for attendance and have sold out every home game continuously since the 1999 season . [8] [9]
The Eagles are owned by Jeffrey Lurie , who bought the team in 1994 for $185 million. [10] In December 2024, the Eagles became one of the first teams in the NFL to sell an ownership stake to outside investors. The deal sold 8% of the franchise at a valuation of $8.3 billion. [10]
History
NFL in Philadelphia (1899–1931)
Main article: Frankford Yellow Jackets
The Frankford Athletic Association was organized in May 1899 in the parlor of the Suburban Club. The cost of purchasing a share in the association was $10. However, there were also contributing memberships, ranging from $1 to $2.50, made available to the general public. The Association was a community-based non-profit organization of local residents and businesses. In keeping with its charter, which stated that "all profits shall be donated to charity", all of the team's excess income was donated to local charitable institutions. The original Frankford Athletic Association apparently disbanded prior to the 1909 football season. Several of the original players from the 1899 football team kept the team together, and they became known as Loyola Athletic Club. In keeping with Yellow Jackets tradition, they carried the "Frankford" name again in 1912, to become the Frankford Athletic Association.
In the early 1920s, the Frankford Athletic Association's Yellow Jackets gained a reputation as being one of the best independent football teams in the nation. In 1922, Frankford absorbed the Philadelphia City Champion team, the Union Quakers of Philadelphia. That year, Frankford captured the unofficial championship of Philadelphia. During the 1922 and 1923 seasons, the Yellow Jackets compiled a 6–2–1 record against teams from the National Football League. This led to the Association being granted an NFL franchise in 1924, thus becoming the Frankford Yellow Jackets . In spite of winning the NFL championship in 1926, midway through the 1931 season , the Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and were forced to cease operations. [11]
Bell and Wray era (1933–1940)
Shibe Park , the Eagles' home field, which they shared with baseball's Phillies in 1940 and then from 1942 to 1957
Philadelphia Municipal Stadium , the Eagles' home field from 1936 to 1939 and again in 1941
After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement for the Yellow Jackets in the lucrative Philadelphia market, the National Football League granted an expansion franchise to an ownership group headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray , who were also awarded the liquidated assets of the defunct Yellow Jackets organization. The Bell–Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500, or roughly US$67,000 in inflation-adjusted 2022 dollars and assumed a total debt of $11,000 the Yellow Jackets owed to three other NFL franchises. [12] Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle logo of the National Recovery Administration , a centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal policies, [12] Bell and Wray named their new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles. While it could seem as if the Yellow Jackets simply rebranded as the Eagles, both the Eagles organization and the NFL officially regard the teams as two separate entities. Not only was there no Philadelphia NFL team for a season and a half, but almost no players from the 1931 Yellow Jackets appeared on the Eagles' first roster.
In the 1933 NFL season , the Eagles were one of three teams, along with the Pittsburgh Pirates (now the Pittsburgh Steelers ) and the now-defunct Cincinnati Reds , to join the NFL as expansion teams . Wray became the Eagles' first head coach after being persuaded to assume the position by Bell, his former teammate at Penn . The Eagles originally intended to play their home games at Shibe Park, which was the home of the Philadelphia Athletics professional baseball in Philadelphia. When negotiations for the use of Shibe Park fell through, however, the Eagles struck a deal with the Athletics' crosstown rival, the Philadelphia Phillies , to begin playing at the Baker Bowl .
The Eagles played their first game on October 15, 1933, against the New York Giants at the Polo Grounds in New York City , and lost the game 56–0. [13] The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade, never winning more than four games in any of their first ten seasons. Their best finish was in 1934 , the second season for the Eagles, when they tied for third in the East. The Eagles' early rosters largely consisted of former Penn, Temple , and Villanova players who played for the Eagles for a few years before going on to other things.
In 1935 , Bell proposed an annual college draft to equalize talent across the league. The draft was a revolutionary concept in professional sports. Having teams select players in inverse order of their finish in the standings, a practice still followed today, strove to increase fan interest by guaranteeing that even the worst teams would have the opportunity for annual infusions of the best college talent. [14] Between 1927 , when the NFL changed from a sprawling Midwestern-based association to a narrower, major-market league, and 1934, three teams, the Chicago Bears , New York Giants , and Green Bay Packers , won all but one title with the exception of the Providence Steam Roller , which won in 1928. By 1936 , the Eagles suffered significant financial losses and were sold through a public auction. Bert Bell was the only bidder and became the sole owner of the team. Wray refused a reduction in his salary and left the team. Bell assumed the head coaching position and led the team to a record of 1–11, last place in the league. [15]
From 1936 to 1939, the Eagles played at Municipal Stadium in South Philadelphia . In 1940, Bell balked at a 66% rent increase plus 10% of the gate receipts proposed by the City of Philadelphia for the use of Municipal Stadium and signed a lease for Shibe Park, which was renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954. At Connie Mack Stadium, the Eagles were also able to play night games, since lights were installed at the stadium the year before. [16] In the 1941 season, the Eagles played their home opener at Municipal Stadium, and then moved to Shibe Park. [17] [18] [19] To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter, management erected stands in right field, parallel to 20th Street. Some 20 feet high, these east stands included 22 rows of seats. The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field. The uncovered east stands enlarged the park's capacity to over 39,000, but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25,000 to 30,000. [20] The Eagles finished the 1937 season 2–8–1 and continued to struggle over the next three seasons. [21]
Thompson, Wolman and the Happy Hundred era (1941–1969)
In December 1940, Bell intervened to stop the sale of Art Rooney 's Steelers to Alexis Thompson , [22] and Rooney then acquired half of Bell's interest in the Eagles. [23] In a series of events known as the Pennsylvania Polka , [22] Rooney and Bell exchanged their entire Eagles roster and their territorial rights in Philadelphia to Thompson for his entire Steelers roster and his rights in Pittsburgh . [24] Rooney provided assistance to Bell by rewarding him with a 20% commission on the sale of the Steelers. [25] Bell became the Steelers' head coach and Rooney became the Steelers' general manager. [26]
Greasy Neale years (1941–1950)
Steagles (1943)
In 1943 , with player shortages stemming from the U.S. entry engagement in World War II , it became difficult to fill the roster, and the team merged with the Steelers to form the "Phil-Pitt Combine", known as the Steagles . [29] Greasy Neale continued to coach the team along with Steelers head coach Walt Kiesling . The team finished the 1943 season with a 5–4–1 record, and the merger, which was never intended to be a permanent arrangement, was dissolved at the season's end. [30]
In 1944 , the Eagles, led by head coach Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren , had their first winning season in team history. [31] After two second-place finishes in 1945 and 1946 , the team reached the NFL Championship game for the first time in 1947 . Van Buren, Pete Pihos , and Bosh Pritchard fought valiantly, but the young team lost to the Chicago Cardinals , 28–21 at Comiskey Park in Chicago . [32]
NFL champions (1948)
Chuck Bednarik , Eagles linebacker and center from 1949 to 1962, was inducted into Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1967. His tackle of Frank Gifford , then a running back for the New York Giants , in November 1960, is widely considered one of the hardest hits and greatest plays in NFL history
Undeterred, the young team rebounded in 1948 to return to the NFL Championship game . With home-field advantage and a blinding snowstorm on their side, the Eagles won their first NFL Championship against the Chicago Cardinals by a score of 7–0. [33] The only score came in the fourth quarter when Steve Van Buren ran for a five-yard touchdown. [34] Because of the severe weather, few fans witnessed the joyous occasion.
Prior to the start of the 1949 season , the Eagles were sold by Thompson to a syndicate of 100 buyers, known as the " Happy Hundred ", each of whom paid $3,000 for a share of the team. While the leader of the "Happy Hundred" was noted Philadelphia businessman James P. Clark , one unsung investor was Leonard Tose . [35]
NFL champions (1949)
In 1949, the Eagles returned to the NFL Championship game for a third consecutive year. The Eagles were favored by a touchdown, [36] [37] [38] and won 14–0 for their second consecutive title game shutout. Running back Steve Van Buren rushed for 196 yards on 31 carries for the Eagles, and their defense held the Rams to just 21 yards on the ground. [39] Chuck Bednarik was selected as the first overall pick in the 1949 NFL draft . An All-American lineman/linebacker from the University of Pennsylvania, Bednarik would go on to become one of the greatest and most beloved players in Eagles history.
In 1950 , the Eagles opened the season against the AAFC champion Cleveland Browns , who, along with two other AAFC franchises, had just joined the NFL . The Eagles were expected to make short work of the Browns, who were widely considered the dominant team in a lesser league. However, the Browns lit up the Eagles' vaunted defense for 487 total yards, including 246 passing yards, in a 35–10 rout. The Eagles never recovered from the loss and finished the 1950 season 6–6.
Following the 1950 season, Greasy Neale retired and was replaced by Bo McMillin . Two games into the 1951 season , McMillin was forced to retire following a diagnosis of terminal stomach cancer . Wayne Millner finished out the season before being replaced by Jim Trimble .
While the remnants of the great 1940s teams managed to stay competitive for the first few years of the decade, and younger players like Bobby Walston and Sonny Jurgensen occasionally provided infusions of talent, the team lacked the total talent necessary for true greatness during most of the 1950s.
After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field had a vastly expanded seating capacity for the Eagles. While Connie Mack Stadium had a capacity of 39,000, Franklin Field's capacity was 60,000. [40] In 1969, the grass field at Franklin Field was replaced by AstroTurf , making Franklin Field the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf.
Buck Shaw years (1958–1960)
NFL champions (1960)
The Eagles' 1960 season remains one of the most celebrated years in team history. Shaw, Van Brocklin, and Bednarik , each in their last season before retirement, led an Eagles team more notable for its grit than its talent. One observer later quipped that the team had "nothing but a championship" to its first division title since 1949. The team was aided by their two Pro Bowl receivers, wide receiver Tommy McDonald , who later wrote an autobiography titled They Pay Me to Catch Footballs, and tight end Pete Retzlaff .
On November 20, 1960, at Yankee Stadium in The Bronx , Bednarik launched a tackle against New York Giants ' running back Frank Gifford , which has come to be known as The Hit , a tackle that is routinely ranked as one of the hardest and most vicious hits in NFL history. With the game tied 10 to 10 in the fourth quarter, Gifford caught a short pass over the middle and was immediately hit by Bednarik with a clothesline tackle so hard that it dropped Gifford to the ground unconscious. Gifford was removed from the field on a stretcher and transported to a local hospital by ambulance, where he remained for ten days. Gifford was diagnosed with a deep concussion that resulted in his retirement from the game for 18 months. [41] On the 100th anniversary of the NFL's founding, the NFL ranked Bednarik's tackle the 44th greatest play in league history. [42]
On December 26, 1960, one of the coldest days in recorded Philadelphia history, the Eagles faced Vince Lombardi 's Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game and dealt the formidable Lombardi the sole championship game loss of his storied career. Bednarik lined up at center on offense and at linebacker on defense. Fittingly, the game ended as Bednarik tackled a struggling Jim Taylor and refused to allow him to stand until the last seconds had ticked away. [43]
Van Brocklin came to Philadelphia and agreed to play through 1960 with an understanding that, upon his retirement as a player, he would succeed Shaw as head coach. Ownership, however, opted to promote assistant coach Nick Skorich instead, and Van Brocklin quit the organization in a fit of pique, instead becoming head coach of the expansion Minnesota Vikings . Back-up quarterback Sonny Jurgensen became the Eagles' starter for the 1961 season ; they finished a half-game behind the New York Giants for first place in the Eastern Conference standings with a 10–4 record. Despite the on-the-field success, however, the franchise was in turmoil.
The 1962 team , decimated by injury, managed only three wins and were embarrassed at home in a 49–0 loss to the Packers . The off-field chaos continued through 1963 , as the 65 shareholders remaining from the original Happy Hundred sold the team to Jerry Wolman , a 36-year-old millionaire Washington developer who outbid local bidders for the team, paying an unprecedented $5.505 million for control of the club. [44] [45]
In 1964 , Wolman hired former Cardinals and Washington Redskins coach Joe Kuharich to a 15-year contract. Over the next five seasons, the team failed to make the playoffs and the failures of the team over this period were highlighted by the Santa Claus incident , when fans pelted a Santa Claus with snowballs during a halftime Christmas pageant. The team had only one winning season, in 1966 , finishing second in the NFL Eastern Conference . The Eagles lost to the Baltimore Colts 20–14, in the post-season's third place consolation game, the Playoff Bowl , which was held at the Orange Bowl in Miami . The Eagles finished 6–7–1 in 1967 . In the following season, the Eagles fell even further in the standings, recording a 2–12 record in 1968 .
Leonard Tose era (1969–1984)
Veterans Stadium in South Philadelphia , the Eagles' home field from 1971 to 2002 , which they shared with baseball's Phillies
In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the team from Wolman for $16.155 million, [46] the equivalent of $139 million today, representing a record then for the highest amount ever paid for a professional sports franchise. Tose's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24–41–1 record during his five-year reign. Tose then named former Eagles wide receiver Pete Retzlaff as the team's general manager and Jerry Williams as its new head coach.
With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with the New York Giants , Washington Redskins , and Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles' heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries, dating back to 1933, and is often cited as one of the best rivalries in the NFL. [47] [48] [49] 1970 was also the last season for the Eagles at Franklin Field; the team finished the first post-merger season in last place in their division at 3–10–1. [50]
In 1971 , the Eagles moved to Veterans Stadium , which had just been constructed and was initially acclaimed as a triumph of ultra-modern sports engineering. [51] After a 3–10–1 record in 1970 and three consecutive blowout losses to Cincinnati , Dallas , and San Francisco to open the 1971 season, Williams was fired and replaced by assistant coach Ed Khayat, a defensive lineman on the Eagles' 1960 NFL championship team. Williams and Khayat were hampered by Retzlaff's decision to trade longtime starting quarterback Norm Snead to the Minnesota Vikings in early 1971, leaving the Eagles a choice between journeyman Pete Liske and raw Rick Arrington . Khayat lost his first two games but won six of the season's last nine, thanks largely to the efforts of the Eagles' defense, led by all-pro safety Bill Bradley , who led the NFL in interceptions (11) and interception return yardage (248).
The team regressed in 1972 to finish 2–11–1, and Khayat was released. The two wins (both on the road) proved to be surprises, however. Philadelphia beat the Kansas City Chiefs (which had had the best record in the AFC a year before) 21–20 and the Houston Oilers 18–17 on six field goals by kicker Tom Dempsey . The latter game had been called the "Johnny Rodgers Bowl", because the loser, in finishing last in the league, would gain the first overall pick in the 1973 NFL draft , which was then presumed to be Nebraska wingback Johnny Rodgers , the Heisman Trophy winner . With their loss, the Oilers got first pick and took University of Tampa defensive end John Matuszak , who later faced Philadelphia in Super Bowl XV . With the second overall pick, the Eagles selected USC tight end Charle Young .
Khayat was replaced by offensive guru Mike McCormack for the 1973 season . Aided by the skills of quarterback Roman Gabriel and towering young wide receiver Harold Carmichael , they managed to infuse a bit of vitality into a previously moribund offense.
New general manager Jim Murray also began to add talent on the defensive side of the line, most notably through the addition of future Pro Bowl linebacker Bill Bergey in 1974 . Overall, however, the team was still mired in mediocrity. McCormack was fired after a 4–10 1975 season .
Dick Vermeil years (1976–1982)
Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982, who led the Eagles to their first Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XV against the Oakland Raiders in 1981
In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the struggling Eagles, who had managed only one winning season from 1962 to 1975. [52] Vermeil faced numerous obstacles as he attempted to rejuvenate a franchise that had not seriously contended in well over a decade. Despite the team's young talent and Gabriel's occasional flashes of brilliance, the Eagles finished 1976 with the same 4–10 record as in 1975. In 1977 , the first seeds of hope began to emerge. The team obtained hard-throwing quarterback Ron Jaworski in a trade from the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for popular tight end Charle Young . The defense, led by Bergey and defensive coordinator Marion Campbell , began earning a reputation as one of the hardest-hitting in the league.
1978 saw one of the great moments in Eagles history, The Miracle at the Meadowlands , when Herman Edwards returned a fumble by Giants ' quarterback Joe Pisarcik for a touchdown with 20 seconds left in the game, resulting in a 19–17 Eagles victory. [53] The Eagles would edge into the playoffs with a 9–7 season. Young running back Wilbert Montgomery became the first Eagle since Steve Van Buren to exceed 1,000 yards in a season. [54] In 1979 , the Eagles tied for first place with an 11–5 record, as Montgomery shattered team rushing records with a total of 1,512 yards.
In 1980 , the team dominated the NFC, facing its chief nemesis, the Dallas Cowboys , in the NFC Championship Game . The game was played in cold conditions before faithful fans at Veterans Stadium . Led by an outstanding rushing performance by Montgomery, whose long cutback TD run in the first half is one of the most memorable in Eagles history, and a gutsy game from fullback Leroy Harris , who scored the Eagles' only other TD that day, the Birds earned a berth in Super Bowl XV with a 20–7 victory. [55]
The Eagles traveled to New Orleans for Super Bowl XV , where they were heavily favored over the Oakland Raiders , who had squeaked into the playoffs as a wild-card team. Things did not go the Eagles' way, beginning with Tose's imprudent decision to bring comedian Don Rickles into the pregame locker room to lighten the mood. Jaworski's first pass was intercepted by Rod Martin, setting up an Oakland touchdown. Later in the first quarter, a potential game-tying 40-yard touchdown pass to Rodney Parker was nullified by an illegal-motion penalty. The final score was 27–10. Journeyman quarterback Jim Plunkett was named the game's MVP. [56]
The team got off to a promising start in the 1981 season by winning their first six games. They ended up 10–6 to earn a wild-card berth. However, their hopes to repeat as NFC champs were dashed in the wild-card round by the New York Giants , who won 27–21.
After the Eagles finished 3–6 in the strike-shortened 1982 season , Vermeil quit the team, citing "burnout".
Defensive coordinator Marion Campbell replaced Vermeil as head coach. Campbell had helped to popularize the "bend-don't-break" defensive strategy in the 1970s. Philadelphia struggled through the mid-1980s, marked by flagging fan participation. The team failed to make the playoffs in 1983 and 1984 . The team nearly moved to Phoenix, Arizona at the end of the 1984 season. [57]
Norman Braman era (1985–1993)
In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz, highly successful automobile dealers from Florida, for a reported $65 million (equal to $190 million today) to pay off his more than $25 million ($73 million today) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos. [58] The team again struggled during the 1985 season, and Campbell was fired after week 16, to be replaced by assistant head coach/defensive backs coach Fred Bruney for the season's last game. [59]
In the 1985 Supplemental draft, the Eagles acquired the rights to the Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . [60]
Buddy Ryan years (1986–1990)
Jerome Brown , Eagles defensive end from 1987 to 1991, was named to the 1990 and 1991 Pro Bowl teams before dying in a tragic car accident in June 1992 at age 27.
In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude sparked team performance and ignited the fan base. Immediately infusing the team with his hard-as-nails attitude, the Eagles quickly became known for their tough defense and tougher attitudes. [61] Ryan began rejuvenating the team by releasing several aging players, including Ron Jaworski. Randall Cunningham took his place and, despite a 5–10–1 season, began showing considerable promise. 1987 saw another strike , which shortened the season by one game. [62] The substitutes who had filled in for the strikers performed poorly and were crushed 41–22 by the Dallas Cowboys . After the strike, the regular Eagles' 1987 team won a 37–20 revenge game against Dallas. The season record was 7–8, of which three games had been played by substitutes.
The Eagles reached the playoffs in 1988 , but lost to the Chicago Bears , the team that Ryan had helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator. The game became known as the " Fog Bowl ", due to the inclement weather during the game. The Eagles lost, 20–12. [63]
The following two years would see playoff appearances as well, but the team never made it past the first round. This failure was very frustrating to Eagles fans, as the team was widely regarded as among the most talented in the NFL. On offense, the Eagles were led by quarterback Cunningham, one of the most exciting players of his generation; tight end Keith Jackson ; and running back Keith Byars . The defense is commonly acknowledged as among the greatest in league history, and as the best to never win a championship. [64]
The two 1989 matches with Dallas were known as the Bounty Bowls. Both were won easily by the Eagles (the Cowboys finished 1–15 that year), and were marked by Ryan insulting new Cowboys coach Jimmy Johnson by placing a bounty on their kicker, and by Eagles fans throwing snowballs at him at Veterans Stadium. [65] On November 12, 1990, during a Monday Night Football game at the Vet, the Eagles defeated the Washington Redskins by a score of 28–14, as the defense scored three of the team's four touchdowns. This game, more lopsided than its score would indicate, was subsequently labeled the Body Bag Game in reference to the number of injuries Eagles players inflicted on the Redskins and the physically tough play of the Eagles in the game. In the game, the Eagles knocked out the starting Washington quarterback, and then seriously injured his replacement. Running back Brian Mitchell , who would later be signed by the Eagles, was called upon to finish the game as the Redskins' quarterback. [66] Washington returned to Philadelphia in the first round of the playoffs to defeat the Eagles 20–6, ending their season.
Ryan was fired on January 7, 1991, and was replaced by offensive coordinator Rich Kotite . [67] The team started the 1991 season with the loss of starting quarterback Randall Cunningham due to a knee injury. Backup quarterback Jim McMahon assumed the starting role for the rest of the season. Despite having the top-rated defense in the league, the team failed to make the playoffs by finishing third in the NFC East with a record of 10–6.
On June 25, 1992, All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident. The team and fan base dedicated the 1992 season to "bring it home for Jerome". [68] The team finished second in the NFC East with an 11–5 record to earn a wild-card playoff spot. Kotite led the Eagles to a victory over the New Orleans Saints in the wild-card game but then fell to the Dallas Cowboys in the Divisional round. Another blow to the team was the loss of all-time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the off-season.
Jeffrey Lurie era (1994–present)
By 1994, team owner Norman Braman had become largely unpopular among local fans and a polarizing presence in the front office. Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6, 1994, for an estimated $185 million. [69]
In Lurie's first season as owner in 1994 , the team went 7–9 and again missed the playoffs. [70] Rich Kotite was fired and replaced by San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Ray Rhodes , who successfully lured 49ers star Ricky Watters to join the team as a free agent. [71] [72]
In 1995 , Rhodes's first season, the Eagles got off to a slow start by losing three of their first four games but subsequently rebounded to finish with a 10–6 record and a playoff spot. [73] In the Wild Card Round, the Eagles, playing at home, overwhelmed the Detroit Lions 58–37, with 31 of Philadelphia's points coming in the second quarter. [74] However, the Eagles were again eliminated in the next round by the Cowboys by a score of 30–11. [75] This would be Randall Cunningham 's last game as an Eagle. Cunningham scored the only touchdown of the game and the last Eagles postseason touchdown for six years.
1995 marked the end of Cunningham's tenure as starting quarterback. Rhodes benched Cunningham in favor of Rodney Peete , leading to friction between the two. Earlier, rumors had circulated that Lurie and Rhodes had tried to trade Cunningham to the Arizona Cardinals . However, no such trade materialized and Cunningham retired shortly after the season.
In 1996 , the Eagles' uniform colors were changed from the classic kelly green to a darker midnight green . [76] The team got off to a good start, winning three of their first four games. However, a week 5 Monday night game at Veterans Stadium against the rival Cowboys witnessed a season-ending knee injury to Peete, loss of the team's momentum, and the transition to an offense led by Ty Detmer and Watters. While Detmer played well and Watters rushed for 1,411 yards, the season conformed to what had become a familiar pattern: 10–6 record and early elimination (a 14–0 shutout by the 49ers ) in the playoffs . In the 1996 NFL draft , future fan-favorite and hall-of-famer Brian Dawkins was chosen in the second round. The continued early playoff exits led fans and local media to cast blame on high-priced free agents ( Irving Fryar , Watters, Troy Vincent , and Guy McIntyre ) for not stepping up in big games, especially in the postseason. Rhodes gradually deteriorated under the stress of the job, and players were beginning to grow tired of his brash demeanor and often autocratic coaching style. [77]
After a see-saw 6–9–1 campaign in 1997 , the bottom fell out in 1998 . [78] The Eagles suffered a 3–13 record, their worst since 1972, and were ranked dead last in numerous offensive statistics. [79] [80] Home attendance was declining, a quarterback controversy was deteriorating an already rudderless locker room, and the players had all but tuned out the embattled coaching staff. Left with little choice after a disastrous season, fan revolt, and sagging team morale, Lurie fired Rhodes and hired Green Bay Packers quarterback coach Andy Reid as head coach. [81]
Andy Reid years (1999–2012)
Donovan McNabb , Eagles quarterback from 1999 to 2009 and Andy Reid 's first draft selection as Eagles head coach in the 1999 NFL draft
DeSean Jackson played for the Eagles from 2008 to 2013 and then again from 2019 to 2020; his December 19, 2010, punt return against the New York Giants , known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands , is considered one of the greatest plays in NFL history. [82]
LeSean McCoy , Eagles running back from 2009 to 2014
Fletcher Cox , Eagles defensive tackle from 2012 to 2023
The Eagles reemerged as a predominant NFL team under the leadership of new head coach Andy Reid , who was hired away from the Green Bay Packers , where he was the Packers' quarterback coach. Reid's first notable step was drafting Syracuse quarterback Donovan McNabb with the second overall pick in the 1999 NFL draft . [83] The Eagles' awful 1998 season would have entitled the Eagles to first pick but it was awarded to the rebooted Cleveland Browns . Despite clearing the roster for new talent by releasing unpopular and aging veterans such as Ricky Watters and Irving Fryar , Reid was still a virtual unknown before his arrival as head coach, and his appointment was met initially with skepticism among Philadelphia fans. The drafting of McNabb was unpopular with many Eagles fans, many of whom traveled to Madison Square Garden for the 1999 Draft and booed the selection, believing the Eagles instead should have selected Ricky Williams , a University of Texas running back who had been named the 1998 AP College Player of the Year .
The 1999 season was largely a rebuilding year for the Eagles. The team, which routinely sells out its home games in Philadelphia, had two 1999 home games that failed to sell out, resulting in local TV blackouts . Another six home games in the 1999 season sold out only because several local small business owners bought the remaining unsold tickets to spare Philadelphia-area viewers a television blackout of the game.
The Week 5 home game at Veterans Stadium on October 10, 1999, against the Dallas Cowboys represented the last play of Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin 's career. In the game, Irvin was driven into the turf by Eagles safety Tim Hauck , which left Irvin lying motionless. Some Eagles fans responded with applause, giving further rise to Philadelphia's reputation as unduly aggressive and hostile fans. Irvin was transported from the field by stretcher and then by ambulance to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital . Irvin, who was diagnosed with a potentially threatening cervical spine injury and forced to announce his NFL retirement after the injury, later said the Philadelphia fans were applauding his departure rather than his serious injury. [84] The team finished the season with a record of 5–11. [85]
The 2000 regular-season opener in Dallas on September 3 became known in NFL lore as the " Pickle Juice Game ". Kickoff temperature in Texas Stadium was 109 degrees Fahrenheit and soared to nearly 120, making it the hottest game in league history, beating a previous record set in a 1997 Cowboys–Cardinals match in Arizona. The nickname came about because an Eagles trainer had prepared for the predicted heat by having the players drink the juice from jars of dill pickles in order to retain body moisture and stave off cramps and heat exhaustion. The experiment proved successful as the Eagles won 41–14 while multiple Cowboys players had been consigned to the bench, unable to handle the torrid climate while the Eagles had no players benched. The game was also significant as marking the beginning of Philadelphia's domination of the NFC East. The team finished the season at 11–5, reaching the playoffs as a wild card, which restored fan optimism. After brushing aside the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 21–3, the Eagles moved to the second round of the playoffs, only to lose 20–10 to the New York Giants . After compiling an 11–5 record in 2001 , the Eagles reached the playoffs again, this time at the top of their division. In a near rerun of the previous year, they disposed of the Buccaneers in a 31–9 game. In the second round, the Eagles defeated the Bears 33–19 at Soldier Field . In the NFC Championship game , they were unable to stop the St. Louis Rams , who defeated them 29–24. [86]
Despite injuries, McNabb led the Eagles to a 12–4 season in 2002 . [87] Once again, they reached the NFC Championship game , but lost at home 27–10 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the last game at Veterans Stadium . [88]
In the opening game of the 2003 season , the Eagles were shut out 17–0 by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first regular-season game ever played at their new home, Lincoln Financial Field . Once again, the team went 12–4 for the season and then reached the conference championship game. In doing so, the Eagles became the first team in modern history to get that far in the postseason after having been shut out at home in its first game. They achieved that distinction despite getting only five touchdown receptions all year by their wide receivers, which tied the league-low since the regular-season schedule was lengthened to its present 16 games in 1978 (this record would be broken in 2004 when the New York Giants ' wide receivers caught only two touchdown passes). The Eagle receivers went through both September and October without a TD catch; the last time an NFL team had done that was in 1945. In the Divisional Round of the playoffs, the Eagles beat the Green Bay Packers 20–17 in overtime thanks in part to a late-game completion from McNabb to Freddie Mitchell on an iconic play that has come to be known as 4th and 26 . They lost the NFC Championship game to the Carolina Panthers 14–3. Panthers cornerback Ricky Manning Jr. had three interceptions in the game. [89]
The Eagles actively pursued premier wide receiver Terrell Owens , and acquired him in a controversial three-way deal with the Baltimore Ravens and the San Francisco 49ers , on March 16, 2004. [90] The 2004 season began with a bang as Owens caught three touchdown passes from McNabb in their season opener against the New York Giants . Owens ended up with exactly 1,200 receiving yards and 14 touchdown receptions, although his season ended prematurely with an ankle injury in a December 19 game against the Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles' 12–7 victory in this game gave them home-field advantage throughout the conference playoffs for the third year in a row. The Eagles tied a record by clinching the NFC East division crown (their fourth straight) after only their eleventh game of the season, matching the mark set by the 1985 Chicago Bears and the 1997 San Francisco 49ers . Their final two regular-season games thus rendered meaningless, the Eagles sat out most of their first-string players in these games and lost both, yet still finished the season with a 13–3 record. McNabb had his best season to date, passing for 3,875 yards and 31 touchdowns, with only eight interceptions. This made him the first quarterback in NFL history to throw 30 or more TD passes and fewer than 10 interceptions in a single regular season. They then began their playoff run with the Divisional round at home against the sixth-seeded Minnesota Vikings . The Eagles led from the start and never looked back, as McNabb led a very efficient passing attack (21 of 33 for 286 yards and 2 TDs), Brian Westbrook dominated on the ground with 70 rushing yards, and Freddie Mitchell performed very well on the receiving corps (5 receptions for 65 yards and a TD), as Philadelphia won 27–14, setting up their fourth-straight NFC Championship appearance. Facing the Atlanta Falcons , McNabb threw for 180 yards and two touchdowns, while also rushing for 32 yards. Westbrook rushed for 96 yards and caught five passes for 39. Winning the game 27–10, the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they faced the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game, and the score was tied 14–14 going into the fourth quarter, the Patriots outscored the Eagles with ten straight points. McNabb completed a 30-yard touchdown pass, and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out, but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left sealed their fate, as the Patriots won 24–21. [91]
The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6–10 record, failing to make the playoffs for the first time since the 1999 season. [92] McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb, starting 4–2 then losing three in a row, before he finally succumbed to injury and missed the rest of the season. For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb, Owens was suspended after 7 games and was eventually cut. [93] [94]
In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil. However, Westbrook stepped up, and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under coach Reid, with a 10–6 record. They won the Wild Card game against the New York Giants , but lost in the Divisional Round to the New Orleans Saints . The 2007 season would end with the Eagles finishing 8–8 and failing to make the playoffs for the second time in three seasons. However, in 2008 , the team finished the season with a 9–6–1 record, making the playoffs with a wild card berth, The team upset the Minnesota Vikings in the first round, winning the game 26–14. The team then went on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants 23–11 en route to their sixth NFC Championship Game . In the NFC Championship game , the Eagles rallied from down 24–6 at halftime to up 25–24 in the fourth quarter, but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32–25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a touchdown with just under three minutes remaining in regulation. [95]
Entering the 2009 season , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . [96] On December 6, 2009, Andy Reid became only the fifth coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade (the other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick ). [97] McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps, between first-round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson's 1,000-yard season, and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league. Without Brian Dawkins, defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks, earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All-Pro honors. In 2009, the Eagles started 5–4, then won six straight. After a shutout by the Dallas Cowboys in week 17, the Eagles failed to secure a first-round bye, and with a record of 11–5, they were the NFC's sixth seed. In their January 2010 wild card game , the Eagles played against their divisional foes for the second consecutive week, losing 34–14 to hand Dallas their first playoff win since December 1996 .
On January 11, 2010, General Manager Tom Heckert, Jr. was hired away by the Cleveland Browns ; he was replaced by Howie Roseman , who was promoted from Vice President of Player Personnel. [98] On March 5, 2010, Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team. On April 4, 2010, the team traded long-time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second-round draft pick. [99] Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter for the 2010 season , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers, Vick took over as the starter. Week 4 saw the return of McNabb to Philadelphia. The Redskins got a touchdown early in the first quarter. After that, both offenses sputtered, and the Eagles had to settle for two field goals. But things rapidly fell apart when Vick injured his ribs and chest late in the first quarter when two Redskins defensive backs crushed him from both sides while running near the end zone. Kolb was once again brought out to play but delivered an uninspiring performance. He managed a touchdown pass in the fourth quarter, but it wasn't enough. A two-point conversion attempt after the touchdown failed, and Washington won 16–12. In Week 15, the Eagles beat New York in a stunning upset by overcoming a 21-point deficit in the second half. In the closing seconds of the game, DeSean Jackson returned a punt 65 yards for a touchdown to win 38–31. This became known as the Miracle at the New Meadowlands . [100] Vick led the Eagles to their sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons. [101] With a record of 10–6, the Eagles clinched the third seed. [102] In the wild card round , the Eagles lost 21–16 to the eventual Super Bowl XLV champion Green Bay Packers . [103]
The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment. The off-season was marred by a lockout that began in March after the NFL's collective bargaining agreement expired, making practices, trades, and free agency impossible. During the draft, the Eagles did comparatively little. After the lockout ended in July, the team embarked on a rash of high-profile FA signings, including Raiders CB Nnamdi Asomugha , Dolphins RB Ronnie Brown , Giants WR Steve Smith , Packers TE Donald Lee , Titans DE Jason Babin , and Packers DT Cullen Jenkins . Meanwhile, Kevin Kolb , displeased at losing the starting quarterback job to Michael Vick in 2010, was traded to Arizona for Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie . Replacing him as 2nd-stringer was ex-Titans quarterback Vince Young . Young created a lot of hype by calling Philadelphia the "Dream Team". [104] The team managed to finish only 8–8 and missed the playoffs. [105]
In 2012 , the Eagles started off winning three of their first four games but lost their next eight, which eliminated them from the playoff hunt. They won only one of their last four games. [106] After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30, 2012, head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team. [107]
Chip Kelly years (2013–2015)
Zach Ertz , Eagles tight end from 2013 to 2021
On January 16, 2013, after a 4–12 season, the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach. [108] The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick the starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly's fast-paced spread offense . [109] The 2013 season proved very successful for the Eagles. While a hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1–3 start, his backup Nick Foles led the team to a 10–6 regular-season record and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons, but the Eagles lost to the New Orleans Saints in the wild card round. Before throwing his first interception in Week 14, Foles had thrown 19 touchdowns, just one shy of the all-time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season, set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single game, with seven, against the Oakland Raiders , which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw for that many touchdowns in a game. Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions, giving him the then-best TD-INT ratio in NFL history. (That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season.) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third-highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004. He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating. LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards (also a franchise record) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage, also best in the NFL. As a whole, the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns, most in franchise history, passing the previous season-high set back in 1948. Following the 2013 season, the Eagles released Pro-Bowl wide receiver DeSean Jackson due to his poor "work ethic and attitude", as well as speculation of his involvement in gang-related activities. [110] The team signed All Pro safety Malcolm Jenkins to a three-year contract, worth $16.25 million. [111]
The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win. [112] Nick Foles struggled with turnovers, but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6–2 record, before breaking his collarbone, resulting in his replacement by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles. [113] The Eagles held the divisional title from Week 1 to Week 15. After going 9–3 with a crucial win over the Dallas Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next three, and a week after losing the NFC East title, they lost an upset against the 3–11 Washington Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys' win over the Indianapolis Colts . [114]
Following the 2014 season, Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial personnel moves. [115] He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team's all-time leading rusher after the 2014 season, for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season. [116] He also cut ten-year veteran and starter Trent Cole, who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all-time sack list. [117] He also traded the highly successful Nick Foles for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with a torn anterior cruciate ligament. [118] Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin, who had stepped up as the team's leading wide receiver, but Maclin signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead. However, the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , [119] which not only helped the Eagles, but hurt their rivals, the Dallas Cowboys. They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , [120] who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six-year, $63 million contract. The first two games of the 2015 season were dismal, as they lost both. Bradford had a poor 2–4 TD-INT ratio, Maxwell was constantly beaten by Atlanta Falcons wide receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries. After Murray was injured, Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray's play improved over the season, he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career-low average of 3.6 yards per carry. [121]
On December 29, 2015, with one game left in the season, head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles after a 6–9 record. Offensive coordinator Pat Shurmur was named interim head coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35–30. [122]
Doug Pederson years (2016–2020)
Doug Pederson , Eagles head coach from 2016 to 2020, led the team to its first Super Bowl win on February 4, 2018, in Super Bowl LII .
The Eagles hired Kansas City Chiefs ' offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach on January 18, 2016. [123] Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after having spent the four seasons before those with the Eagles. He served as a quality control assistant coach for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons. He had been praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the prior several seasons, particularly 2015, as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense. [124] [125]
At the end of the 2015 season, the Eagles were slated for the 13th overall pick in the 2016 NFL draft . They traded that pick, Byron Maxwell , and Kiko Alonso to the Miami Dolphins for the eighth overall pick. [126] Later, they traded the eighth overall pick, their third- and fourth-round picks, a 2017 first-round pick, and a 2018 second-round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the second overall pick and a 2017 fourth-round pick. [127] They used the second overall pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . [128] On September 3, 2016, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season, for a 2017 first-round pick and a 2018 fourth-round pick. [129] Following the trade, the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . [130]
First-time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3–0 record to start the season. His rookie quarterback started with five touchdowns, no interceptions and over 255 yards per game. After a Week 4 bye, they lost four out of the next five games, including losses to every team in their division. They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10-game suspension following the Week 5 loss against the Lions, which damaged Carson Wentz's hot start. [131] In those four defeats, their average margin of loss was just under 5 points. [132] Pederson and the Eagles won just three of their final seven games. Although Wentz started off the season well, he finished with a TD–INT ratio of 8:7. [133] The rookie head coach-quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a 7–9 record, finishing last in the division. [134]
Super Bowl LII champions
Nick Foles , Eagles quarterback from 2012 to 2014 and 2017 to 2018 and Super Bowl LII 's Most Valuable Player
Jason Kelce , Eagles center from 2011 to 2023, at the championship parade in Philadelphia on February 8, 2018
Malcolm Jenkins , Eagles safety from 2014 to 2019, holds the Vince Lombardi Trophy at the Eagles' February 2018 Super Bowl LII parade in Center City Philadelphia .
The Eagles started off the season with a 10–1 record and finished with a 13–3 record in 2017 , including a nine-game winning streak. [135] In a Week 14 game against the Los Angeles Rams , starting quarterback Carson Wentz left the game with a torn anterior cruciate ligament, and backup Nick Foles , who had been re-signed in the off-season, took over for the rest of the season. [136] Wentz was considered to have been playing at an MVP level at the time of his injury. [137] [138] Foles's first start was a comeback from a 20–7 deficit against the New York Giants where he scored four touchdowns to win 34–29. [139] Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys and threw a touchdown and two interceptions in those two games. [140] The Eagles clinched the #1 seed and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs after the win against Oakland in Week 16.
Despite making history by being home underdogs, Foles led the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15–10. [141] In the NFC Championship game , the Eagles dominated the Minnesota Vikings and their league best defense 38–7, again having been betting underdogs in the game. [142] Foles elevated his play and threw for 352 passing yards and three touchdowns. [143] The Eagles traveled to Minneapolis to compete in Super Bowl LII , their third attempt at a title, against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX from 2005. [144] In the second quarter, Philadelphia faced fourth-and-goal on the 1-yard line with 38 seconds left. Deciding to go for the touchdown, they attempted a trick play similar to one that had failed for the Patriots earlier. It would be the most memorable play of the game. As Foles stepped up to the running back position, Clement took a direct snap and pitched the ball to tight end Trey Burton , who then threw the ball to Foles, who was wide open in the right side of the end zone. Foles caught the ball, making him the first quarterback ever to catch a touchdown pass in a Super Bowl, and the ensuing extra point was good, giving the Eagles a 22–12 lead. The scoring play came to be known as the Philly Special . [145] The Eagles went on to win 41–33, capturing their first Super Bowl Vince Lombardi Trophy in franchise history and their first championship since 1960, ending the third-longest active championship drought in the NFL at 57 years. [146] Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 for 43 with 373 passing yards, three passing touchdowns, one interception, and one receiving touchdown. [147] Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2002's Super Bowl XXXVI . [148] The combined 74 points scored was one point shy of the Super Bowl record of 75, set in Super Bowl XXIX in 1995; this game marked only the second time in the history of the Super Bowl where the teams combined for 70+ points. [149] The game also set a record for most yardage by both teams (combined) with 1,151 yards, the most for any single game, regular season or postseason. [150]
Before the 2018 season started, many injuries plagued the team, including quarterback Carson Wentz, who was still recovering from an anterior cruciate ligament injury that he had sustained during the previous season. Nick Foles was named the starting quarterback to begin the season, [151] and helped the team win their opening game against the Atlanta Falcons , 18–12. Wentz returned as the starting quarterback in week 3 after Foles had led the team to a 1–1 record. [152] Injuries continued to be a major problem throughout the season, especially on defense as Jalen Mills , Ronald Darby , and Rodney McLeod all suffered season-ending injuries. [153] [154] [155] Wentz suffered a fractured vertebra in his back after a week 14 loss to the Dallas Cowboys , [156] and Foles was again named the starter for remainder of the season. [157] The Eagles' 4–6 record after 10 games seemed to give them little chance of making the playoffs, but the team managed to win 5 of their last 6, including upsets over the eventual NFC champion Los Angeles Rams and Houston Texans . The Eagles finished the season with a 9–7 record and made the playoffs as the sixth seed. [158]
In the Wild Card game against the Chicago Bears , Foles threw 2 touchdowns and 2 interceptions in a 16–15 win. With ten seconds left, Bears kicker Cody Parkey missed a potential game-winning field goal that became known in NFL lore as the Double Doink . [159] This sent the Philadelphia Eagles to an NFC Divisional matchup against the New Orleans Saints . The Eagles offense initially performed well, ending the first quarter with a 14–0 lead. The Eagles would not score again after the Saints defense rallied, forcing Foles to throw two interceptions. The Eagles ended up losing by a score of 20–14, ending their opportunity to repeat as Super Bowl champions [160]
In 2019 , the Eagles matched their 9–7 record from 2018. [161] They won 4 straight games against divisional opponents to close the season, clinching the NFC East in Week 17 with a 34–17 win over the New York Giants [162] and clinched a playoff berth for the third consecutive season. Carson Wentz started his first playoff game in the Wild Card round against the Seattle Seahawks , but left the game early in the first quarter after suffering a concussion on a controversial helmet-to-helmet hit by Jadeveon Clowney . [163] Backup quarterback Josh McCown finished the game even after suffering a torn hamstring in the second quarter. [164] The Eagles lost to the Seahawks 17–9, ending their season. [165]
The Eagles opened the 2020 season with consecutive losses to the Washington Football Team and Los Angeles Rams . [166] [167] In week 3, the Eagles tied with the Cincinnati Bengals after controversially punting the ball instead of attempting a potential 64-yard game-winning field goal late in overtime. [168] The decision was widely criticized by sports media and fans as they accused head coach Doug Pederson of settling for a tie, rather than playing to win. [169] Once again, injuries continued to plague the team as almost every offensive starter had suffered an injury throughout the season, [170] and the team fielded 14 different offensive line combinations in 16 games. [171] The team entered the bye week with a 3–4–1 record and proceeded to lose their next four games. During their week 13 match-up against the Green Bay Packers , rookie quarterback Jalen Hurts entered the game in the third quarter in relief of Wentz after poor play. [172] Hurts would later be named the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season after a career-worst season performance by Wentz. [173] [174] Hurts led the Eagles to a 24–21 victory against the New Orleans Saints in week 14. This would be the team's last win of the 2020 season as they lost their next three games, finishing with a 4–11–1 record and missing the playoffs for the first time in four seasons. [175]
During the off-season, defensive coordinator Jim Schwartz announced that he would step down from his position. [176] A day later, linebackers coach Ken Flajole left his position on the team. [177] Doug Pederson met with Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie to discuss the future of the team. Pederson proposed changes to the coaching staff that were described by internal reporters as "underwhelming" and out of line with Lurie's vision for the team. [178] [179] On January 11, 2021, the Eagles announced that they had fired Pederson. [180] In a statement, Lurie described the move as in the best interests of both Pederson and the team. [181] Pederson became just the first head coach to be fired within three years of winning a Super Bowl since the Baltimore Colts fired Don McCafferty after the 1972 NFL season . [182]
Nick Sirianni years (2021–present)
See also: Super Bowl LVII
The Eagles hired former Indianapolis Colts ' offensive coordinator Nick Sirianni as their next head coach on January 21, 2021. [183] During the offseason, the Eagles traded starting quarterback Carson Wentz to the Colts for a 2021 third-round draft pick and a 2022 conditional second-round pick. [184] In doing so, Wentz was reunited with Frank Reich , head coach of the Colts who served as the Eagles' offensive coordinator for Wentz's first two years in Philadelphia, including during their Super Bowl -winning season in 2017. The Eagles absorbed a $33.8-million dead-cap hit for trading Wentz. [185] During the 2021 NFL draft , the Eagles selected Heisman Trophy –winning wide receiver DeVonta Smith with the 10th overall pick, [186] and maneuvered around the draft to gain an extra first-round selection in the 2022 NFL draft . [187] Smith was a highly touted prospect out of the University of Alabama , and was the first Heisman winner the Eagles drafted in over fifty years. [188] The drafting of Smith also reunited him with Jalen Hurts , his first quarterback at Alabama. [189] After training camp, Hurts was officially named the Eagles' starting quarterback for the 2021 season by head coach Sirianni. [190] After starting the season 2–5, the Eagles went 7–3 in their last ten games, clinching a playoff berth in week 17 after a victory over the Washington Football Team along with a loss by the Minnesota Vikings and win by the San Francisco 49ers . [191] The Eagles finished the season with the #1 rushing offense; It was the best rushing offense since the 1985 Chicago Bears , and the best in the franchise history since the 1949 Eagles team . They lost in the wild card game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 31–15. [192]
The Eagles went on to win their first eight games of the 2022 season and earned the top seed in the NFC with a 14–3 overall record. [193] the Eagles matched their franchise-best 13–1 start in the 2004 season and secured their third 13-win season win in franchise history, after 2004 and 2017 . With a 22–16 win over the Giants in Week 18, the Eagles won the NFC East for the first time since 2019 , and clinched the NFC's #1 seed for the first time since 2017 . [194] The Eagles also reached 14 regular season wins, a franchise record. [195] In the Divisional Round, the Eagles routed the Giants 38–7 for their first postseason win since 2018 . [196] With this win, Philadelphia completed a 3–0 sweep of all three games played against New York, and advanced to the NFC Championship for the first time since 2017. The Eagles went on to win the NFC Championship against an injury depleted San Francisco 49ers team 31–7, advancing to Super Bowl LVII , their fourth Super Bowl appearance in franchise history, to face the Kansas City Chiefs and former longtime head coach Andy Reid . [197] The Eagles ultimately lost to the Chiefs by a score of 38–35. [198]
The Eagles opened the 2023 season as the defending NFC Champions. Despite starting the season 10–1, The Eagles failed to equal or improve on their 14–3 record from the previous year . Even in victory, the Eagles had problems with a poor defense the entire season, which was ranked 26th out of 32; [199] 8 of their 11 victories fell within one score, none of their aforementioned wins went outside of 2 scores, and their losses to the playoff-bound 49ers and Cowboys were blowouts. The Eagles' late-season woes continued into the playoffs , in which they were eliminated in the Wild Card round by the NFC South champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a 32–9 blowout loss. The Eagles promptly fired offensive coordinator Brian Johnson and defensive coordinator Sean Desai within a week of their playoff exit. [200] [201] In the subsequent offseason, on March 4, 2024, center Jason Kelce retired after spending his entire 13-year career with the Eagles. [202] On March 10, defensive tackle Fletcher Cox would also retire after spending 12 seasons with the team. [203]
Super Bowl LIX champions
On March 13, 2024, Saquon Barkley , a running back with the New York Giants from 2018 to 2023, became a free agent, and signed a three-year $37.75 million deal with the Eagles. On September 6, 2024, the Eagles opened their season in São Paulo , Brazil. In his debut, Barkley rushed for 109 yards with two rushing touchdowns and a receiving touchdown in a 34–29 victory over the Green Bay Packers , becoming the first Eagles player to score three touchdowns in their debut with the team since Terrell Owens in 2004 . [204] Despite a turbulent 2–2 start to the season, the Eagles improved on their 11–6 record from the previous season, and won ten consecutive games for the first time in franchise history. For the fourth straight year and seventh time in the last 8 seasons the Eagles clinched a playoff birth. Barkley continued his dominance in Week 12 against the Los Angeles Rams , recording 255 rushing yards and 302 total yards. [205] [206] His 255 rushing yards were the ninth-most in a single game in NFL history and the most in Eagles history. [207] In Week 17, the Eagles clinched the NFC East by sweeping the Dallas Cowboys for the first time since 2011 . Barkley ran for 167 yards and crossed the 2,000 yard mark, becoming only the ninth running back in NFL history to do so, and recording the second-most yards of any running back in NFL history in a single season. [208] With their Week 18 win over the New York Giants , the Eagles finished 14–3 for the second time in three seasons.
The Eagles started the playoffs by defeating the Green Bay Packers 22–10 in the Wild Card Round. In a snowy rematch of their Week 12 meeting, the Eagles again beat the Los Angeles Rams in the Divisional Round 28–22. In the NFC Championship Game , the Eagles dominated their division rival Washington Commanders 55–23, setting the record for the most points scored in a conference championship game. [209] In Super Bowl LIX , the Eagles met the Kansas City Chiefs in a rematch of Super Bowl LVII from two years earlier, this time defeating the two-time defending champions by a score of 40–22 and winning their second Super Bowl and first since the 2017 season. [210] The Eagles' win prevented the Chiefs from achieving the first-ever Super Bowl three-peat . Barkley recorded 57 rushing yards, setting the NFL record for most rushing (2,504) and scrimmage yards (2,857) in a full season surpassing Terrell Davis . [211] Philadelphia quarterback Jalen Hurts threw for 221 yards with two touchdowns and rushed for 72 yards and a touchdown, breaking his own record for most rushing yards for a quarterback in a Super Bowl, with 72. [212] Hurts was named Super Bowl MVP for his performance in the victory. [213] The Eagles finished with 18 total wins, tying the NFL record for most total wins in a season along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers , 1985 Chicago Bears , and 2007 New England Patriots . The Eagles 145 points scored set an NFL record for the most points scored in a postseason. [214]
Championships
Season
Coach
Location
Opponent
Score
Record
1948
Super Bowl championships
NFC championships
Division championships
The Eagles were a part of the NFL Eastern Division from 1933 to 1949, the National Conference from 1950 to 1953, and the Eastern Conference from 1953 to 1966. They were then placed in the Capitol Division of the Eastern Conference in 1967. When the league reformed into the NFC and AFC in 1970, the Eagles were placed in the NFC East.
Year
Coach
Record
1947
Logo and uniforms
The Eagles' wordmark logo from 1996 to 2022
The Eagles' wordmark logo used since 2022
The choice of an eagle as the team mascot honored the insignia of the New Deal program, the National Recovery Administration , which featured a blue eagle as its insignia. [215] [note 1]
For the 1933 and 1934 seasons, the Eagles colors were light blue and yellow. [216] In 1935, they added green to their uniforms and for several decades, their colors were kelly green , silver, and white. In 1954 the Eagles, along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet. In 1969 the team wore two helmet versions: Kelly green with white wings in road games, and white with kelly green wings at home. From 1970 to '73, they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings. By 1974, Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings within a white outline, and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades.
From 1948 to 1995, the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws, although from 1969 to 1972, the eagle took on a more stylized look.
In 1973, the team's name was added below the eagle, returning to its pre-1969 look. Both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996, when the primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade, officially described as "midnight green". Silver was practically abandoned, as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green. The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color, with silver and black accents. The team's logo combination (the eagle and club name lettering) also changed, with the eagle itself limited to a white (bald eagle) head, drawn in a less realistic, more cartoon-like style, and the lettering changed from calligraphic to block letters. [217] The eagle head is the only NFL logo to "face left" which causes the right side of the logo to present a stylized "E". [218]
Since 1996, the team has made only minor alterations, mostly related to jersey/pants combinations worn during specific games. For example, in 1997, against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history. The second occasion was in 2002, during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division-rival Washington Redskins . A year later, in the first two games of the 2003 season (both home losses, to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ), the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants. After that, the white jerseys along with white pants were worn exclusively during preseason games from 2004 to 2011, with the exception of 2007 and 2010.
The 2003 season also saw the first (though subtle) change to the 1996-style uniform. On both white and green jerseys, black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering. The stripe on the pants changed from black-green-black to black-silver-green on the white pants, and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black, another of silver, with one small white stripe in between for the midnight green pants. The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys, with a green (instead of black) shadow on white numbers, and silver trim. These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season (usually the first home game after a bye week and the season finale). In the 2003 and 2004 regular-season home finales, the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys, but lost both games. Since then, the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants. However, due to the special 75th-anniversary uniforms serving as the "alternates" for one game in 2007, the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules at the time (alternate uniforms were permitted twice per season but only one can be used). The black jerseys with white pants, however, re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . From 2006 to 2013, the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game, but did not use them in 2007, 2010, and 2011. For the 2007 and 2010 seasons, the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams. The team also started wearing black cleats exclusively in 2004, although the rule was relaxed by the mid-2010s.
To celebrate the team's 75th anniversary, the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th-season logo patch on the left shoulder. In addition, the team wore "throwback" jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys, the same colors found on Philadelphia's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team's inaugural season, and had been the same colors used by the Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to its suspension of operations in 1931. The Eagles beat Detroit, 56–21. [219]
In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers, on September 12, 2010, the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team. [220] In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season, the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match-up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons, respectively, before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games.
For the 2012 season, Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL's official apparel licensee, but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike's "Elite 51" uniform technology. Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo, the only other change is the league-wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform (replacing the NFL Equipment logo). Other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged. The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey and resumed wearing white pants with their white jerseys in the regular season.
For the 2014 season, the Eagles officially adopted the "Elite 51"-style uniform from Nike. However, they only wore the midnight green jerseys and pants in the second half of that season due to the difficulty of producing their preferred shade of midnight green. [221]
In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants, the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys, giving them a blackout uniform set. The Eagles won the game 27–0. The victory was their first shutout in 18 years. In Week 16 of 2016 (also against the Giants), the Eagles wore a variation of the all-black look as part of the NFL Color Rush program, but with solid black socks as opposed to black with white sanitary socks of the original look. With the exception of 2017, the Eagles have regularly worn the all-black uniforms at home against the Giants since the 2014 'blackout' game. [222] [223] The black jerseys/white pants combination was last seen during a preseason road game against the New England Patriots , after which the black jerseys were paired exclusively with the black pants.
In 2018, the Eagles' midnight green pants were not worn at all, marking the first such instance since the 1996 rebrand that the Eagles wore only white pants with their primary white or midnight green jerseys.
In Week 6 of the 2017 season, the Eagles debuted an all-white look with white jerseys, white pants and solid white socks in a road game against the Carolina Panthers . [224] The all-white look began to be utilized full-time as a road uniform set in 2019 thanks to the NFL's decision to allow teams to wear solid color socks as an alternate look.
During Week 10 of the 2021 season, the Eagles paired their white uniforms with the alternate black pants against the Denver Broncos , marking the first time the black pants were paired with a different colored uniform.
In 2022, the Eagles unveiled a new black alternate helmet, which would be worn alongside the all-black uniform. In addition, the team announced that throwback Kelly Green uniforms would return as an alternate uniform starting in the 2023 season. [225] The team originally intended to release the uniforms in 2022, but due to production supply issues, the Eagles elected to delay its release to the 2023 season. The Eagles returned to wearing Kelly Green uniforms as the teams alternate, with their debut being in a Week 7 win vs the Miami Dolphins . With the Kelly Green helmet becoming the team's one alternate, the black helmet was temporarily shelved, and the Eagles returned to wearing their primary midnight green helmets with the all-black uniform.
Back in 2022, it was released to the media that the Eagles would be changing their wordmark to a more modernized design. [226] Due to supply chain issues, the new wordmark was not able to be applied to the uniforms until the 2024 season. In addition, the black helmet was brought back as the team's third helmet option; while the NFL only allowed teams with new designs to adopt a third helmet in 2024, the Eagles' minor change of jersey wordmark counted as such. The black helmets were worn with the white jerseys, black pants and white socks for the team's Week 1 game in São Paulo , Brazil against the Green Bay Packers .
Rivalries
Divisional
The Eagles and Dallas Cowboys rivalry has been listed among the best and most acrimonious in the NFL. [227] [228] The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27–25 on September 30, 1960. Dallas leads the all-time series 74–58 as of the 2024 season, but in recent years, the series has been close, with each team winning 12 games since 2006. [229] There is considerable hostility between the two teams' fan bases, with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . The rivalry has even spilled over into draft weekend , with Cowboys legend Drew Pearson and Eagles legend David Akers exchanging insults at the opposing franchise in 2017 and 2018 , respectively. [230] [231]
New York Giants
Washington Commanders
Conference
Inter-conference
Players
45 active, 14 reserve, 17 free agent(s)
(*) Posthumous honors.
Despite not being retired, the Eagles have not issued out Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles in 1995, [243] LeSean McCoy 's No. 25 since he left the team in 2015, [244] [245] or Nick Foles ' No. 9 since he left the team in 2019. [246]
Pro Football Hall of Famers
Philadelphia Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame
Players
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
No.
Name
Positions
Seasons
Inducted
15
The following players below have franchise records for the Eagles: [250]
Passing
Statistic
Pass attempts
Passing yards
Passing TDs
Intercepted
Passer rating
Sacked
Yards per pass att.
Pass yards per game
Rushing
Statistic
Rush yards
Rush yards per attempt
Rushing TDs
Rush yards per game
Receiving
Statistic
Receiving yards
Receiving TDs
Other
Statistic
All-purpose yards
Returning
Statistic
Yards per kick return
0
Yards per punt return
Punt ret TDs
1(8 times)
Defense
Statistic
1(7 times)
Exceptional performances
Assistant general manager – Jon Ferrari
Assistant general manager – Alec Halaby
Senior vice president/Tertiary football executive – Bryce Johnston
Senior advisor to the general manager/chief security officer – Dom DiSandro
Vice president of football operations and strategy – Adam Berry
Vice president of football operations – Jeff Scott
Head of football development and strategy – Connor Barwin
Vice president of player personnel – Charles Walls
Vice president of player personnel – Alan Wolking
Senior personnel director/advisor to the general manager – Dave Caldwell
Senior personnel director/advisor to the general manager – Matt Russell
Senior director of college scouting – Anthony Patch
Director of player personnel – Phil Bhaya
Director of football operations/pro scout – Ameena Soliman
Director of football analytics – James Gilman
Head coaches
Offensive coaches
Offensive assistant – Kyle Valero
Defensive coaches
Defensive ends/outside linebackers – Jeremiah Washburn
Inside linebackers – Bobby King
Defensive quality control – Tyler Scudder
Special teams coaches
Special teams assistant – Tyler Brown
Head coach quality control – Tyler Yelk
Strength and conditioning
Head strength and conditioning – Fernando Noriega
97.3 FM
From 2008 through 2010, Eagles games were broadcast on both rock-formatted WYSP and sports-talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations were owned and operated by CBS Radio. In 2011, CBS dropped the music on WYSP, renaming it WIP-FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP. By 2020, 610 WIP had changed call letters to WTEL and rebranded to the Philadelphia affiliate for the Black Information Network , while WIP-FM broadcast all Eagles games. In 2017, the Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP-FM through 2024. [251]
Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976, is the play-by-play announcer, and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998, is the color analyst. [252] [253] The post-game show, which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities, as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley, a former Eagles linebacker and special-teamer, and Rob Ellis. Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6–10 on 94.1 WIP-FM.
Spanish language broadcasts are on WEMG Mega 105.7FM with Rickie Ricardo on play-by-play, and Oscar Budejen as color commentator. [254] [255]
During the regular season, games are governed by the NFL's master broadcasting contract with Fox , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on Fox-owned WTXF-TV . When hosting an AFC team, those games can be seen on CBS-owned KYW-TV .
Training camp
Philadelphia Eagles training camp at the NovaCare Complex in South Philadelphia in 2019
The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem in the Lehigh Valley . [256] In 2013, with the addition of head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . [257] [258] Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935, Saint Joseph's University in 1939 and 1943, Saranac Lake from 1946 to 1948, Hershey from 1951 to 1967, Albright College from 1968 to 1972, Widener University from 1973 to 1979, and West Chester University from 1980 to 1995. [258]
Fight song
Eagles' cheerleaders
Fans
A full house at The Linc for an NFC playoff game against the Green Bay Packers on January 9, 2011
An Eagles fan celebrating the Eagles. victory in Super Bowl LII at U.S. Bank Stadium on February 4, 2018
Eagles fans celebrate along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles' Super Bowl victory parade in Center City Philadelphia on February 8, 2018
Devotion
A Philadelphia Eagles fan celebrating at the Super Bowl LII in Minneapolis
Although the method may vary, studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league, noting their "unmatched fervor". [263] American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL, [264] ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 [265] and 2006. [266] The 2006 study called Eagles fans "incredibly loyal", noting that they filled 99.8% of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade. [267] Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey, [268] which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance. [269] ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey, citing the connection between the team's performance and the mood of the city. [270] The last home game that was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday, September 12, 1999, which was Andy Reid's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles. [271]
The studies note that, whether the Eagles have winning or losing teams, fans can be counted on to pack the stadium each year. As of August 2008, the team had sold out 71 consecutive games, and 70,000 additional fans were on the Eagles' waiting list for season tickets. [270] Despite finishing with a 6–10 record in the 2005 season, the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales, and single-game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened. [272]
Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous, "E-A-G-L-E-S – Eagles!" at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable, signifying their displeasure with the given team's performance, and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles. [273] Occasionally, travelling Phillies fans may even chant this when the Phillies appear to be a few innings away from an inevitable win on the road as a way to celebrate their team and Philadelphia as a whole. The Eagles and Phillies were both the main tenants at Veterans Stadium before Lincoln Financial Field and Citizens Bank Park were built.
Notable famous fans of the Eagles include actors Bradley Cooper , [274] Rob McElhenney , [275] and Miles Teller , [276] actor and comedian Kevin Hart , [277] Jeopardy! champion Brad Rutter , [278] journalists Jake Tapper [279] and Jesse Watters , [280] morning talk show host Kelly Ripa , [281] TV personality Jim Cramer , [282] and soccer star Carli Lloyd , the latter of whom also appeared at a joint practice of the Eagles with the Baltimore Ravens in 2019 where she nailed a 55-yard field goal attempt. [283] One week later, during an international friendly pitting the United States against Portugal at Lincoln Financial Field, Lloyd celebrated scoring a goal by doing the "E-A-G-L-E-S, Eagles!" chant. [284] The United States ultimately won that match 4–0.
Bad behavior
In 2006, HarperCollins published If Football's a Religion, Why Don't We Have a Prayer?, a book by Jereé Longman, in which he describes the fans of the 700 Level at Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for " hostile taunting , fighting, public urination and general strangeness." [287]
A 1997 game against the San Francisco 49ers in Philadelphia featured so many incidents that, beginning at the following home game, the Eagles appointed a judge, Seamus McCaffery , to preside over a temporary courtroom at the stadium; 20 suspects came before him that day. [285] Fan behavior improved after the team's move to Lincoln Financial Field, and "Eagles Court" ended in December 2003. [288]
During a January 2025 home playoff game against the Green Bay Packers , an Eagles fan shouted obscenities at a woman wearing Packers gear; the incident went viral online, leading to the Eagles fan losing his job and receiving a ban from the stadium. [289]
In popular culture
The 1976 Philadelphia Eagles season was the subject of the movie Invincible . [290] The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a part-time school teacher, who is a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player. The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation-only, and Papale had at least some previous playing experience. [291] The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season , and the novel mentions the 2006 team . [292] The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . [293] [294]
The award-winning comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles, most notably on Season 3, Episode 2, "The Gang Gets Invincible", a reference to the 2006 Wahlberg film. [295]
The Eagles are referenced in the 1978 Academy Award-winning movie The Deer Hunter . During a hunting trip in Pennsylvania , Nick and Stan are in a bar, and Nick says, "Hey, I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Pittsburgh wins by 20!" Stan responds, "And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles' quarterback wears a dress!" [296]
See also
^ For information about Eagles' uniform numbers, see
References
"Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts" . ProFootballHOF.com. NFL Enterprises. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
"Contact Us" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. NFL Enterprises. Retrieved January 15, 2022.
There aren't any surprises with this set. The uniforms replicate the sets worn in the days of Randall Cunningham, from 1985–1995, before the team switched to its current scheme of midnight green, silver, black and white.
"Team Information" (PDF). 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide (PDF). NFL Enterprises. September 26, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2021.
"Philadelphia Eagles Front Office Roster" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. NFL Enterprises. Archived from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
"Home" . lincolnfinancialfield.com. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
Fox, Ashley (January 4, 2014). "Fans always have Eagles' back" . ESPN . Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 183–184; cf. Herskowitz: 149, Lyons: 81–82
^ Lyons: 87; Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 187
^ Ruck; Patterson and Weber: 303; cf. MacCambridge 2005: 45
^ Ruck; with Patterson and Weber: 187; cf. Lyons: 88, MacCambridge 2005: 45
.
Warren, Harry (December 16, 1949). "Eagles 7½ point choice for title" . Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1, part 4. Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Rams point for upset over Eagles" . Reading Eagle . Pennsylvania. United Press. December 17, 1949. p. 7. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Eagles, Rams battle for NFL title today" . Milwaukee Sentinel. Associated Press. December 18, 1949. p. 2B. Archived from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
"Eagles retain title, beat Rams in rain" . St. Petersburg Independent. Florida. Associated Press. December 19, 1949. p. 21. Archived from the original on May 12, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
Didinger, Ray; Lyons, Robert S. (2005). The Eagles Encyclopedia. Temple University Press . ISBN
.
"Eagles bought for $5 miilion" . Toledo Blade. (Ohio). Associated Press. December 6, 1963. p. 30. Archived from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.
"Year-by-Year History" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 29, 2006. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Brookover, Bob (September 17, 2006). "The Birds' Biggest Rival—In a division of fierce foes, the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone". The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. D1.
Brookover, Bob (November 6, 2008). "Eagles—Giants among top rivalries". The Philadelphia Inquirer . p. D6.
Garafolo, Mike (December 30, 2012). "Eagles fire Reid" . USA Today . Philadelphia. Archived from the original on June 1, 2014. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
Mortensen, Chris (January 16, 2013). "Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach" . ESPN.com . Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2013.
"Pro Bowl receiver Jackson released by Eagles" . ESPN.com. March 28, 2014. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2019.
Gowton, Brandon Lee (March 11, 2014). "Eagles Sign Safety Malcolm Jenkins" . Bleeding Green Nation. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
^ Sports Archived November 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Rocky Mount Telegram. Retrieved on August 6, 2016.
Frank, Martin (December 22, 2014). "Eagles eliminated from playoffs" . CourierPostOnline.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
Patra, Kevin (March 10, 2015). "Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
Wesseling, Chris (January 18, 2016). "Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach" . National Football League. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
"Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach" . Philadelphia Eagles. January 18, 2016. Archived from the original on January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2016.
Bacanskas, Julie (March 9, 2016). "Eagles Acquire 8th-Overall Pick" . PhiladelphiaEagles.com. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
Reimer, Alex (September 5, 2016). "Carson Wentz will start for Eagles" . sbnation.com. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
"2020 Philadelphia Eagles Injuries" . Lineups.com. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Gill, Mike (January 9, 2021). "How the Eagles' O-Line Fared in 2020" . 97.3 ESPN. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
Frank, Reuben (January 9, 2021). "Another defensive coach leaving Eagles' coaching staff" . NBC Sports. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
McManus, Tim (January 11, 2021). "Source: Eagles change course, fire HC Pederson" . ESPN.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
.
"Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans" . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on July 24, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
Kulp, Andrew (April 27, 2018). "Akers torches Cowboys before announcing Eagles' pick" . NBC Sports Philadelphia. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
"Top 10 rivalries" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
Gowton, Brandon Lee (October 31, 2017). "Eagles announce jersey number for Jay Ajayi" . Bleedinggreennation.com. Archived from the original on August 21, 2018. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
"Merrill Reese" . WBCB. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
"Training Camp" . Philadelphiaeagles.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2010. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
"Cheerleaders" . Philadelphia Eagles. Archived from the original on September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
"Cheerleaders – Swimsuit Calendar" . Philadelphia Eagles. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
Woolsey, Matt (September 1, 2008). "In Depth: America's Most Die-Hard Football Fans" . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "NFL Fan Loyalty: Methodology" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on May 26, 2008. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
George, John (February 5, 1999). "Proven: Eagles' fans are fanatics". Philadelphia Business Journal. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. p. 3.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "Full fan loyalty rankings" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on June 29, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Thomas, G. Scott (September 4, 2006). "NFL Fan Support Rankings" . Bizjournals. Archived from the original on December 26, 2009. Retrieved February 6, 2009.
Woolsey, Matt (September 1, 2008). "America's Most Die-Hard Football Fans" . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 26, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2009.
Berman, Zack (June 14, 2006). "Single Game Tickets Sold Out!" . Philadelphiaeagles.com. Archived from the original on December 9, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2006.
. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
"Court at Eagles' games is out of session Sunday" . Sports Illustrated. Associated Press. December 6, 2003. Archived from the original on December 12, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012.
Lemire, Christy (August 25, 2006). "'Invincible' football hero has unlikely story" . East Bay Times. Associated Press. Retrieved August 4, 2024.
Savage, Fred (September 13, 2007). "The Gang Gets Invincible" . IMDb.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved September 27, 2016.
Cimino, Michael. "The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay" (PDF). Drexel.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 15, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
Sources
| 2,004 |
261 | when was the first time the philadelphia eagles went to the superbowl | https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/super-bowl/2025/02/09/philadelphia-eagles-super-bowls-win-history/78345394007/ | Show Caption
Hide Caption
Man vs. Dog: Super Bowl will decide who can pick NFL games more accurate
USA TODAY Sports conducted an experiment on who could more accurately pick NFL games -- a dog, man or machine -- and Super Bowl 59 will determin the result.
Sports Pulse
Can the Philadelphia Eagles fly back to the mountain top of the NFL?
The Eagles have existed for more than 90 years, and they'll try to add to their legacy when they play in Super Bowl 59 against the Kansas City Chiefs . Known for its loyal fan bases, Philadelphia is a true sports town that expects its teams to win championships. The expectation is the same this year for the Eagles, and fans of "The Birds" are hoping to exact some revenge on a team it recently faced in the title game and bring more glory to the franchise.
Before the Eagles play for the Lombardi Trophy on Sunday, here's a look back at Philadelphia's prior Super Bowl experience.
How many times have the Eagles won the Super Bowl?
Philadelphia has won one Super Bowl in franchise history. It finally claimed the title during the 2017 season to become the 20th team in the league to win a Super Bowl.
The lone Super Bowl win came in Super Bowl 52 by beating the New England Patriots in Minneapolis. The game is known for the trick play "Philly Special" that resulted in a touchdown in the victory.
When was the last time the Eagles won the Super Bowl?
The win over the Patriots is the only time Philadelphia won the Super Bowl so it is the most recent victory in the game for the Eagles. Philadelphia's last Super Bowl appearance is a sour one for Eagles fans, coming two years ago against the team it will face Sunday – the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl 57. Kansas City won the game.
Eagles Super Bowl appearances
With multiple Super Bowl appearances, Philadelphia hasn't been all too successful on the biggest stage. Sunday will mark the fifth Super Bowl the Eagles will play in, and they are 1-3 in the game. Here are all of the Super Bowl appearances in Eagles history, as well as the result:
Super Bowl 15: Loss vs. Oakland Raiders, 27-10 (Louisiana Superdome, New Orleans)
Super Bowl 34: Loss vs. New England Patriots, 24-21 (Alltel Stadium, Jacksonville, Florida)
Super Bowl 52: Win vs. New England Patriots, 41-33 (U.S. Bank Stadium, Minneapolis)
Super Bowl 57: Loss vs. Kansas City Chiefs, 38-35 (State Farm Stadium, Glendale, Arizona)
| 2,005 |
261 | when was the first time the philadelphia eagles went to the superbowl | https://operations.nfl.com/learn-the-game/nfl-basics/team-histories/national-football-conference/east/philadelphia-eagles/ | AP via Julie Jacobson
Did you know?
For the 1943 season, the Philadelphia and Pittsburgh franchises combined due to a player shortage during World War II. The team was officially called “Phil-Pitt” but came to be known as the “Steagles.”
Lincoln Financial Field
Team History
The Eagles have won four NFL championships and one Super Bowl. Their previous titles came before the Super Bowl era (1948, 1949, 1960).
In 1978, the Eagles pulled out an improbable win over the New York Giants after the Giants fumbled the football in the final seconds while attempting to run out the clock. The game was labeled “The Miracle at the Meadowlands,” and is credited with popularizing the “quarterback kneel” and the "victory formation."
The Eagles won their first Super Bowl in 2018, defeating the New England Patriots, 41-33, in Super Bowl LII. Quarterback Nick Foles, playing in place of injured starter Carson Wentz, was named Super Bowl MVP.
Team Facts
Super Bowl Titles: 1
Playoff Record: 25-26
Most Career Receptions: Harold Carmichael, 589 (1971-83)
Most Career Sacks: Reggie White, 124 (1985-92)
Most Career Interceptions: Eric Allen (1988-94), Bill Bradley (1969-76), Brian Dawkins (1996-2008), 34
Most Career Points: David Akers, 1,323 (1999-2010)
Current Team Owner: Jeffrey Lurie
Select a Different Team
© 2025 National Football League. All rights reserved.
| 2,006 |
261 | when was the first time the philadelphia eagles went to the superbowl | https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philadelphia-eagles-super-bowl-wins/ | / CBS News
Philadelphia Eagles fans celebrate team's win in 2025 Super Bowl
The Philadelphia Eagles are celebrating their victory over the Kansas City Chiefs at the 2025 Super Bowl , where they beat the defending champs 40-22. The Chiefs fell short in their pursuit of a three-peat as the Eagles clinched their second Super Bowl victory.
The game at the Caesars Superdome in New Orleans was a rematch of the 2023 Super Bowl , when the Chiefs triumphed.
How many Super Bowls have the Philadelphia Eagles won?
With their 2025 victory, the Philadelphia Eagles have now won the Vince Lombardi Trophy twice in franchise history. Their first was at the 2018 Super Bowl when they beat the New England Patriots 41-33.
How many Super Bowl appearances do the Philadelphia Eagles have?
This was the fifth time the Eagles went to the Big Game in franchise history. Their most recent previous appearance was at the 2023 Super Bowl against the same rival, the Kansas City Chiefs.
Details of the Philadelphia Eagles' first Super Bowl win
The Eagles took on the New England Patriots at the 2018 Super Bowl. However, unlike their first match at the Big Game 13 years earlier, the Eagles were crowned the champions.
The Eagles went into the game after finishing the regular season 13-3. They routed the Minnesota Vikings 38-7 in the NFC Championship Game.
Led by quarterback Nick Foles, the Eagles were considered the underdogs but kept the defending champions at bay for most of the game.
The Eagles won the game 41-33 to earn their first NFL (pre-Super Bowl era) title since 1960.
Details of the Philadelphia Eagles' last Super Bowl appearance
The Eagles' last time to the Big Game was in 2023 when they took on the Kansas City Chiefs.
While the Eagles led for most of Super Bowl LVII in Glendale, Arizona, eventual MVP Patrick Mahomes threw two touchdown passes in the fourth to open an eight-point advantage. The Eagles tied the game, however, the Chiefs had enough time to get down the field before kicker Harrison Butker booted a 27-yard field goal with eight seconds left. The Chiefs won 38-35.
List of the Philadelphia Eagles' Super Bowl wins
2018: Philadelphia Eagles vs New England Patriots
List of the Philadelphia Eagles' Super Bowl appearances
2025: Philadelphia Eagles vs Kansas City Chiefs
2023: Philadelphia Eagles vs Kansas City Chiefs
2018: Philadelphia Eagles vs New England Patriots
2005: Philadelphia Eagles vs New England Patriots
1981: Philadelphia Eagles vs Las Vegas Raiders*
*The Las Vegas Raiders in 1981 were the Oakland Raiders as they were playing in Oakland, California, until they moved in 2020.
Super Bowl
More from CBS News
Get browser notifications for breaking news, live events, and exclusive reporting.
Not Now
Turn On
| 2,007 |
261 | when was the first time the philadelphia eagles went to the superbowl | https://www.profootballnetwork.com/philadelphia-eagles-super-bowl-history/ | February 9, 2025 | 10:10 PM EST
The Philadelphia Eagles' Super Bowl history includes more defeats than wins. Let's take a look at the historic franchise.
While Philadelphia has experienced plenty of regular-season and playoff success, their record in the Super Bowl has been mixed even after their latest victory. Let’s look back at how the Eagles have fared in the big game.
Take control of your favorite team's salary cap and manage the roster through free agency!
How Many Super Bowls Have the Eagles Played In?
Super Bowl 15 — January 1981
Super Bowl 39 — February 2005
Super Bowl 52 — February 2018
Super Bowl 57 — February 2023
Super Bowl 59 — February 2025
Although the Eagles have appeared in five Super Bowls, they also made several championship appearances in the pre-Super Bowl era.
Philadelphia played in the NFL Championship Game each season from 1947-49. With head coach Greasy Neale and running back Steve Van Buren leading the way, the Eagles won the title in the latter two seasons. After losing to the Chicago Cardinals in 1947, Philadelphia defeated the Cardinals in 1948 and the Los Angeles Rams in 1949.
In 1960, the Eagles went 10-2 in what would become the final season of head coach Buck Shaw, quarterback Norm Van Brocklin, and linebacker Chuck Bednarik’s careers. Philadelphia beat the Green Bay Packers in the NFL Championship, giving Vince Lombardi the only championship loss of his career.
Super Bowl Wins by the Eagles
While the Eagles are a storied NFL franchise, they had never won a Super Bowl entering the 2017 campaign. Philadelphia finished with a 13-3 record and secured the top seed in the NFC, but they had to navigate the postseason without second-year quarterback and MVP candidate Carson Wentz, who had torn his ACL in Week 14.
Backup signal-caller Nick Foles , in his second stint with the Eagles, managed to squeak by the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round before dominating the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC title game.
That victory set up a Super Bowl 52 matchup with Tom Brady and the New England Patriots , who had won the Lombardi Trophy the year prior by defeating the Falcons.
This contest ended up as the second-highest-scoring Super Bowl of all time, and it was a back-and-forth affair from the get-go. Philadelphia held a three-point lead near the end of the second quarter when Doug Pederson and Foles dialed up the “ Philly Special ,” a trick play that saw running back Corey Clement accept a direct snap and pitch the ball to tight end Trey Burton, who then tossed a touchdown pass to a wide-open Foles.
Philadelphia maintained their lead until midway through the third quarter when Brady hit Rob Gronkowski for a four-yard TD pass to give the Patriots a 33-32 advantage. Foles then connected with Zach Ertz to retake the lead with just over two minutes remaining in the fourth quarter.
Brady might’ve orchestrated one of his classic game-winning drives, but edge rusher Brandon Graham strip-sacked the future Hall of Famer on his second dropback of the series. The Eagles recovered the fumble, hit a field goal to make the score 41-33, then stopped Brady and the Patriots on their ensuing possession to close out their first Super Bowl victory.
The Eagles then won their second Super Bowl seven years later in New Orleans. Philadelphia entered the postseason having won 12 of their final 13 regular season games. Led by MVP finalist Saquon Barkley , the Eagles crushed the Washington Commanders in the NFC Championship Game, 55-23, to advance to Super Bowl 59.
In that game, the Eagles again dominated, ending the Chiefs’ attempt at three consecutive Super Bowl wins. Quarterback Jalen Hurts passed for 221 yards and two touchdowns while adding 72 yards on the ground with another touchdown. Philadelphia’s 40-22 victory was not even as close as the score would suggest.
The Eagles sacked Chiefs QB Patrick Mahomes six times and intercepted him twice. Defensive coordinator Vic Fangio’s defense completely overwhelmed KC’s offensive line and held the Chiefs to just six points through three quarters of that game.
Super Bowl Losses by the Eagles
In Dick Vermeil’s fifth season as the Eagles’ head coach, he led his team to a 12-4 record and first place in the NFC East. Philadelphia beat the Vikings in the Divisional Round and the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC title game, earning the right to face the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl 15.
Unfortunately, the game could have hardly gotten off to a worse start for the Eagles. Raiders linebacker Rod Martin intercepted Ron Jaworski’s first pass attempt of the game, and Jim Plunkett found receiver Cliff Branch for a touchdown on Oakland’s ensuing drive.
Things didn’t get any better for Philadelphia. By the early third quarter, the Eagles were already down 21-3. With a chance to get back in the game, they drove to the Raiders’ 34-yard line, but Martin picked off Jaworksi for the second time. Oakland kicked a field goal before the Eagles finally scored a touchdown at the beginning of the fourth quarter to make the score 24-10.
Philadelphia’s last two drives represented a comedy of errors. First, Jaworski fumbled in Raiders’ territory with six minutes remaining. Then, after a Raiders’ three-and-out, Martin intercepted Jaworski again, collecting his Super Bowl record third pick of the game. Oakland ran out the clock to earn a 27-10 victory.
The Eagles Came Close in Super Bowl 39
The Eagles had lost three consecutive NFC Championship Games heading into the 2004 season, leaving a poor taste in the mouth of everyone in Philadelphia. After trading for wide receiver Terrell Owens over the offseason, the Eagles managed the NFC’s best regular-season record for the fourth year in a row. Philadelphia began the season with seven straight wins, and two of their three losses for the year came in meaningless games when the club opted to rest its starters.
Andy Reid’s team beat the Vikings in the Divisional Round and the Falcons in the NFC title game, earning the right to face the Patriots in the Super Bowl. New England, having won two of the previous three Super Bowls and on their way to becoming a dynasty, defeated the Colts and Steelers en route to their Super Bowl appearance.
The game was 7-7 at halftime. Donovan McNabb found tight end L.J. Smith for a touchdown near the beginning of the second quarter, while Brady hit David Givens for a score just before halftime.
On the Patriots’ first drive of the third quarter, Brady threw a TD pass to linebacker Mike Vrabel, who had lined up as a tight end before hauling in a two-yard score. Three series later, Philadelphia tied the game again when McNabb hit Brian Westbrook for a 10-yard TD.
Super Bowl 57 Loss
The Eagles faced off against one of the hottest offenses in the league when they first faced Patrick Mahomes and the Kansas City Chiefs in Super Bowl 57. Jalen Hurts put up a record-breaking effort, but ultimately, the team fell short 38-35.
The Eagles managed to get up 10 points in the first half but came out of the halftime show with little energy. The Chiefs capitalized, scoring on every drive. They took the lead and never looked back.
February 19, 2025 | 7:02 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 7:00 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 6:58 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 5:52 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 5:52 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 5:50 PM EST
February 19, 2025 | 5:45 PM EST
| 2,008 |
262 | how does methyl red work as a ph indicator | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_red | Methyl red
18 languages
Chemical indicator that turns red in acidic solutions
Methyl red
Names
Identifiers
179–182 °C (354–360 °F; 452–455 K) [1]
Hazards
4.4
6.2
Methyl red (2-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid), also called C.I. Acid Red 2, is an indicator dye that turns red in acidic solutions. It is an azo dye , and is a dark red crystalline powder. Methyl red is a pH indicator ; it is red in pH under 4.4, yellow in pH over 6.2, and orange in between, with a pKa of 5.1. [2] Murexide and methyl red are investigated as promising enhancers of sonochemical destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants . Methyl red is classed by the IARC in group 3 - unclassified as to carcinogenic potential in humans.
Color transition of methyl red solution under different acid–base conditions. Left: acidic, middle: about pH 5.1 (the pKa), right: alkaline
As an azo dye, methyl red may be prepared by diazotization of anthranilic acid , followed by reaction with dimethylaniline : [3]
The color of methyl red is pH dependent, because protonation causes it to adopt a hydrazone / quinone structure.
Methyl Red has a special use in histopathology for showing acidic nature of tissue and presence of organisms with acidic natured cell walls.
Methyl Red is detectably fluorescent in 1:1 water:methanol (pH 7.0), with an emission maximum at 375 nm ( UVA ) upon excitation with 310 nm light ( UVB ). [4]
Methyl red test
Methyl red test: Escherichia coli (left side) showing a 'positive' result, and Enterobacter cloacae (right side) showing a 'negative' result
In microbiology , methyl red is used in the methyl red test (MR test), used to identify bacteria producing stable acids by mechanisms of mixed acid fermentation of glucose (cf. Voges–Proskauer test).
The MR test, the "M" portion of the four IMViC tests, is used to identify enteric bacteria based on their pattern of glucose metabolism. All enterics initially produce pyruvic acid from glucose metabolism. Some enterics subsequently use the mixed acid pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to other acids, such as lactic , acetic , and formic acids. These bacteria are called methyl-red positive and include Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris . Other enterics subsequently use the butylene glycol pathway to metabolize pyruvic acid to neutral end products. These bacteria are called methyl-red-negative and include Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes .
A tube filled with a glucose phosphate broth is inoculated with a sterile transfer loop. The tube is incubated at 35 °C (95 °F) for 2–5 days. After incubation, 2.5 ml of the medium are transferred to another tube. Five drops of the pH indicator methyl red is added to this tube. The tube is gently rolled between the palms to disperse the methyl red.
Expected results
See also
;
.
Kumar Das, Diganta; Goswami, Priyanka; Barman, Champa; Das, Biva (2012-12-30). "Methyl Red: A Fluorescent Sensor for Hg2+ over Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+". Environmental Engineering Research. Korean Society of Environmental Engineering: 75–78. doi : 10.4491/eer.2012.17.s1.s75 . ISSN 1226-1025 .
"Microbiology, A Photographic Atlas for the Laboratory", Alexander, Street, Pearson Education, 2001.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Methyl red .
Nile Chemicals -- Methyl Red A site showing some extra information on methyl red.
| 2,009 |
262 | how does methyl red work as a ph indicator | https://www.chemicals.co.uk/blog/what-is-methyl-red | by
Methyl red is an azo dye, or a synthetic dye, which is one of the common chemical indicators used in the laboratory to determine pH transitions within a specific range. It’s most effective between pH 4.4 and pH 6.2.
If the pH level is below 4.4, its colour is red, and if it’s above 6.2, the colour turns yellow. If the pH is somewhere between these two limits, the colour is orange. This change in colour also corresponds to the extent by which the protons or hydronium ions (H+) dissociate from the molecules of the dye.
Methylene red is useful when it comes to testing the pH changes in acidic solutions. It’s also useful for calibrating solutions, especially during titration experiments. It isn’t, however, effective for testing pH changes in alkaline solutions because it remains yellow in colour when mixed with them.
In this post:
What is the Chemical Formula of Methylene Red?
Azo dyes have a generalised chemical formula and structure that can be written as R−N=N−R. The hydrocarbon chains or rings are typically aryl groups, which are derived from aromatic compounds.
The IUPAC standard name of methyl red is 2-(N,N-dimethyl-4-aminophenyl) azobenzenecarboxylic acid, but it’s also known as C.I. Acid Red 2. It has a molar mass of 269.304 g·mol−1. When it isn’t dissolved in water, the dye is a dark red crystalline powder at room temperature. Its simple chemical formula can be written as C15H15N3O2.
Together with murexide , methyl red is being investigated for its potential for the sonochemical destruction of chlorinated hydrocarbon pollutants. Sonochemistry is a relatively new field of research that focuses on the chemical reactions that occur with the application of powerful ultrasonic waves, specifically ones with frequencies between 20 kHz and 10 MHz.
Structurally, the chemical composition and molecular relationships of the elements in methyl red can be illustrated as:
What is Methyl Red Used For?
Azo dyes have important commercial value as dyes for textiles, leather products, and some food products.
Aside from common laboratory titration experiments, methyl red is also used in microbiology, where it can identify bacteria that produce stable acids through the mixed acid fermentation of glucose. This test identifies enteric bacteria based on the pattern of glucose metabolism. Enteric bacteria are clinically important because they’re pathogenic, with Salmonella and E. coli being some of the most common examples that are pathogenic to humans.
Enterics or bacteria that belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family have glucose metabolic pathways that initially produce pyruvic acid. The mixed acid pathway is used by some enterics to convert pyruvic acid into other types of acids, such as lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid.
Methyl red can be used to identify these bacteria based on their acidic metabolic byproducts. Therefore, they’re called methyl-red positive bacteria, and this term includes things like E. coli and P. vulgaris. On the other hand, methyl-red negative bacteria such as S. marcescens and E. aerogenes use the butylene glycol pathway to convert pyruvic acid into neutral metabolic byproducts.
The process of testing for enteric bacteria starts with:
An isolate that’s inoculated into a tube using a sterile transfer loop
The second step is to incubate the tube at 35°C for two to five days
Next, the incubated medium is transferred into another tube
Finally, five drops of methyl red are added to the medium
The mixture is then gently rolled between the palms to ensure the indicator is properly dispersed
Once the methyl red is properly dispersed into the medium, it’s expected to turn red if the pH is below 4.4. The presence of pyruvic acid that’s metabolised into other acids with pH readings of at least 4.2 will produce the positive test results for the presence of pathogenic enterics like Escherichia coli. On the other hand, if the pH level of the medium is only 6.0, then the test result is negative, and the indicator will be yellow in colour.
Methyl red is used in microbiology to identify enteric bacteria, like E. Coli
Why is Methyl Red Used in Titration?
Titration is the process of slowly adding a solution of known concentration and known volume (the titrant) to a solution of unknown concentration and known volume (the analyte). This is done until a threshold concentration is achieved, which is determined by the colour change of an indicator, like methyl red. Usually, the change in colour indicates neutralisation, but it can also mean the desired threshold has been reached, depending on the experiment.
Four types of titration methods are developed as analytical tools for determining the unknown concentration of a solution. The analyte is of known chemical species that’s also known to react with the titrant. These are the four categories of titration :
Acid-base titrations
Redox titrations
Precipitation titrations
Complexometric titrations
While the substances, specific goals, and exact procedures may vary, all titrations can be classified as one of the aforementioned categories. For example, methyl red can be used in the spectroscopy analysis of inorganic compounds. Methyl red is good for the titration of a strong acid (analyte) with a strong base. The lower pH range makes it ideal for acid titration.
About the author
Director
Jessica is a Director at ReAgent and leads a variety of growth projects. She has an extensive background in marketing, and has worked in the chemical manufacturing industry since 2019. When she’s not writing articles for ReAgent, Jessica can be found on a run, in her campervan, building LEGO, or watching Star Wars.
Disclaimer
The blog on chemicals.co.uk and everything published on it is provided as an information resource only. The blog, its authors and affiliates accept no responsibility for any accident, injury or damage caused in part or directly from following the information provided on this website. We do not recommend using any chemical without first consulting the Material Safety Data Sheet which can be obtained from the manufacturer and following the safety advice and precautions on the product label. If you are in any doubt about health and safety issues please consult the Health & Safety Executive ( HSE ).
Bespoke Chemical Services
Name*
What happens to my enquiry?
Your message is sent directly to our dedicated customer service support team where it is distributed to the department best suited to help you. During office hours one of our staff members will promptly email you back or give you a quick call to discuss your requirements or respond to your question. All without obligation or sales pressure. We are here to help you, and are dedicated to “above and beyond” levels of customer service.
“All enquiries are treated as confidential – we never share your details”
Kerry
Customer Service
“Our manufacturing facility is accredited to ISO 9001, ISO 13485, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001”DarrenTechnical Director
“We provide comprehensive technical support with every enquiry”
Jo
★★★★★ 5/5
Always have excellent service from yourselves from ordering product to delivery.
Kevin Wallcroft
★★★★★ 5/5
A particularly easy to deal with chemical company. I telephoned, got all the advice needed with excellent friendly service. My chemicals arrived the very next day. Very happy!
Joanne King
★★★★★ 5/5
Fast efficient service, was kept updated on order throughout. Can not fault ReAgent sales and delivery processes.
Hebe Arat
★★★★★ 5/5
Their customer services were very helpful, sending us all the lab reports we needed, before we even bought from them. Then, once we ordered the product came very quickly.
Open: Mon – Fri / 8:30AM – 5:00PM
Contact Us
Main Menu
Top Navigation
| 2,010 |
262 | how does methyl red work as a ph indicator | https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map:_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.)/17:_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria/17.3:_Acid-Base_Indicators | Error
chrome_reader_mode Enter Reader Mode
{ "17.1:_Common-Ion_Effect_in_Acid-Base_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.2:_Buffer_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.3:_Acid-Base_Indicators" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.4:_Neutralization_Reactions_and_Titration_Curves" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.5:_Solutions_of_Salts_of_Polyprotic_Acids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.6:_Acid-Base_Equilibrium_Calculations:_A_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()", "17.E:_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass230_0.<PageSubPageProperty>b__1]()" }
17.3: Acid-Base Indicators
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)
Explain the function and color changes of acid-base indicators
Demonstrate how to select the proper indicator for a titration experiment
Determine the acidic dissociation constants Ka or Kai of indicators.
Certain organic substances change color in dilute solution when the hydronium ion concentration reaches a particular value. For example, phenolphthalein is a colorless substance in any aqueous solution with a hydronium ion concentration greater than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH < 8.3). In more basic solutions where the hydronium ion concentration is less than 5.0 × 10−9 M (pH > 8.3), it is red or pink. Substances such as phenolphthalein, which can be used to determine the pH of a solution, are called acid-base indicators. Acid-base indicators are either weak organic acids or weak organic bases.
The equilibrium in a solution of the acid-base indicator methyl orange, a weak acid, can be represented by an equation in which we use HIn as a simple representation for the complex methyl orange molecule:
\[\underbrace{\ce{HIn}_{(aq)}}_{\ce{red}}+\ce{H2O}_{(l)}⇌\ce{H3O+}_{(aq)}+\underbrace{\ce{In-}_{(aq)}}_{\ce{yellow}}\]
\[K_\ce{a}=\ce{\dfrac{[H3O+][In- ]}{[HIn]}}=4.0×10^{−4}\]
The anion of methyl orange, In−, is yellow, and the nonionized form, HIn, is red. When we add acid to a solution of methyl orange, the increased hydronium ion concentration shifts the equilibrium toward the nonionized red form, in accordance with Le Chatelier’s principle. If we add base, we shift the equilibrium towards the yellow form. This behavior is completely analogous to the action of buffers.
An indicator’s color is the visible result of the ratio of the concentrations of the two species In− and HIn. If most of the indicator (typically about 60−90% or more) is present as In−, then we see the color of the In− ion, which would be yellow for methyl orange. If most is present as HIn, then we see the color of the HIn molecule: red for methyl orange. For methyl orange, we can rearrange the equation for Ka and write:
\[\mathrm{\dfrac{[In^-]}{[HIn]}=\dfrac{[substance\: with\: yellow\: color]}{[substance\: with\: red\: color]}=\dfrac{\mathit{K}_a}{[H_3O^+]}}\]
This shows us how the ratio of \(\ce{\dfrac{[In- ]}{[HIn]}}\) varies with the concentration of hydronium ion. The above expression describing the indicator equilibrium can be rearranged:
\[\mathrm{\dfrac{[H_3O^+]}{\mathit{K}_a}=\dfrac{[HIn]}{[In^- ]}}\]
\[\mathrm{log\left(\dfrac{[H_3O^+]}{\mathit{K}_a}\right)=log\left(\dfrac{[HIn]}{[In^- ]}\right)}\]
\[\mathrm{log([H_3O^+])-log(\mathit{K}_a)=-log\left(\dfrac{[In^-]}{[HIn]}\right)}\]
\[\mathrm{-pH+p\mathit{K}_a=-log\left(\dfrac{[In^-]}{[HIn]}\right)}\]
\[\mathrm{pH=p\mathit{K}_a+log\left(\dfrac{[In^-]}{[HIn]}\right)\:or\:pH=p\mathit{K}_a+log\left(\dfrac{[base]}{[acid]}\right)}\]
The last formula is the same as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, which can be used to describe the equilibrium of indicators.
When [H3O+] has the same numerical value as Ka, the ratio of [In−] to [HIn] is equal to 1, meaning that 50% of the indicator is present in the red form (HIn) and 50% is in the yellow ionic form (In−), and the solution appears orange in color. When the hydronium ion concentration increases to 8 × 10−4 M (a pH of 3.1), the solution turns red. No change in color is visible for any further increase in the hydronium ion concentration (decrease in pH). At a hydronium ion concentration of 4 × 10−5 M (a pH of 4.4), most of the indicator is in the yellow ionic form, and a further decrease in the hydronium ion concentration (increase in pH) does not produce a visible color change. The pH range between 3.1 (red) and 4.4 (yellow) is the color-change interval of methyl orange; the pronounced color change takes place between these pH values.
Many different substances can be used as indicators, depending on the particular reaction to be monitored. For example, red cabbage juice contains a mixture of colored substances that change from deep red at low pH to light blue at intermediate pH to yellow at high pH (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)). In all cases, though, a good indicator must have the following properties:
The color change must be easily detected.
The color change must be rapid.
The indicator molecule must not react with the substance being titrated.
To minimize errors, the indicator should have a pKin that is within one pH unit of the expected pH at the equivalence point of the titration.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Naturally Occurring pH Indicators in Red Cabbage Juice. Image curtesty of Wikipedia.
Red cabbage juice contains a mixture of substances whose color depends on the pH. Each test tube contains a solution of red cabbage juice in water, but the pH of the solutions varies from pH = 2.0 (far left) to pH = 11.0 (far right). At pH = 7.0, the solution is blue.
Synthetic indicators have been developed that meet these criteria and cover virtually the entire pH range. Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) shows the approximate pH range over which some common indicators change color and their change in color. In addition, some indicators (such as thymol blue) are polyprotic acids or bases, which change color twice at widely separated pH values.
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\): Some Common Acid–Base Indicators. Approximate colors are shown, along with pKin values and the pH range over which the color changes.
It is important to be aware that an indicator does not change color abruptly at a particular pH value; instead, it actually undergoes a pH titration just like any other acid or base. As the concentration of HIn decreases and the concentration of In− increases, the color of the solution slowly changes from the characteristic color of HIn to that of In−. As we will see in Section 16, the [In−]/[HIn] ratio changes from 0.1 at a pH one unit below pKin to 10 at a pH one unit above pKin. Thus most indicators change color over a pH range of about two pH units.
We have stated that a good indicator should have a pKin value that is close to the expected pH at the equivalence point. For a strong acid–strong base titration, the choice of the indicator is not especially critical due to the very large change in pH that occurs around the equivalence point. In contrast, using the wrong indicator for a titration of a weak acid or a weak base can result in relatively large errors, as illustrated in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). This figure shows plots of pH versus volume of base added for the titration of 50.0 mL of a 0.100 M solution of a strong acid (HCl) and a weak acid (acetic acid) with 0.100 M \(NaOH\). The pH ranges over which two common indicators (methyl red, \(pK_{in} = 5.0\), and phenolphthalein, \(pK_{in} = 9.5\)) change color are also shown. The horizontal bars indicate the pH ranges over which both indicators change color cross the HCl titration curve, where it is almost vertical. Hence both indicators change color when essentially the same volume of \(NaOH\) has been added (about 50 mL), which corresponds to the equivalence point. In contrast, the titration of acetic acid will give very different results depending on whether methyl red or phenolphthalein is used as the indicator. Although the pH range over which phenolphthalein changes color is slightly greater than the pH at the equivalence point of the strong acid titration, the error will be negligible due to the slope of this portion of the titration curve. Just as with the HCl titration, the phenolphthalein indicator will turn pink when about 50 mL of \(NaOH\) has been added to the acetic acid solution. In contrast, methyl red begins to change from red to yellow around pH 5, which is near the midpoint of the acetic acid titration, not the equivalence point. Adding only about 25–30 mL of \(NaOH\) will therefore cause the methyl red indicator to change color, resulting in a huge error.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Choosing the Correct Indicator for an Acid–Base Titration
The graph shows the results obtained using two indicators (methyl red and phenolphthalein) for the titration of 0.100 M solutions of a strong acid (HCl) and a weak acid (acetic acid) with 0.100 M \(NaOH\). Due to the steepness of the titration curve of a strong acid around the equivalence point, either indicator will rapidly change color at the equivalence point for the titration of the strong acid. In contrast, the pKin for methyl red (5.0) is very close to the pKa of acetic acid (4.76); the midpoint of the color change for methyl red occurs near the midpoint of the titration, rather than at the equivalence point.
In general, for titrations of strong acids with strong bases (and vice versa), any indicator with a pK in between about 4.0 and 10.0 will do. For the titration of a weak acid, however, the pH at the equivalence point is greater than 7.0, so an indicator such as phenolphthalein or thymol blue, with pKin > 7.0, should be used. Conversely, for the titration of a weak base, where the pH at the equivalence point is less than 7.0, an indicator such as methyl red or bromocresol blue, with pKin < 7.0, should be used.
Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)
In the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, which indicator would be the best choice?
Methyl Orange
Bromocresol Green
Phenolphtalein
Solution
The correct answer is C. In the titration of a weak acid with a strong base, the conjugate base of the weak acid will make the pH at the equivalence point greater than 7. Therefore, you would want an indicator to change in that pH range. Both methyl orange and bromocresol green change color in an acidic pH range, while phenolphtalein changes in a basic pH.
The existence of many different indicators with different colors and pKin values also provides a convenient way to estimate the pH of a solution without using an expensive electronic pH meter and a fragile pH electrode. Paper or plastic strips impregnated with combinations of indicators are used as “pH paper,” which allows you to estimate the pH of a solution by simply dipping a piece of pH paper into it and comparing the resulting color with the standards printed on the container (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): pH Paper. pH paper contains a set of indicators that change color at different pH values. The approximate pH of a solution can be determined by simply dipping a paper strip into the solution and comparing the color to the standards provided.
Summary
Acid–base indicators are compounds that change color at a particular pH. They are typically weak acids or bases whose changes in color correspond to deprotonation or protonation of the indicator itself.
Contributors and Attributions
Paul Flowers (University of North Carolina - Pembroke), Klaus Theopold (University of Delaware) and Richard Langley (Stephen F. Austin State University) with contributing authors. Textbook content produced by OpenStax College is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] ).
{template.ContribBoundless()}}
17.3: Acid-Base Indicators is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.
| 2,011 |
262 | how does methyl red work as a ph indicator | https://gspchem.com/methyl-red-in-acid-base-titrations/ | Home / Methyl Red in Acid-Base Titrations: A Detailed Guide
Date Published: Mon, 23 Dec 2024
Methyl Red in Acid-Base Titrations: A Detailed Guide
Methyl red, a pH indicator, is a vital tool in acid-base titrations, offering accuracy and reliability in various chemical analyses. Its distinct color changes provide a clear endpoint, making it invaluable in laboratory settings. This guide delves into the properties, uses, and advantages of methyl red in titrations and its broader role in analytical chemistry.
What Is Methyl Red?
It is a synthetic azo dye that acts as a pH indicator . It is soluble in water and exhibits color transitions within a specific pH range. Its chemical formula is C15H15N3O2, and it belongs to the family of pH indicators that change color based on hydrogen ion concentration.
Transition Range– It changes from red in acidic solutions (pH < 4.4) to yellow in basic solutions (pH > 6.2). Between pH 4.4 and 6.2, it appears orange, marking the transition zone.
Molecular Structure- It’s structure includes an azo group (-N=N-) responsible for its vibrant colors.
Role of Methyl Red in Acid-Base Titrations
An acid-base titration is a quantitative analytical method to determine the concentration of an unknown solution. Indicators like methyl red are essential for detecting the equivalence point the stage at which the amount of acid equals the amount of base in a reaction.
1. Why Choose Methyl Red?
Distinct Color Change– It provides a sharp color transition that is easy to observe visually. Suitability for Strong Acid Weak Base Reactions- Its transition range aligns well with the pH range of equivalence points in titrations involving strong acids and weak bases. High Sensitivity- Small pH changes are immediately reflected in its color shift.
2. Titration Process Using Methyl Red
Step 1: Prepare the acid and base solutions, ensuring the unknown solution is in the titration flask. Step 2: Add a few drops of methyl red to the titration flask. Step 3: Slowly add the titrant (e.g., sodium hydroxide for an acid) from the burette while stirring. Step 4: Observe the color change. The endpoint is reached when the solution transitions from red to orange (near acidic-neutral equivalence).
Applications of Methyl Red in Laboratories
1. Analytical Chemistry
It is widely used in laboratories to: – Measure the concentration of acidic or basic substances. – Test the buffering capacity of solutions. – Analyze the purity of chemicals through titrimetric methods.
2. Environmental Studies
– It aids in determining the acidity or alkalinity of natural water bodies. – It is used in soil testing to optimize agricultural practices.
3. Biological Research
– In microbiology, methyl red is part of the MR-VP test (Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer), used to detect mixed acid fermentation in bacteria.
Advantages of Using Methyl Red
Cost-Effective- It is inexpensive and readily available, making it a preferred choice for educational and professional laboratories. Ease of Use- Its sharp color transition simplifies endpoint detection, even for beginners. Versatility- It works well across a range of applications, from research labs to industrial settings.
Limitations of Methyl Red
Limited pH Range- Its effectiveness is confined to a specific range (4.4 to 6.2), making it unsuitable for titrations outside this pH window. Visual Perception- Colorblind individuals may struggle to detect color change, necessitating alternative methods like pH meters. Sensitivity to Light and Temperature– Prolonged exposure to light or extreme temperatures can degrade its efficacy.
Industrial Applications of Methyl Red
Chemical Manufacturing- Ensures pH control in the production of dyes, detergents, and fertilizers. Pharmaceutical Industry- Used to monitor pH in drug formulations, ensuring safety and efficacy. Food Industry- Assists in maintaining the pH balance in processed foods, enhancing shelf life and quality. Water Treatment- Helps in adjusting pH levels during water purification processes.
Methyl Red vs. Other Indicators
Methyl red is often compared with other indicators like phenolphthalein and bromothymol blue. Here’s how it stands out: It’s transition range makes it particularly useful in specific scenarios where other indicators might not be effective.
Future of Methyl Red in Analytical Chemistry
As technology advances, the role of pH indicators like methyl red continues to evolve. Integrating digital tools with traditional indicators can enhance accuracy and usability. Some emerging trends include:
Smart Sensors- Combining methyl red with electronic sensors for automated pH monitoring. Eco-Friendly Alternatives- Developing biodegradable indicators with similar properties. Hybrid Indicators- Creating multi-range indicators for broader applications.
Conclusion
Methyl red has cemented its place as an essential tool in acid-base titrations, thanks to its accuracy, affordability, and versatility. Its applications span various fields, from analytical chemistry to industrial manufacturing. By understanding its properties, advantages, and limitations, professionals can harness its potential to achieve precise and reliable results. As the demand for sustainable and efficient analytical methods grows, methyl red will likely remain at the forefront of pH monitoring solutions. Whether in research, education, or industry, its role in revolutionizing chemical analysis is undeniable.
Share this on Social Media
LinkedIn
Halochrome Expert, 20+ years Life Sciences Specialist, Industry Thought Leader.
Leading Innovations in Colour change Chemistry with his Expertise and Passion in Specialty Colours, Biological Stains, pH Indicators and other Halochromic Compounds.
Follow this Blog for his unique perspective on the ever-changing world of Chemistry.GSP CHEM is the Leading Manufacturer and Global supplier of pH Indicators, Specialty Chemicals and Life Sciences for 40+ years.
February 21, 2025
TAGS
Solar Colourants (India) Pvt Ltd
N-212/2, MIDC Tarapur,
Boisar Dist. Palghar
MH-401506 INDIA
Phone
Product Range
| 2,012 |
262 | how does methyl red work as a ph indicator | https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/chemistry/methyl-orange/ | Methyl Orange
In titrations, methyl orange is a pH indicator that is commonly used for its ability to show vivid and distinct colour variations at different pH values. In acidic medium, methyl orange has a red colour, whereas in basic medium, it exhibits a yellow tint. Titration for acids is commonly performed with this solution due to the fact that it changes colour at the pKa of a mid strength acid.
When exposed to light, methyl orange has the remarkable virtue of turning alkaline and neutral water yellow. As soon as the water becomes acidic, it begins to become red. When the pH reaches 4.3, the transition happens. If the solution is yellow, a titration with 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid is performed, and the result is recorded.
As a result of its straightforward and noticeable colour shift at different pH values, methyl orange is a pH sign that is frequently used in titration. The colour of methyl orange is red in an acidic solution, whereas it is yellow in a basic solution.
Whenever methyl orange comes into touch with water, it decomposes into orange neutral molecules, which are then released into the environment. Because of the acidic environment, the equilibrium is to the left, and the concentration of neutral molecules is insufficient to produce the orange colour.
General Properties of Methyl Orange
Chemical formula
General Preparation of Methyl Orange
Its colour is yellow in alkaline solution, but it changes to red when a mineral acid is added to the solution. Neither carbonic acid nor any other weak acids are responsible for this change in colour. This indicator can therefore be employed for the titration of more powerful mineral acids in the presence of carbonic acid as well as the titration of less powerful organic acids. The presence of a large amount of water causes the colour of a weakly acid solution of methyl orange to change from red to yellow, which is most likely due to hydrolytic dissociation of the dye.
The most commonly used indicator solution is made by dissolving 0.1gm in 100cc of distilled water, and then diluting the solution. It is necessary to use one drop of this solution for every 20cc of solution that needs to be titrated.
Using 0.02gm of m-sulfonic acid in 100cc of boiling water and allowing the solution to cool before filtering away any m-sulfonic acid that has accumulated, a somewhat more sensitive solution can be made, but it will require more experience to notice the colour change. Using this more dilute indicator is preferable when performing extremely precise titrations with extremely dilute acids and alkalis.
Methyl Orange structure in Acidic and Basic Medium
When placed in an acidic solution, methyl orange turns red, and when placed in a basic solution, it turns yellow. Due to the fact that it changes colour at the pKa of a mid-strength acid, it is frequently employed in acid titration. The colour transition of methyl orange does not have a comprehensive spectrum of colour transitions, as opposed to a universal prediction, but it does have a distinct end point.
When methyl orange comes into touch with water, it decomposes into orange neutral molecules, which are then released into the environment. Because of the acidic environment, the equilibrium is to the left, and the concentration of neutral molecules is insufficient to produce the orange colour.
When methyl orange is introduced to weak hydrochloric acid, the colour of the solution changes from yellow to red. In titrations, methyl orange is a prominent pH indicator that is used to measure the acidity of solutions. When methyl orange is employed as an indication of acidity, the colour of the solution changes to a bright red. Yellow is produced when methyl orange is combined with a base, or the colour of the solution changes to yellow. The colour methyl orange is used to represent the pH scale.
Conclusion
In titrations, methyl orange is a pH indicator that is commonly used for its ability to show vivid and distinct colour variations at different pH values. In acidic medium, methyl orange has a red colour, whereas in basic medium, it exhibits a yellow tint. Titration for acids is commonly performed with this solution due to the fact that it changes colour at the pKa of a mid strength acid. However, unlike universal indicators, methyl orange does not exhibit a complete spectrum of colour change, but rather a clear end point. When the acidity of a solution decreases, the colour of methyl orange changes from red to orange and finally to yellow, with the opposite process occurring when the acidity of the solution increases.
Frequently Asked Questions
Get answers to the most common queries related to the JEE Examination Preparation.
What is the colour change of methyl orange?
Ans. Methyl orange has the unique property of turning alkaline and neutral water yellow when exposed to light. As so... Read full
Does methyl orange turn pink?
Ans. When exposed to acid, the orange colour of methyl orange turns red, while the colourless phenolphthalein turns ... Read full
Are methyl red and methyl orange the same?
Ans. Its structure differs from that of methyl orange (Orange 3) in that the sulphonic acid function has been replac... Read full
What is it about methyl orange that makes it such a good indicator?
Ans. Methyl orange is a regularly used pH indicator in titrations due to its straightforward and identifiable colour... Read full
Ans. Methyl orange has the unique property of turning alkaline and neutral water yellow when exposed to light. As soon as the water becomes acidic, it begins to turn bright red.
Ans. When exposed to acid, the orange colour of methyl orange turns red, while the colourless phenolphthalein turns pink when exposed to alkali solution.
Ans. Its structure differs from that of methyl orange (Orange 3) in that the sulphonic acid function has been replaced with the carboxylic acid function. Methyl red (pH range: 4.4–6.2) is an azo compound whose structure differs from that of methyl orange (Orange 3).
Ans. Methyl orange is a regularly used pH indicator in titrations due to its straightforward and identifiable colour shift characteristics. A popular application for this compound is in acid titrations since it changes colour when exposed to the pH of a midi-strength acid. Methyl orange turns red when placed in an acidic solution, it turns yellow , and when placed in a basic solution.
Unacademy is India’s largest online learning platform. Download our apps to start learning
Starting your preparation?
Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy
Study material
| 2,013 |
263 | who sings summer wine with lana del rey | https://lanadelrey.fandom.com/wiki/Summer_Wine_(song) | Length
4:27
"Summer Wine" is a song written by Lee Hazlewood and performed by Hazlewood and Nancy Sinatra. The song was released in 1967 as a b-side to their single "Sugar Town". Lana Del Rey released a cover of the song featuring her then-boyfriend Barrie-James to her official YouTube page on April 18, 2013 . This version was produced by Rick Nowels .
Background[
A snippet of a demo of the song has leaked. A higher quality version of the snippet leaked on May 16, 2024.
Music video[
Music video
Lyrics[
[Lana Del Rey]: Strawberries, cherries, and an angel's kiss in spring My summer wine is really made from all these things [Barrie-James]: I walked in town on silver spurs that jingled to A song that I had only sang to just a few She saw my silver spurs and said, "Let's pass some time And I will give to you summer wine" Oh, summer wine [Lana Del Rey]: Strawberries, cherries, and an angel's kiss in spring My summer wine is really made from all these things Take off your silver spurs and help me pass the time And I will give to you summer wine Mm, summer wine [Barrie-James]: My eyes grew heavy and my lips, they could not speak I tried to get up but I couldn't find my feet She reassured me with an unfamiliar line And then she gave to me more summer wine Mm, summer wine [Lana Del Rey]: Strawberries, cherries, and an angel's kiss in spring (Oh-ah, oh-ah-oh) My summer wine is really made from all these things (Oh-ah, oh-ah-oh) Take off your silver spurs and help me pass the time (Oh, oh) And I will give to you summer wine Mm, summer wine [Barrie-James & Lana Del Rey]: When I woke up, the sun was shining in my eyes My silver spurs were gone, my head felt twice its size She took my silver spurs, a dollar, and a dime And left me cravin' for more summer wine Oh, summer wine [Lana Del Rey & Barrie-James]: Strawberries, cherries, and an angel's kiss in spring My summer wine is really made from all these things Take off your silver spurs and help me pass the time And I will give to you summer wine Mm, summer wine Mm, summer wine Mm, summer wine [Lana Del Rey]: Ba-ba-da-ba-da, ba-ba Da-da-da-da, ba-ba Da-da-da-da, ba-ba Ah, ah
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Lana Del Rey Wiki is a FANDOM Music Community.
| 2,014 |
263 | who sings summer wine with lana del rey | https://www.nme.com/news/music/lana-del-rey-134-1249105 | Lana Del Rey covers Nancy & Lee’s ‘Summer Wine’ with Kassidy boyfriend – watch
The singer and her lover join forces for their version of the iconic Lee Hazlewood penned track
Del Rey has joined forces with her boyfriend Barrie-James O’Neill of Scottish rockers Kassidy to record the song. She has released a grainy DIY video of the loved-up, photogenic couple hanging out at the beach and on a picturesque balcony in Los Angeles singing the track.
Advertisement
Click above to watch the video, which follows her recent cover version of Leonard Cohen’s ‘Chelsea Hotel #2’ .
Del Rey has revealed that her forthcoming second album will be a more “spiritual” affair.
The ‘Video Games’ singer, who now lives in the UK, has been writing songs for the follow-up to her 2012 debut album ‘Born To Die’ in Santa Monica, and has said she now knows what her new record will sound like – stripped down but still cinematic and dark, apparently.
She told BBC Radio 1 Newsbeat that her songwriting has “moved on to a more spiritual place lyrically”.
She said: “It’s a little more stripped down but still cinematic and dark. I’ve been working on it really slowly but I love everything I’ve done. I’ve been writing in Santa Monica and I know what the record sounds like. Musically, I’ve worked with the same three guys. Now I just have to finish it.”
Related Topics
Advertisement
TRENDING
© 2025 NME is part of NME Networks .
| 2,015 |
263 | who sings summer wine with lana del rey | https://genius.com/Lana-del-rey-summer-wine-lyrics | Summer Wine Lyrics
[Intro: Lana Del Rey]Strawberries, cherries and an angel's kiss in springMy summer wine is really made from all these things[Verse 1: Barrie James O'Neill] I walked in town on silver spurs that jingled toA song that I had only sang to just a few She saw my silver spurs and said let's pass some time And I will give to you summer wineOh-oh, summer wine[Chorus: Lana Del Rey] Strawberries, cherries and an angel's kiss in springMy summer wine is really made from all these things Take off your silver spurs and help me pass the timeAnd I will give to you summer wineMm-mm, summer wine[Verse 2: Barrie James O'Neill]My eyes grew heavy and my lips, they could not speakI tried to get up, but I couldn't find my feet She reassured me with an unfamiliar line And then she gave to me more summer wineMm-mm, summer wine[Chorus: Lana Del Rey]Strawberries, cherries and an angel's kiss in springMy summer wine is really made from all these thingsTake off your silver spurs and help me pass the timeAnd I will give to you summer wineMm-mm, summer wine
You might also like
[Verse 3: Barrie James O'Neill & Lana Del Rey]When I woke up, the sun was shining in my eyes (In my eyes)My silver spurs were gone, my head felt twice its size (In my eyes, uh)She took my silver spurs, a dollar and a dime (Uh, Uh) And left me cravin' for more summer wine Oh-uh, summer wine[Chorus: Lana Del Rey & Barrie James O'Neill]Strawberries, cherries and an angel's kiss in springMy summer wine is really made from all these thingsTake off your silver spurs and help me pass the timeAnd I will give to you summer wineMm-mm, summer wineMm-mm, summer wineMm-mm, summer wine[Outro: Lana Del Rey & Billie Holiday]Ta-ta-da, ta-da-ta-taTu-tu-tu-du, tu-daTu-tu-tu-da, tu-daAh, ah...When my love went awayNow everyday I start by saying to you"Good morning, heartache, what's new?"Stop haunting me now...
14
Embed
Cancel
How to Format Lyrics:
Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
Use italics (<i>lyric</i>) and bold (<b>lyric</b>) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]
To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum
About
Genius Annotation
2 contributors
A sultry-sung tale of a seduction and a robbery, and released in the spring of 2013, “Summer Wine” is a collaboration between Lana Del Rey and her at-the-time-boyfriend, Barrie-James O'Neill (from Kassidy ).
As a cover of a song originally by Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood, in a way “Summer Wine” can be see as a tribute to the 60’s singer – after all, in 2010 Del Rey did call herself “the gangster Nancy Sinatra.”
Expand
+16
Share
Q&A
Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning
Ask a question
Summer Wine Translations
Sign Up And Drop Knowledge 🤓
Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love.
Sign Up
Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge
Privacy Preferences
Hot Songs:
| 2,016 |
263 | who sings summer wine with lana del rey | https://www.reddit.com/r/lanadelrey/comments/1cgp5fe/summer_wine/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
And omg, I looove it.
That is all.
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Public
Top Posts
| 2,017 |
263 | who sings summer wine with lana del rey | https://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2311705/Lana-Del-Rey-teams-real-life-boyfriend-Barrie-James-ONeill-romantic-video-new-Summer-Wine-duet.html | Advertisement
By FAY STRANG
| Updated:
She has kept her relationship with Scottish rocker Barrie-James O’Neill relatively under wraps so far.
But on Friday Lana Del Rey debuted her latest video for Summer Wine featuring the Kassidy singer as her onscreen love interest.
The couple offers fans an insight into their relationship as they star in the retro video for their cover of the Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazelwood duet.
Scroll down for video
In tune: Lana Del Rey stars with her boyfriend Barrie-James O¿Neill in the video for their Summer Wine duet
Singing their own version of the song, which was originally recorded back in 1967, the pair appear in what looks like a home-made video.
RELATED ARTICLES
Share
This is the second cover video Lana has released recently, after Chelsea Hotel No. 2 back in March.
It is no surprise that Lana chose to cover a Nancy Sinatra tune as she often describes herself as self-styled gangsta Nancy Sinatra and it’s a great opportunity for her to sing with her boyfriend.
Cover: The couple sing their own version of Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazelwood's song Summer Wine
Retro: The video is filmed in the style of a home movie and is typically retro
In typical Lana style, the video is particularly beautiful and begins with her on the beach wearing a white short skirt and a bomber style jacket.
Her boyfriend, meanwhile sits on a sun bed playing the guitar with cowboy hat on and cigarette hanging out of his mouth.
Lana looks happy as she holds the camera in front of herself filming the idyllic scene.
Cuddles: The pair are seen with their arms around each other showing their love which is usually kept very private
Smiley: Lana who is usually quite pouty cracks a number of smiles in the video
Pucker up: The pair who have been dating for over six months look like they are very happy together
She then turns the camera on her boyfriend and the pair head to what looks like Santa Monica pier to film themselves.
After the trip to the fair Lana changes into a vintage style white dress and dances around the garden touching an ornament of a horse.
Throughout the video the pair pose with their arms around each other and Barrie- James puts his cowboy hat on her head.
All the fun of the fair: The couple head down to a pier to continue filming themselves
As the sun sets Lana spins around on the beach while her boyfriend looks on smoking.
At the end of the video the couple lean in singing to each other looking as if they are about to kiss.
The video is so homemade that in various parts the wind, sea and even their voices can be heard on the recording.
Beautiful: The video is a lovely representation of their realtionship
Beach-side: Lana looks relaxed as she runs around beside the sea
Handsome: Barrie-James cuts a good looking figure in the video
Back in February it was reported that the New Yorker had been dating the Glaswegian rocker for around six months.
At the time the Daily Mirror said: 'They make a very unlikely couple but they seem to work, and bounce really well off one another.’
This is the first time the couple have done a duet together although it has reportedly been in the pipe line for some time, however with Del Rey's busy schedule it hadn't been possible.
Cool character: Barrie-James appears wearing a cowboy hat with a cigarette hanging out his mouth
Catching some rays: At one point Lana sits on the beach enjoying the sun on her face
The source recently said: 'Lana was due to appear on stage with the boys and sing Video Games in December when they performed at Glasgow Barrowlands.
'Unfortunately she was a no-show. She had a hectic promotional schedule, plus her management feared it would be a dead giveaway that she was seeing Barrie James.'
But they are clearly in tune with each other as Kassidy have even been performing a cover of Lana's number one hit single, Video Games, at the end of their sets.
Different side: The video shows a fun side to Lana who plays about filming herself
Fun: Lana plays around in a garden while she is filmed
Share or comment on this article:
Lana Del Rey teams up with real-life boyfriend Barrie-James O'Neill in romantic video for their new Summer Wine duet
We are no longer accepting comments on this article.
Bing
Site
Web
DON'T MISS
Published by Associated Newspapers Ltd
Part of the Daily Mail, The Mail on Sunday & Metro Media Group
| 2,018 |
264 | the world's tallest jain statue is located in which state of india | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gommateshwara_statue | Gommateshwara statue
16 languages
Gommateshwara(Bahubali)
The 58.8ft high monolithic statue of Bahubali built in 981 C.E
The Gommateshwara statue is a 57-foot (17 m) high monolithic statue on Vindhyagiri , also known as Indra-giri in the town of Shravanbelagola in the Indian state of Karnataka . [1] [2] Carved of a single block of granite , it is one of the tallest monolithic statues in the ancient world.
The Gommateshwara statue is dedicated to the Jain figure Bahubali and symbolises the Jain precepts of peace, non-violence, sacrifice of worldly affairs, and simple living. It was built around 983 CE during the Western Ganga dynasty and is one of the largest free-standing statues in the world. [3] It was regarded the tallest Jain statue until 2016. [4] The construction of the statue was commissioned by the Ganga dynasty minister and commander Chavundaraya . Neighbouring areas have Jain temples known as basadis and several images of the Tirthankaras . Vindyagiri Hill is one of the two hills in Shravanabelagola. The other is Chandragiri , which is also a seat of several ancient Jain centres, much older than Gommateshwara statue. Chandragiri is dedicated to the Jain figure Bharat , the brother of Bahubali and the son of the first Tirthankara Rishabhnath.
A Jain event known as Mahamastakabhisheka attracts devotees from all over the world. [5] The Mahamastakabhisheka festival is held once every 12 years, when the Gommateshwara statue is ritually bathed in milk, saffron , ghee , sugarcane juice (ishukrasa), etc. German Indologist Heinrich Zimmer attributed this anointment as the reason for the statue's freshness. [3] The next abhishekam (ritual bathing) will be in 2030. [6]
In 2007, the statue was voted the first of Seven Wonders of India in a Times of India poll; 49% of the total votes went in favour of it. [7] The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the Gommateshwara statue in a group of monuments in Shravanabelagola known as the Adarsh Smarak Monument. [8]
The statue depicts the prolonged meditation of Bahubali. The motionless contemplation in kayotsarga (standing still) posture led to the growth of climbing vines around his legs. [9] The nagna (nude) image of Gommateshwara has curly hair ringlets and large ears. The eyes are half open, sight rested on nose showcasing his detachment to look on the world. His facial features are perfectly chiseled with a faint touch of a smile at the corner of the lips that embodies a calm inner peace and vitality. His shoulders are broad, the arms stretch straight down and the figure has no support from the thigh upwards.
There is an anthill in the background which signifies his incessant penance. From this anthill, emerge a snake and a creeper which twine around both the legs and arms culminating as a cluster of flowers and berries at the upper portion of the arms. The entire figure stands on an open lotus signifying the totality attained in installing this unique statue. On either side of Gommateshwara stand two chauri bearers – a yaksha and yakshini – in the service of the Lord. These richly ornamented and beautifully carved figures complement the main figure. Carved on the rear side of the anthill is also a trough for collecting water and other ritual ingredients used for the sacred bath of the statue.
In the introduction to his English translation of the Gommatsāra , J. L. Jaini writes:
The grandeur of the Image, as also its serene-looking and peace-inspiring presence, are well-known to all Jainas and non-Jainas who have the good fortune of visiting it. When I visited the sacred place in 1910, I met some English men and women missionaries, who out of respect for the Holy Image took off their shoes and visited it on their bare feet. They also held the opinion which I have given above. The Image is about 57 feet high; even so, every limb and minor limb thereof is in exquisite proportion. It is impossible to convey its glory and artistic excellence by words. Anyone who has a chance to see it personally will easily agree with the hitherto general opinion. This gives an answer to some critics also who call the Jainas idolatrous. The Jainas do not worship the stone, silver, gold or diamond of which the Images are made. They worship the qualities of total renunciation of the world, the acquisition of undisturbable Harmony with the Infinite, and the identity of the liberated soul with peace everlasting, which these images represent. [10]
Head and torso
Mahamastakabhisheka at Shravanabelagola in 2018.
The event has been attended by multiple political personalities including Krishna-Rajendra Wodeyar in 1910, and Narendra Modi and Ramnath Kovind in 2018. [11]
According to legend, after completing construction of Gommateshwara statue, Chavundaraya organised a mahamastakabhisheka with five liquids, milk, tender coconut, sugar, nectar and water collected in hundreds of pots but liquid could not flow below the navel of the statue. Kushmandini appeared disguised as a poor old woman holding milk in the shell of half of a white Gullikayi fruit and the abhisheka was done from head to toe. Chavundaraya realised his mistake and did abhishek without pride and arrogance and this time abhisheka was done from head to toe. [12]
See also
JHC (17 December 2011). "Indragiri" . Jain Heritage Centres. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
Ramaswamy, Chitra (4 May 2019). "Holy hills beckon" . Deccan Herald. Retrieved 25 December 2024.
| 2,019 |
264 | the world's tallest jain statue is located in which state of india | https://www.travelogyindia.com/blog/list-of-most-famous-jain-temples-in-india/ | 20 Most Famous Jain Temples in India
India is truly a hub of diversity that boasts a rich heritage and spirituality. Jainism is one of the oldest religions that have found its roots in this diverse land. As a result, many Jain temples are built in different parts of the country. However, these temples are much more than just places of worship. They boast an architecture that is simply unparalleled. The remarkable pillars, intricate designs and the carved ceilings exude irresistible charm and reflect the grandeur of the ancient period.
1. Ranakpur Jain Temple, Ranakpur (Rajasthan)
The 15th century Ranakpur Temple is a major pilgrimage site for the Jain community and is often regarded as an architectural icon worldwide. It is set in the Ranakpur village, 95 kilometres north of Udaipur . The temple is built by a reputed businessman of that time, Dharna Shah with the help of the Mewar ruler. The complex comprises of a number of temples namely the Chatutmukha Temple, Parsavanth Temple, Surya Temple and the Amba Temple. The most significant amongst all of them is the four-faced Chaturmukha Temple dedicated to Adinath, the first Jain Tirthankara.
Ranakpur Jain Temple never fails to dazzle visitors with its grandeur. The entire structure is constructed with light coloured marble with turrets and cupolas majestically rising out of the jagged hilly terrain. Thousands of beautifully carved pillars support this heritage landmark and each one of them is designed uniquely. In every nook and cranny, finely engraved Jain scriptures can be found. The historic Ranakpur Temple was among the best 77 wonders while deciding the ‘7 Wonders of the World'. Indeed, the temple is truly a jewel that lights up the royal state of Rajasthan .
Address: Ranakpur Road, Sadri, Rajasthan 306702
Timings: 5:30 AM to 11:00 PM and 4:00 PM to 8:30 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to February
2. Gomateshwara Temple, Vindhyagiri Hill (Karnataka)
Gomateshwara Temple commonly known as the Bahubali Temple is set in the small town of Shravanabelagola in Karnataka . Apart from being a religious landmark, it is also a renowned heritage site. The 57 feet mammoth statue of Bahubali stands erected on Vindhyagiri Hill. This historic Jain figure is regarded as one of the largest monolithic statues worldwide. Right at the bottom of the Bahubali statue, there are inscriptions in Prakrit that praises the King who funded for this site.
On both the sides of the statue, there are two standing figures of Yaksha and Yakshi (Chauri bearers). The Bahubali figure is enclosed by a massive pillared structure with 43 carved images of the Tirthankaras, who preaches the teachings of God and considered sacred by the followers of Jainism. The large temple is bordered by a wall that is adorned with carved figures of animals and females. The auspicious occasion of Mahamastakabhisheka draws pilgrims from around the world. This festival takes place once in 12 years when the Bahubali sculpture is bathed with milk, sugarcane juice, saffron and ghee. In the year 2007, the statue was also ranked as one of India’s Seven Wonders.
Mahamastakabhisheka Festival
Address: Vindhyagiri Hill, Karnataka
Timings: 6:30 AM to 11:30 AM and 3:30 PM to 6:30 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost, you can hire a guide for around INR 200
Best Time To Visit: October to February
3. Dilwara Temple, Mount Abu (Rajasthan)
Located at a distance of 2.5 kilometres from Mount Abu , Dilwara Temple is one of the exquisite Jain religious structures known for its impeccable architecture. The temple was built between 11th and 13th century by Vimal Shah and was beautifully designed by the Dhokla Jain Ministers. Although there are a number of Jain temples all over Rajasthan, culture hounds consider Dilwara Temple as one of the finest examples of architectural splendour.
The beautiful temple majestically rises out of the pancake-flat land and sparkles in the sunlight. Devotees coming here do not only experience a strong connection with divinity but also enjoys the tranquillity of the surrounding. The large complex is divided into five different sections dedicated to the Tirthankaras. The temple of Lord Adinath is the oldest amongst all. The entire complex showcases fine workmanship and intricate designs. The splendid carvings of lotus buds, flowers and petals adorned on the marble pillars and ceiling looks distinctive and adds to the beauty. Dilwara Temple also provides bathing facilities to the pilgrims which are mandatory before the puja.
Address: Delwara, Mount Abu, Rajasthan - 307501
Timings: 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM (Jain Pilgrims), 12:00 PM to 6:00 PM (Non-Jains)
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: November to February
Sri Digambar Jain Lal Temple is the oldest Jain religious structure located in Chandni Chowk near Red Fort . This temple is best known for a veterinary hospital, commonly known as the Jain Birds Hospital situated behind the main temple complex. It is believed that the temple was constructed during the Mughal era when a Jain officer worshipped a Tirthankara statue in his tent. This attracted other Jain army officials and finally, a temple was built at the site in 1656.
In the later years, the temple underwent several modifications and now it is commonly known as the Lal Mandir. The temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha, the 23rd Jain Tirthankara and houses a gigantic statue. There are figures of several other deities who are considered sacred by the followers of Jainism. The main devotional area is located on the first floor where devotees are often seen praying or spending moments of calmness. The mesmerizing architecture, extraordinary carving as well as the colourful frescoes make Sri Digambar Temple one of the legendary heritage sites in Delhi . No wonder, you will be hard-pressed to find such remarkable places anywhere in the country.
Address: Netaji Subhash Marg, Chandni Chowk, New Delhi, Delhi - 110006
Timings: 5:30 AM to 11:00 AM and 6:00 PM to 9:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October and November, February and March
5. Palitana Temples, Bhavnagar District (Gujarat)
Perched on the Shatrunjaya Hill in the city of Palitana, these Jain temples are considered holiest along with Shikharji in Jharkhand. Originally the construction of the Palitana temples started in the 11th century during the reign of King Kumarapala and it took 900 years to complete. It was destroyed by the Muslim invaders between the 14th and 15th century. As Jain pilgrimage is mostly taken on foot, the temple was constructed in clusters to minimize the distance to a bare minimum.
The complex is vast and comprises of 863 Palitana Jain Temples entirely made up of marbles. The main temple is set at an elevation and can be reached after climbing 3500 stairs. It is dedicated to Adinath, the first Tirthankara of Jainism. The main shrine is made from marbles and adorned in gold and precious stones. The sculptural splendour makes it one of the most exquisite in the country. Other noteworthy religious landmarks include the Vimal Shah, Kesharji and the Samavasaran Temple. The followers of Jainism visiting the Palitana Temple believe that it offers a lifetime opportunity to achieve nirvana. During the monsoon months, the temple remains closed.
Address: Palitana, Bhavnagar District, Gujarat
Timings: 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to February
6. Sonagiri Temples, Datia (Madhya Pradesh)
Sonagiri is a major pilgrimage site for the Digambar Jain community. This region holds a lot of religious significance because it is where Nanganag Kumar attained salvation along with 15 million devotees. Sprawling over 132 acres, this sacred place is known as the Laghu Sammed Shikhar. This region is dotted with several ancient Jain temples dating back to the 9th century. 77 of the total temples are perched on the hill and the rest is set in the village.
The 57th Jain temple located on the hill is the main temple of Sonagiri. It is frequented by ascetic saints and devotees who practice self-discipline to achieve liberation from the cycle of life and death. This place of worship is an epitome of architectural glory. The artistic spires and the intricate carvings add to the striking grandeur. This temple contains the 11 feet tall deity of the 8th Tirthankara, Chandraprabha doing meditation. Two other idols of Lord Parshvanatha and Lord Sheetalnath are also installed.
Address: Datia, Madhya Pradesh
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to March
7. Kulpakji Temple, Kolanupaka (Telangana)
Nestled in the Kolanupaka village of Telangana, Kulpakji Temple is one of the renowned Jain pilgrimage sites dating back to the 10th century. This region was a popular Jain centre under the patronage of the Kakatiya Dynasty. This monument has a lot of significance, particularly to the Shwetambar community. Kulpakji Temple has undergone a major renovation and the work is done by 150 artisans belonging to the states of Gujarat and Rajasthan. The ancient garbhagrah is still the same but a complete new temple is designed that encloses the tower.
This temple is dedicated to Lord Adinath, the first Tirthankara of Jainism. Devotees believe that the Lord has chosen this region to be his humble abode. On both the sides of the temples, there are eight idols of the other Tirthankaras. The main sculpture of Lord Mahaveer is huge and is entirely made of jade, a precious stone. There are old inscriptions found in the temple which is around 2000 years old. Kulpakji Temple indeed represents the glory and grandeur of the bygone era.
Address: Kolanupaka, Telangana – 508101
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to March
8. Dharmanath Temple, Kochi (Kerala)
Located in the town of Mattancherry, Kerala , Dharmanath Temple is known for its religious significance across the globe. Built in the year 1904, this religious heritage is more than 100 years old and has been named after the 15th Tirthankara, Dharmanath. This sacred landmark is particularly important for the Jain community who migrated to this region from Gujarat and Rajasthan.
The temple has a close resemblance to the Dilwara Temples in Mount Abu. The century-old structure with timeless architecture never fails to lure visitors. Snuggled amid the thick coconut groves and verdant hues, Dharmanath Temple offers the perfect setting to attain inner peace or salvation. The elegant interiors adorned with intricate designs and sculptures are a feast to the sore eyes. Other Jain religious sites are artistically etched in the walls and pillars of this temple. Apart from the main shrine of Lord Dharmanath, idols of different gods and Tirthankaras can also be seen here.
Address: Mattancherry, Kochi, Kerala 682002
Timings: 5:00 AM to 8:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
9. Shikharji Temple, Parasnath Hill (Jharkhand)
Regarded as the holiest of all the Jain religious sites, Shikharji Temple is the place where 20 Tirthankaras attained salvation. It is set atop Parasnath Hills in Jharkhand. The hills are named after Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara who attained nirvana at this sacred site. The temple is flocked by pilgrims from different parts of the globe. Shikarji Temple is commonly known as the ‘zenith of concentration’. This region is not only a major pilgrimage destination, but tourists also visit the hills and engage in different adventure activities .
In order to reach Shikarji Temple, the visitors have to start from the small town of Madhuvan. The journey is uphill and takes around 3 hours to reach the top. On the way, there are a number of beautiful Jain temples that overloads the senses. Shikarji Temple was built in the 18th century and is known for historical as well as architectural significance. Impressive murals adorn the temple walls and right at the bottom of the main idol, ancient Sanskrit inscriptions dating back to 1678 can also be seen. Everything here deserves applause from the visitors.
Address: Parasnath Hill, Jharkhand 825329
Timings: 7:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: December to February
The historic Hanumantal Jain Temple is located on Hanuman Taal, one of the main centres of Jabalpur in the ancient past. Originally built in the year 1686, the temple underwent renovations in the 19th century. This religious structure gained widespread importance after Acharya Shantisagar (first Digambar) visited the temple in the year 1928.
Hanumantal Temple houses a remarkable idol of Lord Adinath and several other sculptures belonging to the Kalachuri period. There are also images belonging to the Mughal, Maratha and the British era. With 22 shrines of various deities, it is reputed as the largest Jain temple in the country. The grand structure looks more like a fortress that has survived the test of time. The picturesque sight of Hanumantal Temple standing tall against the water body enthrals visitors with its charm. The main room is decorated with glasswork and contain the idol of Padmavati, the much revered Jain Goddess. No doubt, this temple holds a special place in the hearts of Jabalpurians.
Address: Hanumantal Road, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh - 482002
Timings: 8:00 AM to 7:00 PM
Entry Fees: INR 10 (foreign tourist)
Best Time To Visit: September to March
11. Parshvanatha Temple, Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh)
The 10th-century Parshvanatha Temple is located at Khajuraho in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. During the Chandela period, the main shrine here was Lord Adinath, but today it is dedicated to Lord Parshvanatha. This temple was built by a renowned Jain family around 970 CE during the patronage of King Dhanga. This temple is declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with several other Khajuraho monuments.
The Parshvanatha Temple is regarded as the largest among all other Jain monuments at Khajuraho. The outer wall is engraved with breathtaking sculptures featuring apsaras, celestial beings, musicians as well as different Hindu deities. The beauty of this temple is unmatched and there are no erotic statues engraved here. The idol of Parshvanatha is enshrined in the inner sanctum and at the back; the statue of Adinath is installed. The ceiling is also beautifully decorated with unique patterns and flying vidyadharas (supernatural beings blessed with magical powers). The Archaeological Survey of India has listed the temple as a ‘Monument of National Importance’.
Address: Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh - 471606
Timings: 5:00 AM to 12:00 PM and 4:00 PM to 9:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
12. Saavira Kambada Basadi, Moodabidri (Karnataka)
Saavira Kambada Temple, also called the ‘Chandranatha Temple’ is built in honour of the 8th Tirthankara named Chandraprabha. This temple is situated in the town of Moodabidri and known for its 1000 pillars. Moodabidri boasts a total of 18 Jain temples but Saavira Kambada is the finest amongst them all. It was constructed in the year 1430 by Devaraya Wodeyar (local chieftain) and features a monolithic pillar with 50 feet height. It took over 30 years, to complete the construction and new additions were made in 1962.
The grand Kambada Temple flaunts 7 pavilions that are entirely supported by exquisite granite pillars designed in the Vijayanagara style. Each of the pillars is unique and no two pillars look the same. These pillars will give you a glimpse of a fascinating past that is lost in time. There are stone made chandeliers that form a part of this architectural marvel and never fails to blow the common man’s mind. There is divine connectivity that can be felt here that lets visitors drift in oblivion.
Address: Moodabidri, Karnataka 574227
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: December
13. Badami Cave Temples, Badami (Karnataka)
Set in the town of the same name, the cave temples of Badami are the epitome of traditional Indian rock-cut structures dating back to the 6th century. The complex comprises of four cave temples which were built during the rule of Pulakesin I but most of the expansion took place during the Chalukya period. Originally Badami Temple was called Vataapi Badami, the capital of the Chalukyas and was considered the centrepiece of temple architecture.
These temples depict the Chalukya style of architecture, an eclectic mix of North and South Indian styles. There are a total of 4 cave temples that are carved out of sandstone on this hilly terrain. The first cave is dedicated to Hindu divinity and features Lord Shiva in the form of Nataraja.
Badami Cave Temple 1
The second cave honours Lord Vishnu in his fifth avatar of Vamana.
Badami Cave Temple 2
The third cave is 100 feet deep and considered the largest amongst all the four. This cave is covered with remarkable paintings and enchanting adornments. It is also dedicated to Lord Vishnu.
Badami Cave Temple 3
The newest addition is the fourth cave that was built during the later parts of the 6h century. It contains the sculpture of Parshavanatha, the fifth Tirthankara. A sculpture of Lord Mahaveera can also be found here. A few other caves were discovered in the year 2015 that contains 27 Hindu figures. The Badami Cave Temples is also a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Badami Cave Temple 4
Address: Badami, Karnataka - 587201
Entry Fees: INR 10 (Indian Tourists), INR 100 (Foreign Tourists)
Best Time To Visit: July to March
14. Ellora Jain Caves, Ellora (Maharashtra)
Away from the tourist bustle, lie the remarkable Jain caves of Ellora adorned with detailed carvings and paintings. The caves are carefully crafted to perfection around 9th century celebrates the last phase of religious and spiritual activities taking place at Ellora. The cluster of five caves is numbered between 30 and 34 and is set at a distance of 1 kilometre from Cave 29, the last Hindu temple.
Cave 30, often referred to as Chota Kailasa is an imitation of the iconic Kailasa Temple. This cave is located at a few yards away from the other Jain caves.
Ellora Cave 30
Cave 31 is a four-pillared structure where an idol of Mahavira is enshrined. The carvings of Parshvanatha guarded by yaksha and the figure of Bahubali can be seen on both sides of the walls.
Ellora Caves 31
Cave 32 and 33 are two-storeyed caves, resembling the Indra Sabha and the Jagannatha Sabha. Both of these structures are carved with well-preserved idols dating back to the 9th century.
Ellora Caves 32
Cave 34 contains a large carving of Parshvanatha accompanied by Gommateshvara. All these caves form a part of the UNESCO listed World Heritage Site.
Address: Ellora, Maharashtra 431102
Timings: Open 24 hours
Entry Fees: INR 40 (Indian tourists), INR 600 (Foreign tourists)
Best Time To Visit: October to March
15. Parshvanatha Jain Temple, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)
The Jain temple of Parshvanatha is tucked in the town of Bhelpur in Uttar Pradesh. The gorgeous temple is dedicated to the 23rd Tirthankara of the same name. It is believed that Parshvanatha was born here around 800 BC. Parshvanatha Temple is one of the greatest pilgrimage centres of Jainism and is based on the ideologies of both Digambara and Shwetambara sects.
The temple has a very peaceful environment and invites people from all walks of life. It is filled with stunning sculptures including the main idol of Parshvanatha. The black coloured deity with a height of 2.5 feet stands erected in the majestic temple. With the co-existence of two sects, this sacred landmark is one of the finest examples of religious harmony that evokes euphoria. Besides the splendid architecture, visitors can witness the Jain rituals or take non-violence lessons from spiritual teachers at the temple.
Address: Bhelpur, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh - 221010
Timings: 6:00 AM to 9:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: November to February
16. Navagraha Jain Temple, Varur (Karnataka)
Located in Varur near Hubli, Navagraha Jain Temple is one of the holiest pilgrimage spots for the followers of Jainism in India. The construction of this religious site began in the year 2005 under the supervision of Sri Gunadhar Maharaj.
A 61 feet tall monolithic statue of Parshvanatha is enshrined in the temple and is regarded as the second tallest statue of the Jain community after Bawangaja. It weighs 185 tons and stands on a 48 feet high platform. Besides the large statue of Parshvanatha, the temple also houses smaller statues of 8 other Tirthankaras. Navagraha Mandir draws hordes of tourists and pilgrims throughout the year.
Address: Varur, Karnataka - 577436
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: November and December
17. Bawangaja, (Barwani District) Madhya Pradesh
Bawangaja is considered a sacred destination for the Jain community in India. It is a huge complex and comprises of 8 impressive Jain temples built around 12th-century. The site houses an 84 feet megalithic statue of the first Tirthankara, Adinath that emerges out of the jagged terrain at the base of the Satpura Range. It is also reputed as the tallest Jain statue in India.
The huge statue is carved out of brownstone standing in a yogic posture. The structural style of this sculpture is truly unmatched and resembles the idol of Lord Bahubali in Shravanbelagola. The statue of Adinath reflects all kinds of emotions on its face. This statue is an exemplary masterpiece and showcases the fine artistry of the ancient past. The statues of Yaksha Gomukha and Yakshi Chakreshwary can be seen on both the sides of the main idol. Devotees come here to pay homage to the lord and seek his blessings.
Adinath Statue at Bawangaja
Timings: 9:00 AM to 7:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to April
18. Girnar Jain Temples, Junagadh (Gujarat)
A cluster of Jain temples is perched on Mount Girnar in the state of Gujarat. These temples are considered holy by the Digambara and Shwetambara Jain communities. Mount Girnar is known for its spiritual significance. The 22nd Tirthankara, Lord Neminath attained Moksha and died at this holy spot. The shrine of Neminath was built around 1129 by the Governor of Saurashtra but the region was considered sacred even before 250 BC.
Around 16 temples are scattered at the site and the Neminath Temple is the most important amongst all. The grand complex is carved out of marble and houses several statues of Jain Tirthankaras. In order to reach the top of the temple complex, one has to climb around 10,000 steps. From the foot of the mountain, ‘palkhis’ are also available and devotees can opt for one if they find it difficult to climb. Meditating amid this heavenly environment brings peace of mind and soul.
Address: Girnar Hills, Junagadh, Gujarat
Timings: 7:00 AM to 5:30 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to March
19. Sri Humcha Temple, Shimoga (Karnataka)
Sri Humcha Temple is regarded as the resting abode of Devi Padmavati with a history dating back to the 7th century. It is one of the most popular Jain heritage centres and houses the holiest shrine of the goddess in the world. The temple was built by Shri Jindatt, the founder of the Santhara Dynasty.
The temple is built in the Chalukyan architectural style and boasts an open Mukhamantapa. It is believed when a devotee seeks blessing, flowers drop from the right side of the idol. The huge complex houses other important temples namely Shri Marthanda Basadi, Shri Bogara Basadi and the Parshvanatha Temple. This region is also known for a lake that never dries up and the evergreen Lakki Tree that is over 1300 years old.
Address: Humcha, Karnataka - 577436
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Bet Time To Visit: October to March
20. Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala (Karnataka)
Chaturmukha is one of the most popular Jain monuments in Karkala constructed under the patronage of Immadi Vodeya of the Santara Dynasty. It was built in the late 16th-century and contains images of Aranath, Mallinath and Munisuvratnath (Jain Tirthankaras). Today, the Chaturmukhi Basadi is preserved under the ‘Archaeological Survey of India’.
The Basadi is entirely made from granite cuts and features over 100 pillars that support the ceiling. It is elegantly crafted with four symmetrical faces, hence the name ‘Chaturmukha’. The temple is open on all sides that add to the uniqueness of the structure. Chaturmukha Basadi faces the great Bahubali statue of Karkala. Besides devotees, tourists from all over the country visit Karkala to get a glimpse of this sacred landmark.
Address: Dhana Shala Road, Karkala, Karnataka - 574104
Timings: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Entry Fees: Free of cost
Best Time To Visit: October to March
Related Articles :
Government of India and member of Indian
Association of Tour Operators ( IATO )
Scan & Pay
Or continue with
Create an account
Or continue with
| 2,020 |
264 | the world's tallest jain statue is located in which state of india | https://www.india.com/travel/articles/mahavir-jayanti-2018-do-you-know-where-the-worlds-tallest-jain-statue-is-located-3226618/ | click this icon for latest updates
Mahavir Jayanti 2018: Do You Know Where The World’s Tallest Jain Statue is Located?
Mahavir Jayanti 2018: Do You Know Where The World’s Tallest Jain Statue is Located?
Statue of Ahimsa holds the Guinness record for world's tallest Jain idol. Here's all that you should know about it.
Published: March 29, 2018 10:46 AM IST
Jainism is one of the most prominent religions of India. Today is Mahavir Jayanti 2018, a day that marks the birth anniversary of Jainisms last Tirthankara (spiritual teacher), Lord Mahavir. As such, it is a significant day for the Jain community all over the world. Most Mahavir Jayani celebration rituals include a procession carrying the idol of Lord Mahavir from one religious spot to another with devotees in presence. On this day, devotees visit a Jain temple and pay their respects. India is home to a number of Jain temples that are worth a visit. However, did you know that the worlds tallest Jain statue is located in the state of Maharashtra? ALSO SEE 5 Jain Temples in Maharashtra You Must Visit
Located in the Nashik District of Maharashtra, the Statue of Ahimsa stands 128 feet tall (including its pedestal) and holds the Guinness record for worlds tallest Jain idol. It is 1840 sq feet in size. The humongous idol was carved out of the Mangi Tungi hills in the Teharabad village of Baglan tehsil. It is a statue of Lord Rishabhdeva, the first Jain Tirthankar.
The Mangi Tungi hills are a significant pilgrim site for the Jain community as they are one of the 4 siddha kshetras of the religion. The Statue of Ahimsa is on top of the hill at an altitude of 4,343 feet above sea level.
Also Read:
Topics
Latest In Travel
Reject All
| 2,021 |
264 | the world's tallest jain statue is located in which state of india | https://testbook.com/question-answer/the-worlds-tallest-jain-statue-is-located-in--63b1b943bafc88de4d0d5085 | This question was previously asked in
ISRO Junior Personal Assistant/Stenographer/Assistant Official Paper (Held on: 17 April 2016)
Key Points
A 108-feet tall idol of Lord Rishabhdeva, the first Teerthankar of Jains, carved out of a single rock, has entered the “Guinness World Records” as the world’s tallest Jain statue. The impressive statue is located atop Mangi Tungi mountain near Teharabad village of Baglan tehsil in Nashik district of Maharashtra. Before this statue, the 57 feet idol of Lord Bahubali in Shravanabelagola in Karnataka was considered the world’s tallest Jain statue.
Additional Information
The Statue of Unity is the tallest statue in the world, with a height of 182 meters (597 ft), located near Kevadia in the Indian state of Gujarat.
Latest ISRO Junior Personal Assistant Updates
Last updated on Jun 5, 2024
-> ISRO Junior Personal Assistant Skill Test has been postponed. The exam has been postponed until further notice.
-> Candidates applied for the application form till 16th January 2023.
-> The ISRO has also revised the vacancies for Bengaluru & New Delhi. Earlier, the vacancies for Bengaluru Zone were 60 and now it is 61 for New Delhi, earlier it was 2 and now it is 1.
-> The candidate who will get the final selection will get a salary of Rs. 25500.
India’s #1 Learning Platform
Start Complete Exam Preparation
More Famous Places Questions
SuperCoaching
Test Series
Previous Year Papers
Plot No. 273, Sector 10, Kharghar,
Navi Mumbai - 410210
Company
Products
Copyright © 2014-2022 Testbook Edu Solutions Pvt. Ltd.: All rights reserved
| 2,022 |
264 | the world's tallest jain statue is located in which state of india | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Ahimsa | Statue of Ahimsa
Jain idol
The Statue of Ahimsa is located at Mangi-Tungi , in Nashik, in the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is the tallest Jain statue in the world. [3] The statue depicts the first Jain Tirthankara , Rishabhanatha . [4] The statue is 108 feet (33 m) tall – 121 feet (37 m) including pedestal. [4] [5] The statue has been carved out of the Mangi-Tungi hills, which are considered to be sacred by the Jains.
The statue was built by the inspiration of the Jain nun ( Aryika ) Gyanmati , and under the guidance of Aryika Chandanamati. The project was chaired and directed by Raveendra Kirti. The construction of the statue started in 2002 under the guidance of Chief Secretary Pannalalji Papdiwal and Chief engineer C. R. Patil working president Anil Jain-Delhi. It was completed on 24 January 2016 (Tithi-Magh Krishna Ekam). The statue was sculpted by Moolchand Ramchand Nahata Firm. [6]
The inspiration of the idol was given by the Jain nun Gyanmati in 1996. [2] Shilapujan (foundation stone laying ceremony) was done in 2002. [2] More than 10,000 truck load of rock material was carved out for the purpose. [2]
The Mangi Tungi hills are one of the four siddha kshetras for the Jain community in Maharashtra. [7] The hills are an important pilgrimage for the Jains, especially the local population of Marathi Jains and Gujarati Jains . [8] There are several Jain temples at the pinnacles and at the base of the hills. [9]
The image of Rishabhanatha , carved out of a single rock, is 108 feet (33 m) tall (121 feet (37 m) including pedestal) and 1840 sq feet in size, and is said to be the world's tallest Jain idol. [10] It is located 4,343 feet (1,324 m) above sea level, [2] near Mangi-Tungi hills in Baglan taluka . [4] [11] Officials from the Guinness Book of World Records visited Mangi Tungi in 2016 and awarded the engineer of the 108 ft tall Rishabhdeva statue, C R Patil, the official certificate for the world's tallest Jain idol. [12] [13]
The rural development department, led by minister Pankaja Munde, approved the initial funds of ₹18.5 crore (US$2.1 million) for the civil work in the temple area spread over 100 acres. [5]
Panch Kalyanak Mahotsav
The Chief Minister of Maharashtra had promised several development initiatives, that were likely to be undertaken by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation . There were challenges getting water from the Haranbari dam at estimated cost of ₹3 crore (US$350,000). [11]
Around 5000 couples and their 18000 family members participated in the rituals of the Panchkalyanak Mahotsav. More than 100 Jain Munis and Aryikas participated in the event. [16]
The first Mahamastakabhishek of the statue was held on 18 February 2016. The first Abhishek was performed by Shri Kamal Kumar Jain from Ara(Bihar), followed by Shri Suresh Jain of Teerthankar Mahavir University and Padma Bhushan Shri Veerendra Heggade of Dharamsthala . Other devotees like Shri Pannalal ji Papdiwal, Shri Binod Kumar Sethi of Dimapur and many more also got the privilege of performing the Abhishek on the first day. Panchamrit Abhishek was performed using milk, flowers, orange juice, sugar cane juice, water, saffron etc.
See also
Statue of Ahimsa
| 2,023 |
265 | name three large lakes other than the great lakes in the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_lakes_of_the_United_States_by_area | List of largest lakes of the United States by area
5 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Scale depiction of the 15 largest lakes in the US
The following is a list of the 100 largest lakes of the United States by normal surface area . The top twenty lakes in size are as listed by the National Atlas of the United States , a publication of the United States Department of the Interior . The area given is the normal or average area of the lake. The area of some lakes fluctuates substantially. For those lakes partially in Canada or Mexico the area given for the lake is the total area, not just the part of the lake in the United States. Of the top 100 lakes, 55 are man-made and 45 are natural. Two lakes in the top 100 are primarily salt water, and two are primarily brackish water .
Rank
Name
natural
normally a dry lake , melting snowpack and rainfall have left Tulare Lake at 168 square miles as of June 2023 [14]
35
^ Although it forms one a single hydrological unit with Lake Michigan (their surfaces are at the same elevation and the water flows in either direction in the channel separating them), they are generally considered distinct lakes, and Lake Michigan is generally considered the largest lake entirely within the United States, as Lake Huron and Lake Superior are binational (shared with Canada ).
^ The largest salt water lake in the United States.
^ Largest man-made lake ( reservoir ) by surface area in the United States .
^ Largest lake in the South
^ Often considered an estuary rather than a lake
^ includes both Upper and Lower Red Lake
^ highly variable in area
^ The area of Devils Lake was taken from the summer 2011 record peak of 1,454.4 ft (443.3 m) MSL. Devils Lake has experienced severe flooding and has risen more than 31 feet (9.4 m) since 1993. Area has increased by 4 times.
List of largest lakes of the United States by area
| 2,024 |
265 | name three large lakes other than the great lakes in the united states | https://www.worldatlas.com/lakes/10-largest-us-lakes.html | 10 Largest US Lakes
Approximately 269,717 square miles—about 7% of the total area of the United States —consist of water, including rivers, lakes, inlets, and territorial waters along the coast. The US is home to over 102,500 lakes. Alaska has the largest number of lakes, although many of them remain unnamed. In contrast, Minnesota holds the distinction of having the most named lakes in the country.
The Great Lakes group, which make up the five largest lakes in the country, spans a total of 94,250 square miles, which is nearly the same size as the United Kingdom . Lake Superior is the country’s largest lake, followed by Lake Huron , Lake Michigan , Lake Erie , and Lake Ontario . The remaining five largest lakes are Lake of the Woods, Iliamna Lake, Great Salt Lake , Lake Oahe , and Lake Okeechobee . While nine out of ten of the United States’ largest lakes are freshwater, one, the Great Salt Lake in Utah , is saltwater.
Rank
Name
Location
Area
1
9,910 sq mi
1. Lake Superior - 31,700 Square Miles
Cityscape view of Bayfield Wisconsin, as seen from the shores of Lake Superior.
Lake Superior , spanning 31,700 square miles, is the largest lake in the United States and the largest freshwater lake in the world. It borders Michigan , Minnesota , Wisconsin , and Ontario and is part of the Great Lakes Group. Stretching approximately 350 miles wide and 160 miles long, its shoreline stretches about 2,800 miles. Comparing the surface area to countries, Lake Superior is roughly the same size as Austria and two times larger than Denmark .
Lake Superior holds roughly 2,900 cubic miles of water, which represents 10% of the world’s freshwater. With a maximum depth of 1,332 feet and an average depth of about 500 feet, Lake Superior is the deepest and coldest of the Great Lakes Group. Over 200 rivers feed into Lake Superior, with the lake draining into Lake Huron through the St. Mary’s River .
2. Lake Huron - 23,000 Square Miles
Restored Charity Island lighthouse on Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron, Michigan.
Covering 23,000 square miles, Lake Huron is the second-largest lake in the United States. It borders both Michigan and the Canadian province of Ontario and is also a member of the Great Lakes group. It spans 206 miles across and 183 miles from north to south, with an average depth of 195 feet and a maximum depth of 750 feet. Comparatively, Lake Huron is approximately twice the size of Belgium and over four times larger than Connecticut . Holding 844.8 cubic miles of water, it is the fastest-flowing of the Great Lakes, largely thanks to its extensive drainage basin in Ontario and Michigan. In addition to receiving water from Lake Superior, Lake Huron also receives water from Lake Michigan via the Straits of Mackinac .
3. Lake Michigan - 22,300 Square Miles
Aerial view of the South Haven Lighthouse on Lake Michigan.
Lake Michigan, bordering Illinois , Indiana , Minnesota, and Wisconsin, is the country’s third largest lake at 22,300 square miles. It is also the only Great Lake completely in the United States. Measuring 307 miles long and 118 miles wide, it is roughly 11 times larger than Delaware . The average depth is approximately 279 feet, although it reaches 925 feet at its deepest point. With a volume of 1,180 cubic miles of water, Lake Michigan holds more water than Lake Huron, despite its smaller surface area. Several rivers flow into Lake Michigan, some of the most prominent including the Straits of Mackinac, Fox River, and Grand River.
4. Lake Erie - 9,910 square miles
A busy Lake Erie beach in summer in Cleveland, Ohio.
At 9,910 square miles, Lake Erie is the fourth largest lake in the United States, bordering Michigan, New York , Ohio , Ontario, and Pennsylvania . It stretches 241 miles across and 57 miles long, with an average depth of about 62 feet and a maximum depth of 210 feet. With regards to its surface area, it is roughly half the size of Costa Rica and just slightly smaller than Massachusetts . Of all the Great Lakes, Lake Erie is the smallest in volume, containing 119 cubic miles of water. The Detroit River is Lake Erie’s main source of inflow, with the majority of the water draining through the Niagra River and Welland Canal .
5. Lake Ontario - 7,340 Square Miles
Beachgoers enjoy the sunshine at Southwick Beach State Park located on Lake Ontario, via JWCohen / Shutterstock.com
Covering a surface of 7,340 square miles, Lake Ontario is the fifth-largest lake in the United States and the smallest of the Great Lakes Group. Even though it is the smallest of the Great Lakes, Lake Ontario is seven times larger than Luxembourg . It borders only New York and Ontario and has slightly smaller dimensions than Lake Eerie, measuring 193 miles by 53 miles. With an average depth of 283 feet, Lake Ontario holds over three times the water volume of Lake Erie. The Niagara River is Lake Ontario's main inflow source, while it primarily drains into the St. Lawrence River .
6. Lake of the Woods - 1,679 Square Miles
Morning sunrise on Lake of the Woods, Minnesota. Taken at Rocky Point Resort.
Lake of the Woods, spanning 1,679 square miles, is the sixth largest lake in the United States, sharing a border with Minnesota and the Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Ontario. It is approximately 70 miles long and 60 miles wide, containing more than 14,500 islands. To put its size into perspective, Lake of the Woods is just slightly smaller than the Caribbean island of Trinidad and Tobago . The Rainy River, to the southeast, is the lake’s main source of inflow, with the water draining northwestward into the Winnepeg River, ultimately ending up in Winnepeg Lake .
7. Iliamna Lake - 1,014 Square Miles
The Iliamna Lake view from top.
Iliamna Lake , located in southwest Alaska west of the Cook Inlet, spans 1,014 square miles, making it the seventh-largest lake in the country and the largest in the state. It is approximately 77 miles long and 22 miles wide, with a surface area comparable to that of Rhode Island. Although the average depth of the lake is 144 feet, it reaches 988 feet at its deepest point, holding a total volume of about 27.7 cubic miles. The Newhalen River, Iliamna River, Pile River, and Copper River primarily feed into Iliamna Lake, with the water draining southwest into the Kvichak River, ultimately ending up in Bristol Bay and then the Bering Sea .
8. Great Salt Lake - 950 Square Miles
Coyotes walking past the Great Salt Lake in Utah.
The Great Salt Lake , at 950 square miles, is the eighth-largest lake in the country and the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere. Located in Northern Utah, the Bear River, Jordan River, and Weber River primarily feed the lake. It measures 75 miles long and 28 miles wide, with an average depth of 16 feet and a maximum depth of 33 feet. The lake holds a volume of approximately 4.5 cubic miles. The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of the massive prehistoric Lake Bonneville that once covered the region.
9. Lake Oahe - 685 Square Miles
Lake Oahe, South Dakota-North Dakota. Image Credit: Aaron Burden
At 685 square miles, Lake Oahe , a reservoir located behind the Oahe Dam, is the country’s ninth-largest lake. It begins slightly north of Pierre, South Dakota , and extends north near Bismarck, North Dakota . In length it is roughly 231 miles long and has a shoreline stretching 2,250 miles. With a maximum depth of 205 feet, Lake Oahe has a volume of 7 cubic miles. As a reservoir along the Missouri River, Lake Oahe receives its main inflows from the Cheyenne, Moreau, and Grand Rivers, with the Missouri River serving as its primary outflow.
10. Lake Okeechobee - 662 Square Miles
Boats on Lake Okeechobee
Lake Okeechobee , located in south central Florida , covers 662 square miles, making it the tenth-largest lake in the United States. It spans 36 miles in length and 29 miles in width, expansive enough that it is not possible to see the opposite shoreline. For its surface area, Lake Okeechobee is extremely shallow, with an average depth of eight feet and 10 inches, reaching just 12 feet at its deepest point. Kissimmee River, to the north of Lake Okeechobee, is the main source of inflow, while the Everglades , Caloosahatchee River, and the St. Lucie River are the primary outflows.
Final Thoughts
Although these lakes are massive, many comparable to the size of small countries, they continue to face environmental threats today. Factors such as climate change, plastic pollution, oil spills, and invasive species pose ongoing threats to their ecosystems and the communities that depend on them. Protective measures, such as the Great Lakes Compact and the Clean Water Act, have played a crucial role in preserving these vital resources and will continue to be essential for safeguarding their future.
Largest Lakes in the United States by Surface Area
Rank
Name
Location
Area
1
9,910 sq mi
| 2,025 |
265 | name three large lakes other than the great lakes in the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes | Great Lakes
139 languages
Group of lakes in North America
This article is about the lakes in North America. For the lakes in Africa, see African Great Lakes . For the region, see Great Lakes region . For other uses of this term, see Great Lakes (disambiguation) .
Great Lakes of North America
Great Lakes
Bathymetry map of the Great Lakes
Location
Part of
Average depth
60–480 ft (18–146 m) depending on the lakes
Max. depth
210–1,300 ft (64–396 m) depending on the lakes
Water volume
Frozen
around January to March
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes spanning the Canada–United States border . The five lakes are Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario (though hydrologically, Michigan and Huron are a single body of water; they are joined by the Straits of Mackinac ). The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes. The lakes connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River , and to the Mississippi River basin through the Illinois Waterway .
The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and the second-largest by total volume. They contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. [1] [2] [3] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3), [4] slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Because of their sea-like characteristics, such as rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have long been called inland seas . [5] Depending on how it is measured, by surface area, either Lake Superior or Lake Michigan–Huron is the second-largest lake in the world and the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is the largest lake, by surface area, that is entirely within one country, the United States. [6] [7] [8] [9]
The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the Last Glacial Period around 14,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land, which then filled with meltwater. [10] The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity . The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region , which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis . [11] Major cities within the region include, on the American side, from east to west, Buffalo , Cleveland , Detroit , Chicago , and Milwaukee ; and, on the Canadian side, Toronto , Hamilton and Mississauga .
A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins. Left to right they are: Superior (magenta); Michigan (cyan); Huron (green); Erie (yellow); Ontario (red).
Though the five lakes lie in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin . As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers and contain approximately 35,000 islands. [12] There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes", within the basin. [13]
The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. [14] Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Both the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes. The province of Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and the state of Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes.
Relative elevations, average depths, maximum depths, and volumes of the Great Lakes
Notes:
The area of each rectangle is proportional to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum.
Source:
System profile of the Great Lakes
Primary connecting waterways
Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley
The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through human-made alterations and canals.
The St. Marys River , including the Soo Locks , connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron, via the North Channel .
The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron (the two are hydrologically one lake).
The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie.
The Niagara River , including Niagara Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
The Welland Canal , bypassing the Niagara River, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
Lake Michigan–Huron
Lake Michigan–Huron with north oriented to the right; taken on April 14, 2022, during Expedition 67 of the International Space Station. Green Bay is at the upper right and Saginaw Bay is on the left.
Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake, called Lake Michigan–Huron, because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac. [19] The straits are five miles (8 km) wide [14] and 120 feet (37 m) deep; the water levels rise and fall together, [20] and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction.
Large bays and related significant bodies of water
Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan along the south coast of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the east coast of Wisconsin. It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, the Garden Peninsula in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment .
Lake Winnebago , connected to Green Bay by the Fox River , serves as part of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool .
Grand Traverse Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan on Michigan's west coast and is one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes. The bay is divided into east and west arms by the Old Mission Peninsula . [21] The bay has one major island, Power Island . Its name is derived from Jacques Marquette's crossing of the bay from Norwood to Northport which he called La Grande Traversee.[ citation needed ]
Georgian Bay is an arm of Lake Huron, extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario. The bay, along with its narrow westerly extensions of the North Channel and Mississagi Strait , is separated from the rest of the lake by the Bruce Peninsula , Manitoulin Island , and Cockburn Island , all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment.
Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent–Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron.
Lake St. Clair , connected with Lake Huron to its north by the St. Clair River and with Lake Erie to its south by the Detroit River . Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes, [23] [24] proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made, which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects designated as related to "The Great Lakes". [25]
Saginaw Bay , an extension of Lake Huron into the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , fed by the Saginaw and other rivers, has the largest contiguous freshwater wetland in the United States. [26]
Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands . [12] The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world. [27] The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior. [28] Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves—for instance, Manitoulin Island's Lake Manitou is the world's largest lake on a freshwater island. [29] Some of these lakes even have their own islands, like Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya in Manitoulin Island.
Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the Great Lakes Megalopolis
Shipping connection to the ocean
Although the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels, [30] shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships —which do not fit through the locks on these routes—have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of Seawaymax -size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic. [31] Larger ships are confined to working within the lakes. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March. Some icebreakers ply the lakes, keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes.
The Great Lakes are connected by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River (from the Chicago River ) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway (a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Commercial tug -and- barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. [32]
Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York ).
Water levels
The lakes were originally fed by both precipitation and meltwater from glaciers which are no longer present. In modern times, only about 1% of volume per year is "new" water, originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs. In the post-glacial period, evaporation , and drainage have generally been balanced, making the levels of the lakes relatively constant. [14]
Intensive human population growth began in the region in the 20th century and continues today. [14] At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes' levels: diversion (the transfer of water to other watersheds) and consumption (substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants, resulting in evaporation). [33] Outflows through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is more than balanced by artificial inflows via the Ogoki River and Long Lake/ Kenogami River diversions. [34] Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918. [35] The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century. [36] Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron, [37] followed by record high levels in 2020 [38] in the same lakes. The water level in Lake Ontario has remained relatively constant in the same time period, hovering around the historical average level. [35]
Water levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron in the United States, 1918 to 2019.
Although "true tides—changes in water level caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon—do occur in a semi-diurnal (twice daily) pattern", such changes are quite small and generally obscured by other forces. [39] The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. The outflows from Lakes Superior and Ontario are regulated, while the outflows of Michigan-Huron and Erie are not regulated at all. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the Moses-Saunders Power Dam , which explains its consistent historical levels. [40]
1675 French map, published shortly before the voyage of Le Griffon . Lake Michigan is named Lake Illinois (the name change is first recorded in 1681 [41] ), and Lake Ontario is named Lake Frontenac, after the then-governor of New France .
Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, photographed from the Sentinel-3B satellite in June 2022, Lake Ontario is not visible in this image.
The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S. gallons, (2.3×1016 liters). The lakes contain about 84% of the surface freshwater of North America; [48] if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 meters). [49] This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. [50]
The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , Vermont , and New Hampshire combined. [51] The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km), [14] but the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly . Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km) of coastline, while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292 km) of lakes, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320 km)), New York (473 miles (761 km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502 km)). [52] Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator. [14]
A notable modern phenomenon is the formation of ice volcanoes over the lakes during wintertime. Storm-generated waves carve the lakes' ice sheet and create conical mounds through the eruption of water and slush. The process is only well-documented in the Great Lakes, and has been credited with sparing the southern shorelines from worse rocky erosion. [53]
A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes
The Champlain Sea - The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers . [54]
It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago, [14] [55] when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift , which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone . A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. When a second fault line, the Saint Lawrence rift , formed approximately 570 million years ago, [14] the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie was created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River.
The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the Last Glacial Period (the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago), when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded. [10] The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater ( Lake Algonquin , Lake Chicago , Glacial Lake Iroquois , and Champlain Sea ) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as they are today. [56] Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion , some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin. Land below the glaciers "rebounded" as it was uncovered. [57] Since the glaciers covered some areas longer than others, this glacial rebound occurred at different rates.
The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts) [58] with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the west, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico. [59] The lakes have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall . [58]
Lake effect
)
The Great Lakes can have an effect on regional weather called lake-effect snow , which is sometimes very localized. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges. During freezing weather with high winds, the " snowbelts " receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern, especially along the eastern shores of the lakes. Snowbelts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores.
The lakes tend to moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as " fruit belts ", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, western Michigan has apple orchards, and cherry orchards are cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay . Near Collingwood, Ontario , commercial fruit orchards, including a few wineries, exist near the shoreline of southern Nottawasaga Bay . The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the lakes' moderating effects, as do the large commercial fruit and wine growing areas of the Niagara Peninsula located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario , on Lake Ontario's northeast shore.
The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and the 2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado , which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout . In 1996, a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone . Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these Mesoscale convective complexes or MCCs [60] can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. These storms mainly occur during the night, and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes, but more often straight-line winds accompanied by intense lightning.
Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem
Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their lake ecology , were surrounded by various forest ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded). Logging, urbanization, and agriculture uses have changed that relationship. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. Some of these forests are second or third growth (i.e. they have been logged before, changing their composition). At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans, and many more are threatened or endangered. [14] Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced.
Lake sturgeon , the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species [61]
While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order mysida ), the deepwater scud (a crustacean of the order amphipoda ), two types of copepods , and the deepwater sculpin (a spiny, large-headed fish). [62]
The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing . Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes. [14] Throughout history, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book: "The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (66,000 long tons; 74,000 short tons) [147 million pounds]." [63]
By 1801, the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early 19th century, the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed, but enforcement remained difficult. [64]
On both sides of the Canada–United States border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary.[ clarification needed ] [65]
Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish , important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg). [66] By 1900, commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually. [67] By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized, generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year. [67] The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs. [66]
The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) notes: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery." [63] Water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery. [68] The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere . [67]
Cliffs at Palisade Head on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay.
Invasive species
A zebra mussel–encrusted vector-averaging current meter from Lake Michigan.
The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th-century canals. By the 1960s, the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. Periodic mass die-offs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan's biomass which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s as high as 90%. In the late 1960s, the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids, including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon; by the 1980s, alewife populations had dropped drastically. [72] The ruffe , a small percid fish from Eurasia, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. [73] Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: it preys upon bottom-feeding fish, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. [74]
The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the United States and Canada working on joint proposals to control it. By the mid-1950s, the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission .
Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, Bythotrephes longimanus , and the fishhook waterflea, Cercopagis pengoi , potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population. Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations. More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the lakes. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems. [75] Invasive species, particularly zebra and quagga mussels, may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron, [76] as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake. [77]
Scientists understand that the micro-aquatic life of the lakes is abundant but know very little about some of the most plentiful microbes and their environmental effects in the Great Lakes. Although a drop of lake water may contain 1 million bacteria cells and 10 million viruses , only since 2012 has there been a long-term study of the lakes' micro-organisms. Between 2012 and 2019 more than 160 new species have been discovered. [78]
Logging of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed riparian and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams, which provide shade, moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds. Removal of trees also destabilized the soil, with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds, and more frequent flooding.
Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) had impacted fish populations. [79]
The first U.S. Clean Water Act , passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972, was a key piece of legislation, [80] along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s, and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner. [81] Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs . The first of 43 " Great Lakes Areas of Concern " to be formally "de-listed" through successful cleanup was Ontario's Collingwood Harbour in 1994; Ontario's Severn Sound followed in 2003. [82] Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River (Michigan) and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois). [83]
Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, Saginaw Bay , Green Bay , and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents . [84] Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria blooms, [85] have been problematic on Lake Erie since 2011. [86] "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) at the University of Windsor . The largest Lake Erie bloom to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10. [87] In early August 2019, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres on Lake Erie, with the heaviest concentration near Toledo, Ohio . A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, of the University of Windsor. Water quality testing was underway in August 2019. [88] [87]
Until 1970, mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical, according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration. In the 21st century, mercury has become more apparent in water tests. Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production, and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions. Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water, it forms the compound methyl mercury , which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption. This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types, but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish. Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals, and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region. [89]
The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s. Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s. [90] The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change: "Since the early 1970s, the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably. This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology, and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be, on the whole, quite effective." [91] The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment, as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems.[ citation needed ]
Though contrary to federal laws in both countries, those treatment system upgrades have not yet eliminated combined sewer overflow events.[ citation needed ] This describes when older sewerage systems, which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant, are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms. Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent, a mix of rainwater and sewage, into local water bodies. While enormous public investments such as the Deep Tunnel projects in Chicago and Milwaukee have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events, they have not been eliminated. The number of such overflow events in Ontario, for example, is flat according to the International Joint Commission. [91] Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems (those of Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Milwaukee and Gary ) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes. [92]
Diatoms of different sizes seen through the microscope. These minuscule phytoplankton are encased within a silicate cell wall .
The fish of the Great Lakes have anti-depressant drugs meant for humans in their brains, which has caused concerns. The number of American adults who take anti-depressant drugs rose from 7.7% of all American adults in 1999–2002 to 12.7% in 2011–2014. As the anti-depressant drugs pass out of human bodies and through sanitation systems into the Great Lakes, this has resulted in fish in the Great Lakes with twenty times the level of anti-depressants in their brains than what is in the water, leading to the fish being exceedingly happy and hence less risk-averse, to the extent of damaging the fish populations. [93]
Researchers have found that more than 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic end up in the Great Lakes each year. [94] Plastics in the water break up into very small particles known as microplastics . Microplastics can also come from synthetic clothing washed down our drains. [95] Plastic waste found in the lakes include single-use plastics , plastics used in packaging, takeout containers as well as pre-production pellets produced by plastics industry . [96] High concentrations of microplastics were discovered in 100 percent of the fish that were studied by researchers from the Rochman Lab. About 50 million pounds (23 kt) of fish is harvested each year from Great Lakes which has raised concerns on how this might affect human health. [95] Microscopic pieces of plastic have also been found in drinking water coming from Great Lakes. It is estimated that nearly 40 million people in the region rely on drinking water from the Great Lakes. [94]
A number of self-operating floating devices called Seabin, were put in the Great Lakes to capture plastic trash as part of the Great Lakes Plastic Cleanup project. The project captured 74,000 pieces of trash using this technology between 2020 and 2021; however, it does not claim to catch up with 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic that ends up in Great Lakes every year. The production, consumption, and throwing away of plastics seems to remain the core of Great Lakes trash problem. [97]
Impacts of climate change on algae
CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO−3 + H+
Diatoms acquire inorganic carbon through passive diffusion of CO2 and HCO−3 , and use carbonic anhydrase mediated active transport to speed up this process. [100] Large diatoms require more carbon uptake than smaller diatoms. [101] There is a positive correlation between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells. [102]
A woodcut of Le Griffon
Several Native American populations ( Paleo-indians ) inhabited the region around 10,000 BC, after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. [103] [104] The peoples of the Great Lakes traded from around 1000 AD, as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio.
The Rush–Bagot Treaty signed in 1818, after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes. Nonetheless, both nations maintained coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes.
The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle , was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River , and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679. [105] During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland Canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825. [106] By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. [107] With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans .
The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, have now vanished.
The immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities, and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent.
The passenger ship SS Eastland (foreground) leaving Chicago, c. 1909
Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as iron ore , coal and limestone for the steel industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than to make steel on the spot. Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships), and supplies, food, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia , and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains , railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio .
Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has some distinctive vocabulary. Ships, no matter the size, are called "boats". When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called "steamboats"—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design; ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as " lakers ". Foreign boats are known as "salties". One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000-by-105-foot (305 by 32 m), 78,850-long-ton (80,120-metric-ton) self-unloader. This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. [108] Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight, and a few larger ships replacing many small ones.
During World War II, the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes, USS Sable and USS Wolverine . Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff. [109] Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6, 1998, when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program , contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. [110] Following a small uproar, the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 (although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake). [111]
Alan B. McCullough has written that the fishing industry of the Great Lakes got its start "on the American side of Lake Ontario in Chaumont Bay , near the Maumee River on Lake Erie, and on the Detroit River at about the time of the War of 1812". Although the region was sparsely populated until the 1830s, so there was not much local demand and transporting fish was prohibitively costly, there were economic and infrastructure developments that were promising for the future of the fishing industry going into the 1830s. Particularly, the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal a few years later. The fishing industry expanded particularly in the waters associated with the fur trade that connect Lake Erie and Lake Huron. In fact, two major suppliers of fish in the 1830s were the fur trading companies Hudson's Bay Company and the American Fur Company . [112]
The catch from these waters was sent to the growing market for salted fish in Detroit, where merchants involved in the fur trade had already gained some experience handling salted fish. One such merchant was John P. Clark , a shipbuilder and merchant who began selling fish in the area of Manitowoc, Wisconsin where whitefish was abundant. Another operation cropped up in Georgian Bay , Canadian waters plentiful with trout as well as whitefish. In 1831, Alexander MacGregor from Goderich, Ontario found whitefish and herring in abundant supply around the Fishing Islands. A contemporary account by Methodist missionary John Evans describes the fish as resembling a "bright cloud moving rapidly through the water". [112]
From 1844 through 1857, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes. [113] In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence. [114] The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate these vessels. [115] Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan , to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan , one on Lake Erie: a boat from Kingsville, Ontario , or Leamington, Ontario , to Pelee Island, Ontario , then onto Sandusky, Ohio , and one on Lake Huron: the MS Chi-Cheemaun [116] runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. An international ferry across Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York , to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005 but is no longer in operation.
The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel; storms and reefs are common threats. The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, in particular in the autumn, from late October until early December. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes. The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan) , beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from Grand Marais, Michigan , to Whitefish Point became known as the " Graveyard of the Great Lakes ". More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior. [117] The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area.
The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon, also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes. Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, she was lost with all hands aboard. [118] Its wreck may have been found in 2004, [119] but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon. [120] The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald , which sank on November 10, 1975, just over 17 miles (30 km) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of Lady Elgin , wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan. In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915, the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers, killing 841.
In 2007, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old ore carrier. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin , to Buffalo, New York. The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours. [121] In 2008, deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle". [122] There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave. In 2010, L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat Molly V. [123] The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm.
Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes, the French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles , which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918. 78 people died, making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes.
The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin. It is the site of a large number of historically significant shipwrecks . [124] [125] [126]
Photograph of, closest to farthest, Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron (North is to the right) plus the Finger Lakes of upstate New York, near Lake Ontario, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the International Space Station , with lake names added
Except when the water is frozen during winter, more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes, [127] which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the shorter Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash . [128] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo. Major ports on the Great Lakes include Duluth-Superior , Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Twin Harbors, Hamilton and Thunder Bay .
Escanaba 's Ludington Park in Michigan
Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes. [129] A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including some sailing ships . Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout, bass and walleye being major catches. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing , powerboating , and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. [130]
Various national, state, provincial, and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes
In 1872, a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada . [131] The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway, but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act of 1986", [132] [133] diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission , which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions.
In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons (600,000 m3) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement [134] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact [135] that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements, the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court. The second, the Great Lakes Compact , has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. [136]
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, [137] [138] was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups, wetlands and coastline restoration projects, and invasive species-related projects. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Act of 2019 passed as Pub. L. 116–294 (text) (PDF) on January 5, 2021, reauthorizing the program through Fiscal Year 2026.
See also
Ghassemi, Fereidoun (2007). Inter-basin water transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN
"Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts" . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
Hough, Jack (1970) [1763]. "Great Lakes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (Commemorative Edition for Expo'70 ed.). Chicago: William Benton. p. 774. ISBN
.
"Great Lakes" . America 2050. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
"Great Lakes Map" . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
"Home" . Peninsula Township. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
"The Great Lakes" . Environmental Protection Agency. August 20, 2015. REG 05.
"Great Lakes Water Levels (1918–2021)" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
.
US Department of Commerce. "Do the Great Lakes have tides?" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
Armstrong, Leslie (August 14, 2014). "Great Lakes Water Levels Rebound Thanks to Prolonged Winter". Toronto Star.
. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
By 1681, a map published in Paris, obviously based on this new information, shows the Mississippi River and the western shore of Lake Michigan. Earlier maps had called the lake Lac des Illinois; this was the first to call it Lac de Michigami, thus introducing an early variation of the future state's name.
. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
Grady, Wayne (2007). The Great Lakes. Vancouver: Greystone Books and David Suzuki Foundation . pp. 13, 21–26, 42–43. ISBN
Taylor, William W.; Schechter, Michael G.; Wolfson, Lois G. (2007). Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources . Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN
"Shorelines of the Great Lakes" . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Fahnestock, R. K.; Crowley, D. J.; Wilson, M.; Schneider, H. (1973). "Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 12 (64): 93–99. doi : 10.3189/S0022143000022735 . Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.
Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode : 1985AREPS..13..345V . doi : 10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021 . hdl : 1808/104 . Retrieved October 6, 2008.
Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. (2001). "Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 27 (4): 518–546. Bibcode : 2001JGLR...27..518L . doi : 10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
"Glossary" . National Weather Service.
Beeton, Alfred. "Great Lakes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Special report ... of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. The Commission. p. 23.
"Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species" . Great Lakes Commission. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Riley, S.C.; Roseman, Edward F.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; O'Brien, Timothy P.; Kiley, Courtney S.; Schaeffer, Jeffrey S. (2008). "Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 137 (6): 1879–90. Bibcode : 2008TrAFS.137.1879R . doi : 10.1577/T07-141.1 . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013.
Barbiero, Richard P.; Balcer, Mary; Rockwell, David C.; Tuchman, Marc L. (2009). "Recent shifts in the crustacean zooplankton community of Lake Huron". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (5): 816–828. doi : 10.1139/F09-036 .
.
Muldoon, Paul; Botts, Lee (2005). Evolution of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Michigan State University Press.
"Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story" . Michigan Department of Natural Resources. June 8, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013.
Knud-Hansen, Chris (February 1994). "Historical Perspective of the Phosphate Detergent Conflict" . Working Paper 94-54. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2016 – via Colorado.edu.
"Mercury Spills" . Idph.state.il.us. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Burkhardt, Steffen; Amoroso, Gabi; Riebesell, Ulf; Sültemeyer, Dieter (September 2001). "CO2 and HCO−3 uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different CO2 concentrations". Limnology and Oceanography. 46 (6): 1378–1391. doi : 10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1378 .
Popp, Brian N.; Laws, Edward A.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Dore, John E.; Hanson, Kristi L.; Wakeham, Stuart G. (998). "Effect of Phytoplankton Cell Geometry on Carbon Isotopic Fractionation". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 62: 69–77. doi : 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00333-5 .
Durbin, E.G. (1977). "Studies on the Autecology of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii II. The Influence of Cell Size on Growth Rate, and Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorophyll a and Silica Content". Journal of Phycology. 13 (2): 150–155. Bibcode : 1977JPcgy..13..150D . doi : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1977.tb02904.x .
The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage
"Ancient Land and First Peoples" . Wisconsin Historical Society. February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
.
.
Bogue, Magaret Beattie (2000). Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783–1933. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 29–31.
.
Stonehouse, Frederick (1998) [1985]. Lake Superior's Shipwreck Coast. Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios. p. 267. ISBN
.
"Century-old shipwreck discovered" . NBC News. Associated Press. September 10, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
"Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary" . United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
"Great Lakes Circle Tour" . Great-lakes.net. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
.
Egan, Dan (2018). The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN
(an illustrated children's book about the Great Lakes and their environment).
.
Riley, John L. (2013). The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. McGill-Queen's University Press .
(traces environmental change in the region since the last ice age.)
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Lakes .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Lakes .
Dynamically updated data
Main lakes
| 2,026 |
265 | name three large lakes other than the great lakes in the united states | https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/largest-lakes-in-the-united-states-1722846481-1 | All Comments (0)
Largest Lakes in America: List of the top 10 Biggest Lakes in United States
The largest lakes in the United States are spread across the country, reflecting a range of geographic features and climates. Each lake plays a critical role in its respective ecosystems and regions, offering recreational opportunities and water resources. Their vast size and unique characteristics make them important landmarks in American geography.
Aug 5, 2024, 15:25 IST
The largest lakes in the United States are spread across the country, reflecting a range of geographic features and climates.
The United States is covered by 7% of its water bodies, including rivers, lakes, and the ocean. The country has over 3 million lakes, which are important sources of freshwater for both humans and wildlife.
But out of these three million lakes, which are the top 10 largest lakes in the United States? Want to know which lakes make it to the top of the list based on their size and volume?
We've made a list of the top 10 largest lakes in America, which includes iconic bodies of water such as Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, and Lake Huron. Let's explore the largest lakes in the United States to discover their significance and beauty.
List of the Largest Lakes in US
Here is the list of the top 10 largest lakes in America that have made a significant impact on the geography and environment of the region. These lakes include:
Ranking
Lake Superior
Source: Flickr
Lake Superior is one of the most iconic and largest lakes in North America, known for its stunning natural beauty and crystal-clear waters. It is also the coldest and deepest of the Great Lakes, with a maximum depth of over 1,300 feet.
The lake is home to over 80 species of fish, and its shoreline, which spans over 2,700 miles, provides important habitat for a variety of wildlife, including bald eagles and grey wolves. Furthermore, it is surrounded by numerous historic lighthouses. Many of them are still active today.
Lake Huron
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Lake Huron is the second-largest lake and is renowned for its clear waters and beautiful beaches. The lake consists of approximately 30,000 islands, making it the largest freshwater island system in the world. It is connected to Lake Superior via the St. Marys River.
Additionally, the lake has many fascinating stories related to it. It was said that the lake was the abode of a legendary mythical creature named 'Nessie.' Although there is no proof of the creature's existence, many people still believe that it dwells in the lake to this day.
Lake Michigan
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Just like Lake Superior and Lake Huron, Lake Michigan is one of the Great Lakes in North America. Among the Great Lakes, it is the only one that is entirely within the United States, bordered by the states of Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana.
Additionally, the lake got its name from the Ojibwe word mishigami, which means “large lake.” Furthermore, what makes it more fascinating is the fact that its surface area is larger than the entire country of Slovenia, which means that the whole country could fit inside Lake Michigan.
Lake Erie
Source: Alliance For the Great Lakes
On the fourth spot is Lake Erie, which is situated on the eastern border between the United States and Canada. Lake Erie, just like its name, is truly unique and holds the title of being the shallowest and warmest of all the Great Lakes, with an average temperature of 62.6°F (17°C).
It is particularly known for its beautiful sunsets, which appear so vibrant and picturesque from the shores of Ohio since it shares its boundary with the state on the southern coast. It also supports a wide variety of fish species and provides important habitats for migratory birds.
Lake Ontario
Source: Wikimedia Commons
Lake Ontario is the fifth and smallest lake out of the four Great Lakes. Located on the border of the United States and Canada, it is known for its deep waters and diverse wildlife. It is the most distinctive lake since every drop of water that flows through the rest of the four travels through it.
Additionally, the lake is crucial for transportation, water exchange, and fish migration since it is very close to the Atlantic Ocean and serves as a gateway for ships travelling between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean.
Lake of the Woods
Source: Flickr
As its name suggests, Lake of the Woods is a magnificent body of water located in northern Minnesota and southern Ontario. Encircled by thick forests, it has over 14,500 islands, which are home to an array of wildlife, including bears, deer, and bald eagles.
Additionally, the lake's water is so crystal-clear that you can see up to 25 feet, or 7.6 meters, below the surface. Furthermore, it is a favourite spot for fishing enthusiasts, with abundant populations of walleye, northern pike, and muskie.
Iliamna Lake
Souce: World Atlas
Iliamna Lake, surrounded by the Chigmit Mountains, is the highlight of our list. This beautiful lake is located in the southwestern part of Alaska, near the town of Iliamna, and is the largest freshwater source in North America.
It is spread over 1,012 square miles and offers stunning views of the surrounding mountain ranges. Furthermore, it is home to several species of fish, including sockeye salmon, lake trout, and Arctic char, making it a popular destination for anglers.
Great Salt Lake
Source: Wikimedia Commons
The Great Salt Lake is a saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere of the United States, with a salinity level 8x higher than that of the ocean. It is also the saltiest lake in the world, covering an area of approximately 1,700 square miles.
The lake is a remnant of the prehistoric Lake Bonneville and is a popular spot for tourists due to its stunning scenery. You can find a diverse array of bird species, including pelicans and seagulls, along with brine shrimp and algae that thrive in the lake's salty waters.
Lake Oahe
Source: Flickr
Running from South Dakota to North Dakota, Lake Oahe is the largest man-made lake in the United States. It serves as a reservoir along the Missouri River, providing water for irrigation, hydroelectric power, and more.
The lake stretches over 231 miles and covers over 370,000 acres of land. You can find chinook salmon, which was basically artificially added, thriving in the waters of Lake Oahe. You can also see a variety of other fish species that are naturally transported by the Missouri River.
Lake Okeechobee
Source: NARA & DVIDS Public Domain Archive
On the last spot, we've got Lake Okeechobee, which is the second-largest freshwater body after Lake Michigan in the contiguous United States. It covers over 730 square miles and is a vital water source for South Florida's agricultural industry.
The name was derived from the Seminole language, which means “big water." The lake is part of the Everglades system and connects to the Atlantic Ocean via the Caloosahatchee River and the Gulf of Mexico via the St. Lucie River.
What are the Great Lakes?
The Great Lakes is not the name of a particular water body; rather, it is a group of five interconnected freshwater lakes located in North America.
These lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario, and they form the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world by total area.
These lakes rank among the 14 largest lakes in the world by surface area. Lake Superior is the second-largest lake in the world, containing about 10% of the world's surface freshwater.
Additionally, Lake Huron is the 4th largest lake in the world, while Lake Michigan is the 5th largest. Furthermore, Lake Erie is the 11th largest, and Ontario is the 14th largest lake in the world. Together, these five lakes hold about 84% of North America's surface freshwater.
Conclusion
Lakes are an important freshwater source for many communities around the world. The United States alone contains over 123,000 lakes larger than 10 acres in size. These bodies of water provide drinking water, recreational opportunities, and support diverse ecosystems.
The country has the world's most enchanting and breathtaking lakes, such as the Great Lakes and Iliamna Lake. These natural wonders attract millions of visitors each year and contribute significantly to the local economies through tourism.
In our article, we've covered the top 10 largest lakes in the United States based on surface area, showcasing the vastness and beauty of these bodies of water.
About the Author
Executive Content Writer
Kriti Barua is a professional content writer who has two years of experience in creating engaging and informative articles for various industries. She started her career as a creative writer intern at Wordloom Ventures and quickly developed a passion for crafting compelling narratives that resonate with readers.
Currently working as a content writer for the GK section of Jagran Josh New Media, she continues to hone her skills in writing and strives to deliver high-quality content that educates and entertains readers.
Latest Stories
Current GK
Current GK
Latest Education News
27 mins ago
28 mins ago
29 mins ago
28 mins ago
28 mins ago
29 mins ago
29 mins ago
28 mins ago
29 mins ago
27 mins ago
27 mins ago
29 mins ago
29 mins ago
In case of any data protection questions, please reach out to [email protected]
Jagran Prakashan Ltd @ 2025
| 2,027 |
265 | name three large lakes other than the great lakes in the united states | https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Lakes | (more)
More Actions
Table Of Contents
Cite
verifiedCite
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Select Citation Style
Feedback
Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
Feedback Type
Your Feedback
Submit Feedback
Thank you for your feedback
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
External Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
Written by
Last Updated:
What lakes comprise the Great Lakes of North America?
The Great Lakes are a chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising the lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario.
How were the Great Lakes of North America formed?
The present configuration of the Great Lakes basin is the result of the movement of massive glaciers through North America, a process that began about one million years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch. The glaciers undoubtedly scoured existing valleys, widening and deepening them and radically changing the drainage of the area.
Which of the Great Lakes is the largest?
Lake Superior is the largest of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is also one of the world’s largest bodies of fresh water. It is 350 miles (563 km) long (east to west), and at its greatest width it is 160 miles (258 km) from north to south.
Where does water in the Great Lakes originate?
The Great Lakes receive their water supply from precipitation, which increases from west to east and from north to south. The average annual rainfall in the Lake Superior basin is 30 inches (760 millimeters), 31 inches in Lakes Huron and Michigan, and 34 and 36 inches in Lakes Erie and Ontario, respectively.
How do the Great Lakes influence the regional climate?
The Great Lakes modify the climate of the surrounding region by absorbing a large quantity of heat in the warmer months, which is then lost to the atmosphere during the colder months. This causes cooler summers and warmer winters than would otherwise occur in the region.
News •
(more)
Great Lakes, chain of deep freshwater lakes in east-central North America comprising Lakes Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario . They are one of the great natural features of the continent and of the Earth. Although Lake Baikal in Russia has a larger volume of water, the combined area of the Great Lakes—some 94,250 square miles (244,106 square kilometres)—represents the largest surface of fresh water in the world, covering an area exceeding that of the United Kingdom. Their drainage basin of about 295,710 square miles (which includes the areas of the lakes themselves and their connecting waterways) extends approximately 690 miles from north to south and about 860 miles from Lake Superior in the west to Lake Ontario in the east. Except for Lake Michigan , the lakes provide a natural border between Canada and the United States , a frontier that was stabilized by a boundary-waters treaty of 1909. It is a source of pride for both countries that there are no fortifications or warships along the boundary.
Individually, the lakes rank among the 14 largest in the world (see table). They played a central role in the European colonization and development of North America and for decades have attracted people and industry; Lakes Erie and Ontario and the southern portion of Lake Michigan are now ringed with large population concentrations. The lakes have not benefited from this development, however, and have been seriously affected by pollution . Concern over the fate of the lakes reached a high pitch in the late 20th century, with both the U.S. and the Canadian governments and individuals investigating methods for reversing the consequences of years of misuse of the lakes’ waters.
Areas and volumes of the Great Lakes
surface area
Superior
31,700
82,100
2nd
2,900
12,100
4th
Michigan
22,300
57,800
5th
1,180
4,920
6th
Huron
23,000
59,600
4th
850
3,540
7th
Erie
9,910
25,670
11th
116
484
15th
Ontario
7,340
19,010
14th
393
1,640
11th
The Great Lakes form the western portion of the larger St. Lawrence hydrographic system. This system extends generally eastward from the St. Louis River in Minnesota (which flows into Lake Superior), through the lakes and the St. Lawrence River, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean at the Gulf of St. Lawrence. For a discussion of the system east of Lake Ontario, see Saint Lawrence River and Seaway .
Physical features
Geology
The age of the Great Lakes is still not definitely determined. Estimates range from 7,000 to 32,000 years of age. Water began filling the glacially scoured basins as soon as the ice receded, some 14,000 years ago. It is generally accepted that Lake Erie reached its present level about 10,000 years ago, Lake Ontario about 7,000 years ago, and Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Superior some 3,000 years ago.
The present configuration of the Great Lakes basin is the result of the movement of massive glaciers through the mid-continent, a process that began about one million years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch . Studies in the Lake Superior region indicate that a river system and valleys formed by water erosion existed before the Ice Age. The glaciers undoubtedly scoured these valleys, widening and deepening them and radically changing the drainage of the area.
The last glaciation in North America is called the Wisconsin Glacial Stage because it left many fresh landforms and sediments in that state. As the ice sheet melted and receded about 14,000 years ago, the first segments of the Great Lakes were created. Lake Chicago, in what is now the southern Lake Michigan basin, and Lake Maumee, in present-day western Lake Erie and its adjacent lowlands, originally drained southward into the Mississippi River through the Illinois and Wabash drainages, respectively. As the ice retreat continued, Lake Maumee was drained into Lake Chicago through a valley that now contains the Grand River in Michigan. Eventually, drainage to the east and into the Atlantic Ocean was established, at one time down the valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers and then along the course of the upper St. Lawrence River. At one high-water stage, the waters of the Huron and Michigan basin formed one large lake— Lake Algonquin . At the same time, Lake Duluth, in the western Lake Superior basin , also drained to the Mississippi.
The weight of the ice sheet exerted enormous pressures on the Earth’s crust. As the ice sheet retreated, low-lying, glacially depressed areas, such as the region to the east of Georgian Bay , were exposed. About 10,000 years ago, the upper lakes evidently discharged through this area via the Ottawa River valley, and their levels were substantially reduced. After the weight of the ice was removed, the land (i.e., the outlet to the lakes) began to rise, closing off some outlets and allowing the water levels of the lakes to slowly rise. The largest postglacial lake , Nipissing , occupied the basins of Huron, Michigan, and Superior. Drainage through the Ottawa River valley ceased, and outflow from the upper lakes was established by way of the St. Clair and Detroit rivers into Lake Erie. Uplift has continued at a rate of about 1 foot (30 centimetres) every 100 years; this is evidenced by the drowned river mouths of western Lakes Erie and Superior.
Get Unlimited Access
| 2,028 |
266 | when did major and minor scales become the basis for composition | https://viva.pressbooks.pub/openmusictheory/chapter/minor-scales/ | Search
Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.
Book Contents Navigation
Chelsey Hamm and Bryn Hughes
Key Takeaways
A minor scale's third note is always a half step lower than the third note of the major scale with the same name.
Each minor scale is an ordered collection of half and whole steps, as follows:
Natural minor: W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑W‑W (ascending)
Harmonic minor: W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑3Hs‑H (ascending)
Melodic minor: W‑H‑W‑W‑W‑W‑H (ascending) and W‑W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑W (descending).
While there are three minor scales, minor keys and minor key signatures are always identified as simply “minor” (“A minor,” “D minor,” etc.) and are based on the natural minor scale.
Scale degrees in minor are the same as those in major. There are a few new solfège syllables in minor including me ([latex]\downarrow\hat3[/latex]), le ([latex]\downarrow\hat6[/latex]), and te ([latex]\downarrow\hat7[/latex]).
Each note of a minor scale is also named with scale-degree names . These are largely the same in minor as they are in major, except for the subtonic (te or [latex]\downarrow\hat7[/latex]).
Major and minor keys share two different relationships. The parallel relationship is when a major and minor key share a tonic note, while the relative relationship is when a major and minor key share a key signature.
Each major key signature has a corresponding relative minor key signature whose tonic is three half steps below the relative major’s tonic. The orders of sharps and flats in major and minor key signatures are the same.
The Minor Scale
A minor scale's third note is always a half step lower than the third note of the major scale with the same name (e.g., B major and B minor). There are three different types of minor scales: natural minor , harmonic minor , and melodic minor . These three types of minor scales should be thought of like flavors of ice cream; ice cream is still ice cream regardless of whether it is chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, etc. Likewise, a work is simply “minor” or “in minor”; musicians do not consider music to be “in” a specific type of minor scale (i.e., natural, harmonic, or melodic). In other words, while there are three minor scales, minor keys and minor key signatures are always identified as simply “minor” (“A minor,” “D minor,” etc.) and are based on the natural minor scale.
The three different types of minor scales are useful categories primarily for instrumental performers. Learning to play the different types of minor scales on instruments allows performers to become familiar with the minor patterns most commonly used in Western classical music. Just like major scales, minor scales are named for their first note (including the accidental, if any), which is also their last note.
Natural Minor
The natural minor form of the minor scale consists of an ordered collection of half and whole steps with the ascending succession W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑W‑W, as shown in Example 1. Each whole step is labeled with a square bracket and “W,” and each half step is labeled with an angled bracket and “H.” Listen carefully to Example 1 and notice that the half and whole step pattern of the natural minor form of the minor scale is the same ascending and descending.
Example 1. A G natural minor scale. (Sounding scale is F natural minor.)
Harmonic Minor
The harmonic minor form of the minor scale consists of an ordered collection of half and whole steps in the ascending succession W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑3Hs‑H (“3Hs” = 3 half steps), as shown in Example 2. The curved bracket represents a distance of three half steps (or a whole step plus a half step). Listen carefully to Example 2 and notice that the half and whole step pattern of the harmonic minor form of the minor scale is the same ascending and descending.
Example 2. A G harmonic minor scale. (Sounding scale is F harmonic minor.)
Melodic Minor
The melodic minor form of the minor scale consists of an ordered collection of half and whole steps in the ascending succession W‑H‑W‑W‑W‑W‑H and the descending succession W‑W‑H‑W‑W‑H‑W, as shown in Example 3. When you listen to Example 3, notice that the melodic minor form has different ascending and descending patterns: the ascending pattern is unique to the melodic minor form, while the descending pattern is the same as the natural form.
Example 3. A G melodic minor scale. (Sounding scale is F melodic minor.)
Example 4 shows four versions of a C scale— major , natural minor , harmonic minor , and melodic minor—with the scale degrees indicated. Listen to this example carefully, noting the aural differences between the scales.
Example 4. Major, natural minor, harmonic minor, and melodic minor scales, all starting on C.
Minor Scale Degrees, Solfège, and Scale-Degree Names
Minor scale degrees , solfège , and scale-degree names are similar to, but not exactly the same as, their major-scale counterparts. Example 5 summarizes the three types of minor scale, and shows the scale degrees and solfège for each. Note that the scale degrees are the same as in a major scale. The bottom line shows the solfège syllables, which differ from the major-scale syllables in several places to reflect the minor scale’s pattern of whole and half steps.
Example 5. Scale degrees and solfege for all three types of minor scales: a) natural minor; b) harmonic minor, and c) melodic minor.
In natural minor (Example 5a), mi ([latex]\hat{3}[/latex]) becomes me ([latex]\downarrow\hat3[/latex]) (pronounced “may”), la ([latex]\hat{6}[/latex]) becomes le ([latex]\downarrow\hat6[/latex]) (pronounced “lay”), and ti ([latex]\hat{7}[/latex]) becomes te ([latex]\downarrow\hat7[/latex]) (pronounced “tay”). If you sing or play through the above example, you’ll notice that the ending lacks the same sense of closure you heard in the major scale. In the major scale, this closure is created in part by the ascending semitone between ti ([latex]\hat{7}[/latex]) and do ([latex]\hat{1}[/latex]).
In harmonic minor (Example 5b), mi ([latex]\hat{3}[/latex]) becomes me ([latex]\downarrow\hat3[/latex]) and la ([latex]\hat{6}[/latex]) becomes le ([latex]\downarrow\hat6[/latex]). Having ti ([latex]\hat{7}[/latex]) creates the sense of closure that is absent in the natural minor scale.
As noted above, the melodic minor scale has different ascending and descending patterns (Example 5c). In the ascending form of melodic minor, mi ([latex]\hat{3}[/latex]) becomes me ([latex]\downarrow\hat3[/latex]), but the rest of the solfège syllables are the same as in major. In the descending form of melodic minor, mi ([latex]\hat{3}[/latex]) becomes me ([latex]\downarrow\hat3[/latex]), la ([latex]\hat{6}[/latex]) becomes le ([latex]\downarrow\hat6[/latex]), and ti ([latex]\hat{7}[/latex]) becomes te ([latex]\downarrow\hat7[/latex]), like natural minor. Therefore, the ascending version of melodic minor has the sense of closure associated with the major scale, while the descending version follows the pattern of the natural minor scale.
As in major scales, each note of a minor scale is also named with scale-degree names . Example 6 shows the scale-degree names used in minor scales alongside the corresponding scale-degree numbers and solfège syllables.
Scale Degree Number
Example 6. Scale-degree names in minor scales.
As the chapter on major scales discussed, the Latin prefix sub means “under”—the submediant is a third below the tonic, and the subdominant is a fifth below. To this, we can now add one new scale degree name: the subtonic, for lowered [latex]\downarrow\hat7[/latex]. The supertonic is one whole step above the tonic, while the subtonic is one whole step below the tonic.
Example 7 shows a B melodic minor scale, ascending and descending, with scale-degree names labeled. As you can see, the melodic minor scale utilizes the leading tone in its ascending form, and the subtonic in its descending form.
Example 7. A B melodic minor scale.
Example 8 is a helpful visual for learning about the three forms of the minor scale. The order reflects the number of lowered scale degrees (compared to a major scale starting on the same note).
Form of Minor Scale
Natural
[latex]\downarrow\hat{3},\downarrow\hat{6}, \downarrow\hat{7}[/latex]
Harmonic
Melodic (ascending)
Example 8. Lowered scale degrees of minor.
As you can see, natural minor scales have three lowered scale degrees, harmonic minor scales have two, and melodic minor scales have one in the ascending version. Remember, the descending version of melodic minor is the same as natural minor, with three lowered scale degrees.
The Parallel and Relative Relationships
When comparing major and minor keys, there are two relationships that are important. The parallel relationship is when a major key shares a tonic (do, [latex]\hat{1}[/latex]) with a minor key. For example, C major and C minor (or A♭ major and A♭ minor, or F♯ major and F♯ minor) are parallel keys. We use the terms “parallel minor” and “parallel major” to describe this relationship: C major is the parallel major of C minor, and C minor is the parallel minor of C major.
The relative relationship is when a major key shares a key signature with a minor key. For example, C major does not have any sharps or flats in its key signature, and neither does A minor. We use the terms “relative minor” and “relative major” to describe this relationship: C major is the relative major of A minor, and A minor is the relative minor of C major. The tonic of a minor key is always three half steps below the tonic of its relative major: if you count three half steps below C, you will get A (C–B, B–B♭, B♭–A). Likewise, to find the relative major key of a given minor key, count three half steps up.
When counting half steps to determine the relative major or minor of a given key, keep in mind that relative keys have the same key signature. A sharp key cannot share a relative relationship with a flat key (and vice versa), which means you need to select the correct enharmonic key. For example, although the pitch three half steps down from D♭ could be written as either B♭ or A♯, only B♭ minor (five flats) is the relative minor of D♭ major (also five flats), because A♯ minor has a different key signature (seven sharps).
Minor Key Signatures
Minor key signatures , like major key signatures, go after a clef but before a time signature. Each major key has a corresponding relative minor key signature; therefore, the orders of the sharps and flats are the same in minor key signatures as they are in major key signatures, placed on the same lines and spaces. Example 9, reproduced from the previous chapter, shows the order of sharps and flats in all four clefs:
Example 9. The order of sharps and flats in all four clefs.
As previously mentioned, if you know the major key associated with a given key signature, you can go down three half steps from the tonic to find the minor key for that key signature. Example 10 shows all of the sharp minor key signatures in order, and Example 11 depicts all of the flat minor key signatures in order.
Example 10. The key signatures of A, E, B, F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, and A♯ minor.
Example 11. The minor key signatures of A, D, G, C, F, B♭, E♭, and A♭ minor.
Minor keys can also be imaginary (like imaginary major keys) if they contain double accidentals.
You can practice identifying minor key signatures in the following exercise:
Practice
Minor Keys and the Circle of Fifths
The circle of fifths can be used as a visual for minor key signatures as well as major key signatures. Each key signature is placed alongside the corresponding major and minor keys. Example 12 shows the circle of fifths for minor and major keys:
Example 12. The circle of fifths for major and minor keys.
In Example 12, major keys are in blue uppercase letters around the outside of the circle, while minor keys are in red lowercase letters around the inside of the circle. Once again, key signatures appear in order of their number of accidentals. If you start at the top of the circle (12 o’clock) and continue clockwise, key signatures add sharps, while if you start at the top of the circle and continue counterclockwise, they add flats. The bottom three key signatures can be written in sharps or flats, and so are enharmonic .
Major or Minor?
When you are given a piece of music to play or sing, the notation will often include a key signature, which will help you to narrow down the key of the work to two options: a major key and its relative minor. [1] But how can you tell which one the work is in? One thing that can help is to listen to and look at the first and last notes of the work—pieces often start and end on the tonic, so this can help you determine whether a work is major or minor.
Example 13 shows the first three measures of a song by Louise Reichardt (1779–1826) titled “Durch die bunten Rosenhecken” (“Through the colorful rose hedges”):
This example shows a vocal line (the top staff) and a piano part (the grand staff underneath the vocal part). The key signature contains four flats, which means we can narrow down the key of this work to A♭ major or F minor. In Example 13, the first note that is circled in the highest part (the vocalist) is is F, as is the first note that is circled in the lowest part (the lowest note played by the piano). Therefore, it is likely that the key of this work is F minor instead of A♭ major.
Online Resources
Writing and Identifying Minor Key Signatures ( .pdf )
Parallel and Relative Minor Questions ( .pdf )
Scale Degree Names and Scale Degrees ( .pdf )
Assignments
Writing Minor Scales ( .pdf , .mscz ). Asks students to write minor scales. All clefs.
Writing Minor Scales (Treble and Bass Clef) ( .pdf , .mscz ). Asks students to write minor scales. Treble and bass clef only.
Key Signatures: Minor ( .pdf , .mscz ). Asks students to write and identify minor key signatures. All clefs.
Key Signatures: Minor (Treble and Bass Clef) ( .pdf , .mscz ). Asks students to write and identify minor key signatures. Treble and bass clef only.
Media Attributions
Scale-degree Names Minor © Chelsey Hamm is licensed under a CC BY-SA (Attribution ShareAlike) license
Durch die bunten Rosenhecken © Louise Reichardt is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution NonCommercial ShareAlike) license
The vast majority of Western classical works from 1700–1900 are in either major or minor. But outside of this time period and cultural context, you should also consider if the piece may be in a diatonic mode . This would expand the number of possible tonics indicated by a key signature. ↵
definition
×Close definition
An ordered collection of half steps (H) and whole steps (W) with the ascending succession W–H–W–W–H–W–W.
×Close definition
An ordered collection of half and whole steps with the ascending succession W–H–W–W–H–3Hs–H. Like natural minor, but with a raised 7̂.
×Close definition
An ordered collection of half steps (H) and whole steps (W) with the ascending succession W–H–W–W–W–W–H and the descending succession W–W–H–W–W–H–W.
×Close definition
The relative position of a note within a diatonic scale. Indicated with a number, 1–7, that indicates this position relative to the tonic of that scale.
×Close definition
The application of solmization syllables (do, re, mi, fa, sol, etc.) to scale degrees.
×Close definition
A movable system of names for scale degrees based on their function within the scale, such as tonic (do, 1̂) and dominant (sol, 5̂).
×Close definition
When two keys/scales share the same tonic, such as C major and C minor.
×Close definition
×Close definition
In music notation, a collection of sharps or flats written at the beginning of each line (immediately after the clef) to signal that certain notes are always sharp/flat.
×Close definition
An ordered collection of half steps (H) and whole steps (W) as follows (ascending): W–W–H–W–W–W–H.
×Close definition
A relationship between notes, intervals, or chords that sound the same but are spelled differently.
×Close definition
A graphic that shows the relationship between major (and/or minor) key signatures by placing the key signatures around a circle in order of number of accidentals.
×Close definition
Previous/next navigation
License
Open Music Theory Copyright © 2023 by Mark Gotham; Kyle Gullings; Chelsey Hamm; Bryn Hughes; Brian Jarvis; Megan Lavengood; and John Peterson is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
| 2,034 |
266 | when did major and minor scales become the basis for composition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_scale | Minor scale
21 languages
Triad of scale patterns in music theory
Not to be confused with the simulated nuclear detonation Minor Scale .
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Minor scale is also used to refer to other scales with this property, [2] such as the Dorian mode or the minor pentatonic scale (see other minor scales below).
Natural minor scale
A natural minor scale (or Aeolian mode ) is a diatonic scale that is built by starting on the sixth degree of its relative major scale . For instance, the A natural minor scale can be built by starting on the 6th degree of the C major scale:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Because of this, the key of A minor is called the relative minor of C major . Every major key has a relative minor, which starts on the 6th scale degree or step. For instance, since the 6th degree of F major is D, the relative minor of F major is D minor .
Relationship to parallel major
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, ♭7, 8
This notation is based on the major scale, and represents each degree (each note in the scale) by a number, starting with the tonic (the first, lowest note of the scale). By making use of flat symbols (♭) this notation thus represents notes by how they deviate from the notes in the major scale. Because of this, we say that a number without a flat represents a major (or perfect) interval, while a number with a flat represents a minor interval. In this example, the numbers mean:
Thus, for instance, the A natural minor scale can be built by lowering the third, sixth, and seventh degrees of the A major scale by one semitone:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Because they share the same tonic note of A, the key of A minor is called the parallel minor of A major .
This pattern of whole and half steps characterizes the natural minor scales.
The intervals between the notes of a natural minor scale follow the sequence below:
whole, half, whole, whole, half, whole, whole
where "whole" stands for a whole tone (a red u-shaped curve in the figure), and "half" stands for a semitone (a red angled line in the figure).
The natural minor scale is maximally even .
Harmonic minor scale
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Theme in harmonic minor from the opening of Schumann 's First Symphony (1841) [3]
The harmonic minor scale (or Aeolian ♮7 scale) has the same notes as the natural minor scale except that the seventh degree is raised by one semitone , creating an augmented second between the sixth and seventh degrees.
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Thus, a harmonic minor scale is represented by the following notation:
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, ♭6, 7, 8
A harmonic minor scale can be built by lowering the 3rd and 6th degrees of the parallel major scale by one semitone.
Because of this construction, the 7th degree of the harmonic minor scale functions as a leading tone to the tonic because it is a semitone lower than the tonic, rather than a whole tone lower than the tonic as it is in natural minor scales.
The intervals between the notes of a harmonic minor scale follow the sequence below:
whole, half, whole, whole, half, augmented second, half
While it evolved primarily as a basis for chords, the harmonic minor with its augmented second is sometimes used melodically. Instances can be found in Mozart , Beethoven (for example, the finale of his String Quartet No. 14 ), and Schubert (for example, in the first movement of the Death and the Maiden Quartet ). In this role, it is used while descending far more often than while ascending. A familiar example of the descending scale is heard in a Ring of bells . A ring of twelve is sometimes augmented with a 5♯ and 6♭ to make a 10 note harmonic minor scale from bell 2 to bell 11 (for example, Worcester Cathedral). [4]
The Hungarian minor scale is similar to the harmonic minor scale but with a raised 4th degree. This scale is sometimes also referred to as "Gypsy Run", or alternatively "Egyptian Minor Scale", as mentioned by Miles Davis who describes it in his autobiography as "something that I'd learned at Juilliard". [5]
Melodic minor scale
The distinctive sound of the harmonic minor scale comes from the augmented second between its sixth and seventh scale degrees. While some composers have used this interval to advantage in melodic composition, others felt it to be an awkward leap, particularly in vocal music , and preferred a whole step between these scale degrees for smooth melody writing. To eliminate the augmented second, these composers either raised the sixth degree by a semitone or lowered the seventh by a semitone.
The melodic minor scale is formed by using both of these solutions. In particular, the raised sixth appears in the ascending form of the scale, while the lowered seventh appears in the descending form of the scale. Traditionally, these two forms are referred to as:
the ascending melodic minor scale or jazz minor scale (also known as the Ionian ♭3 or Dorian ♮7): this form of the scale is also the 5th mode of the acoustic scale .
the descending melodic minor scale: this form is identical to the natural minor scale .
The ascending and descending forms of the A melodic minor scale are shown below:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
The ascending melodic minor scale can be notated as
1, 2, ♭3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
while the descending melodic minor scale is
8, ♭7, ♭6, 5, 4, ♭3, 2, 1
Using these notations, the two melodic minor scales can be built by altering the parallel major scale.
The intervals between the notes of an ascending melodic minor scale follow the sequence below:
whole, half, whole, whole, whole, whole, half
The intervals between the notes of a descending melodic minor scale are the same as those of a descending natural minor scale.
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can download the audio file .
Theme in G melodic minor from the opening of the second concerto in Vivaldi 's L'estro armonico (1711) [3] Although the piece is in G minor, the key signature is for G Dorian (one flat). By convention, in modern notation (and for tonal music written since the common-practice period ), key signatures are typically only based on a major ( Ionian mode ) or minor (natural minor or Aeolian mode ) key, not on modes like the Dorian mode.
Composers have not been consistent in using the two forms of the melodic minor scale. Composers frequently require the lowered 7th degree found in the natural minor in order to avoid the augmented triad (III+) that arises in the ascending form of the scale.
Other minor scales
Other scales with a minor third and a perfect fifth (i.e. containing a minor triad ) are also commonly referred to as minor scales.
Within the diatonic modes of the major scale , in addition to the Aeolian mode (which is the natural minor scale), the Dorian mode and the Phrygian mode also fall under this definition. Conversely, the Locrian mode has a minor third, but a diminished fifth (thus containing a diminished triad ), and is therefore not commonly referred to as a minor scale.
The Hungarian minor scale is another heptatonic (7-note) scale referred to as minor.
The Jazz minor scale is a name for the melodic minor scale when only the "ascending form" is used.
Non-heptatonic scales may also be called "minor", such as the minor pentatonic scale . [8]
Limits of terminology
While any other scale containing a minor triad could be defined as a "minor scale", the terminology is less commonly used for some scales, especially those further outside the western classical tradition .
The hexatonic (6-note) blues scale is similar to the minor pentatonic scale and fits the above definition. However, the flat fifth is present as a passing tone along with the perfect fifth, and the scale is often played with microtonal mixing of the major and minor thirds – thus making it harder to classify as a "major" or "minor" scale.
The two Neapolitan scales are both "minor scales" following the above definition, but were historically referred to as the "Neapolitan Major" or "Neapolitan Minor" based rather on the quality of their sixth degree .
Key signature
In modern notation, the key signature for music in a minor key is typically based on the accidentals of the natural minor scale, not on those of the harmonic or melodic minor scales. For example, a piece in E minor will have one sharp in its key signature because the E natural minor scale has one sharp (F♯).
Major and minor keys that share the same key signature are relative to each other. For instance, F major is the relative major of D minor since both have key signatures with one flat. Since the natural minor scale is built on the 6th degree of the major scale, the tonic of the relative minor is a major sixth above the tonic of the major scale. For instance, B minor is the relative minor of D major because the note B is a major sixth above D. As a result, the key signatures of B minor and D major both have two sharps (F♯ and C♯).
Other notations and usage
See also
Kostka, Stefan ; Payne, Dorothy (2004). Tonal Harmony (5th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 12. ISBN
.
^ Prout, Ebenezer (1889). Harmony: Its Theory and Practice, pp. 15, 74, London, Augener.
^ a b Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p. 13. Third edition. Holt, Rinhart, and Winston.
.
^ Bruce Benward and Marilyn Nadine Saker (2003), Music: In Theory and Practice, seventh edition (Boston: McGraw Hill), vol. I, p. 37.
| 2,035 |
266 | when did major and minor scales become the basis for composition | https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/category/2010/02/a_look_at_the_mathematical_ori.html | Skip to the Main Content
Note:These pages make extensive use of the latest XHTML and CSS Standards . They ought to look great in any standards-compliant modern browser. Unfortunately, they will probably look horrible in older browsers, like Netscape 4.x and IE 4.x. Moreover, many posts use MathML, which is, currently only supported in Mozilla. My best suggestion (and you will thank me when surfing an ever-increasing number of sites on the web which have been crafted to use the new standards) is to upgrade to the latest version of your browser. If that's not possible, consider moving to the Standards-compliant and open-source Mozilla browser.
A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Posted by Simon Willerton
I want to explain a little of the background behind Tom Fiore’s musical post last year. In this post
the aim is to explain to a numerate audience some of the origins of the Western seven note musical scale. I will try to assume no formal knowledge of music except perhaps a vague notion of what a piano keyboard looks like. I won’t get very far in the historical development, only up to about the middle ages.
There are two aspects of music relevant to this discussion: melody and harmony. Melody involves the consecutive playing of notes, like in any tune you can hum or whistle; harmony involves the simultaneous playing of notes like in a chord or multipart singing. In terms of Western music, it appears that harmony did not make an appearance until the middle ages; in this post I will not get on to harmony and how it had a significant effect on the precise pitch of each note. What I will explain here is the origin of the seven note Western musical scale in terms of the consonance of the octave and the consonance of the fifth, which in turn have their origins in the physics of the vibrating string.
I should add at this point that I learnt much of this stuff from the following great book which is freely available as a pdf.
I also learnt a lot from talking to various friends and there is lots and lots of information on the internet one interesting looking document is
The palette of notes – scales
If you are wanting to compose a piece of music, be you a caveman, a rock star or a member of the Royal College of Music, you must at some point – probably when you start – decide on which notes you will use, what your musical palette will be. By this I do not just mean which keys on the piano will you use: if you have chosen to use a standardly tuned piano then you have already significantly restricted the notes you can play – and we will see a little bit about which notes these are below.
The palette that you chose will be constrained to some extent by the instrument or instruments that you will using. For instance, many instruments, like the xylophone or the piano, will force you to use a discrete set of notes, whereas other instrument, like the violin or the voice, will theoretically allow you to use a near continuum of notes in your piece of music. In between these two extremes there are many instruments which on first sight appear to be based on a discrete set of notes but on which the player has some freedom to move or ‘bend’ notes somewhat, for instance by using the shape of the mouth (or ‘embouchure’) on instruments such as the clarinet or the harmonica.
Another possible constraint on the choice of the palette is whether or not you will be playing with other instruments and whether or not you will be playing more than one different note at a time. For instance, a Baganda xylophone is not played with other tuned instruments and so the exact choice on notes on the instrument is not considered very important – each instrument has a unique set of notes. Similarly the instruments in an Indonesian percussion orchestra known as a gamelan will use notes specific to that orchestra and cannot in general be played with other orchestras such as the ones in nearby villages.
If you are playing with other instruments, then the type of instruments will have an effect on which notes will sound good together. For instance, string instruments have a certain musical spectrum which mean that playing notes together whose frequency differ by a simple fraction will sound sweet together. This will then relate to your choice of notes.
Further constraints include the genre of the music. The notes of the scale in gypsy music can all (essentially) be found in the notes on the piano keyboard but do not occur in that combination in any classical western scale. In blues music, on the other hand, you find notes – blues notes – which can’t be found on the piano. (However, as blues music has been absorbed into the western tradition it has become played on instruments such as the piano and pianists have developed certain tricks to emulate these bent, blues notes.)
We will first have a look at where Western scales come from.
Greek lyres and the Pythagorean scale
It appears that a harp-like instrument called the lyre was one of the main instruments of ancient Greece and the tuning was based on the notion of a tetrachord – that is a tuning of four strings. There were three main tunings or types of tetrachord which were called the chromatic, the diatonic and the enharmonic. We will concentrate on the diatonic as that is the one that is the ancestor of modern tunings. The two outer strings differed in length by a factor of
4
4
3
4/3
as well. The middle two strings were tuned so that the ratio of the first to second strings (the first interval) was approximately the same as the ratio of the second to the third string – so this ratio or interval is called a ‘whole tone’ and both these interval were about twice as big as the ratio of the third to the fourth string, this interval being called a semi-tone. [For those of you who know these things this is like going down the white notes on a piano from E to D to C to B or from A to G to F to E, but I’m getting ahead of myself.] How exactly then were the middle two strings tuned? Well, there were many, many different prescriptions for exactly how those middle two strings were tuned; however, one of them won out historically and that was the so-called Pythagorean tuning. Here the first and second ratios are both
9
256
243
256/243
(
9/8\times 9/8\times 256/243 = 4/3
. It will turn out to be useful at this point to have a digression on where Pythagoras might have got these numbers from.
Harmony and harmonics
When you play a note on an instrument, such as by plucking a string or blowing into a tube you will generate a note at a certain pitch, say 100 cycles per second or 100 Hertz. Because of the physics of the string or the column of air, this will give a periodic wave and by Fourier analysis we know that this wave can be decomposed into sinusoidal waves (‘harmonics’) whose frequency is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. So in the case of our plucked string at a pitch of
100
Hz
100
Hz
,
100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 600 Hz,\dots
These harmonics, or overtones, will occur with different amplitudes depending on the instrument. Some instruments, such as the clarinet which is closed at one end, will only have odd multiples of the fundamental frequency, or at least on some notes.
Now it is a fundamental fact that two notes played simultaneously will sound sweet or consonant together if they share many harmonics. If we play a note at twice the frequency, which means at
200
Hz
200
Hz
,
200 Hz, 400 Hz, 600 Hz, 800 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1200 Hz,\dots
These are all harmonics of the original note at
100
Hz
100 Hz
so these two notes sound really sweet together, in fact, so much so that we usually consider this to be the same note, but at a higher frequency. The second note is said to be an octave higher than the first – the reason for the nomenclature will be more apparent later.
Consonance of the octave: Two notes which differ in frequency by a factor of
2
2
sound extremely consonant together.
The principle of actually thinking of two notes which differ in frequency by a factor of
2
2
as being the same note is called the principle of octave equivalence.
Now if we pick a note with a frequency of
150
Hz
150
Hz
,
150 Hz, 300 Hz, 450 Hz, 600 Hz, 750 Hz, 900 Hz,\dots
In this case every other harmonic is a harmonic of the original note, and every third harmonic of the original note is a harmonic of this note. These two notes share lots of harmonics and sound very sweet together. Two notes such as these whose frequencies differ by a factor of
3
2
3/2
are said to differ by a perfect fifth. Again, the musical terminology is likely to confuse at this point as there isn’t five of anything yet.
Consonance of the fifth: Two notes which differ in frequency by a factor of
3
a
a
and
b
b
are small integers then notes which differ by a ratio of
a
n
n
the
n
a
n
b
n b
th harmonic of the other – so the notes will sound sweet, or consonant, together.
The legend has it that Pythagorus discovered these ideas when he was walking past a blacksmiths one day and heard that different sized anvils produced different notes when struck. This seems to be generally regarded as being implausible as the above analysis depends on the fact that the harmonics are all integer multiples of the fundamental frequency which is true for waves in one dimension, so this includes vibrating strings and columns of air; however, instruments which are struck in the body – such as xylophones and bells – and instruments which have a membrane which is hit – such as drums – tend to have more complicated harmonics which are not simple multiples of the fundamental frequency. So in general if an anvil is played with an anvil twice the size then you won’t get a harmonious sound.
In a similar vein, I could point out here that the harmonics on the clarinet are dominated by the odd multiples of the fundamental frequency, so I don’t know if in practice whether you get consonant octaves on the clarinet. By this I mean that if you play a note at
100
Hz
100
Hz
,
100 Hz, 300 Hz, 500 Hz, 700 Hz, 900 Hz, 1100 Hz,\dots
and if you play a note with twice the frequency you get, in theory, harmonics at the following frequencies
200
Hz
,
200 Hz, 600 Hz, 1000 Hz, 1400 Hz, 1800 Hz, 2200 Hz,\dots
So these notes have no harmonics in common, therefore when played together should not sound particularly sweeter than any two random notes played together; however, I’ve never tried performing an experiment to verify this, so I don’t know how true it is.
Pythagorean tuning
Pythagoras is supposed to have used the fundamental principles of the consonance of the factors of
2
2
and
3
2
3/2
(or the octave and the fifth if you prefer) described above to set up his tuning of the tetrachord. You can construct a sequence of notes in the following fashion. Start with a base note, take the note with a ratio
3
2
3/2
to that one (a perfect fifth up if you prefer), then take the note
3
9
4
9/4
up from the original note, but by the principal of octave equivalence it is to be considered “the same” as the note with half the frequency, i.e. the note
9
8
9/8
up from original note. You can continue like this, raising by a factor of
3
1
2
1/2
when necessary. Doing this six times we get the following notes, where
\sim
denotes octave equivalence (which you recall means treating notes whose frequencies are in the ratio of a power of
2
2
.
\frac1 1, \frac3 2, \frac9 4\sim\frac9 8, \frac {27}{16}, \frac{81}{32}\sim\frac {81}{64}, \frac{243}{128}, \frac{729}{256}\sim\frac{729}{512}.
Taking these notes in order of size we get the following sequence of ratios to the base note, where we have added the note at the double the frequency.
1
1
.
\frac1 1, \frac9 8, \frac{81}{64}, \frac{729}{512}, \frac{3}{2}, \frac{27}{16}, \frac{243}{128}, \frac2 1.
Or, if you prefer your notes in Hertz, then taking the base note at
100
Hz
.
100 Hz, 113 Hz, 127 Hz, 142 Hz, 150 Hz, 169 Hz, 190 Hz, 200 Hz.
[For those in the know this would be approximately the same relative frequencies you would get if you started at F on the piano keyboard and played the white notes upward.]
Looking at the ratios of consecutive notes we get
9
8
.
\frac9 8, \frac9 8, \frac9 8, \frac{256}{243}, \frac9 8, \frac9 8, \frac{256}{243}.
So adjacent notes differ either by a ratio of either
9
8
9/8
– which we call a Pythagorean tone – or by a ratio of
256
256
256/243\times 256/243 \simeq 9/8
so the name is nearly justified. Pythagoras used these two ratios or intervals in his diatonic tetrachord. In relation to his base note he tuned the four strings to the following ratios:
1
1
\frac1 1, \frac{256}{243}, \frac{32}{27}, \frac4 3.
This is the Pythagorean tuning of the diatonic tetrachord.
The Western major scale
,
,
\dots, \frac{256}{243}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{256}{243}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{256}{243}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{256}{243}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{9}{8}, \frac{256}{243},\dots
or, symbolically, writing S for a semi-tone and T for a tone,
S T T S T T T S T T S T T T S
\dots \text{ S T T S T T T S T T S T T T S }\dots
This is the same as the pattern of intervals between the white notes on a piano – where
a T means there is a black note in between the two white notes and S means that there is no black note.
To get a scale we need to specify the root or home note – the note we will be based around. Up to octave equivalence we have seven notes to choose from. So if we pick a white key on the piano and that followed by the seven keys to its right then we will have played an octave and the seven different choices give us the following seven patterns.
T T S T T T S
\text{T T S T T T S}
T S T T T S T
\text{T S T T T S T}
S T T T S T T
\text{S T T T S T T}
T T T S T T S
\text{T T T S T T S}
T T S T T S T
\text{T T S T T S T}
T S T T S T T
\text{T S T T S T T}
S T T S T T T
\text{S T T S T T T}
For instance, the first of these is what you get if you start at a “C” on the piano keyboard. Historically, all of these scales were used, but for some reason in Western classical music the first and the sixth are the ones that dominated. The first is called the major scale and the sixth is called the minor scale. So if you start at an “A” on a piano keyboard and play the white keys to its right you will get a minor scale. Some of the other scales pictured are certainly still prevalent in other Western music such as Irish folk music, for instance there are many tunes written using the second and fifth pattern, which are know as the Dorian and Mixolydian modes.
(
3
2
3/2
times the frequency of the first note, and we finally have an explanation as to why this ratio is called a fifth.
So we have now arrived at a rather rough approximation to the Western major scale. To get many notes in the scale to sound good when played together, some rather interesting compromises need to be applied to the actual ratios. That is the subject of temperaments which is a whole tale in itself.
Summary
To summarize, the physics of the vibrating string or vibrating column of air mean that to our ears notes which differ in frequency by a factor of
2
2
or
3
2
3/2
sound particularly sweet or consonant when played together. From this one can be led to a series of notes called the Pythagorean scale, which very roughly correspond to the white notes on a piano.
This takes us up to about the middle ages when polyphonic music and harmony, that is different notes played at the same time, seem to have become more significant in Western music, and because of that certain tweaking of the scale was needed. However, that’s a story for another time.
Posted at February 26, 2010 12:16 AM UTC
TrackBack URL for this Entry: https://golem.ph.utexas.edu/cgi-bin/MT-3.0/dxy-tb.fcgi/2174
Some Related Entries
Search for other entries:
24 Comments & 1 Trackback
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
With regards to your clarinet experiment: You will find that when two clarinets clarinets play the same note (say a Bb), one an octave higher than the other, they sound just as consonant as any other pair of instruments.
Despite the fact that each clarinet will emphasize a different set of harmonics, all the overtones are still all integer multiples of the lower Bb.
P.S. You should follow this up with a post on just intonation.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on February 26, 2010 6:03 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Brendan, are you saying that because you have done the experiment? If you detune one of the clarinets do they sound less consonant? I thought that work of people like Plomp and Levelt showed that it was actually shared harmonics that made for consonance, not just the fact that you have integer multiples. For instance if you play a pure sine wave and one an octave higher then you do not get anything sounding more consonant than nearby frequencies. This is why people have been able to build unusual musical scales by using artificial instruments with stretched partials (for instance those referred to in the section on Artificial Spectra in Benson’s book).
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on February 26, 2010 6:44 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Sorry, maybe I completely missed your point. Are you just saying that the only difference with another pair of instruments is that you have removed a load of harmonics so they won’t sound any less consonant? I guess that might well be true. In that case it’s what would happen if you detune slightly that would be very different, I would imagine that it would not suddenly sound much less consonant.
Anyway, it’s an experiment I would like to hear!
And yes, I would like to write something on just intonation and different temperaments, but there’s a few things in the queue before then.
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on February 26, 2010 7:23 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
I see your point with the lack of shared harmonics. However there are a few things to consider.
The main point is that even though the overtones emphasized by clarinet two aren’t the same as those emphasized by clarinet one, they have very nice relationships. Take 500Hz and 200Hz for example. (500/200) = (5/2) = (1/2)*(5/4). One tone is an octave and a just major third above the other, so these two tones will sound very nice indeed in unison. If you take 1000Hz and 300Hz, then (1000/300) = (2)*(500/300), and that ratio is already present in the overtone series of clarinet one, so it had better not sound dissonant, or else clarinet one will sound dissonant by itself!
This is very, very different from picking any two random notes to play.
There’s more I’d like to say, including something about a talk I saw that used Fourier analysis on a cello sample, but I have to run to work.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on February 26, 2010 2:44 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
If you play two pure sine waves an octave apart and detune one of them you certainly do get something less consonant. If you detune one only very slightly, so that the beats are very slow, it won’t be bothersome, but if you keep going it’s going to sound pretty offensive. It doesn’t matter that none of the harmonics occur.
As for the shared harmonics: Take a very stable interval, like a fifth, say a tone at 100Hz and one at 150Hz, and consider the harmonics of each.
100Hz, 200Hz, 300Hz, 400Hz, 500Hz, 600Hz…
150Hz, 300Hz, 450Hz, 600Hz, 750Hz, 900Hz…
Notice that there are a lot of shared harmonics. I imagine what Plomp and Levelt are saying is that this should mean that the two tones (in fact, even the PURE tones) at 100Hz and 150Hz should be consonant. This is just a consequence of the nice ratio between the two notes. In short…
An interval is stable sounding iff the two notes have common overtones in their overtone series iff the two notes are related by a simple whole number ratio
This is actually the basis of just intonation.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on February 26, 2010 8:30 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Brendan, when you say
If you play two pure sine waves an octave apart and detune one of them you certainly do get something less consonant. If you detune one only very slightly, so that the beats are very slow, it won’t be bothersome, but if you keep going it’s going to sound pretty offensive. It doesn’t matter that none of the harmonics occur.
I have no idea whether you are basing these assertions on conjecture, experiment or established theory. In the Plomp-Levelt theory which I explain below this does not seem to be the case.
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on March 2, 2010 1:32 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
You could say I’m basing my claim on high school physics. When you sum two sine waves, the resulting wave will vary in amplitude producing audible beats. Usually this doesn’t sound so good.
The frequency of the beats is given by the difference in frequencies of the two original waves. I suppose that this is really the explanation for the dissonance graphs of simple tones you posted below.
If one of the two original waves is twice the frequency of the other, i.e. they are an octave apart, then the frequency of the beats will actually be the same as the frequency of one of the waves, so you won’t hear any beats. Similarly, if they are a fifth apart, the beats will occur at a frequency an octave below the lower of the two original notes. In the case of a just major third, the beat frequency will be two octaves below the lower of the two original notes.
Really, the only way to confirm that this actually results in something that sounds good is with an experiment. I’ll have to do one when I get home. Call it intuition, but I would be very surprised if a fifth didn’t sound more stable than a tritone, even with pure sine waves, despite that fact that the tritone is a wider interval (the graphs below would predict that the tritone should sound less dissonant).
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on March 2, 2010 7:40 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Alright, it’s done. Unfortunately, I have nowhere to upload it, so I’ll just have to put it up on a free host.
http://www.mediafire.com/file/tdmcqwvow3d/FifthThenMaj7.mp3
The sample is of two pure sine waves. The first interval is a fifth (C5: 523.251Hz to G5: 783.991Hz), the next is a major seventh (C5: 523.251Hz to B5: 987.767).
Note that this was done in a music production program, and both intervals are equally tempered. This is by all accounts quite a poor experiment.
However, it gets the job done. The major seventh is clearly less consonant than the fifth, despite the wider interval between the two tones. So there is good reason not to believe the dissonance curves for pure tones posted below are very accurate at all.
There is still something to it, notice the similarity between the dissonance curves for simple tones, and the dissonance curve for the digital clarinet. If one were to extrapolate a dissonance curve for the digital clarinet based on partial experimental data, it would probably look just like the dissonance curve for simple tones.
I agree that some of the narrower intervals will be perceived as the most dissonant. But the graph seems to indicate that after reaching a maximum, the dissonance decreases monotonically, which is, well, just wrong.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on March 2, 2010 10:33 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
One important thing to note here is that I didn’t say what I meant by “consonance”. I meant what the researchers call “tonal” or “sensory” consonance, which is supposed to reflect the harshness or roughness of the sound on the ear. This is intended to be distinct from “musical” consonance which is a product of our exposure to the Western musical tradition: so tautologically to a trained musician a fifth sounds consonant because a fifth is a consonant interval. I think distinguishing between these two aspects of consonance is rather difficult, and the researchers in this area are very aware of the potential difference of meaning of consonance to musically trained and musically untrained subjects. Plomp and Levelt go on about this at length.
Both of the intervals in your sample sound quite “smooth” if you compare them with a pair of pure tones at say
523
Hz
then you will hear something considerably more sensorially dissonant.
An interesting, but still imperfect, experiment is to listen to two pure tones as one is fixed, in the following case at
440
Hz
440 Hz
, while the other one is gradually increased from the same frequency up to over the octave, around
1000
Hz
1000 Hz
in the example; then to plot a curve of the perceived dissonance. (I hope the conversion to mp3 has not affected the dissonance/consonance!)
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
I should say that I completely agree that there is certainly something to this. The construction of the dissonance curves for various harmonic spectra is really interesting. Moreover, the proof is in the pudding; the sample with the ‘clarinet’ spectrum was clearly much more tolerable when the octave is slightly out of tune than the sample with the ‘string’ spectrum, exactly as the curve says it should be. I also read a bit more at:
I’m really nitpicking with my objections. I think the ideas make a lot of sense.
I do hear the two simple tones as increasing in dissonance, and then decreasing up to a point, but after a while it’s not so clear (for example, there seems to be a very consonant point around 43 seconds in). Admittedly, I have played violin for years, and this certainly affects my perception. It’s safe to say that I’ve heard my fair share of intervals out of tune, many played by my own left hand =), and it really bugs me. I still expect many would agree that what they hear is not monotonically decreasing in dissonance after, say, 15 seconds in. Like I said, this is really nitpicking though, as everything after around 15 seconds certainly sounds better than what came before.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on March 6, 2010 2:12 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Hello,
I’ve just done the experiment (using square waves generated by the
computer program SuperCollider - like the clarinet, square waves only
have odd harmonics) and can confirm that notes in a 3/2 ratio do sound
a lot more consonant than arbitrary intervals (I picked a series of
random pitches between 0 and 1 octaves above the other note).
In case anyone has access to SuperCollider, this is the code for the
3/2 interval:
{(Pulse.ar(200) + Pulse.ar(300))*0.2!2}.play
and this is the code for the random one - run it several times to get
different intervals:
{(Pulse.ar(200) + Pulse.ar(exprand(200,400)))*0.2!2}.play
As another poster mentioned, I believe this is because all the
harmonics of both notes are integer multiples of the fundamental of
the lower note. Another poster replied saying that it should be the
shared harmonics which make the intervals sound consonant, but from my
experience I’d say both must play a role. For instance, this code
adds up a bunch of sine waves to create an approximation to a sawtooth
wave, which sounds vaguely string-like:
{(SinOsc.ar(200*(1..40))/(1..40)).sum*0.2!2}.play
whereas this code is the same but gives each note a random 10%
deviation in pitch - it produces a weird bell-like tone which sounds
fundamentally dissonant in itself:
{(SinOsc.ar(200*(1..40)*({exprand(0.9,1.1)}!40))/(1..40)).sum*0.2!2}.play
the point being that even if the “notes” you’re playing are just sine
waves, which have no harmonics, integer multiples are more likely to
sound consonant than arbitrary intervals.
(I’m just passing through by the way - I found this post via Google
Reader’s recommended items. Interesting stuff.)
Nathaniel
Posted by:
Nathaniel Virgo on February 26, 2010 8:32 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Read the post Social comments and analytics for this post Weblog: uberVU - social comments Excerpt: This post was mentioned on Twitter by alexbowe: #Mathematical origins of western #music scales - tl;dr for now, but looks interesting :P give me a summary? ;) http://icio.us/ihaegx Tracked: February 26, 2010 10:12 PM
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Regarding the two clarinets: I think the 300 Hz overtone of the first clarinet would interfere with the 200 Hz tone of the second clarinet to produce a 100 Hz beat, consonant with the tone of the first clarinet. Similar interactions between the two overtone series should reproduce the whole spectrum of multiples of 100 Hz many times over, though with decaying clarity. In short, I think that clarinets in octaves should sound very consonant, probably just as much so as any other instrument played in octaves, but take this as an educated guess from someone with no music theory training; I hope an actual expert in the subject will post here!
Posted by:
Austin Shapiro on March 1, 2010 5:33 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
In the above replies, several commentators have mentioned consonance of integer ratios of pure sine waves. This “Galilean” idea seems to have been dismissed by Helmholtz in the nineteenth century. So I think it is probably a good idea for me to try to explain the ideas behind the Plomp and Levelt theory of consonance and dissonance which is based on certain experiments they performed. I learnt this mainly from Benson’s book, but I will use the conventions of Sethares here.
Having decided to explain theory Plomp and Levelt theory here, I actually got round to using it to analyse a hypothetical clarinet with just odd harmonics, and the results are given below. I also implemented such an instrument on csound and generated an mp3 file of how it would sound near the octave: this is compared with a similar naive model of a string at the octave. The sound file can be found at the bottom of this post.
Plomp and Levelt dissonance theory
In their paper
x
x
) of the two tones. I used maple to plot dissonance curves based on the formulas given by Sethares in
220
Hz
(blue).
These are saying that when two pure tones are played together, if they are in unison, that is at the same frequency, then they are very consonant and as one tone is increased in frequency the sound becomes rapidly more dissonant until reaching a maximum and then the sound becomes more and more consonant again. The ratio of the two tones at which the dissonance is at a maximum depends of the frequencies of the curves and is about one quarter of the so-called critical bandwidth of the lower frequency – apparently this all has a physiological explanation in terms of the basilar membrane in the ear. This ratio is smaller for higher frequency notes, as can be seen in the above graphs. Let me stress one point here, Plomp and Levelt say
As we see, for intervals composed of simple tones, simple frequency ratios did not result in singular points of the curves. On the contrary, the curves suggest that frequency distance rather than frequency ratio is the decisive parameter.
So integer ratios between pure tones is not important: pure tones at
250
Hz
250
Hz
.
Now we introduce complex tones. A complex tone consists of a spectrum, that is many simple tones at different frequencies and amplitudes. For instance, for a string we will naively model this by a base frequency
f
f
with
9
9
and at corresponding amplitudes
1, 0.88, 0.77, 0.68, 0.6, 0.53, 0.46, 0.41, 0.36
(I’ve followed Sethares with these numbers). If we have two complex tones played together we calculate the total dissonance by just adding up the dissonance of each pair of simple tones present (weighted by the amplitudes) as determined by the dissonance curves above.
One can get maple to do this calculation (provided we have a formula for the dissonance curves of simple tones, and you can find that in Sethares’ paper). So I take two complex tones with the naive string harmonics given above. I fix one note at
440
Hz
440 Hz
and vary the frequency of the other one so that the ratio of frequencies (
x
x
1
1
to
3
3
and plot the calculated dissonance of these two tones. Here is the result.
The vertical lines are plotted at the following rational numbers:
5
2
2
. You notice that the local minima of the dissonance all occur at integer ratios of frequencies. (Local minimum of dissonance = local maximum of consonance!) You see that the octave (
x
2
) are particularly minimizing.
This is the essence of Plomp and Levelt argument as to why consonanace of vibrating strings is connected to integer ratios.
Sethares, in particular, has used these ideas to create artificial spectra with various consonance properties, and to examine the consonance of various spectra. We will now use them to examine a hypothetical clarinet.
The “clarinet” experiment
I will model the clarinet very naively with the following spectrum consisting of purely odd harmonics. For a frequency
f
f
f
1
1, 0.77, 0.6, 0.46, 0.36, 0.29
(these amplitudes were chosen as they are the same as those of the odd harmonics in the toy string above). There are many, many objections to that simple model, not least because the spectrum varies with the frequency, and the odd harmonics dominate mainly in the so-called lower register of the clarinet. There is a good page on clarinet acoustics at the University of New South Wales.
We can now calculate the dissonance curve in the same way for two “clarinet” tones as we did for two “string” tones above. We fix one note at
440
Hz
440 Hz
and vary the frequency of the other one so that the ratio of frequencies (
x
x
Again the vertical lines correspond to the integer ratios:
5
2
2
. However, now we only get pronounced local minima of the dissonance function at ratios of odd integers, namely, amongst that list, at
x
7
x=5/3
. There is a local minimum of dissonance at the octave, that is at
x
2
x=2
, but it is clearly of a different nature, it is far smoother, it is not particularly more consonant than nearby frequencies.
The next thing to do is to listen this! I have used Csound to create instruments with the spectrum of the “clarinet” and the “string” given above ( Csound file ). In both cases I emulate the above two graphs near the octave (
x
2
440
Hz
858
Hz
. The “clarinet” is played first and then the “string”.
x
2
x=2
. In the second case I hear a dissonant sound becoming rapidly more consonant and then becoming rapidly dissonant again, this corresponding aurally to the previous graph of the dissonance of the string near
x
2
.
So the aural experiment does seem to bear out the theory of Plomp and Levelt. It doesn’t quite answer what would happen with real clarinets though.
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on March 2, 2010 1:26 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Wow! Very cool. I still find this hard to believe:
“As we see, for intervals composed of simple tones, simple frequency ratios did not result in singular points of the curves. On the contrary, the curves suggest that frequency distance rather than frequency ratio is the decisive parameter.”
For the complex tones, it is quite interesting that the clarinet graph is smoother around the octave then the string graph.
So far as the sound sample goes, fundamentally it’s what I would expect, dissonance -> consonance -> dissonance in the case of both ‘instruments’. I would certainly agree that the string is obviously the more offensive of the two when it’s out of tune though, and that seems to support idea that shared harmonics play some role.
However, as we can see from the dissonance graph, and hear from the sample, an octave is definitely more consonant than any two random notes played together.
Posted by:
Brendan Cordy on March 2, 2010 4:17 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Brendan said:
However, as we can see from the dissonance graph, and hear from the sample, an octave is definitely more consonant than any two random notes played together.
Well of course the dissonance graph just represents some model in a theory, and you’ve reminded me that I was actually rather sloppy. The local minimum of dissonance on the graph is not actually at the octave. Let me blow up the graph a little.
If you think about it you can see that when you have two notes whose partials interlace each other like happens with the “clarinet” at the octave:
440
440, (880), 1320, (1760), \dots
(where the brackets just distinguish the partials from the two different notes) then you are going to be close to minimizing the dissonance, which will be smaller if the partials are all far away from each other. Exactly where the minimum is, though, will be dependent on the exact shape of the dissonance function for two pure tones, not simply on its qualitative behaviour. For instance, if I took a “clarinet” without the 11th harmonic, so just up to the 9th, then the dissonance curve near the octave looks as follows, namely the minimum is above the octave.
The local minima at the odd integer ratios are of a very different nature however and do seem to depend on the qualitative behaviour of the dissonance curve for pure tones. These arise because we have overlapping partials like
440
440, (616), 1320, (1848), 2200, (3080), 3080,\dots
and as soon as you start to move away you get the two pure tones near
3080
3080
sounding very dissonant very quickly.
So for this “clarinet” the octave is not a fundamental interval, although it does sound reasonably consonant.
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on March 5, 2010 2:50 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Wow. I’d heard of the Plomp and Levelt work, but I hadn’t really understood what it was about until now. It’s much cooler than I’d realised. Now I can hardly wait for the next post.
Posted by:
Tim Silverman on March 2, 2010 8:39 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Well I’m afraid I’ve got various other things to post about first, and given the rate at which I write, it might be a while… Just out of interest, was there anything in particular you wanted to hear about?
Posted by:
Simon Willerton on March 5, 2010 2:11 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
No, I’m curious to find out how you treat the subject. If there are pleasant surprises in there, that would be pleasant, but I can’t say what I hope for them to be.
Posted by:
Tim Silverman on March 6, 2010 1:36 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
… Although it’s now two years later I’m very happy to see this. A few days after this conversation (March 2010) there was the first international Bohlen-Pierce symposium, in Boston, and many presentations re. tuning and dissonance, and concerts featuring clarinets customized to play this music. My own paper compared dissonance curves of clarinet timbres in conventional 12ed2 scales and the BP 13ed3 scale. Simon has really hit the topic on the head and has reminded me to continue, taking into account the effects of register and dynamics. Thanks! http://bohlen-pierce-conference.org/
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
In tuning a piano, you have the problem that the overtones of a string are not truly integer multiples of the fundamental but are slightly higher in frequency.
This causes low notes to be tuned slightly flat so their harmonics are the same as the fundamentals of some notes above them, and high notes to be tuned slightly sharp so their fundamentals are consonant with the harmonics of some notes below them. The shape of such ‘mistunings’ is known as the Railsback curve .
Posted by:
RodMcGuire on March 4, 2010 8:40 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
I am curious - do you have a mathematical explanation for why consecutive fifths are frowned upon in Western music? Avoiding fifth progressions (even those of length two) is basically rule number 1 in composition classes. The progression certainly sounds discordant to my Western-educated ear, but I’m having trouble formulating a reason why. Since it brings frequency variation into play, I guess it doesn’t necessarily fall into the realm of beat formation.
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
This an interesting discussion that is near and dear to my heart. After seeing Bobby McFarin’s Ted Talks recently (Google it, you must see it to understand my comment here) I took issue with a commenter who said that McFarin’s use of Mathematics and Music was intriguing. I had not seen any use of mathematics in McFarin’s Ted Talk at all. I had seen audience participation being used as an example of what a large number of people could do together with their voices. It had nothing whatsoever to do with mathematics and numbers. In essence I think that music, the muse itself, has nothing whatsoever to do with the music as a whole. This led to a heated discussion with a colleague who said mathematics and music go hand in hand. I said music is music and math and numbers play no part in the true music muse.
Now that you’ve proven to me that the Western scale was INVENTED, I think I can think more clearly now about how I think about music. If there wasn’t a musical scale to identify a tone we’d have to invent one…..like God.
Thank you for this in-depth history of where it all came from.
Posted by:
K.a.m. on March 27, 2010 5:16 PM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Under the second heading :”Greek Lyres and Pythagorean Scale” , in the fifth line you say :”The two outer strings differed in length by a factor of 4/3 and so the frequencies differed by a factor of 4/3 as well”. To my understanding the second ratio should be “3/4” since the relation between the frequencies of two strings of the same material and thickness , under the same tension ,is an inverse proportionally.
Posted by:
Mohamed mounir Shalaby on September 16, 2016 7:45 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
Re: A Look at the Mathematical Origins of Western Musical Scales
Thank you very much for this very informative article. I think there may be a mistake, which is confusing. In the line, “The middle two strings were tuned so that the ratio of the first to second strings (the first interval) was approximately the same as the ratio of the second to the third string.” Should, “first to second strings” read “”first to second string”?
Posted by:
Mick McCafferty on October 2, 2023 4:14 AM | Permalink | Reply to this
| 2,036 |
266 | when did major and minor scales become the basis for composition | https://www.idesignsound.com/major-minor-musical-scale/ | Last Updated on February 19, 2022 by IDS Team
A musical scale is a collection of notes that when played together sound “at home”, “normal” and “natural”. If you don’t consider scales and just compose by ear, your music will risk sounding “dissonant”, which basically means non-musical. The Major and Minor musical scales are the two most important scales in western music and are found everywhere from Christmas music to radio hits. They are some of the foundational building blocks of music theory and one of the first places many musicians begin with their theory knowledge. Generally, major scales sound ‘happy’ and ‘minor’ scales sound sad; nevertheless, a deeper look shows their musical makeup is inherently different. When used in compositions, it can sometimes be hard to tell them apart – chord progressions based off major scales can contain minor chords, and progressions based off minor scales can contain major chords. Breaking down the music theory can help you understand which is which and how to use them in composition.
How to Use the Major Musical Scale in Composition
The major scale is incredibly versatile and used in blues, rock, singer songwriter, RnB, folk, and much more. Like any scale, it is a sequence of intervals (gaps between notes) which creates a set of notes to be used to build chords and compose. It is identical to Ionian mode in modal music. Generally it has an upbeat, climactic, ‘happy’ feeling to it.
To use the major scale, it is easiest to focus on chord progressions. The most common chord progression in the major scale is the I – VI – V chord progression. Notes are numbered in order and each note has a particular chord attached to it These can be major or minor depending on which note in the scale the chord is based off, but the general pattern for the major scale uses Roman numerals to number the chords as follows, with lower case numerals indicating minor chords and upper case numerals indicating major.
I – ii (minor) – iii – IV – V – vi – VII(7)
The fully major I – IV – V progression is often followed by a minor vi chord which provides a sense of tension before the progression resolves to I again. This enables the chord progression to have a mixture of emotions which makes the composition more interesting and varied.
How to Use the Minor Musical Scale in Composition
The minor scale can be used similarly – by building chord progressions based on the notes of the scale. Like the major scale, each chord aligns to each note. However, the sequences of steps between the notes is different. Because the scale resolves (gives a feeling of completion) to a minor note, it is helpful to keep in mind that a composition generally needs major chords to lighten the atmosphere and ensure the song does not get too tense – except when deliberately trying to create a sense of sadness, but also of mystery, suspense, or eeriness.
The minor scale contains a diminished chord, also known as a tritone, which has a flattened fifth. This chord has a particularly tense and eerie feeling which is often used in horror movies or music like heavy metal. The chord numbering for the minor scale goes like this:
I – ii(diminished) – III – iv – v – VI – VII
Both major and minor scales can be used to create basslines in genres ranging from rock, indie, punk, or underground music set up. Knowing the scale means you can work out the related chord progressions which are possible – and from there identify the bass note of each chord.
These bass notes can be used to create a bassline which follows the chord progression tying together a composition in a way which is both satisfying and relatively simple to compose.
With a little bit of practice, the musical scales will come second nature to you!
Want to explore more music theory? Then come on down to our Musical Education category where we have prepared a lot of articles similar to this one – click here!
Is it Possible to Use Both Major and Minor Musical Scales in a Composition?
It is possible to switch from a major key (one based off a major scale) and a minor key in the same composition. This is done with a pivot chord which balances the different moods of the scales. It is a creative way of using the major and minor musical scale in composition, although it takes some music theory knowledge. There are many ways to learn theory in depth – but one of the most comprehensive and accessible courses on the internet can be found on Udemy. Jason Allen’s comprehensive music theory course, teaches theory at a college level, covering chord inversions, harmony, and even technical analysis of the building blocks of music, such as what it means to be in tune. Extremely satisfying for musical inspiration, it has racked up five-star reviews and been enjoyed by over 90,000 students so far.
Here is a representation of the major and minor scales on the piano keys
Variations on the Minor Scale
There are several variations on the minor scale, but two of the most common are harmonic minor and melodic minor. Harmonic minor has a tense sound which comes from raising the seventh note of the scale a half step upwards, making it sharp. The sound is often associated with Eastern scales such as the Persian scale – which uses these kinds of intervals – yet it is also found in Western music from the medieval era onwards.
As well as the spooky sounding diminished chord, keys based off the harmonic minor scale also contain an augmented chord – with a raised, as opposed to flattened fifth. This creates a complex, jazzy sound which can be used to provide interest and relief – very different from the diminished chord.
This is the numbering of the chords for the harmonic minor scale:
I – ii(dim) – iii(aug) – iv – V – VI – vii (dim)
On the other hand, the melodic minor musical scale differs from the natural minor scale by raising the sixth and seventh notes up a half step when ascending. When descending, the scale becomes the same as the natural minor scale.
Ascending:
Descending:
VII – VI – v – iv – III – ii(dim) – I
Digital Music Theory Tools – Composing With Plugins
Music theory is a topic which, once explored, can be an endless source of fascination and inspiration. Sometimes, it can be hard to know where to stop, or what is and isn’t needed for composing a song. For those who wish to cut through the noise, some nifty plugins can help with doing so right alongside the composition. This does not mean that you don’t need to know music theory, it just means that there are tools to make your life a little easier when you try out different composition parts.
Related Posts
Follow Us
Our partners
Affiliate Disclosure
IDesignSound is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by displaying and linking products to amazon.com, loopmasters.com, amongst others. IDesignSound is participating in other affiliate advertising systems as well. The quality of the editorial material will remain unhindered as we do NOT write paid/sponsored content. We are proving free content and thus advertising is the only means by which we can continue to do so. If you see any product that interests you please do not hesitate to click the promotional material being displayed on this website, it helps us a lot!
| 2,037 |
266 | when did major and minor scales become the basis for composition | https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/19033/when-were-the-terms-major-and-minor-applied-to-keys | Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Teams
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
51
In 1547, Heinrich Glarean published Dodecachordon in which he posited that in addition to the 4 existing pairs of church modes (plagal and authentic versions of modes with finals on D (Dorian), E (Phrygian), F (Lydian), and G (Mixolydian)), there should also be pairs of of modes on A (Aeolian) and C (Ionian). He even claimed that the Ionian mode was one of the most often used modes (since the B's were often flatted in "Lydian" mode). This brought the number of modes from 8 up to 12, and caused quite a stir among music theorists.
In 1571, Gioseffo Zarlino , in Dimonstrationi harmoniche, affirmed these extra modes, and went so far as to renumber all the existing modes, placing C (Ionian) first. Of course, these modes went on to become what we call major and minor keys, but at this point, they were not called this. Furthermore, the "Ionian"/"Aeoliean" terminology seems to have never been widely adopted (outside of the realm of theorists) until very recently, even though the concepts themselves were.
At some point in the Baroque era, even before tonality had been formalized, pieces were being labeled as being "major" or "minor", and almost never by mode (there is a "Dorian" fugue by Bach, but this stands out as an exception). I believe (but I'm not certain) that by the time Jean-Phillipe Rameau published his Treatise on Harmony in 1722 the terms were already in wide circulation. (Of course, in 1725, Fux's more historically conservative Gradus Ad Parnassum was still referring to the six modes.)
My question is specifically about the origin of this terminology. Obviously, 3rds were already being classified as major or minor before this, but at what point do these terms start to be used to describe keys, rather than merely intervals? Who (if anyone) first proposed this system, or what is the earliest attested usage? Or is this a detail lost to time?
If possible, I'm specifically looking for explicit names, dates, and publications of original sources.
4
1
This is a very interesting question that I hope is thoroughly answered. FWIW, I support your assertion about Rameau. Some earlier composers, such as Vincenzo Galilei, were advocates of what would be come to be known as Equal Temperament. I suspect that the answer may lie in the development of Equal Temperament and the Overtone Series; after all, the notes of a major scale are derived from the overtones of the fundamental, since they occur naturally and thus more often, it would be logical to posit this acoustic phenomenon as being the origin for the term "Major".
1
Since "minor" scales ("natural" ones anyway) involve lowering three tones that are not diatonic to the intended fundamental (though invariably creating another inverted major scale,) and do not naturally occur, thus appearing less often, one could posit that acoustic phenomenon as being the origin for the term "Minor". That all said, my comments are speculation and I only offer them as a means for you to continue your research.
2
I'm so tempted to write an answer based on a certain character in "Catch-22" (who had the same first, middle, and last name which matched his rank ) deciding to go into the subterranean mineral retrieval business. :-) But, maybe this will shed some light: academia.edu/326349/…
Commented Jun 6, 2014 at 11:44
How about Locrian? I know that it was not part of the modes you are talking about...
– user53472
27
I hope no one minds that I got curious, and did a bit of digging into this on my own. I discovered what appears to be an excellent resource answering this very question. The book is entitled Between Modes and Keys: German Theory, 1592-1802 by Joel Lester (1989). I do not have access to a copy of the book, but I've been able to see several relevant portions online (thank you, Google Books!). Even though it deals primarily with German music theory, it does occasionally touch on the rest of Europe. I'll try to summarize what I've gleaned so far, although I may not not be seeing the whole picture, since I'm not reading through the complete book.
The primary development that necessarily preceded the concept of major and minor keys, was triadic harmony (rather than intervallic harmony). Johannes Lippius (Synopsis musicae novae, 1612) coined the term "triad" to describe the three-part harmonies that had emerged in the late Renaissance, and, being part-theologian, compared the concept to the Trinity. He also recognized all the inversions of intervals (and triads), including the fact that major 3rds inverted to minor 6ths (and vice versa). Any set of consonances could now be reduced to a triad, and placed in root position. He classified the 6 pairs of modes as being constructed around either a major or a minor triad, with an additional interval of a fourth either above or below. This classification didn't take hold right away; indeed, Germany seems to have been especially resistant to abandoning the old concept of modes (this seems to be a major theme of the book). Apparently, as late as Haydn, traditional German musicians were still advocating the use of modes.
In fact, throughout the Baroque, there seems to have been widespread confusion, even among musicians, over the exact definition of a mode. Were modes defined by the octave range in which they sat? Were they defined by their final tone? Or by their "reciting tone"? Or by the mood they evoked? Or by the melodic and harmonic phrases and patterns that they accommodated (especially around cadences)? Or the patterns of tones and semitones they formed? What about transpositions? And what of the chromatic alterations that were becoming popular in theatric music? Are we better off sticking to the older traditional 4 pairs of "time-tested" church modes?
The practical solution, oftentimes, was to avoid the question altogether and just list out a handful of permissible "keys" (as in, on a keyboard) that could be used as the final, along with their corresponding signature (initially either blank, or containing one flat). The key of G, for example, could be used with either no signature, or a single flat. As additional keys were added to these key lists, they were classified, not by the quality of their third, but by whether they included flats, sharps, or neither in their root triads. Thus what we call "G-minor" would have been classed along with what we call "B-flat major" as a "flat key", while our "C major" and "D minor" would be examples of "natural keys", and so on.
Andreas Werckmeister , a church organist and theorist, whose works (and well temperament) were well-known to Bach, had a solid understanding of modes, and describes them as being important to understand (for which he would later be dismissed by proponents of keys). But he also acknowledged that, outside of chorales, only two were in popular use in his time. In Musicae mathematicae, (1687) he gives us this description of the system then in use, along with his own proposed nomenclature (which was not adopted):
Today's music is entirely different... and only some four modes are in
use: Ionian mixed with Mixolydian, and Dorian mixed with Aeolian... [which each differ only in the upper fourth of their octaves].
Thus no more than two modes can now be established. And that is not so
unnatural... If we take Lydian, on account of the tritone... there is
such an unnatural progression in it that even the ancients themselves
never or hardly ever used it. Who uses Phrygian in today's music?
Nobody. Who Mixolydian? Hardly any. Therefore... according to today's
style of composition, we want to maintain only two modes. But because
these can take their names neither from the Dorians, the Ionians, nor
from any other nations (because they did not have our present style of
music), therefore we want to name them according to their nature and
character, so that they can be differentiated. The first can be named
the natural mode, because it always maintains the major third in
the beginning over the fundamental note... the second can be named the less natural mode, because the root numbers in its natural progression
are further removed from perfection, and therefore do not
establish such a happy harmony as the preceding... We can also name
one mode perfect, and the other less perfect. Some performers
name them dur and moll; e.g., C E G is C dur, C E-flat G
is C moll... We are not happy with these names... nevertheless,
because these terms are now used so commonly, they will probably
persist.
Lester claims this may be the first published usage in German of the terms dur [hard] and moll [soft] to refer to major and minor keys, but the process was already said to be widely used by performers. Also mentioned is that Werckmeister originally envisioned the minor as being derived from Dorian rather than Aeolian.
Lester also shows that "By the late seventeenth century, French works routinely differentiated keys solely on the basis of major and minor." One reference refers to the distinction of "major" and "minor" keys as being according to the "French opinion". The first published recognition of all 24 major and minor keys is from a French mathematician named Jacques Ozanam , who in his Dictionaire mathematique (1691) explains:
There are twice as many modes as there are notes in an octave: each of
these notes gives its name to two modes, of which one proceeds by the
major third and the other by the minor. Since the octave contains
twelve notes, there are twenty-four modes.
Note here that each key is called its own mode, rather than transpositions of two basic modes. An earlier French quote, from a 1689 basso continuo manual, refers to two types of modes: a "sharp" type that "reduced to C," and a "flat" type that "reduced to D," (here again is the Ionian/Dorian distinction).
As noted by Robert Fink's answer, in Germany it is not until 1711 and 1713 that Johann Heinichen and Johann Mattheson enumerate a full list of all 24 possible major and minor keys along with their proper key signatures (using Aeolian as the relative minor). Heinichen connects them into a circle of major and minor keys, a formalization of a "well-known" device he learned from his organ teacher. There is also a series of letters between Mattheson and Fux, in which Fux complains that Mattheson's 24 keys are all just transpositions of two modes. Mattheson argues that each key is still distinct, due to differences in its temperament.
It's interesting to note that, as late as 1722, J. S. Bach's title for the Well-Tempered Clavier refers to the 24 keys rather obliquely: "preludes and fugues through all the tones and semitones both as regards the tertia major or Ut Re Mi, and as concerns the tertia minor or Re Mi Fa." (Re Mi Fa could even be seen as indicating that the minor third is still rooted in the Dorian mode).
In conclusion: If it could be said that there was one single thing that changed, which slowly but inevitably pushed music towards a natural distinction of major and minor keys, and made the modes obsolete, it was the recognition of triadic harmony, and the understanding that those triads could be inverted into various positions. Once that was recognized, early in the 17th century, it was only a matter of time before the concept of modal finals was replaced with that of a tonic triad, of which there could only be two types. Much of this process took place intuitively over the course of a century, with theoreticians describing the system after the fact, and traditionalists often regretting the loss of modes in the modern style of music.
3
3
There's absolutely nothing wrong with answering your own question (in fact, I think there's a badge for that...) I'm really liking where your research is going - is this for a paper or book?
Commented Jun 7, 2014 at 6:23
Neither; mostly just my own curiosity. I've been around Renaissance and Baroque music for so long, and had heard the statement that tonality was still evolving through the Baroque, but had never seen any specific details of how or why. Hopefully, understanding the reasoning behind its origin will also make it easier to explain to others (if not to this level of depth).
Commented Jun 7, 2014 at 6:44
"Re Mi Fa could even be seen as indicating that the minor third is still rooted in the Dorian mode": I suspect rather that Bach is using the Guidonian hexachord (as does Fux), so re-mi-fa doesn't tell you whether it's d-e-f or a-b-c (or g-a-b♭ for that matter). In this system, as you are probably aware, mi can denote E, A, or B (and, through musica ficta, any raised leading tone). I always took this as a recognition that the lower fifth of the minor scale is responsible for its identity, since the upper fourth is mutable.
6
From the Grove Online article on Mode by the late, noted musicologist Harold Powers:
"[Johan Mattheson's Das neu-eröffnete Orchestre listed] the 24 major and minor keys, [which had been] first set out as a whole in 1711, only two years earlier, in Heinichen’s Neu erfundene und gründliche Anweisung … des General-Basses." Powers quotes Mattheson specifically talking about the quality of thirds: "'There are just the 12 semitones of the chromatic octave, each of which can be differentiated once, through the major or through the minor 3rds; thus the aforementioned 24 arise, and so it remains'." (Mattheson, 1713, p.63).
1
Grove Online is behind a paywall, unfortunately. The link would be this: oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/…
6
Along with the German theorists like Lippius cited in other answers, English musicians and theorists from quite an early date also divided the keys or 'tones' into two categories based on the major or minor quality of the third above the final. At least in the seventeenth century, however, they did not use the terms 'major' and 'minor', but rather 'sharp' and 'flat'. This terminology is taken over from the terminology for intervals, which were likewise sometimes described as a 'sharp third' or a 'flat third'. (Of course, the German sources mentioned by other answers do not use 'major' and 'minor' either, but Dur and Moll, which are even older terms taken over from the theory of hexachords).
Christopher Simpson was quite unambiguous about the division of all tonalities into two types in his Compendium of Practical Musick of 1667:
Every Composition in Musick, be it long or short, is (or ought to be) designed to some one Key or Tone, in which the Bass doth alwayes conclude. This Key is said to be, either Flat, or Sharp: not in respect of its Self; but in relation to the flat or sharp 3d. which is joyned to it.
To distinguish this, you are first to consider its 5th. which consists alwayes of a Lesser and a Greater 3d. [...] If the lesser 3d. be in the lower place next to the Key, then is the Musick said to be set in a flat Key. But if the Greater 3d. stand next to the Key, [...] then the Key is called sharp. (Part II., §5, p. 43).
Arguably, the division of tonalities by English musicians into only two types, rather than eight or twelve, goes back further, at least to Thomas Campion's A New Way of Making Counterpoint of c. 1610. Campion's classification is less clearly expressed than Simpson's, but like Simpson's, it emphasises the division of the fifth between the final and fifth degrees of the scale into a major and minor third, and described keys in terms of the quality of the third note of the scale. In the following excerpt, 'close' refers to a cadence. Like many other theorists, Campion took the notes on which cadences were made to be a defining feature of the key or mode. In somewhat convoluted language, he states that keys with a minor ('flat') third should have cadences on the first, third and fifth degrees of the scale, while keys with the major ('sharpe') third should have cadences on the second and fourth notes of the scale in preference to the third:
... looke to your fift above, and the lowest Note of that fift assume for your key, [...] then divide that fift into his two thirds, and so you shall finde out all the closes that belong to that key.
The maine and fundamentall close is in the key it selfe, the second is in the vpper Note of the fift, the third is in the vpper Note of the lowest third, if it be the lesser third, as for example, if the key be in G. with B. flat, you may close in these three places.
(example of cadences in G, D and B♭)
But if the key should be in G. with B. sharpe, then the last close being to be made in the greater or sharpe third is vnproper, & therfore for variety sometime the next key aboue is joyned with it, which is A. and sometimes the fourth key, which is C.
Unlike Simpson, Campion hints that 'minor' or 'flat' keys can be further divided into two subtypes, depending on whether the second note of the scale is naturally a whole tone or a half tone above the final. The latter case corresponds roughly to what is sometimes called a 'Phrygian' mode; Campion's example of it has the final on A and a B♭ in the signature.
[...] wheresoeuer your key shall stand, either in G. or C. or F. or elsewhere, the same rule of the fift is perpetuall, being diuided into thirds, which can be but two waies, that is, eyther when the upper third is lesse by halfe a Note then the lower, or when the lower third containes the halfe Note, which is Mi Fa, or La Fa.
If the lower third containes the halfe Note it hath it eyther above [...] or else when the halfe Note is vnderneath [...] but whether the halfe Note be uppermost or lowermost, if the lowest third of the fift be the lesser third, that key yeelds familiarly three closes; example of the halfe Note, standing in the uper place was shewed before, now I will set downe the other.
(examples of cadences on A, C and E with a B♭ signature)
However, Campion notes that both types of 'flat' keys have the same proper cadences, on the first, third and fifth degrees of the scale, so the point of distinguishing them may be somewhat theoretical. There are certainly not many examples of compositions in such 'Phrygian' or mi tonalities from early seventeenth-century England.
user1449user1449
0
0
Well, we have an answer about German (with a mention of French) theory, and an answer about English theory, so I figured I'd round it out with what seems to be a good reference for Italian theory, which I just came across today (I haven't had a chance to read any of it yet): Tonal Space in the Music of Antonio Vivaldi
According to the synopsis (emphasis mine):
Tonal Space in the Music of Antonio Vivaldi incorporates an analytical
study of Vivaldi's style into a more general exploration of harmonic
and tonal organization in the music of the late Italian Baroque. The
harmonic and tonal language of Vivaldi and his contemporaries, full of
curious links between traditional modal thinking and what would later
be considered common-practice major-minor tonality, directly reflects
the historical circumstances of the shifting attitude toward the
conceptualization of tonal space so crucial to Western art music. Vivaldi is examined in a completely new context, allowing both his
prosaic and idiosyncratic sides to emerge clearly. This book
contributes to a better understanding of Vivaldi's individual style,
while illuminating wider processes of stylistic development and the
diffusion of artistic ideas in the 18th century.
Glancing at the table of contents, Part Two (chapters 3-6) is entitled "Key and Mode".
1
Does the book indicate whether Vivaldi used the terms "major" and "minor" to identify keys? If not, it won't help us identify when these labels began to be used.
0
I have never tested my theory that the Ionian mode lends itself to pleasing polyphony more readily than the other modes with the exception of the Aeoliean. I have tried rendering a popular hymn tune in all seven modes and the results are striking. Only the Ionian (the original) and Aeoliean modes are acceptable to my ear. But that may simply be because of my Western musical conditioning. The search goes on.
1
1
Or it may simply be because the hymn was written in a major key and therefore exploits the shape of the major-key intervals to good effect. That effect would be lost when adapting the melody to some other mode.
Thanks for contributing an answer to Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange!
Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Draft saved
Draft discarded
Sign up using Google
Submit
Discard
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged
Question feed
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.
| 2,038 |
267 | rolling stone top ten albums of all time | https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/ | Click to Expand Search Input
Click to Expand Search Input
The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
The classics are still the classics, but the canon keeps getting bigger and better
December 31, 2023
Editor’s note, December 2023: In the three years since Rolling Stone rolled out the all-new, fully revamped version of our 500 Greatest Albums list, artists like Beyonce, Bad Bunny, and Taylor Swift have all released undeniable classics. So we’ve updated the list, adding those albums while making a few other tweaks. The 2020 list covered many decades of popular music, and was the result of a vote among more than 300 artists, writers, producers and industry figures; this update covers just three years. So we kept the changes light.
Rolling Stone’s list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time was originally published in 2003, with a slight update in 2012. Over the years, it’s been the most widely read — and argued over — feature in the history of the magazine. But no list is definitive — tastes change, new genres emerge, the history of music keeps being rewritten. So we decided to remake our greatest albums list from scratch. To do so, we received and tabulated Top 50 Albums lists from more than 300 artists, producers, critics, and music-industry figures (from radio programmers to label heads). The electorate includes Beyoncé, Taylor Swift, and Billie Eilish; rising artists like H.E.R., Tierra Whack, and Lindsey Jordan of Snail Mail; as well as veteran musicians, such as Adam Clayton and the Edge of U2, Raekwon of the Wu-Tang Clan, Gene Simmons, and Stevie Nicks.
When we first did the RS 500 in 2003, people were talking about the “death of the album.” The album —and especially the album release — is more relevant than ever. (As in 2003, we allowed votes for compilations and greatest-hits albums, mainly because a well-made compilation can be just as coherent and significant as an LP, because compilations helped shaped music history, and because many hugely important artists recorded their best work before the album had arrived as a prominent format.)
Of course, it could still be argued that embarking on a project like this is increasingly difficult in an era of streaming and fragmented taste. But that was part of what made rebooting the RS 500 fascinating and fun; 94 of the albums on the list are from this century, and 163 are new additions that weren’t on the 2003 or 2012 versions. The classics are still the classics, but the canon keeps getting bigger and better.
Written By
Jonathan Bernstein, Pat Blashill, Jon Blistein, Nathan Brackett, David Browne, Mankaprr Conteh, Anthony DeCurtis, Matt Diehl, Jon Dolan, Chuck Eddy, Ben Edmonds, Gavin Edwards, Jenny Eliscu, Brenna Ehrlrich, Suzy Exposito, David Fricke, Elisa Gardner, Holly George-Warren, Andy Greene, Kory Grow, Will Hermes, Brian Hiatt, Christian Hoard, Charles Holmes, Mark Kemp, Greg Kot, Elias Leight, Joe Levy, Julyssa Lopez, Angie Martoccio, David McGee, Chris Molanphy, Tom Moon, Jason Newman, Rob O’Connor, Park Puterbaugh, Mosi Reeves, Jody Rosen, Austin Scaggs, Karen Schoemer, Bud Scoppa, Noah Schactman, Claire Shaffer, Rob Sheffield, Hank Shteamer, Brittany Spanos, Rob Tannenbaum, David Thigpen, Simon Vozick-Levinson, Barry Walters, Jonah Weiner
Arcade Fire, ‘Funeral’
Loss, love, forced coming-of-age, and fragile generational hope: Arcade Fire’s debut touched on all these themes as it defined the independent rock of the ‘00s. Built on family ties (leader Win Butler, his wife, Régine Chassagne, his brother Will), the Montreal band made symphonic rock that truly rocked, simultaneously outsize and deeply personal, like the best pop. But for all its sad realism, Butler’s is music that still finds solace, and purpose, in communal celebration.
Rufus, Chaka Khan, ‘Ask Rufus’
Fronted by Chaka Khan, one of soul music’s most combustible singers, Rufus built its mid-Seventies sound on heavy-footed, guitar-slathered funk. But after spending 16 months in the studio working on Ask Rufus, they came out with a record that gave their songs more room to breathe, anticipating the lithe, loose arrangements of Nineties neo-soul. Khan glided through the head-nodding “Everlasting Love” and the twisty-turny “Better Days,” and fans appreciated the adjustment: Ask Rufus was the group’s first platinum record.
Suicide, ‘Suicide’
These New York synth-punks evoke everything from the Velvet Underground to rockabilly. Martin Rev’s low-budget electronics are violent and hypnotic; Alan Vega screams as a rhythmic device. Late-night listening to “Frankie Teardrop,” a 10-minute-plus tale of a multiple murder, is not recommended. A droning voice in the wilderness when they appeared in the Seventies, the duo would influence bands from Arcade Fire and the National to Bruce Springsteen, who covered Suicide live in 2016.
Various Artists, ‘The Indestructible Beat of Soweto’
The greatest album ever to be marketed under the heading “world music,” this 1985 compilation of South African pop was a huge influence on Paul Simon’s Graceland that still sounds jarringly fresh today. Full of funky, loping beats and gruff, Howling Wolf-style vocals (most prominently from “goat voiced” star Mahlathini). With a sweet track by Graceland collaborators Ladysmith Black Mambazo (“Nansi Imali”), its badass joy needed no translation.
Shakira, ‘Dónde Están los Ladrones’
Long before she went blond and took her never-lying hips to the top of the American pop charts, Shakira was a raven-haired guitar rocker who’d hit peak superstardom in the Spanish-speaking world with her 1995 LP, Pies Descalzos. To keep up the momentum, Shakira enlisted Emilio Estefan to help produce her next LP, this stellar globetrotting dance-rock set, which blends sounds from Colombia, Mexico, and her father’s native Lebanon.
Boyz II Men, ‘II’
With their innocent romanticism and meticulous vocal arrangements, Boyz II Men became the most commercially successful R&B vocal group of all time. II includes two mammoth hits, courtesy of Babyface: “I’ll Make Love to You” and the audaciously baroque “Water Runs Dry.” But the group’s own Nathan Morris and Shawn Stockman composed II‘s most poignant moment, “Khalil’s Interlude,” a soft onslaught that’ll leave you sobbing in the fetal position: “I need shelter from the rain/To ease the pain of changing from boys to men.”
The Ronettes, ‘Presenting the Fabulous Ronettes’
More a Spanish Harlem street gang than a girl group, the Ronettes were pop goddesses dressed as Catholic schoolgirls gone to hell and back. Phil Spector builds his Wall of Sound as his teen protégée (and future wife) Ronnie Spector belts “Be My Baby” and “Walking in the Rain,” while songs like “I Wonder” and “Baby, I Love You” ache with hope for a perfect love that always seems to be impossibly ideal and just within arm’s reach.
Marvin Gaye, ‘Here, My Dear’
It’s one of the weirdest Motown records ever. Marvin Gaye’s divorce settlement required him to make two new albums and pay the royalties to his ex-wife – the sister of Motown boss Berry Gordy. So Gaye made this bitterly funny double LP of breakup songs, including “You Can Leave, But It’s Going to Cost You.” When he asks “Somebody tell me please, tell me please/Why do I have to pay attorney fees?” it’s one of the most strangely transfixing soul-music moments of all time.
Bonnie Raitt, ‘Nick of Time’
After being dumped by her previous label, blues rocker Bonnie Raitt exacted revenge with this multiplatinum Grammy-award winner, led by an on-fire version of John Hiatt’s “Thing Called Love” and the brilliant title track, a study in midlife crisis told from a woman’s perspective. Producer Don Was helped her sharpen the songs without sacrificing any of her slide-guitar fire. And as Raitt herself pointed out, her 10th try was “my first sober album.”
Harry Styles, ‘Harry’s House’
Harry Styles achieved pop greatness with One Direction, but he got even deeper on his own. In Harry’s House, his third solo album, he stakes his claim as one of his generation’s most savagely imaginative musical minds. It’s a vibrant, playful, vividly emotional song cycle about searching for different kinds of home. He zips from Tokyo-style city pop (“Music for a Sushi Restaraunt”) to disco flash (“Satellite”) to delicate guitar ballads (“Matilda”). “As It Was” has Harry at his most intimate and personal, yet blew up into a universal hit—it spent 15 weeks at Number One.
Linda Ronstadt, ‘Heart Like a Wheel’
Linda Ronstadt completed her transition from California hippie-folk darling to soft-rock queen on her chart-topping fifth album, covering Hank Williams, Buddy Holly, Little Feat, and Kate and Anna McGariggle on the gorgeous title track. Her version of the Betty Everett oldie “You’re No Good” hits a perfect mix of desire and paranoia. Along with being a showcase for Ronstadt’s peerless versatility, Heart Like a Wheel is Seventies pop-rock craft at its sweetest and sturdiest.
Phil Spector and Various Artists, ‘Back to Mono (1958-1969)’
When the Righteous Brothers’ Bobby Hatfield first heard “You’ve Lost That Lovin’ Feelin’,” with partner Bill Medley’s extended solo, he asked, “But what do I do while he’s singing the whole first verse?” Producer Phil Spector replied, “You can go directly to the bank!” Spector built his Wall of Sound out of hand claps, massive overdubs, and orchestras of percussion. This box has hits such as the Ronettes’ “Be My Baby” and the Crystals’ “Da Doo Ron Ron,” which Spector called “little symphonies for the kids.”
The Stooges, ‘The Stooges’
Fueled by “a little marijuana and a lotta alienation,” Michigan’s Stooges gave the lie to hippie idealism, playing with a savagery that unsettled even the most blasé clubgoers. Ex-Velvet Underground member John Cale produced a primitive debut wherein, amid Ron Asheton’s wah-wah blurts, Iggy Stooge (né James Osterberg) snarled seminal punk classics such as “I Wanna Be Your Dog,” “No Fun,” and “1969,” bedrock examples of the weaponized boredom that would become a de rigueur punk posture.
Black Flag, ‘Damaged’
MCA refused to release this album, denouncing it as “immoral” and “anti-parent.” High praise, but Black Flag lived up to it, defining L.A. hardcore punk with Greg Ginn’s violent guitar and the pissed-off scream of Henry Rollins, especially on “TV Party” and “Rise Above,” which came with the timeless smash-the-glass salvo “We are tired of your abuse/Try to stop is but it’s no use.” Punks still listen to Damaged, and parents still hate it.
John Mayer, ‘Continuum’
After establishing himself as a post-Dave Matthews heartthrob, John Mayer grew into his soul and blues ambitions for a subtly crafted album aided by ace musicians like guitarists Ben Harper and Charlie Hunter, drummer-producer Steve Jordan, and jazz trumpeter Roy Hargrove — from the smooth Hi Records-tinged soul of “Vultures” to “Waiting for the World to Change,” a deceptively knowing and self-aware take on generational apathy.
Richard and Linda Thompson, ‘I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight’
With Fairport Convention, Richard Thompson was one of the first prominent Sixties folk rockers to look to his native England’s traditions for inspiration. After leaving Fairport, he joined with his wife, Linda Thompson to make stellar albums in the Seventies. Richard played guitar like a Sufi-mystic Neil Young; Linda had the voice of a Celtic Emmylou Harris. Bright Lights is their devastating masterwork of folk-rock dread. Radiohead even picked up some guitar tricks from “The Calvary Cross.”
Lady Gaga, ‘Born This Way’
“Over-the-top” isn’t an insult in Gaga’s world; it’s a statement of purpose. Her second album is a work of blessed bombast, all arena-size sonics and Springsteenian romanticism, complete with a Clarence Clemons sax solo. There’s a thumping, half-in-Spanish song that proposes marriage to “a girl in east L.A.” (“Americano”), a synth-pop jam that includes a come-on on to John F. Kennedy (“Government Hooker”), and a touching ballad about a guy from Nebraska (“You and I”). Fittingly, the glam-slam title track became an LGBTQ anthem.
Muddy Waters, ‘The Anthology’
Muddy Waters started out playing acoustic Delta blues in Mississippi, but when he moved to Chicago in 1943, he needed an electric guitar to be heard over the tumult of South Side clubs. The sound he developed was the foundation of Chicago blues — and rock & roll; the thick, bleeding tones of his slide work anticipated rock-guitar distortion by nearly two decades. The 50 cuts on these two CDs run from guitar-and-stand-up-bass duets to full-band romps — and they still just scratch the surface of Waters’ legacy.
The Pharcyde, ‘Bizarre Ride II the Pharcyde’
These high school friends from L.A. were a little like a West Coast answer to De La Soul and A Tribe Called Quest, offering their own spin on alternative hip-hop in the Nineties and showing there was something going on in Southern California beyond G-funk. They rapped about innocent topics, like having a crush on a teacher in “Passin’ Me By,” which was a small hit, but also about dating a cute girl who turns out “to be a John Doe” and run-ins with the cops (the Public Enemy-homage “Officer”). It all came out as bright and refreshing as sorbet.
Belle and Sebastian, ‘If You’re Feeling Sinister’
Being a self-pitying shut-in has never sounded better than it does on the Scottish twee icons’ breakthrough. The chamber-folk arrangements are second to none — like a cup of tea brewed for you by a hopeless crush with a really good record collection — but don’t sleep on Stuart Murdoch’s subtly sardonic lyrics on “The Stars of Track and Field” and “Seeing Other People,” which give these wistful-sounding songs a bite that sets them apart from most imitators.
Miranda Lambert, ‘The Weight of These Wings’
The Nashville superstar sounded especially free and artistically uninhibited after her divorce from Blake Shelton, and she channeled it all into this expansive, mind-clearing two-CD set, an ambitious grab bag of deep breakup tunes (“Use My Heart,” “Tin Man”), Radiohead-y alt-rock moodiness (“Vice”), eye-rolling, scuz-guitar glam (“Pink Sunglasses”), and tender reflections on the bonds and weights of messy commitment (“Getaway Car”). It’s the sound of bad history falling away in the cracked rearview and nothing but wide-open road ahead.
Selena, ‘Amor Prohibido’
Tejana star Selena Quintanilla-Pérez may not have been long for this world (she died when she was just 23), but she remains one of America’s most beloved singer-songwriters. At the heart of her regional Mexican masterwork, Amor Prohibido, is a universal, glittering pop core. The techno-cumbia title track tells the real-life story of her grandparents, who fell in love across class lines. It’s a Latina fairy tale, if ever there was one. Amor Prohibido, meaning “forbidden love,” became one of the bestselling Latin albums of all time.
The Kinks, ‘Something Else by the Kinks’
Something Else was a commercial flop that nearly killed the band, but it shows off Ray Davies’ genius for writing about the secret lives of everyday people. “Waterloo Sunset” is a gorgeously chilly ballad about a lonely man watching lovers from his window; “Two Sisters” celebrates a housewife dancing around her house with curlers in her hair. He’s got poetic compassion for all these characters, even as he witnesses their private pain in “No Return,” “Afternoon Tea,” and “End of the Season.”
Howlin’ Wolf, ‘Moanin’ in the Moonlight’
“That man was the natural stuff,” Buddy Guy said. “His fists were as big as a car tire.” The Wolf had the biggest roar in Chicago blues — he raved in a fierce growl, backed by explosive playing from guitar geniuses Willie Johnson and Hubert Sumlin. His 1959 debut album has some of the meanest electric blues ever heard, cut for Chess Records, from the eerie railroad drone “Smokestack Lightnin’” to the lowdown “I Asked for Water (She Gave Me Gasoline).”
Sparks, ‘Kimono My House’
The duo of singer Russell Mael and songwriter-keyboardist Ron Mael coined a unique, influential sound that mixed glam and prog-rock, the Beach Boys and Frank Zappa. Russell adopts a florid falsetto to sing Ron’s lyrics about clumsy sex (“Amateur Hour”), Albert Einstein’s doting parents (the pun-filled “Talent Is an Asset”), and a broken suicide pact (“Here in Heaven”). The overwhelming sensation from Sparks’ third album is a sense that you’ve arrived at a party where you know no one and hear things you can’t comprehend but still have a great time.
Sheryl Crow, ‘Sheryl Crow’
The Missouri gal finally got to make an album her way, in 1996, with her self-titled, self-produced smash — an ingenious mix of roots-rock raunch and vengeful wit. As Crow told Rolling Stone, “My only objective on this record was to get under people’s skin, because I was feeling like I had so much shit to hurl at the tape.” “Every Day Is a Winding Road” and “A Change Would Do You Good” rock like a feminist Exile on Main Street, while “If It Makes You Happy” became an anthem for bad girls of all ages.
Big Star, ‘#1 Record’
Alex Chilton and Chris Bell were the Memphis whiz kids at the heart of Big Star. They mixed British Invasion pop finesse with all-American hard rock, from the surging “Feel” to the acoustic heartbreaker “Thirteen.” Big Star didn’t sell many records but did become a crucial inspiration to underdogs like R.E.M., the Replacements, and Elliott Smith. As Chilton said later, “If you only press up a hundred copies of a record, then eventually it will find its way to the hundred people in the world who want it the most.”
Daddy Yankee, ‘Barrio Fino’
Just when Latin pop radio was hitting a ballad-heavy plateau, Puerto Rican MC Daddy Yankee set the industry aflame with his 2004 reggaeton opus, Barrio Fino. Crowned by the hydraulic bounce of Yankee’s first international hit, “Gasolina,” the record marked a colossal breakthrough, not just for the rapper himself, but for the entire genre known as reggaeton: a raw blend of hip-hop and reggae, born in the mean streets of San Juan.
SZA, ‘Ctrl’
Thanks to SZA’s lyrics about insecurity, jealousy, loneliness, and her search for “lovin’ and licky,” this assured debut brought a new self-searching spirit to R&B. The tracks are gentle and erotic, but beneath the singer’s soft-grained style, there’s fierceness; in “Dove in the Wind,” she tells a lover she can easily replace him with a dildo. On “Love Galore,” a duet with Travis Scott that describes an ambivalent breakup, she makes clear the vulnerability beneath the bravado: “Gimme a paper towel, gimme another Valium.”
Jefferson Airplane, ‘Surrealistic Pillow’
Psychedelic scholars have long tried to pin down just what the Grateful Dead’s Jerry Garcia did on this album (besides contribute some guitar playing) to earn a credit as “spiritual adviser.” But the real trip is the Airplane’s hallucinatory distillation of folk-blues vocals, garage-rock guitar, and crisp pop songwriting. Grace Slick’s vocal showcases — “White Rabbit” and “Somebody to Love” — made Surrealistic Pillow a commercial smash during San Francisco’s Summer of Love, and Marty Balin’s spectral “Today” is still the greatest ballad of that city’s glory days.
Juvenile, ‘400 Degreez’
From the moment Juvenile asked, “That’s you with that bad ass benz?” and punctuated the bar with a cocky, dismissive “Ha,” rap’s axis tilted. The New Orleans rapper’s third album reorientated hip-hop toward a new Southern sound, driven by producer Mannie Fresh’s intergalactic beats. “Ha” and “Back That Azz Up” were earthshaking singles, and Juvenile’s young-but-old growl brought out the blues in “Ghetto Children” and Dickensian horror in “Gone Ride With Me.” 400 Degreez added new sonic textures that pop music is still mining.
Manu Chao, ‘Clandestino’
Born in Paris to Spanish parents, Manu Chao is a true citizen of the world on his 1998 debut. Clandestino, was a tribute to “clandestinos” everywhere: a derogatory term for undocumented migrants. Running on an internationalist platform of peace (and legalized pot), Chao was a digital busker (“a clown making too much dirty sound”), strumming his acoustic guitar as he moved effortlessly between languages and styles, singing with a playfully light touch as he made feel-good reggae rock for global nomads like himself.
The Rolling Stones, ‘Some Girls’
Why did the Stones call their big comeback album Some Girls? Keith explained, “Because we couldn’t remember their fucking names.” The Stones sounded revitalized on Some Girls, with Mick at his bitchiest, reveling in the NYC sleaze of “Shattered,” “Beast of Burden,” and the disco hit “Miss You.” It became their all-time biggest seller. Keith was in rough shape at the time — as Mick fumed, “Christ, Keith fuckin’ gets busted every year” — but he stands unrepentant in his outlaw theme song, “Before They Make Me Run.”
Maxwell, ‘BLACKsummers’night’
Maxwell was a successful Nineties neo-soul crooner who went on an eight-year hiatus between 2001’s Now and this 2009 release. BLACKSummers’night betrays no anxiety about the time off; in fact, it ranks among the great comeback records. Maxwell sang about post-breakup desperation as he navigated plush, complicated grooves with jazz players like Keyon Harrold and Derrick Hodge giving his arrangements extra zip. The album’s ecstatic triumph is “Pretty Wings,” a keening, chiming lullaby.
Black Uhuru, ‘Red’
At the cusp of the Eighties, it seemed like Black Uhuru was reinventing reggae with a sound that was equally robotic and rootsy, owing as much to Kraftwerk as it did to Lee Perry. Red was the peak of a landmark five-LP run. On tunes like ‘Sponji Reggae,’ ‘Youth of Eglington,’ and ‘Utterance,’ singers ‘Duckie’ Simpson and ‘Puma’ Jones go high over lead vocalist Mykal Rose’s cantor-like wails, while Sly Dunbar and Robbie Shakespeare’s rhythm machine bores into the deepest part of the beat. The results felt like the genre’s future — but it wasn’t. Turns out, few acts dared try to replicate Black Uhuru’s sound, and no other band ever came close to succeeding.
King Sunny Adé, ‘The Best of the Classic Years’
Some of the sweetest, stickiest jams ever recorded, cherry-picked from the Nigerian juju master’s work from 1967 to 1974, years before he got marketed as “the next Bob Marley.” King Sunny’s slow-roll guitar stretches out toward the horizon, rippling over verdant grooves to create a spellbinding vibe even (or especially) when a song saunters on for 18 minutes. Talking Heads and Phish are just two of the bands who’ve proudly cited the sound of Adé’s music as a guiding influence.
The Isley Brothers, ‘3 + 3’
The Isley Brothers ballooned from a trio that impressed the Beatles to a six-piece band on 3 + 3, which helped establish them as a funk force in the 1970s. The hit “That Lady” is stuffed with laser-bright guitar solos, and the slow numbers (including a cover of James Taylor’s “Don’t Let Me Be Lonely Tonight,” in which Ron Isley unfurled his heartbreaking falsetto and forceful midrange) hint toward the band’s bright future as pre-eminent balladeers in R&B’s Quiet Storm era.
Laura Nyro, ‘Eli & the 13th Confession’
Part confessional singer-songwriter and part would-be soul diva, Nyro was never an easy one to categorize. Her dazzling second album came the closest to blending both of her musical selves. Her pop instincts shine in the best-known songs here, like “Eli’s Comin’” and “Stoned Soul Picnic.” But the rest of the album finds her less restrained lyrically and musically, making for sensuous and often sexually ambiguous music that paved the way for many genre-busting female troubadours.
The Flying Burrito Brothers, ‘The Gilded Palace of Sin’
A landmark of country rock — or, as Gram Parsons called it, “cosmic American music.” He and Chris Hillman were a pair of ex-Byrds who’d flown the coop. The Burritos put their poetic twist on hillbilly twang, proudly wearing Nudie suits and bringing in the pedal steel guitar of Sneaky Pete Kleinow. “Boy, I love them,” Bob Dylan told Rolling Stone. “Their record instantly knocked me out.” They sing “Sin City” in high-lonesome two-part harmony, sounding like country boys lost in the decadence of Sixties L.A.; “Wheels” is God-fearing hippie soul.
Bon Iver, ‘For Emma’
Justin Vernon didn’t plan on reshaping a generation’s understanding of love-torn folk music when he retreated to the Wisconsin woods to record his first album (“I was very sad and very lonely”), but that’s exactly what happened. What’s even more staggering is the way Vernon’s Auto-Tune and falsetto-laden DIY debut, which centered around the heartsick “Skinny Love,” would reshape the contours of the pop mainstream — from Ed Sheeran and Kanye West to James Blake and Taylor Swift — for years to come.
Lorde, ‘Melodrama’
Lorde was 16 when the blockbuster hit “Royals” earned her acclaim as the voice of a generation. As her second album showed, that wasn’t quite accurate — she’s more like the voice of smart, self-conscious, neurotic people of all generations. “I think that you might be the same as me/Behave abnormally,” she sings on “Homemade Dynamite.” The sound is bigger-sounding and more club-friendly than the spare sound of her 2016 debut (especially on the single “Green Light”), and she’s even more impressive on a big stage.
Kid Cudi, ‘Man on the Moon: The End of the Day’
Kid Cudi helped Kanye West shape his introspective R&B/hip-hop hybrid 808s & Heartbreak. On his debut LP, the Cleveland rapper took that sound further and deeper, merging emo and psychedelic rock with hip-hop bombast. His introspect runs the gamut from the severe depression of “Day ‘n’ Nite” to the sweet contentment of “Pursuit of Happiness,” both of which became unlikely hits. A decade after Man on the Moon, every chart is dominated by Kudi’s sad children.
Jason Isbell, ‘Southeastern’
After releasing three little-heard solo albums, Isbell turned his personal travails — fresh sobriety, getting married — into what would become his opus. “It gave me a story to tell,” the songwriter said of Southeastern, which featured his sharpest literary writing (“Elephant”), newfound vulnerability (“Traveling Alone”), and his new calling card (“Cover Me Up”). The album set a standard for new-age Seventies-inspired singer-songwriters and coronated the Alabama native and his wife and bandmate, Amanda Shires, as the new king and queen of Americana.
Sinéad O’Connor, ‘I Do Not Want What I Haven’t Got’
“How could I possibly know what I want when I was only 21?” the Irish art rocker asked on her breakthrough second album. Sinéad O’Connor struck a nerve with her keening voice, her shaved head, and her tortured grandiosity in “The Emperor’s New Clothes” and “I Am Stretched on Your Grave.” But she hit Number One with an obscure Prince breakup ballad, “Nothing Compares 2 U.” Originally just filler on a flop album by the Family, it became O’Connor’s signature song.
Al Green, ‘Greatest Hits’
“In Memphis, you just do as you feel,” Al Green told Rolling Stone in 1972. “It’s not a modern, up-to-par, very glamorous, big-red-chairs-and-carpet-that-thick studio. It’s one of those places you can go into and stomp out a good soul jam.” In collaboration with producer Willie Mitchell and musicians like drummer Al Jackson Jr., Green was a natural album artist, making love-and-pain classics such as 1973’s Call Me. But this collection makes for a unified album in itself, compiling hits like “Let’s Stay Together,” “I’m Still in Love With You,” and “Tired of Being Alone” into a flawless 10-song suite.
Bo Diddley, ‘Bo Diddley/Go Bo Diddley’
Diddley’s influence on rock & roll is inestimable, from the off-kilter rhythmic thump of “Pretty Thing” to his revved-up take on singing the blues. This album — a repackaging of his first two records — has many of his best singles, including “I’m a Man” and “Who Do You Love?” Bands immediately started ripping off his signature rollicking beat, and they haven’t stopped yet — including many on this list, from Bruce Springsteen on Born to Run’s “She’s the One” to George Michael on “Faith.”
Can, ‘Ege Bamyasi’
Chugging out of Cologne, Germany, in the late Sixties, avant-psychedelic crew Can took influence from the Velvet Underground’s subterranean drones, Miles Davis’ molten jazz rock, and James Brown’s circular funk grooves. On Ege Bamyasi, new singer Damo Suzuki mumbles, chants, and shrieks his way through engulfing Kraut-boogie workouts like “Vitamin C” and “I’m So Green.” Spoon took their name from the LP’s Doors-meets-Stereolab closing track, and Kanye West sampled the lupine “Sing Swan Swing.”
Nine Inch Nails, ‘Pretty Hate Machine’
“The music I always liked as a kid was stuff I could bum out to and realize, ‘Hey, someone else feels that way, too,'” Trent Reznor said in 1990. “So if someone can do that with my music, it’s mission accomplished.” Led by the hit “Head Like a Hole,” Nine Inch Nails’ debut album took bleak Midwestern goth-industrial disco to the rock masses, a move that would shape pop culture just as much as Nirvana’s Nevermind did. When Reznor sang, “Grey would be the color if I had a heart,” on “Something I Can Never Have,” millions felt his pain.
Diana Ross and the Supremes, ‘Anthology’
In the heyday of Motown, the Supremes were their own hit factory, all glamour and heartbreak. Diana Ross and her girls ruled the radio with tunes from the Motown brain trust of Holland, Dozier, and Holland. The Supremes could blaze with confidence, as in “Come See About Me.” Or they could sound elegantly morose, as in “My World Is Empty Without You” and “Where Did Our Love Go?” But in “Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart,” when Miss Ross gulps, “There ain’t nothing I can do about it,” it’s a spine-tingling moment.
Roberta Flack, ‘First Take’
At the peak of psychedelic soul music, Roberta Flack debuted with a classy quietude and thoughtful grace, recording with jazz musicians and complex horn and string arrangements. Her record was widely admired, but it didn’t become popular until three years later, after her pained version of Ewan MacColl’s 1950s folk ballad, “The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face,” scored a love scene in Clint Eastwood’s movie Play Misty for Me, and the song spent six weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 chart.
In this article:
11:08 AM
9:54 AM
Enter your Email
By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy .
We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services.
Most Popular
You might also like
Got a Hot News Tip?
We want to hear it. Send us a tip using our anonymous form.
By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy .
We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services.
Rolling Stone is a part of Penske Media Corporation. © 2025 Rolling Stone, LLC. All rights reserved.
Alerts & Newsletters
Email Address
By providing your information, you agree to our Terms of Use and our Privacy Policy .
We use vendors that may also process your information to help provide our services.
ad
| 2,039 |
267 | rolling stone top ten albums of all time | https://www.yearendlists.com/2023/rolling-stone-the-100-best-albums-of-2023 | 30 November 2023
Year-end lists are fingerprints; aggregate statistics
are smudges. Therefore, I make no tallies.
| 2,040 |
267 | rolling stone top ten albums of all time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone's_500_Greatest_Albums_of_All_Time | Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
34 languages
Recurring magazine music ranking
Cover of the oversize companion book to the 2020 list.
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" is a recurring opinion survey and music ranking of the finest albums in history, compiled by the American magazine Rolling Stone . It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in a special issue of the magazine in 2003 and a related book in 2005. [1]
Critics have accused the lists of lending disproportionate weight to artists of particular races and genders. In the original list, most of the selections were albums by white male rock musicians, with the top position held by the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). In 2012, Rolling Stone published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums released up until the early 2000s. [2]
Another updated edition of the list was published in 2020, with 269 new entries replacing albums from the two previous editions. It was based on a new survey and did not consider the surveys conducted for the 2003 and 2012 lists. The 2020 list featured more artists of color and female artists, topped by Marvin Gaye 's What's Going On (1971). [2] It received similar criticisms as the previous lists. [3] Another revision was published in 2023. [4]
Since 2020 Rolling Stone has also produced a weekly podcast called Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums, which, according to magazine, is based on an "updated version of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums list". [5] The podcast is hosted by Brittany Spanos, a staff writer at the magazine. [6] [7]
The Beatles (pictured in 1964) had nine albums on the most recent list
The first version of the list, published as a magazine in November 2003, was based on the votes of 273 rock musicians, critics, and industry figures, each of whom submitted a ranked list of 50 albums. The accounting firm Ernst & Young devised a point system to weigh votes for 1,600 submitted titles. [8] The Beatles ' 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the list, with Rolling Stone's editors describing it as "the most important rock 'n' roll album ever made". [9] The Beach Boys ' Pet Sounds (1966) was ranked second in recognition of its influence on Sgt. Pepper. [10] The list also included compilations and "greatest hits" collections. [8]
An amended list was released as a book in 2005, with an introduction by guitarist Steven Van Zandt . Some compilation albums were removed, and Robert Johnson 's The Complete Recordings was substituted for both of his King of the Delta Blues Singers volumes, making room for a total of eight new entries on the list.[ full citation needed ] [nb 1]
On May 31, 2012, Rolling Stone published a revised list, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums up until the early 2000s. [11] It was made available in "bookazine" format on newsstands in the US from April 27 to July 25. The new list contained 38 albums not present in the previous one, 16 of them released after 2003. The top listings remained unchanged.[ citation needed ]
Each voter was asked to submit a ranked list of 50 favorite albums. [13] This time, the list included more musicians who were female and people of color, with many such artists represented at higher rankings than on the previous lists. [2] 86 of the entries were 21st-century releases. One hundred fifty-four new entries were not on either of the two previous editions, and rap albums figured three times as much. [14] Marvin Gaye 's What's Going On (1971) was featured at the number one spot. [12]
A revision to the 2020 list was created in 2023, replacing some older albums with newer releases from the 2020s. [4]
The original Rolling Stone 500 was criticized for being male-dominated, outmoded and almost entirely Anglo-American in focus. [15] [16] Writing in USA Today , Edna Gundersen described the list as predictable and "weighted toward testosterone-fueled vintage rock". [8] Following the publicity surrounding the list, rock critic Jim DeRogatis , a former Rolling Stone editor, published Kill Your Idols: A New Generation of Rock Writers Reconsiders the Classics in 2004. The book featured a number of critics arguing against the high evaluation of various "great" albums, many of which had been included in the list. [17]
Jonny Sharp, a contributor to NME's own 500 greatest albums list , described the 2012 Rolling Stone list as a "soulless, canon-centric [list] of the same tired old titles", adding: "looking at their 500, when the only album in their top 10 less than 40 years old is London Calling , I think I prefer the NME's less critically-correct approach." [18]
Responding to the 2020 revision, Consequence of Sound 's Alex Young wrote that the lesser representation of white male rock musicians was "the biggest takeaway". [2] According to CNN 's Leah Asmelash, "The change represents a massive shift for the magazine, moving to recognize more contemporary albums and a wider range of tastes." [19] Conversely, Jonathan McNamara of The Japan Times criticized the list for underrepresenting Asian and non-Anglophone artists, stating that "It seems a shame then that Rolling Stone's musical brain trust of writers and industry contributors [...] didn't take the opportunity to hold up albums from the world's non-English-speaking artists and bands." [20]
Artist
Notes
2023
2020
2012
2003
2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 5.
2003/2012: Four albums in the top 10, at no. 10, 5, 3, and 1.
8
8
11
11
2020/2023: Count includes one album credited to Bob Dylan & the Band ; Dylan has one album in the top 10, at no. 9.
2003/2012: Count includes one album credited to Bob Dylan & the Band; Dylan has two albums in the top 10, at nos. 9, and 4.
2003/2012/2020/2023: Counts include one album credited to Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and two credited to Neil Young & Crazy Horse .
2003: One album in the top 10 at no. 7.
2020/2023: Count includes one album as a member of Destiny's Child .
2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 3.
4
4
4
4
Prince
4
4
4
4
2020/2023: Count includes one album credited to Prince and the Revolution ; Prince has one album in the top 10, at no. 8.
2003/2012: Count includes one album generally credited to Prince and the Revolution , Purple Rain .
Radiohead
4
4
5
3
2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 4.
2003/2012/2020: Count includes one album credited to the Velvet Underground & Nico .
3
3
3
3
2003/2012/2020: Counts include two albums as a member of Funkadelic , one with Parliament .
2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 1.
2003/2012: One album in the top 10, at no. 6.
2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 6.
Outkast
3
3
2
1
Pavement
3
3
2
2
2003/2012/2020/2023: Count includes one album credited to Bob Dylan & the Band.
2003/2012: One album in the top 10, at no. 8.
2003/2012/2020/2023: One album in the top 10, at no. 2.
U2
2
2
5
5
2003/2012: Counts include one album as Elvis Costello & the Attractions .
See also
^ The Complete Recordings was reinstated to the list in the 2012 edition.[ citation needed ]
Related news articles:
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone . No. 937. Straight Arrow. December 11, 2003. pp. 83–178. ISSN 0035-791X . OCLC 1787396 .
.
.
^ (
Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time
| 2,041 |
267 | rolling stone top ten albums of all time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Albums/500 | 29% complete
The following page lists Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . It concentrates on the 2023-updated list, on which some new albums were added, while others were up- or downrated, or entirely removed. The "Major contributors" column lists up to three main contributing editors. These also include copyeditors and blocked/banned users, but not GA reviewers. To avoid any conflicts, you may note under that column that you are working on one or several specific articles. You are allowed to use templates like Working. For the songs version, visit this page ).
An archived version of the 2012 list can be found here .
Current status of albums on the Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time on the English Wikipedia
Album
Artist(s)
^ Bo Diddley/Go Bo Diddley is a compilation album that contains Bo Diddley and Go Bo Diddley .
| 2,042 |
267 | rolling stone top ten albums of all time | https://musicbrainz.org/series/bb3d9d84-75b8-4e67-8ad7-dcc38f764bf3 | "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" is a recurring opinion survey and music ranking of the finest albums in history, compiled by the American magazine Rolling Stone. It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in a special issue of the magazine in 2003 and a related book in 2005.
Critics have accused the lists of lending disproportionate weight to artists of particular races and genders. In the original list, most of the selections were albums by white male rock musicians, with the top position held by the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). In 2012, Rolling Stone published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of albums released up until the early 2000s.
Another updated edition of the list was published in 2020, with 269 new entries replacing albums from the two previous editions. It was based on a new survey and did not consider the surveys conducted for the 2003 and 2012 lists. The 2020 list featured more artists of color and female artists, topped by Marvin Gaye's What's Going On (1971). It received similar criticisms as the previous lists. Another revision was published in 2023.
Since 2020 Rolling Stone has also produced a weekly podcast called Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums, which, according to magazine, is based on an "updated version of Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums list". The podcast is hosted by Brittany Spanos, a staff writer at the magazine.
Release groups
Album
4.3
30
40
1972
Last updated on 2024-01-01 16:20 UTC
| 2,043 |
268 | when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out | https://miraculousladybug.fandom.com/wiki/Season_2 | Miraculous Ladybug Wiki
The London special aired recently, but we'd like to remind everyone that sharing illegal links to watch it or leaks is still strictly prohibited!
READ MORE
Netflix, Disney Channel, Disney+ (USA, current) [1] KidsClick (USA, former)
Click "expand" for full list
TFOU, Disney Channel (France) [2] [3] Gloob (Brazil) [4] Family Channel (Canada: English Region) [5] Télé-Québec (Canada: French Region) [6] Disney Channel (Czech Republic and Hungary; Bulgaria and Romania; Germany; Japan; Latin America; Middle East and North Africa; The Netherlands and Belgium; Russia; Scandinavia and Baltic Countries; Spain; South Africa; Turkey; Southeast Asia)Disney Channel, POP (UK & Ireland) [7] Tooniverse, EBS1, Daekyo Kids TV, KBS Kids, Nickelodeon, Bravo Kids (South Korea)Super3 (Catalonia) [8] RTS Deux (Switzerland: French Region) [9] ABC ME (Australia) [10] Disney Channel, Super!, Netflix, Disney+ (Italy) [11] [12] PLUSPLUS (Ukraine) [13] RTL Kockica (Croatia) [14] Tropik TV, OBN (Bosnia and Herzegovina) [15] [16] Disney Channel, Puls 2 (Poland) [17] POP TV, OTO (Slovenia)RTS 2 (Serbia)Disney Channel, RTP2 (Portugal) [18]
International dates:
October 21, 2017 (Spain) [20]
Click "expand" for full list
October 23, 2017 (Portugal: Disney Channel) [21] October 26, 2017 (France: TFOU) [22] November 3 (Brazil) [23] November 4, 2017 (UK & Ireland: Disney Channel) [24] [25] November 13, 2017 (Italy: Disney Channel) [26] November 17, 2017 (Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein, & German Switzerland: Official Release) [27] [28] December 16, 2017 (Canada: French region) [29] January 29, 2018 (Russia) [30] February 2, 2018 (Turkey) [31] February 4, 2018 (Israel) [32] February 16, 2018 (Canada: English Region) [33] March 3, 2018 (Scandinavia and Baltic Countries) [34] March 5, 2018 (Croatia, Greece, Slovenia, Serbia, Middle East, and Africa) [35] March 12, 2018 (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania) [36] March 30, 2018 (USA: Netflix) [19] April 2, 2018 (South Korea: Tooniverse) [37] April 3, 2018 (Switzerland: French Region)May 3, 2018 (South Korea: Daekyo Kids TV) [38] May 3, 2018 (South Korea: KBS Kids) [39] May 3, 2018 (South Korea: Nickelodeon) [40] May 6, 2018 (Catalonia) [8] May 27, 2018 (Latin America: Disney Channel) [41] June 8, 2018 (The Netherlands & Belgium) [42] [43] August 9, 2018 (South Korea: Bravo Kids) [44] August 30, 2018 (USA: KidsClick) [45] October 11, 2018 (Australia) [46] November 19, 2018 (Italy: Super!) [47] January 28, 2019 (France: Disney Channel) [48] March 2, 2019 (Japan) [49] March 26, 2019 (Ukraine: PLUSPLUS) [50] April 25, 2019 (USA: Disney Channel) [51] May 20, 2019 (UK & Ireland: POP) [52] August 1, 2019 (Italy: Netflix) [53] August 29, 2019 (South Korea: EBS1) [54] September 9, 2019 (Croatia: RTL Kockica) [55] October 6, 2019 (Slovenia: POP TV) [56] October 7, 2019 (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Tropik TV)October 7, 2019 (Poland: Puls 2) [57] October 7, 2019 (Slovenia: OTO) [58] November 2, 2019 (Bosnia and Herzegovina: OBN) [59] November 6, 2019 (Serbia: RTS 2) [60] December 2, 2019 (Southeast Asia: Disney Channel) [61] December 16, 2019 (Portugal: RTP2) [62] March 24, 2020 (Italy: Disney+)December 14, 2020 (India)June 14, 2022 (Slovakia)December 7, 2020 (South Korea: Play&Learn TV)
Chronology
Previous
Next
Contents
History
For the production history, announcements, and released spoilers for season 2, see Season 2/History .
Cast and crew
To view a complete list of all the staff and cast that worked on season 2, go to Season 2/Credits .
N°
N°
Episode
Airdate
Country
1
Spain: Disney ChannelUK & Ireland: Disney Channel (YouTube)
3
Portugal: Disney Channel
Note: This table lists the season's episodes by their French version's worldwide premiere date. It often does not reflect the production order.
N°
Episode
Airdate
Country
1
Switzerland: RTS Deux
Note: This table lists the season's episodes by their worldwide premiere date regardless of language version. It often does not reflect the production order.
N°
Episode
Airdate
Country
1
Spain: Disney Channel
Trivia
Based on the production code, " Santa Claws " is counted as part of season 2. [116] [117]
When France rebroadcast the episode on December 3, 2017, the episode's opening utilized the second season's instead of the first season's because of this.
Because of this, season 2 is the first season where the first episode aired internationally was not the first in production order.
While it's unknown what's the exact budget for this season, the total budget for both the second and third seasons was €15,100,000 ($16,873,797 at the time). [118]
According to Astruc, while episodes would still be self-contained, the season would feature powerful story arcs. [119]
Also, according to Astruc, this season would contain only episodes that advance some aspect of the story, with no filler episodes anymore. [120]
Feri González commented that Astruc's purpose for the second season was to discover more things about Hawk Moth, including his identity, his limitations, his determination to seize the Miraculouses, and his actions by himself and with others. [121]
Originally, "Heroes' Day" was announced to be part of season 3, but as of June 26, 2018, it was confirmed to be part of season 2. [123] [124]
Despite being part of the the special, "Malediktator" doesn't include the sub-title "Queen's Battle" like "Style Queen" and "Queen Wasp", and canonically happens after " Reverser " and " Anansi ". The international release of the episode, however, happened right after "Queen Wasp".
Seasons 2 and 3 are tied with most as of yet Lucky Charms summoned by Ladybug in a season with 32.
They're also tied for the most episodes that summoned a Lucky Charm twice with a total of 7.
An episode planned for this season, " Gagotor " was confirmed to be cancelled in 2019, making it the first time ever, that an episode was shelved.
This season, along with season 3, hold the most new characters introduced:
All the kwamis in the Miracle Box , aside from Tikki, Plagg, Nooroo and Wayzz.
All the other kwamis except for Duusu were introduced in " Sandboy ".
André , an ice cream man.
Hessenpy , a fire captain
Wayhem , a big fan of Adrien.
Markov , a robot Max created, who is also his best friend.
Albert , the program assistant for Mr. Damoclès's computer.
Mr. Banana , a man dressed as a banana
Santa Claus , a man dressed up as Santa for Christmas.
From the international episode releases of season 2 it took the longest time to premiere and finish with a time frame of a year and 2 weeks (excluding "Santa Claws") however (including "Santa Claws" and constant schedule changes) the time frame would've been about almost 2 years.
Ironically, the time span between how long viewers had watched this season (starting with "The Collector") and how long it took to premier is roughly the same amount of time almost a year.
7 episodes so far feature, either physically or in flashbacks, and not in theme song intros, Miraculous holders that aren't Ladybug, Cat Noir, or Hawk Moth.
Rena Rouge appears in "Sapotis", "Syren", "Catalyst" and "Mayura".
Queen Bee appears in "Queen Wasp", "Malediktator", "Catalyst" and "Mayura".
Carapace appears in "Anansi", "Catalyst" and "Mayura".
Carapace is mentioned in Malediktator
Seven of the episodes feature a miraculous holder other than Ladybug, Cat Noir, and Hawk Moth, transformed on-screen (not counting power-ups).
Interestingly, all of them, with the exception of "Sapotis", are in the second half of the season, following most episode orders, including Netflix's, Disney's, and the production order.
This season of Miraculous has a few character arcs that start or progress throughout the entirety of the season. These include:
Marinette's Arcs:
After meeting Master Fu in "The Collector", she continues to learn new information about the Miraculouses in episodes such as "Robostus", "Syren", and "Sandboy", and recruits new allies, in "Sapotis", "Anansi", and "Malediktator".
Starting from "Glaciator", she continues to try to confess her feelings to Adrien, and their friendship strengthens ("Despair Bear", "Troublemaker", "Gigantitan", "Riposte", "Befana", "Frightningale", "Gorizilla", "Frozer", "Queen's Battle", "Reverser", "Anansi", "Heroes' Day"). Whilst also realizing she might have feelings for Luka Couffaine ("Captain Hardrock", "Frozer").
Adrien's Arc:
After he's rejected by Ladybug in "Glaciator", Adrien as Cat Noir continues to flirt with her. In "Syren", he feels left out because he realizes Ladybug is hiding things from him, but after he meets Master Fu, he gains a bit more of an understanding. Everything culminates in "Frozer". Where after being rejected so many times by Ladybug, Adrien decides to invite Kagami on a date, and to try to move on, but in the end he decides he can't just change his feelings so easily and stays on his current target (Ladybug).
Gabriel's Arc:
Gabriel's (Hawk Moth's) arc begins with his identity being revealed in "The Collector", and continues with him learning new information about the Miraculouses and Guardian in Paris, seen in "Sapotis", "Syren", and "Sandboy", as well as him getting ready for his Heroes' Day plan, hinted in episodes such as "Sapotis", "Anansi", and "Sandboy".
His motivations for obtaining the Miraculous are also given more clarity in episodes such as "Robustus", "Style Queen" and "Queen Wasp".
Chloé's Arc:
Chloé shows more kindness and vulnerability in season 2 than any other season, this is most evident in "Despair Bear", "Zombizou", "Queen Wasp" and "Malediktator". With this supposed new outlook allowing her to ultimately use the Bee Miraculous when given to her.
Despite her moments of good, Chloé will revert to her original personality shortly after and throughout each episode of the season.
This release included audio tracks in English, French, Latin American Spanish, Castilian Spanish, Japanese, Brazilian Portuguese, European Portuguese, and Italian.
Chloé causes 4 akumatizations this season.
Nine characters from the previous season are akumatized for the first time, those characters being:
Three characters from the previous season are re-akumatized, but with new identities:
Chloé is akumatized in Queen Wasp in the episode of the same name;
Alya is akumatized in Rena Rage in " Mayura ";
Nino is akumatized in Shell Shock in " Mayura ".
During the events of " Catalyst " and " Mayura ", fifteen of the twenty-six akumatized villains from the previous season are re-akumatized, those characters being: Lila in Volpina, Ivan in Stoneheart, Sabrina in Vanisher, Mylène in Horrificator, Alix in Timebreaker, Kim in Dark Cupid, Max in Gamer, Rose in Princess Fragrance, Jagged in Guitar Villain, Fred in The Mime, Otis in Animan, Jalil in Pharaoh, Roger in Rogercop, Aurore in Stormy Weather and Armand in Darkblade.
Also, twelve characters that have been already akumatized in this season are re-akumatized: Placide I.T. in Gorizilla, Nadja in Prime Queen, Clara in Frightningale, August in Gigantitan, the ice cream vendor André in Glaciator, Kagami in Riposte, Chloé in Queen Wasp, André in Malediktator, Audrey in Style Queen, the butler Jean in Despair Bear, Ondine in Syren and Philippe in Frozer.
The opening sequence of season 3 is strictly the same as season 2.
According to Thomas Astruc, the reason for that, is that the basics of both seasons are the same. [125]
Like with season 3, Netflix split this season into two parts.
Due to broadcasting issues, many episodes of the season had their international premieres out of order:
"Befana" was aired before "Glaciator" and "Gigantitan".
"Gigantitan" was aired before "Glaciator".
"The Dark Owl" was aired before "Troublemaker" and "Frightningale".
"Captain Hardrock" was aired before "Frightningale".
"Reverser" was aired before "Style Queen" and "Queen Wasp".
"Anansi" was aired before "Frozer".
"Sandboy" was aired before "Malediktator".
This is the first season to have:
This is the last season to have Marieve Herington as the voice actor for Sabrina. Cassandra Lee Morris takes over the role starting with " Zombizou ".
Gallery
References
Season 2
Future movies
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Miraculous Ladybug Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 2,054 |
268 | when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Miraculous:_Tales_of_Ladybug_&_Cat_Noir_episodes | List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes
15 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir is a French CGI action/adventure animated series produced by Zagtoon and Method Animation , in co-production with Toei Animation , SAMG Animation , and De Agostini S.p.A . The series features two Parisian teenagers, Marinette Dupain-Cheng and Adrien Agreste , who transform into the superheroes Ladybug and Cat Noir, respectively, to protect the city from supervillains which are created by the supervillain Hawk Moth (later renamed Shadow Moth in season 4 and Monarch in season 5). It airs in over 150 countries, each with its own order of episodes; this list of episodes will follow the airing order in France (on TFOU ).
Prior to its debut in France on 19 October 2015 on TF1 , [1] the series was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 on EBS1 . [2] In the United States, the series originally debuted on Disney on 6 December 2015 before the show was removed from the network's schedule in 2016. On 8 April 2019, the series was officially picked up by Disney Channel and began airing since then. It also aired on the KidsClick programming block until its shutdown on 31 March 2019. [3]
On 20 November 2015, producer Jeremy Zag announced that a second and third season were in progress. [4] On 20 December 2016, Zag announced that Netflix had acquired USA video-on-demand streaming rights to Miraculous for seasons 1–3, including the English premiere of the Christmas special. [5] The second season premiered in France on TF1's TFOU block on 26 October 2017, [6] and other channels throughout Europe. [7] The world premiere of Season 3 was in Spain and Portugal on Disney Channel on 1 December 2018. [8] [9] In France on TFOU it premiered on 14 April 2019. [10] [11] On 22 January 2018, Zag posted on Instagram that the crew was working on season 4 and season 5. [12] On 7 September 2019, it was confirmed by Jeremy Zag on his Instagram that seasons 4 and 5 are on the way and air date for season 4 was slated for late 2020, but it was pushed to 2021, due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic . [13] On 13 October 2019, Thomas Astruc announced that scripts for season 4 have been done. [14]
On 17 March 2021, it was confirmed that the fourth season premiere, "Furious Fu", would be aired in Brazil on Gloob on 23 March 2021. [15] In France, the fourth season premiered on 11 April 2021, [16] and on Disney Channel US on 21 June 2021. [17]
On 18 April 2021, it was announced that two new seasons, season 6 and season 7, were in production and are expected to premiere in 2024 and 2025. [18] On 29 July 2022, an eighth season was greenlit. [19] However, on 6 January 2025, it was announced that the sixth season would premiere on Disney Channel and Disney XD US on 25 January 2025.
Series overview
8 December 2019 (2019-12-08) [21]
Directed by
Written by
20 December 2015 [25]
Aurore Beauréal, an aspiring weather girl, loses a competition to be the weather forecaster for a kids' TV channel. Mad over the seemingly unfair results, the villain Hawk Moth uses an "akuma", an evil butterfly, to "akumatize" her, using her negative emotions to turn her into a weather-controlling villain, "Stormy Weather". With the help of their magical "kwami" creatures, Tikki and Plagg, teenagers Marinette Dupain-Cheng and Adrien Agreste use their ladybug and black cat -themed jewels, the Miraculouses, to turn into their superhero personas, "Ladybug" and "Cat Noir". Together, they defeat Stormy, but remain oblivious to each other's secret identities.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 September 2015 as episode 1. [27]
Notes: Chronologically, The events of this episode take place after Ladybug & Cat Noir and Stoneheart, as the two prequel episodes.
2
2
It is Adrien's birthday, but his father, Gabriel Agreste, a fashion designer, wouldn't allow him to have a birthday party. His best friend, Nino Lahiffe, gets mad at Gabriel's perceived unfairness; believing that adults want to stop kids from having fun, Nino is akumatized into the "Bubbler", and traps all adults in floating bubbles. After Bubbler is defeated, Adrien receives a scarf from Marinette, but his father's assistant, Nathalie Sancoeur, claims it is from his father.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 8 September 2015 as episode 2. [30]
3
3
Jalil Kubdel, the assistant curator at the Egyptian exhibit at the Louvre , is rebuffed by his father after wanting to try out an ancient spell. Jalil is akumatized into the " Pharaoh ", with the powers of the Egyptian gods.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 13 October 2015 as episode 7. [32]
4
4
Marinette's best friend, vlogger Alya Césaire, seeks to find out Ladybug's identity. When she finds Ladybug's "yo-yo" and "mask" in the locker of school bully Chloé Bourgeois, she tries to take a photo, but is noticed. Chloé successfully has her suspended, which allows her to be akumatized into "Lady Wifi", whose smartphone can fire magical icons and can teleport through phones.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 6 October 2015 as episode 6. [34]
5
5
"Timebreaker""Chronogirl"
Marinette's classmates Alix Kubdel and Lê Chiến Kim have a race at the Trocadéro . She entrusts her heirloom pocket watch to her classmates to safeguard it, but it is accidentally destroyed. Alix is akumatized into "Timebreaker", who can make people fade from existence by touching them, giving her the energy to travel back in time.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 22 September 2015 as episode 4. [36]
6
6
Marinette's school, Collège François Dupont, hosts a fashion design competition, which she enters to get Adrien to notice her. Meanwhile, police officer Roger Raincomprix orders Xavier Ramier, a pigeon-loving man, to stop feeding pigeons; the latter is akumatized into "Mr. Pigeon", who can control massive flocks of pigeons. Inspired by this, Marinette creates a pigeon feather derby hat, which wins the competition.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 29 September 2015 as episode 5. [38]
7
7
Artist Nathaniel Kurtzberg, who has a crush on Marinette, falls asleep after drawing in class; when he wakes up, he is mocked by Chloé and sent to the principal's office. He is akumatized into the "Evillustrator", who can draw and erase things in real life with a magical graphics tablet .
8
8
"Rogercop"
Plagg is accidentally stuck in Chloé's bracelet, thinking it is camembert , his favorite food. Chloé accuses Marinette of stealing it, and orders her father, Mayor André Bourgeois (who is at school due to a "Career Day") to have Roger arrest her. When he refuses, the Mayor fires him. He is akumatized into " Rogercop" , who can force people to enact "sentences" using mind-controlling laser handcuffs.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 20 October 2015 as episode 8. [41]
9
9
"Copycat""L'Imposteur"
Sculptor Théo Barbot unveils a sculpture of Ladybug and Cat Noir. He longs to see Ladybug at the event, but only Cat Noir ends up arriving. He tells Théo that he and Ladybug are in love; feeling jealous, Théo turns into "Copycat". A doppelgänger of Cat Noir complete with the power to use the original's destructive "Cataclysm", he wishes to frame the original for committing crimes.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 15 September 2015 as episode 3. [43]
10
10
Thomas Astruc
Régis Jaulin
On Valentine's Day , Kim attempts to ask Chloé to be his valentine, but he is rejected. He is akumatized into "Dark Cupid ", a winged being whose arrows can replace love and friendship with hate.
11
11
Marinette's class films a horror movie, but Mylène Haprèle, one of the actors, is easily frightened, forcing them to shoot many takes for a single scene. Chloé mocks Mylène's fear, which disappoints her enough to transform into "Horrificator", a slimy monster that grows from people's fear, based on the one from the film.
12
12
Thomas Astruc
It is Paris' mayoral elections and André Bourgeois has defeated Armand D'Argencourt, Collège François Dupont's fencing teacher, by a landslide. When the media mock him, Armand is akumatized into "Darkblade", an armored knight who turns people into knights in order to overthrow Paris.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 17 November 2015 as episode 12. [51]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016. [52] [53]
13
13
Thomas Astruc
13 December 2015 (2015-12-13)
7 May 2016 [60]
119
1.13
Mylène's father, Fred Haprele, is a mime artist about to open a major new performance, but his understudy , Chris, tricks him into missing their bus, allowing Chris to take the role. Disheartened, Fred is akumatized into "The Mime". whose gestures can create real, invisible objects.
Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in the French version, her character is renamed Sarah for the international version. [57] [58]
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 24 November 2015 as episode 13. [59]
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 26 March 2016.[ citation needed ]
14
14
Marinette's grand uncle, Wang Cheng, visits Paris to participate in a cooking competition. Chloé, who is one of the judges, sabotages Wang's soup, giving him poor results. He is akumatized into "Kung Food", who can create any kind of food-themed weapon.
The English version of this episode was first shown in the UK and Ireland on 2 April 2016. [61]
15
15
Collège François Dupont sends two students to represent them at a video game tournament. Since Adrien is one of the candidates, Marinette tries to team up with him. She ends up displacing tech genius Max Kanté, who had been looking forward to participating for a year. With all his training being in vain, Max is akumatized into "Gamer", who uses a real-life version of the game's ship to turn people into " experience points ", which upgrades the ship.
Cameo: Thomas Astruc as voice of the start menu of video game in French version. [64]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 18 April 2016 [65]
16
16
"Animan"
Nino develops a crush on Marinette and they go on a date at the zoo. There, Kim mocks the zoo's new panther, which enrages Alya's father Otis, the zookeeper; he is transformed into "Animan", who can shapeshift into any animal, including extinct ones. Nino finds that he has a lot in common with Alya and begins dating her.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 12 April 2016. [68]
17
17
Chloé is being harassed by something invisible, who happens to be Sabrina Raincomprix, her friend who she treats like a slave, akumatized into "Vanisher" after an argument. Chloé tries to help Ladybug de-akumatize Sabrina, but she is dismissed. Feeling betrayed by her idol, Chloé is akumatized into "Antibug", an opposite-colored Ladybug with a twisted version of the original's power to create Lucky Charms.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 21 April 2016. [71]
18
18
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Marinette and a girl she babysits, Manon Chamack, play with dolls of the heroes and some villains. Marinette allows Manon to take home one of the dolls, but Nadja, Manon's mother, forbids it. Manon convinces Marinette to lend her another doll, but it is confiscated. Angered, Manon becomes the "Puppeteer", who can control the people the dolls are based on.
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 20 April 2016. [65]
19
19
"Reflekta"
Marinette's classmate, goth girl Juleka Couffaine, is hesitant about being in the class photo, as she believes every photo taken of her will have her face obscured. Wanting to be closer to Adrien in the photo, Chloé has Juleka locked in the bathroom. Believing she'll always be unnoticed, she is akumatized into "Reflekta", a flamboyant villain who can make people look exactly like her.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 19 April 2016. [76] [65]
20
20
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Jagged Stone, a rock musician, is having problems with his manager, Bob Roth, who wants him to change his style and duet with XY, a young EDM artist who replaced Jagged as the top musician on the charts. When XY insults Jagged, the latter is akumatized into "Guitar Villain", [79] who can fire mind-controlling sound waves from his guitar and has a dragon, transformed from his crocodile Fang, as a sidekick.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 14 April 2016. [65] [80]
21
21
Marinette's class visits the Le Grand Paris hotel in order to try out some of the staff's jobs. When Jagged Stone checks in, he is followed by Vincent Aza, an obsessed fan; he attempts to take a picture but is kicked out. Shunned by his idol, Vincent is akumatized into "Pixelator", who can trap the people he takes pictures of in photographs that appear on his apartment wall.
This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 3 March 2016. [26]
This English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 25 April 2016. [71]
22
22
Thomas Astruc
104
1.11
Marinette's classmate, Rose Lavillant, writes a letter to Prince Ali of Achu in anticipation of his visit to Paris. She sprays perfume on it, which gets her kicked out of chemistry class; later, Chloé tears up the letter. Heartbroken, Rose is akumatized into "Princess Fragrance", whose perfume makes people serve her. Meanwhile, Tikki falls ill and Marinette takes her to a mysterious healer.
This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 13 March 2016. [26]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 22 April 2016. [85] [71]
23
23
On a game show, hypnotist Simon Grimault is tasked to hypnotize Gabriel. However, Gabriel refuses to participate, causing Simon to fail. Angry at not being allowed to even try, Simon is akumatized into "Simon Says", who can hypnotize people by throwing playing cards at them. During his attack, Ladybug learns about Adrien's mother, Emilie, who has gone missing.
This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 6 March 2016. [26]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 13 April 2016. [87] [88]
24
24
"Volpina"
Adrien discovers a grimoire (and, unbeknownst to him, the Peacock Miraculous) in his father's safe; he steals the book to learn more. Lila Rossi, a new student, claims to be friends with Ladybug to win Adrien, and takes the book. Ladybug exposes Lila, allowing her to be akumatized into "Volpina", who can create realistic, intangible illusions, like the Mirage of a real Fox Miraculous user. After the battle, Marinette recovers the book, which Tikki recognizes as the long-lost spellbook that contains coded secrets about the Miraculouses and their holders. She then brings Marinette to meet a man she calls Master Fu.
This episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 19 March 2016. [26]
The English version of the episode was first shown in Australia on 26 April 2016. [71]
25
25
"Ladybug & Cat Noir - Origins, Part 1" [52] "Ladybug et Chat Noir (Origines - Partie 1)"
Thomas Astruc
122
A man uses the Butterfly Miraculous and its kwami Nooroo, becoming Hawk Moth in order to get the Ladybug and Cat Miraculouses and obtain absolute power. Master Fu is notified of this by the kwami of the Turtle Miraculous, Wayzz, and sets off to find new Miraculous holders, as he is 186 years old and couldn't fight himself. Meanwhile, on the first day of school, Kim mocks Ivan Bruel's crush on Mylène. Ivan becomes Hawk Moth's first victim, turning into "Stoneheart", a rock golem that grows with every hit. Ladybug and Cat Noir transform for the first time, and manage to defeat Stoneheart. However, Ladybug forgets to purify his akuma, and it flies off, multiplying and turning people into immobile Stonehearts. When Marinette sees this, she renounces her Miraculous.
This episode is the first part of "The Origins Story" special.
This episode was first shown in South Korea on 1 March 2016 as episode 14. [91] [92]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 March 2016 as episode 21. [93]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 6 April 2016. [52] [53]
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of the first part of this episode, as a prequel, take place before Stormy Weather, in the chronological order.
26
26
"Stoneheart - Origins, Part 2" [97] "Cœur de pierre (Origines - Partie 2)"
Thomas Astruc
123
Ivan accidentally scares Mylène with his singing. He is turned back into Stoneheart, and his duplicates come to life to serve as his personal army. Marinette tries to pass her Miraculous to Alya, but she is forced to transform back into Ladybug. Hawk Moth demands that Ladybug and Cat Noir surrender their Miraculous, but Ladybug refuses, causing Cat Noir to fall in love with her. That evening, after school, it's raining outside; Adrien shares his umbrella with Marinette, who falls in love with him.
This episode is the second and final part of "The Origins Story" prequel special.
This episode was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 2 March 2016.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on 7 April 2016. [97]
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, The events of the second part of this episode, as a prequel, take place before Stormy Weather, in the chronological order.
Season 2 (2016–18)
Thomas Astruc
Story by : Jeremy ZagTeleplay by : Thomas Astruc, Fred Lenoir & Sébastien Thibaudeau
11 December 2016 (2016-12-11) [99]
20 December 2016 [5]
226
It is Adrien's first Christmas without his mother. With his father seemingly unwilling to celebrate, Adrien runs away. Hearing the news, Marinette transforms into Ladybug and finds Adrien in the company of a Santa. Thinking he is akumatized, she pushes him away. Scorned, the Santa actually becomes a villain named "Santa Claws", [a] who wishes to ruin the holidays.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this specials, between episode 23 and 24 in the first season, in the chronological order.
28
2
Thomas AstrucMatthieu ChoquetFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau [7]
26 October 2017 (2017-10-26) [100]
30 March 2018
201
Marinette discovers Master Fu is Tikki's healer and the last Guardian of the Miraculouses. Fu confirms the grimoire's nature and suspects its owner could be Hawk Moth; Marinette first believes it is Adrien, but her suspicions fall on Gabriel. Noticing the book's loss, Hawk Moth - who is in fact Gabriel - akumatizes himself into "The Collector", who can trap anything in his sketchbook, to cover his tracks. Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat him, concluding he cannot be Hawk Moth. Fu creates a copy of the book and Marinette returns it to Gabriel, who reveals he got it in Tibet from his wife. Nathalie is also revealed to be Hawk Moth's willing accomplice.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 21 October 2017, with an English version made available on secondary audio .
29
3
27 October 2017 (2017-10-27) [101]
30 March 2018
204
Chloé sets off a false fire alarm at school, leading to every student but herself being punished. Adrien scolds her and tells her to be nice to others. Her butler, Jean, has her host a party; during the celebration, he encourages her with her old teddy bear, Mr. Cuddly. When the toy is accidentally revealed, Chloé fires Jean. Feeling vengeful, Jean becomes "Despair Bear", who controls Mr. Cuddly from the inside and can mind-control anyone he touches.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 21 October 2017, with an English version made available on secondary audio .
30
4
Thomas AstrucMatthieu ChoquetFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau [102]
29 October 2017 (2017-10-29) [103]
30 March 2018
202
Nadja Chamack hosts a new talk show, with Ladybug and Cat Noir as her first guests. To boost her ratings, she talks about the heroes' relationship, which drives them to leave. With her show now cancelled, Nadja becomes "Prime Queen", who can teleport between digital screens.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Portugal on Disney Channel on 25 October 2017, with an English version made available on secondary audio .
31
5
30 March 2018
208
It is Marinette's birthday and Tikki gives her a necklace called a " kwagatama " as a gift. Her paternal grandmother Gina Dupain also visits, but Marinette leaves her to join a surprise party. Unable to understand why, Gina feels rejected. She is akumatized into " Befana ", a villain with a flying motorcycle and the ability to turn people into coal statues or fairy servants.
The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 25 November 2017. [104] [105]
32
6
"Riposte"
30 March 2018
207
A new student, Kagami Tsurugi, attempts to join Collège François Dupont's fencing team and has a duel with Adrien. An unsure Marinette is made the referee and declares Adrien the winner. Disappointed in her failure, Kagami is akumatized into "Riposte", who can slice anything with a saber attached to her arm. After Riposte's defeat, Kagami and Adrien agree to be friends.
The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 2 December 2017. [107]
33
7
"Robostus"
30 March 2018
211
A computer virus threatens the school's servers, but Markov, Max's pet robot who can feel real emotions, stops it. However, Principal Damocles believes he is only a toy, and confiscates him. Separated from his friend and creator, Markov is akumatized into "Robostus", who can bring technological devices to life. When he learns of the Miraculous' ability to grant wishes, he betrays Hawk Moth. After the battle, Master Fu explains the Ladybug and Cat Miraculouses together can grant a wish, but with an equal price in return.
The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel in the UK and Ireland on 9 December 2017. [109]
34
8
"Gigantitan"
30 March 2018
206
Marinette and her friends come up with a convoluted plan to propose to Adrien. However, it goes awry, and Adrien's bodyguard, the "Gorilla", almost becomes akumatized. He manages to calm down, but the akuma instead transforms a tantrum-throwing baby, August, into "Gigantitan", a giant baby who desperately wants a lollipop.
35
9
Thomas AstrucJun Violet
30 March 2018
213
Mr. Damocles starts roleplaying as a vigilante hero named "The Owl". However, his heroic efforts continuously fail, and soon his secret identity is exposed. Humiliated by the public, Mr. Damocles is akumatized into the "Dark Owl", who has real superhero gadgets. He manages to trap Ladybug and Cat Noir in a container where they will drown unless they surrender their Miraculouses. They manage to trick him, and in the process Tikki and Plagg learn their secret identities. After Dark Owl's defeat, Ladybug and Cat Noir help Mr. Damocles be a superhero on a smaller scale by doing good deeds.
Cameo: Jun Violet as face of akumatized version of Mr. Damocles' computer named Albert. [113]
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on 5 December 2017. [114]
36
10
"Glaciator"
30 March 2018
203
Marinette and her friends visit André, an ice cream maker whose ice cream is said to make people fall in love. Marinette hopes Adrien will be there, but instead he prepares a candlelight dinner for Ladybug as Cat Noir. Marinette refuses to eat her ice cream, making André depressed. He is akumatized into "Glaciator", who can turn people into ice cream statues that can melt. After the battle, Cat Noir confesses his love for Ladybug, who turns him down.
This episode was scheduled to premiere on TFOU on 17 December 2017, but it did not air due to production issues. [116] [117]
37
11
"Sapotis"
30 March 2018
212
Marinette helps Alya babysit the latter's twin sisters, Ella and Etta. When they keep causing mischief, Alya threatens to cancel their amusement park trip. The angered twins are transformed into the "Sapotis", gremlins that multiply when they eat. Overwhelmed by the creatures, Ladybug visits Master Fu, who loans her the Fox Miraculous. She gives it to Alya, who, with the command of Trixx the kwami, transforms into "Rena Rouge". After the Sapotis are defeated, Alya reluctantly returns the Miraculous. The new superhero makes Hawk Moth realize that the Guardian and his Miraculouses are in Paris.
Cameo: Wilfried "Winny" Pain as voice of some Sapotis. [119]
38
12
"Gorizilla"
30 March 2018
210
Adrien sneaks out to watch a movie his mother starred in, but gets mobbed by a group of fans. Gabriel suspects his son may be Cat Noir, and sends Adrien's bodyguard to find him. When he fails, Gabriel akumatizes the bodyguard into "Gorizilla", a giant gorilla with a keen sense of smell. Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat him, and Cat Noir throws Gabriel's suspicions off with the help of a fan named Wayhem.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 14 March 2018. [121]
39
13
30 March 2018
216
It is Paris' music festival and Marinette and her friends help set up the Couffaines' houseboat for a concert. Marinette meets Luka, Juleka's brother, and feels attracted to him. The police find the houseboat's setup too loud, so they disqualify Juleka's mother, Anarka. Angered, she is akumatized into "Captain Hardrock", a pirate who wants to ruin all the concerts.
40
14
"Zombizou"
14 December 2018 [126]
215
Marinette's teacher, Ms. Caline Bustier, is having her birthday, and all her students have gifts for her, except for Chloé. After being called out for it, Chloé messes up Marinette's gift. Marinette almost becomes a target for Hawk Moth, but Ms. Bustier intercepts the akuma and becomes "Zombizou", whose kiss turns anyone into kissing zombies.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 13 April 2018. [124]
41
15
"Syren"
14 December 2018 [126]
214
Ondine, a talented swimmer, tries to propose to Kim, but he leaves to see a movie with his other friends. Brokenhearted, Ondine is akumatized into " Syren ", a mermaid who floods the city. Meanwhile, Adrien doubts being a superhero, but he and Master Fu meet, changing his mind. Master Fu creates an "aqua" potion that allows Ladybug and Cat Noir to defeat Syren.
This episode was originally supposed to air on 21 April 2018 in the UK, [127] but was rescheduled to 12 May 2018. [128]
This episode premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 5 May 2018, with an English version made available on secondary audio . [129]
42
16
27 September 2018 (KidsClick)14 December 2018 (Netflix) [126]
209
Clara Nightingale , a famous singer, is in France to film a music video about Ladybug and Cat Noir. She casts Marinette and Adrien as their superhero personas, but Marinette rejects the offer to protect her secret identity. However, she auditions again when Chloé wishes to be cast. Chloé ends up being excluded, so she has her father ban Clara. Saddened, she is akumatized into "Frightningale", who can turn people into statues if they do not sing, dance, or speak in rhymes.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 12 May 2018 with an English version made available on secondary audio .
43
17
"Troublemaker""L'insaisissable"
17 June 2018 (2018-06-17) [135]
13 September 2018 (KidsClick)14 December 2018 (Netflix) [126]
205
Jagged Stone guest stars on a television show where a contestant does another person's job. Wanting to impress him, his agent Penny Rolling overexerts herself and has a nervous breakdown. Pressured, Penny becomes "Troublemaker", who can switch between being tangible and intangible.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 16 June 2018, with an English version made available on secondary audio . [133] It also premiered in Portugal on Disney Channel . [134]
44
18
"Anansi"
14 December 2018 [126]
221
Alya wants to see a fireworks show, but her older sister, Nora, insists it is dangerous due to the akumas. Nora offers to let her go if Nino can defeat her in arm-wrestling, and Marinette cheats to secure a victory. Underappreciated, Nora becomes " Anansi ", a spider-themed villain, and traps Alya and Cat Noir at the Arc de Triomphe . Ladybug goes to Master Fu and gets the Turtle Miraculous for Nino, turning him into "Carapace", with the power to create protective "Shell-ters".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 10 September 2018. [136]
45
19
14 December 2018 [126]
223
It's Nooroo's cycle, or birthday, and Tikki and Plagg join all the other kwamis to try and contact him. While they are gone, the heroes are attacked by " Sandboy ", who can bring nightmares to life. The kwamis end up calling Hawk Moth, so Tikki and Plagg return to their holders. They defeat Sandboy, who happens to be a boy (never named) who had a nightmare.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 24 September 2018. [136]
46
20
14 December 2018 [126]
220
Marc Anciel, a shy writer, drops a fictional journal of Ladybug. It inspires Nathaniel, so Marinette sets up a meeting with him and Marc. However Nathaniel mistakes it for a prank, and leaves. Marc is akumatized into "Reverser", who can reverse any personality trait of his choice. After his defeat, Marc and Nathaniel make amends and work on a comic together.
This episode was first broadcast in Canada on Family Channel on 23 July 2018. [139]
47
21
14 December 2018 [126]
217
Marinette, Luka, Adrien, and Kagami go on an ice-skating double date. However, Mayor Bourgeois wants to close the ice rink, as the skating coach, Philippe, has not had a student for a year. When he is unable to convince the four to sign up for lessons, he is akumatized into "Frozer", who turns Paris into ice. Using a new potion from Master Fu, Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat Frozer.
Guest star: Philippe Candeloro as Philippe / Frozer in the French version. [142]
This episode first premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 12 October 2018.
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 13 October 2018. [143]
48
22
"Style Queen (Queen's battle - Part 1)""Style Queen (Le combat des Reines - Partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucJun Violet
14 December 2018 [126]
218
Audrey Bourgeois, Chloé's emotionally abusive mother, attends a fashion show at the Grand Palais . Gabriel, staying in his mansion's basement where Emilie's coffin is kept, deliberately enrages Audrey in order to akumatize her into "Style Queen", a being made of glitter that can turn anyone into a golden statue. She disables Adrien, so Ladybug grabs the Bee Miraculous with the power of Venom that paralyzes people, but it is lost in the battle. Chloé later finds the Miraculous and meets its kwami, Pollen.
This episode is the first part of the special trilogy named "Queen's battle".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 6 October 2018, [145] with an English version made available on secondary audio . It also premiered in Portugal on Disney Channel . [146]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 13 October 2018. [147]
49
23
"Queen Wasp (Queen's battle - Part 2)""Queen Wasp (Le combat des Reines - Partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried Pain
14 December 2018 [126]
219
Audrey offers to take Marinette to New York, making Chloé feel left out. She publicly uses the Bee Miraculous to transform into "Queen Bee", then engineers a situation to make her seem like a hero. After being scolded by Ladybug and Cat Noir, Chloé feels more unwanted. She is akumatized into "Queen Wasp", who controls a swarm of wasps that paralyze people, but Ladybug and Cat Noir convince her to give the Miraculous back. Marinette turns down Audrey's offer, and Audrey decides to stay in Paris.
This episode is the second part of the special trilogy named "Queen's battle".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 6 October 2018, [149] with an English version made available on secondary audio . It also premiered in Portugal on Disney Channel . [150]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 14 October 2018.
50
24
"Malediktator""Maledikteur"
14 December 2018 [126]
222
Chloé shows a documentary of Queen Bee to her class, but her class mocks her. Enraged, Chloé demands that her father punish the students, but he refuses. Chloé and Audrey threaten to move to New York. Unable to make his family happy, André is akumatized into "Malediktator", who can force people into obeying his every command. Ladybug tracks down Chloé, who admits she is having a crisis of self-esteem, and gives her back the Bee Miraculous. They defeat Malediktator, and Chloé decides not to leave after all.
This episode is the third and final part of the special trilogy named "Queen's battle".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 12 October 2018. [152]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 14 October 2018.
51
25
"Catalyst (Heroes' Day - Part 1)""Catalyste (Le jour des Héros - partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucJun VioletJeremy Paoletti
18 November 2018 (2018-11-18) [20]
14 December 2018 [126]
224
It is Heroes' Day, the anniversary of heroic activities. For a particularly insidious plan, Gabriel deliberately frustrates Lila, who is now a shut-in, in order to turn her back into Volpina. She creates an illusion of an akumatized Ladybug destroying Cat Noir in order to make the Parisians vulnerable. Gabriel then turns Nathalie into "Catalyst", who can boost powers. She upgrades Hawk Moth into "Scarlet Moth", who can create as many akumas as he wants. Overwhelmed by the reappearance of several previous villains, Ladybug and Cat Noir recruit Rena Rouge, Carapace, and Queen Bee, outing the former two to each other. The five heroes meet on a lookout to think of a strategy.
This episode is the first part of the "Heroes' Day" special.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 21 October 2018.
The English version was first shown in Portugal on Disney Channel on 16 November 2018.
52
26
"Mayura (Heroes' Day - Part 2)""Mayura (Le jour des Héros - partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucBenoît BoucherJun Violet
18 November 2018 (2018-11-18) [20]
14 December 2018 [126]
225
The superheroes battle the so-called "Scarlet Army", but the villains prove too overwhelming. Scarlet Moth manages to akumatize Rena Rouge, Carapace, and Queen Bee, into "Rena Rage", "Shell Shock" and "Queen Wasp". Ladybug and Cat Noir are forced to retreat. Later, they manage to remove Catalyst's gift and reverse all the akumatizations. With Hawk Moth cornered, Catalyst takes the Peacock Miraculous and becomes "Mayura". She "amokizes" Hawk Moth, using an "amok", an evil feather, to create a "sentimonster". Born of Hawk Moth's frustration, the monstrous moth allows Hawk Moth to escape. Later, Gabriel warns Nathalie that the Peacock Miraculous is damaged and she should not use it again.
Guest star: Philippe Candeloro as Philippe in French version.
This episode is the second and final part of the "Heroes' Day" special.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Deux on 3 November 2018. [154]
The English version was first shown in Portugal on Disney Channel on 16 November 2018.
Season 3 (2019)
1 August 2019
304
Master Fu falls ill and asks Marinette to deliver a prescription to the pharmacy and a love letter to his old love Marianne. Inspired, Marinette also writes a love letter to Adrien. However, she mixes up the letters, making Marianne believe Fu stopped caring for her. She is akumatized into "Backwarder", who can turn back her victims' personal timestreams. During the battle, Hawk Moth learns she knows the Guardian of the Miraculous. After her defeat, Fu and Marianne reunite, but cannot remain together until Hawk Moth is defeated.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 12 February 2019. [156]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 24 February 2019.
54
2
1 August 2019
306
After defeating Gigantitan again, Cat Noir nearly sees Ladybug detransform. To keep her identity secret, Marinette claims she is in love with Cat Noir, which her father, Tom, hears. The next day, Tom invites Cat Noir for lunch, but he turns Marinette down. Saddened over the rejection, Tom is akumatized into "Weredad", a werewolf-like bodyguard. After his defeat, Cat Noir reveals he thought Marinette was just a fan.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Kids on 30 December 2018. [157]
The English version was first shown in Canada on Family Channel on 6 February 2019. [156]
Notes: The events of this episode take place before Miraculous World: Shanghai – Legend of the Ladydragon in the chronological order.
55
3
"Chameleon""Caméléon"
1 August 2019
301
Lila returns to class and continues to charm and manipulate her classmates through lies. Marinette tries to expose her, but Lila threatens to ruin her life for her attempting. Marinette is almost akumatized, but Lila willingly takes the akuma and becomes "Chameleon", who can mimic anyone by kissing them. Ladybug defeats Chameleon and suggests a truce, but Lila feigns agreement, intending to get revenge on both Ladybug and Marinette.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 1 December 2018, [8] [9] with an English version made available on secondary audio . It also premiered in Portugal. [159]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Kids on 22 December 2018. [157]
Notes: The events of this episode take place after Miraculous World: Shanghai – Legend of the Ladydragon in the chronological order.
56
4
"Animaestro"
1 August 2019
302
At the premiere of an animated film about Ladybug and Cat Noir, Marinette attempts to give Adrien a macaron she made for him, but Kagami shows up. Marinette and Chloé (who also dislikes Kagami) work together to keep Kagami away from Adrien. When they fail, Chloé learns about Marinette's crush. Meanwhile, the film's director Thomas Astruc becomes despondent when no one appreciates his work as a director. He is akumatized into "Animaestro", who can transform into various 2D characters.
Guest star: Thomas Astruc as himself / Animaestro in the French version. [161]
This episode first premiered worldwide in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 12 March 2019. [162]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 24 March 2019. [163]
57
5
"Bakerix""Boulangerix"
1 August 2019
303
It is Tom's 40th birthday, and Marinette decides to convince her paternal grandfather Rolland to celebrate. However, she discovers he has an extreme disdain for anything he considers non-traditional , and once had a falling out with Tom. The encounter agitates Rolland enough for him to transform into "Bakerix", a bread-themed Gaul who can grow larger by drinking yeast. Once defeated, Rolland reconciles with his son, to everyone's delight.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 4 May 2019. [165]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 11 May 2019. [166]
58
6
"Silencer""Silence"
1 August 2019
307
Bob Roth hosts a fake music video contest for young artists. Luka, Juleka, Rose, and Ivan's band, Kitty Section, enter, but are plaigiarized by XY, Roth's son. Marinette and Luka confront Roth, but are dismissed. The unhappy Luka is akumatized into "Silencer", who can steal voices and imitate them with his hands. After his defeat, Roth unknowingly confesses to the scheme on live television, and gives Kitty Section a record deal to save his reputation. Luka then confesses his love for Marinette.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 7 April 2019. [168]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 13 May 2019. [169]
59
7
"Oblivio"
1 August 2019
310
Ladybug and Cat Noir wake up in an elevator, unable to remember anything. As their civilian forms, they quickly deduce they are superheroes that are deeply in love, their memories erased by the supervillain "Oblivio". They manage to defeat it, revealed to be Alya and Nino merged into one. Ladybug and Cat Noir kiss, then the former uses her Lucky Charm to activate her world-restoring Miraculous Ladybug ability, restoring their original memories but erasing those created when they fought Oblivio.
This episode first premiered worldwide in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 18 March 2019. [162]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 31 March 2019.
60
8
1 February 2020
317
Chloé picks on Aurore, now an actual weather girl, due to her low grades. She is transformed back into Stormy Weather, now able to control all forces of nature. She creates an enormous volcano to plunge the Earth into a perpetual winter and knock the planet off its orbit. Throughout the episode, everyone reminisces about their past up to this point.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 14 February 2019. [156]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 17 March 2019.
61
9
"Reflekdoll""Poupéflekta"
21 October 2019 (2019-10-21)
305
Luka convinces Juleka to be a model for Marinette's fashion blog. Alya invites Adrien to help out, so he can bond with Marinette. Juleka grows severely anxious, so Marinette takes her place. She and Adrien take off their Miraculouses for the photoshoot, leaving Juleka alone. She is turned back into Reflekta, and is given a sentimonster named "Reflekdoll ("Poupéflekta" in the French version), who can shoot lasers that turn people into Reflekta copies. Plagg and Tikki recover their Miraculouses and give them to each other's holders, turning Marinette into "Lady Noire" and Adrien into "Mister Bug". After returning their jewels, Marinette and Adrien let Juleka model as she originally wished.
This episode first premiered worldwide in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 3 September 2019. [173] It also premiered in Canada on Family Channel . [174]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 14 September 2019. [175]
62
10
"Oni-Chan"
21 October 2019 (2019-10-21)
308
Lila dupes Adrien into spending time with her. Jealous of the other girls in his life, Lila sends a picture of her kissing Adrien to all his classmates. When Kagami receives the picture, she flies into a jealous rage. She is akumatized into "Oni-Chan", an oni who curses Lila with a horn on her forehead that allows her to be constantly pursued. During the battle, Lila secretly helps Oni-Chan defeat the heroes, impressing Hawk Moth. After Oni-Chan's defeat, Adrien warns Lila not to hurt his loved ones. Later, Gabriel and Lila strike up an alliance.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 4 May 2019. [165]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 13 May 2019. [176]
63
11
"Miraculer""Miraculeur"
22 October 2019 (2019-10-22)
309
Hawk Moth plots to wither Chloé's trust in Ladybug. He has Mayura create a sentimonster, and Lila teaches Chloé a phony dance that she claims will make Ladybug summon her. When it fails, Chloé is attracted to an akuma, but she resists, and it instead goes to Sabrina, who becomes "Miraculer", able to steal the heroes' powers. Ladybug calls upon all her allies, including Chloé, to fight her. After the battle, Ladybug tells Chloé that she cannot be Queen Bee, since everyone, including Hawk Moth, knows her identity.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Spain on Disney Channel on 15 May 2019, [177] with an English version made available on secondary audio .
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 18 May 2019. [178]
64
12
Thomas AstrucJun Violet
23 October 2019 (2019-10-23)
321
Adrien has a wax statue of him made at the Musée Grévin , and Nino, Alya, Marinette, and Manon accompany him. At the museum, Alya and Nino leave Marinette and Adrien alone to try and hook them up. Manon, left alone, is akumatized back into the Puppeteer, this time able to bring wax statues of previous villains to life, regaining all their powers. After the Puppeteer's defeat, Marinette learns that Adrien likes another girl.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 13 July 2019. [179]
65
13
"Desperada"
24 October 2019 (2019-10-24)
311
Jagged Stone approaches the Couffaine residence, looking for a guitarist to replace Vivica, the one he fired. Suddenly, Vivica attacks, transformed into " Desperada ", whose instrument-themed weapons can turn anyone into stickers. Ladybug gives the Snake Miraculouses and its kwami Sass to Adrien, who, in a bid to woo Ladybug directly, uses it to transform into "Aspik". However, despite the retries provided by his "Second Chance" power, he fails to defeat Desperada. Ladybug instead gives the Snake Miraculous to Luka, who transforms into "Viperion" and successfully defeats the villain.
In this episode, a character appears based on a real person named Vivica, who won a contest at the Miraculous panel at L.A. Comic Con 2016. [180] She was supposed to be a veterinarian, but it was changed. [181]
This episode first premiered worldwide in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 5 September 2019. [182]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 5 October 2019. [183]
66
14
"Startrain"
25 October 2019 (2019-10-25)
313
Marinette's class has a field trip to London, so Master Fu gives her the Horse Miraculous, whose Voyage ability can be used to teleport, in case she needs to return to Paris. They take a Startrain driven by Claudie, Max's mother who has taken an exam to be an astronaut. A rogue akuma accidentally gets on board, and infects Claudie when she grows anxious over whether she passed. She becomes "Startrain", who controls the now space-faring train. Ladybug gives Max the Horse Miraculous; with its kwami, Kaalki, he turns into "Pegasus". With his aid, the heroes teleport back to Earth and defeat Startrain.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 16 September 2019. [174]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 12 October 2019. [184]
67
15
27 October 2019 (2019-10-27)
314
Science teacher Ms. Mendeleiev nearly catches Tikki and Plagg. She attempts to prove their existence on a TV show, but is dismissed by their "experts". She is akumatized into " Kwamibuster ", with a vacuum that can capture kwamis. Both heroes lose their kwamis, so Marinette has Mullo of the Mouse Miraculous transform her into "Multimouse", with the power of Multitude that splits herself into tiny clones. Some of her clones "unify" with other kwamis, allowing them to use other powers. Ladybug and Cat Noir make sure they don't discover each other's identities, then defeat Kwamibuster.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 12 October 2019. [185]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 12 October 2019. [186]
68
16
"Feast""Festin"
315
Alya uncovers the existence of an Order of Guardians, noticing a symbol - the same one on the Miracle Box - on several exhibits at the Louvre. Master Fu notices one of them is a sentimonster he created in his youth, whose desire for the Miraculouses destroyed the Order, with the Butterfly and Peacock Miraculouses lost in the chaos. Mayura brings the monster to life in order for it to be akumatized into "Feast", giving it the ability to track down the Miraculouses. During the battle, Hawk Moth and Mayura learn who the Guardian is, so Fu decides to train Marinette as his successor.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 17 September 2019. [174]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 19 October 2019.
69
17
29 October 2019 (2019-10-29)
318
Marinette and Kagami participate in a friend-making game to find a hidden celebrity - this year, Adrien. Marinette, originally opposed to the pairing, discovers Kagami is actually lonely and wants to make a friend. Her mother, Tomoe, displeased that Kagami took part in the game without her permission, is akumatized into "Ikari Gozen", a centaur with a bokken . Kagami receives the Dragon Miraculous, giving her the ability to transform into wind, water, or lightning, and meets its kwami, Longg. She transforms into "Ryuko" and helps the heroes defeat Ikari Gozen, but she inadvertently reveals her identity to Hawk Moth. Later, Marinette and Kagami become friends.
This episode was exclusively previewed on 19 July 2019 at SDCC 2019. [187]
The official TV premiere of this episode was in Canada on Family Channel on 18 September 2019. [174]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 26 October 2019. [188]
70
18
"Timetagger"
30 October 2019 (2019-10-30)
319
After defeating Mr. Pigeon for the 24th time, Ladybug and Cat Noir are attacked by "Timetagger", a creation of the future Hawk Moth (who isn't Gabriel) able to send people through time, who has come from the future to seize their Miraculouses before they become adults. The two are forced to retreat into the Louvre, where they meet Alix, whose watch has delivered a message asking them to destroy a certain statue. Inside is "Bunnyx", a future version of Alix who wields the Rabbit Miraculous. With help from her and their future selves, the heroes defeat Timetagger, who happens to be a future version of Chris, Nino's brother.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 18 May 2019. [178]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 25 May 2019. [189]
71
19
31 October 2019 (2019-10-31)
320
Nino, Kim, Ivan, and Max throw a secret party for Adrien, which every boy in Paris plus Marinette in disguise attends. When Wayhem is unable to get in, he becomes despondent and is akumatized into "Party Crasher", who can predict his foes' movements and capture them in his disco balls. He captures Ladybug, forcing Master Fu to recruit Carapace, Viperion, and Pegasus, but they are caught as well. Desperate, Fu gives the Monkey Miraculous and its kwami Xuppu to Kim, turning him into "King Monkey". With his "Uproar" ability, he disrupts Party Crasher's powers, freeing the heroes and allowing them to defeat him.
Cameo: Thomas Astruc as himself.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 6 July 2019. [190]
72
20
3 November 2019 (2019-11-03)
316
Max wants to find someone to test a tournament game he created, but everyone, including Marinette, is busy. Depressed, he is akumatized into "Gamer 2.0", who forces Ladybug and Cat Noir into a real-life version of his game, with past akumatized victims as the playable characters.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Kids on 15 June 2019. [191]
The English version was first shown in Australia on ABC Me on 11 July 2019. [192]
73
21
1 February 2020
322
Encouraged by her friends, Marinette leaves a signed gift for Adrien. However, she transforms into Ladybug to do it, so when Adrien sees her leaving, he deduces her identity. Suddenly, Bunnyx brings her to the future, where Paris has been destroyed by an evil version of Cat Noir called "Cat Blanc". From her time portal, the Burrow, Bunnyx observes Marinette and Adrien start a relationship but Gabriel manipulates them to break up so he can akumatize Marinette, only for Cat Noir to transform to protect her. Witnessing this, Hawk Moth reveals his plan to revive his wife, breaking Cat Noir down in order for him to be akumatized with the power of ultimate destruction. The present Ladybug de-akumatizes Cat Blanc, and prevents the temporal catastrophe, wiping Cat Blanc from existence.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 9 November 2019.
The English version was first shown in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 12 November 2019. [193]
74
22
"Félix"
17 November 2019 (2019-11-17)
323
On the first anniversary of Emilie's disappearance, all of Adrien's friends send him video messages wishing him well. Adrien's aunt, Amelie Graham de Vanily, and his cousin, Félix Fathom, visit from London. Amelie demands that Gabriel return his and Emilie's wedding rings, which are family heirlooms, but he refuses. Angry at the Agrestes for not attending his father's funeral, Félix disguises himself as Adrien and spitefully replies to the messages. His hostility shocks Alya, Juleka, and Rose, who transform back into Lady Wifi, Reflekta, and Princess Fragrance, forming the "Punishers Trio". During the fight, Félix offers to help Hawk Moth if he gives him the rings. Afterwards, Félix apologizes to Adrien, then secretly steals Gabriel's ring, which he returns to his mother.
This episode first premiered worldwide in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 13 November 2019. [193]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 16 November 2019. [195]
75
23
"Ladybug"
24 November 2019 (2019-11-24)
324
Lila frames Marinette for several crimes to turn her friends against her. Mr. Damocles falls for it and expels Marinette. Hawk Moth turns Nathalie back into Catalyst so he can become Scarlet Moth and re-akumatize everybody. However, Catalyst becomes sick, which cancels the procedure. Gabriel forbids Nathalie from using the Peacock Miraculous to protect her health. However, she goes behind his back and forges a sentimonster in Ladybug's image. Ladybug and Cat Noir redeem the false Ladybug and almost unmask Mayura, but she escapes. Later, Marinette is allowed to go back to school, while Gabriel rewards Lila with being a model.
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 10 September 2019. [174]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 16 November 2019. [195]
76
24
1 December 2019 (2019-12-01)
312
Marinette babysits Chris while Nino and Alya see a movie. When Chris finds a chest containing gifts for Adrien, Marinette claims she's one of Santa's helpers and that the gifts are Christmas gifts. Suddenly wanting Christmas to come early, Chris becomes "Christmaster", who controls an army of toys that seek Santa Claus.
Guest star: Philippe Candeloro as Philippe in the French version. [196]
This episode first premiered worldwide in Canada on Family Channel on 8 February 2019. [156]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 10 March 2019.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of the specials take place between episode 8 and 9 in the third season, in the chronological order.
77
25
"Heart Hunter (The Battle of the Miraculous – Part 1)""Mangeamour (La Bataille des Miraculous – Partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainNicolas Hess
8 December 2019 (2019-12-08)
325
Marinette, Adrien, and Kagami leave the Bourgeois couple's twentieth anniversary, which their parents all brought them to, in order to have fun by themselves. Marinette leaves Adrien and Kagami alone together, seeing how happy they are. The Bourgeoises, having gotten into an argument, are fused into "Heart Hunter", a two-faced floating head that consumes love. Ladybug decides to recruit Ryuko, but Hawk Moth follows her to Master Fu, allowing him to claim the Miracle Box, which contains all the Miraculouses. Chloé, feeling snubbed, is influenced by Hawk Moth into turning against Ladybug, giving her the Bee Miraculous and de-akumatizing her parents. She is then turned into "Miracle Queen". When Marinette discovers Master Fu's absence, she has a breakdown in Luka's arms.
This episode is the first part of the special named "The Battle of the Miraculous".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Ukraine on PLUSPLUS on 13 October 2019. [198]
The English version was first shown in the UK and Ireland on Disney Channel on 23 November 2019. [199]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 23 November 2019.
78
26
"Miracle Queen (The Battle of the Miraculous – Part 2)""Miracle Queen (La Bataille des Miraculous – Partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun Violet
8 December 2019 (2019-12-08)
326
Miracle Queen sends out a swarm of bees whose stings brainwash their victims. She summons all the temporary Miraculous holders, revealing their identities. Ladybug uses the Dragon Miraculous to unify into "Dragon Bug", and recovers the Snake Miraculous for Cat Noir to unify into "Snake Noir". Together, they battle their brainwashed allies and defeat Miracle Queen. Master Fu, as a turtle hero named "Jade Turtle" and being at Hawk Moth and Mayura's mercy, sacrifices his memories, formally transferring the title of Guardian of the Miraculous to Ladybug, who recovers the Miracle Box. Chloé is expelled from the superhero team, and she refuses to forgive Ladybug. In the aftermath, Fu reunites with Marianne, and the two leave Paris. Marinette and Adrien start dating Luka and Kagami respectively, while Nathalie recovers Fu's tablet, which contains the decrypted spellbook.
This episode is the second and final part of the special named "The Battle of the Miraculous".
This episode first premiered worldwide in Ukraine on PLUSPLUS on 15 October 2019. [200]
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 23 November 2019. [201]
The French version was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 23 November 2019.
Notes: The events of this episode take place before Miraculous World: New York – Heroes United.
Season 4 (2021–22)
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
11 April 2021 (2021-04-11)
21 June 2021 [17]
Gabriel unifies the repaired Peacock Miraculous with his Butterfly Miraculous to become "Shadow Moth". Meanwhile, Marinette's relationship with Luka fractures when she is forced to ditch several of their dates to protect Paris as Ladybug. When Marinette is unable to tell him the truth behind her disappearances, he is akumatized into "Truth", who, with his sentimonster, "Light Eye", can force people to tell the truth. He finds out Jagged Stone is his and Juleka's father, but not Marinette's secret. After his defeat, Marinette decides to break up with Luka.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 3 April 2021. [203]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Portugal on Disney Channel on 15 May 2021.
Notes: The events of this episode take place after Miraculous World: New York – Heroes United, while this episode occurs conjointly with "Lies", featuring scenes from Marinette's point of view.
80
2
"Lies""Mensonge"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
18 April 2021 (2021-04-18)
22 June 2021 [17]
Adrien's relationship with Kagami fractures when he is forced to ditch several of their dates to protect Paris as Cat Noir. Having caught him lying to cover up his disappearances, Kagami becomes heartbroken and breaks up with Adrien, being akumatized into "Lies", who can paralyze anyone who has ever lied.
Notes: This episode occurs conjointly with "Truth", featuring scenes from the latter from Adrien's point of view.
Guest star: Josiane Balasko as herself in the French version.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 10 April 2021. [205]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Spain on Vodafone TV on 19 May 2021. [206]
81
3
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
25 April 2021 (2021-04-25)
23 June 2021 [17]
Worried about Marinette constantly keeping secrets, Alya, Juleka, Rose, Alix, and Mylène come to her house to talk. They almost discover the Miracle Box, forcing Marinette to lash out at them to make them leave. Devastated, Marinette's friends are akumatized back into Lady Wifi, Reflekta, Princess Fragrance, Timebreaker, and Horrificator as the "Gang of Secrets". Ladybug successfully helps Alya de-akumatize herself then recruits her as Rena Rouge to help defeat the others. After the victory, Marinette tells Alya she's Ladybug.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 17 April 2021. [208]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Spain on Vodafone TV on 19 May 2021. [206]
82
4
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
23 May 2021 (2021-05-23) [210]
24 June 2021 [17]
Now aware of Marinette's secret, Alya helps her with Ladybug's duties. Later, Marinette brings Kagami to the shooting of a commercial with Adrien, in an attempt to console her. They accidentally crash it, making Mr. Ramier, who provided pigeons for special effects, turn into Mr. Pigeon for the 72nd time, with the power to turn people into pigeons. With Adrien transformed into a bird, Ladybug enlists the help of Plagg and Rena Rouge to defeat Mr. Pigeon. After his defeat, Ladybug gives Mr. Ramier a "Magical Charm" to protect him from future akumatizations.
83
5
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
30 May 2021 (2021-05-30)
25 June 2021 [17]
After meeting with Master Fu, Marinette is confronted by Su-Han, a "Celestial Guardian" of the Miraculouses who does not believe she can be a Guardian or protect Paris. When Cat Noir refuses to relinquish his Miraculous on Su-Han's orders, the heroes attack Su-Han and retrieve the Miracle Box back from him. Su-Han steals Master Fu's cane in order to pursue the heroes, and the confrontation agitates Fu enough to become "Furious Fu", who can bring Chinese characters to life. Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat Furious Fu, impressing Su-Han enough for him to allow Marinette to continue being Ladybug.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 23 March 2021. [15]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 29 May 2021.[ citation needed ]
84
6
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
6 June 2021 (2021-06-06)
26 June 2021 [17]
Chloé's half-sister, Zoé Lee, comes to Paris from New York to visit her family. She quickly makes friends with Marinette, but forgoes her usual kind nature to fit in with her mean-spirited family. Disappointed that she cannot show her true self, she is akumatized into "Sole Crusher", who can grow bigger by stepping on people, who are absorbed into her shoes. After her defeat, Zoé chooses to be herself.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 25 May 2021. [213]
85
7
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
13 June 2021 (2021-06-13)
3 July 2021 [216]
Marinette's class films a superhero movie, with Zoé in the leading role. Chloé, jealous of her half-sister's casting, forces herself into Zoé's role, demanding numerous rewrites to make the film her personal fantasy. When the class refuses to comply, she is akumatized into "Queen Banana", with a car and a gorilla sentimonster named "Banana Boom-Boom", all of which can turn people into bananas. To help defeat her, Ladybug gives Zoé the Bee Miraculous, turning her into "Vesperia". After Queen Banana's defeat, Shadow Moth tries to akumatize Chloé again, but the Magical Charm counteracts the akuma.
Guest star: Thomas Astruc as himself in the French version.
This episode premiered worldwide in Germany on Disney Channel on 28 May 2021. [215]
The English version of this episode was first aired in Spain on Disney Channel on 30 May 2021.[ citation needed ]
86
8
"Guiltrip""Culpabysse"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
20 June 2021 (2021-06-20)
10 July 2021 [216]
Rose disappears in the middle of class, making a disheartened Juleka reveal she is suffering from a secret chronic illness . When Rose returns, everyone gives her special treatment, despite wanting to be treated normally. Feeling guilty, Juleka is turned back into Reflekta, with a sentimonster, "Guiltrip", who can force people to wallow in guilt and become copies of Reflekta. To defeat her, Ladybug gives Rose the Pig Miraculous, transforming her into "Pigella", whose Gift can show a target their heart's greatest desire.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 4 May 2021. [218]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 5 June 2021. [219]
87
9
"Crocoduel"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
29 August 2021 (2021-08-29) [223]
30 October 2021 [224]
Marinette continues to ignore Luka after their breakup, prompting their friends to bring them together at his and Juleka's birthday party. There, Luka and Juleka become targets for an akuma, until their friends comfort them. A visiting Jagged Stone gets into an argument with Anarka, making the akuma transform them back into Guitar Villain and Captain Hardrock as "Crocoduel". They continue their fight in the sky; to defeat them, Ladybug recruits Juleka with the Tiger Miraculous, transforming her into "Purple Tigress", whose power is a powerful " Clout ". Once the villains are defeated, Marinette and Luka reconcile as friends.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 3 August 2021. [221]
The English version of this episode was first shown on Disney Channel Southeast Asia on 17 September 2021. [222]
88
10
"Optigami"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
5 September 2021 (2021-09-05) [228]
17 July 2021 [216]
To lure out the temporary Miraculous holders, Gabriel invites them to a staged award ceremony, where he turns Audrey back into Style Queen and has her eliminate most of them. Marinette and Adrien end up stuck in an elevator, unable to transform. The former calls Kaalki to bring Alya to Marinette's house, where she transforms into Rena Rouge. She brings the Turtle Miraculous to Nino (who has secretly been replaced by a sentimonster copy) and the Bee Miraculous to Marinette, who turns into "Ladybee". With help from Rena Rouge and the sentimonster Carapace, she defeats Style Queen. Realizing the deception, Ladybug has Cat Noir expose " Optigami ", the sentimonster which Gabriel and Nathalie used to spy on the heroes. Later, Marinette permanently entrusts Alya with the Fox Miraculous.
This episode premiered worldwide in Germany on Disney Channel on 30 May 2021. [226] [227]
Notes: Chronologically, The events of this episode take place after Mega Leech.
89
11
"Sentibubbler""Sentibulleur"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
12 September 2021 (2021-09-12) [231]
24 July 2021 [216]
Marinette has a nightmare where Shadow Moth claims the Miracle Box through Alya. To prevent this, she tells Alya how dangerous it is to have one's secret identity known. During the talk, Shadow Moth captures Alya's loved ones using "Sentibubbler", a sentimonster copy of the Bubbler. He demands that Alya betray Ladybug and give him the Fox Miraculous, or the hostages will be sent to space. Instead, Alya secretly transforms into Rena Rouge and uses several illusions to fool him, also allowing Marinette to use the Horse Miraculous to become "Pegabug". She briefly takes control of Sentibubbler and frees his prisoners, before he is dispelled. Shadow Moth now believes that Rena Rouge will never be active again, reassuring Marinette that the nightmare will never happen.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 6 July 2021. [230]
90
12
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
19 September 2021 (2021-09-19)
31 July 2021 [216]
Alya becomes a hidden protector hero named "Rena Furtive" whose existence she, under orders from Ladybug, cannot disclose to anyone, even Nino. This, along with a series of coincidences, makes him believe Alya is leaving him for Cat Noir. His suspicions are seemingly confirmed when he records Alya and Cat Noir together. He tells this to Adrien, revealing his and Alya's secret identities in the process. He becomes emotional and turns into "Rocketear", who can throw exploding tears from his eyes. With help from Rena Furtive, Ladybug reveals the truth - Alya was actually making sure Cat Noir isn't in love with her. Nino rejects his akumatization, and later, Alya tells him about being Rena Furtive.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 13 July 2021. [233]
The French version of this episode was first shown in the United States on Disney+ on 15 September 2021. [234]
91
13
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
26 September 2021 (2021-09-26)
14 August 2021 [237]
Mayor Bourgeois unveils a project that claims to improve air quality but will actually cut down multiple trees . Led by Mylène and Ivan , the Parisians protest against this. Humiliated, the Mayor is akumatized back into Malediktator, and his sentimonster "Mega Leech" splits him into thousands of tiny clones that enter people's brains and control them. To defeat them all, Ladybug recruits Vesperia, Carapace, Ryuko, and Pegasus, and gives Mylène the Mouse Miraculous, transforming her into "Polymouse". At the end, Gabriel seems to mysteriously controlling Adrien into obeying him by twisting Emilie's ring.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 20 July 2021. [236]
The French version of this episode was first shown in the United States on Disney+ on 15 September 2021. [234]
92
14
"Wishmaker""Exauceur"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
3 October 2021 (2021-10-03)
7 August 2021 [237]
Marinette and Adrien visit a career expo, unsure of what they'll do in the future. While hosting a show mocking people's careers, Alec Cataldi realizes he has wasted his life and dreams. He is akumatized into "Wishmaker", who turns people into living versions of their childhood dreams. Ladybug recruits Viperion for the battle, where Ladybug and Cat Noir's identities are exposed. Viperion erases these moments and keeps the knowledge of the identities to himself. Later, Alec becomes more expressive, dressing in drag and now inspiring others.
The French version of this episode was first shown in the United States on Disney+ on 15 September 2021. [234]
93
15
"Hack-San"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
10 October 2021 (2021-10-10)
13 November 2021 [242]
Marinette and her parents leave for London to visit her aunt Shu Yin. To ensure Paris is protected, she gives Alya her Miraculous. Shadow Moth creates a sentimonster, " Hack-San ", to give Markov a computer virus and allowing him to be re-akumatized into Robostus, now with the ability to brainwash people into giving up their most prized possession. Alya transforms into "Scarabella" and defeats Robostus with the help of Cat Noir and Marinette. Later, Ladybug returns; Cat Noir confesses that he feared he will never see Ladybug again, but she assures him otherwise.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 14 September 2021. [240]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 9 October 2021. [241]
94
16
"Simpleman""Simplificator"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
17 October 2021 (2021-10-17)
16 October 2021 [224]
Marinette has to babysit Manon, Ella, Etta, and Chris, but they keep causing mischief. Adrien asks her for help with a photoshoot, so she brings the kids to Rolland's house. However, he is overwhelmed by the kids' modern ways, causing him to be akumatized into "Simpleman", who can make people think and act like children. The kids, unaffected by his power, help the heroes defeat him.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 28 September 2021. [244]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 16 October 2021. [245]
Notes: The events of this episode, as a prequel, take place before "Qilin", "Gabriel Agreste" and "Dearest Family" in the fifth season, in the chronological order.
95
17
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
24 October 2021 (2021-10-24)
6 November 2021 [242]
Ladybug and Cat Noir fight Glaciator, learning they have been voted "Couple of the Year". This bothers Ladybug, so Cat Noir tones down his usual flirtiness, but quickly becomes depressed. Marinette decides to practice confessing to Cat Noir, and the two bond over their inability to be straightforward. Believing that Cat Noir is meant to be with Ladybug, André is turned back into Glaciator. Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat him together, and after that, Marinette confesses her true thoughts.
96
18
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
31 October 2021 (2021-10-31)
23 October 2021 [224]
It is Three Kings Day and Tikki finds herself addicted to the galettes des rois Tom, Rolland, and Marinette's mother, Sabine, bake. Gina visits, and the family quickly falls into an argument. Shadow Moth creates a "megakuma" that breaks through Magical Charms and uses it to turn Tom, Gina, and Rolland into Weredad, Befana, and Bakerix, with Sabine becoming " Qilin ", joining forces as "Dearest Family". Ladybug tries to fight them, but Tikki's hunger forces her to detransform. Tikki eats every galette she sees, then creates a giant floating one, which Cat Noir destroys. Marinette helps Tikki control herself, then defeats Dearest Family with Cat Noir's help. Later, Gabriel reveals he will use the Miraculouses to create a world where he and Emilie are together.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 19 October 2021. [248]
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode take place after Simpleman, Qilin and Gabriel Agreste, in the fourth season, in the chronological order.
97
19
"Ephemeral""Éphémère"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
7 November 2021 (2021-11-07) [250]
27 November 2021 [242]
Due to Cat Noir missing, Ladybug calls upon multiple allies to defeat a villain. Noticing this, Su-Han asks her to find out his identity. Ladybug has Cat Noir reveal himself, then plans to have Viperion erase that moment. However, Ladybug falters when Cat Noir reveals himself as Adrien, causing them to run out of time. The two enter a relationship and soon Marinette reveals herself as well. Gabriel deduces Adrien's identity, revealing himself and taking his Miraculous before turning his son into "Ephemeral", with the power to speed up time. Shadow Moth, as "Shadow Noir", soon claims the Ladybug Miraculous, but Luka has Sass revert time, preventing everything that happened after the identity reveal. However, it also creates several temporal anomalies, which Ladybug and Cat Noir fix by using their space powerups to recalibrate a timing satellite . Later, Ladybug makes peace with Su-Han.
Notes: This episode is the 100th episode of the series in the chronological order.
98
20
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
14 November 2021 (2021-11-14) [252]
20 November 2021 [242]
To help Marinette get into a party hosted by Gabriel, her friends have her enter in disguise. Amelie and Félix arrive, and both Félix and Gabriel plot to steal back the other party's ring. Félix gives Gabriel a fake ring, keeping the real one, and learns Shadow Moth's identity. Angered, he creates a sentimonster copy of Gabriel in order to akumatize Félix, but soon akumatizes his sentimonster into a copy of the Collector upon Félix's rejection of the akuma. After destroying the sentimonster, receiving a Magic Charm, Gabriel plants fake Miraculouses should Félix make a return visit.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode, as a prequel, take place before Dearest Family, in the fourth season, in the chronological order.
99
21
"Psycomedian""Psycomédien"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
13 February 2022 (2022-02-13) [255]
5 February 2022 [256]
Marinette asks Harry Clown, a famous comedian, to help her talk to Adrien, but Harry's plan fails. At the same time, Bob Roth rejects one of Harry's scripts. Disappointed, he is akumatized into "Psycomedian", who can force people to feel particular emotions. His power effects Ladybug and Cat Noir is forced to take the lead.
Guest star: Franck Dubosc as Harry Clown / Psycomedian in the French version. The character is based on himself.
This episode premiered in Switzerland on RTS Un on 29 January 2022. [254]
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode, as a prequel, take place before Ephemeral, in the chronological order.
100
22
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
20 February 2022 (2022-02-20) [261]
19 February 2022 [256]
Ladybug continues to prioritize temporary heroes over Cat Noir, which breaks his heart. When Ladybug claims he's wasting her time, he renounces his Miraculous. Plagg tricks Marinette into letting him choose a new Cat Noir; he instead returns to Adrien. Believing that being Cat Noir will make Ladybug reject him, he assumes a second secret identity called "Cat Walker". After exchanging introductions, Ladybug and Cat Walker try to defeat a cat sentimonster called " Kuro Neko ", while Ladybug must fight her guilt of causing Cat Noir to leave and her rising affections for Cat Walker. Later, Adrien becomes Cat Noir again and Ladybug reaffirms he's irreplaceable.
In this episode, a character appears based on a real person named Rythm, who was invited by ZAG in June 2019 as part of a collaboration with the Make-A-Wish Foundation to make her wish. [258] [259]
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 24 January 2022. [260]
101
23
"Penalteam"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
27 February 2022 (2022-02-27) [266]
26 February 2022 [256]
Marinette's class plays a soccer game, but Chloé isn't interested. When she isn't allowed to leave, she allows herself to be akumatized into "Penalty". With her clones, the "Penalteam", she forces the class into a city-wide soccer game they can control. Ladybug recruits all the other heroes, as well as Sabrina, Marc, Nathaniel, and Ivan with the Dog , Rooster , Goat , and Ox Miraculouses, as "Miss Hound", "Rooster Bold", "Caprikid", and "Minotaurox". After failing the first round, the heroes work as a team for the next two rounds, humiliating Chloé enough for her to de-akumatize herself. Later, Chloé is allowed to leave the game, and forms an alliance with Lila.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 14 February 2022. [265]
102
24
"Qilin"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
6 March 2022 (2022-03-06) [269]
12 February 2022 [256]
As a late Mother's Day gift, Marinette decides to buy her mother flowers. When the two are on the bus, Marinette takes her mother's wallet, as she doesn't have money on her. Without a ticket, Sabine is fined by a racist [268] ticket inspector, and is soon arrested . She is akumatized into Qilin, using her telekinensis and aerokinensis blows away several police officers as they keep returning in larger numbers . Ladybug convinces her mother to de-akumatize herself, then as Marinette offers to pay for the fine herself.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode, as a prequel, take place after "Simpleman' and before "Dearest Family" in the fourth season, in the chronological order.
103
25
"Risk (Shadow Moth's Final Attack - Part 1)""Risque (La Dernière Attaque de Papillombre - Partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
13 March 2022 (2022-03-13) [22]
5 March 2022 [271]
Realizing that Ladybug never risks making a mistake, Gabriel akumatizes Froggy, a young kid, into "Risk", who makes all those who hear his song more reckless. Influenced by his power, Adrien and Marinette try to prevent the former from going on a world tour with Lila. Félix offers to stand in for Adrien, secretly discovering Gabriel's fake Miraculouses and Emilie's coffin. Adrien realizes he should break free from his father's control, but he and Ladybug are too late. Despite their efforts, the disguised Félix leaves with Lila. Shadow Moth then creates a sentimonster, "Strikeback", to put his plan into motion.
This episode is the first part of the special named "Shadow Moth's Final Attack".
104
26
"Strikeback (Shadow Moth's Final Attack - Part 2)""Réplique (La Dernière Attaque de Papillombre - Partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
13 March 2022 (2022-03-13) [22]
12 March 2022 [271]
While battling Strikeback, Ladybug and Cat Noir get into an argument, with Cat Noir believing he is not important to her. Ladybug ignores his complaints and recruits a number of heroes to fight Strikeback, but it copies their powers. Upon discovering Risk's effects, Ladybug uses the Horse and Rabbit Miraculouses to become "Pennybug". She teleports to Félix, believing him to be Adrien, and gives him the Dog Miraculous to become "Flairmidable". Together, they go back in time to see how Risk was akumatized so they can de-akumatize him in the present. After he and Strikeback are defeated, Alya returns the Fox Miraculous, as she was accidentally exposed as Rena Furtive. Flairmidable approaches Gabriel and ropes him into a blackmail-type deal where he uses his "Fetch" power to retrieve Ladybug's yoyo, trading all the Miraculouses inside as well as the ring he stole for the Peacock Miraculous. Gabriel announces his victory, which leaves Ladybug in tears. Cat Noir forgives and comforts her, along with the rest of Paris.
This episode is the second and final part of the special named "Shadow Moth's Final Attack".
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 10 March 2022. [273]
Season 5 (2022–23)
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
24 October 2022 (2022-10-24)
8 October 2022 [278]
Gabriel, now "Monarch", uses the Rabbit Miraculous to defeat Ladybug and Cat Noir in the past. Bunnyx brings the heroes to her Burrow, but she is paralyzed by Monarch. Cat Noir takes her Miraculous and fuses with it to become "Rabbit Noir", then follows Monarch through time. The latter collapses due to using too many Miraculouses, so Ladybug takes the Rabbit Miraculous, but he retrieves it. The heroes go to the past Master Fu to get the Dog Miraculous for the present Alix, who transforms into "Canigirl". Under orders from Nathalie, Monarch tries to prevent Emilie from using the damaged Peacock Miraculous but instead falls for a trap set by Ladybug. Alix retrieves the Rabbit Miraculous and is allowed to keep it; she travels through time to keep it safe. As a result, Nathalie chooses to no longer help Gabriel.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 13 June 2022. [276]
The French version of this episode was first shown in France via MYTF1 MAX on 17 October 2022. [277]
106
2
"Multiplication"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
25 October 2022 (2022-10-25)
15 October 2022 [278]
Ladybug and Cat Noir are scolded by Su-Han for not protecting the Miracle Box, but he apologizes for his harshness and goes to get reinforcements. Realizing Félix is behind everything, the heroes try to confront him in London, but they do not find him. In order not to distract themselves from fighting Monarch, Marinette tries to stop loving Adrien, while Adrien gives up his modeling and also starts developing feelings for Marinette. Weeks pass before Monarch makes another akumatization; he re-akumatizes Tomoe into Ikari Gozen with the Mouse Miraculous' power of Jubilation, with the Miraculous itself mysteriously out of sight. After her defeat, Tomoe and Gabriel launch their new brand of smart rings called "Alliance," displaying digital copies of Adrien and Lila. Meanwhile, Félix - who was secretly hiding in London the whole time - activates the Peacock Miraculous and meets Duusu, its kwami, for the first time.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 20 June 2022. [280]
Notes: This episode occurs with "Destruction", featuring some scenes from that episode, and as for the flashback scenes, this episode takes place in the overlapping events of Miraculous World: Paris – Tales of Shadybug & Claw Noir, in the chronological order.
107
3
"Destruction"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
26 October 2022 (2022-10-26)
22 October 2022 [278]
Gabriel tries to get the kwamis to reveal Ladybug's identity, but they only cryptically lead him to Marinette's room. This sets Monarch off on a scavenger hunt set up by Marinette, which culminates in him being cornered at the Musée Grévin by Ladybug and Cat Noir. They successfully tie him up, but he refuses to surrender and gets Cat Noir to accidentally Cataclysm him. He escapes with Ladybug's Lucky Charm, leaving himself with a serious scar on his arm that Ladybug cannot revert as a result. In the weeks that pass, Gabriel uses Tomoe's technology to trap the kwamis in cages and reform the Miraculouses into special Alliance rings that allow him to transfer Miraculous powers to his villains.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 17 October 2022. [282]
Notes: This episode occurs conjointly with "Multiplication", featuring some scenes from that episode.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, this episode take place after "Evolution" and to be set the overlapping events of Miraculous World: Paris – Tales of Shadybug & Claw Noir, in the chronological order.
108
4
"Jubilation"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2022 (2022-10-27)
29 October 2022 [278]
Mr. Damocles continues to try (and fail) to be The Owl, but Marinette's former classmate, Socqueline, comes to his rescue, dressed as Ladybug. Before Marinette can tell Socqueline how dangerous it is to impersonate Ladybug, she leaves for a mission wearing Socqueline's borrowed Alliance ring; Monarch tracks its movement and assumes Socqueline is Ladybug. He akumatizes Mr. Damocles into an upgraded version of Dark Owl called "Darker Owl" with the Pig Miraculous' power of Jubilation. After discovering that Socqueline isn't Ladybug, he hypnotizes both Ladybug and Cat Noir with a vision of them defeating Monarch, marrying, and starting a family, but they break out of it and defeat him, much to their sadness. Later, Sabine gifts Marinette an Alliance ring, but she refuses.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 24 October 2022. [284]
109
5
"Determination""Détermination"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
28 October 2022 (2022-10-28)
12 November 2022 [286]
Luka and Kagami notice that Adrien and Marinette are still uncertain about their feelings, so they arrange a date at the Musée Grévin. Adrien and Marinette both act awkwardly toward each other, so Kagami and Luka decide to lock them in a room to sort things out. Meanwhile, the museum's director Véronique attempts to unveil the statues of the temporary heroes, but Mayor Bourgeois objects to it, threatening to close the museum. Véronique is akumatized into "Manipula" who can bring the statues to life and is immune to Miraculous powers, thanks to the Ox Miraculous' power of Determination. During the fight, Ladybug starts falling in love with Cat Noir. However, after Manipula's defeat, Cat Noir does not notice her feelings and reaffirms his feelings for Marinette.
110
6
"Passion"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
31 October 2022 (2022-10-31)
19 November 2022 [286]
Adrien decides to get closer to Marinette while Marinette gloats about how amazing Cat Noir is. Meanwhile, Gabriel shoddily reveals his injury to Nathalie, who becomes heartbroken for Emelie. Seeing Gabriel's descent into madness, She asks to be akumatized into "Safari", a huntress who can never fail to catch her target, to claim the Ladybug and Cat Miraculouses for herself to protect Adrien. Using the Goat Miraculous' power of Passion, she draws herself weapons, including a crossbow that can shoot Miraculous powers. During the fight, Ladybug gets distracted by her feelings for Cat Noir and gets hit by Venom. After avoiding any other shots, the two swap their Miraculouses and become Lady Noire and Mister Bug to throw off Safari's trackers and defeat her.
111
7
"Reunion""Réunion"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2022 (2022-11-01)
26 November 2022 [286]
Marinette learns that the kwagatama can be used to summon the memories of previous Miraculous holders. She decides to contact Joan of Arc , who in her era was the superhero "Scarlet Fate", in order to ask about her romance with "Dark Grimalkin"— the then-Cat Miraculous holder from England—which upset their respective rulers. Meanwhile, Jalil is upset over the absence of his sister, believing social media's claims that Ladybug is evil for hiding her. He asks Monarch to akumatize him back into the Pharaoh to find out the truth himself, this time with the Turtle Miraculous' power of Protection and the ability to create walls with Maat 's Book of Truth which can only be opened by answering trivia questions, trapping those who answer incorrectly. Ladybug convinces the Pharaoh to confirm her true intentions with the book, which leads the latter to willingly de-akumatize himself upon realizing that Monarch lied to him. Later, Gabriel apologizes to Nathalie, while Plagg gives Adrien his own kwagatama.
112
8
"Illusion"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
2 November 2022 (2022-11-02)
5 November 2022 [286]
To help Ladybug and Cat Noir find out how Monarch gives his villains Miraculous powers, Nino and his friends form a "resistance network" and intend to orchestrate an akumatization on Gabriel during a parent-teacher conference . However, Lila eavesdrops on their conversation and warns Gabriel beforehand, who then shows no emotion during their attempt. Knowing that he is being followed, he fakes his akumatization into the Collector with a detailed Mirage. Adrien successfully films the illusion, unaware that it doesn't portray the true process of applying the Miraculous powers. After his defeat, Nino accepts Gabriel and Lila as honorary members of their network, not knowing their true intentions.
113
9
"Elation""Exaltation"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
3 November 2022 (2022-11-03)
3 December 2022 [291]
Alya chastises Marinette for pursuing Cat Noir while still secretly loving Adrien. The latter tries to speak to Marinette, but is forced to transform into Cat Noir and then runs into Marinette soon after. He takes her to André the ice cream maker, but he states his belief that Marinette should love Adrien and Cat Noir should love Ladybug, in which Cat Noir discovers Marinette's crush on Adrien. They try to ignore him and eventually kiss, but Cat Noir backs out after realizing he is taking advantage of Marinette, making her frustrated. She is nearly akumatized into "Unmasker", but she rejects the akuma which instead re-akumatizes André into Glaciator with the Tiger Miraculous' power of Elation. After his defeat, Cat Noir apologizes to Marinette and is reassured by Plagg that he can still be with her as Adrien.
114
10
"Transmission (The Kwamis' Choice - Part 1)""Transmission (Le Choix des Kwamis - Partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
2 April 2023 (2023-04-02) [295]
22 April 2023 [296]
Despite their friends' coaching, Marinette still refuses to bond with Adrien, breaking his heart. Seeing this, Tikki and Plagg decide to absolve them of their duties as heroes, replacing them with Alya as Scarabella and Zoé as "Kitty Noire". When Monarch senses Adrien's struggles, he tries to akumatize Adrien; this fails, and he redirects the akuma to Kouki, a kickboxer insulted by Nora. He is turned into "Kikou", a giant with the powers of the Turtle, Tiger, Ox, Horse, and Mouse Miraculouses. The new heroes defeat him while Marinette and Adrien slowly warm up to each other.
This episode is the first part of the special named "The Kwamis' Choice".
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 12 December 2022. [293]
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on 11 February 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown via Disney Channel EMEA on 27 January 2023. [294]
115
11
"Deflagration (The Kwamis' Choice - Part 2)""Déflagration (Le Choix des Kwamis - Partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
2 April 2023 (2023-04-02) [295]
22 April 2023 [296]
Using data from the Alliance rings, Monarch discovers the identities of Scarabella and Kitty Noire. He gives himself the powers of the Bee, Mouse, Rooster, Ox, and Horse Miraculouses, allowing him to split into invisible clones to spy on them. After akumatizing Chloé into "Sole Destroyer", a variant of Sole Crusher who can turn people into living shoes, Monarch paralyzes Alya and Zoé before they can transform and seizes their Miraculouses. He forces Tikki and Plagg to unify with him, but before they can do so, the former sends a Lucky Charm to Marinette while the latter destroys his Miraculous, causing a cycle of creation and destruction that threatens to erase the world. Monarch uses the Ladybug Miraculous to become "Monarchbug" and attempts to restore the Cat Miraculous, but Marinette tricks him into using a fake Lucky Charm, then retrieves her Miraculous. She reverts the damage and finds out about the reconfigured Miraculouses. Later, Tikki and Plagg return to their original owners, deeming it more important than their love story.
This episode is the second and final part of the special named "The Kwamis' Choice".
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on 18 February 2023.
The English version was first shown in Spain on Disney Channel on 25 March 2023.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil via Globoplay on 10 February 2023.
116
12
"Perfection"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
9 April 2023 (2023-04-09)
29 April 2023 [296]
Marinette continues to resist declaring her love for Adrien, coming to the point that when Adrien and Kitty Section perform a love song for her, she still can't express herself. Alya and Kagami try to comfort her, but she rejects their advice, transforming into Ladybug to avoid them. Based on a charged checklist from Lila, Kagami is convinced that Marinette doesn't want to be her friend, allowing her to be akumatized into " Ryukomori ", an intangible cloud giant with the Dragon Miraculous' power of Perfection, who can't see or hear people. Ladybug and Cat Noir realize she just doesn't see herself as perfect enough to be friends with anyone, so they use a giant mosaic to show her that she is loved, leading her to de-akumatize herself. Realizing the parallels with her situation, Marinette decides to start listening to her friends. Tomoe later attacks Gabriel for endangering Kagami and reminds him that he owes her a very big price.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 21 November 2022.
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on 18 February 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on ABC Me on 23 December 2022. [298]
117
13
"Migration"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
16 April 2023 (2023-04-16)
6 May 2023 [301]
Luka acts as a therapist to help his friends with their secrets. After checking up on Jagged and Penny, who have started dating, he is visited by Bob Roth. He tricks Kitty Section into signing an extremely predatory contract; they realize this when he doubles down and fires everyone except Luka. Angered, Luka is almost re-akumatized into Silencer, but when Monarch finds out that he knows Ladybug and Cat Noir's secret identities, Luka forcibly breaks free from the akuma, which instead goes to Bob, transforming him into "Gold Record", who can use his vinyl record to turn people and things into records that play their innermost thoughts, as well as teleport with the Horse Miraculous' power of Migration. After the villain's defeat, Luka confesses his knowledge, then leaves Paris to travel the world with Jagged and Penny for his protection.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 13 April 2023. [300]
118
14
"Derision""Dérision"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
16 April 2023 (2023-04-16)
13 May 2023 [301]
Marinette and Adrien go on a date at the pool, but the former suffers repeated panic attacks that nearly get her akumatized into "Panic". She breaks free after realizing her panic stems from a memory from when she had a crush on Kim in eighth grade, only to be traumatized when he pulled a sadistic prank disguised as a declaration of love. This redirects the akuma to Kim, who feels rebuffed by Ondine. He turns into "Dark Humor", a variant of Dark Cupid who makes people do dangerous pranks and has the Monkey Miraculous' power of Derision. After his defeat, Kim apologizes to Marinette. Later, Adrien confronts an unrepentant Chloé over her talking Kim into pranking Marinette and ends their friendship permanently.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 14 April 2023. [300]
119
15
"Intuition"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
23 April 2023 (2023-04-23)
17 June 2023 [305]
Monarch uses the Snake Miraculous' power of Intuition to get the best chance at winning, but Ladybug keeps defeating him; this worsens his scar, which begins to affect his organs. Going against Nathalie's wishes, he hacks an experimental spaceplane , tricking its AI Ada into believing her pilot, Claudie, died during a test flight. He then uses the Goat Miraculous to create an asteroid headed for Earth. Ladybug goes after the spaceship and gets captured by the akumatized version of the AI, "Bugfighter", while Cat Noir goes after the asteroid, only to be caught and paralyzed in a Shell-ter. Monarch then resets time; without Cat Noir, Ladybug tells Claudie to break out of the ship and disable Ada. The damage makes Ada realize her pilot is still alive, making her de-akumatize herself. No matter how many attempts Monarch makes, Ada always realizes the truth. With all the memories of his previous tries intact, Monarch eventually gives up. Later, Ladybug and Cat Noir reassure themselves that Monarch doesn't use the Snake Miraculous, unaware that Cat Noir found out in an erased timeline.
The English version of this episode was first shown via Disney Channel Europe on 30 May 2023. [304]
120
16
"Protection"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
30 April 2023 (2023-04-30)
24 June 2023 [305]
Marinette's friends continue to try to get her and Adrien to confess, despite her clumsiness. On the other hand, Adrien and Kagami's parents try to force their children together. Adrien rejects both and decides to let his love for Marinette blossom naturally. They wind up having a date at the former's mansion, but Lila, knowing Gabriel's secret identity and motivations, orchestrates Kagami's akumatization into an upgraded version of Riposte called "Riposte Prime" who, in addition to her old powers, can apply shields with the Turtle Miraculous' power of Protection. After her defeat, Marinette and Adrien reaffirm their love for each other and inform Kagami of Lila's true intentions, causing her to warn Lila never to speak ill of Marinette again.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 28 November 2022.
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 29 January 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on ABC Me on 24 December 2022.
121
17
"Adoration"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
7 May 2023 (2023-05-07)
1 July 2023 [309]
517
0.10
Two weeks before the end of the school year, Marinette and Zoé are tasked with organizing the school's end-of-year party. Zoé — now able to stand up for herself — allows Marinette to stay in her hotel room, earning Chloé's ire. She and Lila work together to get Sabrina akumatized back into Vanisher with the Dog Miraculous' power of Adoration, then use her to frame Marinette of theft, but Ladybug and Cat Noir de-akumatize Vanisher and clear things up. Later, Zoé admits she has feelings for Marinette , inspiring the latter to finally declare her love to Adrien. However, before they kiss, Gabriel mysteriously interrupts them.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil via Globoplay on 28 March 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown via Disney Channel Europe on 1 June 2023. [308]
122
18
"Emotion""Émotion"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
14 May 2023 (2023-05-14)
8 July 2023 [309]
518
0.15
Adrien and Kagami are invited to the "Diamond Dance", a party for VIPs and their children, to be the king and queen of the event at the request of their parents. Marinette decides to join him, taking the place of Zoé, who ditched the event. There, she finds out "Adrien" is actually Félix in disguise. Using the Peacock Miraculous, he transforms into " Argos " and uses a sentimonster called " Red Moon " to erase people from existence, intending to create a world where he and his closest friends are free from other people's control. When Ladybug's Lucky Charm fails, she allows him to erase her away as part of her solution. When Adrien finds out about what Argos has done, the latter fails to bring Marinette back, forcing him to undo his actions. Realizing the error of his ways, Argos remorsefully releases Red Moon from its existence. Later, Kagami decides to stand up to her mother, but Adrien remains submissive.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 21 November 2022.
The French version of this episode was first shown in Quebec, Canada on 4 February 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Australia on ABC Me on 25 December 2022.
123
19
"Action"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
17 September 2023 (2023-09-17)
17 September 2023 ( YouTube ) 12 March 2024 (Netflix) 6 April 2024 (Disney Channel US)
527
0.11
Noticing a lot of plastic pollution in the Seine, Marinette, Adrien, and their friends decide to campaign against it. The source of their problem is the plastic tycoon Bertrand King who had introduced plastic hand fans across the world with the help of Gabriel and Mayor Bourgeois. After the latter two are convinced to reverse their stance, Bertrand is akumatized into the "King of Plastic", who has the Bee Miraculous' power of Action and can turn anything he touches into plastic. After his defeat, Marinette's anti-plastic movement grows worldwide with Bertrand admitting that he was wrong about how harmful plastic pollution is.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 10 September 2023.
The English version of this episode was first shown in Southeast Asia via Disney+ on 13 September 2023. [310]
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of the specials take place between episode 22 and 23 of the fifth season, in the chronological order.
124
20
"Pretension""Prétention"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
23 October 2023 (2023-10-23) [24]
15 July 2023 [309]
Marinette stands up to Gabriel, but he cruelly refuses her demands for her and Adrien to be together. Félix, having recently became infatuated with Kagami, wants her to be free from an overbearing Tomoe, so he kidnaps her as Argos. Tomoe immediately requests to be akumatized into "Matagi Gozen", a mounted archer with the powers of the Bee, Horse, Mouse, and Rooster Miraculouses; the latter's power of Pretension allows her to choose any power she wants, which she uses to give her steed the ability to track scents. Ladybug and Cat Noir allow Argos to escape so they can protect Kagami, before de-akumatizing Matagi Gozen. Gabriel later reveals his intention to send Adrien to London, while Félix returns Kagami's ancient ring that her mother confiscated from her.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 30 December 2022.
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 20 May 2023.
125
21
"Revelation""Révélation"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
24 October 2023 (2023-10-24) [24]
19 July 2023 (Disney+) [312] July 22, 2023 (Disney Channel) [309]
520
Lila continues to con several people into getting her way, including three women who all believe she is their daughter. However, Gabriel fires her from his modeling outfit, replacing her with Kagami, due to her failure to separate Adrien and Marinette. Lila and Chloé successfully run against Marinette for class representative, with most of the students still believing Lila's lies. She then asks Monarch to akumatize her into "Hoaxer", a variant of Volpina whose Fox Miraculous powers now allow her to brainwash people through their Alliance rings, regardless of how absurd they may be. Marinette recruits Scarabella to accompany Cat Noir while she talks down Hoaxer, who de-akumatizes herself while pretending to make peace with Marinette. Having secretly gained information about Gabriel's past using her powers, Lila swears revenge against him.
This episode premiered worldwide in Brazil on Gloob on 30 December 2022.
The French version of this episode was first shown in Switzerland on RTS Un on 20 May 2023.
126
22
"Confrontation"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
25 October 2023 (2023-10-25) [24]
29 July 2023 [309]
Marinette's class is tasked to submit forms indicating their chosen career path and where they want to attend lycée . Marinette collects the forms for Chloé and Lila, who falsify them in an attempt to frame Marinette to further alienate her. Juleka gets distraught over learning her doctored form claims she wants to repeat the school year, getting her akumatized into Reflekta with the Tiger Miraculous' power and the new ability to create clones that perfectly mirror her actions and movements. After Juleka gets de-akumatized, Marinette and a remorseful Sabrina expose the plot, making the school realize Lila's true nature. Mr. Damocles tries to expel the two girls, but Chloé uses her father's influence to prevent it. Ashamed of his actions, he is almost akumatized, but his optimism and Magical Charm purify the akuma; he then allows the students to resubmit their forms against the mayor's orders before voluntarily resigning. Later, Lila takes on the identity "Cerise Bianca" and reunites with people that she knows at another school.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 27 May 2023. [313]
127
23
"Collusion"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
26 October 2023 (2023-10-26) [24]
5 August 2023 [315]
Lila, as Cerise, manipulates Chloé into getting Marinette expelled and Miss Bustier fired by Ms. Mendeleiev, who became acting principal. Mayor André refuses Gabriel's offer for him and Tomoe to replace the Parisian police force with robots, unaware that Gabriel recorded the mayor reflecting on abusing his authority at his family's whim. Gabriel then doctors the footage to make André look abusive, provoking Miss Bustier into being akumatized into "Miss Sans-Culotte ", giving her the Pig Miraculous' power in her quest to overthrow the mayor. André musters the courage to abdicate so Miss Bustier can de-akumatize herself. At Cerise's advice, Chloé helps Gabriel and Tomoe stage a coup d'état and uses her power as acting mayor to brand Monarch, Ladybug, and Cat Noir as outlaws.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 27 May 2023.
128
24
"Revolution""Révolution"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
27 October 2023 (2023-10-27) [24]
12 August 2023 [315]
On the last day of school, Cerise influences Chloé into accepting Monarch's deal to be akumatized into "Queen Mayor", giving her police robots the powers of the Bee, Ox, Horse, Turtle, and Rooster Miraculouses. Chloé begins abusing her political power, unaware that Gabriel and Tomoe are using her to capture Ladybug and Cat Noir. The heroes try to stop her, only to be captured along with several "dissidents". At their urging, the Parisians fight back and help them escape and de-akumatize Queen Mayor; Ladybug and Cat Noir also upgrade their powers at the last minute, meaning they no longer have to detransform after using their powers. André exiles Audrey and Chloé from Paris before Adrien and Kagami are both sent to London by Gabriel. Abandoned by even Cerise, Chloé attempts to torture Marinette over this, but it backfires, leaving her devastated and broken over having lost everything that's ever mattered to her. Meanwhile, Cerise acquires Tomoe's tablet and plots to use its data for her own agenda.
This episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 17 June 2023.
129
25
"Representation""Représentation"
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
31 October 2023 (2023-10-31) [24]
19 August 2023 [315]
Distraught over arriving in London, Adrien transforms into Astrocat and plans to reveal his identity to Marinette. At the same time, Marinette leaves the end-of-year party and follows Félix (disguised as Adrien), who is accompanied by Kagami – who are both dating and now know Ladybug's identity – to the school. There, Félix uses a sentimonster to put on a play that reveals himself to be a sentimonster and asks for Ladybug's help. Meanwhile, Gabriel akumatizes himself into "Nightormentor", who can induce nightmares and utilize the Horse Miraculous' power, to pursue Adrien. Cat Noir defeats him without Ladybug but is inflicted with a nightmare of being akumatized, forcing him back to London. Félix later returns Kagami to London before Gabriel and Tomoe confine her and Adrien. They commence "Operation Perfect Alliance", planning to end Ladybug and Cat Noir for good.
This episode premiered worldwide in Quebec, Canada on Télé-Québec on 10 June 2023.
130
26
"Conformation (The Final Day - Part 1)""Conformation (Le Dernier Jour - Partie 1)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2023 (2023-11-01) [24]
26 August 2023 [315]
To initiate Operation Perfect Alliance, Gabriel re-akumatizes himself into Nightormentor and spreads nightmares all over the world. He and Tomoe then release an Alliance app that shows people's desires in order to pacify them. Adrien reluctantly downloads the app but, fearing for his privacy, sends Plagg to give his Miraculous to Ladybug. The latter sneaks into Gabriel's house and finds out that he is Monarch. Nathalie also confesses to her that she was Mayura before finally passing out. Tomoe then interrupts everyone's Alliance feeds with a fake video of Ladybug and Cat Noir capturing Adrien and Kagami. This makes everyone vulnerable enough to be "Miraculized", turned into faceless robots that can channel any Miraculous power at will. They track down Ladybug, leading Monarch to his house. Just as he finds Marinette, Plagg joins her in time for her to unify the Ladybug and Cat Miraculouses into "Bug Noire".
This episode is the first part of the special named "The Final Day".
The episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 1 July 2023. [319]
131
27
"Re-creation (The Final Day - Part 2)""Re-création (Le Dernier Jour - Partie 2)"
Thomas AstrucWilfried PainJun VioletCyril AdamNicolas Hess
Thomas AstrucMélanie DuvalFred LenoirSébastien Thibaudeau
1 November 2023 (2023-11-01) [24]
2 September 2023 [322]
All around the world, citizens and superheroes help fight against the Miraculized. As this happens, Bug Noire fights Monarch in the Agreste mansion, eventually regaining most of the reconfigured Miraculouses and making him surrender. Realizing that he ruined Adrien's life, Gabriel paralyzes Marinette to steal the Ladybug and Cat Miraculouses. He fuses Tikki and Plagg into "Gimmi", the kwami of Reality, who grants his wish of saving Nathalie's life at the cost of his own. The whole universe is recreated as a result. Paris is now an environmentalist city headed by Miss Bustier, Adrien has returned to Paris, and all of Ladybug's allies, including Argos, are on the same side and keep their Miraculouses permanently. Now operating under the identity of "Iris Verdi", Cerise finds the Butterfly Miraculous.
This episode is the second and final part of the special named "The Final Day".
The episode premiered worldwide in Switzerland on RTS Un on 1 July 2023. [319]
The English version of this episode was first shown in Canada on Family Channel on 1 September 2023. [321]
Notes: The events of this episode take place the overlapping events of Miraculous World: London – At The Edge of Time, in the chronological order.
Season 6 (2025–present)
602
TBD
Marinette and Adrien plan their first official date, in which Alya and Nino briefly join in. She tries going to the movies and a café, but since she is new to dating, she doesn't know how to act with or around Adrien, instead trying to mimic what the other couples around her are doing. She gets so anxious that she transforms into Ladybug to help the other heroes, who have started going on patrol without her leadership, even if said heroes don't need assistance. The date is postponed when a little girl, who loves to draw, named Maya is akumatized into "The Illustrhater" now being able to draw any object into existence. Ladybug, Cat Noir, Rena Rouge, and Carapace all work together to take down the villain, after which Marinette finally expresses her fears to Adrien. As a precaution, Marinette gives a Ladybug kwagatama to Alya, so that she can access Ladybug's memories, should anything happen to her.
This episode premiered worldwide on Gloob on 24 January 2025.
134
3
"Sublimation"
TBA
TBA
TBA
603
TBD
Marinette notices Adrien has a new friend, Sublime Bartlett, who is a talented musician and para-athlete . Marinette wants to catch Sublime's attention and make friends with her, but she does so in over-the-top ways that culminate in her breaking Sublime's prosthetic leg on the day of a race tryout. This causes Sublime's mother, Caroline, to be akumatized into "Sublimation", who can make anyone into the best version of themselves. After a short battle, the Lucky Charm causes Ladybug to realize that she caused everything, so she apologizes to Sublime both as Ladybug and Marinette. Later, Marinette becomes true friends with Sublime, and the latter's family goes to Tomoe Tsurugi to sponsor her.
This episode premiered worldwide on Gloob on 31 January 2025.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode, as a prequel, take place before The Illustrhater, in the chronological order.
135
4
"Daddycop"
TBA
TBA
TBA
604
TBD
Marinette plans an extravagant celebration for her one hundredth kiss with Adrien, but it also falls on the same day as a movie night with her female friends. Things get more complicated when Zoé invites Sabrina, who is having self-esteem issues, to the movie night, with Marinette agreeing to it thinking she was agreeing to inviting Adrien. When Sabrina shows up, Marinette turns her away, making Sabrina almost akumatized. The akuma is instead redirected to Roger Raincomprix, who becomes "Daddycop", a variant of Rogercop who can force people to love Sabrina. Ladybug assures Sabrina that she is a good person then recruits her as Miss Hound, who gains a new costume. Together with Pegasus, the heroes take down Daddycop. Marinette later cancels the date for her special kiss and instead formally invites Sabrina to her friend group, learning that in the midst of her blossoming relationship with Adrien, she has to allow herself to spend time with her own friends outside of their relationship.
Notes: As for the flashback scenes, the events of this episode, as a prequel, take place after Sublimation and before The Illustrhater, in the chronological order.
136
5
605
TBD
Adrien meets with his grandparents -- Emilie's parents Lord Emil and Lady Milly Graham de Vanily of Westchestermunster, and Gabriel's parents, the hippies Johnny and Gabrielle Grasette. As he is understandably nervous, Marinette joins their meeting as a maid. She witnesses how Emilie's parents want Adrien to go to England and live a noble life, while Gabriel's parents prefer a more relaxed life. Due to shenanigans involving Marinette and Plagg, the meeting escalates rapidly, culminating in Lady Milly being akumatized into "Ringmaster", who turns Emil and Johnny into the boxing werewolf duo called the "Werepapas" and forces them to fight for Adrien's custody, Adrien being held captive in a lifesized trophy. As he cannot transform into Cat Noir (so that he should not risk his identity) Ladybug has to single-handedly defeat them. When everything is cleared and back to normal, Marinette suggests that Adrien should live his own life in Paris with Nathalie, whom he already treats as his mother.
This episode premiered worldwide on Gloob on 7 February 2025.
137
6
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD
142
11
"Revelator"
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD
143
12
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD
149
18
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD
153
22
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBD
156
25
1
"Miraculous World: New York – United Heroez""Miraculous World : New York, les héros unis"
Thomas Astruc
25 September 2020
327
After Mr. Pigeon is defeated for the fifty-first time, Marinette's class visits New York City . Just before landing, their flight is raided by American supervillain Techno-Pirate, who can shut down and steal technology, but are stopped by the local superheroes: Majestia, a woman with the power of flight, tremendous speed and super-strength; Uncanny Valley, a gynoid in the form of a teenage girl; and Knightowl and Sparrow, who have advanced gadgets. Marinette's class and a class from Queens have a field trip at the New-York Historical Society , where Hawk Moth akumatizes Techno-Pirate into "Techlonizer", who can steal and disable any technology he touches, to distract Ladybug, Cat Noir, Sparrow and Uncanny Valley, as he secretly gets the Eagle Miraculous on display at the museum. During the fight, Cat Noir accidentally destroys Uncanny Valley, and despite Ladybug reviving her, the American superheroes berate their French counterparts. Disappointed, Adrien renounces his Miraculous and decides to return to France, also disheartening Marinette. Later, Hawk Moth gives Techlonizer the Eagle Miraculous, turning him into "Miraclonizer", who uses the Eagle's power of Liberation to free the American heroes from their codes and ethics, making them go berserk. Uncanny Valley, able to deduce Ladybug and Cat Noir's identities, recruits them to fight Miraclonizer. During the battle, Ladybug seizes the Eagle Miraculous and gives it to Sparrow, who uses it to transform into "Eagle", return the American heroes to normal, and help defeat Techlonizer. Later, Eagle, Uncanny Valley, and a Native American guardian decide to create a new generation of heroes.
Part of episode was read during Brazilian Miraculous Day 2020 by voice actors. [326] [327]
Notes: The events of the special chronologically take place between the third and fourth season.
2
Thomas Astruc
Story by : Thomas Astruc & Jeremy ZagTeleplay by : Thomas Astruc, Matthieu Choquet, Mélanie Duval, Fred Lenoir & Sébastien Thibaudeau
4 April 2021 (2021-04-04) [331]
28 May 2021
328
Marinette visits Shanghai alone, both for her uncle Wang's 60th birthday and to see Adrien at a fashion show. However, on her first day, all her belongings — including Tikki and her Miraculous — are stolen by Fei, a young Chinese girl. Roaming the city all afternoon unable to understand anyone, Marinette soon runs into Fei, who first poses as an uninterested stranger, until she reveals she stole them to sell them to Cash, a greedy pawn shop owner for information of the one who killed Fei's adopted father and destroyed his kung fu school, which he won't reveal until she pays a very high price, unaware it was actually Cash himself. Fei later steals Marinette's belongings back from him and reveals the "kung fu school" is a front for training guardians of the "Prodigious", a magical jewel that can turn its holder into any animal from different versions of the Five Animals , provided they embody the value said animal represents. Hawk Moth overhears their conversation, and akumatizes Cash into "King Cash", whose bladed hand fan can cut through anything. King Cash opens the cave where the Prodigious is stored, and Hawk Moth uses Fei's father's bracelet to retrieve the jewel, which is almost immediately taken by Fei. Now the superhero "Ladydragon", she helps Ladybug and Cat Noir defeat King Cash, but Hawk Moth reuses the akuma to turn the Prodigious' guardian spirit, Mei Shi, into "Yan Luo Shi", who has immense size and can instantly destroy anything with his lasers. During the battle against Yan Luo Shi, Hawk Moth and Cat Noir become its victims, and Fei has a crisis of faith. Marinette helps her overcome it, and she soon leaps back into battle; with Ladybug's help, she defeats Yan Luo Shi and Ladybug restores the city, along with Hawk Moth and Cat Noir. Later Ladydragon has Cash arrested, and Mei Shi transforms into a kwami-like creature to guard Fei. She then joins Marinette, Adrien and three Shanghainese boys for dinner at Wang's restaurant.
The English version was first shown in Canada on Family Channel on 16 April 2021. [330]
Notes: The events of the special chronologically take place between the third and fourth episodes of the third season.
3
"Miraculous World: Paris – Tales of Shadybug and Claw Noir""Miraculous World: Paris, les aventures de Toxinelle et Griffe Noire"
Thomas Astruc
Story by : Thomas AstrucTeleplay by : Thomas Astruc, Mélanie Duval, Fred Lenoir & Sébastien Thibaudeau
21 October 2023 (2023-10-21)
528
While Alya and Marinette are having a sleepover, the former suddenly transforms into "Ubiquity", a "kamikotized" superhero with the power to open portals between universes. This allows the appearance of "Betterfly", a good version of Hawk Moth, as well as "Shadybug" and "Claw Noir", evil versions of Ladybug and Cat Noir from a parallel universe. When the heroes get cornered by their evil counterparts, Betterfly kamikotizes Cat Noir into "Celesticat", an angelic version of himself which allows them to escape. Betterfly explains he is on the run from the "Supreme", a mysterious evil entity of which Shadybug and Claw Noir are members of. The evil heroes' constant bickering attracts the attention of Monarch who creates an elaborate trap to lure out Ladybug and Cat Noir. Seeing through this, Ladybug borrows Betterfly's Miraculous to become "Ladyfly" and kamikotizes the parallel Gabriel into an angel-like superhero to protect them. However, Shadybug and Claw Noir continue to power through, going after their counterparts' jewels in order to wish away their personal problems as using their jewels is disallowed by the Supreme. Marinette and Adrien separately and successfully convince Shadybug and Claw Noir to reform. Monarch then gives himself the power to travel between universes, prompting Betterfly to turn Ladybug into a variant of Ubiquity to defeat him in all possible universes. The parallel heroes finally leave, leaving their counterparts with a new sense of hope and new aliases.
This special first premiered worldwide in France on Disney Channel on 21 October 2023, with an English version made available on secondary audio .[ citation needed ]
Notes: The events of the special are chronologically set after the third episode and the overlapping events of the second episode of the fifth season.
4
"Miraculous World: London – At The Edge of Time""Miraculous World: Londres, la course contre le temps"
Thomas Astruc
5 October 2024 (2024-10-05) [332]
28 November 2024 [333]
TBA
Bug Noire travels to London to find Kagami and Adrien after Monarch's demise. Kagami - whom Bug Noire is now aware that she knows her identity - finds out the truth about Gabriel and Tomoe on her own but allows Bug Noire to tell a half-truth to Adrien and the rest of the world. Meanwhile, Bunnyx notices the time portals in the Burrow are disappearing, signifying the end of time and the universe due to someone making a wish on the stolen Miraculouses. She rescues Marinette from the moment before the end, who transforms into "Chronobug" using the Miraculouses she renounced in "Ladybug & Cat Noir (Origins - Part 1)". She discovers that a ghost-like villain named "Spectral Looter" found out her identity and stole the Miraculouses. After failing to prevent Spectral Looter, she goes further back in time and finds out a time-traveling villain named "Timestalker" was listening in on her talking to Gabriel and Nathalie at the end of "Re-creation", including a moment where she and Nathalie made a deal to lie to the world, which she regrets. She manages to corner Timestalker and tampers with the notebook the villain used to collect evidence, preventing the universe from ending. Bunnyx and her older selves tell Chronobug that her actions do not matter as much as her reactions to things, after which Chronobug repairs the timeline. Back in her lair, Cerise – who was Spectral Looter and Timestalker – puts on the Butterfly Miraculous and swears revenge on Ladybug.
This special first premiered worldwide in France on Disney Channel on 5 October 2024, with an English version made available on secondary audio .
Notes: The events of the special chronologically overlap with those of the twenty-seventh episode of the fifth season.
5
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
28 July 2023 [337]
A series of webisodes, Miraculous: La Webserie, was released by TF1 . They can also be found on the official YouTube channel of the cartoon. They contain clips from various episodes and are usually narrated by Marinette, who writes in her diary, or by the others. [338] Nick also released the English version on their website as Miraculous Secrets (also A Miraculous Message), as well as on YouTube. [339] A 2D-animated series of webisodes was also released, titled Miraculous: Tales from Paris (Miraculous, une journée à Paris).[ citation needed ]
Miraculous Secrets
Directed by
Written by
"Cat Noir as seen by Marinette""Chat Noir vu par Marinette"
Thomas Astruc
24 September 2016
Marinette writes about having Cat Noir as a superhero partner in her diary.
W2
Thomas Astruc
24 September 2016
Marinette writes about her feelings for Adrien in her diary and decides to make him the scarf seen in "The Bubbler".
W3
Thomas Astruc
W4
"My Birthday Party""La fête d'anniversaire (The Birthday Party) / Ma fête d'anniversaire"
Thomas Astruc
24 September 2016
Marinette talks about her classmates while wondering whom to invite to her birthday party
W5
Thomas Astruc
24 September 2016
Marinette talks about her friendship with Alya and what they like to do together
W6
"Marinette in Paris / The City of Paris / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Paris!" [340] "Marinette et Paris (Marinette and Paris)"
Thomas Astruc
17 December 2015
Marinette talks about her favorite monuments in Paris, including the Louvre , the Trocadéro and the Eiffel Tower .
W7
"Marinette and Fashion / A Miraculous message from Marinette: Fashion!" [341] "Marinette et la mode"
Thomas Astruc
8 January 2016
When asked about her career plans, Marinette talks about being a fashion designer, what she has designed, and what inspires her.
W8
"Ladyblog / Alya's Ladyblog / A Miraculous message from Alya" [342] "Ladyblog"
Thomas Astruc
W9
"Adrien's Double Life / A Miraculous message from Adrien" [343] "La double vie d'Adrien"
Thomas Astruc
29 January 2016
Adrien talks about his life as a teenage model, the son of a rich and famous fashion designer, and his excitement about being a student. He also talks about life as Cat Noir.
W10
"Ladybug as seen by Adrien / Adrien's Love Letter / A Miraculous message from Adrien: Love Letter!" [344] "Ladybug vue par Adrien (Ladybug seen by Adrien)"
Thomas Astruc
9 January 2016
Adrien brainstorms some ideas in writing a love letter to Ladybug, and ends up crumpling it and tossing it in the garbage.
Season 2
2 May 2018 (2018-05-02)
6 June 2018 [346]
Tikki is the Kwami of creation, she was born at the same time as the universe and has watched over each Ladybug over the centuries. This little magical creature has quickly become a real ally for Marinette both in real life and when she becomes Ladybug.
W12
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
25 May 2018
Master Fu is the last member of the Guardians of Miraculous Order. He gave Tikki to Marinette so she could become Ladybug. Indeed, he has an important mission to accomplish and for that he needs allies like Ladybug and Cat Noir.
W13
18 May 2018 (2018-05-18)
9 June 2018 [350]
Plagg is Adrien's Kwami. This little creature allows him to turn into Cat Noir. He is lazy, pretentious, sarcastic, resentful and finally he loves Camembert! Plagg loves to live among humans. It's so good to bask in the soft beds, to watch TV, to play with all that hangs. Unlike Tikki, he only thinks of playing and does not have the same interest for the missions.
W14
18 May 2018 (2018-05-18)
14 September 2018 [352]
Alya, Rose, Alix, Juleka and Mylène are Marinette's friends. Marinette admires them a lot, whether for their strong personality, their respective qualities or their unwavering support when she tries to get Adrien's attention. They are like super-heroines everyday!
W15
28 May 2018 (2018-05-28)
12 October 2018 [355]
Gamer passionate about all things technological. For him, everything is done according to a specific procedure, he likes to plan, organize. Max knows everything about everything and has an elephant memory. All the time in control, there is only one thing that makes him angry: must not touch his suspenders! He has a wardrobe at home!
W16
9 October 2018
Marinette talks about Nino and his favourite things while helping Alya find an idea for a Birthday present.
W17
9 November 2018
Stubborn, idealistic and militant, Mylène has a strong sense of responsibility. She is the consciousness of the class. She likes to take a stand and commit to causes that are important to her.
W18
"Alix"
21 November 2018
Sporty, rebellious and disobedient, Alix is super strong at school. She loves competition with boys, for her no difference, girls are as capable as guys. Coquette, she pays attention to its street look. Look that hates Chloé who treats her as a tomboy.
W19
"Sabrina"
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Thomas Astruc
Nolwenn Pierre
22 January 2020
Marinette talks about Chloé and how she seems to have developed a good side, and ultimately agrees to fix her teddy bear.
W25
Thomas Astruc
Nolwenn Pierre
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
13 December 2019
Marinette tells the abilities of the Butterfly Miraculous and brief history of Hawk Moth.
W28
Thomas Astruc
Nolwenn Pierre
27 December 2019
Marinette writes about her conflicting feelings regarding Kagami in her diary.
W30
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
W31
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
Marinette writes about her feelings for Luka in her diary.
W32
10 January 2020
Marinette writes about her water and ice powers, unifying kwamis, and the time she became Lady Noir.
W33
W34
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
24 January 2020
Gabriel talks about what Nathalie means to him, both as herself, as Catalyst, and as Mayura
W35
Thomas Astruc
Sébastien Thibaudeau
W36
12 February 2020
Marinette has always tried to get close to Adrien, not knowing that he was Cat Noir and that he was in love with Ladybug. Over time, their relationship continues to evolve, as do their feelings.
Tales from Paris
Directed by
Written by
T2
"Inspiration""Inspiration"
26 January 2017
Marinette works on a design for a dress to wear to a school dance.
T3
T4
3 April 2017
Marinette has to make a homework essay on a person who inspires her.
T5
18 January 2017
Marinette, Alya, and Juleka cheer up Rose after Chloé makes fun of her notebook.
Miraculous Zag Chibi
Directed by
Storyboard by
Jeremy Zag
Jean-Louis Vandestoc
31 August 2018
When Cat Noir finds Ladybug on the roofs of Paris, he decides to set up a romantic dinner for her that soon turns out to be... unforgettable! Bon appétit!
CH2
31 August 2018
Cat Noir tries to seduce Ladybug by putting on some irresistible new perfume. He soon starts winning hearts... but not the one he was hoping for!
CH3
31 August 2018
Cat Noir decides to ask Ladybug to the movies. But if he wants the superheroine to go with him, he'll need to catch the tickets first, as they just slipped out of his hand and are now flying away in the Paris sky...
CH4
Jeremy Zag
Amanda Sun
31 August 2018
Cat Noir finds out that Ladybug has written a love letter for her crush. He tries to get ahold of it to discover the mysterious stranger's identity, but soon learns the hard way that curiosity and cats don't mix.
CH5
7 September 2018
Cat Noir decides to get Ladybug a kitten, hoping to win the heart of the superheroine. But as it turns out the kitten he's set his sights on is not very cooperative.
CH6
7 September 2018
Wanting to give Adrien a present, Ladybug grows a special flower for him. But she doesn't realize that the plant is actually a carnivorous one... and that it's hungry! Cat Noir rushes to the rescue!
CH7
"Scarybug""Ladybouh"
26 October 2018
It's Halloween in Paris , and Cat Noir is determined to scare Ladybug. But the superheroine has not said her last word!
This is a Halloween special webisode.
Season 2
Jean-Baptiste Erramuzpe
18 November 2023 (2023-11-18) [358]
18 November 2023
Jean-Baptiste Erramuzpe
18 November 2023 (2023-11-18) [359]
18 November 2023
17 July 2024 (2024-07-17) [360]
17 July 2024
TBA
TBA
TBA
Ladybug has designed a necklace for Adrien, but she accidentally drops it and the necklace starts falling. Trying to impress the beautiful superheroine, Cat Noir decides to catch it for her. But when a pigeon lays its beak on it first, an epic battle ensues: cat vs. pigeon!
Miraculous: Action
Directed by
Storyboard by
"Youth empowerment and leadership""Le pouvoir et le leadership des junes"
Unknown
TBA
Unknown
TBA
Unknown
TBA
A4
"Become an advocate to reduce plastic""Devenir un défenseur pour réduire le plastique"
Unknown
TBA
Unknown
TBA
In the United States and Canada, the first DVD, featuring seven episodes from season one, with both English and French audio tracks, was released on 3 May 2016 by Shout! Factory . [362] [363]
A second DVD, subtitled Spots On!, which contains six episodes, was released on 30 August 2016. [364]
A third DVD, Be Miraculous, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 10 January 2017. [365]
A fourth DVD, It's Ladybug, was released on 11 April 2017.[ citation needed ]
A fifth DVD, Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Season One, was released on 6 February 2018.[ citation needed ]
Region 1 DVDs
7
16:9
6
16:9
7
16:9
6
16:9
26
16:9
In the UK, the first DVD, featuring 4 DVD episodes from season One called Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir: Lady Wifi & Other Stories Vol 1 in English was released on 17 July 2017 by Spirit Entertainment.
A second DVD, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Kung Food & Other Stories Vol 2, was released on 6 November 2017.
A third DVD, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Princess Fragrance & Other Stories Vol 3, was released on 12 February 2018.
A fourth DVD, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Volpina & Other Stories Vol 4, which contains seven episodes (including the two-part prequel), was released on 21 May 2018.
A fifth DVD, Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Season One, was released on 17 September 2018.
Region 2 Season 2 DVDs 2019–2020
In the UK, the second DVD episodes, featuring 5 DVD episodes from season Two DVD, which is called Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Gigantian & Other Stories, was released on 7 October 2019.
A DVD called, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - A Christmas Special, from Season 2 was released on 11 November 2019.
A DVD called, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Gorizilla & Other Stories, from Season 2 was released on 17 February 2020.
A DVD called, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Sandboy & Other Stories, from Season 2 was released on 4 May 2020.
A DVD called, Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Queen Wasp & Other Stories, from Season 2 was released on 13 July 2020.
A fifth DVD, Miraculous: Tales Of Ladybug & Cat Noir: Season Two, was released on 14 September 2020.
Region 2 DVDs Future
Main Series
1
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir: Lady Wifi & Other Stories Vol 1 [OFFICIAL UK RELEASE]"
7
16:9
17 July 2017
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Kung Food & Other Stories Vol 2 [OFFICIAL UK RELEASE]"
7
16:9
6 November 2017
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Princess Fragrance & Other Stories Vol 3 [OFFICIAL UK RELEASE]"
6
16:9
12 February 2018
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Volpina & Other Stories Vol 4 [OFFICIAL UK RELEASE]"
6
16:9
26
16:9
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Gigantian & Other Stories"
7
16:9
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - A Christmas Special"
1
16:9
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Gorizilla & Other Stories"
7
16:9
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Sandboy & Other Stories"
6
16:9
4 May 2020
"Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir - Queen Wasp & Other Stories"
6
16:9
26
16:9
^ In the Christmas special, Santa, or Père Noël (lit. Father Christmas) is akumatized into Pire Noël (lit. "worst Christmas").
^ This episode was presented as Chris Master. But according to Thomas Astruc, the correct English name is Christmaster. [197]
^ First aired on Disney Channel France. It was also aired on 18 October 2020 on TFOU [329]
"Stormy Weather" . TV Guide UK. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
Zag, Jeremy (20 November 2015). "season 2 and 3 in progress" . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2015 – via Instagram.
^ season 2 interview tvmag
"TFOU" . facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 26 March 2019.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.09.08" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 8 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.10.13" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 13 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.10.06" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.09.22" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 22 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.09.29" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 29 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.10.20" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 20 October 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.09.15" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 15 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.11.17" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 17 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.11.24" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 24 November 2015. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
Coming up on ABC3: Kung Food 4:20pm Friday, April 15; The Bubbler 9:40pm Friday, April 15; Gamer 4:20pm Monday, April 18; Reflekta 4:20pm Tuesday, April 19; The Puppeteer 4:20pm Wednesday, April 20
Coming up on ABC3: 4:20pm Thursday, April 07; The Mime 4:20pm Friday, April 08; Stormy Weather 9:40pm Friday, April 08; Darkblade 4:20pm Monday, April 11; Animan 4:20pm Tuesday, April 12
Coming up on ABC3: Princess Fragrance 4:20pm Friday, April 22; Copycat 9:50pm Friday, April 22; Pixelator 4:20pm Monday, April 25; Volpina 4:20pm Tuesday, April 26; Timebreaker 9:45pm Friday, April 29
In response to the ask, Astruc posted a link to the guitar hero page on the French Wikipedia.
"ABC3 – Miraculous Tales Of Ladybug And Cat Noir – Simon Says; 4:20pm Wednesday, April 13 2016" . ABC3. 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.
Coming up on ABC3: Guitar Villain 4:20pm Thursday, April 14; Kung Food 4:20pm Friday, April 15; The Bubbler 9:40pm Friday, April 15; Gamer 4:20pm Monday, April 18; Reflekta 4:20pm Tuesday, April 19
"EBS 편성 정보 2015.11.24" . ebs.co.kr (in Korean). EBS . 1 March 2016. Archived from the original on 2 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
TFOU (2 May 2018). "Miraculous - Gorizilla" (in French) – via Facebook.
[INEDIT] Le garde du corps d'Adrien est akumatisé en Gorizilla. Doté d'un flair et d'une force hors du commun, il traque Adrien dans tout Paris. Ladybug et Chat Noir devront être malins s'ils veulent arrêter ce grand singe. 😲😍 dimanche 13 mai vers 9h40 sur TFOU
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
#Miraculous 🐞 🔥 INEDIT 🔥 Ladybug et Chat Noir VS Syren 🧜 c'est dimanche 3 juin vers 9h40 sur TFOU !
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
"TFOU" . facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 2 April 2019.
"Pesquisa" . NOS. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
"TFOU" . facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 9 April 2019.
Astruc, Thomas (12 March 2019). "Yes" . @Thomas_Astruc. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
RTS.ch (22 April 2019). "[MIRACULOUS BOULANGERIX] RTS.ch - Programmes TV" . RTS.ch (in French). Retrieved 22 April 2019.
"TFOU" . www.facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 30 April 2019.
"TFOU" . www.facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 7 May 2019.
"TFOU" . www.facebook.com (in French). Retrieved 14 May 2019.
"Programme RTS Kids - RTS.ch" . 14 June 2019. Archived from the original on 14 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
"Programme TV - rts.ch" . 1 April 2021. Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
"twitter" . Twitter (in French). Retrieved 25 August 2021.
"Jeremy Zag" . www.instagram.com. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
Astruc, Thomas [@Thomas_Astruc] (24 January 2022). "@ArtGrs @Winny_IRL Yes" ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022 – via Twitter .
Disney Channel Ratings Report (July 24-30, 2023) (Report). Nielsen Media Research.
Thomas Astruc [@Thomas_Astruc] (9 March 2021). "@L_a_d_y_Bug @Winny_BayDay And Dana 😊" ( Tweet ). Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021 – via Twitter .
"Marinette and Fashion" . nick.com. 8 January 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
"Alya's Ladyblog" . nick.com. 22 January 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
"Adrien's Double Life" . nick.com. 29 January 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
"TFOU" . facebook.com. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
"Instagram" . www.instagram.com. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
List of Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir episodes
| 2,055 |
268 | when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out | https://www.reddit.com/r/miraculousladybug/comments/eyahcb/season_2_chronological_order_correct_order_to/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
The Collector
Prime Queen
Malediktator
Reverser
Frozer
Frightningale
Syren
Anansi
Sandboy
Catalyst
Mayura
So I've been trying to figure out the chronological order of Season 2 but I couldn't find. This is why I made this list. Please let me now if you spot any mistakes. Thanks in advance :)
EDIT: I changed my list and it's more accurate now. If you see any other mistake, please let me know.
The Collector
Prime Queen
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 2,056 |
268 | when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out | https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/miraculous_tales_of_ladybug_and_cat_noir/s02/e12 | Signed in
Please open the email link from the same browser you initiated the change email process from.
Didn't you get the email?
Resend email
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Please sign in again.
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Continue with Google
Continue with Email
Continue
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies ,
and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes and to receive email from the Fandango Media Brands .
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies , and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes.
LEARN MORE
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
No thanks
By clicking "Sign Me Up," you are agreeing to receive occasional emails and communications from Fandango Media (Fandango, Vudu, and Rotten Tomatoes) and consenting to Fandango's Privacy Policy and Terms and Policies .
Please allow 10 business days for your account to reflect your preferences.
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
--
Episode 1
Episode 2
Episode 3
Episode 4
Episode 5
Episode 6
Episode 7
Episode 8
Episode 9
Episode 10
Episode 11
Episode 12
Episode 13
Episode 14
Episode 15
Episode 16
Episode 17
Episode 18
Episode 19
Episode 20
Episode 21
Episode 22
Episode 23
Episode 24
Episode 25
Episode 26
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir – Season 2, Episode 12
Play trailer
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir – Season 2, Episode 12
Aired May 13, 2018
86%
Watchlist
TRAILER
Big Hero 6 The Series
70%
Watchlist
96%
84%
Watchlist
TRAILER
Lego Ninjago Dragons Rising
View More
Cast & Crew
View All
View All
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir — Season 2, Episode 12 photos
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir — Season 2, Episode 12
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir
Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug and Cat Noir
View more photos
Screenwriter
Join the Newsletter
Get the freshest reviews, news, and more delivered right to your inbox!
| 2,057 |
268 | when is episode 12 of miraculous ladybug season 2 coming out | https://miraculousladybug.fandom.com/wiki/Episode_guide | Miraculous Ladybug Wiki
The London special aired recently, but we'd like to remind everyone that sharing illegal links to watch it or leaks is still strictly prohibited!
READ MORE
From 2015 to 2023, five seasons have been aired. Season 6 is set to air in January 2025, and four more seasons are currently in development.
A series of TV movies called Miraculous World started airing in 2020. Four have been released, and a fifth one is in production.
Alongside the main series, there have been four series of webisodes released over the years.
Contents
November 3, 2018
10 (season 1)13 (season 2)13 (season 3)
December 17, 2015 (season 1)May 25, 2018 (season 2)May 31, 2019 (season 3)
September 24, 2016 (season 1)January 19, 2021 (season 2)February 12, 2020 (season 3)
August 31, 2018 (season 1)November 18, 2023 (season 2)2025 (season 3)
October 26, 2018 (season 1)TBA (season 2)TBA (season 3)
Episode list[
This list shows the episodes by worldwide premiere order and alongside their production codes.
Production codes reflect the order in which the episodes were written and produced, and according to Thomas Astruc , is the closest to continuity as much it practicably can be. [1] As such, it is recommended to follow the production codes for viewing orders.
To see the English, French and other nations' airing orders, see Episode guide/International .
To see production code orders, see each season's respective page, or use the sorting in the tables bellow.
Season 1: 2015-2016[
Notes[]
↑ 1.0 1.1 Verizon Wireless accidentally released three episodes ahead of their intended US airdate, premiering them unintentionally.
Future movies
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Miraculous Ladybug Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 2,058 |
269 | where is the slide placed on the microscope | https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Anatomy_Lab/01:_Overview_and_the_Microscope/1.05:_The_Parts_of_a_Compound_Microscope_and_How_To_Handle_Them_Correctly | Error
chrome_reader_mode Enter Reader Mode
Human Anatomy Lab
1.5: Setting Up a Microscope and Slide Properly
59345
59345
https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FHuman_Biology%2FHuman_Anatomy_Lab%2F01%253A_Overview_and_the_Microscope%2F1.05%253A_The_Parts_of_a_Compound_Microscope_and_How_To_Handle_Them_Correctly
Expand/collapse global location
Last updated
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)
All the microscopes in the lab are parfocals. That means that if the slide is in focus under one objective, it will stay largely in focus if the objective is changed. In practical terms, this means you should usually only need to use the coarse focus knob once per slide. You get the slide in focus under the lowest-power objective (where focusing is easiest), then, from that point onward, only make minor adjustments with the fine focus knobs even if you change objectives.
When you first get a new slide, you can usually determine the location of the specimen by looking at the slide while it is still in your hand. The specimen is usually a patch of color somewhere near the center of the coverslip. After you clip your slide securely onto the stage with the stage clips, use the stage control knobs to move the patch of color until it is directly over the hole in the center of the stage where the light comes through. Now when you look through the eyepieces using the lowest objective (always start with the lowest objective) you should be able to find the specimen and get it quickly in focus.
Occasionally the eyepiece or objective lenses will have specks of dirt or dust on them, making it difficult to focus on the specimen. To clean lenses, always use lens paper supplied by the lab instructor or a pure cotton swab. Do not use any other type of cloth or paper as they might scratch the lens. KimWipes are NOT lens paper, NEVER use KimWipes on glass lenses or slides. To remove dirt with lens paper, first roll up the lens paper and try to dry brush away the dirt in a spiraling motion that circles from the center of the lens out. If that doesn’t work, moisten the lens paper or pure cotton swab with blue lens cleaning solution (do not apply the water to the lens directly) and clean in a spiraling motion from the center of the lens out.
Below is a checklist for initially setting up a microscope. Every time you get a new slide, you should use this checklist.
Lab 1 Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)
1. Plug in the microscope & turn on light source.
2. Pick up microscope by carrying arm, position it so it is accessible to your seat, with open side of the stage facing you
3. Rotate the objectives so that the lowest power objective (smallest in size) clicks into place.
4. Look at the slide with your naked eye and find the location of the specimen.
5. Clip the slide into place with the stage clips. The cover slip on the slide must face up. Find the stage controls and make sure that, when they are turned, the slide moves smoothly left and right or up and down, depending on the knob.
6. Use the stage controls to move the slide so that the light source is shining directly on to the specimen to be magnified.
7. Find the coarse and fine focus knobs. Watching the stage and objective, use the coarse focus knob to bring the low power objective as close to the slide as it will go.
8. Put your eye to the eyepiece (or eyepieces, if the microscope is binocular) and rotate the coarse focus knob in the lowering direction until some aspect of the specimen comes into focus.
9. Move your hand to the fine focus knob and get the specimen into perfect focus for your eyes. Do NOT touch the coarse focus knob again.
10. Use the stage control knobs to move you specimen to close to the exact center of your field of view
11. Move to the next highest power objective (do not skip the individual objectives) and use only the fine focus to get your image into perfect focus for your eyes.
12. If you need further magnification, move to the next highest power objective and use only the fine focus to get your image into perfect focus for your eyes.
13. Do not use the 100x objective (if you have one) in this course. It must be used with immersion oil and we won’t have students doing that.
How The Virtual Image Differs From The Real Image
The virtual image you see when looking in your microscope is not quite the same as the real image you would see with your eye. For one thing, it is bigger. For another thing, the orientation of the image is different. The two lenses in a compound microscope reflect the original image two times, in two different planes, while magnifying it. So what you think of as the “top” of your image is really the bottom, and what you think of “right” is really left. Usually this is not an issue at the microscopic level, but it is important to understand how the microscope is rearranging your virtual image.
Lab 1 Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)
Get an “e” slide. If it is already under your microscope, rotate the lowest-power objective into place, use the coarse focus to lower the stage, and remove the slide.
Look at the unmagnified “e” on the slide by eye. Rotate the slide around in your hand so that the “e” is right side up. Now clip the slide onto the microscope stage with the stage clips so that the “e” is facing you right side up when you look at it with your unaided eye.
In the right-hand circle below, draw what the “e” looks like when you are looking at it right side up. Assume the circle below is the size of the entire coverslip. Draw the “e” you see unaided in the correct proportion to the coverslip. (The unmagnified “e” will take up a tiny portion of the coverslip area.)
Clip the slide into your microscope stage so that the “e” is still facing you right side up. Follow the checklist in Lab 1 Exercise 1-7 to ensure you are setting up the microscope properly for use, but stay on the lowest power objective. Get the “e” into your field of view and in focus.
In the left-hand circle above, draw what the “e” looks like when viewing it through the microscope under the lowest-power objective. Under the circle, write the total magnification of the image.
When viewed under a microscope, how is a specimen rotated?
Look at the stage and slide directly (not through the eyepieces.) Move the stage control knob that causes the slide to move away from you on the stage, then move it back to its original position.
Now move the stage control knob the exact same way you just did, but view the “e” through the eyepiece. When the stage is moving away from you, what direction does the virtual image appear to be moving?
Again, look at the stage and slide directly (not through the eyepiece.) This time, move the stage control knob that causes the slide to move to your right, then move it back to its original position.
Now move the stage control knob the exact same way you just did, but view the “e” through the eyepiece. When the stage is moving to your right, what direction does the virtual image appear to be moving?
The field of view is the entire area you can see when looking through an eyepiece. Use the stage control knobs to move the virtual image of your “e” to one side of the field of view. Keep most of the “e” in the field of view, but move it to one side or the other.
Now switch to the next-power objective. (Do not skip.) To get to the next-power objective, and not the highest-power objective, which way did you have to rotate the objectives, clockwise or counter-clockwise?
Using only the fine focus knob (you do NOT use the coarse focus knob on any objective other than the lowest objective), get the “e” in focus.
When moving to the next objective, which part of the field of view do you zoom in on?
Move away from the eyepieces and look at the distance between the slide and the bottom of the objective. Rotate back to the lowest power objective. Now rotate to the next objective (do not rotate to the highest-power objective by accident). Now rotate to the third-highest objective. What happens to the distance between the slide and the bottom of the objective as you rotate to higher power objectives?
With the third-highest power objective still in place, how much space is there between the slide and the bottom of the objective?
Notice there is a danger of smashing the objective lens into the slide if you were to use the coarse focus. Why are you instructed to only use the coarse focus with the lowest- power objective?
Only draw what you actually see. Even if you expect to see something, if it is not there you should not draw it. Do not base your drawings on what the textbook or some other source tells you should be there. Do not draw things in the shapes that texts or other sources tell you to expect unless you actually see those shapes.
Making Simple But Accurate Line Drawings of Magnified Specimens
You do not have to be a great artist to make a diagram of the cells and structures you see under a microscope. You only have to be careful to draw something that is approximately the same size and shape as what you see. Follow the following guidelines:
Only draw what you actually see. Even if you expect to see something, if it is not there you should not draw it. Do not base your drawings on what the textbook or some other source tells you should be there. Do not draw things in the shapes that texts or other sources tell you to expect unless you actually see those shapes.
Keep things as simple as possible. Draw strong unbroken lines. Avoid shading or cross- hatching unless there is a very good reason to add them.
Feel free to simplify reality by leaving out unnecessary details. Draw what is of interest, but leave out background material, debris, or any other distracting items. Just be careful that, if you are leaving something out, that it isn’t something that is an important part of what you are drawing.
You should always have a basic understanding of what you are looking for before looking in the microscope. Tissues and other microscopic specimens can be confusing and cluttered. If you know in general what you are looking for, and, sometimes more importantly, what you are not looking for, it will make it much easier to find what you want to draw and it will make it much easier to decide how to draw it.
Just remember, what you see under the microscope may look quite different from the perfect specimens that are usually found in the figures put into textbooks and websites. Use the idealized images to track down what you are looking for, but draw the specimen as it actually is, regardless of your expectations.
For instance, in most textbooks, neurons, the most common cell found in nervous tissue, are drawn to look like variations of the drawing in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)A.
In the typical diagram of a neuron that appears in texts and on websites, there usually is a clear nucleus, and often a nucleolus visible, too. Sometimes organelles such as mitochondria are visible (there are none in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)A.) The dendrites are typically short and branched. There almost always is a single, easily-identifiable axon that is longer than all the dendrites and that branches as it ends.
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)B shows an actual neuron as viewed through a microscope. If you view enough neurons through enough different types of microscopes, you can eventually create a composite diagram that incorporates features from many specimens to present a “typical” neuron, but it is unlikely that if you view a single neuron you will see everything in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)A. In fact, often actual specimens look very little like their textbook counterparts. Draw what you see, not what you think you are supposed to see. Just make sure you are looking at what you are supposed to be finding (for instance, a neuron and not a piece of dirt or cell debris), and then draw it as it is.
In the case of the actual neuron in Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)B, there is no nucleus visible, there is maybe one large projection and one small projection you could call dendrites – but there aren’t many projections – and neither of the projections are branched. There is one long thin projection that is probably an axon, and it is not branched.
If you draw what you see, you end up with a drawing like the one in Figure 1.14B. It does not look like a textbook neuron, but it is a reasonable representation of what is there in this case.
Most students feel they “cannot draw” and are reluctant to sketch what they are seeing under a microscope. You don’t let your lack of artistic skills stop you.
Draw an outline that approximates the item you want to draw. Don’t obsess about making it match perfectly. Approximate is ok.
Try to get the proportions approximately right. If something is half as big, or as third as big, as something else, make it that way in the drawing, too.
Do not draw everything you see. Improve on reality by only drawing the parts of the specimen you are interested in. You do not have to draw every bit of debris or dirt. Decide what the important parts of your specimen are and draw only those.
Do not use shading or cross-hatching unless there is a very good reason to do so. It will actually make it easier to understand your drawing if you stick to drawing just outlines. It will also be easier and quicker to draw.
Lab 1 Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)
1. Get a human blood smear slide. Rotate your lowest power objective into place on your microscope.
2. Follow the checklist in Lab Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\) until you are viewing the blood smear under your 40x objective.
3. You will see mostly red blood cells. They will probably be pinkish and they will be the circles without nuclei. Occasionally, some will appear to have blank circles in their centers, but these are not nuclei. If you search around your slide using your stage controls, you will find the rare circular cells with nuclei. These are white blood cells. There will be less than one white blood cell for every 100 red blood cells. These white blood cells will probably be light blue or grey and have purple or dark blue nuclei. Their nuclei will not always be round.
4. Find a section of your slide with two or more white blood cells among all the red blood cells.
5. In the circle below, draw four or five representative red blood cells (do not draw all the red blood cells you see) and draw all the white blood cells in your field of view. Pay careful attention to drawing the white blood cell nuclei as accurately as possible.
6 Do not remove or change the position of your slide until one of your lab partners has verified that your white blood cells are drawn accurately. Introduce yourself to a partner and ask for their help.
LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS
CC LICENSED CONTENT, ORIGINAL
A&P Labs. Authored by: Ross Whitwam. Provided by: Mississippi University for Women. Located at : http://www.muw.edu/ . License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)B. A drawing of Figure Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)A's neuron.. Authored by: Ross Whitwam. Provided by: Mississippi University for Women. Located at : http://www.muw.edu . License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
CC LICENSED CONTENT, SHARED PREVIOUSLY
Figure \(\PageIndex{2a}\). A typical diagram of a neuron.. Authored by: Jonathan Haas. Located at: https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde...curid=18271454 . License: CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
CC LICENSED CONTENT, SPECIFIC ATTRIBUTION
Figure \(\PageIndex{2b}\)A. An actual neuron; Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)B. An actual neuron. Authored by: W. Clay Spencer, Rebecca McWhirter, Tyne Miller, Pnina Strasbourger, Owen Thompson, LaDeana W. Hillier, Robert H. Waterston, David M. Miller III. Located at : http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0112102 . License: CC BY: Attribution
When storing a microscope, you should always follow this list:
Remove any slide found on the stage and return it to the slide box.
Rotate the smallest lens or no lens into place above the stage. Lower the stage a few turns.
Loosely coil the cord in your hand starting near the microscope and working toward the plug.
Hang the coiled cord over one ocular lens.
Look at the number on the back of the microscope, return that scope to its numbered box.
If there’s already a microscope in that numbered box, check its number and move it. If it is not numbered simply push it to the back of the box and place yours closer to the front. We have a few extra microscopes which we store in this fashion.
Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\): Binocular microscope. (CC-BY-SA; Ross Whitwame http://www.muw.edu/ )
| 2,064 |
269 | where is the slide placed on the microscope | https://www.microscope.com/education-center/how-to-guides/mount-slides | The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled.
Slide Mount Instructions
Before you start building your slides, make sure you have everything you will need, including slides, cover slips, droppers or pipets and any chemicals or stains you plan to use.
You will be using two main types of slides, 1) the common flat glass slide, and 2) the depression or well slides. Well slides have a small well, or indentation, in the center to hold a drop of water or liquid substance. They are more expensive and usually used without a cover slip.
Standard slides can be either plastic or glass and are 1 x 3 inches (25 x 75 mm) in size and 1 to 1.2 mm thick.
Wet slides will use a cover slip or cover glass, a very thin square piece of glass (or plastic) that is placed over the sample drop. Without the cover in place, surface tension would cause the droplet to bunch up in a dome. The cover breaks this tension, flattening the sample and allowing very close inspection with minimal focusing. The cover also serves to protect the objective lens from interfering with the sample drop.
MOUNTS
There are four common ways to mount a microscope slide as described below:
Dry Mount
In a dry mount, the specimen is placed directly on the slide. A cover slip may be used to keep the specimen in place and to help protect the objective lens. Dry mounts are suitable for specimens such as samples of pollen, hair, feathers or plant materials.
Wet Mount
In a wet mount, a drop of water is used to suspend the specimen between the slide and cover slip. Place a sample on the slide. Using a pipette, place a drop of water on the specimen. Then place on edge of the cover slip over the sample and carefully lower the cover slip into place using a toothpick or equivalent. This method will help prevent air bubbles from being trapped under the cover slip.
Your objective is to have sufficient water to fill the space between cover slip and slide. If there is too much water, the cover slip will slide around. Take a piece of paper towel and hold it close to one edge of the cover slip. This will draw out some water. If too dry, add a drop of water beside the cover slip. Practice this until you get used to it.
Wet mounts are suitable for studying water-bound organisms such as paramecium or bodily fluids such as saliva, blood and urine.
Section Mount
In a section mount, an extremely thin cross-section of a specimen is used. Using a microtome, cut a thin slice of your selected specimen such as an onion, and carefully set it on your slide. Then follow the instructions for a dry or wet mount. A stain can often be applied directly to the specimen before covering with a cover slip.
Section mounts are suitable for useful for a wide variety of samples such as fruit, vegetables and other solids that can be cut into small slices.
Smear
A smear is made by carefully smearing a thin layer of the specimen across a slide and then applying a cover slip. Typically, a smear should be allowed to air dry before applying a stain.
STAINS
Stains are used to help identify different types of cells using light microscopes. They give the image more contrast and allow cells to be classified according to their shape (morphology). By using a variety of different stains, you can selectively stain different areas such as a cell wall, nucleus, or the entire cell. Stains can also help differentiate between living or dead cells.
Stains tend to be grouped as neutral, acidic or basic, depending upon their chemical makeup and will attract or repel different organisms accordingly. For example, scientists and health professionals use Methylene Blue, a slightly alkaline stain, to reveal the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid, more commonly known as DNA.
Stain Types
Iodine is one of the more commonly available stains and is used to identify starch in a variety of samples. It will stain carbohydrates in plants and animal specimens brown or blue-black. Glycogen will show as red.
Methylene Blue is an alkaline stain useful in identifying acidic cell nuclei and DNA in animal, bacteria or blood samples. It’s also useful in aquariums to prevent the spread of fungal infections in fish. See more details >
Eosin Y is an acidic stain which stains pink for alkaline cells (cytoplasm, for example). It colors red for blood cells, cytoplasm and cell membranes. Eosin's most important medical uses are in blood and bone-marrow testing, including the PAP smear. See more details >
Gram's Stain is one of the most frequently used processes in identifying bacteria – used daily in hospitals. It is a primary test that quickly and cost effectively divides bacteria into one of two types: Gram positive or Gram negative. See more details >
STAINING STEPS
Prepare a wet mount slide.
Collect a drop of stain with an eye dropper or pipette.
Put a drop of stain on an outer edge of your cover slide.
Place a piece of napkin or paper towel against the opposite side of your cover slip, right up against the edge. This will help draw the stain under the cover and across the specimen.
You may need to add another drop to ensure complete coverage.
The slide is now ready for viewing.
5 things you should know
There are amazing, hidden worlds everywhere - places you can only visit with a microscope. These books will help guide you along your journey.
Founded by a high school biology teacher in 1998, Microscope.com is now the largest and most trusted online retailer of professional quality, affordable microscopes.
Call Toll Free For Personal Service
Toll free: (877) 409-3556
| 2,065 |
269 | where is the slide placed on the microscope | https://microscopeinternational.com/how-to-use-a-microscope/ | How to Use a Microscope (Properly) - Step by Step
Before You Start
Familiarizing Yourself
The first step is to go over all parts of the microscope and get a good idea
of where everything is and what everything does – especially any dials or
other interactive features. This is best done while standing in front of the
microscope where you would normally use it, but you should also do a “walk
around” to view any features that are hidden from view when using the device.
Preparing Slides
Microscope slides should be prepared beforehand and should include a cover
slip (plastic or glass, depending on your purpose and budget). If the
objective lens should touch the slide (which should not happen anyway of the
device is used correctly, see below), these covers will prevent or minimize
damage caused. The “stage clips” should be used to secure the slide (and
cover) to the stage. Pushing down in the back end of these stage clips will
open them.
Step by Step – How to Use a Compound Microscope
Turn the Objective Lenses so that the longest lens (the lowest power one) is
in viewing position. Be sure that there is room for it to move into place.
Lower the Mechanical stage to make more room if needed.
Place the slide on the Mechanical stage and fasten it with the stage clips.
Look at the side of the microscope and turn the Adjustment knob until the
lens is very close to, but not touching, the slide.
Look through the eyepiece and move the Adjustment knob so that the lens
lifts away from the slide. The image should come into focus. Be careful not
to drop the lens into the face of the slide, as this may cause damage to the
lens.
The condenser can be adjusted to increase or decrease light intensity. You
will usually want the most light possible for clearer viewing, but with low
power objective lenses you may need to decrease the light.
The slide can be moved around to center the desired image in the field of
view.
Once you have a clear image with the low-power objective, you may want to
switch to a higher power one by switching the objective lens. Because they
are shorter, you don’t need to worry about turning them into the face of the
slide and causing damage. This is one of the reasons we start with the lower
ones.
You may need to slightly adjust the focus and centering of the object you
are viewing. If you try this, and it doesn’t seem to come into focus, then
drop the lens to very near, but not touching, the slide (look from beside
the microscope to do this, not through the eye piece) and then look through
the eyepiece while you slowly raise the lens away from the slide. At some
point, it will come into focus for you.
When you have finished viewing the slide, lower the Mechanical stage using
the Adjustment knob, click the low power lens into viewing position (in
preparation for next time), and remove the slide (by pressing on the ends of
the clips to release it).
Extra Tips and Tricks
Here are some more useful tips to consider before using a microscope:
When using a microscope with a single eyepiece, it is good practice to keep
the other eye open to avoid eye strain. Remember that the image is flipped
upside down and horizontally when viewed through the microscope, so when
moving it, it will appear to go the opposite way to what you might intend –
moving the slide up makes the image move down, and moving the slide to the
right makes the image move left, etc.
Prepare your slide with a protective coverslip.
Do not touch the middle glass part of the lenses with your fingers, just the
edges. There is special lens paper for cleaning the lenses. You may want to
use gloves.
Switch off the microscope when it is not in use.
Always cover your microscope when not in use.
Always use both hands when you carry a microscope, with one hand on the arm
and the other under the base.
Learn more about microscopes with our other useful guides below:
Email Address
Footer Start
Hicksville, NY 11801
| 2,066 |
269 | where is the slide placed on the microscope | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope_slide | Microscope slide
21 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Thin, flat piece of glass onto which a sample is placed to be examined under a microscope
"Glass slide" redirects here. The term may also refer to photographic slides .
A set of standard 75 by 25 mm microscope slides. The white area can be written on to label the slide.
A microscope slide (top) and a cover slip (bottom)
A microscope slide is a thin flat piece of glass , typically 75 by 26 mm (3 by 1 inches) and about 1 mm thick, used to hold objects for examination under a microscope . Typically the object is mounted (secured) on the slide, and then both are inserted together in the microscope for viewing. This arrangement allows several slide-mounted objects to be quickly inserted and removed from the microscope, labeled, transported, and stored in appropriate slide cases or folders etc.
Microscope slides are often used together with a cover slip or cover glass, a smaller and thinner sheet of glass that is placed over the specimen. Slides are held in place on the microscope's stage by slide clips, slide clamps or a cross-table which is used to achieve precise, remote movement of the slide upon the microscope's stage (such as in an automated/computer operated system, or where touching the slide with fingers is inappropriate either due to the risk of contamination or lack of precision).
A microscope slide prepared in 1855 containing reference specimens from the inner mucosa of the small intestine of a cholera victim.
The origin of the concept was pieces of ivory or bone , containing specimens held between disks of transparent mica , that would slide into the gap between the stage and the objective. [1] These "sliders" were popular in Victorian-era England until the Royal Microscopical Society introduced the standardized glass microscope slide. [2]
Dimensions and types
Common dimensions of microscope slides (in mm).
A standard microscope slide measures about 75 mm by 25 mm (3″ by 1″) and is about 1 mm thick. A range of other sizes are available for various special purposes, such as 75 x 50 mm for geological use, 46 x 27 mm for petrographic studies, and 48 x 28 mm for thin sections . Slides are usually made of common glass and their edges are often finely ground or polished.
Microscope slides are usually made of optical quality glass , such as soda lime glass or borosilicate glass , but specialty plastics are also used. Fused quartz slides are often used when ultraviolet transparency is important, e.g. in fluorescence microscopy . [3] [4]
While plain slides are the most common, there are several specialized types. A concavity slide or cavity slide has one or more shallow depressions ("wells"), designed to hold slightly thicker objects, and certain samples such as liquids and tissue cultures . [5] Slides may have rounded corners for increased safety or robustness, or a cut-off corner for use with a slide clamp or cross-table, where the slide is secured by a spring-loaded curved arm contacting one corner, forcing the opposing corner of the slide against a right angled arm which does not move. If this system were used with a slide which did not incorporate these cut-off corners, the corners would chip and the slide could shatter. [5]
A graticule slide is marked with a grid of lines (for example, a 1 mm grid) that allows the size of objects seen under magnification to be easily estimated and provides reference areas for counting minute objects. Sometimes one square of the grid will itself be subdivided into a finer grid. Slides for specialized applications, such as hemocytometers for cell counting, may have various reservoirs, channels and barriers etched or ground on their upper surface. [6] Various permanent markings or masks may be printed , sand-blasted , or deposited on the surface by the manufacturer, usually with inert materials such as PTFE . [7]
Microscope image of a Neubauer slide's graticule being used to count cells .
A Neubauer slide held in place on a microscope stand by a slide clamp on a cross-table.
Standard (75 x 25 mm or 3x1″) and large (75 x 51 mm or 3x2″) microscope slide.
Some slides have a frosted or enamel-coated area at one end, for labeling with a pencil or pen. [5] Slides may have special coatings applied by the manufacturer, e.g. for chemical inertness or enhanced cell adhesion . The coating may have a permanent electric charge to hold thin or powdery samples. Common coatings include poly-L-lysine , silanes , epoxy resins , [5] [7] or even gold . [8]
Blood smears for pathological examination, an example of wet mount
Microscope slides with prepared, stained, and labeled tissue specimens in a standard 20-slide folder
The mounting of specimens on microscope slides is often critical for successful viewing. The problem has been given much attention in the last two centuries and is a well-developed area with many specialized and sometimes quite sophisticated techniques. Specimens are often held into place using the smaller glass cover slips.
The main function of the cover slip is to keep solid specimens pressed flat, and liquid samples shaped into a flat layer of even thickness. This is necessary because high-resolution microscopes have a very narrow region within which they focus.
The cover glass often has several other functions. It holds the specimen in place (either by the weight of the cover slip or, in the case of a wet mount, by surface tension ) and protects the specimen from dust and accidental contact. It protects the microscope's objective lens from contacting the specimen and vice versa; in oil immersion microscopy or water immersion microscopy the cover slip prevents contact between the immersion liquid and the specimen. The cover slip can be glued to the slide so as to seal off the specimen, retarding dehydration and oxidation of the specimen and also preventing contamination. A number of sealants are in use, including commercial sealants, laboratory preparations, or even regular clear nail polish , depending on the sample. A solvent-free sealant that can be used for live cell samples is "valap", a mixture of vaseline , lanolin and paraffin in equal parts. [9] Microbial and cell cultures can be grown directly on the cover slip before it is placed on the slide, and specimens may be permanently mounted on the slip instead of on the slide. [9]
Cover slips are available in a range of sizes and thicknesses. [10] Using the wrong thickness can result in spherical aberration and a reduction in resolution and image intensity. Specialty objectives may be used to image specimens without coverslips, or may have correction collars that permit a user to accommodate for alternative coverslip thickness. [11] [12]
Dry mount
Wet mount or temporary mount
Prepared mount or permanent mount
Strewn mount
Mounting media
Examples of mounting media
Glycerol-PBS (9:1) with antiquench, e.g. any of the following [17]
p-phenylenediamine
Ascorbic acid
CyGEL / CyGEL Sustain (to immobilize living, unfixed cells and organisms)
Used when a permanent mount is required
Permount (toluene and a polymer of a-pinene, b-pinene, dipentene, b-phellandrene)
DPX new (with xylene but free of carcinogenic dibutyl phthalate )
Entellan (with toluene)
Hempstead Halide Hoyer's Medium (a proprietary formulation of the traditional Hoyer's medium containing 60% Chloral , but free of known carcinogens)
Neo-Mount (compatible with aliphatic neo-clear but not compatible with aromatic solvents like xylene)
Contrasting with other types/meanings of "mounting"
See also
^ a b Microscope Slides catalog page from a commercial website (TEKDON). Accessed on 2010-01-23.
^ a b Microscopy – Protocols Archived 2013-04-03 at archive.today teaching webpage by the Moores Cancer Center, University of California at San Diego. Accessed on 2013-02-07.
^ GE technical specs from a commercial website (Ted Pella). Accessed on 2010-01-23.
"Coverslip Correction Collars" . Microscopy Resource Center. Olympus. Retrieved 4 June 2017.
^ Michael W. Davidson (2010), Optical Aberrations , chapter in Molecular Expressions website at Florida State University. Last edit 2006-06-15 at 02:39 PM, accessed in 2010-01-12.
Zippi, Pierre A. (1991). "SEM and Light Microscope Mounting and Specimen Location Technique for Same-Specimen Study of Palynological Strew Mounts". Micropaleontology. 37 (4): 407–13. Bibcode : 1991MiPal..37..407Z . doi : 10.2307/1485913 . JSTOR 1485913 .
| 2,067 |
269 | where is the slide placed on the microscope | https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/microscopes4schools/microscopes2.php | Compound Microscopes
Turn the revolving turret (2) so that the lowest power objective lens (eg. 4x) is clicked into position.
Place the microscope slide on the stage (6) and fasten it with the stage clips.
Look at the objective lens (3) and the stage from the side and turn the focus knob (4) so the stage moves upward. Move it up as far as it will go without letting the objective touch the coverslip.
Look through the eyepiece (1) and move the focus knob until the image comes into focus.
Adjust the condenser (7) and light intensity for the greatest amount of light.
Move the microscope slide around until the sample is in the centre of the field of view (what you see).
Use the focus knob (4) to place the sample into focus and readjust the condenser (7) and light intensity for the clearest image (with low power objectives you might need to reduce the light intensity or shut the condenser).
When you have a clear image of your sample with the lowest power objective, you can change to the next objective lenses. You might need to readjust the sample into focus and/or readjust the condenser and light intensity. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 3 through 5 with the higher power objective lens in place. Do not let the objective lens touch the slide!
When finished, lower the stage, click the low power lens into position and remove the slide.
NOTES:
Your microscope slide should be prepared with a coverslip over the sample to protect the objective lenses if they touch the slide.
Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the lenses.
Always keep your microscope covered when not in use.
Always carry a microscope with both hands. Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand under the base for support.
Stereomicroscopes
Place your sample on the stage (3) and turn on the LED light (2).
Look through the eyepieces (4) and move the focus knob (1) until the image comes into focus.
Adjust the distance between the eyepieces (4) until you can see the sample clearly with both eyes simultaneously (you should see the sample in 3D).
NOTES:
When you move the sample, you will have to focus again by moving the focus knob.
| 2,068 |
270 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_(Justin_Bieber_song) | Baby (Justin Bieber song)
2010 song by Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris
"Baby"
"Baby" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber featuring American rapper Ludacris . It was released as the lead single on Bieber's debut studio album, My World 2.0 . The track was written by the artists alongside Christina Milian and producers Tricky Stewart and The-Dream .
It was available for digital download on January 18, 2010. The song received airplay directly after release, officially impacting mainstream and rhythmic radio on January 26, 2010.
The song received positive reviews from critics, who complimented the song's effective lyrics and chorus and commended Ludacris' part and the song's ability to have an urban twist.
The song was a commercial success, peaking at number one in France and Scotland , and charting in the top ten of the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Australia, Norway, Japan, Ireland, Hungary, Belgium ( Flanders ), Slovakia and New Zealand. "Baby" was the fourth most successful single of 2010 in France. The accompanying music video takes place in a mall / bowling-alley setting. The video features several cameos such as Drake , Lil Twist and Tinashe , in which Bieber pursues a girl. As of May 2013, the song has sold 3.9 million digital downloads in the United States and is certified 12× platinum by the RIAA . [2]
The official music video is the 39th most-viewed video on YouTube . [3] As of January 2025, it is also the fourth-most-disliked video and the most-disliked music video on the platform. It had been the most-viewed YouTube video from July 16, 2010, when it surpassed the music video for " Bad Romance " by Lady Gaga , until November 24, 2012, when it was surpassed by the music video for " Gangnam Style " by Psy . Bieber performed the song several times, including on Saturday Night Live , and the ninth season of American Idol . Bieber also performed an acoustic rendition of the remix version with Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards . The official remix in the United Kingdom features British hip-hop artist Chipmunk .
Background and writing
"Baby" was written by Bieber with Christopher "Tricky" Stewart (who worked on Bieber's debut single " One Time "), R&B singer The-Dream and his then-wife, Christina Milian , as well as Def Jam label-mate and the songs co-performer, Ludacris . [4] When asked how the collaboration initially came about, Bieber said, "[Ludacris and I] both live in Atlanta. I met him a year prior to this and we figured it was a perfect collaboration for him, so we invited him out to do it." A few days before the release of the single, Bieber posted an acoustic version of the song to his YouTube with his guitarist Dan Kanter , similar to the way he did with " Favorite Girl ". Billboard said that: "Bieber delivers his characteristically clean vocals with conviction: "My first love broke my heart for the first time / and I'm like, 'baby, baby, baby, no!' I thought you'd always be mine." [5] Also in a review of the acoustic version Bill Lamb of About.com said that, "I think the vocals here will convince some that Justin Bieber really does have the vocal chops." [6]
Style and composition
Problems playing this file? See media help .
The song is predominantly upbeat, featuring Bieber's R&B vocals over a backdrop containing a dance infused beat, full of keyboard and "disco string" synths . [7] The song is played at a tempo of 130 BPM and is composed in the key of E♭ major with Bieber's vocal range spanning from the low-note of G3 to the high-note of C5. [8] [9] According to Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone , the song "blends winks at Fifties doo-wop with hip-hop chants", comparing the style and the lyrics "My first love broke my heart for the first time/And I was like/Baby, baby, baby, ooooh/I thought you'd always be mine" to fifties ballads like " Tears on My Pillow ", " Why Do Fools Fall in Love " and " Earth Angel ". [9] Lyrically, Bieber's lines explain his distress over his lost love, and promise to get it back, featured in lines like, "And I wanna play it cool/But I'm losin' you…/I'm in pieces/So come and fix me…". [7] The chorus features the distinct and repetitive "baby, baby, baby, ohhhh (nooooo)" hook. After the second verse, Ludacris comes in with the verse-rap , an anecdote of young love when he was thirteen, as it runs "When I was 13/I had my first love/She had me going crazy/Oh, I was star-struck/She woke me up daily/Don't need no Starbucks …". [10]
Critical reception
Nick Levine of Digital Spy felt the song was "no great departure from what he's given us before", but felt the production of Tricky and The-Dream helped give the song a "simple", "big" chorus about " puppy love " that works. [11] Melanie Bertoldi of Billboard said, "The midtempo number's undeniably contagious chorus should keep Bieber's tween fan base satisfied, and Ludacris' brief cameo adds a welcome urban twist." [12] Bertoli went on to say, "The matchup adds a layer of maturity to Bieber's repertoire and should further solidify his growing presence on the charts." [12] Rap-Up magazine said that "the sweet pop fare gets a little street cred courtesy of the teen sensation's labelmate Ludacris." [13] Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone appreciated the song's vintage doo-wop and fifties aesthetic and hip-hop chants, and said the song included "one of the catchiest choruses concocted by the-Dream and Tricky Stewart, the duo behind " Umbrella " and " Single Ladies ". [9] Luke O'Neill of Boston Globe had mixed thoughts about the song calling Ludacris' cameo "goofy", and said, the song "effects a musical anachronism, albeit a catchy one, but in this sped-up recycling moment all styles all at once are grist for the mill." [14]
Chart performance
In the United States, "Baby" debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Bieber's highest-charting single in the US. Bieber then went on to surpass this chart position when " Boyfriend " debuted at number two in April 2012. [15] The song was also Ludacris's biggest song to date, solo or featuring, since 2007's " Glamorous ". "Baby" was beaten out as the week's highest debut by Taylor Swift 's " Today Was a Fairytale ", which debuted at number two. The debuting of the pair of songs was just the third time in history that the Hot 100 had two new top-five debuts. The instance had last happened in 2003 when American Idol 's Ruben Studdard and Clay Aiken 's debut singles charted at number one and two. [15]
During its first week of radio impact, the song had over 1400 spins, and was the top gainer for mainstream and rhythmic radio formats. [16]
The song debuted at thirty-three on the Pop Songs chart on the week labeled February 13, 2010. The song missed out becoming the greatest gainer by one spot, which was Kesha 's " Blah Blah Blah ". [17] However the following week, the song did collect greatest gainer recognition, jumping to twenty-five on the chart, and has since peaked at sixteen. [17] [18] On August 2, 2010, the song was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 2,000,000 units. [19]
As of May 2013, the song had sold 3.9 million digital downloads in the United States. With the inclusion of streaming in the RIAA certifications in 2013, the song became the highest certificated single of all time at 12× Platinum (surpassing " Candle in the Wind 1997 " by Elton John at 11× Platinum). [2]
"Baby" debuted and peaked on the Canadian Hot 100 at number three, becoming his highest-charting single at the time. [15] On the issue dated February 8, 2010, the song debuted in Australia on the official ARIA Singles Chart at number thirty-seven. [20] After twelve weeks of ascending and descending the charts the single reached a peak of three. [20] "Baby" has since been certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 70,000 units. [21]
In New Zealand, the song entered the chart at nineteen. After weeks of ascending and descending the charts, "Baby" reached a peak of four. [22] The song dropped to the number five position the following week and after weeks of fluctuating around the chart it attained the number four position once again. [22] It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). [23]
The song peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart on the issue date March 14, 2010. [24] The following week, "Baby" fell to number four, but climbed back to its previous peak position of three on the issue date March 28, 2010. [24] In the process of climbing the charts, "Baby" gained a new peak of two on the R&B Singles Chart . [25]
By June 2012, Baby had sold 442,432 copies in the United Kingdom. [26]
Music video
Filming for the music video began during the week of January 25, 2010, in Los Angeles. [27] It was filmed at Universal CityWalk and Lucky Strike Lanes , by director Ray Kay , who had previously directed videos for Beyoncé Knowles , Lady Gaga , Alexandra Burke , and Cheryl Cole , among others. [28] Ludacris said that the video "is like a 2010 version of Michael Jackson 's " The Way You Make Me Feel "." Bieber said that the video "will capture the song's message of trying to woo back a girl." [29] In explaining the concept of the video, Bieber said, "It starts off, I really like this girl, but we didn't [get] along; we couldn't be together. Basically I want her back and [I'm] kind of going through the whole thing. I'm chasing her around, trying to get her, and she's kind of playing hard to get, but I'm persistent. I keep going." [29] The video premiered exclusively on Vevo on Friday, February 19, 2010. [30] Singer and actress Jasmine Villegas portrays Bieber's love interest in the video. Bieber's friends, [31] [32] [33] Young Money artists Drake and Lil Twist also appeared in the video, along with Tinashe and jerkin' crew The Rangers. [29]
The video takes place in a mall-like setting with a bowling alley and more. After the video was released, MTV commented on the video being the new version of "The Way You Make Me Feel" saying, "... and the choreography does use a few of Jackson's less-suggestive moves." [34] The MTV review goes on to say, "most of the video takes place in the bowling alley, there are also scenes of Bieber in other settings, hanging out with Luda, doing the moonwalk, messing with his hair and mugging for the camera. During the video Bieber's friends and Villegas's friends have several dance offs and Villegas eventually smiles at him. Regardless of his crush's apparent frustration with him, Bieber eventually wins her over. The video concludes with the pair walking off into the night holding hands." [34]
Billboard reviewed the video, saying, "Those new dance moves he's showing off can only mean one thing: all over the world, tweens' hearts are melting right now." [35] In July 2010, the video became the most viewed video in YouTube history until it was surpassed by Psy 's hit single, " Gangnam Style ", in November 2012. [36]
The video received 7.7 million views within its first seven days. [37]
As of September 2023, the video has received over 3 billion views on the video-sharing website YouTube . It was also the most disliked video of all time (briefly surpassed by " Friday " by Rebecca Black upon that video's release in 2011). Baby's music video held the record for the most disliked video for over 7 years, until it was surpassed in December 2018 by YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind (the current most disliked video). The video currently sits as the fourth most disliked YouTube video.
Live performances
Bieber first premiered the song performing on the MuchMusic series Live at Much on December 28, 2009. [38] He sang the song on VH1 's Pepsi Super Bowl Fan Jam, along with other performers Rihanna , JoJo and Timbaland , and on CBS' The Early Show as a part of their Super Bowl programming. [39] He performed the song the first time with Ludacris on BET 's SOS: Saving Ourselves – Help for Haiti Telethon, on February 6, 2010, which also aired on VH1 , and MTV . [40] During the chorus, he changed the lyrics to "Baby, baby, Haiti", to show support for the cause, and the reason everyone came together for the show. [34] In the week of his album release, he performed the song on The View and 106 & Park . Bieber also performed the song at the 2010 Kids Choice Awards on March 27. Bieber performed the song along with " U Smile " on the eighteenth episode of season thirty five of Saturday Night Live . [41] Bieber performed an acoustic rendition of the song along with a freestyle by good friend Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards . [42] In April 2010, Bieber noted that due to his voice changing, he could no longer hit all the notes in "Baby", and for live performances, the key is lowered. [43] Bieber performed the song live in Sydney, Australia on April 26, 2010, in the Sunrise studios after his public performance was cancelled. [44] Bieber also performed the song on May 11, 2010, on The Oprah Winfrey Show . Bieber performed the song on June 4, 2010, on the Today Show along with " Never Say Never ", " Somebody to Love ", and " One Time ". [45] He performed the song with "Somebody to Love" at the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards . [46]
Cover versions and samples
Jazz pianist Jacky Terrasson covered "Baby" with his trio on his 2012 album Gouache . [47]
The song was also covered by Relient K in 2011 for their cover album Is For Karaoke . It was also covered by "Weird Al" Yankovic in the polka medley, " Polka Face " in the same year for his 2011 album Alpocalypse .
It was sampled 40 times. In 2012, Alexa Ilacad , Mika Dela Cruz , Noemi Oineza and Angel Sy , AKA T.O.P., sampled this song for their single "Crush".[ citation needed ]
Parody versions
In the 2012 film Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days , Greg Heffley's older brother Rodrick (portrayed by Devon Bostick ) performs a hard rock cover of the song with his band, Löded Diper, in an attempt to impress his love interest Heather Hills (older sister of Greg's love interest, Holly) during her Sweet 16th party. His performance causes the event to end in disaster.
In the Annoying Orange episode, "OMG" (parody of TMZ ), there is a clip of Justin Bieberry (portrayal of Bieber) singing a parody version called "Gravy".
Track listing
3:41
Charts
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
† Streaming-only figures based on certification alone.
Release history
References
^ Justin Bieber My World 2.0 (Digital booklet) Island Records / Raymond -Braun Music Group. (2010)
Levine, Nick (March 8, 2010). "Justin Bieber ft. Ludacris: 'Baby'" . Digital Spy. Hachette Fillipachi UK. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
"Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris, "Baby"" . Billboard. Nielsen Business Media. January 29, 2010. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved February 11, 2010.
"Chart Beat Thursday: 'Hope' Helps Haiti" . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media. January 28, 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved January 30, 2010.
"Infiltrating Bieber's Live@Much" . MuchMusic . December 28, 2009. Archived from the original on January 2, 2010. Retrieved January 11, 2010.
"Justin Bieber's Voice Breaking" . contactmusic. April 27, 2010. Archived from the original on June 19, 2010. Retrieved June 19, 2010.
"United States Digital Download" . iTunes. Apple Inc. January 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
"Australia Digital Download" . iTunes. Apple Inc. January 2010. Archived from the original on May 30, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
"United Kingdom Digital Download" . iTunes. Apple Inc. January 2010. Archived from the original on September 4, 2010. Retrieved June 17, 2010.
"Brasil Hot 100 Airplay (Jul 18, 2010)". Billboard Brasil . No. 11. BPP Promoções e Publicações. August 2010. p. 84.
"Brasil Hot Pop & Popular: Hot Pop Songs (Jul 18, 2010)". Billboard Brasil . No. 11. BPP Promoções e Publicações. August 2010. p. 85.
"2010 Annual ARIA Singles Chart" . Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
"Jaaroverzichten 2010" . Ultratop. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
"Rapports Annuels 2010" . Ultratop. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
Select 2024年10月 on the drop-down menu
Baby (Justin Bieber song)
| 2,069 |
270 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | https://genius.com/Justin-bieber-baby-lyrics | Baby Lyrics
[Produced by The-Dream and Tricky Stewart] [Intro: Justin Bieber]Oh, woahOh, woahOh, woah[Verse 1: Justin Bieber & Ludacris]You know you love me (Yo), I know you care (Uh-huh)Just shout whenever (Yo), and I'll be there (Uh-huh) You are my love (Yo), you are my heart (Uh-huh)And we will never, ever, ever be apart (Yo, uh-huh) Are we an item? (Yo) Girl, quit playin' (Uh-huh)We're just friends (Yo), what are you sayin'? (Uh-huh)Said, "There's another" (Yo), and looked right in my eyes (Uh-huh)My first love broke my heart for the first time, and I was like (Yo, uh-huh)[Chorus: Justin Bieber]Baby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mineBaby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mine
You might also like
[Verse 2: Justin Bieber & Ludacris]Oh, for you, I would've done whatever (Uh-huh)And I just can't believe we ain't together (Yo, uh-huh)And I wanna play it cool (Yo), but I'm losin' you (Uh-huh)I'll buy you anything (Yo), I'll buy you any ring (Uh-huh)And I'm in pieces (Yo), baby, fix me (Uh-huh)And just shake me till you wake me from this bad dream (Yo, uh-huh)I'm goin' down (Yo), down, down, down (Uh-huh)And I just can't believe my first love won't be around, and I'm like[Chorus: Justin Bieber & Ludacris]Baby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mineBaby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mine (Luda!)[Verse 3: Ludacris]When I was thirteen, I had my first loveThere was nobody that compared to my baby, and nobody came between us nor could ever come aboveShe had me goin' crazy, oh, I was starstruck She woke me up daily, don't need no Starbucks (Woo) She made my heart pound, and skip a beat when I see her in the street andAt school on the playground, but I really wanna see her on the weekendShe knows she got me dazing 'cause she was so amazingAnd now my heart is breakin', but I just keep on sayin'
[Chorus: Justin Bieber]Baby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mineBaby, baby, baby, ohLike baby, baby, baby, noLike baby, baby, baby, ohI thought you'd always be mine, mine[Outro: Justin Bieber]I'm gone (Yeah-yeah-yeah, yeah-yeah-yeah)Now I'm all gone (Yeah-yeah-yeah, yeah-yeah-yeah)Now I'm all gone (Yeah-yeah-yeah, yeah-yeah-yeah)Now I'm all gone (Gone, gone, gone, gone), I'm gone
73
Embed
Cancel
How to Format Lyrics:
Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
Use italics (<i>lyric</i>) and bold (<b>lyric</b>) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]
To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum
About
Genius Annotation
5 contributors
“Baby” is about breaking up with someone you love and still wanting them even after you’ve broken up. It’s the lead single off of Bieber’s debut album, My World 2.0 . It debuted and peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 in early 2010.
It’s also one of Justin Bieber’s most popular songs of all time, with it being certified 12 times platinum by the RIAA; it was also an international smash hit that included a #3 peak in the UK.
“Baby” was the most watched video ever in July 2010 on YouTube until “Gangnam Style” surpassed it two years later.
Expand
+113
3
Share
Q&A
Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning
Ask a question
How long has the song's music video been disliked on YouTube?
Genius Answer
2 contributors
“Baby” was the most disliked video on YouTube for 8 years.
This record was broken on December 13, 2018, when YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind became the most disliked video on the video-sharing platform. With 15 million dislikes, it rapidly surpassed the music video for Justin Bieber’s song “Baby”, which entered the Guinness World Records book as the most disliked video on YouTube and on the Internet.
+25
Has he ever reacted to the music video for the song?
Genius Answer
1 contributor
On June 12, 2012, Bieber took part in a #VEVOCertified series, which honors artists who have over 100 million music video views on VEVO and or YouTube. Bieber shared his comments on the music video:
+21
Genius Answer
1 contributor
Recorded At
Germano Studios, NYC / The Boom Boom Room, Burbank, CA / The Ludaplex, Atlanta, GA
Released on
Tags
Sign Up And Drop Knowledge 🤓
Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love.
Sign Up
Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge
Privacy Preferences
Hot Songs:
| 2,070 |
270 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | https://justinbieber.fandom.com/wiki/Baby | (assistant)
Genre
(additional)
“Baby” is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber featuring US rapper Ludacris . It was released as the lead single from the latter half of Justin's debut studio album, My World 2.0 . The track was written by Bieber and Ludacris with Tricky Stewart and The-Dream , both of whom worked with Justin on "One Time", and also by R&B singer Christina Milian and labelmate. It was available for digital download on January 18, 2010.
The song has received positive reviews from critics who complimented the song's effective lyrics and chorus, and commended Ludacris' part and the song's ability to have an urban twist. The song was a commercial success, peaking at number one in France, and charting in the top ten of the United Kingdom, Canada, U.S., Australia, Norway, Japan, Ireland, Hungary, Belgium (Flanders), Ireland, Slovakia, and New Zealand.
Contents
Trivia[
Justin received a Diamond award during the Believe Tour for this song.
This used to be the most disliked song Justin Bieber ever made, with 15 million dislikes. Throughout the year, dislikes dropped to 12 million.
November 15, 2012: Justin Bieber's 'Baby' featuring Ludacris surpassed 800 million views today, making it the most popular music video of all time. [2]
Background and writing[
Chris Hicks was A&Ring the project and wanted The-Dream to write a record for Justin Bieber. He went to the studio that night, did the beat and wrote the record. He let Christina try the first verse melody which he would eventually go over and rewrite. After he finished, he sent the track to Tricky. Stewart finished the record. The-Dream gave his then wife Christina Milian writing credits because he was feeling generous. [3]
When asked how the collaboration initially came about, Bieber said, "[Ludacris and I] both live in Atlanta. I met him a year prior to this and we figured it was a perfect collaboration for him, so we invited him out to do it." Bieber first premiered the song performing on MuchMusic on December 28, 2009. A few days before the release of the single, Bieber posted an acoustic version of the song to his YouTube with his guitarist Dan Kanter , similar to the way he did with " Favorite Girl ". Billboard said that: "Bieber delivers his characteristically clean vocals with conviction: "My first love broke my heart for the first time / and I'm like, 'baby, baby, baby, no!' I thought you'd always be mine." Also in a review of the acoustic version Bill Lamb of About.com said that "I think the vocals here will convince some that Justin Bieber really does have the vocal chops."
In an interview with MTV News, Ludacris explained that he had to "dig deep" for lyrics for the song. He said, "He's talking about [how] he's mad that his girl left him and he still cares for her. As soon as I heard it I knew it was a hit, I just had to figure out how I could get on a record with a 15-year-old. So I sat there and said, 'Let me reminisce on the past,' and that's basically how I stepped on the record. And I guarantee you, mark my word, that's going to be one of the biggest songs of the year 2010."
Scooter Braun wanted Ludacris to change "When I was 13" to 15 as that was Justin's age at that point. Ludacris just replied with "Scooter I wrote it, not you." [4]
Audio[
Baby
Promotion[
Length
3:44
Filming for the music video began during the week of January 25, 2010, in Los Angeles. It was filmed at Universal CityWalk by director Ray Kay, who had previously directed videos for Beyoncé , Lady Gaga, Alexandra Burke, and Cheryl Cole, among others. Ludacris said that the video "is like a 2010 version of Michael Jackson's "The Way You Make Me Feel"." Bieber said that the video "will capture the song's message of trying to woo back a girl." In stating the concept of the video, Bieber said, "It starts off, I really like this girl, but we didn't [get] along; we couldn't be together. Basically I want her back and [I'm] kind of going through the whole thing. I'm chasing her around, trying to get her, and she's kind of playing hard to get, but I'm persistent. I keep going." The video premiered exclusively on Vevo on Friday, February 19, 2010. Singer and actress Jasmine Villegas portrays Bieber's love interest in the video. Bieber's friends, Young Money artists Drake and Lil Twist also appeared in the video, along with Tinashe Kachingwe and jerkin' crew The Rangers.
Justin Bieber described the music video a modern version of Michael Jackson's “The Way You Make Me Feel”. [5] Most of the video takes place in the bowling alley, there are also scenes of Bieber in other settings, hanging out with Luda, doing the moonwalk, messing with his hair and mugging for the camera. Regardless of his lady's apparent frustration with him, Bieber eventually wins her over. The video concludes with the pair walking off into the night holding hands.
Billboard reviewed the video, saying, "Those new dance moves he's showing off can only mean one thing: all over the world, tweens' hearts are melting right now." In July 2010, the video became the most viewed video in YouTube history. As of February 2012, it has more than 700 million views.
In February 24, 2014, the video hits one billion views on VEVO/Youtube. It's the first VEVO video that hits the record. Gangnam Style has more views than this video but isn't VEVO.
In August 2020, VEVO became remastered in 4K with five Bieber's music videos, including "Baby".
Dislikes record[
For irrational reasons, a part of the internet hates Justin Bieber for no reason. This started in 2010 with the release of the video. Where internet haters quickly decided to dislike the music video just for fun. On August 2010, "Baby" becoming the most dislike video and entered the Guinness World Records book as "the most disliked video on YouTube and on the Internet" in 2013.
In March 2011, "Baby", which then had 1.17 million dislikes, was surpassed by the video for Rebecca Black's "Friday", yielding more than 1.2 million dislikes. But that video was deleted in three months. On December 13, 2018, "YouTube Rewind 2018: Everyone Controls Rewind" became the most disliked video on the video sharing platform, with 15 million dislikes rapidly surpassed "Baby". While on August 18, 2020, Indian film "Sadak 2" surpassed "Baby" and becomes the second most dislikes video on YouTube.
On November 10, 2021, YouTube announced that it would make dislike counts on videos private, purportedly to reduce harassment associated with targeted dislike attack. Over the years, "Baby" gained more likes and lost dislikes. Making a positive ratio, even with the 38.65% of dislikes. The number of dislikes before YouTube's rule change was 12.46 million with 19.70 million of likes.
Alfredo Flores Reel
Los Angeles
(featuring Ludacris )
Acoustic
San Francisco
Rosemont
North Tonawanda
Hollywood
Los Angeles
Kuala Lumpur
Sydney
Acoustic
Remix[
In 2010, a remix of Lil Twist , who is a friend of Bieber, partially leaked. [6]
Track listing[
Lyrics[
[Verse 3: Drake] Alright, alright Let me get ‘em I say, ah, please put away the cameras We just in the club getting MC Hammered God forbid I ever trade the Wisdom for the glamour I know I’m just a boy that a woman could make a man of So make me one, I know that she could make me one I just want a woman that looks 30 when she’s 81 Please don't give it all away, I hope that she could save me some Justin why’d you tell ‘em where your baby from, ah
Charts[
Billboard Hot 100[
"Baby" debuted at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and spent 20 weeks on chart.
{
textStyle: {
fontFamily: "Rubik",
fontSize: 13
},
xAxis: {
type: 'category',
axisLabel: {
show: true,
interval: 0,
rotate: 45
},
data: [
// refresh the page if you see this code
"2010-02-06", "2010-02-13", "2010-02-20", "2010-02-27", "2010-03-06", "2010-03-13", "2010-03-20", "2010-03-27", "2010-04-03", "2010-04-10", "2010-04-17", "2010-04-24", "2010-05-01", "2010-05-08", "2010-05-15", "2010-05-22", "2010-05-29", "2010-06-05", "2010-06-12", "2010-06-19"
]
},
yAxis: {
type: 'value',
min: 1,
max:
100
inverse: true
},
series: [
{
data: [
5, 25, 25, 19, 13, 13, 14, 12, 10, 8, 8, 9, 16, 21, 26, 38, 38, 38, 50, 52
],
type: 'line',
smooth: true,
*** Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Awards and nominations[
Won
Record
Record
Record
Record
Won
Nominated
Record
Silver
Credits[
Engineer: Andrew Wuepper / Brian "B-Luv" Thomas / Kelly Sheehan / Pat Thrall
Studio Personnel: Andrew Wuepper / Brian "B-Luv" Thomas / Giancarlo Lino / Jaycen Joshua / Joshua Monroy / Kelly Sheehan / Kevin Porter / Louis Navarro / Pat Thrall
References[
Broadcasted
SOS Saving OurSelves: Help for Haiti • Let's Dance for Sport Relief • Easter Egg Roll
Talk shows
Music shows
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Justin Bieber Wiki is a FANDOM Music Community.
| 2,071 |
270 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Bieber | Justin Bieber
157 languages
Canadian singer (born 1994)
Justin Bieber
Justin Drew Bieber ( /ˈbiːbər/ BEE-bər ; born March 1, 1994) [3] [4] is a Canadian singer. Regarded as a pop icon , he is recognized for his multi-genre musical performances. [5] [6] [7] He was discovered by record executive Scooter Braun in 2008 and subsequently brought to the US by singer Usher , both which formed the record label RBMG Records to sign Bieber the same year. The release of his debut EP , My World (2009), was met with international recognition and established him as a teen idol .
Bieber was ushered into mainstream stardom with his teen pop debut studio album, My World 2.0 (2010), which debuted atop the US Billboard 200 and made him the youngest solo male act to do so in 47 years. [8] The album was supported by the single " Baby " (featuring Ludacris ), which became one of the best selling singles of all time. [9] His second studio album, Under the Mistletoe (2011), became the first Christmas album by a male artist to debut atop chart and saw continued success. [10] Bieber explored dance-pop on his third studio album, Believe (2012); its acoustic re-release made him the first artist in Billboard history to have five US number-one albums by the age of 18. [11] The following two years, Bieber was involved in many controversies and legal issues, which led to tarnishing his public image. [12]
Early life
Justin Drew Bieber was born on March 1, 1994, at St. Joseph's Hospital in London, Ontario , [18] and was raised in Stratford, Ontario . [19] His parents Jeremy Jack Bieber and Pattie Mallette were both 18 when Bieber was born and split up not long after his birth. [20] Pattie worked a series of low-paying office jobs, raising Bieber as a single mother in low-income housing. Mallette's mother Diane and stepfather Bruce helped her raise Bieber. [21] Bieber has maintained contact with his father. [22] Bieber's ancestry includes French-Canadian , Irish , English , Scottish , and German . [23] [24] [25] In 2012, Bieber claimed "I'm actually part Indian . I think Inuit or something? I'm enough percent that in Canada I can get free gas", sparking criticism from the Canadian Congress of Aboriginal Peoples for perpetuating a common misconception that Indigenous people receive complimentary gasoline from the Canadian government. [26] [27] [28]
Bieber has three younger half-siblings; the four have the same father, Jeremy Bieber. Jeremy Bieber and his ex-girlfriend, Erin Wagner, [29] who broke up in 2014 after seven years together, have two children, daughter Jazmyn and son Jaxon. [30] Jeremy married his girlfriend Chelsey in February 2018, and they have a daughter named Bay. [31] [32] Bieber also has a stepsister named Allie, the daughter of his stepmother. [33] Bieber attended two French-language immersion elementary schools in Stratford, Jeanne Sauvé Catholic School [21] and Bedford Public School. In grades 7 and 8, he attended Stratford Northwestern . Former teacher, Kim Booker often recalled fond memories of Bieber as her student, and is featured in several interviews. He attended Stratford's St. Michael Catholic Secondary School , and graduated in 2012 [34] with a 4.0 GPA. [35]
Growing up, he learned to play the piano, drums, guitar, and trumpet. [19] [36] In early 2007, aged 12, Bieber performed Ne-Yo 's " So Sick " for a local singing competition in Stratford, in which he placed second. [36] [37] Mallette posted a video of the performance on YouTube for their family and friends to see. She continued to upload videos of Bieber singing covers of various R&B songs, and Bieber's popularity on the site grew. [38] In the same year, Bieber busked shows in front of the Avon Theatre steps with a rented guitar during tourism season. [39]
Career
2007–2009: Career beginnings and My World
Bieber at a signing event in 2009
While searching for videos of a different singer, Scooter Braun , a former marketing executive of So So Def Recordings , clicked on one of Bieber's 2007 YouTube videos by accident, where he was covering Ne-Yo 's " So Sick ". [22] [40] Impressed, Braun tracked down Bieber's school, the theatre Bieber was performing at, and finally contacted his mother Mallette, who was initially reluctant because of Braun's Judaism. She remembered praying, "God, I gave him to you. You could send me a Christian man, a Christian label!", and, "God, you don't want this Jewish kid to be Justin's man, do you?" However, church elders convinced her to let Bieber go with Braun. At age 13, Bieber went to Atlanta , Georgia, with Braun to record demo tapes . [22] Bieber began singing for Usher one week later. [41] Bieber soon signed with Raymond Braun Media Group (RBMG), a joint venture between Braun and Usher. [42] Justin Timberlake was reportedly also in the running to sign Bieber but lost the bidding war to Usher, partly due to the idea that two associated singers of the same name would confuse the market. [42] [43]
Usher then sought assistance in finding a label home for the artist from then manager Chris Hicks , who helped engineer an audition with his contact L.A. Reid of the Island Def Jam Music Group . [44] Reid signed Bieber to Island Records in October 2008 (resulting in a joint venture between RBMG and Island Records ) and appointed Hicks as executive vice-president of Def Jam, where he could manage Bieber's career at the label. [45] [38] [42] [44] Bieber then moved to Atlanta with his mother to pursue further work with Braun and Usher. [42] Braun became Bieber's manager in 2008. [38]
Bieber's first single, " One Time ", was released to radio while Bieber was still recording his debut album. [46] The song reached number 12 on the Canadian Hot 100 during its first week of release in July 2009, [38] and peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States. During fall 2009, it had success in international markets. [47] The song was certified platinum in Canada and the US and gold in Australia and New Zealand. [48] [49] [50] His first release, an extended play titled My World , was released on November 17, 2009. The album's second single, " One Less Lonely Girl ", and two promotional singles , " Love Me " and " Favorite Girl ", were released exclusively on the iTunes Store and charted within the top 40 of the US Billboard Hot 100. [47] As a result, he became the first solo artist to have four singles chart in the top 40 of the Hot 100 before the release of a debut album. [51]
"One Less Lonely Girl" was later also released to radio and peaked within the top 20 in Canada and the US, and was certified gold in the latter. [47] Following the release of My World, Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the Billboard Hot 100. [52] My World was eventually certified platinum in the US and double platinum in both Canada and the United Kingdom. [53] [54] [55] To promote the album, Bieber performed on several live shows such as mtvU 's VMA 09 Tour, European program The Dome , YTV 's The Next Star , The Today Show , [56] [57] The Wendy Williams Show , Lopez Tonight , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , It's On with Alexa Chung , Good Morning America , Chelsea Lately , and BET 's 106 & Park . Bieber also guest starred in an episode of True Jackson, VP in late 2009. [58]
2010–2011: My World 2.0, Never Say Never, and Under the Mistletoe
Bieber was a presenter at the 52nd Annual Grammy Awards on January 31, 2010. He was invited to be a vocalist for the remake of the charity single " We Are the World " for its 25th anniversary to benefit Haiti after the earthquake . Bieber sings the opening line, which was sung by Lionel Richie in the original version. [61]
On March 12, 2010, a version of K'naan 's " Wavin' Flag ", recorded by a collective of Canadian musicians known as Young Artists for Haiti , was released. Bieber is featured in the song, performing the closing lines. [62]
In January 2010, " Baby " was released from his debut album, My World 2.0 . The song featured Ludacris , and became an international hit. It charted at number five on the US Billboard Hot 100, peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100 [63] and reached the top ten in several international markets. [47] Two promo singles, " Never Let You Go " and " U Smile ", were top 30 hits on the US Hot 100, and top 20 hits in Canada. [47] According to review aggregator Metacritic , the album has received generally favourable reviews. [64] It debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making Bieber the youngest solo male act to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963. [8] My World 2.0 also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , Irish Albums Chart , Australian Albums Chart , and the New Zealand Albums Chart [47] and reached the top 10 of fifteen other countries. [65] [66]
To promote the album, Bieber appeared on several live programs including The View , the 2010 Kids' Choice Awards , Nightline , Late Show with David Letterman , The Dome and 106 & Park . [67] Sean Kingston appeared on the album's next single, " Eenie Meenie ". The song reached the top ten in the United Kingdom and Australia, and the top 20 of most other markets. On April 10, 2010, Bieber was the musical guest on Saturday Night Live . [68] On July 4, 2010, Bieber performed at the Macy's Fourth of July Fireworks Spectacular in New York City. [69] The following single from My World 2.0 , " Somebody to Love ", was released in April 2010, and a remix was released featuring Bieber's mentor Usher . On June 23, 2010, Bieber went on his first official headlining tour, the My World Tour , starting in Hartford, Connecticut , to promote My World and My World 2.0. In May 2010, Bieber featured in rapper Soulja Boy 's song "Rich Girl". [70] In July 2010, it was reported that Bieber was the most searched-for celebrity on the Internet. [71] That same month, his music video for "Baby" surpassed Lady Gaga 's " Bad Romance " (2009) as the most viewed, and also the most disliked, YouTube video at the time. [72] [73] In September 2010, it was reported that Bieber accounted for 3% of all traffic on Twitter , according to an employee of the social-networking site. [74]
Bieber performing in Indonesia during his My World Tour in 2011
On My World 2.0, Bieber's voice was noted to be deeper than it was in his debut EP , due to puberty . [75] In April 2010, the singer remarked regarding his vocals: "It cracks. Like every teenage boy, I'm dealing with it and I have the best vocal coach in the world ... Some of the notes I hit on "Baby" I can't hit any more. We have to lower the key when I sing live." [76] Bieber guest-starred in the season premiere of the CBS American crime drama CSI: Crime Scene Investigation , which aired on September 23, 2010. He played a "troubled teen who is faced with a difficult decision regarding his only brother", who is also a serial bomber. Bieber was also in a subsequent episode of the series, which aired on February 17, 2011, in which his character is killed. [77] Bieber performed a medley of his singles "U Smile", "Baby", and "Somebody to Love", and briefly played the drums, at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. [78] Bieber announced in October 2010 that he would be releasing an acoustic album, called My Worlds Acoustic . [79] It was released on November 26, 2010, in the United States and featured acoustic versions of songs from his previous albums, and accompanied the release of a new song titled " Pray ". [80] In October 2010, Bieber released his first book, Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story , an autobiography with text from Bieber and photographs from Robert Caplin . [81]
A 3-D part-biopic, part-concert film starring Bieber entitled Justin Bieber: Never Say Never , was released on February 11, 2011, directed by Step Up 3D director Jon M. Chu . It topped the box office with an estimated gross of $12.4 million on its opening day from 3,105 theatres. [82] It grossed $30.3 million for the weekend and was narrowly beaten by the romantic comedy Just Go with It , which grossed $31 million. [83] Never Say Never reportedly exceeded industry expectations, nearly matching the $31.1 million grossed by Miley Cyrus 's 2008 3-D concert film, Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert , which holds the record for the top debut for a music-documentary. [84] Never Say Never grossed a total of $99,034,125 worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing concert or performance film at the global box office. [85] [86] The film is accompanied by his second remix album, Never Say Never – The Remixes , released February 14, 2011, and features remixes of songs from his debut album, with guest appearances from Miley Cyrus , Chris Brown , and Kanye West , among others. [87] Bieber was a participating player in the 2011 NBA All-Star Celebrity Game , held on February 18, 2011, and was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP), scoring eight points (3–11 FG) with two rebounds and four assists. [88] In June 2011, an album track from Never Say Never titled " That Should Be Me " (featuring Rascal Flatts ), won him his first award in country music for Collaborative Video of the Year at the CMT Music Awards . Time magazine named Bieber one of the 100 most influential people in the world on their annual list . [89] In June 2011, Bieber was ranked No. 2 on the Forbes list of Best-Paid Celebrities under 30. He is the youngest star, and 1 of 7 musicians on the list, having raked in $53 million in a 12-month period. [90] The same month, his collaborative single " Next to You " with American singer Chris Brown was released. The unfinished video for that song was leaked online on June 6, and the official video was released on June 17.
On November 1, 2011, Bieber released the Christmas-themed Under the Mistletoe , his second studio album. [91] It became the first Christmas album by a male artist to debut at No. 1 on the Billboard 200, and sold 210,000 copies in its first week of release. [10] On November 19, 2021, the album was listed among the Greatest of All Time Top Holiday Albums chart by Billboard. [92] The first single from the album, " Mistletoe ", peaked at number one on the US Billboard Holiday 100 and Holiday Digital Songs charts. [93] Bieber released " All I Want for Christmas Is You (SuperFestive!) " as the second single from the album, which is a re-recorded version of Mariah Carey 's original single, " All I Want for Christmas Is You ", with Carey providing vocals on the track. [94] Billboard listed the album and its singles, among the greatest Holiday albums and songs of all time, respectively. [95]
2012–2014: Believe, Journals, and other appearances
In late 2011, Bieber began recording his third studio album, titled Believe . [96] The following week, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show to announce that the first single would be called " Boyfriend ", and was released on March 26, 2012. [97] The song debuted at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , selling a total of 521,000 digital units, the second-highest-ever debut digital sales week. [98] Bill Werde of Billboard noted that it failed to debut at number one because the digital download of the track was available only through the iTunes Store , "restricting the buying option for those [who] do not frequent the Apple retail store". [99] "Boyfriend" became Bieber's first single ever to reach the top position on the Canadian Hot 100 by debuting at number one and staying on for one week. [98] Bieber was featured on American hip-hop group Far East Movement 's song " Live My Life ", from their fourth studio album, Dirty Bass , in February 2012. The song emerged online five days before its scheduled release date and peaked within the top 30 of the Billboard Hot 100. [100] The first promotional single from the album, " Die in Your Arms ", was released on May 29, 2012, and the second promotional single, " All Around the World " (featuring American rapper Ludacris ), followed the next week. [101] [102] The second single from Believe, " As Long as You Love Me " (featuring Big Sean ), was released on June 11, 2012. It peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. [103]
His third studio album, Believe, was released on June 19, 2012, by Island Records . The album marked a musical departure from the teen pop sound of his previous releases, and incorporated elements of dance-pop and R&B genres. [104] Intent on developing a more "mature" sound, Bieber collaborated with a wide range of urban producers for the release as well as some long-time collaborators, including Darkchild , Hit-Boy , Diplo , and Max Martin . Entertainment Weekly praised Bieber's musical shift, calling the album both a "reinvention and a reintroduction". [105] Rolling Stone noted the deeper voice and more "intense" beats found on the album, although it lampooned one of his euphemisms for newfound sexual maturity ("If you spread your wings, you can fly away with me"). [106] Believe debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming his fourth number-one album. [107] [108] [109] The album sold 57,000 copies in its first week in Canada, debuting atop the Canadian Albums Chart . [110] In September 2012, Bieber was featured on "Beautiful", a song from Carly Rae Jepsen 's second studio album, Kiss . [111] In October 2012, the third single from Believe, " Beauty and a Beat " (featuring Nicki Minaj ), was released. The music video held the record for the most video views in 24 hours when it was released, with 10.6 million views. [112]
Bieber performing during his Believe Tour in October 2012
The Believe Tour , which further promoted the album, began in September 2012 in Glendale, Arizona . [113] On December 14, 2012, Bieber appeared on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , where he announced plans to release an acoustic album titled Believe Acoustic , which was released on January 29, 2013. [114] The album debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making Bieber the first artist in history to have five number-one albums in the US before turning 19. [11]
Bieber returned to Saturday Night Live as the host and musical guest on the February 9, 2013, episode. His appearance was panned by critics [115] [116] and cast members, including Kate McKinnon , who said Bieber was not comfortable with his hosting duties, and Bill Hader , who said he did not enjoy the presence of Bieber or his entourage. Hader added that in his eight years on the television program, Bieber was the only host who lived up to his reputation. [117] [118]
On March 7, 2013, Bieber fainted backstage at London's O2 Arena after complaining of breathing problems throughout his concert performance and was taken to the hospital. [119] Bieber cancelled his second Lisbon , Portugal concert at the Pavilhão Atlântico , which was to be held on March 12, because of low ticket sales. The concert held in the same venue on March 11 did go on as scheduled. [120] In mid-August 2013, a remixed duet version of Michael Jackson's previously unreleased song " Slave to the Rhythm ", featuring Bieber, leaked online. [121] In response to criticism over this remix, the Michael Jackson Estate stated that it had not authorized the release of this recording, and has since made attempts to remove the song from as many web sites and YouTube channels as possible. [122] Later, a song titled "Twerk" by rapper Lil Twist , featuring Bieber as well as Miley Cyrus , also leaked. [123] In September, Bieber was featured in Maejor Ali 's song " Lolly " with rapper Juicy J . [124] A music video for "Melodies", the debut single of American singer Madison Beer , was released in the same month featuring Bieber in a cameo appearance. [125]
On October 3, 2013, Bieber announced that he would release a new song every Monday for 10 weeks as a lead-up to the film Justin Bieber's Believe , which entered production in May 2012 and was released on December 25, 2013. The film is a follow-up to Bieber's first theatrical film Justin Bieber: Never Say Never, with Jon M. Chu returning as director. [126] [127] [128] The first song of Music Mondays, " Heartbreaker ", was released on October 7. The second song, " All That Matters ", was released on October 14, followed by " Hold Tight " on October 21, " Recovery " on October 28, " Bad Day " on November 4, and " All Bad " on November 11. The seventh song, " PYD " (featuring R. Kelly ), was released on November 18; it was followed by " Roller Coaster " on November 25, and " Change Me " on December 2. The final song, " Confident " (featuring Chance the Rapper ), was released on December 9, 2013. That same day, it was announced that all 10 tracks would be featured on the compilation album Journals , which would also feature five additional unreleased songs, a music video for "All That Matters", and a trailer for Believe . Journals was only available for purchase via iTunes for a limited time: from December 23, 2013, to January 9, 2014. The titles of the five new additional songs are: "One Life", "Backpack" (featuring Lil Wayne ), "What's Hatnin'" (featuring Future ), "Swap It Out", and "Memphis" (featuring Big Sean and Diplo ). [129] Bieber released a song titled " Home to Mama " (featuring Cody Simpson ) in November 2014. [130] The same month, Bieber topped Forbes magazine's Forbes 30 Under 30 annual ranking, which lists the highest-earning celebrities under 30 for that year. [131]
Because of the disbanding of Universal Music 's division, The Island Def Jam Music Group, in April 2014, Bieber and a number of artists were subsequently transferred to another Universal Music-related division, Def Jam Recordings , causing Bieber to no longer be signed to Island Records. [132] [133]
2015–2017: Purpose
In March 2015, Bieber was the featured roastee in Comedy Central 's annual roast special , and was a contestant on the reality competition series Lip Sync Battle . [138] Bieber filmed an episode for the Fox TV reality series Knock Knock Live , and aired before the show was cancelled after two episodes. [139] On August 28, 2015, Bieber released a new single titled " What Do You Mean? " as the lead single from his fourth studio album, Purpose . The song is a blend of teen pop, electronic dance music and acoustic R&B. [140] It debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 and became Bieber's first number-one single in the country. [141] He set a Guinness World Record by becoming the youngest solo male artist to debut at the top of the Hot 100. [142] It also broke the record for the fastest song to reach number one on US iTunes, reaching the top spot in under 5 minutes. [143] On September 4, 2015, Bieber was co-featured alongside Young Thug on the album track "Maria I'm Drunk", from Travis Scott 's debut studio album, Rodeo . On October 23, 2015, Bieber released the album's second single, titled " Sorry ", which debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100. After eight non-consecutive weeks at number two, on the week charting January 23, 2016, "Sorry" climbed to the top of the chart and became Bieber's second number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100. [144] The third single from Purpose, " Love Yourself " also peaked at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male artist in almost a decade to have three number-ones from an album since Justin Timberlake , who did it previously with his second studio album, FutureSex/LoveSounds , in 2006–07. [145] He also became the first solo artist to chart three solo songs in the top five of the Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously, and the first as a lead act since the Beatles in 1964. [146] "Love Yourself" topped Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 chart in 2016 , followed by "Sorry" at number two, and made Bieber only the third artist in history to hold the top-two positions of the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 , after the Beatles in 1964 and Usher in 2004. [147] An album track on Purpose, "Company", was announced as the fourth single on March 8, 2016. [148] On February 12, 2016, Bieber's first four albums were released on vinyl for the first time. [149]
Purpose was released on November 13, 2015, and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , becoming Bieber's sixth album to debut at the top of that chart. [150] [151] It was the fourth best-selling album of 2015 with worldwide sales of 3.1 million copies. [152] As of June 2016, it had sold 4.5 million copies globally. [153] On November 11, 2015, Bieber announced that he would embark on the Purpose World Tour . The worldwide concert tour started in Seattle , Washington, on March 9, 2016. [154] Bieber was the headliner at the 2015 Jingle Bell Ball held by Capital FM , on December 6, 2015.
On January 8, 2016, Bieber made UK chart history by becoming the first artist to occupy the entire top three of the UK Singles Chart . He achieved this feat as "Love Yourself", "Sorry" and "What Do You Mean?" charted at positions 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously. [155] On May 13, 2016, he was co-featured alongside Towkio on the album track "Juke Jam", from Chance the Rapper 's third mixtape Coloring Book . On July 22, 2016, Bieber released a new single with EDM trio Major Lazer and Danish singer MØ titled " Cold Water ". It debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Bieber's third number-two debut on the ranking, passing Mariah Carey 's record to become the artist with the most number-two debuts in the US at the time. [156] In August 2016, Bieber was featured on French DJ DJ Snake 's single " Let Me Love You ". The song peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100. [157] Bieber was also featured on American rapper Post Malone 's single " Deja Vu ", which later appeared as the fourth single from the latter's debut studio album, Stoney , in September 2016. [158] Bieber then appeared in the documentary Bodyguards: Secret Lives from the Watchtower (2016). [159] At the 59th Annual Grammy Awards , Purpose was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album , whereas "Love Yourself" received nominations for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance respectively. [160] Bieber was the headlining act at the 2016 iHeartRadio Jingle Ball and gave a closing performance on December 9, 2016. [161]
2017–2019: Collaborations
On January 28, 2017, Bieber starred in the 2017 NHL Celebrity All-Star Game as a participating player, coached by Wayne Gretzky . [162] On April 17, 2017, Puerto Rican singers Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee released a remix for their song " Despacito " featuring Bieber. It was the first song by Bieber in which he sings in Spanish . [163] The remix became a worldwide success and broke major chart records around the world. The song reached number one in the US and joined " Macarena " (1996) as the only English/Spanish songs to reach number one on the Billboard Hot 100 . [164] It tied the then-record for the most weeks at number one in Billboard Hot 100 history. The song spent a record 56 weeks at number one on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs chart and broke the then-record for most weeks at number one on the Digital Songs Sales chart. The remix is the most viewed song of all time on the crowdsourced media knowledge base Genius , with 23.3 million views. [165] The song earned Bieber his first career Latin Grammy . [166] As of September 2021, "Despacito" holds the number-one position on the Greatest of All Time Hot Latin Songs chart and number-five on the Greatest of All Time Songs of the Summer chart by Billboard. [167] [168]
Bieber, along with rappers Quavo , Chance the Rapper, and Lil Wayne , provided vocals on DJ Khaled 's single " I'm the One ", released on April 28, 2017. The song debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Bieber's second number-one debut and his fourth song to top the chart. [169] One week later, "Despacito" topped the charts in the US, which became his fifth number-one single and made Bieber the first artist in history to notch new No. 1s in back-to-back weeks. [170] "I'm the One" also reached number one on Billboard's Hot Rap Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. [171] On June 9, 2017, French DJ David Guetta released " 2U ", in which Bieber was featured. The first music video for "2U" features Victoria's Secret models lip synching to the song. [172] [173] [174] On July 24, 2017, Bieber cancelled the remaining dates of the Purpose World Tour due to "unforeseen circumstances". [175] [176] According to Pollstar , the tour had a total gross of $257 million and 2.8 million in attendance in 162 shows, becoming one of the highest-grossing concert tours of both 2016 and 2017. [177] [178]
On August 17, 2017, Bieber released the single " Friends " with American record producer and songwriter BloodPop . Julia Michaels and Justin Tranter contributed as songwriters, having previously worked with him on " Sorry " in 2015. [179] At the 60th Annual Grammy Awards , "Despacito" received three nominations for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance respectively. [180] Bieber did not attend the show to perform the nominated song, claiming that he would not make any award show appearances until his next album was finished. [181] Bieber was a participating player in the 2018 NBA Celebrity All-Star Game , marking his second appearance at the event. [182] In July 2018, Bieber reunited with DJ Khaled in " No Brainer ", co-featuring again with Chance the Rapper and Quavo. The single peaked in the top five of the Hot 100 and reached number one on Billboard's Hot R&B Songs chart. [183] He was also featured in the accompanying music video. [184]
On April 21, 2019, Bieber delivered a surprise performance at the 2019 Coachella music festival, marking his first live performance in two years, and teased his return to music with a new album. [185] On May 10, 2019, British singer Ed Sheeran and Bieber released the single " I Don't Care ", from Sheeran's album No.6 Collaborations Project . The pair had previously collaborated, with Sheeran co-writing Bieber's 2015 song "Love Yourself", and 2016 song "Cold Water" with Major Lazer . "I Don't Care" became a worldwide hit, reaching number-one in 26 countries, while peaking at number two in the United States. [186] Bieber later featured on a remix of Billie Eilish 's breakthrough single " Bad Guy ", which was released on July 11. [187] On October 4, 2019, Bieber and country music duo Dan + Shay released the song " 10,000 Hours ", which peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100. [188] [189] It became the highest-charting non-holiday country song in the history of the Billboard Streaming Songs chart and spent 21 weeks at number one on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart. As a result, Bieber became the first act in history to reach number one on seven multi-metric charts: Hot 100, Hot Country Songs, Hot Dance/Electronic Songs, Hot Latin Songs, Hot R&B Songs, Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and Hot Rap Songs. [190] It earned Bieber his second Grammy Award for Best Country Duo/Group Performance at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards . [191] On October 14, 2019, Bieber became the youngest solo male artist to spend 200 cumulative weeks in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. [192]
2020–present: Changes and Justice
On December 24, 2019, Bieber announced that he would be releasing his fifth studio album and embarking on his fourth concert tour in 2020. [193] The album's first single, " Yummy ", was released on January 3, 2020. It debuted at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 . [194] On December 31, 2019, Bieber also released a trailer announcing his 10-part YouTube Originals docu-series Justin Bieber: Seasons , which focused on an array of themes: his life post-hiatus from music, marriage, preparation for new music, and battle against Lyme disease. Episodes were released weekly on Mondays and Wednesdays from January 27, 2020. [195] The docu-series amassed 32.65 million views within its first week of release, breaking the all-time record for the most-viewed premiere in its first week of all YouTube Originals. [196] Appearing on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on January 28, 2020, Bieber confirmed the release date of his fifth studio album, Changes , to be February 14, 2020. [197] The same day, he also released a promotional single for the album, " Get Me " (featuring Kehlani ). [198] On February 7, 2020, Bieber released " Intentions " (featuring Quavo ), as the second single from the album. The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100. [199] Changes was released on February 14, debuting at number one on the UK and US Billboard 200 charts, making Bieber the youngest solo artist in history to have seven number-one albums in the US. [200]
On May 8, 2020, American singer Ariana Grande and Bieber released the single " Stuck with U ", to help raise funds for the first responders of the COVID-19 pandemic and their families. The song debuted atop the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his sixth number-one single in the US. [201] On August 28, 2020, he was featured on the album track "Falling for You" from Jaden 's third studio album, CTV3: Cool Tape Vol. 3 . On September 4, 2020, Bieber played a lead starring role in the music video for DJ Khaled 's single " Popstar " (featuring Drake ). [202] On September 18, 2020, Bieber released a collaboration with Chance the Rapper titled " Holy ", which Bieber called the start of his new era and the first single from his upcoming sixth studio album. [203] It peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. On October 15, 2020, he released " Lonely ", a collaboration with Benny Blanco as the second single from his upcoming album. [204] The song peaked at number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100. Bieber and J Balvin were featured on a remix of 24kGoldn 's single, " Mood ", which was released on November 6, 2020. [205] On November 20, 2020, Shawn Mendes and Bieber released " Monster ", from Mendes' fourth studio album, Wonder . [206] It peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100.
On January 1, 2021, Bieber released the third single " Anyone " [207] from his upcoming studio album, which peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. On February 14, 2021, Bieber performed "Journals Live" in collaboration with TikTok , which marked his first-ever performance of his 2013 album Journals . It became the first long-form concert event on the platform and broke the record for the most-viewed single-artist livestream in the platform's history. [208] On February 26, 2021, Bieber officially announced that his sixth studio album would be titled Justice . [209] On March 5, 2021, Bieber released the album's fourth single, " Hold On ", which peaked at number 20 on the Billboard Hot 100. [210] Justice and its fifth single, " Peaches ", were both released on March 19, 2021, and met with generally positive reviews. [211] [212] It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, becoming Bieber's eighth number-one project, while "Peaches" debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his seventh number-one single respectively. [213] As a result, Bieber set major records in the US. Bieber became the youngest solo artist to have eight US number-one albums, breaking a 56-year-old record held by Elvis Presley . [214] He became the first solo male artist in history to simultaneously debut a song and an album at number one in the US. He also became the first male act to have his first six studio albums debut at number one on the Billboard 200. [215]
On Easter 2021, Bieber surprise-released Freedom , a gospel -inspired EP consisting of six songs. [216] On April 11, 2021, Justice led the Billboard 200 by less than 1,000 units, and became Bieber's first full-length album to spend more than one week at the top of the chart in over a decade. [217] On May 10, 2021, DJ Khaled released the single " Let It Go ", with Bieber co-featured alongside 21 Savage , from Khaled's twelfth studio album, Khaled Khaled . He also starred in the accompanying music video. On June 11, 2021, Bieber made an appearance on Migos 's fourth studio album, Culture III , on the album track "What You See". On July 9, 2021, Bieber released a collaboration with the Kid Laroi titled " Stay ". The song debuted at number three on the Billboard Hot 100. It later peaked at number one in its fourth week on the chart, becoming his eighth number-one single in the US. [218] "Stay" also became his 100th career entry on the chart, making him the then-youngest solo artist to chart 100 songs on the Billboard Hot 100. [219] It also became the first song by a male foreign act to achieve a perfect all-kill in South Korea. [220] "Stay" was the most-streamed song globally on Apple Music in 2022. [221] Bieber was the headlining act for the "Freedom Experience" show at the SoFi Stadium as part of 1DayLA's COVID-19 service event, held on July 24, 2021. [222]
On August 13, 2021, Bieber released a remix to Nigerian singer Wizkid 's song " Essence ", his career-first song in afrobeats . It elevated the song's position to number nine on the Billboard Hot 100. [223] [224] A week later, he released a collaboration with Skrillex and Don Toliver titled " Don't Go ". [225] On September 4, 2021, Bieber headlined the 2021 Made in America Festival held at the Benjamin Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. On October 8, 2021, Bieber released a new documentary film titled Justin Bieber: Our World to give viewers an inside-view in preparation for his 2020 "New Year's Eve Live" powered by T-Mobile , his first concert performance in three years. [226] On October 29, 2021, he released " Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree ", a cover of Brenda Lee 's holiday classic, on streaming platforms worldwide. [227] On November 15, 2021, Bieber announced the international legs of his upcoming fourth concert tour, the Justice World Tour , scheduled to begin in San Diego , California, on February 18, 2022. [228] On November 19, 2021, Bryson Tiller released the single " Lonely Christmas ", with Bieber co-featured alongside his long-time collaborator Poo Bear . [229] On December 3, 2021, Bieber released a collaboration with American rapper Juice Wrld titled " Wandered to LA " as the second single from the rapper's second posthumous album, Fighting Demons . Bieber was the headlining performer at the 2021 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix held on December 5, 2021, in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia. [230] On December 11, 2021, he headlined the 2021 Jingle Bell Ball held by Capital FM at The O2 , London . The same month, Justice received 8 nominations at the 64th Annual Grammy Awards . [231]
On January 1, 2022, Bieber set the then-record for the most monthly listeners in Spotify history, having achieved a peak of 94.68 million monthly listeners, a record broken by Canadian artist The Weeknd a year later. [232] On February 4, 2022, he made a guest appearance on Beam 's debut studio album, Alien , on the album track "Sundown". On February 11, 2022, Bieber headlined the "Homecoming Weekend" bash ahead of the Super Bowl in Los Angeles . [233] On March 4, 2022, Bieber released a collaboration with Nigerian singer Omah Lay titled " Attention ". [234] On March 28, 2022, " Ghost ", the sixth single from Justice, peaked at number five on the Billboard Hot 100, which marked his 20th career top-five hit on the chart. [235] The song reached number one on Billboard's Pop Songs chart, making Bieber the first solo male artist to have 10 number-one singles in the chart's history. [236] On March 30, 2022, Bieber was featured on the single " Up at Night " by Kehlani, as part of the latter's third studio album, Blue Water Road . [237] On April 15, 2022, Bieber gave a surprise performance with Daniel Caesar at the 2022 Coachella music festival. [238] On April 29, 2022, Bieber released a new single titled " Honest " (featuring Don Toliver) and an accompanying music video directed by Cole Bennett . [239] On August 27, 2022, Bieber released an exclusive single titled "Beautiful Love" for the battle royale game Garena Free Fire . [240]
In January 2023, Bieber sold his music publishing rights and recording catalogue shares, up to the end of 2021, to the Blackstone -backed Hipgnosis Songs Fund —a sale valued at over $200 million. [241] In the same month, Bieber was reportedly offered to be a headlining performer at Coachella 2023, but declined to focus on his upcoming seventh studio album. [242] On February 24, 2023, Don Toliver released the single " Private Landing ", with Bieber co-featured alongside Future , from Toliver's third studio album, Love Sick . [243] He joined Toliver on stage at the 2023 Rolling Loud festival to deliver a surprise performance of the song. [244] On September 15, 2023, Bieber made a guest appearance on the song "Moments" from American rapper Diddy 's fifth studio album, The Love Album: Off the Grid . The same day, he released an acoustic version of the single " Snooze " by SZA . He also starred in the official music video as the latter's love interest. [245]
Artistry
Influences
Bieber has cited Chris Brown , Craig David , Michael Jackson , the Beatles , Boyz II Men , Justin Timberlake , Stevie Wonder , Tupac , Usher and Kanye West as his musical inspirations. [246] [247] [248] [249] [250] [251] In 2012, Bieber said, "music is music, and I'm definitely influenced by Michael Jackson and Boyz II Men and people who were black artists—that's what I like." [252] Believe was influenced by Timberlake, for which Bieber was trying to "create a new sound that people aren't really used to hearing ... like when Timberlake did FutureSex/LoveSounds : It was a new sound... acoustic guitar over hard drums." [253] In 2019, Bieber called Chris Brown the "best entertainer of all time". [254] [255]
Musical style
Bieber incorporates a variety of genres in his music, focusing mainly on pop , [256] [257] R&B , [257] [258] and occasionally dance-pop or EDM . [256] In 2010, Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone asserted that the content of his music was "offering a gentle introduction to the mysteries and heartaches of adolescence: songs flushed with romance but notably free of sex itself". [259] During the initial years of his career, his musical style was noted for being aimed to a more teen pop and " bubblegum -ish" direction. [260]
In January 2012, Bieber told V magazine: "I want to do it at my own pace. I don't want to start singing about things like sex, drugs and swearing. I'm into love , and maybe I'll get more into making love when I'm older. But I want to be someone who is respected by everybody." [261] But since then, Bieber gradually altered his artistry, with Peter Gicas of E! Online describing " PYD " as "sexed-up", while In Touch Weekly magazine said that his song with Maejor Ali and Juicy J " Lolly " might make his fans a bit uncomfortable because of its lyrics that refer to oral sex . [262] [124] In 2015 Bieber released the EDM -fuelled album Purpose , where he collaborated with Skrillex , [263] and explored serious themes such as "life experiences", through "feel-good music". [264]
Voice
Bieber initially sang with a boy soprano voice, [265] before his voice broke , as was evidenced during the debut performance of " Pray " at the 2010 American Music Awards . Sean Michaels of The Guardian described puberty as "the biggest threat to his career" at the time. [266] Jody Rosen commented that Bieber sings with "swing and rhythmic dexterity" on his debut album, noting his tone to be "nasal". [259] Bieber started to receive voice coaching from Jan Smith in 2008. [267]
As an adult singer, Bieber's voice type is tenor , with a vocal range spanning from the baritone A2 to the high tenor F5. [268] [269] In a review of his Purpose album, Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph complimented his "soft, supple and seductive singing". [270] Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian also praised Bieber's "affectedly breathy voice", noting that "the voice soon palls, but the songs are often interesting." [271] Reviewing his 2021 album, Justice, Pitchfork commented: "Bieber is not a powerhouse vocalist, but he is a compelling one, casually dropping in a stray yodel here, a Mariah Carey –indebted set of runs there. His voice has a palatable smoothness; he's mastered push-and-pull dynamics, and he swings effortlessly from a placid chest voice to a zephyr of a falsetto." [272]
Achievements
In 2011, Bieber was honoured with a star in front of Avon Theater in Stratford, Ontario , Canada, where he used to busk when he was younger. On November 23, 2012, Bieber was presented with the Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal by the former Prime Minister of Canada, Stephen Harper . He was one of 60,000 Canadians to receive the Diamond Jubilee medal that year. [275] In 2013, Bieber received a Diamond award from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for his single " Baby ", which at the time became the highest-certified digital single of all time . [276] [277] Bieber is credited with five Diamond certifications from the RIAA. [16] Bieber has won 2 Grammy Awards out of 23 nominations, [278] 1 Latin Grammy Award , [279] 8 Juno Awards , [280] 2 Brit Awards , [281] [282] 26 Billboard Music Awards , [283] 22 ASCAP Awards , and numerous fan voted accolades which include 18 American Music Awards , [284] 23 Teen Choice Awards (the most wins for a male individual), [285] 8 iHeartRadio Music Awards , and 6 MTV Video Music Awards . He has also won a record 22 MTV Europe Music Awards out of a record 52 nominations (the most for any artist). [286] At age 19, Bieber received the Milestone Award at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards in recognition for breaking boundaries with his creativity and contribution to the musical landscape, [287] surpassing the likes of Taylor Swift and Bruno Mars to the award. [288] All of Bieber's studio projects are certified Platinum or higher by the RIAA and have received numerous accolades. [289] He is the youngest (27) solo artist to have eight US number-one albums, a record held by Elvis Presley since 1965. [214] Bieber is the first artist in Spotify history to have 15 songs surpass 1 billion streams . [290]
Following the release of his fourth studio album, Purpose , Bieber set major milestones globally. He became the first artist, since Elvis Presley in 2005, to replace his own song as number one on the UK Singles Chart . [291] He is the first artist in history to occupy the entire top three of the UK Singles Chart. He achieved this feat as " Love Yourself ", "Sorry" and " What Do You Mean? " charted at positions 1, 2 and 3 simultaneously. [155] The singles also peaked at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male artist since Justin Timberlake in 2007 to have three number-ones from an album. [145] He also became the first solo artist to chart three solo songs in the top five of the US Billboard Hot 100 simultaneously, and the first as a lead act since the Beatles in 1964. [146] "Love Yourself" topped Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 Chart in 2016 , followed by "Sorry" at number two, and made Bieber only the third artist in history to hold the top-two positions of the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 , after the Beatles in 1964 and Usher in 2004. [147] As of 2021, Bieber has set 33 Guinness World Records , which include eight that were achieved from the success of his album Purpose and was featured in the 2017 Edition. These records included the most streamed track on Spotify in one week, the most streamed album on Spotify in one week, the most simultaneous tracks on the US Billboard Hot 100, and the most simultaneous new entries on the US Billboard Hot 100 by a solo artist, among others. [292]
Bieber has attained success on numerous Billboard charts both in the United States and globally. Eight singles by Bieber have topped the US Billboard Hot 100, his most recent being " Stay ". [218] He is the first artist in history to chart new number-one singles in consecutive weeks on the Hot 100. [170] He is the youngest (21) male soloist to debut at number one in the US. [142] He is also the youngest (25) male soloist to spend 200 cumulative weeks in the top 10 of the Hot 100. [192] He is the first male soloist to simultaneously debut a song and an album at number one in the US. [215] He is also the first male soloist to spend 59 consecutive weeks in the top 10 of the Hot 100. Bieber is the first artist in history to reach number one on seven multi-metric Billboard charts: Hot 100, Hot Country Songs , Hot Dance/Electronic Songs , Hot Latin Songs , Hot R&B Songs , Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs , and Hot Rap Songs . [190] His hit single "Despacito" has spent the most weeks at number one (56) on Billboard's Hot Latin Songs Chart and is ranked as the greatest Latin song of all time by Billboard. [167] He is the artist with the most number-one debuts (10), most number-one singles (13), and the most cumulative weeks at number one (56) on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 Chart. Bieber is the solo artist with the most cumulative weeks at number one (163) on the Billboard Social 50 Chart. He was named the number one artist on Billboard's Decade-End Social 50 Chart for the 2010s. [293] Bieber was named the "Greatest Pop Star of 2016" by Billboard. [294] He was also Billboard's Year-End Top Male Artist for 2016 and placed number seven on the magazine's Decade-End Top Artists Chart for the 2010s. [295] [296] The magazine also ranked him 55th on the Greatest of All Time Artists and 38th on the Greatest of All Time Hot 100 Artists Charts respectively. [297] [298]
Cultural impact
Legacy
Bieber has been credited for reinventing pop stardom for over a decade [300] and has been referred to as the " Prince of Pop " [301] and the "King of Teen Pop " [260] by contemporary journalists. Highlighting his longevity, he was awarded the MTV Award for Best New Artist in 2010 [302] and the MTV Award for Artist of the Year in 2021. [303] Rolling Stone India referred to him as the "biggest popstar of our age", "one of the most captivating artists of the century" and "one of the world's most successful artists of all time". [304] Bieber is often cited as a pop icon , or simply an icon. [305] [306] [307] [308] In a 2011 article comparing the cultural significance of Bieber to Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg , Orlando Sentinel said that, "Out of all the cultural icons who influence and inspire today's society, Justin Bieber is without a doubt one of the most prominent." [309] He is generally credited as an important figure in bridging music and social media , which rose to prominence in the late 2000s; Variety dubbed him "a once-in-a-generation superstar who charted a swift and stunning rise from precocious YouTube talent to global phenomenon." [310]
In an article titled "How Justin Bieber revolutionised careers in the music industry" by The Guardian , Tom Fazakerley says:
Social media has transformed the way people, brands and musicians communicate. The likes of MySpace and even more so YouTube, have enabled budding artists to put their music out to a massive audience at the click of a finger. This has taken down the barriers to the music industry and reshaped the career path for budding artists ... Nowadays you can be your own artist, producer and promoter-and if you do this well, like Justin Bieber, you can really make it. [311]
At age 15, following the release of his 2009 singles " One Time " and " One Less Lonely Girl ", Bieber's immediate popularity led him to appear on the likes of The Ellen DeGeneres Show , The Wendy Williams Show and Good Morning America . [312] He had achieved a global fandom who came to be known as " beliebers " and his popularity was labelled "Bieber Fever", [312] with fan frenzies taking place in Liverpool , [313] Barcelona [314] and Paris , [315] among other territories. It was revealed in 2020 that singer Billie Eilish was nearly sent to therapy by her mother Maggie Baird due to her "obsession" with Bieber. [316] Bieber's intense fandom was considered to be reminiscent of " Beatlemania ", [317] and his signature wings hairstyle at the time also drew comparisons to the Beatles ' mop top hairstyle. [318] Bieber's adoration from teenage girls was also likened to those of Frank Sinatra in the 1940s and Elvis Presley in the 1950s. [319]
He's the only person in humanity who's grown up the way he has – with smartphones and cameras on him 24/7 ... Another kid can go out and have a good night on the town, and no one gives a crap, but Justin is the most Googled person on the planet – for four years straight!
Bieber maintained his global popularity during his transition to adulthood, achieving increased artistic recognition and credit in the process. In respect to Bieber's success as a teenager to a young adult, Variety said that Bieber is arguably the first mega pop star to come of age entirely in the social media era and also called him an "Internet icon". [310] The Conversation 's Jo Adetunji said that Bieber is "one of the most successful pop singers of recent years". [321] Regarding his EDM -driven album Purpose (2015), which reached "beyond the moment and trends" of that period according to Adetunji, the writer argued that Bieber should be considered a serious creative artist. Adetunji compared the album to Madonna 's Ray of Light (1998), Alanis Morissette 's Jagged Little Pill (1995) and Justin Timberlake 's FutureSex/LoveSounds (2006). [321] In an article about Bieber, Hugh McIntyre of Forbes stated, "You may love him, you may hate him, but no matter how you feel about him, nobody can argue that Justin Bieber hasn't conquered the pop world ... The Grammy winner can turn essentially any track into a smash, and nobody can sell a single like he can these days." [322] Also calling Bieber "an unstoppable force in music", McIntyre lauded Bieber for achieving success in various genres, including R&B , electronic dance , hip hop and Latin . [322]
Public image
Bieber performing in Zürich in 2011; he often wore purple clothes at the beginning of his career.
Usher commented that while he and Bieber were both signed at the same age, "I had the chance to ramp up my success, where this has happened to Bieber abruptly". As a result, when he was younger, Usher, Braun, Bieber's bodyguard, and other adults surrounding Bieber constantly coached him on handling fame and his public image. [22] After signing Bieber, Usher appointed one of his former assistants, Ryan Good, to be Bieber's road manager and stylist . Good, once nicknamed Bieber's "swagger coach", created a "streetwise look" for the singer which consisted of baseball caps, hoodies, dog chains, and flashy sneakers. Amy Kaufman of The Los Angeles Times comments, "Though a product of a middle-class suburban upbringing in Stratford, Ontario , Bieber's manner of dress and speech ('Wassup man, how you doin'?' or 'It's like, you know, whateva' ') suggest he's mimicking his favorite rappers." [330] In 2013, Bieber said he was "very influenced by black culture ", but he neither thought "of it as black or white" nor tried to "act or pose in a certain way". To him, it was "a lifestyle-like a suaveness or a swag ". [320] Bieber was often featured in teen magazines such as Tiger Beat , [22] and has been labelled a "teen heartthrob". [331] In 2010, he was frequently criticized for looking and sounding younger than his age, [332] and the following year for an androgynous appearance, which had been commonly noted in the media, including his appearance on the cover of LOVE magazine's androgyny issue in 2011. [333] His signature wings hairstyle at the time brought much attention in particular. [318] His teen-pop music, image (especially as a heartthrob to girls), and the media attention he receives have additionally been criticized. [332] He has been a target of Internet bloggers and message board posters, especially users of the Internet message board 4chan and of YouTube. [334] Nick Collins of The Daily Telegraph said that "Bieber's character appears to strike a particularly sour note with his Internet critics" who have questioned his manner of speech, among other things. [332]
In 2013 and 2014, Bieber's teen heart-throb and clean-cut image was drastically affected due to his involvement in several controversial events. During this period, he abandoned his pet monkey in Germany, vomited onstage, was videoed while urinating in a bucket, cursed at a photograph of Bill Clinton , wore a gas mask in public, allegedly spat on fans (although this was later debunked), [335] was involved in an explicit image with a stripper, and allegedly assaulted his bodyguard and a limo driver. [336] Bieber's uncle, Brad Bieber, said that his troublesome behaviour was caused by his break-up with Selena Gomez . [336] In its March 2014 edition, Rolling Stone put Bieber on its cover alongside the title "Bad Boy". [336] The same year, Bieber adopted the pseudonym "Bizzle". [1] During the "Bizzle" phase, Bieber donned a quiff and often wore thick gold chains and baseball caps . [336]
In his early 20s, following the release of Purpose , Bieber's public image changed in a more positive light. He donned bleached blond hair and often wore rock -branded t-shirts—including Marilyn Manson and Kurt Cobain t-shirts [337] — flannel shirts , denim jackets , and ripped jeans . [338] He also wore kilts , a trend of 1990s fashion, on several occasions. [337] Vogue remarked that his fashion during this period was reminiscent of grunge fashion during the 1990s. [337] After his marriage in 2018, Bieber's persona continued to change. As his fan base got older and he got married, he transitioned away from the teenage heart-throb image, taking on a more mature personality and a more soft-spoken style of speech. [339] [340] In an interview with Vogue in February 2019, Bieber said that he would "laugh at his past self". [341]
Waxwork of Bieber at Madame Tussauds , London
Wax statues of Bieber with the hairstyle from his early career are on display at the Madame Tussauds wax museums in New York City, London, and Amsterdam. [342] In 2018, "Steps to Stardom", an exhibit on Bieber's early career, opened in his hometown of Stratford, Ontario at the Stratford Perth Museum , offering a collection of mementos from his formative years and rise to international stardom. [343] The items on display include a professional drum kit he owned as a younger child, his Grammy Award, microphones, his Stratford Warriors hockey jacket, and personal letters, including one from Michelle Obama . [343] Bieber made a number of visits to the museum. [344] [345] "Steps to Stardom" was originally scheduled to close in October 2018 but the board of the museum extended its stay for at least another year after the exhibit broke attendance records set by its Anne Frank House exhibit in 2015. [346]
At age 17, and within just two years of his professional music career, Bieber was named amongst the Time 100 world's most influential people list [347] and was ranked number 2 on the Forbes Highest-Paid Celebrities Under 30 list. [348] He went on to be included on the Forbes annual list five more times; in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2017. [348] He was also included on Forbes ' list of the top ten most powerful celebrities in 2011, 2012, and 2013. [17]
"Beliebers" gathering around the hotel where Bieber is supposed to be inside in Oslo, Norway in May 2012
Bieber's early fanbase developed on YouTube and predated the release of his debut album My World . [349] According to Jan Hoffman of The New York Times , part of Bieber's appeal stems from his YouTube channel. The Chicago Tribune noted that Bieber's fanbase, "Beliebers", was among the top words of 2010. [350] Long before the release of My World in November 2009, his YouTube videos attracted millions of views. [22] Braun recognized the appeal. Before flying him to Atlanta, Braun wanted to "build him up more on YouTube first" and had Bieber record more home videos for the channel. "I said: 'Justin, sing like there's no one in the room. But let's not use expensive cameras.' We'll give it to kids, let them do the work, so that they feel like it's theirs", recalled Braun. [22] Bieber continues to upload videos to the same channel and has opened a Twitter account, from which he interacts with fans regularly. [38] In January 2013, Bieber surpassed Lady Gaga as the most-followed person on Twitter for the first time and held the record for 11 months. [351]
As of 2024, Bieber is the fourth-most-followed user on Twitter and the most-followed musician on the platform, with over 110.3 million followers. His YouTube channel is currently the most viewed music channel for an individual on the platform, having attracted over 32 billion views. With over 73 million subscribers, he remains the most subscribed solo artist on YouTube and held the overall record for six years. 11 music videos by Bieber have surpassed over 1 billion views on YouTube (second most of all-time), [352] his most recent being " Beauty and a Beat ". [353] The music video for Bieber's song " Baby " is among the most liked videos on YouTube, having received over 24 million likes since its upload in 2010. [354] Bieber was frequently a trending topic on Twitter when the feature first launched, as his fans frequently discussed him on the network, and was named the top-trending star on Twitter in 2010. [355] [356] [357]
Business interests
In 2010, Bieber signed a deal with Proactiv . [358] In the same year, Bieber partnered with Nicole by OPI to launch a nail polish line "The One Less Lonely Girl Collection", which sold exclusively in Walmart . [359] Bieber's nail polish line sold one million bottles less than two months after its release. [360] Bieber endorsed Adidas , beside Derrick Rose and Venus Williams , in 2012. [361] He became the new "face" and "body" of Calvin Klein in early 2015. [362] Entertainment Tonight reported that Bieber had used MYO-X, a dietary supplement, in preparation for the photo shoot. [363] In June 2015, Bieber teamed up with StarShop, a new shopping app launched by Kevin Harrington . [364] Bieber has been credited with boosting the careers of other singers such as Carly Rae Jepsen and Madison Beer when he tweeted about them. [365] [366]
Bieber has released four fragrances. [367] He launched his debut fragrance, Someday, in 2011; [367] it grossed more than three million US dollars in sales, at Macy's , in just under three weeks, which industry experts regard as a successful celebrity-led launch. [368] [369] On the heels of that 2011 best-seller, he launched his second fragrance, Girlfriend, in June 2012. [370] His third fragrance, The Key, was launched in July 2013, [371] and his latest fragrance, Justin Bieber Collector's Edition, launched in 2014. [368]
In January 2019, Bieber launched his own clothing line called "Drew House", consisting of a wide range of products. Most products feature the brand's defining symbol of a simple yellow smiley-face logo with the text "drew" written across the front. Bieber trademarked the name for his company in February 2018. [372] In September 2019, after a year-long collaboration with Schmidt's Naturals CEO, Michael Cammarata , Bieber released his deodorant line, "Here + Now", designed for sensitive skin. [373] [374] [375] In October 2020, Bieber collaborated with Crocs on a limited edition of the brand's renowned clogs called "Crocs x Justin Bieber". The design draws on Crocs' classic clog range with inputs of purple and yellow, inspired by Bieber's personal clothing brand, Drew House. The limited edition clogs sold at select Crocs and partner e-commerce channels, Drew House's website, and Crocs retail stores in China and South Korea. [376]
In fall 2021, Bieber collaborated with Tim Hortons to launch a specialty version of Timbits known as "timbiebs". CNN credited the promotion's role in contributing to an increase in Tim Hortons' sales by 10.3% in the fourth quarter of 2021. [377] On February 7, 2022, Bieber starred in Balenciaga 's first 2022 campaign alongside Kim Kardashian and Isabelle Huppert . [378] [379] In April 2022, Italian brand Vespa revealed its collaboration with a new limited edition of its famed scooter curated by Bieber. The "JUSTIN BIEBER X VESPA" is modelled on a Piaggio Sprint base – available in 50, 100 and 100cc guise. [380] In May 2022, Bieber and Tim Hortons partnered once again in a new collaboration called the "Biebs Brew", a French vanilla cold brew, which was available in North American stores beginning June 6, 2022. [381]
In December 2022, Bieber launched a clean water technology company called "Generosity" that aims to provide sustainable drinking water by reducing the usage of single-serve plastic. Alongside Micah Cravalho, he showcased 150 water fountains at the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar . Generosity fountains dispense refillable alkaline water after connecting to a water source, and are expected to be commercially available at major venues and homes in 2023. [382]
Personal life
In 2020, it was revealed Bieber owned a $26 million home in Beverly Hills, California , as well as a lakeside home in Ontario . [383] [384] As Bieber resides in the United States, he is reported to possess a non-immigrant O-1 visa for working status based on "extraordinary ability or achievement" in an artistic field. [385] Bieber has said he is not interested in obtaining U.S. citizenship , and has praised Canada as being "the best country in the world", citing its mostly government-funded health care system as a model example. [386] However, in September 2018, TMZ reported that Bieber had begun the process of becoming a United States citizen, following his marriage to Hailey Baldwin . [387]
Health
Bieber has struggled with mental health issues, [388] particularly depression and anxiety , [389] [390] at various points during his career. [391] He has generally been open about these issues. [392] [393] In his American YouTube docu-series Seasons (2020), the singer opened up about his struggles with addiction, with frequent consumption of the recreational drug lean , pills such as MDMA , and hallucinogenic mushrooms in the early stages of his career. [394]
In January 2020, Bieber announced on his Instagram that he had been diagnosed with Lyme disease . He also revealed that he had infectious mononucleosis , which affected his neurological and overall health. [395]
In February 2022, it was reported that Bieber had tested positive for COVID-19 , two days after embarking on his fourth concert tour, the Justice World Tour . [396] In June of the same year, Bieber announced that he had been diagnosed with Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2 and that half of his face was paralyzed . [397] He cancelled and postponed concerts and appearances due to the condition, but returned to live performances in late July. [398] [399] In September, two days after the first concert in Latin America as part of the Rock in Rio festival, it was announced that all remaining dates of the tour would be suspended due to Bieber prioritizing his health. In a statement shared on social media, the singer said that "After getting off stage, the exhaustion overtook me and I realized that I need to make my health the priority right now. So I'm going to take a break from touring for the time being. I'm going to be OK, but I need time to rest and get better." [400]
Relationships
Bieber's father, Jeremy, is a former carpenter and pro-am mixed martial artist. [401] In March 2014, Rolling Stone characterized Jeremy as having "split with Justin's mom when Justin was a toddler, and wasn't always around afterward. But he has, as of late, accepted a place of honor in his superstar son's entourage". [402]
From 2008 to 2009, Bieber was in a relationship with Caitlin Beadles; the two remained friends, and Beadles attended Bieber's wedding. [403] From December 2010 to March 2018, Bieber was in an on-again, off-again relationship with singer and actress Selena Gomez . [404] [405] [406] [407] In an interview on The Ellen DeGeneres Show , Bieber stated that some of his songs including " Sorry ", "Mark My Words", and " What Do You Mean? " are about his relationship with Gomez. [408] From August to December 2016, he was linked to model Sofia Richie . [409] [410]
Bieber became engaged to model and longtime friend Hailey Baldwin on July 7, 2018. [411] They had briefly dated from December 2015 to January 2016, before reconciling in June 2018. [412] Bieber and Baldwin reportedly obtained a marriage license in September 2018, leading to reports that they had a civil marriage. [413] [414] On September 14, 2018, Baldwin said on Twitter that she and Bieber had not yet married, but deleted the tweet afterward. [414] On November 23, 2018, Bieber stated he was married to Baldwin. [415] Bieber and Baldwin had an official ceremony in Bluffton, South Carolina , on September 30, 2019. [416] On May 9, 2024, Bieber announced through an Instagram post that he and Baldwin were expecting their first child. [417] On August 23, 2024, they welcomed a son. [418]
Religious beliefs
Bieber has described himself as a faithful Christian , said he communicates with God via prayer, and that "He's the reason I'm here". [419] He reflected his faith in a music video with Brandon Burke, titled "#iPledge", in which he talks about God's forgiveness. [420] Bieber was baptized on January 9, 2014, by Pentecostal pastor Carl Lentz of Hillsong Church , New York, after a born again experience. He has described Lentz as a good friend. [421] [422] In 2021, he announced that he had become a member of Churchome, an evangelical church. [423] On July 24, 2021, Bieber led worship with Gospel singers Kari Jobe and Cody Carnes during the "Freedom Experience" at SoFi Stadium . [424] The trio sang "The Blessing" . [425]
When asked how he wants to raise his children, Bieber replied, "I'm a Jesus follower. When you accept Jesus, you walk with the Holy Spirit. I just want to be led by the Holy Spirit." [426] [427] Many of Bieber's tattoos have religious significance including the medium-sized cross on his chest and a tiny cross under his eye. Bieber also covered up the "Son of God" text tattooed on his abdomen with a large design that features two angels, gothic arches, a skeleton, and a serpent. [428]
Opinions
Regarding sexual abstinence , Bieber told music magazine Rolling Stone in 2011, "I don't think you should have sex with anyone unless you love them." He added that he does not "believe in abortion ", and that it is "like killing a baby". When asked about the case of abortion with regard to rape, he said, "I guess I haven't been in that position, so I wouldn't be able to judge that." [386] [429] In 2022, amidst Roe v. Wade being overturned, both Bieber and his wife expressed disapproval, with Bieber posting on his Instagram story stating "For what it's worth, I think women should have the choice what to do with their own bodies." [430] His view on sexual orientation is quoted as "everyone's own decision", [431] and he has contributed to the It Gets Better Project , [432] a non-profit group aiming to prevent suicide among LGBT youth . [433] Bieber also opposed the Trump administration family separation policy , calling for Donald Trump to "also let those kids out of cages" in 2019. [434]
In 2011, Bieber was among the list of content creators opposing Bill S.978 , also known as the Commercial Felony Streaming Act , [435] which would have made unauthorized streaming a felony instead of a misdemeanor. [436] He stated that the bill's sponsor, U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar , "needs to be locked up, put away in cuffs!" [435] While the bill did not ultimately pass, [437] it was later reintroduced by Senator Thom Tillis as the Protecting Lawful Streaming Act , [438] and was signed into law by then-President Donald Trump in December 2020 as part of the omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2021 . [439]
Philanthropy
Bieber supports Pencils of Promise , [440] a charity founded by Adam Braun, the younger brother of Bieber's manager. [441] The organization builds schools in developing countries, and Bieber became manager for the organization's campaign in Guatemala . He serves as a celebrity spokesman for the organization [442] by running ads for the charity and its campaign "Schools4All". [443] [444] He promises to visit schools that donate the most funds to the organization. [445] He takes part in the charity's fund-raising galas and donates parts of the proceeds from his concerts and Someday line of fragrances, [446] and various merchandising to the charity. In 2010, Bieber supported a campaign for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) by urging fans to adopt abandoned pets from shelters. [447] Bieber donated his hair to Ellen DeGeneres during his appearance in her talkshow The Ellen DeGeneres Show in March 2011. His hair sold on eBay for more than $40,000 and the proceeds benefited the animal rescue charity, The Gentle Barn. [448] Following the earthquake and tsunami in Japan in March 2011, Bieber donated proceeds from his concerts in Japan to Japanese Red Cross in May 2011. [449] In December 2011, Bieber donated $100,000 to Whitney Elementary School in Las Vegas to provide students from low income families. [450] Bieber supported Charity: Water which is a nonprofit that brings potable drinking water to people in developing countries. On his birthday in 2011 and 2012, he launched his campaign to urge his followers to donate on Twitter. [451] Bieber was named top charitable celeb of 2011 by American news aggregator and blog HuffPost .
In 2013, Bieber launched his online #GiveBackPhilippines campaign for helping the victims of Typhoon Haiyan and travelled to the Philippines after raising $3 million. His work in the country earned him a star on the Philippine Walk of Fame . [452] He also supports Children's Miracle Network Hospitals and Alzheimer's Association. [453] In September 2017, Bieber donated $25,000 to the American Red Cross to help people in Texas after the severe destruction caused by Hurricane Harvey . [454]
On February 7, 2020, Bieber donated $100,000 to Julie Coker, a 22-year-old fan who works in mental health awareness. [455] Coker revealed that her own past struggles with mental health motivated her to work for mental health. She praised Bieber by saying, "[Bieber] has a big following, so if he has a good message about mental health, hopefully everybody else . . . will want to start thinking about mental health in a different way." [456]
In February 2020, Bieber made a donation to Beijing Chunmiao Children Aid Foundation in China to support COVID-19 relief. [457] Bieber and Ariana Grande collaborated on the single " Stuck With U ", released in May 2020 as the first of series of singles coordinated by Scooter Braun, who is also Bieber's manager, to support the COVID-19 pandemic . [458] All net proceeds from the song went to the First Responders Children's Foundation to fund grants and scholarships for children of first responders and health care workers who worked on the front lines during the pandemic. [459] By August 2021, the single had raised over $3,500,000. [460] In September 2020, Bieber and Chance the Rapper announced that they've partnered with Cash App and will donate $250,000 to fans who are struggling during the pandemic. [461]
In March 2021, Bieber visited the California State Prison in Los Angeles County along with his wife Hailey and pastor Judah Smith at the invitation of Scott Budnick . [462] Bieber met with inmates involved in The Urban Ministry Institute and expressed support for Budnick's Anti-Recidivism Coalition . During the visit, Bieber committed to provide buses to transport relatives of the inmates who have been unable to see them due to the COVID-19 pandemic in California . [462] Bieber described his visit to the prison as a "life-changing experience that I will never forget". [463]
Legal issues and controversies
Bieber had several run-ins with the law around the world before his first arrest in 2014, [464] including when he was accused of reckless driving in his neighbourhood in 2012, and charged in Brazil with vandalism in 2013. [464] [465] One of his neighbours in Calabasas, California , accused Bieber of throwing eggs at his home on January 9, 2014, and causing thousands of dollars of damage. [464] [466] [467] On January 23, 2014, Bieber was arrested in Miami Beach, Florida , together with singer Khalil , on suspicion of driving under the influence (DUI), driving with an over-six-month-expired licence, and resisting arrest without violence. [465] [468] [469] Police said that Bieber told authorities he had consumed alcohol, smoked marijuana, and taken prescription drugs. [464] He was released from these charges on a $2,500 bond . [470] A toxicology report revealed that Bieber had THC (a principal constituent of cannabis ) and the anti-anxiety medication Xanax in his system at the time of his arrest. [471] [472] In January 2021, he reflected on this event, describing it as "not [his] finest hour" and encouraging fans to "let the forgiveness of Jesus take over and watch your life blossom into all that God has designed you to be." [473]
Bieber's mugshots taken on January 23, 2014, after being detained by police in Miami Beach
Following Bieber's arrest on the DUI charge, more than 270,000 people petitioned the White House seeking to have him deported from the United States. Although the number of signatures received was sufficient to require a response under published White House guidelines , the Obama administration declined substantive comment on the petition. [474] Immigration Law expert Harlan York noted that the likelihood of Bieber being deported was extremely slim. York stated, "About a decade ago, the Supreme Court ruled that driving under the influence, typically, is not a basis to deport someone." [475]
In April 2013, Bieber was criticized for writing a message in the guestbook at the Anne Frank House which read, "Truly inspiring to be able to come here. Anne was a great girl. Hopefully she would have been a belieber ." [476] After the message was posted on the museum's Facebook page, Bieber received widespread criticism on social media for perceived insensitivity and narcissism. The Anne Frank House defended Bieber, stating, "He's 19. It's a crazy life he's living, he didn't mean bad ... He was very interested in the story of Anne Frank and stayed for over an hour. We hope that his visit will inspire his fans to learn more about her life and hopefully read the diary ." [477] [478]
In June 2014, a video emerged of a 15-year-old Bieber telling a joke about black people, which used the word " nigger " multiple times. [479] In the same month, a second video showed a 15-year-old Bieber giggling as he croons his song " One Less Lonely Girl ", but parodying the main lyric as "One less lonely nigger", and stating that if he were to kill one, he would be "part of the KKK ". [480] [481] He apologized the day the latter was released: "Facing my mistakes from years ago has been one of the hardest things I've ever dealt with." [482]
On July 9, 2014, Bieber was charged with one misdemeanour count of vandalism in California for throwing eggs at his Calabasas neighbour's home in January. [467] [483] [484] Police earlier claimed that they had video footage of him high-fiving friends after the eggs were thrown. [467] [485] With him pleading no contest to the charge, the Los Angeles County Superior Court sentenced him on July 9 to pay $80,900 in restitution , serve two years' probation , complete 12 weeks of anger management , and five days of community service in what the district attorney termed a negotiated settlement. Since then, he has permanently moved to Beverly Hills, California . [467] [483] [484]
On August 13, 2014, the January DUI case was settled with a plea bargain ; Bieber pleaded guilty to resisting an officer without violence and a lesser charge of driving without due care and attention . He was fined US$500 and sentenced to attend a 12-hour anger management course and a program that teaches the impact of drunken driving on victims. As part of the plea bargain, he made a US$50,000 contribution to Our Kids, a local children's charity. [486] [487]
On September 1, 2014, Bieber was arrested and charged with assault and dangerous driving near his hometown of Stratford, Ontario , after a collision between a minivan and Bieber's all-terrain vehicle on August 29. Ontario police said that he then "engaged in a physical altercation" with an occupant of the minivan. He was released shortly and his lawyer blamed the incident on "the unwelcome presence of paparazzi ". [488] [489] On September 8, Toronto dropped an assault charge against him originally brought up on January 29 for an incident with a limousine driver in December 2013. [490] [491] In November 2014, he was ordered to appear in Argentina within 60 days by a Buenos Aires court to give testimony on an alleged assault on a photographer on November 9, 2013. [492] When he failed to do so, an arrest warrant was issued and two of his bodyguards were released in Argentina in April 2015. [493]
I didn't want to come off arrogant or conceited, or basically how I've been acting the past year, year and a half ... although what's happened in the past has happened, I just want to ... be kind and loving and gentle and soft.
—Bieber reflects in a video posted in January 2015 [494]
In July 2017, the Chinese government banned Bieber from performing in China. A Chinese Bieber fan contacted the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Culture requesting the reason for the ban. The Bureau released a statement, explaining "Justin Bieber is a gifted singer, but he is also a controversial young foreign singer", and "In order to maintain order in the Chinese market and purify the Chinese performance environment, it is not suitable to bring in badly behaved entertainers." [495] [496] In 2021, Chinese streaming sites Youku , iQIYI , and Tencent Video removed Bieber's scenes in Friends: The Reunion donning Ross Geller 's iconic "Spudnik" costume. [497]
In June 2020, Bieber was accused of sexual assault by a woman known pseudonymously as "Danielle", who claimed on Twitter that the singer had engaged in non-consensual sexual acts at a Four Seasons hotel in Austin, Texas , in March 2014 while with then-girlfriend Selena Gomez . [498] In a series of tweets, Bieber denied all allegations, stating that sexual abuse "is something I don't take lightly" and provided evidence that he was not at the Four Seasons at the time of the alleged incident. [499]
Discography
^ a b Diamond-certified singles (listed in order of release):
2011:
2012:
2013:
Itzkoff, Dave (July 2, 2012). "Justin Bieber Graduates From High School" . The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
Mitchell, Gail (April 28, 2009). "Usher Introduces Teen Singer Justin Bieber" . Billboard. Archived from the original on June 20, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
Herrera, Monica (July 13, 2009). "'Time' is right for teen singer Justin Bieber" . Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2009.
Herrera, Monica (March 19, 2010). "Justin Bieber – The Billboard Cover Story" . Billboard. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2010.
"Justin Bieber AIRA Singles Certification" . ARIA Charts. Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on February 8, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
Note: Week commence on Monday, March 29, 2010
Hombach, Jean-Pierre (February 22, 2012). "My World (EP)". Justin Bieber. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 63. ISBN
Beja, Marc (July 4, 2010). "Fireworks follow sun-scorched July 4 festivals" . The Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 8, 2010. Retrieved July 4, 2010.
"New Music Featuring Justin Bieber!" . Seventeen. May 25, 2010. Archived from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
"Justin Bieber's Voice Breaking" . Contact music. April 27, 2010. Archived from the original on August 5, 2011. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
"'Just', 'Justin', 'Juliet' Jumpin'" . Box Office Mojo. February 14, 2011. Archived from the original on February 16, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
"Justin Bieber Biography & Awards" . Billboard. Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved June 15, 2010.
Anderson, Kyle (June 13, 2012). "Believe (2012)" . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 19, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
Dolan, Jon (June 15, 2012). "Believe" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved June 17, 2012.
"Mumford & sons' 'Babel' fastest seller of 2012" . The Guardian. London, United Kingdom. October 3, 2012. Archived from the original on July 13, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
Dowling, Marianne (June 27, 2012). "Bieber's 'Believe' debuts at Nº 1" . Jam! CANOE . Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
"Justin Bieber Delays 'Journals'" . Rap-Up. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
"Genius Top Songs" . Genius. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
Atkinson, Katie (January 28, 2018). "Grammys 2018 Winners: The Complete List" . Billboard. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2021.
Mike, Steven (August 13, 2021). "WizKid Essence (Remix) feat. Justin Bieber" . ivoryMP3. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
"Justin Bieber Music Influences" . MTV. Archived from the original on March 14, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
"Justin Bieber" . Interview Magazine. July 13, 2015. Archived from the original on March 18, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
Williams, Phoebe (July 19, 2012). "Teen stars in 2012" . Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
Canadian singer remains the king of teen pop, with a devoted fan base ... .
Kameir, Rawiya. "Justin Bieber: Justice" . Pitchfork. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
"Justin Bieber - The JUNO Awards" . The JUNO Awards. April 14, 2022. Archived from the original on November 8, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
^ Teen Choice Awards:
"Gold & Platinum - RIAA" . RIAA. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
"The '90s Canadian Invasion" . OZY. December 9, 2013. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
Ramsay, Derek (September 26, 2017). "Justin Bieber" . Variety. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
"Justin Bieber fever hits Liverpool" . the Guardian. March 11, 2011. Archived from the original on May 1, 2022. Retrieved May 1, 2022.
"How Dua Lipa went from aspiring singer to one of today's top global female pop stars" . ABC News. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
'I thought that was the easiest thing I could reach out to—social media and YouTube. It never had that kind of Justin Bieber effect I was hoping for,' Lipa said. 'But it created a formal portfolio for me, and then I started getting some messages from producers and people being like, 'Hey if you want to come and use the studio you can come and just write.' And that's how I started.'
^ :
In fact, his viral leap into superstardom as a result of YouTube is what inspired me to achieve the same.
Collins, Nick (July 6, 2010). "Why is Justin Bieber so loved and hated?" . The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
2011:
2013:
Pomerantz, Dorothy (June 26, 2013). "2013 30 Under 30" . Forbes. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
2014:
2016:
Stevens, Heidi (December 29, 2010). "Top buzzwords of 2010" . Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 29, 2012.
.
"Bieber Tops Twitter Trend List" . World Entertainment News Network. COMTEX News Network, Inc. December 16, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
"Schools4All official website" . Schools4all.org. Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
Oldenburg, Ann (January 23, 2014). "Justin Bieber arrested in Miami" . USA Today. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014. Retrieved January 23, 2014.
.
Bloom, Ronny (April 15, 2010). Justin Bieber . Penguin Group USA. ISBN
.
.
.
.
Parvis, Sarah; Herman, Gail (February 8, 2011). Superstars! Justin Bieber: In the Spotlight and Behind the Scenes. Time Home Entertainment. ISBN
Contemporary (2016–2019)
| 2,072 |
270 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_(Justin_Bieber_song) | Baby (Justin Bieber song)
"Baby"
"Baby" is a song made by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber . It was made available for online purchases since January 18, 2010. It is a pop song with elements from R&B (rhythm and blues) and hip hop . [1]
The official music video is the 39th most-viewed video on YouTube . [2] As of January 2025, it is also the fourth-most-disliked video and the most-disliked music video on YouTube . It had been the most-viewed YouTube video from July 16, 2010.
Bieber performed the song several times, including on Saturday Night Live , and the ninth season of American Idol . Bieber also performed an acoustic rendition of the remix version with Drake at the 2010 Juno Awards . The official remix in the United Kingdom features British hip-hop artist Chipmunk .
In the official music video, Justin Bieber is at a bowling alley nearby a shopping mall . During the music video, he chases after a girl and encourages her to become his girlfriend.
References
Baby (Justin Bieber song)
| 2,073 |
271 | who played ben stone son on law and order | https://lawandorder.fandom.com/wiki/Benjamin_Stone | History[
Stone worked under Alfred Wentworth (in the intended pilot episode) and Adam Schiff . It was Schiff with whom he is closest, treating him as a kind of surrogate father, his own father having been an overbearing alcoholic. ( L&O : " Prescription for Death ")
Stone was divorced with two children, Peter (who would go on to work as an Assistant State's Attorney in Chicago, and later as an ADA for the Special Victims Unit ) and Pamela .
During the 1980s, he worked on a taskforce to take down the Infinity Rapist , but the latter always eluded justice. Stone later realized Infinity was stalking him and his family after being sent a picture of him and his son as well as a note, describing Peter's baseball game. Stone sent his children to his sister-in-law in Montana for protection, which strained his relationship with the unaware Peter. ( SVU : " Dear Ben ")
After the main witness in a racketeering case whose safety Stone had personally guaranteed was murdered by the Russian Mafia, he resigned and is succeeded by Jack McCoy as Executive ADA. ( L&O : " Old Friends ")
After the Job[
When his former assistant Paul Robinette , now a defense attorney, wants a judge to recuse himself for past comments showing bias against drug addicts and support for forced sterilization, Robinette threatens to subpoena Stone as a witness against the judge. Upon hearing of the threat, Schiff informs McCoy that Stone "is traveling in Europe, not available to testify at any hearing." However, the judge by this time had already declared himself "unavailable" to hear the case. ( L&O : " Custody ")
In 2018, it was revealed that Stone had passed away, with his son Peter , ADA Rafael Barba , and McCoy attending his funeral, and a eulogy is given by McCoy. ( SVU : " The Undiscovered Country ")
Ben would often visit his schizophrenic daughter who was institutionalized for her condition. Peter proceeded to go in his place after his passing, with Pamela often mistaking him for their father. ( SVU : " Send In The Clowns ")
Peter later discovered his father had worked on a case involving a serial rapist known as "Infinity" for years until it went cold in 1994. It was also revealed he continued investigating the year before his death. Eventually, Peter discovered that his father was only trying to protect him and Pamela once he discovered the rapist was stalking them. The real Infinity was driven to implicate himself by saying Stone cared for him more than for his own family, but Peter said that all his father wanted justice for the victims. ( SVU : " Dear Ben ")
Appearances[
:
Law
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Law and Order is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 2,074 |
271 | who played ben stone son on law and order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Moriarty | Michael Moriarty
23 languages
American-Canadian actor
For other people named Michael Moriarty, see Michael Moriarty (disambiguation) .
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous .
Awards
Early life
Acting career
Before gaining fame in films, Moriarty worked for several years as an actor at the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. [7] In 1973, Moriarty was cast as the egocentric baseball player Henry Wiggen in Bang the Drum Slowly opposite Robert De Niro as a slow-witted, terminally ill catcher. In the same year, Moriarty starred in a TV movie adaptation of Tennessee Williams ' The Glass Menagerie with Katharine Hepburn . Coincidentally, the film also featured Sam Waterston , who later replaced Moriarty as the Executive Assistant District Attorney on Law & Order. Moriarty's role in The Glass Menagerie (as Jim, the Gentleman Caller; Waterston played the son Tom) won him an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor . [8] He had a small part in The Last Detail , which was nominated for several Academy Awards . In 1974, Moriarty starred as rookie detective Bo Lockley in the acclaimed police drama Report to the Commissioner .
Moriarty won a Tony Award in 1974 for his performance in the play Find Your Way Home. His career on the screen was slow to develop, while his theatre career was flourishing. He played the lead character in Report to the Commissioner and had a significant role in Who'll Stop the Rain . He starred as the German SS officer Erik Dorf in the television miniseries Holocaust , which earned him another Emmy. Through the 1980s, Moriarty starred in such Larry Cohen movies as Q , The Stuff , It's Alive III: Island of the Alive , and A Return to Salem's Lot (much later, he appeared in Pale Rider and The Hanoi Hilton , as well as the Masters of Horror episode " Pick Me Up ", directed by Coen. In 1986, he starred in the fantasy science-fiction movie Troll , playing the role of Harry Potter, Sr. (unrelated to the Harry Potter series).
In 1989, Moriarty starred in the HBO production Tailspin: Behind the Korean Airliner Tragedy , which dramatized the Soviet Union 's shoot-down of Korean Air Lines flight 007 in 1983. He portrayed U.S. Air Force Major Hank Daniels, who was largely ignored (if not ridiculed) for showing how the ill-fated airliner had strayed off course into air space known by the Soviets to be used by U.S. Air Force electronic surveillance planes as they approached Soviet air space.
From 1990 to 1994, Moriarty starred as Executive Assistant District Attorney Ben Stone on Law & Order . He left the show in 1994, alleging that his departure was a result of his threatening a lawsuit against then-Attorney General Janet Reno , who had cited Law & Order as offensively violent. Moriarty criticized Reno's comment and claimed that she wanted to censor not only shows such as Law & Order, but also such fare as Murder, She Wrote . He later accused Law & Order executive producer Dick Wolf of not taking his concerns seriously and claimed that Wolf and other network executives were "caving in" to Reno's "demands" on the issue of TV violence. On September 20, 1994, on The Howard Stern Show , he made an offer to NBC, claiming that he would return to his role on the show if Wolf was fired. Moriarty published a full-page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine calling upon fellow artists to stand up with him against attempts to censor TV show content. He subsequently wrote and published The Gift of Stern Angels, his account of this time in his life. [9] In the fictional Law & Order universe , Ben Stone resigns from the D.A.'s office in 1994 after a witness in one of his cases is murdered. The February 7, 2018, episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit shows Sam Waterston's character, Jack McCoy , delivering a eulogy at Stone's funeral. [10]
Wolf and others working on Law & Order contradict Moriarty's account of how he left the series. On November 18, 1993, Moriarty and Wolf, along with other television executives, met with Reno to dissuade her from supporting any law that would censor the show. Wolf said that Moriarty overreacted to any effect the law was likely to have on the show. Law & Order producers claim they were forced to remove Moriarty from the series because of "erratic behavior", an example of which reportedly happened during the filming of the episode "Breeder", when, according to the episode's director Arthur Forney, Moriarty began muttering to himself with a vacant look in his eyes, was unable to deliver his lines with a straight face, and had to be taken to a doctor. Series and network officials deny any connection between his departure and Janet Reno. Wolf also denies that the show has become less violent, graphic, or controversial since 1994. [11]
Other ventures
In addition to his acting career, Moriarty is a semiprofessional jazz pianist and singer, as well as a classical composer. He has recorded three jazz albums (although the first, Reaching Out, went unreleased). He has regularly performed live in both New York City and Vancouver with a jazz trio and quintet. In a 1990 concert review, New York Times reviewer Stephen Holden called Moriarty "a jazz pianist of considerable skill, an oddball singer with more than one vocal personality, and a writer of eccentric, jivey jazz songs." [12]
Moriarty is politically active, describing himself as a "centrist" and sometimes as a "realist". [13] Moriarty announced his intention to run for the presidency in 2008 in an interview in the November 2005 issue of Northwest Jazz Profile, but he never formally declared his candidacy. [14] He later endorsed fellow former Law & Order actor Fred Thompson for the presidency during the 2008 Republican primaries, [15] as well as Carly Fiorina during the 2016 primary election cycle. [16] He has been a frequent contributor of numerous political columns to the Enter Stage Right online Journal of Conservatism.
Personal life
Shortly after leaving Law & Order, Moriarty moved to Canada, declaring himself a political exile . He lived for a time in Halifax, Nova Scotia , where he was granted Canadian citizenship, living in Toronto before settling in Vancouver . [17]
In 2006, in the blog Enter Stage Right Moriarty wrote that he was a "very bad drunk", but as of 2004, he had been sober for two years. [18]
Filmography
[ edit ]
Film
[ edit ]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1971
1974
Herbert G. Rucker
Manny Wise
1996
Himself
2021
Jim O'Connor
Erik Dorf
1988
1997
1998
Dr. Draco
2000
"Holocaust" . www.goldenglobes.com. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
"Winners" . www.tonyawards.com. Retrieved December 14, 2022.
Moriarty, Michael (May 15, 2006). "With Churchillian defiance" . enterstageright.com. Enter Stage Right.
"Highlights" (PDF). uofdjesuit.org. University of Detroit Jesuit High School and Academy. Fall 2015.
.
Courrier, Kevin; Green, Susan (November 20, 1999). Law & Order: The Unofficial Companion. Kent, England: Renaissance Books. pp. 136, 140. ISBN
.
"The Realists" . American-partisan.com. August 27, 2001. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
Alphonso, Caroline (December 8, 2000). "Actor Moriarty in court" . The Globe and Mail. Retrieved July 17, 2024.
Moriarty, Michael (May 29, 2006). "RU486 or against it?" . enterstageright.com. Enter Stage Right. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
External links
| 2,075 |
271 | who played ben stone son on law and order | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Stone_(Law_&_Order) | Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
Fictional TV character
(May 2008) (
Seasons
Character overview
Stone works in the Manhattan District Attorney 's office under Alfred Wentworth ( Roy Thinnes , in the pilot episode " Everybody's Favorite Bagman ") and Adam Schiff ( Steven Hill ). He was born in 1943 and raised in an Irish Catholic family. He was raised mostly by his Irish grandmother, [1] his father having been an alcoholic . [2] Stone is divorced and has a son, Peter Stone ( Philip Winchester ), who was the Deputy Chief of the Special Prosecutions Bureau in Chicago and was the Chief ADA of the Sex Crimes Bureau in New York, [3] and a daughter, Pamela (Amy Korb). [4]
Stone's prosecutorial methods are portrayed as being grounded in moral principles stemming from his Catholic faith. He is shown to be anti-abortion [5] and opposed to the death penalty . [6] He also is a strong advocate of social justice , having marched in the civil rights movement . [7] It is implied that Stone, like actor Moriarty, is a Dartmouth College alumnus, with references to "fraternity row" and New Hampshire . Stone is also likely a graduate of New York University Law School , evidenced by the diplomas on his wall in several episodes. [8]
Career within the show
Stone became Executive Assistant DA in 1985 after convicting con artist and murderer Philip Swann ( Željko Ivanek ), who years later enters a civil suit against Stone when the validity of the conviction is called into question. Swann is ultimately found guilty, however, and sent back to prison. [9] Stone's assistants have been Paul Robinette ( Richard Brooks ) and Claire Kincaid ( Jill Hennessy ).
Stone is a demanding boss who rarely forgives error from his subordinates; in the pilot episode , when Robinette tells Sergeant Max Greevey ( George Dzundza ) and Detective Mike Logan ( Chris Noth ) that he has worked with Stone for eight months, Greevey quips, "Must be some kind of record." [10] Nevertheless, in the season four episode "Discord", when Kincaid makes a mistake that nearly results in a rapist being acquitted, he tells her about an incident in his early career in which he accidentally faxed an internal memo to the defense, and gives her another chance. [11]
Stone makes his last appearance in the show in the episode "Old Friends," the final episode of season four. The episode portrays a racketeering case in which the main witness, Ann Madsen ( Allison Janney ), whose testimony Stone had secured by threatening to send her to prison, is murdered by the Russian Mafia . He feels responsible for her death and resigns from the DA's office. [12] He is succeeded by Jack McCoy ( Sam Waterston ) as Executive ADA.
Stone is mentioned in the 1996 episode "Custody" as a possible witness against a judge. When his former assistant Paul Robinette , now a defense attorney, wants a judge to recuse himself for past comments showing bias against drug addicts and support for forced sterilization , Robinette threatens to subpoena Stone to testify about the comments, which both he and Stone heard the judge make. Upon hearing of the threat, Schiff informs McCoy that Stone "is traveling in Europe, not available to testify at any hearing." However, the judge by this time has already declared himself "unavailable" to hear the case.[ citation needed ]
The opening scene of the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "The Undiscovered Country" (aired in 2018) reveals that Stone has died. His successor, Jack McCoy, gives the eulogy at the funeral.[ citation needed ]
The Special Victims Unit episode "Dear Ben" mentions Stone several times. The plot of the episode revolves around the cold case of a serial rapist whom Stone repeatedly attempted to track down and prosecute, to no avail. Peter reveals that Stone once briefly sent him and Pamela away to stay with relatives after the rapist sent him a Father's Day card, suggesting that he knew where Stone lived. The Special Victims Unit detectives eventually catch the rapist, Edgar Noone ( Jude Ciccolella ), who is obsessed with the late Stone and believes that he pursued him for so many years because he loved him like a son. Peter and SVU Lieutenant Olivia Benson ( Mariska Hargitay ) bait Noone by saying that Stone did not care about him at all and only spent so much time on him to protect his victims. As intended, this provokes an enraged Noone to accidentally reveal his guilt.[ citation needed ]
Stone's son is Peter Stone ( Philip Winchester ), formerly a Cook County Assistant State's Attorney and lead character on Chicago Justice . [13] Peter first appears on the Chicago P.D. episode "Justice", which is the backdoor pilot for Chicago Justice. Peter also appears in season 19 of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit , and eventually becomes the titular sex crimes bureau's ADA. [14] In several episodes, Peter describes Ben as a distant father who neglected his family in favor of work.
Peter Stone also had a sister, Pamela (Amy Korb), who is introduced in the SVU episode "Send in the Clowns". Pamela has paranoid schizophrenia , and has been hospitalized for most of her life. According to Peter, their father would visit Pamela once a week, and Peter has continued the visits since their father's death. She is murdered by sex traffickers in the SVU episode " Remember Me Too ".
Reason for departure
Credits
[ edit ]
Seasons
Years
Episodes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
1
1990-91
2
1991-92
3
1992-93
4
1993-94
Seasons
Years
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Episodes
"The Troubles". Law & Order . Season 1. Episode 20. November 26, 1991. NBC .
"Prescription For Death". Law & Order . Season 1. Episode 1. September 13, 1990. NBC .
"Night and Fog". Law & Order . Season 3. Episode 13. February 3, 1993. NBC .
"Life Choice". Law & Order . Season 1. Episode 12. January 8, 1991. NBC .
"Vengeance". Law & Order . Season 2. Episode 16. February 18, 1992. NBC .
"Sanctuary". Law & Order . Season 4. Episode 19. April 13, 1994. NBC .
"Poison Ivy". Law & Order . Season 1. Episode 8. November 20, 1990. NBC .
"American Dream". Law & Order . Season 4. Episode 8. November 9, 1993. NBC .
"Everybody's Favorite Bagman". Law & Order . Season 1. Episode 6. October 30, 1990. NBC .
"Discord". Law & Order . Season 4. Episode 3. October 6, 1993. NBC .
"Old Friends". Law & Order . Season 4. Episode 22. May 25, 1994. NBC .
Benjamin Stone (Law & Order)
| 2,076 |
271 | who played ben stone son on law and order | https://www.reddit.com/r/LawAndOrder/comments/12hlala/the_exits_executive_assistant_district_attorney/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
The Exits: Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone
The biggest hurdle to my life being truly worth living for me is my mental health disorder. It took many years to accept that I have to continually watch, treat, and manage my psychological illness, most likely for the rest of my life. I do these write-ups partially to try to break back into writing a little after a long break, but also to distract myself from some of the thoughts that go on in my head. Those thoughts aren’t helpful, to put it mildly. I take a cocktail of pills throughout the day that keep me mostly able to handle the various episodes of psychic pain, but I am also responsible for continuing activities that are helpful to me rather than hurtful. I doubt any of these write-ups will ever be as personal to me as this one. I don’t often speak about these types of struggles of mine, especially not during something I do for, essentially, recreation. Once upon a time, about a decade ago actually, it was all even worse, believe it or not. Back in that time, I had a deleterious drug addiction I was also dealing with. I couldn't get out from under it, and I couldn’t/wouldn’t help myself with my psychological problems. One thing I could do well, however, was lay on my couch and watch Law & Order. WE and SundanceTV had acquired the syndication rights earlier in that year, so I spent many Tuesday and Wednesday afternoons laying on that couch watching the show. I was distracting myself from the pain, both the self-inflicted and acquired. Using Law & Order to do that is nothing new for me.
Michael Moriarty, the divisive, strange, and brilliant actor who brought Executive ADA Benjamin Stone to life, too had similar struggles. It hadn’t interfered with his work on the show until Season 4 came around in September 1993. Then Michael Moriarty completely self-destructed, and any issues that were caused all came to a head in an ugly slugfest between Moriarty, Dick Wolf and the producers, the suits at NBC, and the fucking United States federal government. Whether the story has a happy ending depends entirely on you, and your point of view. I’ll say this, it’s a happier ending than I thought it was. Which is a good thing, because back when I was that dope sick and emotionally disturbed person lying on that couch, the guy who I could kind of identify with was Ben. Like him, I’m a slightly soft spoken and somewhat socially awkward, but at the same time intelligent, deceptively tough, and highly empathetic, White guy of chiefly Irish-English descent with a receding hairline and something of a Charlie Brown face, though Stone is taller than me (at 6'3-6'4, Moriarty was considered one of the tallest actors in Hollywood in the ‘70s and ‘80s) and much more assertive than I am. His actor struggled with a psychological disorder and substance abuse problems for most of his adult life. Being in such a raw emotional state as I was during those times viewing the show on that couch, and relating to the character and the depression that hangs over his onscreen and off-screen exit as much as I did, it’s probably no surprise that of all the characters I’ve written about already and of all the ones I will do write-ups on in the future, my favorite is Ben Stone.
Ben Stone was once described as a “samurai warrior” by CBS News Sunday Morning critic John Leonard, and that is a very fair assessment of his character, to the point that I really wonder if the writers had watched The Seven Samurai or something while brainstorming for the character. Like the samurai, Ben is hired to “protect” the landowners (i.e. the People of the State of New York). What Ben Stone had was a personal code, what the samurai called bushido, one he lived by, one that he wanted his assistants and detectives he worked with to follow, and one that made his morals and ethics a bit less malleable than McCoy. Omar Little could understand that. So could Mike Ehrmantraut. Those two characters, of course, were guys Stone would have prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law for abiding by their “code”. In a society and culture that increasingly looks for more and more ways to avoid facing the consequences of their actions and taking any personal accountability, Ben Stone just became more and more disillusioned, and ultimately lost. I’m just happy he didn’t stay in the DA’s office long enough to have to go up against the “TikTok made me do it” defense. If he was disillusioned in 1994 by the lack of accountability in our society, in 2023? Oof..
The Torrents of Greed (S1E15/16), a great double header, is the main Masucci family prosecution from Stone, a great example of how he is the show’s main protagonist. In that one though in the end it is “street justice” that takes out Frank Masucci, not any court case, which Mike Logan acknowledges in a moment that is maybe a little on the nose, but effective nonetheless. Stone tangles with the Colombian cartel in Prince of Darkness (S3E8), an all-time episode I talked a little more about in Cerreta’s write-up, and he of course delivers the episode’s devastating final line: “She doesn’t have an uncle.” He might as well have been saying “They completely beat us.” The Colombians absolutely crush the DAs at every turn. Every lead that looks like it will break the case open literally dies, every witness is killed in short order, they put one of our own, “Big Daddy” Phil Cerreta, in the hospital close to death, and the little girl whose horrified wailing opens the episode is probably wailing at the close of the episode too, this time miles and probably countries away from the only guys who wanted to save her. Heartbreaking isn’t the word. It is the Russians, who he faces off against in a few episodes, that are the ones who ultimately disturb and rattle Stone to the point that he can no longer continue with his job, and that’s in a case he technically wins.
I could write endless paragraphs on Ben Stone and the amount of iconic L&O moments from the first four seasons that he owns. These write-ups are about how the characters left the show, however, and as tempting as it is to turn them into full on character biographies and analysis I cannot do that. That would take much longer than a week to put together. It took long enough to do this one. So let’s move to the off-screen events. There were a lot. This is likely gonna be the longest one I do.
When it came to behind the scenes, the opinions on Moriarty varied wildly. Joe Stern, the only guy to ever follow up the famous EXECUTIVE PRODUCER-DICK WOLF ending credit with a producer credit of his own, said that “for [his] money, you can’t replace Moriarty.” Chris Noth, next week’s subject and a guy who never seemed to share too many scenes with Moriarty, was of the opposite opinion, on a lot of things: “Moriarty would kick everybody out of the room and do his take to imaginary people because he didn’t want to be distracted by the other actors. Everybody says Moriarty is nuts. I say he’s not nuts; he’s a fucking egomaniac.” He's partially correct. He definitely had something of an ego about his acting and his role as “bull killer”. I don’t know how good of a judge of character Chris Noth is however, considering some of the ugliness in his story that I may have to talk about next week. Dann Florek seemed to fall somewhere towards the compassionate end of the judgment chart: “Michael is from Neptune. I say that in a very loving way. He’s insane; he’s just insane. He is on a parallel reality.” Florek definitely seems like an understanding dude.
Any behind the scenes tension came to a head in July 1992. Noth and Moriarty, both no doubt a little intoxicated, allegedly got into an altercation at a party that eventually led to hands being thrown. It was ugly and Paul Sorvino, who was a deputy sheriff in his home Pennsylvania county and a legit tough guy, was apparently the one who broke it up. This wouldn’t be the last time Michael Moriarty would get into a drunken brawl in a bar/restaurant, nor the last time he had conflict behind the scenes. It was actually one of the stranger things about his behavior at that time. Moriarty had been a teetotaler most of his life, saying he had been “scared of the booze” due to rampant genetic alcoholism and the effect it had on his family. They were Irish, after all. Then, one day he began to drink alcohol. And smoke. Very very regularly. He called alcohol “a medication he prescribes for himself” which is a very curious and revealing statement, almost like he was ditching old medication(s) in favor of it.
Ben Stone starts Season 4, his final one, already a little rattled. Paul Robinette, his ostensible protege, had left the DA’s office to go into work as a defense attorney. The deleted scene I brought up last week when Stone tells Van Buren that Paul has left the DA’s office sees Ben briefly, but clearly, not too cheerful about his sidekick and consigliere being gone. Claire Kincaid, my personal favorite Junior ADA, was Robinette’s replacement and she is very green at the start, almost completely blowing the case and getting fired in Discord (S4E3). Claire and Ben never looked like they were completely comfortable with the other, with Claire seeming to be straight up scared of him sometimes and Ben seeming put upon, like he’s babysitting, on occasion. Didn’t come from behind the scenes tension though, with Jill Hennessey saying she enjoyed working with Moriarty and that he was very helpful and paternal. She said his exit upset her, actually bringing her to tears.
American Dream (S4E8) is probably Stone’s magnum opus. It’s his best episode, Zeljko Ivanek was perfectly cast as an adversarial and immoral prick and contender for the show’s all time best villain, and it’s important to Ben’s exit, so it’s getting a long long paragraph. Sue me.
Nobody ever came up and rattled Stone’s cage the way Phillip Swann, which is the writers once again having fun with last names, was able to. It was the case, after all, that Schiff (or maybe Alfred Wentworth? I don’t know if he is canon to the show as the previous DA before Adam) was extremely impressed by, to the extent that he gave Ben the first chair after Swann’s conviction. Swann returning to the place where he was beaten to once again challenge Stone is in line with Stone’s role as samurai. Stone has his bushido and Swann seems to just represent every opposite viewpoint and value to that code. The defender of the DA’s office, and by extension The People of the State of New York, for Stone’s defining victory to be proved hollow and fraudulent would dishonor Stone. Not only that, Adam at one point “jokingly” suggests hiring Swann before subtly threatening to pull Ben off the case if he doesn’t keep it together. Their other confrontation has less subtlety. Schiff outright tells Stone “You lose you ruin me and this office.” It’s essentially the stereotypical “You will bring great dishonor” that one might read in some samurai pulp comic. Swann pulls his personal life into it, bringing up Stone’s divorce and daughter (but not his son who he never mentioned and who we met 25 years later) in a civil trial and in a sense threatening his “home”. Him telling Swann he’s fucked in the final scene is well loved for good reason. After Swann tries to flex on Stone about how far he got despite being a jailhouse lawyer with little experience, and by calling him Ben, Stone reminds him of the ultimate result: “A lot of effort to wind up right back where you started. And in polite society, sir, you don't call people by their first name unless they’ve asked you to. I didn’t do that. You're not a friend, and you're not a colleague.” By beating Swann, Stone cements who he is in that office, the rock, the protector, the samurai who can do battle with the invaders and defeat them even when they break every rule in the book to try to get personal revenge on him. He’s the guy that Jack McCoy answers to. Winning the case and clearing his name took so much out of Ben. He smirks at the end, victorious, but so exhausted. And from the moment he told Philip Swann that he didn’t know who Ben really is and he never did, it all went downhill for Ben Stone, and Michael Moriarty.
In November 1993, Dick Wolf and some other television executives and producers were invited to a dinner in Washington, D.C., with Wolf inviting Moriarty to come along. The Attorney General at the time, and for the rest of the Clinton era, was Janet Reno. I remember my parents didn’t like her and I laughed very hard as a child at the numerous jokes Norm Macdonald and Will Ferrell made on SNL about her being a very masculine woman, but as my own adult person I don’t really have too much of an opinion on her, one way or another. I don’t care for censorship and taking the care and protection of youths out of their parents’ hands, though. That’s their job. Reno, however, apparently told Dick Wolf, “You can’t trust parents anymore” and felt she and her cronies should be the ones to decide what they can view. In her mind, shows like Law & Order were getting more and more violent and needed to be toned down and censored. Dick Wolf didn’t care for her position, and Michael Moriarty really didn’t care for her position.
While Wolf was troubled and a little angered by the whole thing, Moriarty absolutely lost his shit. Wolf, more than a little confused why he was becoming so enraged, told him “Michael, it does not lead to meaningful dialogue when you go around calling the attorney general of the United States a psychotic Nazi bitch.” The onslaught continued, with Moriarty telling literally anybody who would listen to him for 5 seconds how he was going to sue Reno, not knowing or caring she was immune from prosecution as attorney general. When Wolf told him that, Moriarty replied he was going to get another attorney. Wolf’s rejoinder was “Michael, I am not an attorney. You are not an attorney. You play an attorney on television”. Not gonna lie that shit is hilarious to me. Moriarty found it less amusing, and about a week after Wolf said it Michael submitted his resignation from the show, in January 1994.
Law & Order ended their seasons in May, like most traditional broadcast television programs, so Moriarty still had half a season to go. He didn’t start off well. While filming the episode Breeder (S4E13), Moriarty infamously suffered some kind of panic attack/catatonia attack and was flatly not able to act. Director Arthur Forney recalls him walking around the set talking to himself, and when filming began he could not say a single one of his lines without starting to laugh afterwards. Forney went to talk to him, but as he tells the story “I looked in Michael’s eyes and there was just nobody home”. Moriarty apparently seemed to consciously know something was wrong with him that day but he could not stop it, and filming was halted while his wife was called to take him to a doctor. That’s a sad story, especially the part about him seeming to know something was wrong with him that day. Wouldn’t know it from watching his performance in said episode.
Things got worse when the episode Mayhem (S4E17) barely featured Stone. Wolf and the producers said that the episode was always planned to focus more on the police as a “day in the life” experiment, complete with ticking clock in place of the “chung-chung” in the scene transitions. There are, however, also some who have said explicitly that part of the reason the episode was light on Stone was because they wanted Moriarty to get his shit together. Either way he was furious and accused them of “trying to write him out of the show”, in spite of the fact that he’d already resigned from the show, due to his political beliefs and stance against Reno. The truth is probably that they already wanted an episode like that to focus chiefly on Briscoe and Logan, as they were becoming the show’s first truly popular and long-term detective pairing, but it was additionally an opportunity for Dick Wolf, who was never short on pettiness, to show Moriarty he was no longer wanted there. Ben Stone’s time on Law & Order was about to be at its end. Complete mental breakdown or not, Moriarty was gonna make sure he gave Ben Stone an elegant exit that was true to the character.
Stone’s departure essentially takes place in two episodes, actually. The first one is my all time favorite, Sanctuary (S4E19). It’s an episode that’s been widely acclaimed and usually is up there when talking about the essential episodes of the show. The main plot, of course, is the show’s take on the 1991 Crown Heights Riot, “ripped from the headlines”. Stone wants to prosecute and convict the young man who killed a guy because of his own anger and prejudice. To Ben, when you commit an act like that, you go to jail. Others take the opportunity to start posturing and justifying and seizing on the moment for one self-serving cause or another, but Stone puts the cold hard fact right on Adam Schiff’s desk in the final scene: “Isaac Roberts killed an innocent man. You want to just let him walk?” It’s a fact that everyone is almost dancing around, including Stone’s opponent in the courtroom.
There is a reason Shambala Green, Lorraine Toussaint’s fantastic legal aid/defense attorney, is the one opposing Ben in this crucial, character defining episode for him. Shambala has been around since the 2nd episode ever and opposed and interacted with Ben more than any other defense attorney. While Ben would issue his usual quips her way (Shambala: “We’ll plead temporary insanity” Ben: “Yours or your client’s?” Saw it last night, still hits) and told her that her defensive strategies were bullshit that more than likely didn’t have a prayer in court, their scenes are always tinged with an element of something resembling closeness and, at times, an almost flirtatious vibe seems to hang in the space between them. Toussaint and Moriarty managed to create a connection, whatever it was. Their chemistry is really evident and Stone was a little more considerate with her clients usually. Ben takes the stand only one time in the series in another one of my favorites, Jurisdiction (S3E16). He does it for help with his case, yes, but he’s on the stand because the subpoena came from Shambala Green. She is someone who Ben ultimately respected, one of the few people he actually seems close to, and maybe even a whole other layer of more powerful feelings existed between the two.
In Sanctuary, Ben loses whatever love or respect he had for Shambala. He faces off in court like usual with her but this time she argues viciously outside the building and judge’s chambers with him. We’ve seen these two a lot, and they have never argued like this before. Ben has a look of concern after their argument, like he is starting to think Shambala just might be actually defending a murderer this time. It all leads up to the ramen scene, which I wish I could just quote completely verbatim here, cause it’s note perfect. When seeing him in a restaurant eating, Shambala tells him she’s not happy Ben invoked memories of lynchings in the courtroom earlier that day. Stone is done though, no more barbs. He tells her that this is the time. Gloves off, no more advocacy. What is really your opinion on this thing? The cards come out on the table and Shambala, while saying that she is ashamed of the murderous actions of her client and others during that riot, in the end defends her client’s lack of accountability for the murder. Stone tells her she is “infantilizing [her] own people” by using a diminished capacity defense based on generalized blanket statements about race and group think rather than facts, and in doing that she will guarantee that an incident of this sort occurs again. She remarks about his “suit of liberalism”, and that is when Ben tells the closest thing to a “companion” he ever had on the show what he truly wants and believes when all is said and done:
"Shambala. Just once I want someone to stand up in this country and say, 'I did it. I'm responsible for my actions. Not my television set and not the color of my skin.' And if it makes you feel good to call me a racist, fine. But if you're really looking for who's responsible for racism these days, take a good look in the mirror."
The jury returns from their deliberation. It’s a deadlock. There will be no verdict. A mistrial is the ultimate result. Half of the court erupts in celebration; the other half doesn't. The “victorious” Shambala Green is on the celebration side and she is joining in on the festivities, that is until she catches Ben Stone, who proved at every point that her defense was bullshit and that Roberts killed the victim out of hate and revenge, eyeballing her. A look of shame and regret comes over her for about a second, as she now knows that, however Ben used to feel, he now no longer respects her. She advocated and did what she had to do for her client to stay out of prison, that’s nothing new. That’s her job. In a private, social, and personal context, though, she defended the murder of an innocent man to Ben Stone. It must have broke his fucking heart. It doesn’t get better.
Adam Schiff, after a whole episode apparently getting eviscerated over the phone by newly elected Mayor Rudy Giuliani, is not doing the retrial thing. He wants it over, as does Giuliani. The racial issues with the case just make it too high-risk, with potential for riots, and much more bloodshed. He wants Ben, in the DA’s office 20 years at that point, to have a sense of reality. Stone is just gobsmacked and gives Adam the business, telling him that no one is willing to stand up and be held accountable. When Adam somewhat patronizingly says Ben is the only one who is willing to stand up and do that, Stone breaks out a line that I’ll be using in some form til the end of time. “Adam, better to light a match than to curse the darkness.” Schiff, though, advises him that some matches can light a fuse to a bomb that could destroy the city. Who do you agree with? Ben Stone says Schiff and Giuliani’s cure is peace without justice, and that it is worse than the disease. It’s a solution he can’t be a part of, and the best hour Law & Order ever did closes on Stone, his eyes welling up, as he is coming to that realization. Who the hell is Stone even protecting anymore? And why?
Old Friends (S4E22). They loved the double meaning episode names, and this is one of the most simple and best examples. Stone is up against the Russians again, this time with them laundering money through baby food corporations, and that’s the way the Mafiya does business, through the “old friends” they have from the old country. Ann Madsen (Allison Janney) works for the company and witnesses the perp and victim talking with each other shortly before his murder. Stone needs her testimony to convict the killer but she is hesitant, not wanting to flip on some of her “old friends”. She denies seeing them together on the stand, and then Ben has her charged with perjury, with Schiff not supporting it and saying it all has more to do with Ben “looking foolish in front of a jury.” Stone then implies to the judge right to her face that, because of her consistently ruling favorably on the defense’s behalf and excluding evidence, she will be as responsible as him if Madsen ends up dead. When accused of implying that the defense attorney has engaged in witness tampering, though, Stone is “not implying anything, sir!” That shyster is the final person Stone will call ‘sir’. Stone has never been this stern or unbending with his code. At times he comes off somewhat annoying to me, to be honest, which is something that Ben Stone never was. He looks exhausted and old, his hair looking more gray and poorly dyed than ever before. Adam is speechless, disbelievingly asking him if he really wants to prosecute Ann Madsen. Ben is on a mission now, drawing that ‘line in the sand’ he talked about in Sanctuary, the one that no one else will. Finally, Madsen agrees to testify and tell the truth, the only wrong she needed to right according to Stone. It was her obligation as a citizen to stand up and take accountability about what she saw and do the “right thing”, the way no one else would. Someone had finally done it, and I can’t imagine how relieved Ben must have been that, after the events of Sanctuary, there was some hope left somewhere. His code, the one that he has based his career and life on and that he genuinely believed others should adopt, gets Ann Madsen shot dead in the street, for her role in testifying against a Russian gangster.
Adam Schiff looks up from his desk at Ben, in disbelief and thinly disguised sadness. Stone has tendered his letter of resignation, the death of Ann Madsen having added to the other events of the season that eroded his faith in the criminal justice system, and his code. The triumph of American Dream was the high point of Ben Stone’s faith in the whole thing, in the people he protected, and in himself. The drop downward, to the offscreen sadness of Breeder and Mayhem, not to mention the onscreen losses in Kids (S4E15), which I didn’t even get a chance to talk about, and obviously Sanctuary, and finally the end of the road, with our final scene between our two “old friends”. Ben tells Adam that Claire is up to date on the open cases and Adam is unconcerned, simply saying back “She’ll be fine. And you?”
Ben Stone’s tenure closes with him responding to Schiff’s question with the statement “I’m clear as a bell.” Is he? In a certain way, yes, I think so. He won’t ever stop feeling guilt for Ann Madsen’s death, or his feeling of contributing to the erosion of the system and its responsibilities. He will carry regrets from his time as a prosecutor, from the people he failed to protect, for likely the rest of his life. His time as a lawyer is done, though, and he knows that. Going forward, there will no longer be regrets or guilt about the way the system works. Ben Stone will have no part in it, and that is what I believe he means when he says that final line. Claire was right with what she told him about himself, an interesting reversal of most of the season in which Ben was teaching her. Ben had no choice with Ann, when you really consider his position with his code and with his sense of personal responsibility. It is who he is. In resigning Stone shows that not only does he know exactly who he is, but that he is no hypocrite. He did not protect the people and he did not feel he could any longer, so he removed himself from any possibility of hurting himself or anyone else any further through the law. It’s very tempting to compare it with seppuku, the ritual suicide among the samurai. When ‘disgraced’ or ‘dishonored’ the samurai would remove themselves from the world as a way to atone for whatever transgression they had made. Stone commits legal seppuku here. He’s clear as a bell because he knows that Ben Stone, the Executive Assistant District Attorney, is dead. It’s reminiscent of a line his character Henry Wiggen says in Bang The Drum Slowly while at the grave of a friend who had been much mocked by all, including himself: “From here on in, I rag nobody.”
Michael Moriarty left the show as planned following the episode, and it would have been nice if his departure was peaceful, with all the bad feelings deaded and him and Dick Wolf on good terms. If anything, however, things got worse, and much more petty. Dick Wolf is not someone known for always being graceful and ‘taking the high road’, as we saw with George Dzundza and are about to see with Chris Noth next week. Wolf already had Sam Waterston in mind for the role of Jack McCoy, and had already told NBC execs that was his solution for Moriarty’s leaving. Waterston took the role, of course, and the Jack McCoy era began with Second Opinion (S5E1). Moriarty and Wolf continued taking shots at each other, with Moriarty telling Howard Stern that he would return to the show only if they fired Dick Wolf, and taking out a full page ad in a newspaper railing against censorship. Moriarty’s mental breakdown was incredibly clear at this point, and even worse was that he did not seem to care about helping himself. His breakdown was the subject of joking and mockery among some of the producers, some of the actors, the late night talk shows, and, of course, the guy to whom Moriarty made the statement about returning if the firing of Wolf took place. I probably laughed at some of those jokes as a 4-year-old, which is to say my parents laughed at them and I joined in. Neither my mother nor my father was ever exactly a picture of emotional regulation and stability, so I have no clue what they were giggling about. I don’t really know what anyone was giggling about, considering the guy’s life was literally falling apart while he was in another reality. I don’t know, it touches me because of my issues now and all that so I’m biased. I definitely joke about some of my issues and so do others, but there’s a line. I just don’t think it’s all that funny after a while.
Dick Wolf, while commenting on Waterston’s arrival, made a statement to Entertainment Weekly that “Michael did a great job for years, but Sam projects more sex appeal.” To me, that is some really petty shit right there. Like some dude saying “Oh yeah, me and her broke up but it’s cool, my new girlfriend is so much hotter.” It wasn’t the last time he would compare characters’ sex appeal, either. I have a feeling he knew that Moriarty was somewhat insecure about his looks being on the more “unique” side and took the opportunity to needle him. Moriarty was quoted as saying “I hope that’s on Sam’s grave. ‘Here lies a man who’s sexier than Mike Moriarty’.” I usually say things like that when my feelings have been hurt. Waterston, always the gentleman, never got anywhere near their bullshit. Lorraine Toussaint had Moriarty's back all the way, saying in an interview with AOL in 1997 that she adored acting alongside him and thought he was "so sexy". She's a real one.
Moriarty seemed to take the insult right to the heart, moving to Canada as a “political exile” shortly after his exit and trying to prove, in the bars of Nova Scotia, that he was just as sexy to women as Waterston apparently is to women and Dick Wolf. He would comment on the amount of women who wanted him and “checked him out” while he was at the bars when giving interviews. He made statements that can certainly be viewed as being prejudiced, misogynistic, and certainly overly insensitive, and railed incessantly against the “Stalinist” regime the United States had become. He got in numerous bar brawls, caught several charges, got married, got divorced, and got charged with domestic violence. He slapped his girlfriend in a bar spat in 2000, and while the charge was dismissed, clearly something about it shook Moriarty. The reports of his constant drunken behavior and violence died down in the next couple of years. In 2002, he came out of absolutely nowhere to deliver an excellent performance in James Dean, the biopic that brought James Franco to the mainstream, as James’ father. This netted him a third Emmy. Absolutely amazing. Guy lets his mental health go down the drain for almost a decade, then comes back, fucks around and wins an Emmy. How?
In 2002, Michael Moriarty took back control of his mind, and his life. He joined the 12-step fellowship of Alcoholics Anonymous and, through their program and his newfound faith in the God of his understanding, plus once again starting to take care of his mental illness, it brought him to a ”calm and utterly sober joy in life [he] had never thought possible." In 2007, while on track to try to make a return to acting, Moriarty suffered a major heart attack. He was apparently only given 6 months to live afterwards, but he survived, though it slowed his acting to an essential retirement. He said in an interview in 2015 that "I have lived another eight years and, God willing, look forward to at least another ten years in which to compose more music." I’m happy to report that Moriarty is 8 years into that decade more he wanted. He obviously still loves playing that jazz piano. So do I. Moriarty was indeed a very talented jazz pianist and vocalist and has recorded a few albums. “The Ballad of Earnest Hart” is the song I believe is the best in his discography but as a jazz piano player myself I am a little biased. It is definitely the one that reminds me of the show, and Ben Stone, the most. The “we all live in New York City” round he does while the harmonica is going off towards the end is excellent songwriting. The remarks about Law & Order and Ben Stone became more reflective and even slightly sentimental. Originally he told Playboy in an interview in 1990 that Stone was him and they were the same, but by the time the Companion Book authors interviewed him, he said he could feel Stone’s “persona begin to die in [him].” He said in that 2015 interview, however, that Stone was the character he identified with the most, and that he would always be grateful to Dick Wolf for telling him “Don’t create a character Michael, just play yourself.” He expressed gratitude to Wolf a few times in that interview, actually.
In spite of Dick Wolf’s history of pettiness, he also has a history of remembering actors and trying to do right by them. We saw it in the last two entries, with him rectifying the firings of Dann Florek and Richard Brooks by bringing their characters back and expanding on them. Late 2016, about a year after Moriarty did the interview, brought news that the fictional “Chicago-verse” that Wolf created with shows like Chicago P.D. was getting a new show added. This one was to be called Chicago Justice, and the main character was an Assistant State’s Attorney by the name of Peter Stone, Ben's son. Philip Winchester played Peter, who was never acknowledged on Law & Order during Ben’s run, with only a daughter mentioned (she got a name on SVU: Pamela). He was, however, the show’s first link to/mention of Ben in years. Old school fans like me were definitely excited. I thought this meant the possibility of a return of my favorite character to television at some point. Peter even calls Ben at the end of Uncertainty Principle (S1E2), shortly after having some harsh words regarding his father during an interaction with guest star Paul Robinette. Chicago Justice would only make it the one season before being axed. Then came news that in spite of the show’s cancellation, Peter was moving to SVU to be the department ADA. Winchester was a little wooden at times and needed to watch more of Moriarty’s performance but he was more than serviceable in the role, and either way a Stone in the DA’s office again? I was completely in, and sat down to watch The Undiscovered Country (S19E13), Peter’s first episode on SVU.
The episode opens at a funeral, and the giant picture by the casket is of Ben Stone. He has passed away, from some undisclosed cause. Jack, apparently DA again, gets up and says a few words, nice words, about Ben. Peter has traveled to New York for the funeral, and eventually joins the DA office at the end. This thought belongs in the “wild speculation” category, but I honestly think this was Wolf’s way of apologizing to Moriarty, for not being completely honest, almost certainly engaging in the mocking of his condition, and being petty, when he left the show. Moriarty, in turn, I think took that 2015 interview to make it clear that, while he still held certain beliefs and felt he was right to leave, he was done holding grudges and had much gratitude for the opportunities he was given by Wolf. In fact, if Moriarty was still well enough, I have no doubt Ben Stone would have finally shared a scene with Jack McCoy sometime in that whole period. The drinking, smoking, mental illness, and ultimately the passage of time, robbed us of an opportunity to see that. Ben Stone got a dignified exit from their universe, however, being acknowledged, eulogized, and his son given an opportunity to carry on his legacy. It was the best ending there could be, considering the circumstances.
I have no idea if the words that preceded this paragraph did justice to the character of Ben Stone. That’s most of the reason this took as long as it did. How do I write the right things? It’s about my favorite character, what if I fuck it up? I didn’t have any self-esteem or confidence in myself at all back when I was laying on my couch and missing out on everything life had to offer. Watching this guy who reminded me of myself do battle with all of these adversaries and assert himself and stick to his principles, even if fictional, was the way I escaped. He was something of a role model for me in all honesty, as the qualities I felt I lacked were crucial parts of Stone’s makeup. These days I’m proud to say that I am doing everything I can to incorporate those qualities into my life. I’m not ready to win in court against Shambala Green or Arthur Gold or Danielle Melnick, and I’m not able to speak as eloquently or emphatically as Stone did when he delivered his closing statement in the aforementioned Season 4 episode Kids or as he did in Manhood (S3E21) but I would do better in any of those situations in 2023 than I would have in 2013. It’s ok if I can’t do all those things as well as Stone. The guy who played him couldn’t do all those things as well as Ben either. That’s because despite my identification and kinship with him, Ben Stone is a fictional character. I don’t have to be Ben Stone to lead a life that has meaning. Michael Moriarty seemed to learn that lesson as he went along in life, and from what I can tell he is at peace with that fact. I’m getting there, slowly. The events that inspired me and the people who got me here, however, can be fictional or fiction based. Nothing wrong with that. Ben Stone may be a fictional character, but of all the fictional characters on this fictional show set in a fictional version of my hometown, his fictional story’s effect on me was the most real. And in a world with few guarantees and much uncertainty, I know that at the very least my favorite character from Law & Order will never change. That is one thing that is set in stone. The king stays the king, and Ben Stone’s crown isn’t going anywhere.
EDIT: I was actually incorrect. Moriarty stopped drinking but he never got mentally better, or he did and he's actually just that prejudiced against that many people. I'll leave this up for those of you who do enjoy these but I know I was wrong and this will be the final edition.
Read more
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Public
Top Posts
| 2,077 |
271 | who played ben stone son on law and order | https://www.distractify.com/p/why-did-michael-moriarty-leave-law-and-order | Source: NBC
Of all the standout characters that the Law and Order franchise has seen, Executive Assistant District Attorney Benjamin Stone (Michael Moriarty) is certainly one of the most memorable.
Article continues below advertisement
The ADA appeared during the first four seasons of the original series and was introduced in the pilot, which aired on Sept. 13, 1990. From that date forward, it was clear that Stone was one of the top prosecutors in the country, and his genuine belief in the American legal system made us all believe that true justice was possible for all.
Source: NBC
Article continues below advertisement
And while his departure gave way to the rise of the absolutely unforgettable and seminal Jack McCoy, old reruns have us nostalgically pining for the old days.
Why did Michael Moriarty leave Law and Order?
Article continues below advertisement
But OG Law and Order fans might recall Benjamin Stone's rather unceremonious departure from the procedural was mired in scandal, with conflicting stories by both the actor and the show's production team surrounding the real reason about his departure.
Source: NBC
Article continues below advertisement
In the world of Law and Order, Benjamin, the "conscience of the show," resigned from his position at the DA's office after Season 4 because he felt responsible for the murder of a witness in a trial against a local mob boss.
[As an editor's side note: the witness here is played by none other than Allison Janney, which is just another reason to rewatch Benjamin's last episode.]
In reality, the actor's departure was surrounded with some well-publicized off-screen issues. Michael has said that his leaving the show had to do with his public opposition to then real-life Attorney General Janet Reno speaking out against violence on Law and Order and other television shows of the early '90s.
Article continues below advertisement
Michael criticized comments about the "offensively violent" nature of Law and Order and claimed that the Attorney General was out to censor the show. He also accused executive producer Dick Wolf and other higher-ups at the network of not taking his concerns seriously and capitulating to Janet Reno's demands.
Source: NBC
Article continues below advertisement
In fact, the actor went one step further and took out a full-page advertisement in a Hollywood trade magazine, where he called on fellow actors to stand with him against the government's attempts at censoring television content. In September of 1994, he said on The Howard Stern Show that he would return to his role on Law and Order if and only if Dick Wolf was fired first.
And as we all know, that was never going to happen. Of course, there are two sides to every story. Executives on the show, including Dick Wolf himself, have maintained that Michael's public opposition to the Attorney General wasn't the reason he was written off the show. Instead, they cited Michael's erratic behavior on set.
Article continues below advertisement
According to the guest director of the episode "Breeder," Michael wasn't able to deliver his lines with a straight face during filming. Executives also emphasized that the show never watered down its violent or graphic content following Attorney General Reno's remarks.
Since leaving the show, Michael has gone on to star in a number of other productions, including James Dean, for which he won an Emmy. Back in the Dick Wolf universe, his character of Ben Stone was killed off in Season 19 of SVU, the same episode during which Rafael Barba decides to step down, thus paving the way for Ben's son, Peter Stone, to take over.
Now that you're up to date on all the backstory, don't miss new episodes of Law and Order: Special Victims Unit when they air Thursdays at 10 p.m. on NBC.
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
Advertisement
| 2,078 |
272 | who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Madea_Christmas_(film) | A Madea Christmas (film)
A Madea Christmas
Theatrical film poster
Produced by
Tyler Perry
Ozzie Areu
Matt Moore
A Madea Christmas is a 2013 American Christmas comedy film directed, written, produced by and starring Tyler Perry with the rest of the cast consisting of Kathy Najimy , Chad Michael Murray , Anna Maria Horsford , Tika Sumpter , Eric Lively , JR Lemon , Alicia Witt , Lisa Whelchel , and Larry the Cable Guy . This is the first Christmas-themed film from the writer-director as it tells the story of Madea going to the fictional town of Bucktussle, Alabama, with her great-niece to spend Christmas with the great-niece's daughter as financial trouble involving a newly-constructed dam that threatens the town. This is the seventeenth film by Perry, and the eighth film in the Madea cinematic universe . The film was released on December 13, 2013, by Lionsgate .
A Madea Christmas grossed $53.4 million worldwide.
Mabel "Madea" Simmons has been talked into getting a job at a local store by her niece Eileen in Atlanta, but gets fired on her first day.
Eileen’s daughter Lacey, a teacher at a small school in Bucktussle, Alabama, is married to a white man named Connor whose plans to grow special corn earn the ire of corn farmer Tanner McCoy, his school bully. The school does not have enough money to fund the town’s Christmas Jubilee, so Lacey asks her ex Oliver for funding through his business. She also tries to convince Tanner of his son Bailey’s excellence in school, though Tanner refuses to listen. Due to this, Lacey is unable to visit Eileen for Christmas, but Oliver takes Madea and Eileen to see her, not knowing that Lacey is married to a white man and hoping she and Oliver can still work as a couple.
Lacey takes Oliver to a town meeting while Madea looks after her class. A girl steals Madea’s purse; when Madea finds out, she loses her temper and ties her to a cross in the classroom. Meanwhile, Connor’s parents, Buddy and Kim, visit for Christmas and are told to keep the marriage a secret. Eileen cuts down Kim’s father’s memory tree; though she did not realize the meaning, Eileen shows no remorse. She becomes convinced that Buddy and Kim are part of the Ku Klux Klan after seeing Buddy with a bedsheet over his head.
Lacey soon discovers that the sponsors, Sheldon Construction, are forcing them to make the Jubilee Holiday-themed rather than Christmas-themed, and that they were the ones to build a nearby dam, cutting off the town’s water supply and putting their residents out of work. Infuriated by these facts, Tanner convinces the mayor to fire Lacey, much to Bailey's dismay. At home, she also reveals to Eileen that she is married to Connor, and Eileen’s true feelings about whites are revealed; her husband left her for a white woman though she told Lacey he was killed by a white man while trying to protect her honor. Eileen storms out and waits for a taxi to pick her up.
Lacey admits to Connor that Tanner got her fired, setting Connor off. Walking to town, Eileen sees Tanner’s overturned truck and saves his life. Connor punches Tanner and demands Eileen to get in his truck. Tanner apologizes to Connor for everything and thanks Eileen, who reluctantly accepts Lacey and Connor’s marriage. Tanner agrees to listen to Connor about his corn and to ask the mayor to rehire Lacey.
At the event, Lacey thanks the sponsors and announces their promises to help the citizens which were not in the original contract, knowing the repercussions they would face if they backed out. She also tells Oliver she is married to Connor as the students led by Bailey start singing.
Tika Sumpter as Lacey Williams (née Murphy)
Ashlee Heath as Audry
Caroline Kennedy as Lucy
Daniel Mann as Austin
A Madea Christmas received negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a 20% rating, based on 35 reviews, with the consensus: "It boasts a few laughs, but overall, Tyler Perry's A Madea Christmas ranks among Perry's least entertaining or substantive works." [3] On Metacritic , the film has a score of 28 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". [4] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an A− grade. [5]
Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a grade B− but said that it felt like reruns: "Tyler Perry's movies haven't gotten any worse, but they haven't gotten better either, so they now carry the added disadvantage of overfamiliarity." [6] Variety called it "An exceptionally poor piece of holiday cash-in product, rushed and ungainly even by the low standard set by Perry's seven previous Madea films, yet it should be every bit as profitable." [7] The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "Bah humbug to this latest screen outing for Tyler Perry's inexplicably popular character" and criticized the clunky narrative and the hackneyed dialogue. [8]
Accolades
[ edit ]
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Nominated
Nominated
See also
FilmL.A. (2013). "2013 Feature Film Production Report" (PDF). FilmL.A. Feature Film Study: 39. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 4, 2023.
External links
A Madea Christmas (film)
| 2,079 |
272 | who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas | https://m.imdb.com/title/tt2609758/fullcredits/cast | Menu
Movies
TV Shows
Watch
Follow IMDb on social
Get the IMDb app
For Android and iOS
| 2,080 |
272 | who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas | https://madea.fandom.com/wiki/A_Madea_Christmas | Plot[
The Mansell family is spending Christmas at their home at Cape Cod as the
mean mother, Lillian makes the maid, Marganet stay for the hoildays as she already promise her Christmas off as her daughter, China and her rich boyfriend, Bobby are coming home for the hoildays as Marganet's family was coming to her home for the hoildays as China invites Marganet's family for Christmas as her Aunt Madea and Aunt Bam, Her daughter and sons, Lucy, George, and Eric come to the house for Christmas. As this Christmas becomes upside down.
Categories
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Madea Wiki is a FANDOM Movies Community.
| 2,081 |
272 | who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas | https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2609758/fullcredits | Menu
Movies
TV Shows
Watch
(based on the stage play "A Madea Christmas" written by)
Cast (in credits order) verified as complete
Second Unit Director or Assistant Director
dialogue editor (as Kimberly Wilhoit) / foley artist (as Kimberly Wilhoit)
Camera and Electrical Department
Costume and Wardrobe Department
...
photo double: Larry The Cable Guy / stand-in: Larry The Cable Guy
Follow IMDb on social
Get the IMDb app
For Android and iOS
| 2,082 |
272 | who plays connor's mom in madeas christmas | https://christmas-specials.fandom.com/wiki/A_Madea_Christmas | DVDBlu-ray
A Madea Christmas is an American comedy-drama film produced by, directed by, and starring Tyler Perry. It was his seventeenth film, and the eighth in the Madea franchise, adapted from his play of the same name, though it has a completely different plot. It was released in theaters on December 13, 2013.
Contents
Synopsis[
In Atlanta, Georgia Mabel "Madea" Simmons has been talked into getting a job at a local store by her great-niece Eileen Murphy. Madea gets fed up with the customers and starts speaking rudely, causing herself to get fired on her first day. She then asks for her paycheck, but her boss tells her they will mail it. Infuriated, Madea steals a dress and some money from the cash register, then leaves.
Meanwhile, Eileen's daughter, Lacey Williams, who is working as a teacher at a small school in Alabama and married to a white man named Connor, has many problems on her hands: the school does not have enough money to fund its annual Christmas Jubilee. This angers the townsfolk, thus pressuring Lacey to have her ex-boyfriend, Oliver, fund the school through his business. Lacey also wants one of her students, Bailey McCoy to sing in the Christmas Jubilee. Stuck with many issues to deal with, she tells her mother that she will not be able to come home for Christmas. Eileen, determined to see her daughter for Christmas, decides to pay Lacey a surprise visit. She brings Madea, who is hesitant at first, with her, and has Oliver, who is on his way with a contract for the sponsorship, as their ride, as Eileen feels that Lacey and Oliver could still be a couple. The trio then head to Alabama, where Lacey lives. Following a short run-in with the Ku Klux Klan, the trio eventually make it to Alabama. This makes things awkward, since Lacey was not expecting her mother to come see her, and Eileen has never wanted Lacey to marry a white man. Lacey has made her mother believe that Connor is the "farm help" at her house.
Lacey's student Bailey is the son of Tanner McCoy, who Connor has had issues with since childhood. Connor is threatened by Tanner not to plant corn, which he wants to do, saying he will beat him up, as he did frequently when they were children, if he is not coerced.
Lacey goes to the meeting with the school principal, Oliver, and the town mayor to go over the contract for Oliver's representatives' sponsorship of the jubilee. While she is out, Madea looks after Lacey's class. Bailey walks into the class late and begins to get bullied by the other students. Madea tells the class to leave Bailey alone and that they need to learn to be nicer to people. When Madea turns around to write her name on the chalkboard, one of the students steals her purse. Madea tells the students a modern day version of the story of the first Christmas, in order to keep the class busy. When Madea realizes that her purse is missing, she tries to then tell the children the story of Easter, but then loses her temper half way through the story and demands that somebody find her purse. Meanwhile, with the contract glazed over and signed, the town and school now have the money they need. Lacey then prepares to return to her class, but is interrupted by Oliver, who gives her a kiss. While she tries to tell Oliver that she is married and is not interested in getting back together with him, her and the principal discover that Madea has tied the girl that stole her purse to the cross decoration in the classroom.
Connor's parents, Buddy, and Kim, arrive at Connor and Lacey's house, as they have come to visit him for Christmas and are told that they must not mention that he and Lacey are married, as they do not know that Eileen has never wanted Lacey to marry a white man. Meanwhile, Eileen decides to get a Christmas tree and cuts down one with a yellow ribbon wrapped around it in the backyard, not knowing that Kim planted the tree in memory of her deceased father. When Eileen learns of this, she expresses no remorse, upsetting Kim. That night, Eileen walks in on Buddy and Kim, seeing Buddy with a sheet over his head, convincing her that Buddy is in the KKK. Now scared, she bars the door to the room that she and Madea are sharing.
The next day, while helping Connor with the farm animals, Madea reveals to Connor and Buddy that she knows Connor and Lacey are together (but not that they are married). When Connor informs Madea of this, also stating that Lacey is planning to tell Eileen about their marriage on Christmas day, Madea warns that Eileen will become upset.
While at the school that same day, it is discovered by the mayor and several towns people - including Tanner McCoy - that Oliver's representatives require that if they are going to sponsor the jubilee, it must be a holiday jubilee. This means that there may not be any references to Jesus, God, or the Bible.
The company that is sponsoring the event is Sheldon Construction Company, which caused the jobs of many of the citizens in the town to shut down. Angered at these facts, Tanner and the other citizens convince the mayor to fire Lacey. This upsets Bailey, and he complains to his father, who does not take what his son says into consideration.
Later that day, Buddy and Kim learn of Eileen's beliefs and become offended. Kim threatens Eileen, causing Eileen to try and kick Connor's parents out of the house. Madea forces Lacey to confess the truth to her mother and reveals that Eileen despises white people because her husband left her for a white woman when Lacey was two years old; she has lied about the story and said that a white man killed her husband. She also reveals other truths that Eileen has hidden from her daughter. Hypocritically angered by the lies she has heard, Eileen packs her bags and sits outside of the house, hoping for a taxi to come by and pick her up. Buddy, Kim, and Madea try to convince her to come back into the house, but to no avail. The three give up on Eileen, resulting in her deciding to walk into town and take a bus back to Atlanta.
Connor walks into his and Lacey's bedroom and finds Lacey sitting on the bed, thinking about all that has happened to her that day. Lacey reveals that Tanner caused her to lose her job, setting Connor off. He storms out of the house in a fit of rage, gets into his truck and heads off to Tanner's house, Buddy riding along. While walking to town, Eileen discovers Tanner in his truck, which has been crashed and knocked upside down. Eileen helps Tanner out of the truck before it explodes. Connor and Buddy drive up to this. Connor punches Tanner in the face and demands that Eileen get into his truck. He tells Tanner to stay away from him and Lacey and says that he is planting the corn that Tanner told him not to plant. Connor, Buddy and Eileen then drive away, while Tanner, now with a change of heart, walks back to his house.
Back at Connor and Lacey's house, Eileen finally accepts Connor and Lacey's marriage. However, not everything has yet been settled, as Tanner and his wife pull up to the house. Connor at first demands that they leave his property, but Tanner apologizes for the things he has done and thanks Eileen for saving him. After the reconciliation, Connor asks Tanner if he wants to help him with the corn, to which Tanner gratefully says yes.
At the Christmas Jubilee, Lacey thanks the Sheldon Construction Company for helping to sponsor the event. Bailey sings, with his parents cheering him on. Lacey also reveals to Oliver that she is married to Connor.
Songs[
Title(s)
The Platters
Robert Melnik
Band members
Choir singers
Townspeople
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Christmas Specials Wiki is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 2,083 |
273 | who voices hiccup in how to train your dragon 2 | https://screenrant.com/how-train-your-dragon-cast-actors/ | Close
What The How To Train Your Dragon Voice Actors Look Like In Real Life
Related
After falling in love with the charismatic characters from the movie How To Train Your Dragon , viewers are wondering who the voices have been behind these fun personalities.
Jay Baruchel: Hiccup
For viewers who are familiar with the movies, Tropic Thunder or She's Out Of My League the voice of Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III may sound very familiar. Actor Jay Baruchel has a unique voice that is completely unmistakable. His vocal performance really was a perfect match for young Hiccup as it has an air of insecurity and youth but also of passionate resolve when needed. Luckily, Baruchel truly committed to the role and continued to stay loyal to Hiccup through the sequels.
America Ferrera: Astrid
Astrid is a great character and companion to the main character Hiccup. She is not only a good friend but she is also a strong force and a proud Viking . Her heart and passion really shine through with actress America Ferrera giving her a voice. Astrid was not always Hiccups confidant, she started off bumping heads with him multiple times over and completely despising dragons. Her character later softened up as she grew to understand and adapt to the situation. Ferrera gives Astrid a powerful voice that perfectly suits her personality.
Craig Furguson: Gobber
Gobber whose real name is actually Gobber the Belch is a loyal friend and advisor to Hiccup's father, Stoick the Vast. He is not only a supporting friend but also a veteran warrior who is wise and honored. These wonderful traits make him an important character and one who deserves an impacting voice. Actor Craig Furguson is the perfect voice actor to fill the job. Gobber's wise words carry a lot more importance with a voice like Furguson's which really expresses compassion and nurture.
Gerard Butler: Stoick The Vast
The character Stoick The Vast is one of the more important roles in the movie. He is a village leader with so many burdens and responsibilities but he is also Hiccup's father who must go through ranges of emotions including disappointment, sadness, pride, anger, aggression, and assertiveness.
Christopher Mintz-Plasee: Fishlegs
The character Fishlegs is hiccup's best friend throughout the entire franchise. Having such an important role meant that he needed to have a very influential voice behind him. Actor Christopher Mintz-Plasse who stared in the comedy movie Superbad , gave the very skittish and dragon-nerd character, Fishless, his voice. The interesting contrast with this character is the appearance of the animation. In the movie, he is a massive sized Viking who only keeps getting bigger after each sequel of How To Train Your Dragon yet the voice he carries is one that seems to belong to a much smaller person.
Jonah Hill: Snotlout
Actor Jonah Hill gives bully character Snotlout his dramatic and cocky voice. Hill gives an amazing performance when voicing Snotlout's many performances such as failing miserably and constantly at pursuing his love interest Tuffnut and arrogantly boasting about his "hero-ness" and bravery.
Kristin Wiig: Ruffnut
Most comedy fans are familiar with Kristin Wiig and her roles in Saturday Night Live, Bridesmaids, and Ghostbusters. She has proven to be able to manipulate her voice for many of Wiig's movie roles and in the role of Ruffnut, she gives such an incredible performance with Ruffnut's irritatingly hoarse and mocking voice. For movie fans of How To Train Your Dragon , it comes as a huge surprise that the voice behind tuff girl Ruffnut is actually the lovable and funny Kristin Wiig.
T.J. Miller: Tuffnut
The brother twin to Ruffnut is Tuffnut, a Viking character who cannot stand his sister but also cannot be without her. Tuffnut and Ruffnut often argue and fight to the point of blows but they really do inseparably love each other. His personality is completely rebellious and fearless which can really get him in a lot of trouble were it not for his sister getting in the way. To fill the role of Tuffnut's strong character is actor T.J. Miller who stars in movies such as Deadpool, Ready Player One, and the TV series Silicon Valley .
Cate Blanchett: Valka
The lovely actress Cate Blanchett plays voice actor for Valka who is discovered to be Hiccup's long-lost mother. She was abducted by a dragon soon after Hiccup was born but grew to love the land filled with dragons and decided to stay thinking her family was better off without her. Valka is fearless, strong, and a determined vigilante whose voice expresses her strong commitments and passions. Actress Cate Blanchett gives life to Valka with her mature and intense voice. Movie fans will know Cate Blanchett from her popular movies such as Thor: Ragnarok , Lord of The Rings, Carol, and many others.
Djimon Hounsou: Drago
Drago Bludvist is an antagonist character with plans for world dominance that lead Hiccup on a journey to prove his bravery and defeat Drago and his army of controlled dragons and followers. Drago believes that controlling the dragons against their will is the way to coexist with them and to control all dragons and people is his calling. His evil appearance and sinister plans demand an impacting voice that none can ignore. Renowned actor Djimon Hounsou (Blood Diamond, Gladiator, Guardians of the Galaxy) gives a superior performance giving Drago the voice that truly expresses the character's role.
Close
Popular
Posts
Recommended
Posts
3 minutes ago
Posts
28 minutes ago
Posts
Posts
3 hours ago
Posts
1 hour ago
Posts
Copyright © 2025 Valnet Inc.
| 2,089 |
273 | who voices hiccup in how to train your dragon 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Baruchel | Jay Baruchel
37 languages
Canadian actor (born 1982)
Jonathan Adam Saunders Baruchel [1] ( /ˈbærəʃɛl/ ; [2] born April 9, 1982) [1] is a Canadian actor and director. He is best known for his voice role as Hiccup Haddock in the How to Train Your Dragon franchise, and for his lead roles in the comedies Fanboys (2009), She's Out of My League (2010), and This Is the End (2013). Baruchel was the co-lead in the Disney action-fantasy film The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010). Films in which Baruchel has had a starring role have grossed over $1.28 billion at the worldwide box office as of 2024. [3]
Baruchel has also had supporting roles in comedy movies such as Knocked Up (2007), Tropic Thunder (2008), Goon (2011), and The Art of the Steal (2013). In television, he had lead roles as Steven Karp in Judd Apatow 's comedy series Undeclared (2001–2002) and Josh Greenberg in the FXX comedy series Man Seeking Woman (2015–2017), both of which received praise from critics. [4] [5]
Early life
Baruchel got his first acting job when he was just 12. One of his first major acting roles was on the local television series My Hometown in 1996. From 1997 to 1998, he co-hosted Popular Mechanics for Kids with Elisha Cuthbert . After appearing briefly in Cameron Crowe 's Oscar winning film Almost Famous , Baruchel won the role of Steven Karp on Judd Apatow 's acclaimed yet short-lived television series Undeclared , where he starred alongside Seth Rogen , Carla Gallo , Charlie Hunnam , and Monica Keena . He then appeared with James Van Der Beek in Roger Avary 's The Rules of Attraction .
Baruchel also appeared in the 2010 Adidas Originals ad campaign, "Cantina", in conjunction with the FIFA World Cup and in video clips for Canadian prog-rockers Rush's 2012–13 Clockwork Angels tour.
Baruchel and his How to Train Your Dragon co-star America Ferrera signing autographs during a USO tour on June 4, 2014, at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst
In July 2012, he appeared in the music video for the song "Toxsik Waltz" by rapper Necro . In the summer of 2013, he starred in the hit apocalyptic comedy This Is the End and in 2014, he appeared in the RoboCop remake and reprised his role as Hiccup in How to Train Your Dragon 2 .
In July 2014, it was announced that Baruchel would be starring in the FXX comedy Man Seeking Woman which premiered in January 2015. [18] He also appeared in the 2015 music video for the song "Every Little Means Trust" by Idlewild . [19]
Baruchel was also involved in writing the Chapterhouse comic book series Captain Canuck . [20]
Baruchel wrote, directed, and starred in the 2017 sports comedy film Goon: Last of the Enforcers , the sequel to the 2011 film Goon.
In 2018, he made his debut as an author, with Born Into It: A Fan's Life, released on Harper Collins. The book explored his love of the Montreal Canadiens with anecdotes, childhood memories, and heartfelt tales about his life as a fan of the team.
In 2021, Baruchel hosted the original audio podcast documentary series for Audible.ca , Highly Legal, that explored the political and economic history and aftermath of Canada's legalization of marijuana . [22] In the same year, Baruchel and his wife, Rebecca-Jo Dunham, both appeared in the music video for "Ouch", the lead single from The Tragically Hip 's archival EP Saskadelphia . [23] He was also named host of LOL: Last One Laughing Canada , which premiered on February 18, 2022 on Amazon Prime Video . [24] He appears in the seventh episode of The Kids in the Hall revival. [25]
In 2022, Baruchel hosted the Crave original series We're All Gonna Die (Even Jay Baruchel) , a six-episode docuseries about the end of the world that explored potential world-ending risks. Baruchel, as host, met with scientists and other experts to discuss the feasibility of the risks and the potential solutions and innovations to counter the issues. [26]
In November 2024, Baruchel joined the cast of the romcom film Mile End Kicks. [28] He is also set to play Ken Carter in The Stunt Driver, a comedy film about the Canadian stunt driver's exploits. [29]
Personal life
Baruchel was engaged to actress Alison Pill from 2011 to 2013. He alluded to their break-up in a Twitter post on February 16, 2013. [30] In May 2018, Baruchel announced his engagement to his girlfriend Rebecca-Jo Dunham. [31] They were married on September 21, 2019, in Portugal. [32] Baruchel has said that he is "probably agnostic". [33] [34]
Baruchel has several tattoos among which, a Celtic cross on his upper right arm to honour his Irish heritage, [35] and a red maple leaf on his left pectoral. [36]
Baruchel is a supporter of Scottish football club Celtic since the early 2000s; in 2016, he co-produced a documentary detailing his journey towards falling in love with the club. [37]
Filmography
[ edit ]
Film
[ edit ]
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1999
4 episodes
1996–1998
My Hometown
Thomas Thompson
Main role
1997–2001
2014
2015–2017
The Trotsky
Nominated
2013
Nominated
2014
"Undeclared" . Metacritic. Retrieved July 2, 2024.
...the Ottawa-born Baruchel..
"Quick Study" . People. November 12, 2001. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
Simonpillai, Radheyan (May 13, 2010). "Jay Baruchel is the Trotsky" . NOW Magazine. Archived from the original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2010.
The funny thing is, Baruchel is only a quarter Jewish... His background is also French and Irish-Catholic... He may be hard to identify ethnically...
Loschiavo, Taline (May 29, 2018). "Jay Baruchel is Engaged" . etalk. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2019.
External links
Best Musical Moment(2013, 2017–present)
| 2,090 |
273 | who voices hiccup in how to train your dragon 2 | https://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-train-your-dragon-cast-2019-2 | Share
Facebook
Email
X
LinkedIn
Impact Link
This story is available exclusively to Business Insider
subscribers. Become an Insider and start reading now. Have an account?
Log in
.
The "How to Train Your Dragon" movie trilogy stars Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Cate Blanchett, Kristen Wiig, and Kit Harington — just to name a few.
Warning: Spoilers ahead for the first two "How to Train Your Dragon" movies.
The beloved "How to Train Your Dragon" trilogy comes to an end with the third installment, "The Hidden World," arriving in theaters on Friday. Based on a book series by Cressida Cowell which was adapted by director Dean Deblois, the movies tell the story of a land where dragons and men have learned to live in harmony.
The main character of the series is Hiccup, the first Viking in his tribe to realize dragons aren't the mortal enemies of humans.
Hiccup in "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World." Universal/Dreamworks
In the first "How to Train Your Dragon" movie, Hiccup befriended a dragon he named Toothless, and eventually showed his village (Berk) that dragons and people can coexist in peace.
Jay Baruchel stars as Hiccup in all three movies.
Jay Baruchel visits the Build Series to discuss "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World." Gary Gershoff/Getty Images
You likely know Baruchel from comedy movies like "This Is the End" and "Tropic Thunder," or the TV series "Man Seeking Woman."
The third movie, "The Hidden World," features flashbacks of Hiccup when he was a small boy.
Little Hiccup as seen in the New York Comic Con teaser for "The Hidden World." DreamWorks/Universal
In one of the first official trailers for "The Hidden World," we see Hiccup's father Stoick telling his son that one day he'll find the secret location from where all dragons come.
AJ Kane did all the voice work for the younger version of Hiccup.
AJ Kane the premiere of "How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World." Presley Ann/Getty Images
Kane has also appeared on NBC's "Saturday Night Live" and Comedy Central's "The Daily Show" sketches.
Hiccup's formidable father, Stoick, was the chief of Berk.
Stoick and Hiccup didn't see eye-to-eye at first. DreamWorks/Universal
Stoick the Vast was a mighty dragon-killer, but his son was more of a pacifist.
Stoick is voiced by "300" actor Gerard Butler.
Gerard Butler voices Stoick for all three "How to Train Your Dragon" movies. Gregg DeGuire/Getty Images
Gerard kept his Scottish accent for the part of Stoick, though none of the Viking kids have distinct accents.
Hiccup's mother, Valka, wasn't introduced until the second movie.
Valka is a dragon expert herself. DreamWorks/Universal
Hiccup discovered his mother had been secretly living on an island of dragons, caring for the beasts and rescuing them from trappers.
Oscar-winning actress Cate Blanchett voices Valka.
Cate Blanchett attends the 2019 BAFTA awards in London. Gary Mitchell/SOPA Images/LightRocket/Getty Images
Blanchett is no stranger to fantasy trilogies. She memorably played Galadriel in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" movies. And in 2017, Blanchett joined Marvel's Thor franchise for "Thor: Ragnorak."
Astrid is one of Hiccup's closest allies in the village, and eventually becomes his girlfriend.
Astrid and her beloved dragon in the second film. DreamWorks/Universal
Astrid also started out the series with a contentious relationship to Hiccup.
Astrid is played by Emmy-winning actress America Ferrera.
America Ferrera at the premiere of "How To Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World" in Westwood, California. Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images
You likely know Ferrera for her role on the '00s series "Ugly Betty" and in the seminal teen movie "Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants." She's currently starring on NBC sitcom "Superstore."
"The Hidden World" introduces a new villain named Grimmel.
Grimmel is known for hunting Night Furies. Universal/Dreamworks
Grimmel threatens the way of life Hiccup and the other Berk villagers established by hunting their dragons.
F. Murray Abraham joined the "How to Train Your Dragon" cast to play the intimidating new role.
F. Murray Abraham at the premiere of "The Hidden World." Gregg DeGuire/Getty Images
Abraham has starred in many major films, including "Scarface," "Inside Llewyn Davis," "Finding Forrester," and on the Showtime TV series "Homeland."
Gobber is one of the few adult characters in the movie with a starring role.
In the first movie, Gobber was in charge of training new vikings to be dragon-killers. DreamWorks/Universal
Hiccup worked as Gobber's apprentice in the armory for most of his childhood, leading to Hiccup's knack for inventing useful contraptions.
Actor and comedian Craig Ferguson voices Gobber.
Ferguson also uses his natural Scottish accent for the role. Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images
He ran "The Late Late Show With Craig Ferguson" for nine years, and also hosted CBS's Emmy-winning show "Celebrity Name Game," which ran from 2014 to 2017.
Ruffnut is one of Hiccups's comrades in Berk.
Ruffnut's special talent is her ability to annoy people. DreamWorks/Universal
The Vikings of Berk like to give their children odd, but hopefully intimidating, names.
Ruffnut is played by actress Kristen Wiig, who changes her voice up significantly for the part.
Wiig's is almost unrecognizable as Ruffnut. Jason LaVeris/FilmMagic
Wiig is best known for her years spent as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" and her starring role in the breakout comedy movie "Bridesmaids." She also voices a character in the "Despicable Me" movie franchise.
Tuffnut is Ruffnut's twin brother.
Tuffnut and Ruffnut are fraternal twins. DreamWorks/Universal
The two Viking siblings share a two-headed dragon in the "How to Train Your Dragon" movies.
Tuffnut was originally played by T.J. Miller for the first two movies.
Miller starred on HBO's comedy series "Silicon Valley." Roy Rochlin/Getty Images for Advertising Week New York
For the newest "How to Train Your Dragon" movie, comedian Justin Rupple took over the role of Tuffnut.
Rupple is a comedian known for his uncanny impressions. Albert L. Ortega/Getty Images
His Tuffnut voice is pretty close to Miller's performance from first two movies, but careful listeners will definitely notice a slight change.
"The Hidden World" writer and director Dean DeBlois said he "was reluctant to make the change" in an interview with INSIDER .
DeBlois the movie had already been animated to match Miller's recorded performance, so Rupple had to come in and try to match the existing footage.
"We couldn't go back and change the animation, so we had to replace lines right down to the of the length and nuance and cadence," DeBlois said. "So it was a tough tough job that Justin took on, but I think he did really well. We replaced it as best we could so the character still felt intact. So yeah, it's unfortunately one of those things I didn't have much control over."
Another vital member of the young Viking crew is Fishlegs.
Fishlegs knows every dragon fact. DreamWorks/Universal
He contributes to the team with his catalog of memorized dragon facts and figures.
Fishlegs is voiced by "Superbad" star Christopher Mintz-Plasse.
With Jay Baruchel as the main star and actors like Mintz-Plasse in supporting roles, the "How to Train Your Dragon" movies can sometimes sound like Judd Apatow films .
Snotlout is the last of the original crew of teen Vikings.
Snotlout is a bit more aggressive than his comrades. DreamWorks/Universal
Snotlout spends much of his time trying too hard to impress people around him.
He's played by actor Jonah Hill.
Hill made his directorial debut in 2018 with "Mid90s." Andreas Rentz/Getty Images
Hill co-starred in "Superbad" alongside Mintz-Plasse, and also appeared in the Judd Apatow movie "This Is the End" with Jay Baruchel in the leading role.
Last but not least, there's Eret.
Eret was a new character in the second movie. DreamWorks/Universal
Eret was originally a dragon trapper, but in the second movie Hiccup and his pals convinced Ert that dragons were meant to be free. By "The Hidden World," Eret is living in Berk with the rest of the Viking crew.
"Game of Thrones" star Kit Harington voices Eret.
Best known as Jon Snow on HBO's "Game of Thrones," Harington is no stranger to dragon-based storytelling. The eighth and final season of "Game of Thrones" premieres this April on HBO.
Read the original article on INSIDER . Copyright 2019.
Follow INSIDER on Facebook .
Follow INSIDER on Twitter .
This story is available exclusively to Business Insider
subscribers. Become an Insider and start reading now. Have an account?
Log in
| 2,091 |
273 | who voices hiccup in how to train your dragon 2 | https://www.reddit.com/r/DreamWorks/comments/12hvyo0/so_what_do_you_think_of_jay_baruchel_as_hiccup_in/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
So what do you think of Jay Baruchel as Hiccup in 'How to Train Your Dragon' trilogy?
One thing that kind of got into a debate in How to Train Your Dragon trilogy is that some people seemed to have thought that Jay Baruchel sounded too old to voice Hiccup, who was 15 when the film came out. Since then, I've been coming back to that first film and thought to myself that if this was made by Pixar or Disney, they would've brought in Ryan Potter or Tom Holland without a second thought.
Of course, Hiccup turned 20 by the second film, so that age issue kind of dissipated by then, but either way, what are your thoughts on Hiccup being voiced by Jay Baruchel?
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 2,092 |
273 | who voices hiccup in how to train your dragon 2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_to_Train_Your_Dragon_2 | How to Train Your Dragon 2
46 languages
2014 DreamWorks Animation film
Theatrical release poster
June 13, 2014 (2014-06-13) (United States)
Running time
A sequel to How to Train Your Dragon was announced in April 2010. DeBlois, who co-directed the first film, began drafting the outline in February 2010. He had agreed to return to direct the second film on the condition that he would be allowed to turn it into a trilogy. He cited The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and My Neighbor Totoro (1988) as his main inspirations, with the expanded scope of The Empire Strikes Back being particularly influential. DeBlois and his creative team visited Norway and Svalbard to look for inspirations for the setting. Composer John Powell returned to score the film. The entire voice cast from the first film also returned, while Blanchett and Hounsou signed on to voice Valka and Drago, respectively. How to Train Your Dragon 2 was DreamWorks' first film to use scalable multi-core processing and the studio's new animation and lighting software.
How to Train Your Dragon 2 premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival on May 16, 2014, and was released in the United States on June 13. Like its predecessor, it received acclaim for its animation, voice acting, screenplay, musical score, action sequences, emotional depth, and darker tone compared to its predecessor. It grossed over $621 million worldwide, making it the 12th-highest-grossing film of 2014 . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and six Annie Awards , including Best Animated Feature , and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The final installment in the trilogy, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World , was released on February 22, 2019.
Five years after the Viking villagers of Berk and the dragons have made peace, [a] Hiccup and his Night Fury, Toothless, map out unexplored lands. Hiccup's father, Stoick the Vast, pressures him to succeed as chieftain, although Hiccup is uncertain whether he is ready.
While investigating a burnt forest, Hiccup and Astrid are ambushed by dragon trappers led by Eret, who works for Drago Bludvist, a warlord who plots to enslave all dragons into becoming soldiers. Hiccup and Astrid escape to Berk and warn Stoick about Drago. As Stoick fortifies Berk to prepare for battle, he explains that he once met Drago at a chieftain gathering, where Drago offered them protection from dragons if they pledged to serve him; upon denying him, he had his dragons attack them, leaving Stoick as the sole survivor.
Hiccup, however, refuses to believe that war is inevitable and flies off with Toothless in search of Drago to convince him otherwise. Instead, they meet a mysterious dragon rider revealed to be Hiccup's long-lost mother, Valka, who was presumed dead after being taken away by a dragon during a raid. Valka explains that, like her son, she could not bring herself to slay dragons and instead rescues them from Drago and brings them to an island nest created out of ice by a gigantic, ice-breathing alpha dragon called a Bewilderbeast, which can control smaller dragons by emitting hypnotic sound waves. Stoick and his companion Gobber track Hiccup to the nest, where Stoick discovers his wife is alive and they finally reunite. Meanwhile, Astrid and the other riders force Eret to lead them to Drago, who captures them. Upon learning of Berk's dragons, Drago leads his armada to attack the dragon nest. He also attempts to execute Eret, but Astrid's dragon, Stormfly, saves him, prompting him to help the others escape.
At the nest, a battle ensues between the dragon riders, Valka's dragons, and Drago's armada, during which Drago reveals his own Bewilderbeast to challenge the alpha. The two colossal dragons fight, ending with Drago's Bewilderbeast killing its rival, becoming the new alpha, and seizing control of all the dragons. Hiccup tries to persuade Drago to end the violence, but Drago refutes Hiccup's idea of coexistence with the dragons, revealing that his village was attacked by dragons as a child, killing his family. He orders his Bewilderbeast to take control of Toothless and force him to kill Hiccup. The brainwashed Toothless fires a plasma blast at Hiccup, but Stoick sacrifices himself to save him, prompting a distraught Hiccup to drive Toothless away over his father's death upon the Bewilderbeast relinquishing control over him. Drago maroons the group o the island, takes control of their dragons, and rides the once again brainwashed Toothless to conquer Berk. The group holds a Viking funeral for Stoick, and Hiccup, having lost both his father and dragon, is unsure what to do. Valka tells him that his father always said he would become the strongest Viking, and that he alone can unite humans and dragons. Encouraged, Hiccup and his allies return to Berk to stop Drago by riding on baby dragons, which are immune to the Bewilderbeast's control.
Back at Berk, they find that Drago has attacked the village and taken control of the dragons. Hiccup frees Toothless from the Bewilderbeast's control and confronts Drago, the two of them supposedly defeating him before the Bewilderbeast encases them in ice that Toothless shields Hiccup from. Thought to be dead by everyone, Toothless blasts away the ice and enters a glowing, super-powered state, making him immune to the Bewilderbeast's control and challenges it while repeatedly shooting at it, which breaks its control over the other dragons to side with Toothless. The freed dragons fire at the Bewilderbeast until Toothless fires a massive blast, breaking its left tusk . Defeated, the Bewilderbeast retreats with Drago to the sea.
The Vikings and dragons celebrate their victory as Hiccup is officially made chieftain of Berk, Valka decides to stay with her son, and the dragons accept Toothless as the new alpha. Berk undergoes repairs, with Hiccup feeling confident that they will defend their peace with their dragons.
Voice cast
Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou , who joined the cast as Valka and Drago Bludvist, respectively, attending the film's premiere at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival .
Jay Baruchel – Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III, the son of the Viking chief Stoick the Vast and Valka, and Astrid's fianće.
Cate Blanchett – Valka Haddock, Stoick's wife, Hiccup's long-lost mother and a dragon rescuer. [5]
Gerard Butler – Stoick the Vast, chieftain of the Viking tribe of Berk, Hiccup's father and Valka's husband.
Craig Ferguson – Gobber the Belch, Stoick's closest friend and a seasoned warrior. [6]
Djimon Hounsou – Drago Bludvist, a ruthless warlord and dragon hunter who seeks to take over the world with a dragon army. [7]
Kit Harington – Eret, son of Eret, a dragon trapper who sells captured dragons to Drago. [8] [9]
After the success of How to Train Your Dragon (2010), the sequel was announced on April 27, 2010. [10] [11] "How to Train Your Dragon … has become DreamWorks Animation 's next franchise. We plan to release the sequel theatrically in 2013", said Jeffrey Katzenberg , DreamWorks Animation's CEO. [11] It was later revealed that DeBlois had started drafting the outline for a sequel in February 2010 at Skywalker Ranch , during the final sound mix of the first film. [12] : 10 The film was originally scheduled for release on June 20, 2014, but in August 2013 the release date was moved forward one week to June 13, 2014. [13]
Director and writer Dean DeBlois promoting the film at the 2014 WonderCon .
The film was written, directed, and executive produced by Dean DeBlois , the co-writer/co-director of the first film.[ citation needed ] Bonnie Arnold , the producer of the first film, also returned, while Chris Sanders , who co-directed and co-wrote the first film, acted only as an additional executive producer this time due to his involvement with The Croods (2013). [14] When offered the sequel, DeBlois accepted it on condition he could turn it into a trilogy. For the sequel, he intended to revisit the films of his youth, with The Empire Strikes Back (1980) and My Neighbor Totoro (1988) [15] having the pivotal inspirations for the film. [16] "What I loved especially about Empire is that it expanded Star Wars (1977) in every direction: emotionally, its scope, characters, fun. It felt like an embellishment and that's the goal." [17]
The entire original voice cast—Baruchel, Butler, Ferguson, Ferrera, Hill, Mintz-Plasse, Miller and Wiig—returned for the sequel. [18] On June 19, 2012, it was announced that Kit Harington , of Game of Thrones fame, was cast as one of the film's antagonists. [9] At the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con , it was announced that Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou had joined the cast; they lent their voices to Valka and Drago Bludvist, respectively. [19]
While the first film was set in a generic North Sea environment, the creative team decided to focus on Norway this time around. Early in the sequel's development, about a dozen of them traveled there for a week-long research trip, where they toured Oslo , Bergen and the fjords . [12] : 12–13 DeBlois, together with Gregg Taylor (DreamWorks' head of feature development) and Roger Deakins (a cinematographer who served as visual consultant), then broke off from the group to visit Svalbard and see polar bears in the wild with the assistance of armed guides. [12] : 12–16
DeBlois explained that he had learned from directing Lilo & Stitch (2002) that "if you set an animated film in a place you want to visit, there's a chance you might get to go there." [12] : 14 He had wanted to visit Svalbard for some time, after learning of its stark beauty from a couple of backpackers he met during earlier visits to Iceland to work with post-rock band Sigur Rós on the documentary film Heima (2007). [12] : 14
An early draft for the film had Gobber the Belch being the one killed by the brainwashed Toothless under Drago Bludvist's orders instead of Stoick the Vast. However, when DeBlois shared his plot outline as originally envisioned to his colleague Guillermo del Toro , who had enjoyed the first film, del Toro suggested instead to have Stoick killed over Gobber, as Stoick had "exhausted" his narrative contribution and would represent a "crutch" for Hiccup if he were to become chief. DeBlois ultimately felt this was a right decision for the story and del Toro was given a "Thank you" credit. [20]
During a visit to DreamWorks Animation in November 2013, U.S. President Barack Obama tried a motion capture camera of the kind used to capture live-action reference performance for the film. [21]
Over the five years before the film's release, [22] DreamWorks Animation had substantially overhauled its production workflow and animation software. How to Train Your Dragon 2 was the first DreamWorks Animation film that used "scalable multicore processing", developed together with Hewlett-Packard . Called by Katzenberg as "the next revolution in filmmaking", it enabled artists for the first time to work on rich, complex images in real time, instead of waiting eight hours to see the results the next day. [23] The film was also the studio's first film to use its new animation and lighting software through the entire production. Programs named Premo [24] and Torch allowed much more subtlety, improving facial animation and enabling "the sense of fat, jiggle, loose skin, the sensation of skin moving over muscle instead of masses moving together." [25]
By the time production was complete, over 500 people had worked on the film at DreamWorks Animation's headquarters in Glendale , as well as its branch offices at PDI/DreamWorks in Redwood City and DreamWorks India in Bangalore . [12] : 158–159
Dean DeBlois, Jay Baruchel, and America Ferrera at an advanced screening of the film for military members and their families on June 4, 2014, at Joint Base McGuire–Dix–Lakehurst . [26]
The film was screened out of competition on May 16, 2014, at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival . [27] In the United States, the film premiered on June 8, 2014, at the Regency Village Theater in Los Angeles , and was theatrically released on June 13, 2014. [28] The film was also digitally remastered into IMAX 3D and released to international theaters on June 13, 2014. [29]
Home media
How to Train Your Dragon 2 was released digitally on October 21, 2014, and was subsequently released on DVD and Blu-ray (both 2D and 3D) on November 11. [30] The Blu-ray and digital releases are accompanied by a new animated short film entitled Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014), in which Hiccup and friends compete to become the first Dragon Racing Champion of Berk. [30]
A double DVD pack with the film and Dawn of the Dragon Racers was released exclusively at Walmart stores. [31] As of February 2015 [update] , 7.5 million home entertainment units have been sold worldwide. [32]
On January 22, 2019, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment [b] released a 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray version of How to Train Your Dragon 2 alongside its predecessor , making them the first catalog DreamWorks Animation films to be released on that format. [33]
Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92% based on reviews from 187 critics, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus states: "Exciting, emotionally resonant, and beautifully animated, How to Train Your Dragon 2 builds on its predecessor's successes just the way a sequel should." [34] Metacritic gives the film a score of 77 out of 100 based on reviews from 48 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". [35] Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore during the opening weekend gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [36] Audiences were a mix of 47% female and 53% male. Children and Young Adults responded most strongly, with those aged under 25 giving a grade A+. [37] [38]
At the 2014 Cannes Film Festival , Peter Debruge of Variety praised the film and its ambitions: "The pressures to make a giant four-quadrant monstrosity must be enormous, and yet, like his unflappable hero Hiccup, How to Train Your Dragon 2 writer-director Dean DeBlois has prevailed, serving up DreamWorks Animation's strongest sequel yet—one that breathes fresh fire into the franchise, instead of merely rehashing the original. Braver than Brave , more fun than Frozen , and more emotionally satisfying than so many of its live-action counterparts, Dragon delivers. And good thing, too, since DWA desperately needs another toon to cross the half-billion-dollar threshold." [39] Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars, saying "It's the unflinching edge that gives the film its unexpected depth." [40] Jocelyn Noveck of the Associated Press gave the film three out of four stars, saying "How to Train Your Dragon 2 doesn't play it safe, and that's why it's the rare sequel that doesn't feel somewhat stale." [41] Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B, saying "The flight path needs straightening, but this is still a franchise that knows how to fly." [42] Jody Mitori of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film three out of four stars, saying "For audiences who want a sweet story, they can't beat the first film of a boy finding his best friend. For those who are ready for the next stage, try this one about a boy becoming a man." [43]
Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film four out of five stars, saying "It seemed as if there was nowhere new to go after the first film, but this is a richer story that dares to go darker and is thus more rewarding." [44] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "Dragon 2, like The Empire Strikes Back, takes sequels to a new level of imagination and innovation. It truly is a high-flying, depth-charging wonder to behold." [45] Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film three out of four stars, saying "DeBlois, who also wrote the script, successfully juggles the multiple story lines, shifting allegiances and uncharted lands." [46] Rafer Guzman of Newsday gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Gruesome? A little. Scary? You bet. But that's exactly what makes the Dragon films so different, and so much better, than the average children's fare." [47] Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "For once, we have an animated sequel free of the committee-job vibe so common at every animation house, no matter the track record." [48] Stephen Holden of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying "The story seems to be going somewhere until it comes to a halt with the inevitable showdown between the forces of darkness and the forces of light." [49] Peter Howell of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Taking its cues as much from Star Wars and Game of Thrones as from its own storybook narrative, How to Train Your Dragon 2 breathes fire into a franchise sequel." [50]
Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Nearly as exuberant as the original, How to Train Your Dragon 2 nimbly avoids sequel-itis." [51] Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "The impressive part is the storytelling confidence of writer/director Dean DeBlois. He has created a thoughtful tale as meaningful for grown-ups as it is pleasurable for its young primary audience." [52] Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying "This may be the first and last time anyone says this, but if How to Train Your Dragon 2 is this good, why stop at 3 and 4?" [53] Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying: "Young and old fans of the first movie will be lining up for the wit, for the inventiveness of the characters, for the breathtaking visuals — and just the sheer fun of it all." [54] Tirdad Derakhshani of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying: "One of this year's true surprises, the superior animated sequel not only is infused with the same independent spirit and off-kilter aesthetic that enriched the original, it also deepens the first film's major themes." [55] Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four, saying: "This was not a sequel that anybody needed, outside of the accountants. And there's another already planned." [56] John Semley of The Globe and Mail gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "More than just teaching kids what to think about the world they're coming into, it's a rare film that encourages them to think for themselves." [57]
Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, saying: "How to Train Your Dragon 2 is its own standalone picture, with a surprising range of emotions that surpasses the original and a brisk pace and manner of storytelling that give it purpose and direction. The fact that it's also so much fun, no matter what your age, almost feels like a bonus." [58] Bill Zwecker of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, saying: "Not only does this second movie match the charm, wit, animation skill and intelligent storytelling of the original, I think it even exceeds it." [59] Lisa Kennedy of The Denver Post gave the film a positive review, saying: "How to Train Your Dragon 2 is soaring, emotionally swooping, utterly satisfying fun." [60] Bob Mondello of NPR gave the film an 8.5 out of 10, saying: "It's clear that [director Dean DeBlois] took inspiration from the first Star Wars trilogy —not a bad model for breathing new life, and yes, a bit of fire, into one of Hollywood 's more nuanced animated franchises." [61] Inkoo Kang of The Wrap gave the film a mixed review, saying: "If there isn't enough to feel, at least there's a lot to look at. Thanks to the superb 3-D direction by DeBlois, we swoop through the air, whoosh down dragons' tails, and juuust baaaarely [ sic ] squeeze into small crevices, but still, those experiences are only like being on a really great rollercoaster—they don't mean anything." [62] A. A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave the film a B−, saying: "There aren't just more dragons, but more characters, more plot, more everything. The trade-off is that the charm of the original gets a little lost, a casualty of rapid-franchise expansion." [63]
Box office
How to Train Your Dragon 2 grossed $177 million in North America, and $441.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $618.9 million. [3] The film is the second-highest-grossing animated film of 2014, behind Big Hero 6 , and the twelfth-highest-grossing film of the year in any genre. [3] [64] [65] While How to Train Your Dragon 2 only earned $177 million at the US box office, compared to $217 million for its predecessor, [66] it performed much better at the international box office, earning $438 million to How to Train Your Dragon's $277 million. Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of $107.3 million. [67]
In the United States and Canada, the film earned $18.5 million on its opening day, [68] and opened at number two in its first weekend, with $49,451,322. [69] In its second weekend, the film dropped to number three, grossing an additional $24,719,312. [70] In its third weekend, the film stayed at number three, grossing $13,237,697. [71] In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing $8,961,088. [72]
Its $25.9 million opening weekend in China was the biggest-ever for an animated film in the country, surpassing the record previously held by Kung Fu Panda 2 . [73]
Award
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Nominated
Second runner-up
Nominated
Nominated
Outstanding Effects Simulations in an Animated Feature
Spencer Knapp, Baptiste Van Opstal, Lucas Janin, and Jason Mayer for "The Battle"
Nominated
Composer John Powell , who earned his first Academy Award nomination for his music in the original movie , returned to score the sequel. Powell described the project as "a maturation story" and stated that he too tried to achieve the same maturation in the structure of his music by developing further every aspect of his compositions from the original film. [116] Recording took place during April 2014 at Abbey Road Studios in London [117] with a 120-piece orchestra , a 100-voice choir, [118] and a wide array of ethnic instruments , including Celtic harp , uilleann bagpipes , tin whistle , bodhrán , and Highland bagpipes ; the latter of which were performed by pipers from the Scottish group Red Hot Chilli Pipers . [19] The ensemble was conducted by the composer's usual collaborator Gavin Greenaway . [118]
Sigur Rós ' lead vocalist, Jónsi , who wrote and performed the song "Sticks & Stones" for the first film, provided two new original songs for the sequel in collaboration with Powell: "For the Dancing and the Dreaming" (performed by Gerard Butler , Craig Ferguson and Mary Jane Wells) and "Where No One Goes" (performed by Jónsi himself). [19] Belarusian-Norwegian artist Alexander Rybak , who voices Hiccup in the Norwegian dub of the film, also wrote and performed the song " Into a Fantasy ", which is only featured in the European versions of the film. [119]
The soundtrack album for the film was released on June 13, 2014, by Relativity Music Group . [120] The album features over an hour of score by Powell; additional music by Anthony Willis and Paul Mounsey , as well as the two original songs written by Powell and Jónsi. Rybak's song "Into a Fantasy" was released separately as a single. A deluxe edition, consisting of previously unreleased music, was released by Varèse Sarabande in May 2022. [121]
.
Paredes, Divina (June 25, 2013). "Dreamworks' revolutionary road" . CIO New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved October 31, 2013.
Watt, Martin. "Parallel evaluation of character rigs using TBB" (PDF). Multithreading and VFX. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
Saldukas, Scott (June 5, 2014). "JB MDL community sees stars" . Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
Chang, Justin; Keslassy, Elsa (April 17, 2014). "Cannes Unveils 2014 Official Selection Lineup" . Variety. Archived from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.
A- for "Jump Street," A for "Dragon 2"
(kids loved this, scoring 92% in the top two boxes)
"'How to Train Your Dragon 2,' movie review" . New York: NY Daily News. June 12, 2014. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
Michael Phillips (June 12, 2014). "How to Train Your Dragon 2 review" . chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2014.
"2014 Worldwide Grosses" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on November 25, 2014. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
"How to Train Your Dragon" . Box Office Mojo. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Kirby, Jason (October 9, 2014). "HMMAs Announces Visual Media Nominees" . Soundtrack.Net . Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2022.
Pond, Steve (February 16, 2015). "Satellite Awards: Complete Winners List" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 9, 2015. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
Freer, Ian (April 23, 2014). "Empire Meets John Powell" . Empire Online. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.
Sveinsson, Kristján (May 20, 2014). "Alexander Rybak in viking cartoon scoop" . EuroVisionary. Archived from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
"Upcoming Releases" . DreamWorks Animation. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
External links
How to Train Your Dragon 2
| 2,093 |
274 | the herd with colin cowherd i heart radio | https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-herd-with-colin-cowherd/id1042368254 | iHeartPodcasts and The Volume
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
Follow
Episodes
Ronic2012
Iâve been listening to Colin for 10 years now. Iâve been loving this format for the last seven. Creative and unique takes on all sports I love, and doesnât waste time with things that donât matter. Hits all the talking points that I personally care about. Keep it up Colin. I know you donât know me, but it oddly feels like I do you. Also, who cares what everybody says about Jay Mack. You too me well. He keeps you young, and you provide the wisdom he needs ð Keep on keeping on.
Gottlieb is not Herd material
Feb 20
Yongjkim6
Doug is dull and opinionated but without the facts. Just go back to the Best Of interviews.
Love the show hate the other shows in feed
Feb 15
Ang4dub
I absolutely love this show, but Iâm really sick and tired of getting Covino and Rich thrown down my throat and my esophagus with no water to go down please stop chatting with no talent having people they know nothing about sports on the same feed Iâm really sick and tired of having to clear out my menu. Iâm just close to stopping the roof to Collin altogether thatâs how bad and annoying Rick and Covino and all the other stupid show that I donât want in my Steve
Love Colin, hate spam
John29039
Very annoying to get shows I didnât sign up for in my feed, especially when they are as aggressively unappealing as Covino and Rich
About
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
Information
Creator
Episodes
2K
Rating
Explicit
Copyright
2025 iHeartMedia, Inc. © Any use of this intellectual property for text and data mining or computational analysis including as training material for artificial intelligence systems is strictly prohibited without express written consent from iHeartMedia
Show Website
See All
See All
Sign In
Stay up to date with this show
Sign in or sign up to follow shows, save episodes, and get the latest updates.
Sign In
See All
See All
| 2,094 |
274 | the herd with colin cowherd i heart radio | https://foxsportsradio.iheart.com/featured/the-herd-with-colin-cowherd/ | The Herd with Colin Cowherd
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
Listen
100% unfiltered Colin. He delivers his no-holds-barred takes and instant reactions to the biggest stories in sports.
Listen
FOX Sports Radio. The Premiere Sports Lineup in the Nation!
| 2,095 |
274 | the herd with colin cowherd i heart radio | https://player.fm/series/the-herd-with-colin-cowherd-1789841 | To give you the best possible experience, this site uses cookies. Review our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service to learn more. Got it!
Log in Sign up
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
Player FM - Podcast AppGo offline with the Player FM app!
Daily Deals
Content provided by iHeartPodcasts and The Volume and The Volume . All podcast content including episodes, graphics, and podcast descriptions are uploaded and provided directly by iHeartPodcasts and The Volume and The Volume or their podcast platform partner. If you believe someone is using your copyrighted work without your permission, you can follow the process outlined here https://player.fm/legal .
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
… continue reading
10375 episodes
Content provided by iHeartPodcasts and The Volume and The Volume . All podcast content including episodes, graphics, and podcast descriptions are uploaded and provided directly by iHeartPodcasts and The Volume and The Volume or their podcast platform partner. If you believe someone is using your copyrighted work without your permission, you can follow the process outlined here https://player.fm/legal .
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
… continue reading
10375 episodes
Welcome to Player FM!
Player FM is scanning the web for high-quality podcasts for you to enjoy right now. It's the best podcast app and works on Android, iPhone, and the web. Signup to sync subscriptions across devices.
Daily Deals
Daily Deals
Daily Deals
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
… continue reading
Quick Reference Guide
window.___gcfg = { parsetags: 'explicit' };
| 2,096 |
274 | the herd with colin cowherd i heart radio | https://www.iheart.com/live/the-herd-with-colin-cowherd-6973/ | All Topics
Popular Podcasts
Ken Tekiela was a celebrated Chicago firefighter and a loving father of two who led a secret double life as a hitman for the Chicago mafia. Is it even possible to keep a life of crime hidden from your wife and kids for two decades? Yes, it is. I know because Ken is my father. In 2013, after a lifetime of deception, he broke down and told me everything, and our whole world changed…
CROOK COUNTY is the shocking true-crime podcast about my father's rise through the ranks of the legendary organized crime syndicate, the Chicago Outfit. From whorehouse doorman at the age of 17, to ruthless assassin in his 20's, and the many years that followed covering up crimes for the mafia and crooked cops alike while working as a firefighter/paramedic for the Chicago Fire Department. To finally, moving to the suburbs with his new wife and kids and trying desperately to put it all behind him, until it all came crashing down. We explore in great depth and detail my father’s life of crime and its profound and lasting impact on my family to this very day.
From Tenderfoot TV and iHeartPodcasts, I’m Kyle Tekiela, welcome to CROOK COUNTY.
See All
| 2,097 |
274 | the herd with colin cowherd i heart radio | https://open.spotify.com/show/7rq03nfUFD5KrpiBQ9fals | iHeartPodcasts and The Volume
The Herd with Colin Cowherd is a thought-provoking, opinionated, and topic-driven journey through the top sports stories of the day.
4.6
(2.5K)
Sports
Sports News
All Episodes
E
Today
Today
Today
Today
Thursday
Thursday
Thursday
Thursday
Thursday
56 min
E
Thursday
55 min
Thursday
51 min
Thursday
| 2,098 |
275 | where do most star formation occur in the milky way today | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_star-forming_regions_in_the_Local_Group | List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
1 language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Regions in the Milky Way galaxy and Local Group where new stars are forming
Composite image showing young stars in and around molecular cloud Cepheus B.
This is a list of star-forming regions located in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the Local Group . Star formation occurs in molecular clouds which become unstable to gravitational collapse, and these complexes may contain clusters of young stars and regions of ionized gas called H II regions . Stars typically form in groups of many stars, rather than in isolation. [1]
Galactic star-forming regions
Sharpless catalog – astronomical cataloguePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Gum catalog – astronomical catalog of emission nebulaePages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Lada, C. J.; Lada, E. A. (2003). "Embedded Clusters in Molecular Clouds". Annual Review of Astronomy & Astrophysics. 41: 57–115. arXiv : astro-ph/0301540 . Bibcode : 2003ARA&A..41...57L . doi : 10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094844 . S2CID 16752089 .
Getman, K. V.; et al. (2014). "Age Gradients in the Stellar Populations of Massive Star Forming Regions Based on a New Stellar Chronometer". Astrophysical Journal. 787 (2): 108. arXiv : 1403.2741 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ...787..108G . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/108 . S2CID 118626928 .
Kuhn, M. A.; et al. (2010). "A Chandra Observation of the Obscured Star-forming Complex W40". Astrophysical Journal. 725 (2): 2485–2506. arXiv : 1010.5434 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ...725.2485K . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/725/2/2485 . S2CID 119192761 .
Kuhn, M. A.; Getman, K. V.; Feigelson, E. D. (2015). "The Spatial Structure of Young Stellar Clusters. II. Total Young Stellar Populations". Astrophysical Journal. 802 (1): 60. arXiv : 1501.05300 . Bibcode : 2015ApJ...802...60K . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/802/1/60 . S2CID 119309858 .
Johnston, K. G.; Shepherd, D. S.; Robitaille, T. P.; Wood, K. (2013). "The standard model of low-mass star formation applied to massive stars: a multi-wavelength picture of AFGL 2591". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 551: A43, 1–23. arXiv : 1212.1719 . Bibcode : 2013A&A...551A..43J . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/201219657 . S2CID 54972885 .
Sanna, A.; Reid, M. J.; Carrasco-González, C.; et al. (2012). "Clustered star formation and outflows in AFGL 2591". The Astrophysical Journal. 745 (2): 191–200. arXiv : 1111.0843 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ...745..191S . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/191 . S2CID 118465380 .
Zhang, B.; et al. (2013). "Parallaxes for W49N and G048.60+0.02: Distant Star Forming Regions in the Perseus Spiral Arm". Astrophysical Journal. 775 (1): 79. arXiv : 1312.3856 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ...775...79Z . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/79 . S2CID 119257313 .
External links
List of star-forming regions in the Local Group
| 2,099 |
275 | where do most star formation occur in the milky way today | https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/481014/why-is-most-of-the-star-formation-that-goes-on-in-the-milky-way-occurring-in-the | Stack Exchange Network
Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow , the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers.
Teams
Q&A for work
Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search.
1
$\begingroup$
This fact was mentioned by our astrophysics lecturer and I can't seem to understand why. Isn't the densest and hottest part of our galaxy the central bulge? I would've thought star formation would occur primarily where there is most heat and material.
$\endgroup$
2
$\begingroup$
The highest density of star formation is actually in the inner region of the Milky Way. The upper panel of this figure (Fig.8 from the 2012 review article by Kennicutt & Evans ) shows the estimated surface density of star formation (star formation rate per unit area, indicated by the stars) as a function of radius: you can see that this peaks in the innermost region (the "CMZ" = Central Molecular Zone, r < 250 parsecs). (Anders Sandberg's arguments about why you wouldn't have star formation in the central region of the galaxy are wrong: there's plenty of cool, dense molecular gas there.)
Nonetheless, it is reasonable to say that most of the total star formation takes place in the disk, because the disk is simply much bigger than the central region.
If you look at the star-formation-rate density values (the stars) in the upper panel of the figure, you can see that the rate in the inner 250 pc (the CMZ) is $\sim 10^{2.5} \approx 300$ solar masses per Gyr per pc$^{2}$, while at a radius of 5 kpc, the rate is only $\sim 10^{0.6} \approx 4$. But the area of a 1-kiloparsec-wide annulus at $R = 5$ kpc is $\sim 3 \times 10^{7}$ pc$^{2}$, while the area of the CMZ is only $\sim 2 \times 10^{5}$ pc$^{2}$. So even this one annulus within the disk has about twice the star formation rate (solar masses per Gyr) of the CMZ. Add this up for the whole disk, and you do indeed get most of the star formation happening in the disk, not the center.
$\endgroup$
0
$\begingroup$
Stellar formation requires that gas clouds become unstable against gravitational contraction. This in turn requires that their gravitational potential energy exceeds their thermal energy ( the Jeans instability ). But in the galactic core there is a lot of radiation heating the gas, making it too hot to coalesce. In fact, the radiation is likely to push the gas outwards. In the disk there are more opportunities to cool down.
$\endgroup$
4
$\begingroup$ Except that there is some star formation in nucleus of our Galaxy, and your answer would suggest nuclear starbursts (which are a thing) can't happen. $\endgroup$
Commented May 23, 2019 at 13:57
$\begingroup$ Some star formation and occasional starbursts are different from the higher rates outside. But if you have some good references to suggest I can always add them as nuanceing footnotes. $\endgroup$
$\begingroup$ Starbursts have, by definition, higher star formation rates than the typical low levels of star formation in spiral disks. $\endgroup$
Commented May 30, 2019 at 0:03
$\begingroup$ Take a look at Figure 7 in the review by Kennicutt & Evans (2012) . It shows that the highest molecular gas density and the highest star-formation rate is in the very central region (inner kiloparsec) of the Milky Way. $\endgroup$
Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange!
Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference .
Draft saved
Draft discarded
Sign up using Google
Submit
Discard
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy .
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged
Question feed
To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader.
| 2,100 |
275 | where do most star formation occur in the milky way today | https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002ARep...46..193A/abstract | Abstract
This Catalog of Star-Forming Regions in the Galaxy contains coordinates and fluxes of young objects in the radio and infrared, as well as data on the radial velocities of recombination and molecular lines, for more than three thousand star-forming regions. In addition to photometric and kinematic data, we present information on diffuse and reflecting nebulae, dark and molecular clouds, and other objects related to young stars. The catalog consists of two parts. The main catalog lists star-forming regions in order of Galactic longitude and is supplemented by analogous information for star-forming regions in complexes of dark clouds with large angular sizes that are closest to the Sun. The main catalog is located at http://www.strasbg.-u.fr/pub/cats. In our preliminary study of the catalog data using a formal classification of the star-forming regions, we subdivided these objects into several classes and characterized them as being populated primarily by massive or low-mass stars at early or late stages of the star-formation process. We also distinguish between relatively nearby and distant complexes.
Publication:
adshelp[at]cfa.harvard.edu
The ADS is operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory under NASA Cooperative
Agreement 80NSSC21M0056
*The material contained in this document is based upon work supported by a National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) grant or cooperative agreement. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of NASA.
Resources
| 2,101 |
275 | where do most star formation occur in the milky way today | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way | Milky Way
187 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Galaxy containing the Solar System
This article is about the galaxy. For other uses, see Milky Way (disambiguation) .
Milky Way
The Galactic Center as seen from Earth 's night sky (featuring the telescope's laser guide star ). Listed below is Galactic Center's information.
Size
Angular momentum
552.2±5.5 km/s [19]
Dark matter density at Sun's position
0.0088+0.0024−0.0018 M☉ pc−3 (0.35+0.08−0.07 GeV cm−3) [20]
The Milky Way [c] is the galaxy that includes the Solar System , with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth : a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars in other arms of the galaxy, which are so far away that they cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye .
The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a D25 isophotal diameter estimated at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years ), [10] but only about 1,000 light-years thick at the spiral arms (more at the bulge). Recent simulations suggest that a dark matter area, also containing some visible stars, may extend up to a diameter of almost 2 million light-years (613 kpc). [26] [27] The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies, forming part of the Virgo Supercluster which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . [28] [29]
It is estimated to contain 100–400 billion stars [30] [31] and at least that number of planets . [32] [33] The Solar System is located at a radius of about 27,000 light-years (8.3 kpc) from the Galactic Center , [34] on the inner edge of the Orion Arm , one of the spiral-shaped concentrations of gas and dust. The stars in the innermost 10,000 light-years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge. The Galactic Center is an intense radio source known as Sagittarius A* , a supermassive black hole of 4.100 (± 0.034) million solar masses . [35] [36] The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . [37]
Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610. Until the early 1920s, most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . [38] Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Doust Curtis , [39] observations by Edwin Hubble in 1923 showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies.
Etymology and mythology
In the Babylonian epic poem Enūma Eliš , the Milky Way is created from the severed tail of the primeval salt water dragoness Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk , the Babylonian national god , after slaying her. [40] [41] This story was once thought to have been based on an older Sumerian version in which Tiamat is instead slain by Enlil of Nippur , [42] [43] but is now thought to be purely an invention of Babylonian propagandists with the intention to show Marduk as superior to the Sumerian deities. [43]
In Greek mythology , Zeus places his son born by a mortal woman, the infant Heracles , on Hera 's breast while she is asleep so the baby will drink her divine milk and become immortal. Hera wakes up while breastfeeding and then realizes she is nursing an unknown baby: she pushes the baby away, some of her milk spills, and it produces the band of light known as the Milky Way. In another Greek story, the abandoned Heracles is given by Athena to Hera for feeding, but Heracles' forcefulness causes Hera to rip him from her breast in pain. [44] [45] [46]
Llys Dôn (literally "The Court of Dôn ") is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least two of Dôn's children also have astronomical associations: Caer Gwydion ("The fortress of Gwydion ") is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way, [47] [48] and Caer Arianrhod ("The Fortress of Arianrhod ") being the constellation of Corona Borealis . [49] [50]
In Western culture, the name "Milky Way" is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved "milky" glowing band arching across the night sky. The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea, in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας, short for γαλαξίας κύκλος (galaxías kýklos), meaning "milky circle". The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας (galaxias) – from root γαλακτ-, γάλα ("milk") + -ίας (forming adjectives) – is also the root of "galaxy", the name for our, and later all such, collections of stars. [51] [52] [53]
The Milky Way, or "milk circle", was just one of 11 "circles" the Greeks identified in the sky, others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , the Arctic Circle and the Antarctic Circle , and two colure circles passing through both poles. [54]
Common names
"Birds' Path" is used in several Uralic and Turkic languages and in the Baltic languages . Northern peoples observed that migratory birds follow the course of the galaxy [55] while migrating at the Northern Hemisphere. The name "Birds' Path" (in Finnish, Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Bashkir and Kazakh) has some variations in other languages, e.g. "Way of the grey (wild) goose" in Chuvash, Mari and Tatar and "Way of the Crane" in Erzya and Moksha.
House river: The Kaurna people of the Adelaide Plains of South Australia called the Milky Way wodliparri in the Kaurna language , meaning "house river". [56]
Milky Way: Many European languages have borrowed, directly or indirectly, the Greek name for the Milky Way, including English and Latin.
Road to Santiago: the Milky Way was traditionally used as a guide by pilgrims traveling to the holy site at Compostela , hence the use of "The Road to Santiago" as a name for the Milky Way. [58] Curiously, La Voje Ladee "The Milky Way" was also used to refer to the pilgrimage road. [59]
River Ganga of the Sky: this Sanskrit name (आकाशगंगा Ākāśagaṃgā) is used in many Indian languages following a Hindu belief .
Silver River: this Chinese name "Silver River" (銀河) is used throughout East Asia, including Korea and Vietnam (Ngân hà). In Japan and Korea, "Silver River" ( Japanese : 銀河,
ginga; Korean : 은하; RR : eunha) means galaxies in general.
River of Heaven: The Japanese name for the Milky Way is the "River of Heaven" (天の川, Amanokawa), as well as an alternative name in Chinese ( Chinese : 天河; pinyin : Tiānhé). In Vietnamese, "River of Heaven" (Thiên hà) means galaxies in general.
Straw Way: In West Asia, Central Asia and parts of the Balkans the name for the Milky Way is related to the word for straw . Today, Persians, Pakistanis, and Turks use it in addition to Arabs. It has been suggested that the term was spread by medieval Arabs who in turn borrowed it from Armenians. [60]
Walsingham Way: In England the Milky Way was called the Walsingham Way in reference to the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham which is in Norfolk , England. It was understood to be either a guide to the pilgrims who flocked there, or a representation of the pilgrims themselves. [61]
Winter Street: Scandinavian peoples, such as Swedes, have called the galaxy Winter Street (Vintergatan) as the galaxy is most clearly visible during the winter at the northern hemisphere, especially at high latitudes where the glow of the Sun late at night can obscure it during the summer.
Appearance
The Milky Way as seen from a dark site with little light pollution
This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2024) (
)
The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky . [62] Although all the individual naked-eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way Galaxy, the term "Milky Way" is limited to this band of light. [63] [64] The light originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Brighter regions around the band appear as soft visual patches known as star clouds . The most conspicuous of these is the Large Sagittarius Star Cloud , a portion of the central bulge of the galaxy. [65] Dark regions within the band, such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where interstellar dust blocks light from distant stars. Peoples of the southern hemisphere, including the Inca and Australian aborigines , identified these regions as dark cloud constellations . [66] The area of sky that the Milky Way obscures is called the Zone of Avoidance . [67]
The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light, such as light pollution or moonlight. The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be visible. [68] It should be visible if the limiting magnitude is approximately +5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at +6.1. [69] This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from brightly lit urban or suburban areas, but very prominent when viewed from rural areas when the Moon is below the horizon. [d] Maps of artificial night sky brightness show that more than one-third of Earth's population cannot see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution. [70]
The Milky Way as seen from Sajama National Park in Bolivia , an area with little light pollution.
As viewed from Earth, the visible region of the Milky Way's galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . [e] The Galactic Center lies in the direction of Sagittarius , where the Milky Way is brightest. From Sagittarius, the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky, back to Sagittarius, dividing the sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . [71]
The galactic plane is inclined by about 60° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit ). Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic, relative to the galactic plane. The north galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12h 49m, declination +27.4° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination, depending on the time of night and year, the Milky Way arch may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky. For observers from latitudes approximately 65° north to 65° south, the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day.[ citation needed ]
Astronomical history
Ancient, naked eye observations
In Meteorologica , Aristotle (384–322 BC) states that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500–428 BC) and Democritus (460–370 BC) proposed that the Milky Way is the glow of stars not directly visible due to Earth's shadow, while other stars receive their light from the Sun, but have their glow obscured by solar rays. [72] Aristotle himself believed that the Milky Way was part of the Earth's upper atmosphere, along with the stars, and that it was a byproduct of stars burning that did not dissipate because of its outermost location in the atmosphere, composing its great circle . He said that the milky appearance of the Milky Way Galaxy is due to the refraction of the Earth's atmosphere. [73] [74] [75] The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger (c. 495–570 AD) criticized this view, arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth, and that it should have parallax , which it does not. In his view, the Milky Way is celestial. This idea would be influential later in the Muslim world . [76]
The Persian astronomer Al-Biruni (973–1048) proposed that the Milky Way is "a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars". [77] The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138) proposed that the Milky Way was made up of many stars but appeared to be a continuous image in the Earth's atmosphere, citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence. [74] The Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201–1274) in his Tadhkira wrote: "The Milky Way, i.e. the Galaxy, is made up of a very large number of small, tightly clustered stars, which, on account of their concentration and smallness, seem to be cloudy patches. Because of this, it was likened to milk in color." [78] Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (1292–1350) proposed that the Milky Way is "a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars". [79]
Telescopic observations
The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785. The Solar System was assumed to be near the center
Proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars. Galileo also concluded that the appearance of the Milky Way was due to refraction of the Earth's atmosphere. [80] [81] [73] In a treatise in 1755, Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , [82] speculated (correctly) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars, held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales. [83] The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk. Wright and Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate "galaxies" themselves, similar to our own. Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the "extragalactic nebulae" as "island universes", a term still current up to the 1930s. [84] [85] [86]
The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky. He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center. [87]
In 1845, Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral-shaped nebulae. He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae, lending credence to Kant's earlier conjecture. [88] [89]
Photograph of the "Great Andromeda Nebula" from 1899, later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy
In 1904, studying the proper motions of stars, Jacobus Kapteyn reported that these were not random, as it was believed in that time; stars could be divided into two streams, moving in nearly opposite directions. [90] It was later realized that Kapteyn's data had been the first evidence of the rotation of our galaxy, [91] which ultimately led to the finding of galactic rotation by Bertil Lindblad and Jan Oort .[ citation needed ]
In 1917, Heber Doust Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31). Searching the photographic record, he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were, on average, 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way. As a result, he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs. He became a proponent of the "island universes" hypothesis, which held that the spiral nebulae were independent galaxies. [92] [93] In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis, concerning the nature of the Milky Way, spiral nebulae, and the dimensions of the Universe. To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy, Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way, as well as the significant Doppler shift . [94]
The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m (100 in) Hooker telescope . With the light-gathering power of this new telescope, he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars. He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun, far too distant to be part of the Milky Way. [95] [96]
Satellite observations
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: It is now 2024, so the article should reflect the status of the ESA's "four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018...". Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)
Map of stars cataloged by the Gaia release in 2021, displayed as density mesh in the diagram
The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2016, 2018, 2021 and 2024. [97] [98]
Data from Gaia has been described as "transformational". It has been estimated that Gaia has expanded the number of observations of stars from about 2 million stars as of the 1990s to 2 billion. It has expanded the measurable volume of space by a factor of 100 in radius and a factor of 1,000 in precision. [99]
A study in 2020 concluded that Gaia detected a wobbling motion of the galaxy, which might be caused by " torques from a misalignment of the disc's rotation axis with respect to the principal axis of a non-spherical halo, or from accreted matter in the halo acquired during late infall, or from nearby, interacting satellite galaxies and their consequent tides". [100] In April 2024, initial studies (and related maps) involving the magnetic fields of the Milky Way were reported. [101]
Astrography
Map of stars cataloged by the Gaia release in 2021, overlay on top of artist's conception of the Milky Way overall shape
The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , between the Radcliffe wave and Split linear structures (formerly Gould Belt ). [102] Based upon studies of stellar orbits around Sgr A* by Gillessen et al. (2016), the Sun lies at an estimated distance of 27.14 ± 0.46 kly (8.32 ± 0.14 kpc) [34] from the Galactic Center. Boehle et al. (2016) found a smaller value of 25.64 ± 0.46 kly (7.86 ± 0.14 kpc), also using a star orbit analysis. [103] The Sun is currently 5–30 parsecs (16–98 ly) above, or north of, the central plane of the Galactic disk. [104] The distance between the local arm and the next arm out, the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs (6,500 ly). [105] The Sun, and thus the Solar System, is located in the Milky Way's galactic habitable zone . [106] [107]
There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs (49 ly) from the Sun, giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs, or one star per 2,360 cubic light-years (from List of nearest bright stars ). On the other hand, there are 64 known stars (of any magnitude, not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs (16 ly) of the Sun, giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs, or one per 284 cubic light-years (from List of nearest stars ). This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars: in the entire sky, there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14. [108]
The apex of the Sun's way, or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way. The general direction of the Sun's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center. The Sun's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions. In addition, the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit. [109] [ unreliable source? ] This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force (damping) term. These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth. [110] A reanalysis of the effects of the Sun's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation. [111]
It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way (a galactic year ), [112] so the Sun is thought to have completed 18–20 orbits during its lifetime and 1/1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km/s (490,000 mph) or 0.073% of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km/h (52,000 mph). At this speed, it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light-year, or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ). [113] The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic. [114]
Galactic quadrants
A diagram of the Sun's location in the Milky Way, the angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system
A galactic quadrant, or quadrant of the Milky Way, refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way. In astronomical practice, the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . [115]
Quadrants are described using ordinals – for example, "1st galactic quadrant", [116] "second galactic quadrant", [117] or "third quadrant of the Milky Way". [118] Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0° (zero degrees) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center, the quadrants are:
Galacticquadrant
Size and mass
Size
A size comparison of the six largest galaxies of the Local Group , including the Milky Way
The Milky Way is one of the two largest galaxies in the Local Group (the other being the Andromeda Galaxy ), although the size for its galactic disc and how much it defines the isophotal diameter is not well understood. [11] It is estimated that the significant bulk of stars in the galaxy lies within the 26 kiloparsecs (80,000 light-years) diameter, and that the number of stars beyond the outermost disc dramatically reduces to a very low number, with respect to an extrapolation of the exponential disk with the scale length of the inner disc. [120] [11]
There are several methods being used in astronomy in defining the size of a galaxy, and each of them can yield different results with respect to one another. The most commonly employed method is the D25 standard – the isophote where the photometric brightness of a galaxy in the B-band (445 nm wavelength of light, in the blue part of the visible spectrum ) reaches 25 mag/arcsec2. [121] An estimate from 1997 by Goodwin and others compared the distribution of Cepheid variable stars in 17 other spiral galaxies to the ones in the Milky Way, and modelling the relationship to their surface brightnesses. This gave an isophotal diameter for the Milky Way at 26.8 ± 1.1 kiloparsecs (87,400 ± 3,600 light-years), by assuming that the galactic disc is well represented by an exponential disc and adopting a central surface brightness of the galaxy (μ0) of 22.1±0.3 B-mag/arcsec−2 and a disk scale length (h) of 5.0 ± 0.5 kpc (16,300 ± 1,600 ly). [122] [10] [123]
This is significantly smaller than the Andromeda Galaxy's isophotal diameter, and slightly below the mean isophotal sizes of the galaxies being at 28.3 kpc (92,000 ly). [10] The paper concludes that the Milky Way and Andromeda Galaxy were not overly large spiral galaxies, nor were among the largest known (if the former not being the largest) as previously widely believed, but rather average ordinary spiral galaxies. [124] To compare the relative physical scale of the Milky Way, if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter (24.3 mm (0.955 in)), the Milky Way would be approximately at least the greatest north–south line of the contiguous United States . [125] An even older study from 1978 gave a lower diameter for Milky Way about 23 kpc (75,000 ly). [10]
A 2015 paper discovered that there is a ring-like filament of stars called Triangulum–Andromeda Ring (TriAnd Ring) rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane , which alongside Monoceros Ring were both suggested to be primarily the result of disk oscillations and wrapping around the Milky Way, at a diameter of at least 50 kpc (160,000 ly), [126] which may be part of the Milky Way's outer disk itself, hence making the stellar disk larger by increasing to this size. [127] A more recent 2018 paper later somewhat ruled out this hypothesis, and supported a conclusion that the Monoceros Ring, A13 and TriAnd Ring were stellar overdensities rather kicked out from the main stellar disk, with the velocity dispersion of the RR Lyrae stars found to be higher and consistent with halo membership. [128]
Another 2018 study revealed the very probable presence of disk stars at 26–31.5 kpc (84,800–103,000 ly) from the Galactic Center or perhaps even farther, significantly beyond approximately 13–20 kpc (40,000–70,000 ly), in which it was once believed to be the abrupt drop-off of the stellar density of the disk, meaning that few or no stars were expected to be above this limit, save for stars that belong to the old population of the galactic halo. [11] [129] [130]
A 2020 study predicted the edge of the Milky Way's dark matter halo being around 292 ± 61 kpc (952,000 ± 199,000 ly ), which translates to a diameter of 584 ± 122 kpc (1.905 ± 0.3979 Mly ). [26] [27] The Milky Way's stellar disk is also estimated to be approximately up to 1.35 kpc (4,000 ly) thick. [131] [132]
Mass
A schematic profile of the Milky Way.Abbreviations: GNP/GSP: Galactic North and South Poles
The Milky Way is approximately 890 billion to 1.54 trillion times the mass of the Sun in total (8.9×1011 to 1.54×1012 solar masses), [7] [8] [9] although stars and planets make up only a small part of this. Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8×1011 solar masses (M☉), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . [133] [134] [135] Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km/s (570,000 mph) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way. [136]
Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7×1011 M☉ within 160,000 ly (49 kpc) of its center. [137] In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7×1011 M☉. [138] In a 2014 study, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5×1011 M☉, [139] but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy. [139] A recent 2019 mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29×1012 M☉. [140]
Much of the mass of the Milky Way seems to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter. A dark matter halo is conjectured to spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs (kpc) from the Galactic Center. Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1–1.5×1012 M☉. [141] [142] [143] 2013 and 2014 studies indicate a range in mass, as large as 4.5×1012 M☉ [144] and as small as 8×1011 M☉. [145] By comparison, the total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6×1010 M☉ [146] and 6.43×1010 M☉. [141]
In addition to the stars, there is also interstellar gas, comprising 90% hydrogen and 10% helium by mass, [147] [ unreliable source? ] with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one-third as molecular hydrogen . [148] The mass of the Milky Way's interstellar gas is equal to between 10% [148] and 15% [147] of the total mass of its stars. Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1% of the total mass of the gas. [147]
In March 2019, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is 1.54 trillion solar masses within a radius of about 39.5 kpc (130,000 ly), over twice as much as was determined in earlier studies, suggesting that about 90% of the mass of the galaxy is dark matter . [7] [8]
In September 2023, astronomers reported that the virial mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is only 2.06 x 1011 solar masses , only a 10th of the mass of previous studies. The mass was determined from data of the Gaia spacecraft . [149]
Contents
The Milky Way contains between 100 and 400 billion stars [12] [13] and at least that many planets. [150] An exact figure would depend on counting the number of very-low-mass stars, which are difficult to detect, especially at distances of more than 300 ly (90 pc) from the Sun. As a comparison, the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion (1012) stars. [151] The Milky Way may contain ten billion white dwarfs , a billion neutron stars , and a hundred million stellar black holes . [f] [154] [155] Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars, [156] whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light-years for the colder gas to thousands of light-years for warmer gas. [157] [158]
The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars. Rather, the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way. Beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 light years (13 kpc) from the center, the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius. [120] Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical galactic halo of stars and globular clusters that extends farther outward, but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly (55 kpc). [159] At this distance or beyond, the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds. Hence, such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way. The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around −20.9. [160] [161] [g]
Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way, [32] [162] and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars. [163] [164] The Milky Way contains an average of at least one planet per star, resulting in 100–400 billion planets, according to a January 2013 study of the five-planet star system Kepler-32 by the Kepler space observatory. [33] A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth-sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way. [165]
In November 2013, astronomers reported, based on Kepler space mission data, that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun-like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way. [166] [167] [168] 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun-like stars. [169] The nearest exoplanet may be 4.2 light-years away, orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri , according to a 2016 study. [170] Such Earth-sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants, [32] though harder to detect at great distances given their small size. Besides exoplanets, " exocomets ", comets beyond the Solar System, have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way. [171] More recently, in November 2020, over 300 million habitable exoplanets are estimated to exist in the Milky Way Galaxy. [172]
When compared to other more distant galaxies in the universe, the Milky Way galaxy has a below average amount of neutrino luminosity making our galaxy a " neutrino desert ". [173]
Structure
Overview of different elements of the overall structure of the Milky Way
The Milky Way consists of a bar-shaped core region surrounded by a warped disk of gas, dust and stars. [174] [175] The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms. [5] Astronomers first began to conjecture that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1960s. [176] [177] [178] These conjectures were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way's central bar to be larger than previously thought. [179]
Galactic Center
Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A* (inset) in the center of the Milky Way, as detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory . [180]
The Sun is 25,000–28,000 ly (7.7–8.6 kpc) from the Galactic Center. This value is estimated using geometric -based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range. [181] [103] [34] [182] [183] [184] In the inner few kiloparsecs (around 10,000 light-years radius) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . [185] It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it only has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar. [186] However, confusion in the literature between the (peanut shell)-shaped structure created by instabilities in the bar, versus a possible bulge with an expected half-light radius of 0.5 kpc, abounds. [187]
The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A* (pronounced Sagittarius A-star). The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A* harbors a massive, compact object. [188] This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole [h] [181] [189] (SMBH) with an estimated mass of 4.1–4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . [189] The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at 1×10−5 M☉ per year. [190] Observations indicate that there are SMBHs located near the center of most normal galaxies. [191] [192]
The nature of the Milky Way's bar is actively debated, with estimates for its half-length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc (3,000–16,000 ly) and 10–50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center. [183] [184] [193] Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars, one nestled within the other. [194] However, RR Lyrae-type stars do not trace a prominent Galactic bar. [184] [195] [196] The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the "5 kpc ring" that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way, as well as most of the Milky Way's star formation activity. Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way. [197] X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar [190] and the Galactic ridge . [198]
In June 2023, astronomers led by Naoko Kurahashi Neilson reported using a new cascade neutrino technique [199] to detect, for the first time, the release of neutrinos from the galactic plane of the Milky Way galaxy , creating the first neutrino view of the Milky Way. [200] [201]
Gamma rays and x-rays
All-sky x-ray image
Since 1970, various gamma-ray detection missions have discovered 511- keV gamma rays coming from the general direction of the Galactic Center. These gamma rays are produced by positrons (antielectrons) annihilating with electrons . In 2008 it was found that the distribution of the sources of the gamma rays resembles the distribution of low-mass X-ray binaries , seeming to indicate that these X-ray binaries are sending positrons (and electrons) into interstellar space where they slow down and annihilate. [202] [203] [204] The observations were both made by NASA and ESA 's satellites. In 1970 gamma ray detectors found that the emitting region was about 10,000 light-years across with a luminosity of about 10,000 suns. [203]
Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma-ray bubbles (blue-violet) of the Milky Way (center)
In 2010, two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy gamma-emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core, using data from the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light-years (7.7 kpc) (or about 1/4 of the galaxy's estimated diameter); they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night-sky of the southern hemisphere. [205] [206] Subsequently, observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles. These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly (200 pc) of the Milky Way. [207]
Later, on January 5, 2015, NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual, a record-breaker, from Sagittarius A*. The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A*. [180]
Spiral arms
Observed (normal lines) and extrapolated (dotted lines) structure of the spiral arms of the Milky Way, viewed from north of the galaxy – the galaxy rotates clockwise in this view. The gray lines radiating from the Sun's position (upper center) list the three-letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations
Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bar, the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms. [208] Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation, as traced by H II regions [209] [210] and molecular clouds . [211]
The Milky Way's spiral structure is uncertain, and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way's arms. [212] Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun, [210] [213] because galaxies commonly have arms that branch, merge, twist unexpectedly, and feature a degree of irregularity. [184] [213] [214] The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm [210] emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique, and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way. [213] Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7° to 25°. [156] [215] There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way Galaxy's center. [216] These are named as follows, with the positions of the arms shown in the image:
Color
Arm(s)
turquoise
green
orange
Orion–Cygnus Arm (which contains the Sun and Solar System)
Two spiral arms, the Scutum–Centaurus arm and the Carina–Sagittarius arm, have tangent points inside the Sun's orbit about the center of the Milky Way. If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk, it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point. Two surveys of near-infrared light, which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction, detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum–Centaurus arm but not in the Carina–Sagittarius arm: the Scutum–Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30% more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm. [215] [218]
This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms: the Perseus arm and the Scutum–Centaurus arm. The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars. [212] In December 2013, astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star-forming regions matches the four-arm spiral description of the Milky Way. [219] [220] [221] Thus, the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars. The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear. [221]
The Near 3 kpc Arm (also called the Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply the 3 kpc Arm) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ). [222] [223] It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km/s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian ). It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc (about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center. [223] [224]
A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . [225]
It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns: an inner one, formed by the Sagittarius arm, that rotates fast and an outer one, formed by the Carina and Perseus arms, whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound. In this scenario, suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms, the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , [226] and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm. [227]
Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring (or Outer Ring), a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago. However, several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way. [228] The structure of the Milky Way's disk is warped along an "S" curve . [229]
Halo
The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90% lie within 100,000 light-years (30 kpc) of the Galactic Center. [230] However, a few globular clusters have been found farther, such as PAL 4 and AM 1 at more than 200,000 light-years from the Galactic Center. About 40% of the Milky Way's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation. [231] The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way, in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star. [232]
Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths, the halo component does not. Active star formation takes place in the disk (especially in the spiral arms, which represent areas of high density), but does not take place in the halo, as there is little cool gas to collapse into stars. [112] Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk. [233]
Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way's structure. With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) extends much farther than previously thought, [234] the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending farther is apparent, and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm [217] [235] and of a similar extension of the Scutum–Centaurus Arm . [236] With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart. Similarly, with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk.[ citation needed ]
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure (spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models. The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way. This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light-years (9 kpc) away. [237]
Gaseous halo
In addition to the stellar halo, the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM-Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is also a gaseous halo containing a large amount of hot gas. This halo extends for hundreds of thousands of light-years, much farther than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself. [238] [239] [240] The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K (1.8 and 4.5 million °F). [241]
Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one-sixth as much baryonic (ordinary) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old. However, only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way. [242] If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed, it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way. [242]
Galactic rotation
Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way – vertical axis is speed of rotation about the galactic center; horizontal axis is distance from the galactic center in kpcs; the sun is marked with a yellow ball; the observed curve of speed of rotation is blue; the predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red; scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars, the difference is due to dark matter [243] [244] [245]
The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location. As is typical for spiral galaxies, the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center. Away from the central bulge or outer rim, the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 ± 10 km/s (470,000 ± 22,000 mph). [246] Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled. This is unlike the situation within the Solar System, where two-body gravitational dynamics dominate, and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them. The rotation curve (shown in the figure) describes this rotation. Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low, whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation.[ citation needed ]
If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars, gas, and other baryonic (ordinary) matter, the rotational speed would decrease with distance from the center. However, the observed curve is relatively flat, indicating that there is additional mass that cannot be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation. This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter. [243] The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies, the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies. Alternatively, a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve. [247]
Formation
History
A galaxy color–magnitude diagram showing the red sequence (old galaxies, typically elliptical galaxies), the green valley (where the Milky Way is believed to be in), and the blue cloud (young galaxies, typically spiral galaxies).
The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang 13.61 billion years ago. [248] [249] [250] Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed. Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies. [248] These stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way. Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars, the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly. Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk. Therefore, later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk. Most younger stars, including the Sun, are observed to be in the disk. [251] [252]
Since the first stars began to form, the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers (particularly early in the Milky Way's growth) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo. [252] The Milky Way is currently accreting material from several small galaxies, including two of its largest satellite galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high-velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . [253] [254]
Cosmological simulations indicate that, 11 billion years ago, it merged with a particularly large galaxy that has been labeled the Kraken . [255] [256] Properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass, angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years. This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies. Its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies. [257] [258]
According to recent studies, the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color–magnitude diagram is known as the "green valley", a region populated by galaxies in transition from the "blue cloud" (galaxies actively forming new stars) to the "red sequence" (galaxies that lack star formation). Star-formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star-forming gas in the interstellar medium. In simulated galaxies with similar properties, star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now, even accounting for the expected, short-term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy. [259] Measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies. [260]
Age and cosmological history
Comparison of the night sky with the night sky of a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago, at an age of about 3.6 billion years and 5 billion years before the Sun formed. [261]
Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way, which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long-lived radioactive elements such as thorium-232 and uranium-238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance, a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082-001 [262] and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD +17° 3248 . [263]
Once a white dwarf is formed, it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops. By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature, an age estimate can be made. With this technique, the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years. Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years, and a 95% confidence upper limit of 16 billion years. [264]
In November 2018, astronomers reported the discovery of one of the oldest stars in the universe. About 13.5 billion-years-old, 2MASS J18082002-5104378 B is a tiny ultra metal-poor (UMP) star made almost entirely of materials released from the Big Bang , and is possibly one of the first stars. The discovery of the star in the Milky Way Galaxy suggests that the galaxy may be at least 3 billion years older than previously thought. [265] [266] [267]
Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80-billion-year age of the Universe . In 2007, a star in the galactic halo, HE 1523-0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old. As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time, this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way. [268] This estimate was made using the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R-process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . [268] Another star, HD 140283 , has been estimated at 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old. [37] [269] [ contradictory ]
According to observations utilizing adaptive optics to correct for Earth's atmospheric distortion, stars in the galaxy's bulge date to about 12.8 billion years old. [270]
The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology. Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago. These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk. [271] Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation, 10 to 8 billion years ago, when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before. [272]
The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky Way are not randomly distributed but seem to be the result of a breakup of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light-years in diameter and 50,000 light-years wide. [273] Close encounters between galaxies, like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy, can rip off huge tails of gas, which, over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at an arbitrary angle to the main disc. [274]
Intergalactic neighbourhood
A diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way
The position of the Local Group within the Laniakea Supercluster
The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void, itself being part of the Local Sheet [275] and in turn the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies, the Microscopium Void to the "north", the Sculptor Void to the "left", the Boötes Void to the "right" and the Canes-Major Void to the "south". These voids change shape over time, creating filamentous structures of galaxies. The Virgo Supercluster, for instance, is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , [276] which in turn forms part of a greater structure, called Laniakea . [277]
The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light-years in diameter. These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way, which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015. [280] There are some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way, such as the progenitor of Omega Centauri . [281]
In 2005 [282] with further confirmation in 2012 [283] researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction. This came as a surprise: according to standard cosmology, the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos, and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions. This discrepancy is still not explained. [284]
In January 2006, researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way, causing vibrations when they pass through its edges. Previously, these two galaxies, at around 2% of the mass of the Milky Way, were considered too small to influence the Milky Way. However, in a computer model, the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way. [285]
Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at 100 to 140 km/s (220,000 to 310,000 mph). In 4.3 billion years, there may be an Andromeda–Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low, [286] but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy [287] over the course of about six billion years. [288]
Velocity
Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference .[ citation needed ]
One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies, including the Milky Way, have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow. Thus, to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow, one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local, random motions. A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow. Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km/s (1,400,000 mph) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference. [289] [290]
The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley Supercluster , behind it. [291] The Local Group, a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy, is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km/s (2,160,000 mph) as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster. [292]
Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in which the CMB temperature is least distorted by Doppler shift (zero dipole moment). The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km/s (1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph) [19] with respect to this frame, toward 10.5 right ascension, −24° declination ( J2000 epoch, near the center of Hydra ). This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) as a dipole contribution to the CMB, as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue-shifted in the direction of the motion and red-shifted in the opposite direction. [19]
See also
^ This is the diameter measured using the D25 standard. It has been recently suggested that there is a presence of disk stars beyond this diameter, although it is not clear how much of this influences the surface brightness profile. [11]
^ Some authors use the term Milky Way to refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky, while the galaxy receives the full name Milky Way Galaxy. See for example Laustsen et al., [21] Pasachoff, [22] Jones, [23] van der Kruit, [24] and Hodge et al. [25]
^ These estimates are very uncertain, as most non-star objects are difficult to detect; for example, black hole estimates range from ten million to one billion. [152] [153]
^ Karachentsev et al. give a blue absolute magnitude of −20.8. Combined with a color index of 0.55 estimated here , an absolute visual magnitude of −21.35 (−20.8 − 0.55 = −21.35) is obtained. Determining the absolute magnitude of the Milky Way is very difficult, because Earth is inside it.
^ For a photo see:
References
Abuter, R.; et al. (2019). "A geometric distance measurement to the Galactic center black hole with 0.3% uncertainty". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 625: L10. arXiv : 1904.05721 . Bibcode : 2019A&A...625L..10G . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/201935656 . S2CID 119190574 .
Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (August 26, 2005). "Classification of the Milky Way Galaxy" . SEDS. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
Karachentsev, Igor. "Double Galaxies § 7.1" . ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Izdatel'stvo Nauka. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2015.
Gerhard, O. (2010). "Pattern speeds in the Milky Way". arXiv : 1003.2489v1 [ astro-ph.GA ].
Shen, Juntai; Zheng, Xing-Wu (2020). "The bar and spiral arms in the Milky Way: Structure and kinematics". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 20 (10): 159. arXiv : 2012.10130 . Bibcode : 2020RAA....20..159S . doi : 10.1088/1674-4527/20/10/159 . S2CID 229005996 .
Laustsen, Svend; Madsen, Claus; West, Richard M. (1987). Exploring the Southern Sky: a Pictorial Atlas from the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. p. 119. ISBN
Jones, Barrie William (2008). The Search for Life Continued: Planets Around Other Stars. Berlin: Springer. p. 89. ISBN
"Laniakea: Our home supercluster" . YouTube. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014.
H.E. Bond; E. P. Nelan; D. A. VandenBerg; G. H. Schaefer; et al. (February 13, 2013). "HD 140283: A Star in the Solar Neighborhood that Formed Shortly After the Big Bang". The Astrophysical Journal. 765 (1): L12. arXiv : 1302.3180 . Bibcode : 2013ApJ...765L..12B . doi : 10.1088/2041-8205/765/1/L12 . S2CID 119247629 .
Shapley, H.; Curtis, H. D. (1921). "The Scale of the Universe". Bulletin of the National Research Council. 2 (11): 171–217. Bibcode : 1921BuNRC...2..171S .
. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
Pache, Corinne Ondine (2010). "Hercules" . In Gargarin, Michael; Fantham, Elaine (eds.). Ancient Greece and Rome. Vol. 1: Academy-Bible. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 400. ISBN
. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
Keith, W. J. (July 2007). "John Cowper Powys: Owen Glendower" (PDF). A Reader's Companion. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 14, 2016. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
Harvey, Michael (2018). "Dreaming the Night Field: A Scenario for Storytelling Performance". Storytelling, Self, Society. 14 (1): 83–94. doi : 10.13110/storselfsoci.14.1.0083 . ISSN 1550-5340 .
"Eryri – Snowdonia" . snowdonia-npa.gov.uk. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2022.
The stars of the Corona Borealis, the Caer Arianrhod, as it is called in Welsh, whose shape is remembered in certain Bronze Age circles
Harper, Douglas. "galaxy" . Online Etymology Dictionary . Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2012.
Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund, eds. (March 30, 1989). The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN
See the entries for "Milky Way" and "galaxy".
^ ^ Sauer, EGF (July 1971). "Celestial Rotation and Stellar Orientation in Migratory Warblers". Science 30: 459–461.
"Reconciliation" . Adelaide City Council. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
Bogle, Joanna (September 16, 2011). "A Pilgrimage to Walsingham, 'England's Nazareth'" . National Catholic Register. EWTN. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
Pasachoff, Jay M. (1994). Astronomy: From the Earth to the Universe. Harcourt School. p. 500. ISBN
.
.
Crossen, Craig (July 2013). "Observing the Milky Way, part I: Sagittarius & Scorpius". Sky & Telescope. 126 (1): 24. Bibcode : 2013S&T...126a..24C .
Urton, Gary (1981). At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky: An Andean Cosmology. Latin American Monographs. Vol. 55. Austin: Univ. of Texas Pr. pp. 102–4, 109–11. ISBN
.
^ Aristotle with W. D. Ross, ed., The Works of Aristotle ... (Oxford, England: Clarendon Press, 1931), vol. III, Meteorologica, E. W. Webster, trans., Book 1, Part 8, pp. 39–40 Archived April 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine : "(2) Anaxagoras, Democritus, and their schools say that the milky way is the light of certain stars ... shaded by the earth from the sun's rays."
Aristotle (1931). Works . Translated by Ross, William David; Smith, John Alexander. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 345.
Livingston, John W. (1971). "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah: A Fourteenth Century Defense against Astrological Divination and Alchemical Transmutation". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 91 (1): 96–103 [99]. doi : 10.2307/600445 . JSTOR 600445 .
^ Galileo Galilei, Sidereus Nuncius (Venice: Thomas Baglioni, 1610), pp. 15–16 . Archived March 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine English translation: Galileo Galilei with Edward Stafford Carlos, trans., The Sidereal Messenger (London: Rivingtons, 1880), pp. 42–43 . Archived December 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. (November 2002). "Galileo Galilei" . University of St. Andrews. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2007.
^ Thomas Wright, An Original Theory or New Hypothesis of the Universe (London, England: H. Chapelle, 1750).
On page 57 Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Wright stated that despite their mutual gravitational attraction, the stars in the constellations do not collide because they are in orbit, so centrifugal force keeps them separated: "centrifugal force, which not only preserves them in their orbits, but prevents them from rushing all together, by the common universal law of gravity, ..."
On page 48 Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Wright stated that the form of the Milky Way is a ring: "the stars are not infinitely dispersed and distributed in a promiscuous manner throughout all the mundane space, without order or design, ... this phænomenon [is] no other than a certain effect arising from the observer's situation, ... To a spectator placed in an indefinite space, ... it [i.e. the Milky Way (Via Lactea)] [is] a vast ring of stars ..."
On page 65 Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way, around which the rest of the galaxy revolves, might not be visible to us: "the central body A, being supposed as incognitum [i.e. an unknown], without [i.e. outside of] the finite view; ..."
On page 73 Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus (the great whirlpool) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64×1012 miles (13.9×1012 km).
On page 33 Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy: "therefore we may justly suppose, that so many radiant bodies [i.e. stars] were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void, but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe, crowded with myriads of glorious worlds, all variously revolving round them; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states, animate ..."
^ Immanuel Kant, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine [General Natural History and Theory of Heaven], (Koenigsberg and Leipzig, (Germany): Johann Friederich Petersen, 1755).
On pages 2–3, Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright: "Dem Herrn Wright von Durham, einen Engeländer, war es vorbehalten, einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun, welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet, und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat. Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel, sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen, und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume, die sie einnehmen." ("To Mr. Wright of Durham, an Englishman, it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation, which seemed, to him and to no one else, to be needed for a clever idea, the exploitation of which he has not studied sufficiently. He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design; rather, he found a systematic shape in the whole, and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy.")
^ Kant (1755), pages xxxiii–xxxvi of the Preface (Vorrede) : Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine : "Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne, deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket, und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen, und versicherte mich leicht, daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können. Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich, daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer, und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt, müste geordnet seyn, weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander, wohl irreguläre Gestalten, aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden. Ich sahe auch ein: daß sie in dem System, darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden, vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten, weil sie nicht zirkelrunde, sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden, und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen." ("I considered the type of nebulous stars, which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars, and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses, and I readily assured myself, that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars. That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars, [which were clustered] around a common center, must be orderly, because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms, not measurable figures. I also realized: that in the system in which they find themselves bound, they must be restricted primarily to a plane, because they display not circular, but elliptical figures, and that on account of their faint light, they are located inconceivably far from us.")
Evans, J. C. (November 24, 1998). "Our Galaxy" . George Mason University. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved January 4, 2007.
^ The term Weltinsel (world island) appears nowhere in Kant's book of 1755. The term first appeared in 1850, in the third volume of von Humboldt's Kosmos: Alexander von Humboldt, Kosmos, vol. 3 (Stuttgart & Tübingen, (Germany): J. G. Cotta, 1850), pp. 187, 189. From p. 187 : Archived November 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine "Thomas Wright von Durham, Kant, Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel (Sternschict) zu betrachten, in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist." ("Thomas Wright of Durham, Kant, Lambert and at first also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island (star stratum), in which our solar system is included.) In the English translation – Alexander von Humboldt with E. C. Otté , trans., Cosmos ... (New York City: Harper & Brothers, 1897), vols. 3–5. see p. 147 Archived November 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine .
^ William Herschel (1785), "On the Construction of the Heavens", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 75: 213–266. Herschel's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article's last page. See:
^ See:
Rosse revealed the spiral structure of Whirlpool Galaxy (M51) at the 1845 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. Rosse's illustration of M51 was reproduced in J. P. Nichol's book of 1846.
Rosse, Earl of (1846). "On the nebula 25 Herschel, or 61 [should read: 51] of Messier's catalogue" . Report of the Fifteenth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science; Held at Cambridge in June 1845 § Notices and Abstracts of Miscellaneous Communications to the Sections. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833): 4. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
Rosse's illustration of the Whirlpool Galaxy appears on the plate that immediately precedes p. 23.
On March 5, 1845, Rosse observed M51, the Whirlpool Galaxy . From column 115: "The most popularly known nebulæ observed this night were the ring nebulæ in the Canes Venatici, or the 51st of Messier's catalogue, which was resolved into stars with a magnifying power of 548".
Robinson, T. R. (1845). "On Lord Rosse's telescope" . Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. 3 (50): 114–133. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
Rosse's early observations of nebulae and galaxies are discussed on pp. 127–130.
Rosse, The Earl of (1850). "Observations on the nebulae" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 140: 499–514. doi : 10.1098/rstl.1850.0026 . Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved February 17, 2020.
Rosse's illustrations of nebulae and galaxies appear on the plates that immediately precede the article.
^ See:
Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1906). "Statistical methods in stellar astronomy" . In Rogers, Howard J. (ed.). Congress of Arts and Science, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, 1904. Vol. 4. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co. pp. 396–425. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
From pp. 419–420: "It follows that the one set of the stars must have a systematic motion relative to the other. ... these two main directions of motion must be in reality diametrically opposite."
Kapteyn, J. C. (1905). "Star streaming" . Report of the Seventy-fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, South Africa. Report of the ... Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1833): 257–265. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
^ See:
Schwarzschild, K. (1907). "Ueber die Eigenbewegungen der Fixsterne" [On the proper motions of the fixed stars]. Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (Reports of the Royal Society of Science at Göttingen) (in German). 5: 614–632. Bibcode : 1907NWGot...5..614S . Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
Schwarzschild, K. (1908). "Ueber die Bestimmung von Vertex und Apex nach der Ellipsoidhypothese aus einer geringeren Anzahl beobachteter Eigenbewegungen" [On the determination, according to the ellipsoid hypothesis, of the vertex and apex from a small number of observed proper motions]. Nachrichten von der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen (in German): 191–200. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 6, 2020.
"Gaia > Gaia DR1" . www.cosmos.esa.int. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved September 15, 2016.
Poggio, E.; Drimmel, R.; Andrae, R.; Bailer-Jones, C. A. L.; Fouesneau, M.; Lattanzi, M. G.; Smart, R. L.; Spagna, A. (2020). "Evidence of a dynamically evolving Galactic warp". Nature Astronomy. 4 (6): 590–596. arXiv : 1912.10471 . Bibcode : 2020NatAs...4..590P . doi : 10.1038/s41550-020-1017-3 . S2CID 209444772 .
Alves, João; Zucker, Catherine; Goodman, Alyssa A.; Speagle, Joshua S.; Meingast, Stefan; Robitaille, Thomas; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Green, Gregory M. (January 7, 2020). "A Galactic-scale gas wave in the Solar Neighborhood". Nature. 578 (7794): 237–239. arXiv : 2001.08748 . Bibcode : 2020Natur.578..237A . doi : 10.1038/s41586-019-1874-z . PMID 31910431 . S2CID 210086520 .
English, Jayanne (January 14, 2000). "Exposing the Stuff Between the Stars" . Hubble News Desk. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
Mullen, Leslie (May 18, 2001). "Galactic Habitable Zones" . NAI Features Archive. Nasa Astrobiology Institute. Archived from the original on April 9, 2013. Retrieved May 9, 2013.
Sundin, M. (2006). "The galactic habitable zone in barred galaxies". International Journal of Astrobiology. 5 (4): 325–326. Bibcode : 2006IJAsB...5..325S . doi : 10.1017/S1473550406003065 . S2CID 122018103 .
"Magnitude" . National Solar Observatory – Sacramento Peak. Archived from the original on February 6, 2008. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
Overholt, A. C.; Melott, A. L.; Pohl, M. (2009). "Testing the link between terrestrial climate change and galactic spiral arm transit". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (2): L101 – L103. arXiv : 0906.2777 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...705L.101O . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/L101 . S2CID 734824 .
.
Blaauw, A.; et al. (1960), "The new I. A. U. system of galactic coordinates (1958 revision)", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 121 (2): 123–131, Bibcode : 1960MNRAS.121..123B , doi : 10.1093/mnras/121.2.123
"Dimensions of Galaxies" . ned.ipac.caltech.edu. Archived from the original on September 27, 2022. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (April 22, 1997). "The Milky Way is just an average spiral". arXiv : astro-ph/9704216 .
Castro-Rodríguez, N.; López-Corredoira, M.; Sánchez-Saavedra, M. L.; Battaner, E. (2002). "Warps and correlations with intrinsic parameters of galaxies in the visible and radio". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 391 (2): 519–530. arXiv : astro-ph/0205553 . Bibcode : 2002A&A...391..519C . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361:20020895 . S2CID 17813024 .
Goodwin, S. P.; Gribbin, J.; Hendry, M. A. (April 30, 1997). "New Determination of the Hubble Parameter Using the Principle of Terrestrial Mediocrity". arXiv : astro-ph/9704289 .
"How Big is Our Universe: How far is it across the Milky Way?" . NASA-Smithsonian Education Forum on the Structure and Evolution of the Universe, at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
Karachentsev, I. D.; Kashibadze, O. G. (2006). "Masses of the local group and of the M81 group estimated from distortions in the local velocity field". Astrophysics. 49 (1): 3–18. Bibcode : 2006Ap.....49....3K . doi : 10.1007/s10511-006-0002-6 . S2CID 120973010 .
Vayntrub, Alina (2000). "Mass of the Milky Way" . The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on August 13, 2014. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
Reid, M. J.; et al. (2009). "Trigonometric parallaxes of massive star-forming regions. VI. Galactic structure, fundamental parameters, and noncircular motions". The Astrophysical Journal. 700 (1): 137–148. arXiv : 0902.3913 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...700..137R . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/137 . S2CID 11347166 .
Gnedin, O. Y.; et al. (2010). "The mass profile of the Galaxy to 80 kpc". The Astrophysical Journal. 720 (1): L108 – L112. arXiv : 1005.2619 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ...720L.108G . doi : 10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L108 . S2CID 119245657 .
Kafle, Prajwal Raj; et al. (October 2014). "On the Shoulders of Giants: Properties of the Stellar Halo and the Milky Way Mass Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal. 794 (1): 17. arXiv : 1408.1787 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ...794...59K . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/794/1/59 . S2CID 119040135 . 59.
Licquia, Timothy; Newman, J. (2013). "Improved Constraints on the Total Stellar Mass, Color, and Luminosity of the Milky Way". American Astronomical Society, AAS Meeting #221, #254.11. 221: 254.11. Bibcode : 2013AAS...22125411L .
^ Napiwotzki, R. (2009). The galactic population of white dwarfs. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 172, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.
"NASA – Neutron Stars" . NASA. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
Levine, E. S.; Blitz, L.; Heiles, C. (2006). "The spiral structure of the outer Milky Way in hydrogen". Science. 312 (5781): 1773–1777. arXiv : astro-ph/0605728 . Bibcode : 2006Sci...312.1773L . doi : 10.1126/science.1128455 . PMID 16741076 . S2CID 12763199 .
Dickey, J. M.; Lockman, F. J. (1990). "H I in the Galaxy". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 28: 215–259. Bibcode : 1990ARA&A..28..215D . doi : 10.1146/annurev.aa.28.090190.001243 .
Savage, B. D.; Wakker, B. P. (2009). "The extension of the transition temperature plasma into the lower galactic halo". The Astrophysical Journal. 702 (2): 1472–1489. arXiv : 0907.4955 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...702.1472S . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1472 . S2CID 119245570 .
Connors, Tim W.; Kawata, Daisuke; Gibson, Brad K. (2006). "N-body simulations of the Magellanic stream" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 371 (1): 108–120. arXiv : astro-ph/0508390 . Bibcode : 2006MNRAS.371..108C . doi : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10659.x . S2CID 15563258 .
Coffey, Jerry (May 11, 2017). "Absolute Magnitude" . Archived from the original on September 13, 2011.
Karachentsev, Igor D.; Karachentseva, Valentina E.; Huchtmeier, Walter K.; Makarov, Dmitry I. (2003). "A Catalog of Neighboring Galaxies" . The Astronomical Journal. 127 (4): 2031–2068. Bibcode : 2004AJ....127.2031K . doi : 10.1086/382905 .
The team estimates there are about twice as many of them as stars.
Chen, Xiaodian; Wang, Shu; Deng, Licai; de Grijs, Richard; Liu, Chao; Tian, Hao (February 4, 2019). "An intuitive 3D map of the Galactic warp's precession traced by classical Cepheids". Nature Astronomy. 3 (4): 320–325. arXiv : 1902.00998 . Bibcode : 2019NatAs...3..320C . doi : 10.1038/s41550-018-0686-7 . ISSN 2397-3366 . S2CID 119290364 .
McKee, Maggie (August 16, 2005). "Bar at Milky Way's heart revealed" . New Scientist. Archived from the original on October 9, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2009.
Gillessen, S.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the Galactic Center". Astrophysical Journal . 692 (2): 1075–1109. arXiv : 0810.4674 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...692.1075G . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075 . S2CID 1431308 .
Reid, M. J.; et al. (November 2009). "A trigonometric parallax of Sgr B2". The Astrophysical Journal. 705 (2): 1548–1553. arXiv : 0908.3637 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ...705.1548R . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/705/2/1548 . S2CID 1916267 .
Majaess, D. (March 2010). "Concerning the Distance to the Center of the Milky Way and Its Structure". Acta Astronomica. 60 (1): 55. arXiv : 1002.2743 . Bibcode : 2010AcA....60...55M .
Grant, J.; Lin, B. (2000). "The Stars of the Milky Way" . Fairfax Public Access Corporation. Archived from the original on June 11, 2007. Retrieved May 9, 2007.
Shen, J.; Rich, R. M.; Kormendy, J.; Howard, C. D.; De Propris, R.; Kunder, A. (2010). "Our Milky Way As a Pure-Disk Galaxy – A Challenge for Galaxy Formation". The Astrophysical Journal. 720 (1): L72 – L76. arXiv : 1005.0385 . Bibcode : 2010ApJ...720L..72S . doi : 10.1088/2041-8205/720/1/L72 . S2CID 118470423 .
Jones, Mark H.; Lambourne, Robert J.; Adams, David John (2004). An Introduction to Galaxies and Cosmology . Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN
Wang, Q.D.; Nowak, M.A.; Markoff, S.B.; Baganoff, F.K.; Nayakshin, S.; Yuan, F.; Cuadra, J.; Davis, J.; Dexter, J.; Fabian, A.C.; Grosso, N.; Haggard, D.; Houck, J.; Ji, L.; Li, Z.; Neilsen, J.; Porquet, D.; Ripple, F.; Shcherbakov, R.V. (2013). "Dissecting X-ray-Emitting Gas Around the Center of Our Galaxy". Science. 341 (6149): 981–983. arXiv : 1307.5845 . Bibcode : 2013Sci...341..981W . doi : 10.1126/science.1240755 . PMID 23990554 . S2CID 206550019 .
Blandford, R. D. (August 8–12, 1998). Origin and Evolution of Massive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei. Galaxy Dynamics, proceedings of a conference held at Rutgers University, ASP Conference Series. Vol. 182. Rutgers University (published August 1999). arXiv : astro-ph/9906025 . Bibcode : 1999ASPC..182...87B .
Cabrera-Lavers, A.; et al. (December 2008). "The long Galactic bar as seen by UKIDSS Galactic plane survey". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 491 (3): 781–787. arXiv : 0809.3174 . Bibcode : 2008A&A...491..781C . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361:200810720 . S2CID 15040792 .
Nishiyama, S.; et al. (2005). "A distinct structure inside the Galactic bar". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (2): L105. arXiv : astro-ph/0502058 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ...621L.105N . doi : 10.1086/429291 . S2CID 399710 .
"Introduction: Galactic Ring Survey" . Boston University. September 12, 2005. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
Bhat, C. L.; Kifune, T.; Wolfendale, A. W. (November 21, 1985). "A cosmic-ray explanation of the galactic ridge of cosmic X-rays". Nature. 318 (6043): 267–269. Bibcode : 1985Natur.318..267B . doi : 10.1038/318267a0 . S2CID 4262045 .
Kurahashi Neilson first came up with the idea to use cascade neutrinos to map the Milky Way in 2015.
Georg Weidenspointner; et al. (January 10, 2008). "An asymmetric distribution of positrons in the Galactic disk revealed by γ-rays". Nature. 451 (7175): 159–162. Bibcode : 2008Natur.451..159W . doi : 10.1038/nature06490 . PMID 18185581 . S2CID 4333175 .
Carretti, E.; Crocker, R. M.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Haverkorn, M.; Purcell, C.; Gaensler, B. M.; Bernardi, G.; Kesteven, M. J.; Poppi, S. (2013). "Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way". Nature. 493 (7430): 66–69. arXiv : 1301.0512 . Bibcode : 2013Natur.493...66C . doi : 10.1038/nature11734 . PMID 23282363 . S2CID 4426371 .
Churchwell, E.; et al. (2009). "The Spitzer/GLIMPSE surveys: a new view of the Milky Way". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 121 (877): 213–230. Bibcode : 2009PASP..121..213C . doi : 10.1086/597811 . S2CID 15529740 .
See also
Bryner, Jeanna (June 3, 2008). "New Images: Milky Way Loses Two Arms" . Space.com. Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved June 4, 2008.
Majaess, D. J.; Turner, D. G.; Lane, D. J. (2009). "Searching Beyond the Obscuring Dust Between the Cygnus-Aquila Rifts for Cepheid Tracers of the Galaxy's Spiral Arms". The Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers. 37 (2): 179. arXiv : 0909.0897 . Bibcode : 2009JAVSO..37..179M .
Drimmel, R. (2000). "Evidence for a two-armed spiral in the Milky Way". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 358: L13 – L16. arXiv : astro-ph/0005241 . Bibcode : 2000A&A...358L..13D .
Sanna, A.; Reid, M. J.; Dame, T. M.; Menten, K. M.; Brunthaler, A. (2017). "Mapping spiral structure on the far side of the Milky Way". Science. 358 (6360): 227–230. arXiv : 1710.06489 . Bibcode : 2017Sci...358..227S . doi : 10.1126/science.aan5452 . PMID 29026043 . S2CID 206660521 .
McClure-Griffiths, N. M.; Dickey, J. M.; Gaensler, B. M.; Green, A. J. (2004). "A Distant Extended Spiral Arm in the Fourth Quadrant of the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 607 (2): L127. arXiv : astro-ph/0404448 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ...607L.127M . doi : 10.1086/422031 . S2CID 119327129 .
Benjamin, R. A.; et al. (2005). "First GLIMPSE results on the stellar structure of the Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 630 (2): L149 – L152. arXiv : astro-ph/0508325 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ...630L.149B . doi : 10.1086/491785 . S2CID 14782284 .
"Massive stars mark out Milky Way's 'missing' arms" (Press release). Leeds, UK: University of Leeds. December 17, 2013. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
van Woerden, H.; et al. (1957). "Expansion d'une structure spirale dans le noyau du Système Galactique, et position de la radiosource Sagittarius A". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (in French). 244: 1691–1695. Bibcode : 1957CRAS..244.1691V .
Dame, T. M.; Thaddeus, P. (2008). "A New Spiral Arm of the Galaxy: The Far 3-Kpc Arm". The Astrophysical Journal. 683 (2): L143 – L146. arXiv : 0807.1752 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ...683L.143D . doi : 10.1086/591669 . S2CID 7450090 .
"Milky Way's Inner Beauty Revealed" . Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian. June 3, 2008. Archived from the original on July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
Mel'Nik, A.; Rautiainen, A. (2005). "Kinematics of the outer pseudorings and the spiral structure of the Galaxy". Astronomy Letters. 35 (9): 609–624. arXiv : 0902.3353 . Bibcode : 2009AstL...35..609M . CiteSeerX 10.1.1.247.4658 . doi : 10.1134/s1063773709090047 . S2CID 15989486 .
Lopez-Corredoira, M.; et al. (July 2012). "Comments on the "Monoceros" affair". arXiv : 1207.2749 [ astro-ph.GA ].
Dauphole, B.; et al. (September 1996). "The kinematics of globular clusters, apocentric distances and a halo metallicity gradient". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 313: 119–128. Bibcode : 1996A&A...313..119D .
Gnedin, O. Y.; Lee, H. M.; Ostriker, J. P. (1999). "Effects of Tidal Shocks on the Evolution of Globular Clusters". The Astrophysical Journal. 522 (2): 935–949. arXiv : astro-ph/9806245 . Bibcode : 1999ApJ...522..935G . doi : 10.1086/307659 . S2CID 11143134 .
Ibata, R.; et al. (2005). "On the accretion origin of a vast extended stellar disk around the Andromeda Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 634 (1): 287–313. arXiv : astro-ph/0504164 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ...634..287I . doi : 10.1086/491727 . S2CID 17803544 .
"Outer Disk Ring?" . SolStation. Archived from the original on June 2, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
T.M. Dame; P. Thaddeus (2011). "A Molecular Spiral Arm in the Far Outer Galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 734 (1): L24. arXiv : 1105.2523 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ...734L..24D . doi : 10.1088/2041-8205/734/1/l24 . S2CID 118301649 .
Jurić, M.; et al. (February 2008). "The Milky Way Tomography with SDSS. I. Stellar Number Density Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal. 673 (2): 864–914. arXiv : astro-ph/0510520 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ...673..864J . doi : 10.1086/523619 . S2CID 11935446 .
Gupta, A.; Mathur, S.; Krongold, Y.; Nicastro, F.; Galeazzi, M. (2012). "A Huge Reservoir of Ionized Gas Around the Milky Way: Accounting for the Missing Mass?". The Astrophysical Journal. 756 (1): L8. arXiv : 1205.5037 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ...756L...8G . doi : 10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L8 . S2CID 118567708 .
Camarillo, Tia; Dredger, Pauline; Ratra, Bharat (May 4, 2018). "Median Statistics Estimate of the Galactic Rotational Velocity". Astrophysics and Space Science. 363 (12): 268. arXiv : 1805.01917 . Bibcode : 2018Ap&SS.363..268C . doi : 10.1007/s10509-018-3486-8 . S2CID 55697732 .
Peter Schneider (2006). Extragalactic Astronomy and Cosmology . Springer. p. 413. ISBN
Borah, Debasish; Dutta, Manoranjan; Mahapatra, Satyabrata; Sahu, Narendra (2022). "Boosted self-interacting dark matter and XENON1T excess". Nuclear Physics B. 979: 115787. arXiv : 2107.13176 . Bibcode : 2022NuPhB.97915787B . doi : 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2022.115787 . S2CID 236469147 .
Legassick, Daniel (2015). "The Age Distribution of Potential Intelligent Life in the Milky Way". arXiv : 1509.02832 [ astro-ph.GA ].
Wethington, Nicholas (May 27, 2009). "Formation of the Milky Way" . Universe Today. Archived from the original on August 17, 2014.
Wakker, B. P.; Van Woerden, H. (1997). "High-Velocity Clouds". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 35: 217–266. Bibcode : 1997ARA&A..35..217W . doi : 10.1146/annurev.astro.35.1.217 . S2CID 117861711 .
Lockman, F. J.; et al. (2008). "The Smith Cloud: A High-Velocity Cloud Colliding with the Milky Way". The Astrophysical Journal. 679 (1): L21 – L24. arXiv : 0804.4155 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ...679L..21L . doi : 10.1086/588838 . S2CID 118393177 .
Kruijssen, J M Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L; Chevance, Mélanie; Bonaca, Ana; Trujillo-Gomez, Sebastian; Bastian, Nate; Reina-Campos, Marta; Crain, Robert A; Hughes, Meghan E (October 2020). "Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the Milky Way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations" . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 498 (2): 2472–2491. arXiv : 2003.01119 . doi : 10.1093/mnras/staa2452 . Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
Yin, J.; Hou, J.L; Prantzos, N.; Boissier, S.; et al. (2009). "Milky Way versus Andromeda: a tale of two disks". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 (2): 497–508. arXiv : 0906.4821 . Bibcode : 2009A&A...505..497Y . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/200912316 . S2CID 14344453 .
Hammer, F.; Puech, M.; Chemin, L.; Flores, H.; et al. (2007). "The Milky Way, an Exceptionally Quiet Galaxy: Implications for the Formation of Spiral Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 662 (1): 322–334. arXiv : astro-ph/0702585 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ...662..322H . doi : 10.1086/516727 . S2CID 18002823 .
Mutch, S.J.; Croton, D.J.; Poole, G.B. (2011). "The Mid-life Crisis of the Milky Way and M31". The Astrophysical Journal. 736 (2): 84. arXiv : 1105.2564 . Bibcode : 2011ApJ...736...84M . doi : 10.1088/0004-637X/736/2/84 . S2CID 119280671 .
Licquia, T.; Newman, J.A.; Poole, G.B. (2012). "What Is The Color Of The Milky Way?". American Astronomical Society. 219: 252.08. Bibcode : 2012AAS...21925208L .
Cowan, J. J.; Sneden, C.; Burles, S.; Ivans, I. I.; Beers, T. C.; Truran, J. W.; Lawler, J. E.; Primas, F. ; Fuller, G. M.; et al. (2002). "The Chemical Composition and Age of the Metal-poor Halo Star BD +17o3248". The Astrophysical Journal. 572 (2): 861–879. arXiv : astro-ph/0202429 . Bibcode : 2002ApJ...572..861C . doi : 10.1086/340347 . S2CID 119503888 .
Krauss, L. M.; Chaboyer, B. (2003). "Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way: Constraints on Cosmology". Science. 299 (5603): 65–69. Bibcode : 2003Sci...299...65K . doi : 10.1126/science.1075631 . PMID 12511641 . S2CID 10814581 .
Frebel, A.; et al. (2007). "Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a strongly r-process-enhanced metal-poor star with detected uranium". The Astrophysical Journal. 660 (2): L117. arXiv : astro-ph/0703414 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ...660L.117F . doi : 10.1086/518122 . S2CID 17533424 .
del Peloso, E. F. (2005). "The age of the Galactic thin disk from Th/Eu nucleocosmochronology. III. Extended sample". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 440 (3): 1153–1159. arXiv : astro-ph/0506458 . Bibcode : 2005A&A...440.1153D . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361:20053307 . S2CID 16484977 .
^ Skibba, Ramon (2016), "Milky Way retired early from star making" (New Scientist, March 5, 2016), p.9
Tully, R. Brent; Shaya, Edward J.; Karachentsev, Igor D.; Courtois, Hélène M. ; Kocevski, Dale D.; Rizzi, Luca; Peel, Alan (March 2008). "Our Peculiar Motion Away from the Local Void". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (1): 184–205. arXiv : 0705.4139 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ...676..184T . doi : 10.1086/527428 . S2CID 14738309 .
Hadhazy, Adam (November 3, 2016). "Why Nothing Really Matters" . Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
R. Brent Tully; Helene Courtois; Yehuda Hoffman; Daniel Pomarède (September 2, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516) (published September 4, 2014): 71–73. arXiv : 1409.0880 . Bibcode : 2014Natur.513...71T . doi : 10.1038/nature13674 . PMID 25186900 . S2CID 205240232 .
De Vaucouleurs, Gerard; De Vaucouleurs, Antoinette; Corwin, Herold G.; Buta, Ronald J.; Paturel, Georges; Fouque, Pascal (1991). Third Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies. Bibcode : 1991rc3..book.....D . doi : 10.1007/978-1-4757-4363-0 . ISBN
.
Putman, M. E.; Staveley-Smith, L.; Freeman, K. C.; Gibson, B. K.; Barnes, D. G. (2003). "The Magellanic Stream, High-Velocity Clouds, and the Sculptor Group". The Astrophysical Journal. 586 (1): 170–194. arXiv : astro-ph/0209127 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ...586..170P . doi : 10.1086/344477 . S2CID 6911875 .
Noyola, E.; Gebhardt, K.; Bergmann, M. (April 2008). "Gemini and Hubble Space Telescope Evidence for an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in ω Centauri". The Astrophysical Journal. 676 (2): 1008–1015. arXiv : 0801.2782 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ...676.1008N . doi : 10.1086/529002 . S2CID 208867075 .
Kroupa, P.; Theis, C.; Boily, C.M. (February 2005). "The great disk of Milky-Way satellites and cosmological sub-structures". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 431 (2): 517–521. arXiv : astro-ph/0410421 . Bibcode : 2005A&A...431..517K . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041122 . S2CID 55827105 .
Junko Ueda; et al. (2014). "Cold molecular gas in merger remnants. I. Formation of molecular gas disks". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 214 (1): 1. arXiv : 1407.6873 . Bibcode : 2014ApJS..214....1U . doi : 10.1088/0067-0049/214/1/1 . S2CID 716993 .
Schiavi, Riccardo; Capuzzo-Dolcetta, Roberto; Arca-Sedda, Manuel; Spera, Mario (October 2020). "Future merger of the Milky Way with the Andromeda galaxy and the fate of their supermassive black holes". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 642: A30. arXiv : 2102.10938 . Bibcode : 2020A&A...642A..30S . doi : 10.1051/0004-6361/202038674 . S2CID 224991193 .
Kocevski, D. D.; Ebeling, H. (2006). "On the origin of the Local Group's peculiar velocity". The Astrophysical Journal. 645 (2): 1043–1053. arXiv : astro-ph/0510106 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ...645.1043K . doi : 10.1086/503666 . S2CID 2760455 .
Peirani, S; Defreitaspacheco, J (2006). "Mass determination of groups of galaxies: Effects of the cosmological constant". New Astronomy. 11 (4): 325–330. arXiv : astro-ph/0508614 . Bibcode : 2006NewA...11..325P . doi : 10.1016/j.newast.2005.08.008 . S2CID 685068 .
Further reading
Dambeck, Thorsten (March 2008). "Gaia's Mission to the Milky Way". Sky & Telescope : 36–39.
McTier, Moiya (August 16, 2022). The Milky Way. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN
Plait, Phil , "The Milky Way's Secrets: Our galaxy's night-sky spectacle sparked scientific revolutions ", Scientific American , vol. 329, no. 4 (November 2023), pp. 86–87.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Milky Way .
Location
Included
| 2,102 |
275 | where do most star formation occur in the milky way today | https://www.space.com/19915-milky-way-galaxy.html | Jam packed issues filled with the latest cutting-edge research, technology and theories delivered in an entertaining and visually stunning way, aiming to educate and inspire readers of all ages
Engaging articles, breathtaking images and expert knowledge
Issues delivered straight to your door
18 April 2023
We are living in a golden age of Milky Way research and exploration.
When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works .
Motions of stars in the Milky Way galaxy in the next 400 thousands years based on data from the European Gaia mission. (Image credit: ESA)
Jump to:
Milky Way quick facts:
– Galaxy type: Barred spiral
– Size: 100,000 light-years across
– Rotation time: 250 million years
Our home galaxy's disk is about 100,000 light-years in diameter and just 1000 light-years thick, according to Las Cumbres Observatory .
Just as Earth orbits the sun , the solar system orbits the center of the Milky Way. Despite hurtling through space at speeds of around 515,000mph (828,000kmph) our solar system takes approximately 250 million years to complete a single revolution, according to Interesting Engineering . The last time our planet was in this position, dinosaurs were just emerging and mammals were yet to evolve.
If the center of the Milky Way were a city, we would be living in suburbia, about 25,000 to 30,000 light-years from the city center. Life in the outskirts is good; we find ourselves nestled in one of the smaller neighborhoods, the Orion-Cygnus Arm, sandwiched between larger Perseus and Carina-Sagittarius arms. If we were to travel inwards towards the city center, we would find the Scutum-Centaurus and Norma arms.
Related: How to photograph the Milky Way: A guide for beginners and enthusiasts
On a clear night, void of light pollution, we can catch a glimpse of the bright lights of the galactic city streaking across the night sky. Our window into the universe, this milky white band of stars, dust and gas is where our galaxy gets its name.
Lying at the very heart of the Milky Way is a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A*. About 4 million times the mass of the sun, this beast consumes anything that strays too close, gorging on an ample supply of stellar material enabling it to grow into a giant. In 2022, we imaged this glutton at the core of our galaxy for the very first time , through an innovative technique allowing us to view the shadow of the black hole.
Why is our galaxy called the Milky Way?
According to the American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), our galactic home is called the Milky Way after its apparent milky white appearance as it stretches across the night sky. In Greek mythology, this milky band appeared because the goddess Hera sprayed milk across the sky.
Around the world, the Milky Way is known by different names. For example in China it is called "Silver River" and in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa it's called the "Backbone of Night".
Milky Way FAQS answered by an expert
We asked Rory Bentley, astronomer at the University of California, Los Angeles, a few frequently asked questions about the Milky Way.
Rory Bentley
Astronomer
Astronomer and graduate student at the University of California, Los Angeles, specializing in high-mass stars and studies of the Milky Way's core.
Where is Earth in the Milky Way?
Earth is located roughly halfway to the edge of the Milky Way, at a distance of about 26,000 light years from the center. We reside in a feature known as the Orion Spur (sometimes also called the Orion Arm), which is an offshoot between the larger Sagittarius and Perseus Arms that lie inwards and outwards of our location.
What type of Galaxy is the Milky Way?
The Milky Way is a large barred spiral galaxy, with a relatively small bar compared to most galaxies of a similar size. A central bar (or central bulge) is a circular to oval shaped structure of old stars which lies at the center of spiral galaxies.
What is the biggest planet in the Milky Way?
The biggest known planet in the Milky Way may be HD 100546 b, which is a very large gas giant in the process of forming with a diameter roughly 6.9 times that of Jupiter, or 77 times that of Earth.
The radius measurement is highly uncertain, as some of the material surrounding the planet may be masquerading as being part of the planet itself. The largest planets whose sizes are known for certain are HAT-P-67 b and XO-6b, both with diameters around 2.1 times that of Jupiter. Both of these planets have had their diameters measured directly as they transit their parent star.
The Milky Way: Size, structure and mass
Studying the Milky Way used to be notoriously difficult. Astronomers sometimes compare the effort to attempting to describe the size and structure of a forest while being lost in the middle of it. From our position on Earth , we simply lack an overview. But two ground-breaking space telescopes launched since the 1990s have helped usher in the golden age of Milky Way research. Major strides have been made, especially since the 2013 launch of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Gaia mission .
Telescopes enabled astronomers to distinguish the basic shape and structure of some of the closest galaxies before they knew they were looking at galaxies. But reconstructing the shape and structure of our own galactic home was slow and tedious. The process involved building catalogs of stars, charting their positions in the sky and determining how far from Earth they are.
Dutch astronomer Jan Oort, sometimes dubbed the master of the galactic system, was the first to realize that the Milky Way isn't motionless but rotates, and he calculated speeds at which stars at various distances orbit around the galactic center. It also was Oort who determined the position of our sun in the vast galaxy. (The Oort Cloud , a repository of trillions of comets far from the sun, was named after him.)
Gradually, a complex picture emerged of a spiral galaxy that appears quite ordinary.
At the center of the Milky Way sits a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A* . With a mass equal to that of four million suns, the black hole , discovered in 1974, can be observed in the sky with radio telescopes close to the constellation Sagittarius.
Everything else in the galaxy revolves around this powerful gateway to nothingness. In its immediate surroundings is a tightly packed region of dust, gas and stars called the galactic bulge. In the case of the Milky Way, this bulge is peanut-shaped, measuring 10,000 light-years across, according to ESA . It harbors 10 billion stars (out of the Milky Way's total of about 200 billion), mostly old red giants , which formed in the early stages of the galaxy's evolution.
Beyond the bulge extends the galactic disk . This feature is 100,000 light-years across and 1,000 light-years thick, and it's home to the majority of the galaxy's stars, including our sun. Stars in the disk are dispersed in clouds of stellar dust and gas. When we look up to the sky at night, it's the edge-on view of this disk extending toward the galactic center that takes our breath away.
Stars in the disk orbit around the galactic center, forming swirling streams that appear to emanate like arms from the galactic bulge. Research into the mechanisms that drive the creation of spiral arms is still in its infancy, but the latest studies suggest that these arms form and disperse within relatively short periods of up to 100 million years (out of the galaxy's 13 billion years of evolution).
Inside those arms, stars, dust and gas are more tightly packed than in the more loosely filled areas of the galactic disk, and this increased density triggers more intense star formation. As a result, stars in the galactic disk tend to be much younger than those in the bulge.
"Spiral arms are like traffic jams in that the gas and stars crowd together and move more slowly in the arms. As material passes through the dense spiral arms, it is compressed and this triggers more star formation," Denilso Camargo, of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, said in a statement .
The Milky Way currently has four spiral arms, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). There are two main arms — Perseus and Scutum-Centaurus — and the Sagittarius and Local Arm, which are less pronounced. Scientists still discuss the exact position and shape of these arms using Gaia data.
The Milky Way disk is not flat but warped , according to ESA. As it rotates, it precesses like a wobbling spinning top. This wobble, essentially a giant ripple, circles the galactic center much more slowly than the stars in the disk, completing a full rotation in about 600 to 700 million years. Astronomers think this ripple may be a result of a past collision with another galaxy.
Sprinkled around the disk and the bulge are globular clusters, collections of ancient stars, as well as approximately 40 dwarf galaxies that are either orbiting or colliding with the larger Milky Way according to a statement from ESA .
All of that is surrounded by a spherical halo of dust and gas, which is twice as wide as the disk. Astronomers believe that the entire galaxy is embedded in an even larger halo of invisible dark matter . Since dark matter doesn't emit any light, its presence can only be inferred indirectly by its gravitational effects on the motions of stars in the galaxy. Calculations suggest that this puzzling stuff makes up to 90% of the galaxy's mass.
The mass of the Milky Way, dark matter included, equals 1.5 trillion solar masses, according to recent NASA estimates . The galaxy's visible matter is distributed between its 200 billion stars , their planets and the massive clouds of dust and gas that fill the interstellar space. Astronomers aren't quite sure how many planets are in the Milky Way, given we have only found a few thousand all told, but one NASA estimate suggests it's more than 100 billion planets . How many solar systems there are in the Milky Way is also a mystery, as we are still looking for the planets.
Where is the sun in the Milky Way?
The sun orbits about 26,000 light-years from the black hole Sagittarius A*, roughly in the middle of the galactic disk. Traveling at the speed of 515,000 mph (828,000 kph), the sun takes 230 million years to complete a full orbit around the galactic center.
The sun sits near the edge of the Local Arm of the Milky Way, one of the two smaller spiral arms of the galaxy. In 2019, using data from the Gaia mission , astronomers found that the sun is essentially surfing a wave of interstellar gas that's 9,000 light-years long, 400 light-years wide and undulates 500 light-years above and below the galactic disk according to ESA.
Planets of the solar system do not orbit in the plane of the galaxy but are tipped by about 63 degrees.
"It's almost like we're sailing through the galaxy sideways," Merav Opher, an astrophysicist at George Mason University in Virginia, told Space.com.
What is the black hole in the Milky Way?
The black hole in the Milky Way is called Sagittarius A* . The black hole is mostly dormant, which makes it very challenging to observe. Sagittarius A* has a mass 4.3 million times that of the sun, astronomers Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez discovered it in 2008. The approximate diameter is 14.6 million miles (23.5 million kilometers) . By comparison, the Milky Way itself is roughly 100,000 light-years wide and 1,000 light-years thick.
A huge disk of gas around Sagittarius A* billows out as far as 5 to 30 light-years from the supermassive black hole. It is this huge, but tenuous, area of gas that gives a bit of material for Sagittarius A* activity. The region is known to emit X-rays due to feeding on the gas, or because of friction within the disk as temperatures soar to as much as 18 million degrees Fahrenheit (10 million degrees Celsius).
Scientists would love to have more information about this supermassive black hole to figure out more about how it was formed and the conditions that made its growth possible. A couple of possibilities include smaller black holes getting quite large as they eat up dust and gas in the environment nearby; alternatively, smaller black holes may merge together and create something more monstrous.
Generally, scientists do have improving models for stellar-mass black holes and intermediate-mass black holes. These objects form when huge stars, many times the mass of our sun, collapse after stopping nuclear fusion. Since they are no longer able to stop the gravitational collapse, they shrink to a gravitationally powerful object that can warp time and space around it so much that light no longer can escape.
We're gradually learning more about Sagittarius A* through efforts such as the first-ever image of the black hole , which was obtained on May 12, 2022. The image captured faint amounts of light caused by heated matter moving super-fast towards the center of the black hole; the image is a high-definition shadow. This imaging required a big set of observatories around the world, approximately the size of Earth — which was possible through the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT).
Milky Way galaxy type and the great debate of 1920
We are constantly building on our wealth of knowledge of the Milky Way, though up until relatively recently astronomers believed that all the stars in the sky belonged to our galaxy.
"The Great Debate" in 1920 saw astronomers Herber Curtis and Harlow Shapley argue the scale of the universe and the prospect of "island universes" (galaxies), according to the National Academy of Sciences .
On one side of the debate, Shapley believed the Milky Way was much larger than previous estimates and that we weren't at the center. He also claimed that "spiral nebulae" such as Andromeda were a part of the Milky Way. On the other side of the debate, Curtis did not dispute Shapley's claims of a far larger Milky Way, he did however argue that there were large island universes (galaxies) such as Andromeda, that lay beyond the boundaries of the Milky Way.
The dispute was resolved when Edwin Hubble's measurements of Cepheid variable stars proved Andromeda was located far outside the Milky Way. Modern estimates suggest the Andromeda galaxy , our nearest galaxy neighbor is 2.5 million light-years away.
More recently, astronomers have been trying to figure out what type of galaxy the Milky Way is. Our best estimates these days suggest that it is a barred spiral, meaning that there is a bar structure across the center. Astronomers can estimate the shape of the Milky Way by looking at its population of stars, as well as their movements across the sky.
A future collision of galactic proportions
We now know that the Milky Way resides within the Local Group of galaxies, made up of over 30 galaxies including Andromeda, Triangulum and Leo I to name but a few. It turns out that it's pretty good to know who your neighbors are, as they may be closer than you think. The Milky Way is currently hurtling towards Andromeda at 250,000mph (400,000 km/h). Though there is no need to worry just yet, this crash of cosmic proportions is not due for another 4 billion years.
NASA and other space entities have been observing distant galaxy collisions for decades now to get a sense of what we might be facing when Andromeda and the Milky Way collide. The short story is there is little to worry about; the longer tale is the process is an interesting one as it shows how galaxies may evolve.
For example, observations of a three-way galactic collision in 2022 using the famed Hubble Space Telescope gave some intriguing insights. The largest of the group, as it got into a tight orbit with the other two, snagged some material with its relatively stronger gravity . This created an intriguing streak of gas, dust and other materials flowing into the larger galaxy, visible even from Earth.
While the arms of the Milky Way will surely be ripped up by this process, individual stars are relatively safe as the spaces between them are quite large. In other words, don't look for star collisions, as they will be practically non-existent. Starbirth, however, will accelerate due to the amount of gas being pumped into our galaxy, causing our galaxy to brighten and for its population to expand in the coming millions of years following the collision.
Our own solar system , therefore, should be relatively safe due to the low risk of star collision. That said, we may find ourselves thrown into a completely different path around the new galactic center as the merger pushes through.
One practical effect is that the constellations we observe from Earth may change as star orbits alter or new stars are added into the mix; that said, the collision is happening so far in the future that the constellations we see today may be altered in any case, due to natural starbirth and star death outside of the collision. This Milky Way timelapse shows how the night sky will shift over time.
Mapping the Milky Way's history
The evolution of the Milky Way began when clouds of gas and dust started collapsing, pushed together by gravity . First stars sprung up from the collapsed clouds, those that we see today in the globular clusters. The spherical halo emerged soon after, followed by the flat galactic disk. The galaxy started small and grew as the inescapable force of gravity pulled everything together.
The galaxy's evolution is, however, still shrouded in mystery. A discipline called galactic archaeology is slowly unraveling some of the puzzles of the Milky Way's life thanks to the Gaia mission, which released its first catalog of data in 2018.
Gaia measures the exact positions and distances of more than 1 billion stars, as well as their light spectra, which enables scientists to understand the stars' composition and age, according to ESA. The position data allow astronomers to determine the speeds and directions in which the stars move in space. As things in space follow predictable trajectories, astronomers can reconstruct the paths of the stars billions of years into the past and future. Combining these reconstructed trajectories into one stellar movie captures the evolution of the galaxy over eons.
There is also evidence that the Milky Way collided with several smaller galaxies during its evolution. In 2018, a team of Dutch astronomers found a group of 30,000 stars moving in sync through the sun's neighborhood in the opposite direction to the rest of the stars in the data set. The motion pattern matched what scientists had previously seen in computer simulations of galactic collisions. These stars also differed in color and brightness, which suggested they came from a different galaxy.
Photographing the Milky Way
Photographing the Milky Way requires a dark sky, a good "season" (generally between February and October), some distance from light pollution, and the ability to use photographic equipment to catch its faint light. Luckily, the Milky Way is visible in both the northern and southern hemispheres and it is possible to capture it using standard amateur photography items.
If you can, get to your site in the daytime as you will likely want to scout the area for the best angles. Good Milky Way images tend to make use of the landscape in creative ways, so look for interesting and prominent natural features like mountains, boulders or rock shapes.
Next comes the photo shoot. Generally speaking, use a tripod, set your equipment for a timelapse mode and be prepared to experiment with different focuses and different lenses. For beginners, we also have a full guide on how to photograph the Milky Way .
The future of the Milky Way research
Since the beginning of its operations, the Gaia mission has provided three updates to its massive stellar catalog. Astronomers from all over the world continue analyzing the data in search of new patterns and revelations.
Gaia data currently generates more research papers than even the famous Hubble Space Telescope . Gaia will continue charting the galaxy until at least 2025, as long as the spacecraft remains in good health, and the catalog it has compiled will keep astronomers busy for decades to come.
Before Gaia, the largest dataset about positions and distances of stars in the Milky Way came from a mission called Hipparcos , after an ancient Greek astronomer who began charting the night sky 150 years before Christ. Hipparcos only saw about 100,000 of the brightest stars in the sun's neighborhood, compared to Gaia's one billion. The data was also less precise.
Even though Gaia sees less than 1% of stars in the galaxy, astronomers can expand their findings and model the behavior of the entire Milky Way.
Additional resources
Discover more about the Milky Way and other galaxies with this free learning material from the Open University . Explore the Milky Way in virtual reality with ESA's Gaia mission. Tour the Milky Way with Gaia Sky , a real-time, 3D, astronomy visualization software that uses ESA's Gaia mission data. Learn why it was so difficult to study the Milky Way before Gaia in this article from ESA .
Bibliography
Dehnen, Walter, and James Binney. " Mass models of the Milky Way. " Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 294.3 (1998): 429-438.
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected].
Get the Space.com Newsletter
Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more!
Contact me with news and offers from other Future brands
Receive email from us on behalf of our trusted partners or sponsors
By submitting your information you agree to the Terms & Conditions and Privacy Policy and are aged 16 or over.
Senior Writer
Tereza is a London-based science and technology journalist, aspiring fiction writer and amateur gymnast. Originally from Prague, the Czech Republic, she spent the first seven years of her career working as a reporter, script-writer and presenter for various TV programmes of the Czech Public Service Television. She later took a career break to pursue further education and added a Master's in Science from the International Space University, France, to her Bachelor's in Journalism and Master's in Cultural Anthropology from Prague's Charles University. She worked as a reporter at the Engineering and Technology magazine, freelanced for a range of publications including Live Science, Space.com, Professional Engineering, Via Satellite and Space News and served as a maternity cover science editor at the European Space Agency.
With contributions from
More about science astronomy
Latest
Most Popular
1
3
4
5
| 2,103 |
276 | what is the meaning of cc and bcc | https://sparkmailapp.com/blog/email-cc-bcc-meaning | Jan 22, 2025
1182835
Email, as we know it today, is rooted in an older framework that has remained relatively unchanged over the years. Interestingly, many of the terms associated with email are borrowed from the days when communication relied heavily on paper. For instance, if you've ever composed an email, you've likely noticed the CC and BCC fields. But have you ever wondered, what does CC and BCC mean in email? These terms might seem outdated, but they play an important role in modern email etiquette.
What does CC and BCC mean in email?
The CC field in an email stands for Carbon Copy, while the BBC email meaning refers to Blind Carbon Copy. If these terms sound unfamiliar or seem unrelated to email, don’t worry—you’re not alone. This article will explain their context, how they came to be, and why understanding BCC functions and email etiquette can significantly improve your email game.
In the early days of written communication, creating a copy of a letter required a sheet of carbon paper placed between two sheets of paper. As you wrote or typed on the top sheet, the carbon paper would transfer your text onto the bottom sheet, producing a carbon copy. This method ensured that multiple copies of a document could be created without rewriting it by hand.
Fast forward to the digital age, and this concept carried over into email. The CC recipient in an email functions much like the carbon copy of old, allowing you to send a duplicate of your message to someone other than the primary recipient. Similarly, the BCC functions in email evolved to allow the creation of "blind" copies - copies that remain private and hidden from other recipients. That’s how the CC and BCC fields were born.
What does CC do?
The CC field allows you to send a copy of your email to additional recipients. Both the primary recipient (in the "To" field) and the CC recipients can see who else has received the email. This is especially useful when you need to keep someone in the loop or maintain transparency in professional communications.
For example: Suppose you're emailing a client with a project proposal. To keep your manager informed, you can include their email address in the CC field. This way, your manager sees the email, but everyone included in the conversation knows they’ve received it.
What does BCC do?
The BCC field stands for "Blind Carbon Copy" and is similar to CC but with one crucial difference: email addresses in the BCC field are hidden. This means that recipients in the "To" and "CC" fields won’t know who else received the email via BCC. So why use BCC? Let’s explore its practical applications:
Privacy for Multiple Recipients: When emailing a large group, such as a mailing list, using BCC prevents recipients from seeing each other's addresses. For instance, a teacher emailing all parents in a class can put their own email in the "To" field and the parents’ addresses in the BCC field, ensuring privacy.
Discreet Communication: BCC is also useful for keeping someone informed without the primary recipient knowing. For example, you can send an email to a client while keeping your personal email address in the BCC field to save a copy for your records.
When should you use CC in email?
Using the CC field is appropriate when:
Transparency is important. For example, in professional settings, you might use CC to ensure all relevant parties are aware of the conversation.
Keeping multiple recipients informed benefits everyone. If you're working on a collaborative project, CC allows all stakeholders to stay updated.
You want recipients to know who else has received the email. This is often important in formal or business communication.
When should you use BCC in email?
The BCC field has a bunch of use cases. As the email addresses mentioned in the BCC field stay private and hidden, here are some examples where you can use BCC to your own advantage.
Sending emails to large groups. Mailing lists often require privacy to avoid exposing email addresses.
Avoiding clutter. If you’re sending an announcement to multiple recipients who don’t need to reply, BCC is ideal.
Maintaining discretion. Whether for privacy reasons or professional strategy, BCC helps you communicate without unnecessary visibility.
What are the problems with using CC in Email?
While the CC function is helpful, it can lead to clutter and inefficiencies:
Inbox Overload: Overusing CC can fill inboxes with redundant copies of emails, especially for recipients who don’t need to be involved.
Wasted Storage Space: Attachments in CC’d emails are duplicated for each recipient, consuming unnecessary storage.
Email Costs: If you use a service that charges per email sent, such as Amazon SES, including multiple CC recipients can become costly.
What are the Alternatives to CC in Email?
To avoid these issues, consider alternatives like Spark for Teams , an email client designed for collaboration. Spark allows you to share emails with your team without creating duplicates. With Spark, you can add private comments and manage conversations efficiently , reducing clutter and improving workflow.
Understanding BCC email meaning, BCC functions, and the role of CC recipients is essential for mastering modern email etiquette. Whether you’re managing mail lists or communicating with multiple recipients, using these fields correctly can make your communication more effective and professional.
The Readdle Team
Smart. Focused. Email.
Fast, cross-platform email designed to filter out the noise - so you can focus on what's important.
Become better at email
The most effective business email tips straight to your inbox every month 🚀
Subscribe
Thank you!
By clicking on "Subscribe" I agree to the Privacy Policy and consent to receive emails.
Copyright © 2007 - 2025 Spark Mail Limited.
Apple, the Apple logos, MacBook, iPad, iPhone, Apple Watch, and Apple Vision Pro are trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. App Store and Mac App Store are a service mark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries.
| 2,104 |
276 | what is the meaning of cc and bcc | https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/k612fa/what_is_the_point_of_ccing_someone_on_an_email/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
What is the point of "CC"ing someone on an Email?
I understand it means carbon copy, but it's just like adding them to the "To" line? Everyone can see they got the email.
BCC is where it's at by the way.
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 2,105 |
276 | what is the meaning of cc and bcc | https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-cc-and-bcc/ | Summarize
Comments
Improve
Like
Share
Report
Follow
Today, E-mails play a vital role in every organization either small or big. E-mails are formal and organized means of communication in an organization. Thus the knowledge of E-mail is a must for every professional including Engineers.
In this article, we will discuss two important aspects of E-mail i.e. CC and BCC which are used to send and receive information securely via e-mail.
1. Carbon Copy (CC) : CC stands for Carbon Copy It is mainly used to send E mail’s carbon copy to the recipients and each recipient will able to see the list of all other recipients. When we want to send an email to someone without addressing them personally, then CC is used. Even for group communication, we use CC as it will keep management and employees in the loop without concerning them directly. When we want to receive a response from recipients associated with the email, CC is used. CC also helps to inform other recipients about the email.
Example :
In the above example, we keep Vansh and Taran in CC. This means both Vansh and Taran can see each other’s mail address and know that they get the same mail from the sender.
2. Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) : BCC stands for Blind Carbon Copy. It is mainly used to send E mail’s carbon copy to multiple recipients but each recipient will not be able to see the list of all other recipients. When we want to send emails to a large number of recipients, BCC is used. BCC provides privacy for each recipient as they will not be able to see each other’s mail address. It is mostly used in large organizations for sharing companies’ newsletters etc. Even if we want to send impersonal emails then BCC is useful.
Example :
In the above example, we keep Vansh and Taran in BCC. This means neither Vansh nor Taran will able to see each other’s mail address and will not be sure if the other person received the same mail.
Difference between CC and BCC :
S.No.
CC
BCC
1
It stands for Blind Carbon Copy.
2
In CC, all recipients will be able to see each other mail address.
Whereas, in BCC none of the recipients will be able to see each other mail address.
3
Using CC, we can keep management and employees in the loop.
Using BCC, we can ensure the privacy of management and employees’ mail address.
4
Every recipient will get all additional responses to the email.
Here recipient will not get any additional responses until we forward the mail to them
5
It permits recipients to know with whom the mail is being shared.
Here, recipients don’t have any idea with whom mail is being shared.
6.
CC is most preferred for keeping the stakeholders informed.
BCC is most preferred for keeping the mass emails and email lists.
7.
CC makes your email list to be visible to all recipients.
BCC makes your email list to be invisible to all recipients.
8.
with CC, you can loops everyone into an ongoing thread.
with BCC, you can not be included in email responses.
Comment
Corporate & Communications Address:
A-143, 7th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, Sector- 136, Noida, Uttar Pradesh (201305)
Registered Address:
K 061, Tower K, Gulshan Vivante Apartment, Sector 137, Noida, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201305
Got It !
Suggest changes
Suggest Changes
Help us improve. Share your suggestions to enhance the article. Contribute your expertise and make a difference in the GeeksforGeeks portal.
Create Improvement
Enhance the article with your expertise. Contribute to the GeeksforGeeks community and help create better learning resources for all.
Suggest Changes
Thank You!
What kind of Experience do you want to share?
| 2,106 |
276 | what is the meaning of cc and bcc | https://services.pitt.edu/TDClient/33/Portal/KB/ArticleDet?ID=2057 | Protecting Email Address Privacy
For security and privacy reasons, it is best to use the Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) feature when sending an email message to a large number of people. When you place email addresses in the BCC field of a message, those addresses are invisible to the recipients of the email. Conversely, any email addresses that you place in the To field or the CC field are visible to everyone who receives the message.
Detail
Benefits of Using BCC
Using the BCC field to send an email message to a large group of people has a number of benefits, including:
The privacy of email addresses is protected in the original message. Recipients will receive the message, but won't be able to see the addresses listed in the BCC field.
When an email is forwarded, the addresses of everyone in the To and CC fields are also forwarded along with the message. Addresses that have been placed in the BCC field are not forwarded.
If you have placed a large list of recipients in the To or CC field, all of them will receive the reply. By placing recipients in the BCC field, you can help protect them against receiving unnecessary replies from anyone using the Reply All feature.
Many viruses and spam programs are now able to sift through mail files and address books for email addresses. Using the BCC field acts as an anti-spam precaution. It reduces the likelihood that recipients will receive a spam message or a virus from another recipient’s infected computer.
Using the BCC Field
The following links explain how to use the BCC feature with Microsoft Outlook and Apple Mail:
Message
Press Alt + 0 within the editor to access accessibility instructions, or press Alt + F10 to access the menu.
Check out this article I found in the Services Portal knowledge base.<br /><br /><a href="https://services.pitt.edu/TDClient/33/Portal/KB/ArticleDet?ID=2057">https://services.pitt.edu/TDClient/33/Portal/KB/ArticleDet?ID=2057</a><br /><br />Using the Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) Feature in Email<br /><br />This article describes how to use the Blind Carbon Copy (BCC) feature in email.
Send
Close
4200 Fifth Ave.
Pittsburgh, PA 15260
| 2,107 |
276 | what is the meaning of cc and bcc | https://www.spikenow.com/blog/tips-tricks/the-difference-between-bcc-and-cc-in-email/ | Amanda S. CMO This review has score of 4.5 stars.
2 min read
CC and BCC are small but powerful tools that can greatly affect how your emails are received. Used well, they help keep communication clear, professional, and respectful of everyone’s time and privacy. However, misused, they can lead to overflowing inboxes, privacy breaches, or even damaged relationships.
This article will cover simple, practical ways to get CC and BCC right. You’ll learn how to:
Use CC & BCC correctly.
Avoid common mistakes.
Let’s dive into the rules for making CC and BCC work for you.
What Is CC?
CC (Carbon Copy) allows you to send a copy of an email to additional recipients while making their addresses visible to everyone. It’s best used for keeping people informed without expecting action.
Recipients in the “CC” field are visible to everyone in the email. Email servers process CC recipients like primary recipients, ensuring all receive identical messages. Overusing CC can lead to cluttered inboxes and reduce the focus of your communication.
When to Use CC:
To keep others informed: Use CC to update stakeholders who need visibility but aren’t directly involved.
To ensure transparency: Share information openly with a group to maintain alignment.
For documentation: Create a record of who was informed about specific communications.
Example:
CC your manager on a project update to keep them informed without requiring a response.
What Is BCC?
BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) allows you to send a copy of an email to recipients while keeping their addresses hidden. It’s ideal for maintaining privacy in group communications or discreetly sharing information.
The “BCC” field hides recipients’ addresses from all others on the email. This prevents reply-all chains and protects sensitive information. Some email systems limit the number of BCC recipients to avoid misuse, such as spam-like behavior.
When to Use BCC:
To maintain privacy: Use BCC to safeguard email addresses in group communications.
For mass communication: Ideal for newsletters, announcements, or group emails where interaction is unnecessary.
For confidential oversight: Include supervisors or auditors without revealing their involvement to other recipients
Example:
Use BCC for a company-wide email to protect employees’ contact information.
Key Differences Between CC & BCC
Aspect:
CC
BCC
Privacy
Ensures recipient emails are private.
Purpose
Reply-all is limited to visible addresses.
Start for free - upgrade anytime
Only CC Relevant People
Use BCC to Protect Privacy
Always use BCC for group emails where privacy is essential. This avoids exposing recipients’ email addresses and prevents reply-all issues.
Be Transparent About Intent
Avoid using CC to escalate issues passively or BCC to include someone secretly. Transparency fosters trust and better communication.
Double-Check Recipients Before Sending
Mistakes can lead to privacy breaches or miscommunication. Therefore, it is essential to review all fields carefully, especially on mobile email apps with limited recipient visibility.
Adapt to Cultural and Regional Norms
Email etiquette varies globally. Some organizations expect minimal CC use, while others prefer broader inclusion. Tailor your approach to fit the context.
Security and Legal Considerations for Using CC & BCC
Improper use of CC can expose email addresses to unintended recipients, creating privacy risks and reputational damage.
Avoid Exposing Email Addresses with CC
Use CC only when transparency is essential, and avoid it for large groups or confidential communications.
Track Compliance with BCC Logs
Ensure your email practices align with regulations like GDPR or HIPAA by reviewing how your system logs BCC activity.
Use Encryption for Sensitive Emails
To protect sensitive or regulated information, use email platforms with built-in encryption, such as Spike or ProtonMail with S/MIME .
Conclusion: Mastering CC and BCC for Effective Email Communication
Start for free - upgrade anytime
If managing emails feels overwhelming, try Spike. Spike simplifies communication, enhances collaboration, and helps you stay organized. It also ensures that CC and BCC are used effectively in every context.
Discover how Spike can streamline your email management today.
Oren Todoros Oren is a strategic thinker with over 20 years of experience in the marketing industry and is the current Head of Content Strategy at Spike. He's also the proud father of 3 beautiful daughters and a dog named Milo.
Gain Communication Clarity with Spike
| 2,108 |
277 | in the song i drive your truck who is he talking about | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Drive_Your_Truck | I Drive Your Truck
Released
The song is about the narrator driving a truck owned by his brother, who died in action in the United States Army . Co-writer Connie Harrington was inspired to write it after hearing an interview on Here and Now with a father, Paul Monti, whose son, Medal of Honor recipient Jared , was killed in Afghanistan while trying to save a fellow soldier. In the interview, he states that he drives the truck to feel close to his son. [1] [2] [3]
The truck that appears in the music video is a 1973 Ford F-100 . The actual truck driven by Jared Monti, and then his father, Paul, was a Dodge Ram 1500 adorned with decals, including the 10th Mountain Division, the 82nd Airborne Division, an American flag and a "Go Army" decal. [4] On September 1, 2022, Jared's truck was driven by two of his Army comrades during the funeral procession for Paul Monti. [5]
Critical reception
Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave it 4.5 stars out of 5, saying that "Brice’s strong lyrical performance[…]should broaden the story’s scope, making it a big hit commercially and artistically." [2] Tammy Ragusa of Country Weekly gave the single an A grade. She said that Brice "sings it like his life depends on it" and praised the detail of the lyrics. [6]
The song was awarded Song of the Year honors at the 47th annual Country Music Association Awards, as well as Song of the Year at the 49th annual Academy of Country Music Awards .
Music video
Commercial performance
Charts and certifications
‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone.
Ragusa, Tammy (January 7, 2013). "Single review: Lee Brice — 'I Drive Your Truck'". Country Weekly . 20 (1): 51. ISSN 1074-3235 .
I Drive Your Truck
| 2,109 |
277 | in the song i drive your truck who is he talking about | https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2016/01/16/drive-your-truck-came-true-story/78792592/ | The true story behind Lee Brice's 2013 country hit is so powerful that it's hard for its songwriters to discuss without getting choked up. Connie Harrington was listening to NPR when she heard an interview with a father whose son had died while serving in Afghanistan. She shared the story with songwriters Jessi Alexander and Jimmy Yeary, and the song they wrote eventually made it to the top of the country charts — and back to the father, whose name Harrington hadn't originally caught on the radio. She and Alexander talked about the song with Bart Herbison, executive director of Nashville Songwriters Association International.
You (heard) an interview, Connie, that was very powerful, and that's how this song started.
CH: It was a radio interview on NPR. I was in the car. This was Memorial Day and a gentleman named Paul Monti came on the air, and they were interviewing him about losing his son in Afghanistan, and he was trying to petition to get the right to put flags on their graves. In the cemetery where he was laid to rest, they didn't want (flags) all around him. They were asking him questions about that, and asking him how he coped with the loss of his son, and he said that he drove his truck, and began to describe it. ... I wrote down post-it notes in the car, weeping, just hearing the details of his truck. I got with Jessi the next week and started the song.
Story Behind the Song - 'I Drive Your Truck'
Story Behind the Song - 'I Drive Your Truck'
Jessi, what do you remember next?
JA: I just remember being pregnant with twins, and not even really wanting to go to work. But I saw Connie on my (schedule) and would never miss a day with her. She always has great titles. Connie is known for having so many great ideas. She started to kind of go through different ones, but they weren't really striking my fancy. I was a little foggy from the pregnancy. Then she said, "Well, I do have this one," and she immediately started to cry. I said, "Well, let me hear that!" ... She literally couldn't. She said, "Later." In my mind, I'm thinking, "That's the one we're going to write today."
I want to compliment the three of you because the time for war songs has sort of passed. I could have seen all three of you talking yourselves out of writing that song that day.
JA: And truck songs, which at that time were the pinnacle to our format. When she finally came around to saying the title, immediately, I knew I had a big responsibility. ... I didn't want to mess it up. I knew for a fact, with everything in me, that I was not solely meant to write this melody. There was a missing piece for us in the room, and for me, that was a male voice. Being female songwriters, we really struggle writing songs for men without that.
CH: It could be too high, or the phrasing (wouldn't work).
JA: I knew 100 percent it wasn't a girl song ... we knew it was worth it to give away a third (of royalties) — which a lot of writers wouldn't do — for the sake of the song. He just nailed it, and I'll never forget the feeling of when it was done. The prayer that came over all of us, like "please let this song just be heard" so one day that guy could hear that song.
(Connie), you met the father. Talk about that.
CH: Well, I didn't catch his name in the interview, so we didn't know who it was. I called NPR and did all of this searching. Curb Records tried to find him. It was two weeks before the No. 1 party, and finally, I changed my (Internet) search words and he popped up with a picture of the truck and his name. And we didn't know that Jared (his son) had won the Medal of Honor. I didn't catch that in the interview. Anyway, we cold-called him, all together (laughs). It was crazy.
JA: It's hard to even explain because it felt like, after so much searching, it was something that was never going to happen. To find him, it's like this full-circle moment, and I really don't have words.
CH: How special it was to speak with him, and then have him come to the No. 1 party.
It had to be part of his healing journey to know that (his story) touched so many people.
JA: A lot of people (talk to us about the song). ... I had people that thought it was about a wife or their grandfather. It doesn't matter. Grief is grief. I'm so grateful that we touched the chord of military families.
CH: Acknowledging the people left behind. People felt acknowledged.
— Compiled by Dave Paulson, The Tennessean
About the series
| 2,110 |
277 | in the song i drive your truck who is he talking about | https://www.bmi.com/news/entry/1_song_i_drive_your_truck_inspired_by_army_dads_moving_story | Posted in News on May 21, 2013
Co-writer Connie Harrington and Paul Monti, father of US Army soldier Jared Monti, at the “I Drive Your Truck” No. 1 party.
Also pictured (l-r): co-writers Jimmy Yeary and Jessi Alexander and artist Lee Brice. Photo: John Russell
Broadcast Music, Inc. songwriter, Connie Harrington, was listening to a public radio program when she happened to hear a story about a father remembering his son, killed in Afghanistan in 2006. Harrington was so moved by the dad who coped with his grief by driving his son’s truck, that she brought the idea into a co-writing session with Jimmy Yeary and Jessi Alexander. The three penned the poignant “I Drive Your Truck,” which was later cut by Lee Brice. When the song hit # 1, Harrington worked to track down the solder’s father to tell him he was the inspiration behind the work. That soldier’s father is Paul Monti, who recently flew to Nashville to meet the songwriters behind this touching tribute at a # 1 party hosted by BMI.
As the story unfolded, Sergeant First Class Jared Monti was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for running out three times into a barrage of bullets and grenades. On his last attempt to save a fellow soldier, he was killed. The song, “I Drive Your Truck,” is a poignant reminder of Jared Monti’s heroism and valor. What better way to honor that than with the power of music?
Subscribe
Each week, Learn, Listen, Watch, Discover and Share with BMI! From must-see videos, to creative inspiration and dynamic playlists we’re excited about, BMI’s The Weekly is dedicated to delivering specially curated content designed for music creators and music fans alike!
Subscribe
Subscribe to BMI’s The Weekly
Each week, Learn, Listen, Watch, Discover and Share with BMI! From must-see videos, to creative inspiration and dynamic playlists we’re excited about, BMI’s The Weekly is dedicated to delivering specially curated content designed for music creators and music fans alike!
Subscribe
Community
Follow Us
| 2,111 |
277 | in the song i drive your truck who is he talking about | https://www.wideopencountry.com/father-fallen-soldier-inspired-lee-brices-first-hit/ | Trump And Zelenskyy Clash In Oval Office Over Peace Negotiations
President Donald Trump accused Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on Friday of being "not ready for Peace" as long as the U.S. remained involved in talks
Don’t miss out on our free email newsletter.
| 2,112 |
277 | in the song i drive your truck who is he talking about | https://www.npr.org/2013/05/16/184559293/letters-inspiration-behind-i-drive-your-truck | Daily
May 16, 20133:00 PM ET
Heard on All Things Considered
Letters: Inspiration Behind 'I Drive Your Truck'
Sponsor Message
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
Time now for your letters and one clarification. Facebook is trying to settle a class action lawsuit over a feature called sponsored stories in which user content is pulled into ads without the user's permission. Earlier this week, we reported that under the proposed deal, if parents didn't want their children to appear in ads, both the parents and the children would have to tell Facebook they are related. Then the parent would need to dig into his or her settings and ask Facebook to stop.
Well, Facebook contacted us after the story ran to say the company will also provide a way for parents who are not on Facebook to prevent their children's pictures from being used in ads. If the settlement is approved, parents will be able submit a form online and attach a notarized statement declaring their rights as a parent or guardian in order to disable the feature.
MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:
Yesterday, we told you about the story of a father and son, a truck and the number one country song they inspired.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "I DRIVE YOUR TRUCK")
BLOCK: Two years ago, songwriter Connie Harrington heard a radio interview with Paul Monti. His son Jared was killed in Afghanistan, and he talked about how he drove Jared's truck to remember him.
CORNISH: Harrington was inspired by Monti's story and, with two co-writers, turned it into a song recorded by singer Lee Brice. Last month, "I Drive Your Truck" vaulted to number one on Billboard's Country Airplay chart. Earlier this week, Connie Harrington and Paul Monti met for the first time face to face and spoke with us from Nashville. Monti told us he's glad to have the song out there but that he has had trouble getting through it.
PAUL MONTI: I don't know if I've ever listened to it all the way through ever. I mean, I can get just so far, and I just have to shut it off.
BLOCK: Well, many of you felt the same way. Francis Breen of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, says he pulled into his driveway at the same time his wife did, and through the rearview mirror, noticed they were both listening to the same story.
He writes this: We sat motionless for several minutes until the segment came to a close, both of us exiting from our vehicles at the same moment, unable to bear listening to the song being played at the end of the piece. Breen says, without a word being spoken about the segment, he and his wife uttered to each other how lucky are we.
That's because, he writes, our son had served in the Army in both Iraq and Afghanistan and had come home to us. We had spent many a sleepless night worrying that he never would.
CORNISH: Nicholas Perna of Ridgefield, Connecticut, says he drove his son's truck until the young man came home from Iraq. Perna writes: I used to listen to my son's music and even wear his beat-up old baseball cap while driving his pickup. It all made me feel closer to him even though he was so far away.
BLOCK: And when Charles Jenkins of Chatham, New York, heard our story, he was driving his mother's car, a car, he says, that's traveled to weddings and funerals and birthdays. Mr. Jenkins says his mother is alive, but she's been debilitated by Parkinson's disease and he's reluctant to change anything about her car.
He writes this: The maps of the places she used to drive, the car wash tickets, the note in her handwriting like the change in the ashtray and the other details in the song about driving the truck bear witness to a life. As the father in your story said, we need ways to hold on to the people we love after they are gone. Whether we drive their trucks and cars, cook with their cast iron pans, display their sports trophies, or tell their stories to our families, we need to keep their memories alive. And Mr. Jenkins concludes: Thank you for a story about how, in life, we all must find our own ways to deal with the deaths of those we love.
CORNISH: Thanks to everyone who wrote in. And please, keep those letters coming. Just go to npr.org and click on Contact Us.
Copyright © 2013 NPR. All rights reserved. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information.
NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Accuracy and availability may vary. The authoritative record of NPR’s programming is the audio record.
Facebook
Flipboard
Email
| 2,113 |
278 | a tale of the batman gotham by gaslight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_by_Gaslight | Gotham by Gaslight
Graphic novel featuring Batman
For the film based on this graphic novel, see Batman: Gotham by Gaslight .
Gotham by Gaslight
Cover to Gotham by Gaslight (February 1989) by Mike Mignola .
Publication information
)
Gotham by Gaslight is a DC Comics one-shot by Brian Augustyn and Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell and an introduction (written in the character of Jack the Ripper ) by Robert Bloch . The story revolves around a 19th-century version of Bruce Wayne making his debut as Batman just as Jack the Ripper has arrived in Gotham City .
Gotham by Gaslight is considered to be the first Elseworlds story in which DC Comics characters from alternate timelines or realities are featured in stories outside of the DC Universe canon. At the time the story was first published, the Elseworlds concept had not been established yet and initial printings were not labeled as such. Subsequent printings of Gotham by Gaslight, however, have incorporated the Elseworlds logo. It spawned two sequels, Batman: Master of the Future (1991), also written by Augustyn, with art by Eduardo Barreto , and a third book in the series, Gotham by Gaslight: The Kryptonian Age, which began publishing in June 2024. [1]
Plot summaries
In 1889, Bruce Wayne is on a tour of Europe which ends in Vienna . There, he is studying under Dr. Sigmund Freud . Bruce tells Freud that he has a recurring dream in which he recalls the murder of his parents and decides he must return to Gotham City. On the return trip, Bruce meets Jacob Packer, an old family friend whom he calls Uncle Jake, who has also returned from a trip to Europe.
Shortly after arriving, Inspector Gordon informs Wayne about criminal gangs currently operating in Gotham. Gordon also shows Bruce the case of a man who poisoned his wife and tried to commit suicide with the poison, which left him alive with a permanent grin . Bruce takes up the mantle of Batman to fight criminals on the street.
At the same time, a series of murders of women take place and some people begin to suspect that Batman is the murderer. It is soon discovered that Jack the Ripper has come to Gotham, as the murders in Gotham City seem to resemble the Ripper murders in London.
After a search of Wayne Manor , a bloody knife is found under Bruce's bed and Bruce is arrested. A trial is held in which Uncle Jake is Bruce's defense attorney. After the trial, Bruce is convicted of being the Ripper and sentenced to be hanged for his crimes. Bruce is imprisoned in Arkham Asylum .
Once Bruce is in prison, Gordon gives him all the documentation on the crimes. Bruce toils day and night to try to figure out how he can get the Ripper. Just one day before the execution, Bruce learns the Ripper's identity by discovering he had the skill of a surgeon and used a knife that belonged to the medical group who worked with his father. Bruce escapes from prison with the help of Alfred and heads straight for the Ripper.
Batman interrupts the Ripper as he is about to claim his next victim. Batman chases the Ripper throughout Gotham and the two eventually come to a stop at the grave of Thomas and Martha Wayne, where it is revealed that Packer is the Ripper. Packer had been trained in medicine and law with the money of Thomas, but he was driven insane by Martha's rejection of his advances. Since then, he had been killing women who resembled Martha to silence the laughter of Martha he heard in his head.
Packer reveals that he hired an assassin to kill Bruce's parents. Gordon appears at this time with the police and Batman tells them to arrest Packer. Packer confesses that he is the Ripper and tries to kill Batman, but Gordon shoots Packer dead at the last minute. Batman disappears into the shadows, leaving Gordon to take in the body of Jack the Ripper.
Batman: Master of the Future
In 1892, three years later, Bruce has "retired" his alter-ego and is engaged to be married. Having brought his parents' murderer to justice, he has come to regard Batman as a childish fancy, and intends to devote his life to more serious pursuits. Others believe that Gotham City needs Batman more than ever, namely now-Commissioner Gordon and Bruce's own fiancée, Julie Madison , whom Batman rescued from a late-night assault.
At a City Council meeting, Mayor Tolliver (the former Police Commissioner who aggressively prosecuted Bruce as the suspected Jack the Ripper) is promoting Gotham's hosting of the "American Discovery Exposition" to market Gotham as the "City of the Future". The meeting is interrupted by the flamboyant Alexandre LeRoi, who demands that he be proclaimed master of the city, or else he will burn it to the ground. He leaps out the window before he can be arrested, and Tolliver insists that the fair proceed.
While the fairgrounds are being erected, a Maxim gun on an automated carriage rolls in and opens fire. Bruce, in attendance, pushes Tolliver out of the line of fire and disables the machine.
On the opening day of the fair, LeRoi kidnaps Tolliver from his mansion and takes him aboard a Zeppelin , forcing him to watch as LeRoi focuses a giant burning glass on the fair's main pavilion, before LeRoi throws Tolliver over the side to his death. Bruce is desperate to act, when Alfred arrives with his costume.
With the police fully occupied, Julie runs into the burning pavilion to rescue a small girl, but both of them are trapped by falling debris. Batman saves them, then seizes a glider from one of the exhibitions and takes off after LeRoi's airship. The two men engage in a brutal rapier duel that disables LeRoi's robotic pilot "Antonio", causing the airship to drift off course and become unstable. Noticing this, Batman urges LeRoi to surrender and abandon ship, but LeRoi refuses to believe him. Batman jumps overboard, but LeRoi is trapped as the airship crashes into the ocean and explodes. More than 100 people are killed by LeRoi's fires, but further fatalities and destruction are prevented by the Gotham police and firefighters.
Batman confronts Councilman Franklin Claypool, who confesses to being LeRoi's accomplice and providing him with information for his attack. Claypool secretly owns a large portion of Gotham City's slum housing, which he expected to sell profitably through his proposed redevelopment program, but the program was pushed aside by Tolliver in favor of the fair. LeRoi agreed to target Claypool's properties, allowing Claypool to collect a lucrative insurance payout, but Claypool never intended the deaths that LeRoi's actions caused, and so does not resist when Gordon arrives to arrest him.
Bruce and Julie are walking along a hilltop overlooking the city, when she reveals that she recognized him at the fair, even through his mask. Apprehensively, he asks her what she plans to do, and she replies, what she has always done: continue to love and encourage him, especially now that they both agree that Gotham still needs Batman.
Publication history
Gotham by Gaslight, which retroactively became the first official Elseworlds publication, was initially released as a 52-page one-shot in February 1989. It was written by Brian Augustyn and pencilled by Mike Mignola , with inks by P. Craig Russell . Two years later, the 68-page sequel Batman: Master of the Future — also written by Augustyn, but with art by Eduardo Barreto — was released, this time officially labelled as an Elseworlds publication. A second sequel, Gotham by Gaslight: The Kryptonian Age, was released in June 2024.
In 2006, in the wake of the 2005–2006 storyline Infinite Crisis , the Gotham by Gaslight world was identified as "Earth-19".
Prior to its appearance in Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer: Gotham by Gaslight (January 2008), the two one-shot issues were collected into one 112-page trade paperback volume (which was released under the same name and with the same Mignola cover as the first one-shot issue).
Collected editions
Gotham by Gaslight, August 2006, DC Comics,
IGN Comics ranked Gotham by Gaslight #11 on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels, saying that the comic is "as taut and well-conceived a graphic novel as you can find — Elseworlds or otherwise; quite simply, no other Elseworlds tale has managed such a brilliant concept nor executed it so perfectly".
Gotham by Gaslight was not the highest-ranking Elseworlds story on the list, as Batman & Dracula: Red Rain ranked higher at #9. [2]
Countdown Presents: The Search for Ray Palmer: Gotham by Gaslight (January 2008) and was written by Gotham by Gaslight's original author, Brian Augustyn. [3] The story saw Bob the Monitor accompany Jason Todd , Donna Troy , and Kyle Rayner (the latter three inhabitants of " New Earth ") through the Multiverse in search of multiuniversal counterparts to Ray Palmer . The group arrived on Earth-19, the Earth where the Batman of the earlier two Elseworlds storylines acted, where they also encountered this Earth's counterpart of the Blue Beetle and the Man-Bat before they went to the next Earth to continue their search. Their search would take them to worlds populated by characters from other Elseworlds stories, including those seen in the Batman & Dracula trilogy (Earth-43) and Superman: Red Son (Earth-30).
Additionally, the Gotham by Gaslight version of Batman was briefly featured in the limited series Dark Nights: Metal alongside other alternate versions of the character.
In other media
Video games
A video game based on the comic book was planned for release by Day 1 Studios (who also developed F.3.A.R. ). After THQ failed to secure the rights to the property, the game was canceled. [5] The developers released some concept illustration which revealed the game had a steampunk feel to it while being set in Victorian England and also test footage was released which revealed the misty Gothic settings and the character model for Batman . Reception to the leaked footage and concept illustration was positive, with viewers praising the setting, the cape physics and the different approach the developers were trying to achieve. [6]
Season pass holders for Batman: Arkham Origins , released in 2013, were awarded a special costume for Batman that was based on Gotham By Gaslight. [7]
The Gotham by Gaslight version of Batman was also introduced as a playable character in an update to the mobile version of Injustice: Gods Among Us in early 2018. [8]
Several Gotham by Gaslight characters were playable in the DC universe-themed MOBA Infinite Crisis .
See also
Robur the Conqueror , a character created by Jules Verne that LeRoi appears to have been based on
Other Elseworlds that involve Jack the Ripper:
Video games
Gotham by Gaslight
| 2,122 |
278 | a tale of the batman gotham by gaslight | https://batman-news.com/2013/04/16/a-tale-of-the-batman-gotham-by-gaslight-review/ | Did you read Alan Moore’s From Hell and think “Man, this is really great but it needs fewer annotations and more Batman. A LOT more Batman!”
Well I have good news for you! Gotham by Gaslight is considered a Batman classic and one of the finest Elseworlds tales ever released. Originally published in 1989, Gotham by Gaslight tells the “What if” story of a 19th century Caped Crusader who comes face to face with the Butcher of Whitechapel. It’s Batman vs. Jack the Ripper written by Brian Augustyn and illustrated by none other than the creator of Hellboy, Mike Mignola. But that’s not the only story you’re getting when you purchase A Tale of the Batman: Gotham by Gaslight. No, you’re also getting its lesser known sequel, Batman: Master of the Future written, again, by Brian Augustyn but illustrated by Eduardo Barreto, who recently passed I’m sorry to say.
I’ll be taking a look at both stories. Each one will have its own review and score and then in the end I’ll figure out a worthy number to assign the collection as a whole with the price and presentation of the book taken into account just like I how I do with any other graphic novel review.
Content
Gotham by Gaslight
I have saved a few “classic” Batman stories for myself to enjoy and Gotham by Gaslight is one of those that I had never touched. Now that I’ve actually sat down with it I can say that it did a good job of living up to all the hype. This was really entertaining. It’s a Victorian era Batman unraveling the mystery of Jack the Ripper, so how could it not be a fun read? And it’s a real testament to how great the concept of Batman is that Augustyn could take such an iconic character, translate him to a vastly different setting, and still have it work so effectively! I was also impressed by how understated the story was. It didn’t try to push its concept too far by introducing a steam powered batcomputer or throw in a bunch of over-the-top swashbuckling heroics into what should be a dark and disturbing mystery, nor did it attempt to showcase every member of the Gotham City cast when they weren’t germane to the tale at hand. It’s a story that strives to do only what’s necessary and to reach its climax in an economical fashion. However, that’s not to say there aren’t a couple of Easter eggs here or there that readers can keep an eye out for. Just look at these pages:
I rather like the Teddy Roosevelt-esque Jim Gordon but truly I could throw complements at the designs all day. Batman: Gotham by Gaslight is a perfect example of writer and artist working in perfect harmony. Mignola’s Batman looks appropriate to the time, as does everything else. The architecture, clothing and hair styles, etc. are all fitting to the period. Be sure to pay close attention to all the little details in the background. But most of all it’s Mignola and inker P. Craig Russell’s use of shade and shadow that give the book the moody tone it deserves. Colorist David Hornung also did a terrific job complementing these drawings with equally dark hues and really distinguishing colors for the various flashback segments. It’s a Batman book that has a unique look all it’s own. You can show a fan any single panel from Gotham by Gaslight and they’ll know exactly where it came from.
So I liked the concept of Gotham by Gaslight and the art of Gotham by Gaslight, but what about the actual story? Well, it’s great as well but a bit too brief. Call me greedy but I really wanted more from this world. It’s a great concept that I don’t think was explored as thoroughly as it should have been. Look at the sequel that’s also collected in this graphic novel. It’s about 50% longer than Gotham by Gaslight but only has a quarter of the substance! An 1800’s Gotham functions surprisingly well and the author really took care to perfectly set up the death of the Waynes, the arrival of Bruce in Gotham from his travels, and his relationship with Inspector Gordon in a fantastic example of perfectly paced world-building but once the Jack the Ripper slayings began to occur in Gotham things started to hasten. While that made for a very intense and thrilling read I really, really wanted it to be stretched out longer than it was. Perhaps it should have had a few red herrings before Batman found his #1 suspect?
Jack the Ripper’s identity (the real Jack the Ripper’s identity) is one of the greatest mysteries of all time and when you take just a second to look at the cast of characters in this book there really was only one legitimate suspect all along and it makes for a rather predictable end. The idea of Batman hunting down Jack the Ripper is just too juicy to sum up in so few pages. It’s the “World’s Greatest Detective” hunting down arguably the most notorious murderer in history. There’s more than enough substance there for a book twice this size. While I loved this story and think it alone is worth the price of you picking up this graphic novel, I wish it had been an even larger story with more of the detective work and midnight patrols of Batman rather than jumping straight into the finale…but maybe that’s the point? In a world where Batman exists, Jack the Ripper wouldn’t have had a chance to operate for long.
Score: 9/10
Master of the Future
“The world needs a champion for a brutal new age” Is a great line from Master of the Future and it would make one hell of a tagline, but the content itself doesn’t live up to that idea. Master of the Future represents a lot of the negative elements I praised Gotham by Gaslight for not doing. It’s longer by over 20 pages and that’s good, but we actually get less Batman. Less of that classic Gotham atmosphere! Whicle Gotham by Gaslight took place in the late 1800’s, it still felt like Gotham. This absolutely does not. It’s really vibrant and colorful and clean. The artist, Eduardo Barreto, did an excellent job drawing a lighthearted adventure story but it’s not a good depicitoin of the world of Batman. Not at all. And when I said that Gaslight was understated, this is rather flamboyant. Master of the Future cranks up the steam punk with flying machines and robots and the main villain really is a swashbuckler, he’s a sky pirate!
Now, that’s probably where the biggest problem lies. How does one follow up a story about the Worlds Greatest Detective vs. History’s Most Notorious Serial Killer? Jack the Ripper is an almost impossible act to follow and he ceratinly shouldnt’ have been followed up with the fictional Alexandre LeRoi. LeRoi is one of the lamest villains I’ve seen in some time (and I just reviewed Batman/Deathblow yesterday!). Gotham is going to have a big, family-friendly fair celebrating the turn of the century and Gotham’s future. Well, LeRoi hates the idea of the future and wants the event stopped (his true motivations are revealed in the final pages in a pretty lame twist that arguably makes him more pathetic) or else he and his robot best friend will torch the city from their metal aircraft!
Of course while all of this is going on we get a subplot about Bruce’s own personal conflict over whether or not he should continue being the Bat-Man or settle down with the lovely Julie Madison (Batman’s first significant love interest who was introduced to the comics in 1939, a nice surprise here and not the only one), a young woman who thinks Gotham needs Bat-Man now more than ever. This was good and it led to our only flashback scene which showed Batman fighting baddies at night time– everything else that occurs here is shown during a spectacularly sunny day. And as far as historical figures go, there are a couple that I won’t spoil for you. None of them are portrayed as villains, just neat little cameos for those who know their history.
Master of the Future is really well illustrated…but not as a Batman story. It’s a fun and campy swashbuckling adventure…but it’s totally not what I was in the mood for after reading the dark and gripping Gotham by Gaslight. You just can’t follow up Jack the Ripper with a story about a sky pirate who hates the fair! You just can’t. I think the best route to have taken would’ve been to keep with the re-writing history/serial killers motif and flash forward a couple of years. Gotham by Gaslight took place in 1891. Well, in 1893 we had the notorious World’s Fair murders (You even get to keep the fair backdrop!) of H.H. Holmes who, while not as famous (or infamous) as Jack the Ripper, was arguably a way more nasty and prolific serial killer. Show me the 1800’s Batman taking down a serial killer who built his own death maze outside the World’s Fair! Now THAT sounds like a great way to follow up Gaslight.
SCORE: 5/10
Supplemental Material
None. No bonus content to speak of and I think that’s pretty pitiful. Both of these stories have been around for over 20 years now and they are worth reprinting so why not add some insight? Original sketches? Creator’s retrospective? Anything would’ve been nice. Of course, many will be buying this book for Gotham by Gaslight alone so in a way Master of the Future will be bonus material to many.
Value
$12.99 full price for one of the best Elseworld tales and most original Batman stories of the 80’s? Yeah, I say it’s worth it. It’s a classic and should be on your shelf. It’s only a buck or so cheaper on Amazon though, sadly.
Overall
This is absolutely worth picking up for Gotham by Gaslight alone. Yes, it’s an incredibly rich idea that should’ve been explored further than 48 pages but it’s still a highly entertaining read with a great atmosphere and I’ll want to revisit it again and again. Its sequel, however, is a tale that I read once and will likely never re-read again. It’s Batman vs. Jack the Ripper, it’s a cool concept that could’ve been a masterwork had it been given more attention. If you finish this and want something more in-depth (way, way, way more in-depth), I highly recommend you read Alan Moore’s From Hell.
SCORE: 8.5/10
About
Batman News is the premier source for all things Batman and DC.
Not affiliated with Warner Bros. or DC Comics.
Follow
| 2,123 |
278 | a tale of the batman gotham by gaslight | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/626604.A_Tale_of_the_Batman | Gotham by A Tale of the Batman
Book details & editions
About the author
Follow
Follow
Augustyn got his start in the industry in 1986 as an editor for Tru Studios' Trollords. He then edited Syphons and Speed Racer for NOW Comics in 1987. In 1988, he joined DC, starting out as a co-editor on Action Comics during its period as a weekly title.During the late 1980s and early 1990s Augustyn was an editor for DC Comics, where he edited The Flash, Justice League and the Impact Comics line of titles.Augustyn was recognized for his work in the industry with the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Editor in 1994.He served as the managing editor of Visionary Comics Studio.As editor of The Flash beginning in 1989, Augustyn brought in Mark Waid as writer in 1992, which led to an acclaimed eight-year run. Under Augustyn's stewardship, the Flash was brought out from the shadow of his predecessors and increased his powers dramatically. Other Augustyn-Waid editor-writer partnerships included The Comet (DC/Impact, 1992) and Impulse (DC, 1995–1996).Augustyn currently works as story editor for publisher Red Giant Entertainment and their Giant-Size Comics line of free print comic book titles which debuted on May 3, 2014 as part of Free Comic Book Day.[
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
The Year Is 1889.
Wealthy Gentleman Bruce Wayne has returned from his long and mysterious Europe trip after years of absence. He is a man with a mission, and the mission compels him to don the cape of the bat to fight the evils of the dark. Alas, Just like the bat, someone else has found his home in Gotham. Someone who had a spell of notoriety in London. Someone.... sinister.
Gotham by Gaslight is the very first elsewhere story published by DC, and it's been quoted as one of the best in the set. Penned by Brian Augustyn with art by Mike Mignola and P. Craig Russell, this 1989 Batman story is a fun ride, but the one-shot short format of the story didn't allow the plot to mature enough to be a classic. The identity of Jack was easily guessable, and the whole last act was not as good as expected.
This collection also features a second story, The Masters of the future (1991) with arts by Eduardo Barreto. This story also suffers because of the short length, but I really enjoyed the final reveal and the action.
Considering this was written over three decades ago, Gotham by Gaslight is a good collection for Batman fans looking for a unique tale!
Batman takes on Jack the Ripper.
The concept seems kind of old hat now, but in 1989 this was the Elseworld story (though it wasn't called that at the time) that started the Elseworld universe. DC was all like omg! people eat this shit up! and now we have all sorts of reimaginings to keep ourselves from getting bored.
Gotham by Gaslight still holds up as a fun, if predictable, story of Bruce Wayne in a Victorian setting. It's pretty easy to guess whodunnit, even if you don't understand why they dunnit until it's explained.
Master of the Future came out in 1991 and is set several years later in the same universe. Bruce has retired Batman, is engaged to be married, and is ready to settle down.
But Gotham needs a Batman.
And when a techno-terrorist demands that the mayor shut down Gotham's version of a World's Fair, Batman must ride to the rescue or risk this villain burning his city down.
Again, not a bad yarn. And as always, I'm a sucker for a love story getting thrown into the mix.
Mike Mignola is the artist for Gotham by Gaslight but (and I know this is sacrilege) I prefer Eduardo Barreto's art in Master of the Future.
Both are great, though.
48 likes
6 comments
15 likes
13 likes
2 comments
12 likes
12 likes
7 likes
5 likes
5 likes
Two parts. The first is much better, specially the parts drawn by Mike Mignola:
I guess it would have been much better if the villains in the first part and the second part were The Joker and Superman (respectively). It was very doable.
5 likes
4 likes
Get help and learn more about the design.
| 2,124 |
278 | a tale of the batman gotham by gaslight | https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/107159.Batman | 13,692 ratings612 reviews
Want to read
Shop this series
Rate this book
Presenting for the first time the adventures of the Victorian Era Batman in one 112-page edition! This volume includes the breakthrough Elseworlds specials Gotham by Gaslight and Master of the Future that pit the Dark Knight against Jack the Ripper and a death-dealer from the skies over Gotham!This edition collects the two one-shots: Gotham by Gaslight and Master of the Future.
Book details & editions
About the author
Follow
Follow
Augustyn got his start in the industry in 1986 as an editor for Tru Studios' Trollords. He then edited Syphons and Speed Racer for NOW Comics in 1987. In 1988, he joined DC, starting out as a co-editor on Action Comics during its period as a weekly title.During the late 1980s and early 1990s Augustyn was an editor for DC Comics, where he edited The Flash, Justice League and the Impact Comics line of titles.Augustyn was recognized for his work in the industry with the Wizard Fan Award for Favorite Editor in 1994.He served as the managing editor of Visionary Comics Studio.As editor of The Flash beginning in 1989, Augustyn brought in Mark Waid as writer in 1992, which led to an acclaimed eight-year run. Under Augustyn's stewardship, the Flash was brought out from the shadow of his predecessors and increased his powers dramatically. Other Augustyn-Waid editor-writer partnerships included The Comet (DC/Impact, 1992) and Impulse (DC, 1995–1996).Augustyn currently works as story editor for publisher Red Giant Entertainment and their Giant-Size Comics line of free print comic book titles which debuted on May 3, 2014 as part of Free Comic Book Day.[
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
The Year Is 1889.
Wealthy Gentleman Bruce Wayne has returned from his long and mysterious Europe trip after years of absence. He is a man with a mission, and the mission compels him to don the cape of the bat to fight the evils of the dark. Alas, Just like the bat, someone else has found his home in Gotham. Someone who had a spell of notoriety in London. Someone.... sinister.
Gotham by Gaslight is the very first elsewhere story published by DC, and it's been quoted as one of the best in the set. Penned by Brian Augustyn with art by Mike Mignola and P. Craig Russell, this 1989 Batman story is a fun ride, but the one-shot short format of the story didn't allow the plot to mature enough to be a classic. The identity of Jack was easily guessable, and the whole last act was not as good as expected.
This collection also features a second story, The Masters of the future (1991) with arts by Eduardo Barreto. This story also suffers because of the short length, but I really enjoyed the final reveal and the action.
Considering this was written over three decades ago, Gotham by Gaslight is a good collection for Batman fans looking for a unique tale!
Batman takes on Jack the Ripper.
The concept seems kind of old hat now, but in 1989 this was the Elseworld story (though it wasn't called that at the time) that started the Elseworld universe. DC was all like omg! people eat this shit up! and now we have all sorts of reimaginings to keep ourselves from getting bored.
Gotham by Gaslight still holds up as a fun, if predictable, story of Bruce Wayne in a Victorian setting. It's pretty easy to guess whodunnit, even if you don't understand why they dunnit until it's explained.
Master of the Future came out in 1991 and is set several years later in the same universe. Bruce has retired Batman, is engaged to be married, and is ready to settle down.
But Gotham needs a Batman.
And when a techno-terrorist demands that the mayor shut down Gotham's version of a World's Fair, Batman must ride to the rescue or risk this villain burning his city down.
Again, not a bad yarn. And as always, I'm a sucker for a love story getting thrown into the mix.
Mike Mignola is the artist for Gotham by Gaslight but (and I know this is sacrilege) I prefer Eduardo Barreto's art in Master of the Future.
Both are great, though.
48 likes
6 comments
15 likes
13 likes
2 comments
12 likes
12 likes
7 likes
5 likes
5 likes
Two parts. The first is much better, specially the parts drawn by Mike Mignola:
I guess it would have been much better if the villains in the first part and the second part were The Joker and Superman (respectively). It was very doable.
5 likes
4 likes
Get help and learn more about the design.
| 2,125 |
278 | a tale of the batman gotham by gaslight | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_by_Gaslight | Batman: Gotham by Gaslight
2018 animated film directed by Sam Liu
Batman: Gotham by Gaslight
Distributed by
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06) (Blu-ray)
Running time
Language
English
The film was released for a world premiere screening at the Newseum in Washington, D.C. during the "DC in D.C." event on January 12, 2018 [4] and then for digital download on January 23, 2018 before coming out on DVD and Blu-ray on February 6. [5] Batman: Gotham by Gaslight was the last film to be released in Benjamin Melniker 's lifetime, a longtime DC film producer who died a month later at the age of 104. [6] [7]
In Victorian-era Gotham City , Batman saves a wealthy couple from being robbed by three orphans ( Dickie , Jason and Timmy ) and defeats their abusive handler, Big Bill Dust. At the same time, Ivy , an orphan turned exotic dancer and prostitute , becomes the newest victim of Jack the Ripper , the serial killer who preys on Gotham's poor and destitute women. Citizens of Gotham believe the Batman and Jack to be the same man. Selina Kyle , a famed local actress, berates Gotham Police Commissioner James Gordon and Chief of Police Harvey "Bulldog" Bullock for their failure to stop the Ripper murders.
At the Monarch Theatre with his friend, District Attorney Harvey Dent , Bruce meets Selina and the two bond at the exclusive Dionysus Club. Bruce realizes that not only were the two of them raised by Sister Leslie , but that some of the murdered girls were orphans formerly under Leslie's care. Bruce realizes that the Ripper will target Leslie and rushes to save her but is too late. At the crime scene, Bruce finds a bloody Dionysus Club pin, meaning the Ripper has to be one of Gotham's wealthy. At Sister Leslie's funeral, Bruce is met by psychiatrist Hugo Strange , claiming he knows the killer and wants to meet with Batman. Bruce also is met by Marlene, a drunken old woman who claims she saw him sneaking around when Sister Leslie was killed.
At Arkham Asylum , the Ripper ambushes Strange and throws him to his own frenzied patients, who tear him apart. While in pursuit of the Ripper, Batman is himself chased by police, only to be saved by a costumed Selina. After seeing Batman is Bruce, she takes him to her home, where they spend the night.
After Marlene is found dead, Bruce is arrested, and Dent, jealous of Selina's affection, prosecutes him as the Ripper. Sentenced to Blackgate Penitentiary following the trial, Bruce is met by Selina, who urges him to reveal he is Batman to clear his name and help save the girls from Jack. When he refuses, she decides to tell Gordon herself. Bribing a guard to deliver a coded message to his manor, Bruce escapes after staging a prison fight.
Selina meets with Gordon at the Gotham City World's Fair and learns to her horror that he is the Ripper. While seeking Selina at Gordon's home, Batman learns this as well. Gordon injects Selina with a sleeping aid, but she remains conscious long enough to give Batman a signal using her blood on a searchlight. Batman arrives and fights Gordon into a Ferris wheel where Gordon, driven insane by his time in the Civil War , reveals his "holy work" is to rid Gotham from what he sees as human filth. The Ferris wheel lights on fire in the struggle and begins to collapse: Batman defeats Gordon, who chooses to commit suicide . Batman and Selina are saved by Alfred and the orphans, who are now Bruce Wayne's wards.
Voice cast
Producer Bruce Timm has pointed to the 1944 film The Lodger and Erik Larson 's book The Devil in the White City as influences on the film. [10] He also cited a dream sequence in a particular episode of the 1960s television show Gilligan's Island in which the characters of the show took on well-known roles from Victorian-era British fiction. "There was a Victorian one where the Professor was Sherlock Holmes and Skipper was Doctor Watson and Mary Anne was Eliza Doolittle and Gilligan himself was Jekyll and Hyde . So, this is kind of the same kind of idea. You take those characters that you know and you put them in different spots in this different world and see what happens. That was a lot of fun... ...It's a little glimpse into that Victorian Gotham and then expand that and put as many of Batman's stock players in it in roles you recognize... ...You know, who's gonna be Lestrade ? And who's gonna be Watson? And who is gonna be Irene Adler ?" [11]
Writer Jim Kreig spoke of the influence of the Sherlock Holmes stories, both as written by Arthur Conan Doyle , and as written by others : "I grew up as a Holmes fan and my dad read it to me, and I read it to my kids. But I didn't want to get any of it wrong and I didn't want to leave any Sherlockian stone unturned. I made the Baker Street Irregulars into Robins . I tried to do as much as I could... ...There's actually a considerable amount of British literature that are about Sherlock Holmes versus Jack the Ripper... ...There are about 15 books. I maybe read five of them." He noted the 1965 film A Study in Terror as a favorite of his. [11] Timm, Krieg, and director Sam Liu had discussed including the Sherlock Holmes character in the film adaptation, but eventually opted to pay homage to that character with references to aspects of the Holmes canon. [12]
Will Romine at Bleeding Cool gave the film 9/10. [14]
Joshua Yehl at IGN gave the film 6.5/10. [15]
Kayti Burt at Den of Geek gave the film 2.5/5, praising the voice cast, and describing it as "an R-rated whodunnit horror with a twist..." and that "[i]t's not as clever as it thinks it is, but it's clever enough." [16]
On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 75%, based on reviews from 12 critics, with an average rating of 6.6/10 [17]
Sales figures
"Batman: Gotham by Gaslight" . Amazon. February 6, 2018. Archived from the original on January 27, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
Lovett, Jamie (July 8, 2017). "DC Animation's Next Movie Revealed" . Comic Book. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
Burt, Kaytl (January 23, 2018). "Batman: Gotham by Gaslight Review" . Den of Geek. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
Video games
Batman: Gotham by Gaslight
| 2,126 |
279 | who is considered the first great modern architect | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture | Modern architecture
53 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
20th century movement and style
This article is about modern movement architecture. For architecture in the present day, see contemporary architecture .
Modern architecture
Location
International
Modern architecture, also called modernist architecture, was an architectural movement and style that was prominent in the 20th century, between the earlier Art Deco and later postmodern movements. Modern architecture was based upon new and innovative technologies of construction (particularly the use of glass , steel , and concrete ); the principle functionalism (i.e. that form should follow function ); an embrace of minimalism ; and a rejection of ornament . [1]
According to Le Corbusier , the roots of the movement were to be found in the works of Eugène Viollet le duc , [2] while Mies van der Rohe was heavily inspired by Karl Friedrich Schinkel . [3] [4] The movement emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II until the 1980s, when it was gradually replaced as the principal style for institutional and corporate buildings by postmodern architecture . [5]
Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new.
The revolution in materials came first, with the use of cast iron , drywall , plate glass , and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The cast plate glass process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal curtain wall . These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney [6] and based on the works of Viollet le Duc.
French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. [7] In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris. [7] A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha Otis , first demonstrated at the New York Crystal Palace exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical. [8] Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century. [9]
The Berlin Bauakademie , by Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1832–36), is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its hithertofore relatively streamlined façade of the building
The first house built of reinforced concrete, designed by François Coignet (1853) in Saint-Denis near Paris
The Eiffel Tower being constructed (August 1887–89)
The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in the late 19th century, most notably eclecticism , Victorian and Edwardian architecture , and the Beaux-Arts architectural style . [10] This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc . In his 1872 book Entretiens sur L'Architecture, he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate a new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament." [11] This book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan , Victor Horta , Hector Guimard , and Antoni Gaudí . [12]
Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)
The Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris by Auguste Perret (1911–1913)
Stepped concrete apartment building in Paris by Henri Sauvage (1912–1914)
The Ginsburg skyscraper in Kyiv (1910–1912) by Adolf Minkus and Fyodor Troupianskyi, Europe's tallest building by roof height before 1925.
At the end of the 19th century, a few architects began to challenge the traditional Beaux Arts and Neoclassical styles that dominated architecture in Europe and the United States. The Glasgow School of Art (1896–99) designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh , had a façade dominated by large vertical bays of windows. [13] The Art Nouveau style was launched in the 1890s by Victor Horta in Belgium and Hector Guimard in France; it introduced new styles of decoration, based on vegetal and floral forms. In Barcelona, Antonio Gaudi conceived architecture as a form of sculpture; the façade of the Casa Batlló in Barcelona (1904–1907) had no straight lines; it was encrusted with colorful mosaics of stone and ceramic tiles. [14]
Architects also began to experiment with new materials and techniques, which gave them greater freedom to create new forms. In 1903–1904 in Paris Auguste Perret and Henri Sauvage began to use reinforced concrete , previously only used for industrial structures, to build apartment buildings. [15] Reinforced concrete, which could be molded into any shape, and which could create enormous spaces without the need of supporting pillars, replaced stone and brick as the primary material for modernist architects. The first concrete apartment buildings by Perret and Sauvage were covered with ceramic tiles, but in 1905 Perret built the first concrete parking garage on 51 rue de Ponthieu in Paris; here the concrete was left bare, and the space between the concrete was filled with glass windows. Henri Sauvage added another construction innovation in an apartment building on Rue Vavin in Paris (1912–1914); the reinforced concrete building was in steps, with each floor set back from the floor below, creating a series of terraces. Between 1910 and 1913, Auguste Perret built the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées , a masterpiece of reinforced concrete construction, with Art Deco sculptural bas-reliefs on the façade by Antoine Bourdelle . Because of the concrete construction, no columns blocked the spectator's view of the stage. [16]
Otto Wagner , in Vienna, was another pioneer of the new style. In his book Moderne Architektur (1895) he had called for a more rationalist style of architecture, based on "modern life". [17] He designed a stylized ornamental metro station at Karlsplatz in Vienna (1888–89), then an ornamental Art Nouveau residence, Majolika House (1898), before moving to a much more geometric and simplified style, without ornament, in the Austrian Postal Savings Bank (1904–1906). Wagner declared his intention to express the function of the building in its exterior. The reinforced concrete exterior was covered with plaques of marble attached with bolts of polished aluminum. The interior was purely functional and spare, a large open space of steel, glass, and concrete where the only decoration was the structure itself. [18]
The Viennese architect Adolf Loos also began removing any ornament from his buildings. His Steiner House , in Vienna (1910), was an example of what he called rationalist architecture ; it had a simple stucco rectangular façade with square windows and no ornament. The fame of the new movement, which became known as the Vienna Secession spread beyond Austria. Josef Hoffmann , a student of Wagner, constructed a landmark of early modernist architecture, the Stoclet Palace , in Brussels, in 1906–1911. This residence, built of brick covered with Norwegian marble, was composed of geometric blocks, wings, and a tower. A large pool in front of the house reflected its cubic forms. The interior was decorated with paintings by Gustav Klimt and other artists, and the architect even designed clothing for the family to match the architecture. [19]
In Germany, a modernist industrial movement, Deutscher Werkbund (German Work Federation) had been created in Munich in 1907 by Hermann Muthesius , a prominent architectural commentator. Its goal was to bring together designers and industrialists, to turn out well-designed, high-quality products, and in the process to invent a new type of architecture. [20] The organization originally included twelve architects and twelve business firms, but quickly expanded. The architects include Peter Behrens , Theodor Fischer (who served as its first president), Josef Hoffmann and Richard Riemerschmid . [21] In 1909 Behrens designed one of the earliest and most influential industrial buildings in the modernist style, the AEG turbine factory , a functional monument of steel and concrete. In 1911–1913, Adolf Meyer and Walter Gropius , who had both worked for Behrens, built another revolutionary industrial plant, the Fagus Factory in Alfeld an der Laine, a building without ornament where every construction element was on display. The Werkbund organized a major exposition of modernist design in Cologne just a few weeks before the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. For the 1914 Cologne exhibition, Bruno Taut built a revolutionary glass pavilion. [22]
Early American modernism (1890s–1914)
Frank Lloyd Wright was a highly original and independent American architect who refused to be categorized in any one architectural movement. Like Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , he had no formal architectural training. From 1887 to 1893 he worked in the Chicago office of Louis Sullivan , who pioneered the first tall steel-frame office buildings in Chicago, and who famously stated " form follows function ". [23] Wright set out to break all the traditional rules. He was particularly famous for his Prairie Houses , including the Winslow House in River Forest, Illinois (1893–94); Arthur Heurtley House (1902) and Robie House (1909); sprawling, geometric residences without decoration, with strong horizontal lines which seemed to grow out of the earth, and which echoed the wide flat spaces of the American prairie. His Larkin Building (1904–1906) in Buffalo, New York , Unity Temple (1905) in Oak Park, Illinois and Unity Temple had highly original forms and no connection with historical precedents. [24]
Early skyscrapers
The Flatiron Building in New York City (1903)
At the end of the 19th century, the first skyscrapers began to appear in the United States. They were a response to the shortage of land and high cost of real estate in the center of the fast-growing American cities, and the availability of new technologies, including fireproof steel frames and improvements in the safety elevator invented by Elisha Otis in 1852. The first steel-framed "skyscraper", The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, was ten stories high. It was designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1883, and was briefly the tallest building in the world. Louis Sullivan built another monumental new structure, the Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building , in the heart of Chicago in 1904–1906. While these buildings were revolutionary in their steel frames and height, their decoration was borrowed from Neo-Renaissance , Neo-Gothic and Beaux-Arts architecture . The Woolworth Building , designed by Cass Gilbert , was completed in 1912, and was the tallest building in the world until the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1929. The structure was purely modern, but its exterior was decorated with Neo-Gothic ornament, complete with decorative buttresses, arches and spires, which caused it to be nicknamed the "Cathedral of Commerce". [25]
Rise of modernism in Europe and Russia (1918–1931)
International Style (1920s–1970s)
Corbusier Haus in Weissenhof Estate , Stuttgart, Germany (1927)
Citrohan Haus in Weissenhof Estate , Stuttgart, Germany by Le Corbusier (1927)
The Villa Savoye in Poissy by Le Corbusier (1928–31)
The Villa Noailles in Hyères by Robert Mallet-Stevens (1923)
Hôtel Martel rue Mallet-Stevens, by Robert Mallet-Stevens (1926–1927)
The dominant figure in the rise of modernism in France was Charles-Édouard Jeanerette, a Swiss-French architect who in 1920 took the name Le Corbusier . In 1920 he co-founded a journal called 'L'Espirit Nouveau and energetically promoted architecture that was functional, pure, and free of any decoration or historical associations. He was also a passionate advocate of a new urbanism, based on planned cities. In 1922 he presented a design of a city for three million people, whose inhabitants lived in identical sixty-story tall skyscrapers surrounded by open parkland. He designed modular houses, which would be mass-produced on the same plan and assembled into apartment blocks, neighborhoods, and cities. In 1923 he published "Toward an Architecture", with his famous slogan, "a house is a machine for living in." [26] He tirelessly promoted his ideas through slogans, articles, books, conferences, and participation in Expositions.
To illustrate his ideas, in the 1920s he built a series of houses and villas in and around Paris. They were all built according to a common system, based upon the use of reinforced concrete, and of reinforced concrete pylons in the interior which supported the structure, allowing glass curtain walls on the façade and open floor plans, independent of the structure. They were always white, and had no ornament or decoration on the outside or inside. The best-known of these houses was the Villa Savoye , built in 1928–1931 in the Paris suburb of Poissy . An elegant white box wrapped with a ribbon of glass windows around on the façade, with living space that opened upon an interior garden and countryside around, raised up by a row of white pylons in the center of a large lawn, it became an icon of modernist architecture. [27]
Bauhaus and the German Werkbund (1919–1933)
In Germany, two important modernist movements appeared after the first World War, The Bauhaus was a school founded in Weimar in 1919 under the direction of Walter Gropius . Gropius was the son of the official state architect of Berlin, who studied before the war with Peter Behrens , and designed the modernist Fagus turbine factory. The Bauhaus was a fusion of the prewar Academy of Arts and the school of technology. In 1926 it was transferred from Weimar to Dessau; Gropius designed the new school and student dormitories in the new, purely functional modernist style he was encouraging. The school brought together modernists in all fields; the faculty included the modernist painters Vasily Kandinsky , Joseph Albers and Paul Klee , and the designer Marcel Breuer .
Gropius became an important theorist of modernism, writing The Idea and Construction in 1923. He was an advocate of standardization in architecture, and the mass construction of rationally designed apartment blocks for factory workers. In 1928 he was commissioned by the Siemens company to build apartment for workers in the suburbs of Berlin, and in 1929 he proposed the construction of clusters of slender eight- to ten-story high-rise apartment towers for workers.
While Gropius was active at the Bauhaus, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe led the modernist architectural movement in Berlin. Inspired by the De Stijl movement in the Netherlands, he built clusters of concrete summer houses and proposed a project for a glass office tower. He became the vice president of the German Werkbund, and became the head of the Bauhaus from 1930 to 1933. proposing a wide variety of modernist plans for urban reconstruction. His most famous modernist work was the German pavilion for the 1929 international exposition in Barcelona. It was a work of pure modernism, with glass and concrete walls and clean, horizontal lines. Though it was only a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930, it became, along with Le Corbusier's Villa Savoye , one of the best-known landmarks of modernist architecture. A reconstructed version now stands on the original site in Barcelona. [28]
When the Nazis came to power in Germany, they viewed the Bauhaus as a training ground for communists, and closed the school in 1933. Gropius left Germany and went to England, then to the United States, where he and Marcel Breuer both joined the faculty of the Harvard Graduate School of Design , and became the teachers of a generation of American postwar architects. In 1937 Mies van der Rohe also moved to the United States; he became one of the most famous designers of postwar American skyscrapers. [28]
Expressionist architecture (1918–1931)
Foyer of the Großes Schauspielhaus, or Great Theater, in Berlin by Hans Poelzig (1919)
The Mossehaus in Berlin by Erich Mendelsohn , an early example of streamline moderne (1921–23)
Expressionism , which appeared in Germany between 1910 and 1925, was a counter-movement against the strictly functional architecture of the Bauhaus and Werkbund. Its advocates, including Bruno Taut , Hans Poelzig , Fritz Hoger and Erich Mendelsohn , wanted to create architecture that was poetic, expressive, and optimistic. Many expressionist architects had fought in World War I and their experiences, combined with the political turmoil and social upheaval that followed the German Revolution of 1919, resulted in a utopian outlook and a romantic socialist agenda. [29] Economic conditions severely limited the number of built commissions between 1914 and the mid-1920s, [30] As result, many of the most innovative expressionist projects, including Bruno Taut 's Alpine Architecture and Hermann Finsterlin 's Formspiels, remained on paper. Scenography for theatre and films provided another outlet for the expressionist imagination, [31] and provided supplemental incomes for designers attempting to challenge conventions in a harsh economic climate. A particular type, using bricks to create its forms (rather than concrete) is known as Brick Expressionism .
Erich Mendelsohn , (who disliked the term Expressionism for his work) began his career designing churches, silos, and factories which were highly imaginative, but, for lack of resources, were never built. In 1920, he finally was able to construct one of his works in the city of Potsdam; an observatory and research center called the Einsteinium , named in tribute to Albert Einstein . It was supposed to be built of reinforced concrete, but because of technical problems it was finally built of traditional materials covered with plaster. His sculptural form, very different from the austere rectangular forms of the Bauhaus, first won him commissions to build movie theaters and retail stores in Stuttgart, Nuremberg, and Berlin. His Mossehaus in Berlin was an early model for the streamline moderne style. His Columbushaus on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin (1931) was a prototype for the modernist office buildings that followed. (It was torn down in 1957, because it stood in the zone between East and West Berlin, where the Berlin Wall was constructed.) Following the rise of the Nazis to power, he moved to England (1933), then to the United States (1941). [32]
Fritz Höger was another notable Expressionist architect of the period. His Chilehaus was built as the headquarters of a shipping company, and was modeled after a giant steamship, a triangular building with a sharply pointed bow. It was constructed of dark brick, and used external piers to express its vertical structure. Its external decoration borrowed from Gothic cathedrals, as did its internal arcades. Hans Poelzig was another notable expressionist architect. In 1919 he built the Großes Schauspielhaus , an immense theater in Berlin, seating five thousand spectators for theater impresario Max Reinhardt . It featured elongated shapes like stalagmites hanging down from its gigantic dome, and lights on massive columns in its foyer. He also constructed the IG Farben building , a massive corporate headquarters, now the main building of Goethe University in Frankfurt. Bruno Taut specialized in building large-scale apartment complexes for working-class Berliners. He built twelve thousand individual units, sometimes in buildings with unusual shapes, such as a giant horseshoe. Unlike most other modernists, he used bright exterior colors to give his buildings more life The use of dark brick in the German projects gave that particular style a name, Brick Expressionism . [33]
The Austrian philosopher, architect, and social critic Rudolf Steiner also departed as far as possible from traditional architectural forms. His Second Goetheanum , built from 1926 near Basel , Switzerland and Mendelsohn 's Einsteinturm in Potsdam, Germany, were based on no traditional models and had entirely original shapes.
Constructivist architecture (1919–1931)
Model of the Tower for the Third International, by Vladimir Tatlin (1919)
The USSR Pavilion at the 1925 Paris Exposition of Decorative Arts, by Konstantin Melnikov (1925)
Rusakov Workers' Club, Moscow, by Konstantin Melnikov (1928)
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian avant-garde artists and architects began searching for a new Soviet style which could replace traditional neoclassicism. The new architectural movements were closely tied with the literary and artistic movements of the period, the futurism of poet Vladimir Mayakovskiy , the Suprematism of painter Kasimir Malevich , and the colorful Rayonism of painter Mikhail Larionov . The most startling design that emerged was the tower proposed by painter and sculptor Vladimir Tatlin for the Moscow meeting of the Third Communist International in 1920: he proposed two interlaced towers of metal four hundred meters high, with four geometric volumes suspended from cables. The movement of Russian Constructivist architecture was launched in 1921 by a group of artists led by Aleksandr Rodchenko . Their manifesto proclaimed that their goal was to find the "communist expression of material structures". Soviet architects began to construct workers' clubs, communal apartment houses, and communal kitchens for feeding whole neighborhoods. [34]
One of the first prominent constructivist architects to emerge in Moscow was Konstantin Melnikov , the number of working clubs – including Rusakov Workers' Club (1928) – and his own living house, Melnikov House (1929) near Arbat Street in Moscow. Melnikov traveled to Paris in 1925 where he built the Soviet Pavilion for the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in Paris in 1925; it was a highly geometric vertical construction of glass and steel crossed by a diagonal stairway, and crowned with a hammer and sickle. The leading group of constructivist architects, led by Vesnin brothers and Moisei Ginzburg , was publishing the 'Contemporary Architecture' journal. This group created several major constructivist projects in the wake of the First Five Year Plan – including colossal Dnieper Hydroelectric Station (1932) – and made an attempt to start the standardization of living blocks with Ginzburg's Narkomfin building . A number of architects from the pre-Soviet period also took up the constructivist style. The most famous example was Lenin's Mausoleum in Moscow (1924), by Alexey Shchusev (1924) [35]
The main centers of constructivist architecture were Moscow and Leningrad; however, during the industrialization many constructivist buildings were erected in provincial cities. The regional industrial centers, including Ekaterinburg , Kharkiv or Ivanovo , were rebuilt in the constructivist manner; some cities, like Magnitogorsk or Zaporizhzhia , were constructed anew (the so-called socgorod, or 'socialist city').
The style fell markedly out of favor in the 1930s, replaced by the more grandiose nationalist styles that Stalin favored. Constructivist architects and even Le Corbusier projects for the new Palace of the Soviets from 1931 to 1933, but the winner was an early Stalinist building in the style termed Postconstructivism . The last major Russian constructivist building, by Boris Iofan , was built for the Paris World Exhibition (1937), where it faced the pavilion of Nazi Germany by Hitler's architect Albert Speer . [36]
New Objectivity (1920–1933)
The New Objectivity (in German Neue Sachlichkeit, sometimes also translated as New Sobriety) is a name often given to the Modern architecture that emerged in Europe, primarily German-speaking Europe, in the 1920s and 30s. It is also frequently called Neues Bauen (New Building). The New Objectivity took place in many German cities in that period, for example in Frankfurt with its Neues Frankfurt project.
Modernism becomes a movement: CIAM (1928)
Art Deco
The Art Deco architectural style (called Style Moderne in France), was modern, but it was not modernist; it had many features of modernism, including the use of reinforced concrete, glass, steel, chrome, and it rejected traditional historical models, such as the Beaux-Arts style and Neo-classicism ; but, unlike the modernist styles of Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe, it made lavish use of decoration and color. It reveled in the symbols of modernity; lightning flashes, sunrises, and zig-zags. Art Deco had begun in France before World War I and spread through Europe; in the 1920s and 1930s it became a highly popular style in the United States, South America, India, China, Australia, and Japan. In Europe, Art Deco was particularly popular for department stores and movie theaters. The style reached its peak in Europe at the International Exhibition of Modern Decorative and Industrial Arts in 1925, which featured art deco pavilions and decoration from twenty countries. Only two pavilions were purely modernist; the Esprit Nouveau pavilion of Le Corbusier, which represented his idea for a mass-produced housing unit, and the pavilion of the USSR, by Konstantin Melnikov in a flamboyantly futurist style. [38]
American Art Deco; the skyscraper style (1919–1939)
Crown of the General Electric Building (also known as 570 Lexington Avenue) by Cross & Cross (1933)
In the late 1920s and early 1930s, an exuberant American variant of Art Deco appeared in the Chrysler Building , Empire State Building and Rockefeller Center in New York City, and Guardian Building in Detroit. The first skyscrapers in Chicago and New York had been designed in a neo-gothic or neoclassical style, but these buildings were very different; they combined modern materials and technology (stainless steel, concrete, aluminum, chrome-plated steel) with Art Deco geometry; stylized zig-zags, lightning flashes, fountains, sunrises, and, at the top of the Chrysler building, Art Deco "gargoyles" in the form of stainless steel radiator ornaments. The interiors of these new buildings, sometimes termed Cathedrals of Commerce", were lavishly decorated in bright contrasting colors, with geometric patterns variously influenced by Egyptian and Mayan pyramids, African textile patterns, and European cathedrals, Frank Lloyd Wright himself experimented with Mayan Revival , in the concrete cube-based Ennis House of 1924 in Los Angeles. The style appeared in the late 1920s and 1930s in all major American cities. The style was used most often in office buildings, but it also appeared in the enormous movie palaces that were built in large cities when sound films were introduced. [40]
Streamline style and Public Works Administration (1933–1939)
The beginning of the Great Depression in 1929 brought an end to lavishly decorated Art Deco architecture and a temporary halt to the construction of new skyscrapers. It also brought in a new style, called " Streamline Moderne " or sometimes just Streamline. This style, sometimes modeled after for the form of ocean liners, featured rounded corners, strong horizontal lines, and often nautical features, such as superstructures and steel railings. It was associated with modernity and especially with transportation; the style was often used for new airport terminals, train and bus stations, and for gas stations and diners built along the growing American highway system. In the 1930s the style was used not only in buildings, but in railroad locomotives, and even refrigerators and vacuum cleaners. It both borrowed from industrial design and influenced it. [41]
In the United States, the Great Depression led to a new style for government buildings, sometimes called PWA Moderne , for the Public Works Administration , which launched gigantic construction programs in the U.S. to stimulate employment. It was essentially classical architecture stripped of ornament, and was employed in state and federal buildings, from post offices to the largest office building in the world at that time, Pentagon (1941–43), begun just before the United States entered the Second World War. [42]
American modernism (1919–1939)
Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright (1928–34)
During the 1920s and 1930s, Frank Lloyd Wright resolutely refused to associate himself with any architectural movements. He considered his architecture to be entirely unique and his own. Between 1916 and 1922, he broke away from his earlier prairie house style and worked instead on houses decorated with textured blocks of cement; this became known as his "Mayan style", after the pyramids of the ancient Mayan civilization. He experimented for a time with modular mass-produced housing. He identified his architecture as "Usonian", a combination of USA, "utopian" and "organic social order". His business was severely affected by the beginning of the Great Depression that began in 1929; he had fewer wealthy clients who wanted to experiment. Between 1928 and 1935, he built only two buildings: a hotel near Chandler, Arizona , and the most famous of all his residences, Fallingwater (1934–37), a vacation house in Pennsylvania for Edgar J. Kaufman. Fallingwater is a remarkable structure of concrete slabs suspended over a waterfall, perfectly uniting architecture and nature. [43]
The Austrian architect Rudolph Schindler designed what could be called the first house in the modern style in 1922, the Schindler house.
Schindler also contributed to American modernism with his design for the Lovell Beach House in Newport Beach . The Austrian architect Richard Neutra moved to the United States in 1923, worked for a short time with Frank Lloyd Wright, also quickly became a force in American architecture through his modernist design for the same client, the Lovell Health House in Los Angeles. Neutra's most notable architectural work was the Kaufmann Desert House in 1946, and he designed hundreds of further projects. [44]
Paris International Exposition of 1937 and the architecture of dictators
The Pavilion of Nazi Germany (left) faced the Pavilion of the Soviet Union (right) at the 1937 Paris Exposition.
Reconstruction of the Pavilion of the Second Spanish Republic by Josep Lluis Sert (1937) displayed Picasso's painting Guernica (1937)
The Zeppelinfield stadium in Nuremberg , Germany (1934), built by Albert Speer for Nazi Party rallies
The Casa del Fascio (House of Fascism) in Como, Italy, by Giuseppe Terragni (1932–1936)
The 1937 Paris International Exposition in Paris effectively marked the end of the Art Deco, and of pre-war architectural styles. Most of the pavilions were in a neoclassical Deco style, with colonnades and sculptural decoration. The pavilions of Nazi Germany, designed by Albert Speer , in a German neoclassical style topped by eagle and swastika, faced the pavilion of the Soviet Union, topped by enormous statues of a worker and a peasant carrying a hammer and sickle. As to the modernists, Le Corbusier was practically, but not quite invisible at the Exposition; he participated in the Pavilion des temps nouveaux, but focused mainly on his painting. [45] The one modernist who did attract attention was a collaborator of Le Corbusier, Josep Lluis Sert , the Spanish architect, whose pavilion of the Second Spanish Republic was pure modernist glass and steel box. Inside it displayed the most modernist work of the Exposition, the painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso . The original building was destroyed after the Exposition, but it was recreated in 1992 in Barcelona.
The rise of nationalism in the 1930s was reflected in the Fascist architecture of Italy, and Nazi architecture of Germany, based on classical styles and designed to express power and grandeur. The Nazi architecture, much of it designed by Albert Speer , was intended to awe the spectators by its huge scale. Adolf Hitler intended to turn Berlin into the capital of Europe, grander than Rome or Paris. The Nazis closed the Bauhaus, and the most prominent modern architects soon departed for Britain or the United States. In Italy, Benito Mussolini wished to present himself as the heir to the glory and empire of ancient Rome. [46] Mussolini's government was not as hostile to modernism as The Nazis; the spirit of Italian Rationalism of the 1920s continued, with the work of architect Giuseppe Terragni . His Casa del Fascio in Como, headquarters of the local Fascist party, was a perfectly modernist building, with geometric proportions (33.2 meters long by 16.6 meters high), a clean façade of marble, and a Renaissance-inspired interior courtyard. Opposed to Terragni was Marcello Piacitini, a proponent of monumental fascist architecture, who rebuilt the University of Rome, and designed the Italian pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exposition, and planned a grand reconstruction of Rome on the fascist model. [47]
New York World's Fair (1939)
Pavilion of the Ford Motor Company, in the Streamline Moderne style
The RCA Pavilion featured early public television broadcasts
Living room of the House of Glass, showing what future homes would look like
The 1939 New York World's Fair marked a turning point in architecture between Art Deco and modern architecture. The theme of the Fair was the World of Tomorrow, and its symbols were the purely geometric trylon and periphery sculpture. It had many monuments to Art Deco, such as the Ford Pavilion in the Streamline Moderne style, but also included the new International Style that would replace Art Deco as the dominant style after the War. The Pavilions of Finland, by Alvar Aalto , of Sweden by Sven Markelius , and of Brazil by Oscar Niemeyer and Lúcio Costa , looked forward to a new style. They became leaders in the postwar modernist movement. [48]
World War II: wartime innovation and postwar reconstruction (1939–1945)
The center of Le Havre destroyed by bombing in 1944
Quonset hut en route to Japan (1945)
World War II (1939–1945) and its aftermath was a major factor in driving innovation in building technology, and in turn, architectural possibilities. [42] [49] The wartime industrial demands resulted in shortages of steel and other building materials, leading to the adoption of new materials, such as aluminum, The war and postwar period brought greatly expanded use of prefabricated building ; largely for the military and government. The semi-circular metal Nissen hut of World War I was revived as the Quonset hut . The years immediately after the war saw the development of radical experimental houses, including the enameled-steel Lustron house (1947–1950), and Buckminster Fuller's experimental aluminum Dymaxion House . [49] [50]
The unprecedented destruction caused by the war was another factor in the rise of modern architecture. Large parts of major cities, from Berlin, Tokyo, and Dresden to Rotterdam and east London; all the port cities of France, particularly Le Havre , Brest, Marseille, Cherbourg had been destroyed by bombing. In the United States, little civilian construction had been done since the 1920s; housing was needed for millions of American soldiers returning from the war. The postwar housing shortages in Europe and the United States led to the design and construction of enormous government-financed housing projects, usually in run-down center of American cities, and in the suburbs of Paris and other European cities, where land was available,
One of the largest reconstruction projects was that of the city center of Le Havre, destroyed by the Germans and by Allied bombing in 1944; 133 hectares of buildings in the center were flattened, destroying 12,500 buildings and leaving 40,000 persons homeless. The architect Auguste Perret , a pioneer in the use of reinforced concrete and prefabricated materials, designed and built an entirely new center to the city, with apartment blocks, cultural, commercial, and government buildings. He restored historic monuments when possible, and built a new church, St. Joseph, with a lighthouse-like tower in the center to inspire hope. His rebuilt city was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2005. [51]
Le Corbusier and the Cité Radieuse (1947–1952)
Shortly after the War, the French architect Le Corbusier , who was nearly sixty years old and had not constructed a building in ten years, was commissioned by the French government to construct a new apartment block in Marseille . He called it Unité d'Habitation in Marseille, but it more popularly took the name of the Cité Radieuse (and later "Cité du Fada" "City of the crazy one" in Marseille French), after his book about futuristic urban planning. Following his doctrines of design, the building had a concrete frame raised up above the street on pylons. It contained 337 duplex apartment units, fit into the framework like pieces of a puzzle. Each unit had two levels and a small terrace. Interior "streets" had shops, a nursery school, and other serves, and the flat terrace roof had a running track, ventilation ducts, and a small theater. Le Corbusier designed furniture, carpets, and lamps to go with the building, all purely functional; the only decoration was a choice of interior colors that Le Corbusier gave to residents. Unité d'Habitation became a prototype for similar buildings in other cities, both in France and Germany. Combined with his equally radical organic design for the Chapel of Notre-Dame du-Haut at Ronchamp , this work propelled Corbusier in the first rank of postwar modern architects. [52]
Team X and the 1953 International Congress of Modern Architecture
At the 1953 Congrès Internationaux d'Architecture Moderne (CIAM), ATBAT-Afrique —the Africa branch of Atelier des Bâtisseurs founded in 1947 by figures including Le Corbusier , Vladimir Bodiansky , and André Wogenscky —prepared a study of Casablanca's bidonvilles entitled "Habitat for the Greatest Number". [55] The presenters, Georges Candilis and Michel Ecochard , argued—against doctrine—that architects must consider local culture and climate in their designs. [56] [53] [57] This generated great debate among modernist architects around the world and eventually provoked a schism and the creation of Team 10 . [56] [58] [59] Ecochard's 8x8 meter model at Carrières Centrales earned him recognition as a pioneer in the architecture of collective housing , [60] [61] though his Moroccan colleague Elie Azagury was critical of him for serving as a tool of the French colonial regime and for ignoring the economic and social necessity that Moroccans live in higher density vertical housing. [62]
Late modernist architecture
Late modernist architecture is generally understood to include buildings designed (1968–1980) with exceptions. Modernist architecture includes the buildings designed between 1945 and the 1960s. The late modernist style is characterized by bold shapes and sharp corners, slightly more defined than Brutalist architecture . [63]
Postwar modernism in the United States (1945–1985)
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Guggenheim Museum
Frank Lloyd Wright was eighty years old in 1947; he had been present at the beginning of American modernism, and though he refused to accept that he belonged to any movement, continued to play a leading role almost to its end. One of his most original late projects was the campus of Florida Southern College in Lakeland, Florida , begun in 1941 and completed in 1943. He designed nine new buildings in a style that he described as "The Child of the Sun ". He wrote that he wanted the campus to "grow out of the ground and into the light, a child of the sun".
He completed several notable projects in the 1940s, including the Johnson Wax Headquarters and the Price Tower in Bartlesville , Oklahoma (1956). The building is unusual that it is supported by its central core of four elevator shafts; the rest of the building is cantilevered to this core, like the branches of a tree. Wright originally planned the structure for an apartment building in New York City. That project was cancelled because of the Great Depression , and he adapted the design for an oil pipeline and equipment company in Oklahoma. He wrote that in New York City his building would have been lost in a forest of tall buildings, but that in Oklahoma it stood alone. The design is asymmetrical; each side is different.
In 1943 he was commissioned by the art collector Solomon R. Guggenheim to design a museum for his collection of modern art. His design was entirely original; a bowl-shaped building with a spiral ramp inside that led museum visitors on an upward tour of the art of the 20th century. Work began in 1946 but it was not completed until 1959, the year that he died. [48]
Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer
Walter Gropius , the founder of the Bauhaus , moved to England in 1934 and spent three years there before being invited to the United States by Walter Hudnut of the Harvard Graduate School of Design ; Gropius became the head of the architecture faculty. Marcel Breuer , who had worked with him at the Bauhaus, joined him and opened an office in Cambridge. The fame of Gropius and Breuer attracted many students, who themselves became famous architects, including Ieoh Ming Pei and Philip Johnson . They did not receive an important commission until 1941, when they designed housing for workers in Kensington, Pennsylvania, near Pittsburgh., In 1945 Gropius and Breuer associated with a group of younger architects under the name TAC ( The Architects Collaborative ). Their notable works included the building of the Harvard Graduate School of Design , the U.S. Embassy in Athens (1956–57), and the headquarters of Pan American Airways in New York (1958–63). [64]
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe described his architecture with the famous saying, "Less is more". As the director of the school of architecture of what is now called the Illinois Institute of Technology from 1939 to 1956, Mies (as he was commonly known) made Chicago the leading city for American modernism in the postwar years. He constructed new buildings for the Institute in modernist style, two high-rise apartment buildings on Lakeshore Drive (1948–51), which became models for high-rises across the country. Other major works included Farnsworth House in Plano, Illinois (1945–1951), a simple horizontal glass box that had an enormous influence on American residential architecture. The Chicago Convention Center (1952–54) and Crown Hall at the Illinois Institute of Technology (1950–56), and The Seagram Building in New York City (1954–58) also set a new standard for purity and elegance. Based on granite pillars, the smooth glass and steel walls were given a touch of color by the use of bronze-toned I-beams in the structure. He returned to Germany in 1962–68 to build the new Nationalgallerie in Berlin. His students and followers included Philip Johnson , and Eero Saarinen , whose work was substantially influenced by his ideas. [65]
Richard Neutra and Charles and Ray Eames
Influential residential architects in the new style in the United States included Richard Neutra and Charles and Ray Eames . The most celebrated work of the Eames was Eames House in Pacific Palisades , California, (1949) Charles Eames in collaboration with Eero Saarinen It is composed of two structures, an architects residence and his studio, joined in the form of an L. The house, influenced by Japanese architecture, is made of translucent and transparent panels organized in simple volumes, often using natural materials, supported on a steel framework. The frame of the house was assembled in sixteen hours by five workmen. He brightened up his buildings with panels of pure colors. [66]
Richard Neutra continued to build influential houses in Los Angeles, using the theme of the simple box. Many of these houses erased the line distinction between indoor and outdoor spaces with walls of plate glass. [67] Neutra's Constance Perkins House in Pasadena, California (1962) was re-examination of the modest single-family dwelling. It was built of inexpensive material–wood, plaster, and glass–and completed at a cost of just under $18,000. Neutra scaled the house to the physical dimensions of its owner, a small woman. It features a reflecting pool which meanders under of the glass walls of the house. One of Neutra's most unusual buildings was Shepherd's Grove in Garden Grove, California , which featured an adjoining parking lot where worshippers could follow the service without leaving their cars.
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill and Wallace K. Harrison
Many of the notable modern buildings in the postwar years were produced by two architectural mega-agencies, which brought together large teams of designers for very complex projects. The firm of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill was founded in Chicago in 1936 by Louis Skidmore and Nathaniel Owings , and joined in 1939 by engineer John Merrill , It soon went under the name of SOM. Its first big project was Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee , the gigantic government installation that produced plutonium for the first nuclear weapons. In 1964 the firm had eighteen "partner-owners", 54 "associate participants, "and 750 architects, technicians, designers, decorators, and landscape architects. Their style was largely inspired by the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , and their buildings soon had a large place in the New York skyline, including the Manhattan House (1950–51), Lever House (1951–52) and the Manufacturers Trust Company Building (1954). Later buildings by the firm include Beinecke Library at Yale University (1963), the Willis Tower , formerly Sears Tower in Chicago (1973) and One World Trade Center in New York City (2013), which replaced the building destroyed in the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001. [68]
Wallace Harrison played a major part in the modern architectural history of New York; as the architectural advisor of the Rockefeller Family , he helped design Rockefeller Center , the major Art Deco architectural project of the 1930s. He was supervising architect for the 1939 New York World's Fair, and, with his partner Max Abramowitz , was the builder and chief architect of the headquarters of the United Nations ; Harrison headed a committee of international architects, which included Oscar Niemeyer (who produced the original plan approved by the committee) and Le Corbusier . Other landmark New York buildings designed by Harrison and his firm included Metropolitan Opera House , the master plan for Lincoln Center , and John F. Kennedy International Airport . [69]
Philip Johnson
The Crystal Cathedral by Philip Johnson (1977–80)
The Williams Tower in Houston , Texas, by Philip Johnson (1981–1983)
PPG Place in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, by Philip Johnson (1981–84)
Philip Johnson (1906–2005) was one of the youngest and last major figures in American modern architecture. He trained at Harvard with Walter Gropius, then was director of the department of architecture and modern design at the Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1946 to 1954. In 1947, he published a book about Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , and in 1953 designed his own residence, the Glass House in New Canaan, Connecticut in a style modeled after Mies's Farnsworth House . Beginning in 1955 he began to go in his own direction, moving gradually toward expressionism with designs that increasingly departed from the orthodoxies of modern architecture. His final and decisive break with modern architecture was the AT&T Building (later known as the Sony Tower), and now the 550 Madison Avenue in New York City, (1979) an essentially modernist skyscraper completely altered by the addition of broken pediment with a circular opening. This building is generally considered to mark the beginning of Postmodern architecture in the United States. [69]
Eero Saarinen
The TWA Terminal at JFK Airport in New York, by Eero Saarinen (1956–62)
Eero Saarinen (1910–1961) was the son of Eliel Saarinen , the most famous Finnish architect of the Art Nouveau period, who emigrated to the United States in 1923, when Eero was thirteen. He studied art and sculpture at the academy where his father taught, and then at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière Academy in Paris before studying architecture at Yale University. His architectural designs were more like enormous pieces of sculpture than traditional modern buildings; he broke away from the elegant boxes inspired by Mies van der Rohe and used instead sweeping curves and parabolas, like the wings of birds. In 1948 he conceived the idea of a monument in St. Louis, Missouri in the form of a parabolic arch 192 meters high, made of stainless steel (1948). He then designed the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan (1949–55), a glass modernist box in the style of Mies van der Rohe, followed by the IBM Research Center in Yorktown, Virginia (1957–61). His next works were a major departure in style; he produced a particularly striking sculptural design for the Ingalls Rink in New Haven , Connecticut (1956–59, an ice skiing rink with a parabolic roof suspended from cables, which served as a preliminary model for next and most famous work, the TWA Terminal at JFK airport in New York (1956–1962). His declared intention was to design a building that was distinctive and memorable, and also one that would capture the particular excitement of passengers before a journey. The structure is separated into four white concrete parabolic vaults, which together resemble a bird on the ground perched for flight. Each of the four curving roof vaults has two sides attached to columns in a Y form just outside the structure. One of the angles of each shell is lightly raised, and the other is attached to the center of the structure. The roof is connected with the ground by curtain walls of glass. All of the details inside the building, including the benches, counters, escalators, and clocks, were designed in the same style. [70]
Louis Kahn
Louis Kahn (1901–74) was another American architect who moved away from the Mies van der Rohe model of the glass box, and other dogmas of the prevailing international style. He borrowed from a wide variety of styles, and idioms, including neoclassicism. He was a professor of architecture at Yale University from 1947 to 1957, where his students included Eero Saarinen . From 1957 until his death he was a professor of architecture at the University of Pennsylvania . His work and ideas influenced Philip Johnson , Minoru Yamasaki , and Edward Durell Stone as they moved toward a more neoclassical style. Unlike Mies, he did not try to make his buildings look light; he constructed mainly with concrete and brick, and made his buildings look monumental and solid. He drew from a wide variety of different sources; the towers of Richards Medical Research Laboratories were inspired by the architecture of the Renaissance towns he had seen in Italy as a resident architect at the American Academy in Rome in 1950. Notable buildings by Kahn in the United States include the First Unitarian Church of Rochester , New York (1962); and the Kimball Art Museum in Fort Worth , Texas (1966–72). Following the example of Le Corbusier and his design of the government buildings in Chandigarh , the capital city of the Haryana & Punjab State of India, Kahn designed the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban (National Assembly Building) in Dhaka , Bangladesh (1962–74), when that country won independence from Pakistan. It was Kahn's last work. [71]
I. M. Pei
East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., by I M. Pei (1978)
Pyramid of the Louvre Museum in Paris by I. M. Pei (1983–89)
I. M. Pei (1917–2019) was a major figure in late modernism and the debut of Post-modern architecture . He was born in China and educated in the United States, studying architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . While the architecture school there still trained in the Beaux-Arts architecture style, Pei discovered the writings of Le Corbusier , and a two-day visit by Le Corbusier to the campus in 1935 had a major impact on Pei's ideas of architecture. In the late 1930s, he moved to the Harvard Graduate School of Design , where he studied with Walter Gropius and Marcel Breuer and became deeply involved in Modernism. [72] After the war he worked on large projects for the New York real estate developer William Zeckendorf , before breaking away and starting his own firm. One of the first buildings his own firm designed was the Green Building at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While the clean modernist façade was admired, the building developed an unexpected problem; it created a wind tunnel effect, and in strong winds the doors could not be opened. Pei was forced to construct a tunnel so visitors could enter the building during high winds.
Between 1963 and 1967 Pei designed the Mesa Laboratory for the National Center for Atmospheric Research outside Boulder, Colorado , in an open area at the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The project differed from Pei's earlier urban work; it would rest in an open area in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . His design was a striking departure from traditional modernism; it looked as if it were carved out of the side of the mountain. [73]
In the late modernist area, art museums bypassed skyscrapers as the most prestigious architectural projects; they offered greater possibilities for innovation in form and more visibility. Pei established himself with his design for the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York (1973), which was praised for its imaginative use of a small space, and its respect for the landscape and other buildings around it. This led to the commission for one of the most important museum projects of the period, the new East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, completed in 1978, and to another of Pei's most famous projects, the pyramid at the entrance of Louvre Museum in Paris (1983–89). Pei chose the pyramid as the form that best harmonized with the Renaissance and neoclassical forms of the historic Louvre, as well as for its associations with Napoleon and the Battle of the Pyramids . Each face of the pyramid is supported by 128 beams of stainless steel, supporting 675 panels of glass, each 2.9 by 1.9 meters (9 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in). [74]
Fazlur Rahman Khan
John Hancock Center in Chicago by Fazlur Rahman Khan was the first building to use X-bracing to create the trussed-tube design.
Willis Tower in Chicago was the first building to use the bundled-tube design.
In 1955, employed by the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM), he began working in Chicago. He was made a partner in 1966. He worked the rest of his life side by side with Architect Bruce Graham. [75] Khan introduced design methods and concepts for efficient use of material in building architecture. His first building to employ the tube structure was the Chestnut De-Witt apartment building . [76] During the 1960s and 1970s, he became noted for his designs for Chicago's 100-story John Hancock Center , which was the first building to use the trussed-tube design, and 110-story Sears Tower, since renamed Willis Tower , the tallest building in the world from 1973 until 1998, which was the first building to use the framed-tube design.
He believed that engineers needed a broader perspective on life, saying, "The technical man must not be lost in his own technology; he must be able to appreciate life, and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people." Khan's personal papers, most of which were in his office at the time of his death, are held by the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries at the Art Institute of Chicago . The Fazlur Khan Collection includes manuscripts, sketches, audio cassette tapes, slides and other materials regarding his work.
Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the construction of the World Trade Center , Aon Centre , Petronas Towers , Jin Mao Building , Bank of China Tower and most other buildings in excess of 40 stories constructed since the 1960s. The strong influence of tube structure design is also evident in the world's current tallest skyscraper, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai . According to Stephen Bayley of The Daily Telegraph :
Khan invented a new way of building tall. ... So Fazlur Khan created the unconventional skyscraper. Reversing the logic of the steel frame, he decided that the building's external envelope could – given enough trussing, framing and bracing – be the structure itself. This made buildings even lighter. The "bundled tube" meant buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture. Khan's amazing insight – he was name-checked by Obama in his Cairo University speech last year – changed both the economics and the morphology of supertall buildings. And it made Burj Khalifa possible: proportionately, Burj employs perhaps half the steel that conservatively supports the Empire State Building. ... Burj Khalifa is the ultimate expression of his audacious, lightweight design philosophy. [77]
Minoru Yamasaki
In the United States, Minoru Yamasaki found major independent success in implementing unique engineering solutions to then-complicated problems, including the space that elevator shafts took up on each floor, and dealing with his personal fear of heights. During this period, he created a number of office buildings which led to his innovative design of the 1,360 ft (410 m) towers of the World Trade Center in 1964, which began construction 21 March 1966. [78] The first of the towers was finished in 1970. [79] Many of his buildings feature superficial details inspired by the pointed arches of Gothic architecture , and make use of extremely narrow vertical windows. This narrow-windowed style arose from his own personal fear of heights . [80] One particular design challenge of the World Trade Center's design related to the efficacy of the elevator system, which was unique in the world. Yamasaki integrated the fastest elevators at the time, running at 1,700 feet per minute. Instead of placing a large traditional elevator shaft in the core of each tower, Yamasaki created the Twin Towers' " Skylobby " system. The Skylobby design created three separate, connected elevator systems which would serve different segments of the building, depending on which floor was chosen, saving approximately 70% of the space used for a traditional shaft. The space saved was then used for office space. [81] In addition to these accomplishments, he had also designed the Pruitt-Igoe Housing Project, the largest ever housing project built in the United States, which was fully torn down in 1976 due to bad market conditions and the decrepit state of the buildings themselves. Separately, he had also designed the Century Plaza Towers and One Woodward Avenue, among 63 other projects he had developed during his career.
Postwar modernism in Europe (1945–1975)
Auditorium of the University of Technology, Helsinki, by Alvar Aalto (1964)
University Hospital Center in Liège , Belgium by Charles Vandenhove (1962–82)
In France, Le Corbusier remained the most prominent architect, though he built few buildings there. His most prominent late work was the convent of Sainte Marie de La Tourette in Eveux-sur-l'Arbresle. The Convent, built of raw concrete, was austere and without ornament, inspired by the medieval monasteries he had visited on his first trip to Italy. [82]
In Britain, the major figures in modernism included Wells Coates (1895–1958), FRS Yorke (1906–1962), James Stirling (1926–1992) and Denys Lasdun (1914–2001). Lasdun's best-known work is the Royal National Theatre (1967–1976) on the south bank of the Thames. Its raw concrete and blockish form offended British traditionalists; Charles III, King of the U.K compared it with a nuclear power station.
In Belgium , a major figure was Charles Vandenhove (born 1927) who constructed an important series of buildings for the University Hospital Center in Liège . His later work ventured into colorful rethinking of historical styles, such as Palladian architecture. [83]
In Finland, the most influential architect was Alvar Aalto , who adapted his version of modernism to the Nordic landscape, light, and materials, particularly the use of wood. After World War II, he taught architecture in the United States. In Denmark, Arne Jacobsen was the best-known of the modernists, who designed furniture as well as carefully proportioned buildings.
In Italy, the most prominent modernist was Gio Ponti , who worked often with the structural engineer Pier Luigi Nervi , a specialist in reinforced concrete. Nervi created concrete beams of exceptional length, twenty-five meters, which allowed greater flexibility in forms and greater heights. Their best-known design was the Pirelli Building in Milan (1958–1960), which for decades was the tallest building in Italy. [84]
The most famous Spanish modernist was the Catalan architect Josep Lluis Sert , who worked with great success in Spain, France, and the United States. In his early career, he worked for a time under Le Corbusier, and designed the Spanish pavilion for the 1937 Paris Exposition. His notable later work included the Fondation Maeght in Saint-Paul-de-Provence, France (1964), and the Harvard Science Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He served as Dean of Architecture at the Harvard School of Design .
Notable German modernists included Johannes Krahn , who played an important part in rebuilding German cities after World War II, and built several important museums and churches, notably St. Martin, Idstein , which artfully combined stone masonry, concrete, and glass. Leading Austrian architects of the style included Gustav Peichl , whose later works included the Art and Exhibition Center of the German Federal Republic in Bonn, Germany (1989).
Tropical Modernism
Tropical Modernism, or Tropical Modern, is a style of architecture that merges modernist architecture principles with tropical vernacular traditions, emerging in the mid-20th century. The term is used to describe modernist architecture in various regions of the world, including Latin America, Asia and Africa, as detailed below. Architects adapted to local conditions by using features which encouraged protection from harsh sunlight (such as solar shading) and encouraged the flow of cooling breezes through buildings (through narrow corridors). [85] Some contend that the style originated in the "hot, humid conditions" of West Africa in the 1940s. [86] Typical features include geometric screens. Maxwell Fry and Jane Drew , of the Architectural Association architecture school in London, UK, made important contributions to research and practice in the Tropical Modernism style, after founding the School of Tropical Study at the AA. Speaking about the adoption of modernism in post-independence Ghana, Professor Ola Ukuku , states that "'those involved in developing Tropical Modernism were actually operating as agents of the colonies at the time'". [87]
Latin America
Architectural historians sometimes label Latin American modernism as " tropical modernism ". This reflects architects who adapted modernism to the tropical climate as well as the sociopolitical contexts of Latin America. [88]
Brazil became a showcase of modern architecture in the late 1930s through the work of Lúcio Costa (1902–1998) and Oscar Niemeyer (1907–2012). Costa had the lead and Niemeyer collaborated on the Ministry of Education and Health in Rio de Janeiro (1936–43) and the Brazilian pavilion at the 1939 World's Fair in New York. Following the war, Niemeyer, along with Le Corbusier, conceived the form of the United Nations Headquarters constructed by Walter Harrison.
Lúcio Costa also had overall responsibility for the plan of the most audacious modernist project in Brazil; the creation of new capital, Brasília , constructed between 1956 and 1961. Costa made the general plan, laid out in the form of a cross, with the major government buildings in the center. Niemeyer was responsible for designing the government buildings, including the palace of the President;the National Assembly, composed of two towers for the two branches of the legislature and two meeting halls, one with a cupola and other with an inverted cupola. Niemeyer also built the cathedral, eighteen ministries, and giant blocks of housing, each designed for three thousand residents, each with its own school, shops, and chapel. Modernism was employed both as an architectural principle and as a guideline for organizing society, as explored in The Modernist City . [89]
Following a military coup d'état in Brazil in 1964, Niemeyer moved to France, where he designed the modernist headquarters of the French Communist Party in Paris (1965–1980), a miniature of his United Nations plan. [90]
Mexico also had a prominent modernist movement. Important figures included Félix Candela, born in Spain, who emigrated to Mexico in 1939; he specialized in concrete structures in unusual parabolic forms. Another important figure was Mario Pani , who designed the National Conservatory of Music in Mexico City (1949), and the Torre Insignia (1988); Pani was also instrumental in the construction of the new University of Mexico City in the 1950s, alongside Juan O'Gorman , Eugenio Peschard , and Enrique del Moral . The Torre Latinoamericana , designed by Augusto H. Alvarez , was one of the earliest modernist skyscrapers in Mexico City (1956); it successfully withstood the 1985 Mexico City earthquake , which destroyed many other buildings in the city center. Pedro Ramirez Vasquez and Rafael Mijares designed the Olympic Stadium for the 1968 Olympics, and Antoni Peyri and Candela designed the Palace of Sports. Luis Barragan was another influential figure in Mexican modernism; his raw concrete residence and studio in Mexico City looks like a blockhouse on the outside, while inside it features great simplicity in form, pure colors, abundant natural light, and, one of is signatures, a stairway without a railing. He won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1980, and the house was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. [91]
Asia and Australia
International House of Japan by Kunio Maekawa , Tokyo (1955)
A modernist building in Pune , India
Japan, like Europe, had an enormous shortage of housing after the war, due to the bombing of many cities. 4.2 million housing units needed to be replaced. Japanese architects combined both traditional and modern styles and techniques. One of the foremost Japanese modernists was Kunio Maekawa (1905–1986), who had worked for Le Corbusier in Paris until 1930. His own house in Tokyo was an early landmark of Japanese modernism, combining traditional style with ideas he acquired working with Le Corbusier. His notable buildings include concert halls in Tokyo and Kyoto and the International House of Japan in Tokyo, all in the pure modernist style.
Kenzo Tange (1913–2005) worked in the studio of Kunio Maekawa from 1938 until 1945 before opening his own architectural firm. His first major commission was the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum . He designed many notable office buildings and cultural centers. office buildings, as well as the Yoyogi National Gymnasium for the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The gymnasium, built of concrete, features a roof suspended over the stadium on steel cables.
The Danish architect Jørn Utzon (1918–2008) worked briefly with Alvar Aalto , studied the work of Le Corbusier, and traveled to the United States to meet Frank Lloyd Wright . In 1957 he designed one of the most recognizable modernist buildings in the world; the Sydney Opera House . He is known for the sculptural qualities of his buildings, and their relationship with the landscape. The five concrete shells of the structure resemble seashells by the beach. Begun in 1957, the project encountered considerable technical difficulties making the shells and getting the acoustics right. Utzon resigned in 1966, and the opera house was not finished until 1973, ten years after its scheduled completion. [92]
In India, modernist architecture was promoted by the postcolonial state under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru , most notably by inviting Le Corbusier to design the city of Chandigarh . [85] Although Nehru advocated for young Indians to be part of Le Corbuiser's design team in order to refine their skills whilst building their city, the team included only one female Indian architect, Eulie Chowdhury . [85] Important Indian modernist architects also include BV Doshi , Charles Correa , Raj Rewal , Achyut Kanvinde , and Habib Rahman .[ citation needed ] Much discussion around modernist architecture took place in the journal MARG .[ citation needed ] In Sri Lanka, Geoffrey Bawa pioneered Tropical Modernism . [93] Minnette De Silva was an important Sri Lankan modernist architect.[ citation needed ]
Post independence architecture in Pakistan is a blend of Islamic and modern styles of architecture with influences from Mughal, indo-Islamic and international architectural designs. The 1960s and 1970s was a period of architectural Significance. Jinnah's Mausoleum , Minar e Pakistan , Bab e Khyber , Islamic summit minar and the Faisal mosque date from this time.
Asmara , capitol of Eritrea , is well known for its modernist architecture dating from the period of Italian colonization. [94] [95]
Private organizations such as Docomomo International , the World Monuments Fund , and the Recent Past Preservation Network are working to safeguard and document imperiled Modern architecture. In 2006, the World Monuments Fund launched Modernism at Risk , an advocacy and conservation program. The organization MAMMA. is working to document and preserve modernist architecture in Morocco. [96]
See also
"What is Modern architecture?" . Royal Institute of British Architects. Retrieved 15 October 2018.
Froissart, Rossella (2011). Avant-garde et tradition dans les arts du décor en France. lectures critiques autour de Guillaume Janneau (in French). Marseille: Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille. p. 73.
^ Crouch, Christopher. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-312-21830-3 (cloth) ISBN 0-312-21832-X (pbk)
^ Viollet Le-duc, Entretiens sur Architecture
^ Lucius Burckhardt (1987). The Werkbund. ? : Hyperion Press. ISBN. Frederic J. Schwartz (1996). The Werkbund: Design Theory and Mass Culture Before the First World War. New Haven, Conn. : Yale University Press. ISBN.
^ Mark Jarzombek . "Joseph August Lux: Werkbund Promoter, Historian of a Lost Modernity", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 63/1 (June 2004): 202–219.
^ Le Corbusier, Vers une architecture", (1923), Flammarion edition (1995), pages XVIII-XIX
Udovički-Selb, Danilo (1 January 2012). "Facing Hitler's Pavilion: The Uses of Modernity in the Soviet Pavilion at the 1937 Paris International Exhibition". Journal of Contemporary History. 47 (1): 13–47. doi : 10.1177/0022009411422369 . ISSN 0022-0094 . S2CID 159546579 .
^ Anwas, Victor, Art Deco (1992), Harry N. Abrams Inc., ISBN 0810919265
^ Poisson, Michel, 1000 Immeubles et Monuments de Paris (2009), Parigramme, pages 318–319 and 300-01
Frampton, Kenneth (1980). Modern Architecture: A Critical History (3rd ed.). Thames and Hudson. pp. 210–218. ISBN
"TEAM 10" . www.team10online.org. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
Pedret, Annie. "TEAM 10 Introduction" . www.team10online.org. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
Chnaoui, Aziza (2 November 2010). "Depoliticizing Group GAMMA: contesting modernism in Morocco". In Lu, Duanfang (ed.). Third World Modernism: Architecture, Development and Identity. Routledge. ISBN
"Obama Mentions Fazlur Rahman Khan" . The Muslim Observer. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 19 June 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
Baker, William F. (2001). "Structural Innovation" (PDF). Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat: Cities in the Third Millennium. New York: Spon Press. pp. 481–493. ISBN
. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.
^ Remarks by the Hon. Richard J. Hughes , World Trade Center Press Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, 18 January 1964.
"History of the Twin Towers" . Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
.
^ Remarks by Lee K. Jaffee, World Trade Center Press Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, 18 January 1964.
Morawski, Erica (2016). Designing Destinations: Hotel Architecture, Urbanism, and American Tourism in Puerto Rico and Cuba (PhD thesis). University of Illinois at Chicago. pp. 169–170. hdl : 10027/19131 .
James., Holston (1989). The modernist city : an anthropological critique of Brasília. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN
Boehm, Gero von (2000). Conversations with I.M. Pei: Light is the Key. Munich: Prestel. ISBN
Bouillon, Jean-Paul (1985). Journal de L'Art Nouveau (in French). Paris: Skira. ISBN
Burchard, John; Bush-Brown, Albert (1966). The Architecture of America- A Social and Cultural History. Atlantic, Little and Brown.
Conrads, Ulrich, ed. (1971). Programs and Manifestoes on 20th-Century Architecture. Translated by Bullock, Michael. Boston, Mass.: The MIT Press. ISBN
Ducher, Robert (2014). La charactéristique des styles (in French). Flammarion. ISBN
Jodidio, Philip (2016). Renzo Piano Building Workshop (in French). Taschen. ISBN
Journel, Guillemette Morel (2015). Le Corbusier- Construire la Vie Moderne (in French). Editions du Patrimoine: Centre des Monument Nationaux. ISBN
Le Corbusier (1923). Vers use architecture (in French). Flammarion (1995). ISBN
Poisson, Michel (2009). 1000 Immeubles et monuments de Paris (in French). Parigramme. ISBN
.
Taschen, Aurelia and Balthazar (2016). L'Architecture Moderne de A à Z (in French). Bibliotheca Universalis. ISBN
.
.
von Boehm, Gero (2000). Conversations with I. M. Pei: Light is the Key. Prestel. ISBN
The article goes in-depth about the original main contributors of modern architecture.
Pfeiffer, Bruce Brooks. Frank Lloyd Wright, 1867–1959: Building for Democracy. Taschen, 2021.
This article goes into depth about Frank Lloyd Wright and his contributions to modern architecture. and what he focused on to be a part of modern architecture.
External links
Harrison, Stuart (20 November 2019). "South Australian modernism exhibition a study in modesty" . ArchitectureAU. Review of the exhibition Modernism & Modernist SA Architecture: 1934–1977. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
Brussels50s60s.be , Overview of the architecture of the 1950s and 1960s in Brussels
| 2,141 |
279 | who is considered the first great modern architect | https://www.rostarchitects.com/articles/2019/1/2/a-brief-history-of-modern-architecture | A Brief History on the Beginnings of Modern Architecture
There is no clear beginning or singular building that can be marked as the start of modernism in architecture. However, several independent strands of ideas were developing in Europe around the turn of the century (the 1800s-1900s) that show a clear connection to the movement. The buildings that resulted from these ideas could all be strongly associated with the notions of progress, technological advancement, industrialization, and the development of new building materials. Ornamentation and historical detailing on these buildings is often minimized, abstracted, or removed entirely.
Modernism began as a rejection of historical tenants and imitations of past forms. At the time, many buildings were still referencing forms of the past, most notably from the Renaissance. When confidence in Renaissance values began to erode, architects asked why they were imitating the architecture of the past. They began searching for a new language that expressed a more honest reflection of the contemporary world. The slavish adherence to historical forms was slowly abandoned. Instead of looking backward for inspiration, they began to look forward.
European architects such as Adolph Loos, Otto Wagner, Le Corbusier , Mies van der Rohe , Eric Mendelson, and Walter Gropius were early proponents of modern philosophies. American architects such as Louis Sullivan, Philip Johnson, Frank Lloyd Wright , Albert Frey , Irving Gill, Rudolph Schindler , and Richard Neutra worked in the modern idiom throughout the United States. Slowly their work and ideas would infiltrate society, and modernism began to take a strong foothold in architectural circles worldwide.
Villa Savoye by Le Corbusier
Barcelona Pavilion by Mies van der Rohe
Kings Road House by Rudolph Schindler
Farnsworth House by Mies van der Rohe
The Industrial Revolution also played a significant role in the development of modern architecture. How people lived, worked, traveled, and pursued leisure changed dramatically at this time. A new way of life prompted the development of building types that did not have a convention or precedent. Skyscrapers, train stations, airports, factories, and office buildings became ubiquitous in major cities worldwide.
The most significant impact of the industrial revolution was the invention and availability of new materials. Most notable was the development and use of steel in architecture and infrastructure. Steel had many construction and engineering advantages. It allowed architects and engineers to design longer spans, taller structures, and open floor plans. These new materials intrinsically changed how cities looked and became icons representing the modernist architectural aesthetic.
With the Industrial Revolution also came the emergence of new patrons and new concentrations/distributions of wealth. In the eighteenth century, architectural patronage came primarily from the church, government, or aristocracy. These patrons were typically interested in creating buildings that referenced a historical precedent. With the Industrial Revolution came tycoons who captured the wealth of the new economy and could fund new projects of all sorts. These patrons were not tied to religious or governmental conventions. With generous budgets available, they were often willing to experiment with new forms and materials.
Large corporations began to build office buildings for their operations. In many cases, they commissioned architects to design unique buildings that exceeded the heights of surrounding buildings. Their buildings reflected their brand; everyone wanted to be the biggest and best.
New moral and political beliefs about humanity began to take shape. During the 1930s, many people in cities were living in poverty. People began to reject the inhumane conditions of living in these conditions. Architects responded by integrating solutions to these problems in their proposals. Sanitation and health entered the architectural discourse. Master plans for Utopian societies, clusters of housing blocks surrounded by gardens, and massive suburban developments of single-family homes outside the cities came onto the scene.
The World Wars, although devastating, catalyzed the development of many new processes and materials including the production of plastics, composites, metal alloys, and glass. At the end of the war, manufacturers were eager to bring these products to the public markets and try to make a profit.
Soldiers returning home at the end of the war, trying to start new families, would need housing. The housing demand generated an unprecedented building boom. Commissions for single-family homes were abundant. Optimism permeated the air and many clients were willing to experiment with the new materials and forms of the day, resulting in a wide array of unique experimental architecture that pushed the conventional boundaries. The Case Study House Program in Southern California attempted to bring economical modern architecture to the masses. Through the program, many iconic homes were built that have come to define modern American architecture today.
In the late sixties, interest in modern architecture began to wane. Several different movements have come and gone since that point such as post-modernism, brutalism, and deconstructivism; however, non with quite the same gravitas as modernism.
In a sense, we will always be struggling with the battle that the early modernists fought: How do we create architecture that is "of its time" without relying on past forms to shape our buildings? Although many of modernism's underlying theories and philosophies have been deemed outdated, many principles remain valuable in contemporary today.
Please let us know if you notice any errors or inaccuracies in the information. We strive to provide you with the most historically accurate material possible.
Kaufmann House (1946) by Richard Neutra
Example of Post War Modern Architecture
Photography by Joe Fletcher www.joefletcher.com
Frey House II by Albert Frey
Photography by Mitchell Rocheleau
Photograph by Mitchell Rocheleau
Modern architecture since 1900 William Curtis - Phaidon - 2013
Architecture of the sun: Los Angeles modernism, 1900-1970 Thomas Hines - Rizzoli – 2010
Articles
Feb 27, 2025
Feb 27, 2025
Principal and Architect of ROST Architects, Mitchell Rocheleau, meets with John Lobell, a professor at Pratt Institute and expert on Louis Kahn, to discuss the architecture and philosophy of Louis Kahn.
Feb 27, 2025
Jan 3, 2025
Jan 3, 2025
Why is Taliesin West significant in the history of American culture and Architecture? Taliesin West was a petri dish breeding a new lifestyle based on freedom, connection with nature, and a spirit of innovation. It challenged the conventional way of living at the time through its philosophies, daily rituals, and the work that was produced there. Most importantly, its architecture was a direct reflection of this lifestyle.
Jan 3, 2025
Mar 2, 2023
Mar 2, 2023
Nestled in the foothills of Palm Desert, California, the Annenberg Estate is a stunning example of mid-century modern architecture. The estate sits about 25 minutes southeast of downtown Palm Springs. Built in 1960 by renowned architect A. Quincy Jones for media mogul Walter Annenberg, the original estate is comprised of 25,000 square foot house on 200 acres.
Mar 2, 2023
Jan 20, 2023
Jan 20, 2023
The Farnsworth House (1945 - 1951) is an iconic work of modern American architecture. It was designed by renowned modern architect Mies van der Rohe in 1937 and was the first home he designed in America. The house sits in Plano, Illinois, about 1.5 hours southwest of Chicago.
Jan 20, 2023
Jan 3, 2023
The case study house program was an experimental program set up by John Entenza through Arts and Architecture Magazine, that facilitated the design, construction and publishing of modern single-family homes. The goal was to highlight modern homes constructed with industrial materials and techniques that could help solve the housing needs after WWII.
Jan 3, 2023
Nov 23, 2022
Nov 23, 2022
Why is Rudolph Schindler an important figure in the history of California modern architecture? What were the forces that influenced the development of his architectural aesthetic? Why is his legacy and impact important to the profession today? We will attempt to answer these questions and more in this article on modern architect Rudolph Schindler.
Nov 23, 2022
Nov 9, 2022
Nov 9, 2022
Around the mid 1900’s, many notable architects such as Richard Neutra , Albert Frey , Bill Cody , E. Stewart Williams, William Krisel and Donald Wexler established their careers in Palm Springs. These architects and their buildings have undoubtably contributed to making Palm Springs a major destination point. Their impact on the city continues to attract people from all over the world to this day.
Nov 9, 2022
Nov 1, 2022
Nov 1, 2022
I recently had the privilege of touring the Frey House II in Palm Springs California. The experience was educational, inspiring, and transformative. It challenged my definition of a home. Learn more about the Frey House II.
Nov 1, 2022
May 18, 2022
May 18, 2022
William F. Cody stands out as one of the most impressive California mid century modern architects due to his vast portfolio of built work in the Palm Springs area. Through hundreds of built projects, Cody was able to experiment, refine, and master desert modern architecture by creating buildings that were fit for the local environment and suited the lifestyle of post war America. Check out the article to learn more about mid century modern architect, William F. Cody.
May 18, 2022
Nov 9, 2020
Nov 9, 2020
Richard Neutra was a notable mid century modern architect know for designing homes such as the Kauffman Desert House , Llovel Health House, VDL house, and many others. His work is widely published and the photographs often define mid century modern architecture. Read the article to learn more about one of the most influential mid century modern architects.
Nov 9, 2020
Jan 4, 2019
Jan 4, 2019
In 2018 Rost Architects had the opportunity to work on the restoration of an original Eichler home in Orange County California. Learn the ten things you need to know about the history of Joseph Eichler and his homes.
Jan 4, 2019
Jan 2, 2019
Jan 2, 2019
Do you know about Villa Savoye designed by Le Corbusier? Villa Savoye is an icon of modern architecture and a building that you must know if you are interested in modern architecture.
Jan 2, 2019
Jan 2, 2019
Jan 2, 2019
When, where, and why did modern architecture begin? Get a brief history of how the modern movement and how it started.
Jan 2, 2019
Dec 29, 2018
Learn the story of modern architectures development in Southern California.
Dec 29, 2018
Dec 29, 2018
Dec 29, 2018
Learn the history of Frank Lloyd Wright’s career, one of the most famous architects of the 20th century.
Dec 29, 2018
Dec 29, 2018
Dec 29, 2018
Learn the story of the Kaufmann Desert house in Palm Springs California, one of the most famous modern houses of the 20th century. In 1946 Edgar Kaufmann commissioned Richard Neutra to design a winter vacation home in Palms Springs California…
Dec 29, 2018
Watch the episode here
LUXE RED AWARDS WINNER
Featured in Palm Springs Life Magazine
A PROFESSIONAL, LICENSED AND INSURED CALIFORNIA ARCHITECTURAL AND INTERIOR DESIGN CORPORATION
ROST ARCHITECTS © 2025
| 2,142 |
279 | who is considered the first great modern architect | https://blog.academyart.edu/7-famous-architects-and-their-works-around-the-world-throughout-history/ | June 2, 2020
Architecture is shaped by politics, culture and society. A building is an iconic representation of the people that constructed it.
A beautifully constructed building is so much more than just a facade. Architectural styles are often determined by unique factors and aesthetic preferences of their time. Seeing buildings from years past, you can learn something about those eras, including the values of the people and maybe even events that shaped their world.
Below, we’ve listed some of the world’s most well-known and recognizable architectural feats throughout history.
Parthenon by Ictinus and Callicrates, Classic (432 BC)
The Parthenon. Image courtesy of Lonely Planet.
The Parthenon was built around the year 430 by Ictinus and Callicrates as a symbol of power and wealth. It was designed to symbolize the culture of the ancient Greeks, and was the largest Doric temple ever constructed. The Parthenon was constructed following a Persian attack on the city, and was built to replace Pericles’ 490 BCE temple project. Today, the Parthenon is one of the most recognizable buildings ever constructed by the ancient Greeks.
Leaning Tower of Pisa by Bonanno Pisano, Romanesque (1372)
The Leaning Tower of Pisa. Image courtesy of The Civil Engineer.
Constructed in white and gray striped marble, and presenting an impressive collection of columns and archest, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, surrounded by a bright green lawn, is a beautiful example of Romanesque architecture. Yet the tower is most famous for its incredible flaw: a plumbing deviation of 5.1 meters. Over the years, engineers and architects have tried many things to save the Leaning Tower. In recent years the structure has been stabilized and tourists are again allowed to go up in its belfry.
Santa Maria del Fiore by Filippo Brunelleschi, Gothic (1436)
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore. Image courtesy of Britannica.
This perfect example of Italian Gothic architecture was designed by some of the most famous architects of the age. For many people, this iconic building is representative of Florence itself, with its beautiful and colorful facade, and its large dome with a painted interior. The completion of this building spanned centuries, with the facade of the building being finished in the 19th century. Santa Maria del Fiore is perhaps most famous for its dome, which defines a part of the skyline of Florence.
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Francesco Borromini, Baroque (1646)
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane. Image courtesy of Roma Non-Pertutti.
At once playful and slightly surreal, the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane by Francesco Borromini almost looks like a combination of the Gothic and Romanesque styles, but slightly bent and distorted, so that circles become ovals, and straight lines become curves. With a truly marvelous interior, the San Carlo alle Quattro includes lines that are both concave and convex, designs that are simple and yet complex. It is a truly astonishing example of the Baroque style.
U.S. Capitol Building by William Thornton, Neoclassical (1813)
Capitol Building. Image courtesy of Architectural Record.
The U.S. Capitol building was designed by William Thornton as a part of a competition. Dr. Thornton’s design was a building with two wings (one for the senate and one for the house of representatives), and a dome in the center. The cornerstone of the building was laid by George Washington. The building was partially destroyed during the war of 1812 and had to be reconstructed. Major construction work continued on the building for decades after it was complete, to accommodate various changes taking place in the government and also modern inventions like elevators and electric lighting.
Chrysler Building by William van Alen, Art Deco (1930)
Chrysler Building. Image courtesy of Architectural Digest.
The Chrysler Building was at one time the world’s tallest building, although it was eventually superseded by the Empire State Building. The Chrysler Building was constructed in art deco style at a time when large buildings in New York were being built almost in competition to build the tallest and most magnificent structures.
Fallingwater House by Frank Lloyd Wright, Modern (1935)
Fallingwater House. Image courtesy of Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation.
Fallingwater House is notable for its integration into the surrounding landscape, and for its dynamic structure. Fallingwater House was built to be a summer home for Liliane and Edgar Kauffman, but is now a museum. It is appreciated for its nod to Japanese architecture, which puts man and nature together.
Architecture transforms our world from one generation to the next. Learn more about architecture and its effect on our world at the online architecture school with Academy of Art University, where you can gain the skills necessary to create beautiful buildings like these above. Academy of Art University’s online architecture degree includes classes such as history of architecture and architecture theory, which can help you understand the meaning of architecture in our world.
Online or virtual on-site summer and fall classes are available for enrollment at Academy of Art University . Request information and let our admissions representatives help you come up with a decision for your future. Once you’ve made the decision to join, apply now to get started on your application .
Hero image courtesy of Curbed NY
Share Post
You May Also Like
| 2,143 |
279 | who is considered the first great modern architect | https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/modern-architecture-101 | Modern Architecture: Everything You Need to Know
Prominent throughout Europe and the United States in the early 20th century, the modernist movement was a time of both aesthetic and structural advancement
Save this story
Save
Despite what it might sound like, modern architecture is not buildings or structures designed within the last few years. “Modern architecture comes from a historical moment,” explains Andrew Heid, founding principal of the New York–based firm No Architecture and member of the AD Pro Directory . “In the history of architecture, modern architecture begins in the 17th century and extends until the mid 20th century, ending in about the 1950s.” Even so, the movement remains one of the most notable and popular architectural styles of the present day. In this guide from AD, learn about the origins and history of modern architecture, visit famous examples, and discover the lasting impact of modern architects.
What is modern architecture?
Modern architecture is the architectural style that dominated the Western world between the 1930s and the 1960s and was characterized by an analytical and functional approach to building design. Buildings in the style are often defined by flat roofs, open floor plans, curtain windows, and minimal ornamentation. Architects of the time were guided by the “rule” that “form follows function,” which prompted designers to consider what a building should achieve for the user before what it should look like. The aesthetic look of modern buildings was heavily correlated with a set of social-political philosophies including the idea that buildings could be the answers to deep-rooted social inequalities. The style is also often called the international style or international modernism.
The National Gallery, designed by Mies Van der Rohe
Photo: John Harper/Getty Images
“For me, modern architecture is most succinctly summarized by Peter Blake, who was the former chief curator of architecture design at MoMA, in the introduction to a book he wrote in the 1970s called The Three Master Builders,” says Heid. “He argued that modern architecture came into existence in the 19th century when the modern metropolis created new functions and new typologies that never existed before—for example, the stock exchange, the prison, the railroad station, or the hospital—and therefore required new form or expression or style.”
History of modern architecture
The emergence of modernist design is largely credited to a group of European architects, most notably Swiss French architect Le Corbusier and German American architect Walter Gropius. Gropius founded the Bauhaus school in Germany, which taught the design style and school of thought that heavily influenced modernist design. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , another powerhouse of modern architecture who also taught at the Bauhaus and worked as its third and final director, was also heavily influential. “[Modernists] eventually fled Germany and came to the US because of the Nazis, and that’s really how modernism came to the United States and then made its way from the East Coast to West Coast,” explains Joe Dangaran, cofounder of Los Angeles–based Woods + Dangaran and member of the AD Pro Directory .
Farnsworth House, a modernist glass structure, designed by Mies Van der Rohe
Photo: Carol M. Highsmith/Buyenlarge/Getty Images
By the 1930s the style spearheaded by these men was spreading throughout the United States, and American architect Philip Johnson curated an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York called “Modern Architecture: International Exhibition,” which showcased the new style or architecture defined by geometric forms and minimal ornamentation. From here, both the terms international style and modern architecture were born, and the exhibit expressed the fundamental principles of modern design. Louis Sullivan, an influential Chicago School architect and mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, coined the term “form follows function” in 1893, which ultimately became an important tenement for the modernist movement. “A big part of modern design was making homes more comfortable and healthy,” explains Dangaran. At the time, plenty of natural light and open space weren’t a given, and the modern style sought to include these elements in order to make the people living inside feel happier and healthier. “Indoor-outdoor connection, connection to the landscape, to natural light…that was really modernism that brought that into architecture,” Dangaran says.
The interior of Farnsworth House. A core principle of modern homes was an open floor plan.
Photo: Carol M. Highsmith/Buyenlarge/Getty Images
With these aesthetic elements also came structural developments, many of which are still used in contemporary architecture to this day. “The structural innovation of modernism is that they started using either thin concrete, reinforced concrete with steel, or just a steel structure themselves, and they brought the structure off of the envelope of the building, so walls were no longer needed to hold up the building,” Dangaran says. Prior to this most buildings were designed with thick load-bearing walls, and this evolution allowed for greater experimentation with the layout and form of a building. Along with this change came the opportunity for curtain windows and other large openings, fully transforming what was previously possible. “With the invention of this structural steel frame, that was the big breakthrough,” says Heid. “You could fill it with glass, and that’s really what the international style and modernist buildings are about to me.”
What are the five rules of modern architecture?
In the early 1920s, Corbusier published a manifesto titled the “Five Points of Architecture,” originally appearing in a publication the architect cofounded, L’Esprit Nouveau. In the seminal essay, Corbusier explored five key elements of design that he believed should be the foundation for this new architectural style—many of which concern the structural change Dangaran and Heid noted—and went on to be extremely influential during the modern movement. The principles were as follows:
Pilotis
Buildings are raised on a set of reinforced pilots (or pillars) for ground floor circulation and to make room for cars or gardens.
Free design of the ground plan
Essentially an open floor plan, this principle related to a structural development and the removal of load-bearing partition walls, allowing flexibility of the interior living spaces.
Free design of the façade
The structure is separated from the walls, allowing for more flexibility for windows and openings.
Horizontal windows
Horizontal ribbon windows extend along the facade, offering a more balanced lighting and a greater sense of space.
Roof garden
Modern homes should include roof gardens, which are flat roofs that allow for additional living space.
What is a good example of modern architecture?
Villa Savoye
Photo: PRISMA ARCHIVO / Alamy Stock Photo
No building exemplifies these ideals quite like Villa Savoye, designed by Corbusier and his cousin Pierre Jeanneret. Located on the outskirts of Paris, the home follows Corbusier’s five points and features pilotis made from reinforced concrete, horizontal windows, a free floor plan and façade, and a roof garden.
What is the difference between modern and postmodern architecture?
A contemporary home designed by Andrew Heid featuring many elements seen in modernist homes including floor-to-ceiling windows, a flat roof, and connection with nature.
Photo: Picasa
In many ways, modernism was the built expression of a series of utopian social ideas, many of which were based on the ideas that buildings could improve and change social inequalities. Postmodernism rejected this idea, and rather sought to explore architecture from an eccentric and sometimes humorous perspective. As Owen Hopkins , an architectural writer and curator and author of multiple books including Postmodern Architecture: Less Is a Bore , told AD about the emergence of postmodern design , “The idea that one could simply build a better world had very much run its course.”
Defining elements and characteristics of modern architecture
The Eames House, the home and studio of pioneering designers Charles and Ray Eames
Photo: Walter Bibikow/Getty Images
To better understand modern architecture, consider the following elements often seen in this style of design.
What characterizes modern architecture?
This home, designed by Woods + Dangaran, takes inspiration from modernism.
Photo: Joe Fletcher Photography
In addition to the breakthrough structural advancements, there are many aesthetic components of modern design that are signifiers of the style.
Rectangular forms with clean lines
Open floor plans
A connection between the indoor and outdoor
Lack of ornamentation
Steel, glass, and reinforced concrete among the most prominent building materials
Famous Modern Architecture Examples and Architects
In addition to Villa Savoye, the following are among the most recognizable and notable examples of modernist design:
Seagram Building by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe with Philip Johnson
The Seagram Building
Photo: Independent Picture Service/Universal Images Group/Getty Images
Designed by two of the biggest modernist architects of the time, the Seagram Building in New York is the epitome of modernism in a skyscraper. Its impact was notable from the minute it was completed, and The New York Times even went so far as to say it is one of the city’s “ most copied buildings .”
Barcelona Pavilion by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
The Barcelona Pavilion
Photo: Anastasia Curly/Getty Images
The Barcelona Pavilion is noted for its use of many luxurious materials—such as onyx and travertine—in conjunction with its simple form. The structure was designed as the German Pavilion for the 1929 International Exposition.
Fallingwater by Frank Lloyd Wright
Fallingwater
Photo: Richard A. Cooke III/Corbis/Getty Images
A pioneer of midcentury modernism , Frank Lloyd Wright ’s Fallingwater is one of the most influential residential homes ever built. Though it incorporates elements of organic architecture as well, it was designed following many of the principles of modernism and can be viewed as an evolution of the style.
The Glass House by Philip Johnson
The Glass House in the fall
Photo: Carol M. Highsmith/Buyenlarge/Getty Images
The Glass House by Philip Johnson is one of the best examples of the structural advancements that came about during the modern movement. No longer load-bearing, the glass walls are the standout feature of the property.
More Great Stories From AD
Sign up for our daily newsletter to get the best of design in your inbox.
Katherine McLaughlin is the digital features editor at Architectural Digest where she covers architecture and design news, travel, and real estate, among other things. Previously, she wrote trend, lifestyle, and DIY stories for AD as a freelancer as well as contributing to other publications such as The New York Times, ... Read more
Read More
By Mel Studach
By Sarah Lyon
By Morgan Goldberg
Magazine
By Maya Ibbitson
By Dan Howarth
By Fanny Guénon des Mesnards
Architecture + Design
By Vaishnavi Nayel Talawadekar
Architecture
By Dan Howarth
By Paola Singer
Real Estate
By Katherine McLaughlin
By Madeleine Luckel
Our website, archdigest.com, offers constant original coverage of the interior design and architecture worlds, new shops and products, travel destinations, art and cultural events, celebrity style, and high-end real estate as well as access to print features and images from the AD archives.
Select international site
| 2,144 |
279 | who is considered the first great modern architect | https://www.novatr.com/blog/famous-architects | Request a callback
Request a callback
Thanks for connecting!
Our academic counsellor will reach out to you within the next 24 hours between 10am-10pm IST.
Anandita
16 min read
December 7, 2022
Table of Contents
From Antoni Gaudí and Mies Van der Rohe to Philip Johnson and Eero Saarinen, the history of architecture is full of influential figures. Each of them has made unique and lasting contributions to the field, and their work has helped shape our civilization and culture in a profound manner. In this article, we will explore the work of some of the world’s most famous architects, and examine how they have left an indelible mark on our civilization and culture throughout the ages.
Antoni Gaudi
All of Barcelona is dotted with the buildings of Antoni Gaudi. One of the most famous architects who has ever lived. He is best known for his unfinished work, La Sagrada Familia. However, he has many other remarkable works, including Casa Mila, his private residence, Casa Batlló and the Palau Güell mansion. Known as a pioneer of Catalan Modernism, his intricate structures have earned great respect for their innovation, free-flowing style full of organic curves, and rich, hyperbolic vaults.
Did you know that the Sagrada Familia is slated for completion in the year 2026? The construction of this Gaudi design began in the 19th century, but it was never finished. Due to the proactive efforts of modern architects, and computational-based tools such as Revit , the structure may finally be complete soon.
Norman Foster
Architect Norman Foster was born in Reddish, Stockport, in 1935. By the early 1970s, he had already made his name in the British architectural industry. Known for his clean lines, his style is often praised for its sleek, modern nature, and has earned the tag of “High Tech” architecture. He works with glass and steel significantly, and some of his famous buildings include The Gherkin, the Apple Park, and Crystal Island.
He has earned the reputation of being the “Father of High Tech Architecture”, but Foster is also an advocate of something he calls the “responsibility framework”. This framework outlines his design philosophy: sustainable architecture with a focus on visitor experience. Due to these facts, he is often called one of the greatest architects of all time.
Frank Gehry
Frank Gehry is a world-renowned architect. He is well known for his Modernist and futuristic designs, which often feature unique, curved shapes. His designs challenge the traditional tropes of architecture and have been known to create controversy. He has won numerous awards for his work and is considered one of the most influential architects of the 20th and 21st centuries. He is one of the most famous architects around the world and is an inspiration to fans of parametric architecture and futuristic architecture.
His most famous works include the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, and the Louis Vuitton Foundation in Paris. His structures are known for their boldness and creativity, and they often incorporate modern materials such as titanium, glass, and steel.
Zaha Hadid
Zaha Hadid needs no introduction- she is one of the most famous architects in the
world, a legacy that has continued well after her death. She was a pioneer of parametric architecture, and her innovative designs are replete with forms that defy gravity and the shapes of classical architecture. She was born in Baghdad, Iraq and often cites her exposure to the building styles of Iraq as a major reason for her innovative designs. She was awarded the Stirling Prize in 2010, and 2011 as well, and she is most commonly associated with Parametric Architecture.
Her most famous buildings include the Bridge Pavilion in Spain, the Guangzhou Opera House in China, and the London Aquatics Centre.
Frank Lloyd Wright
Known for his unusually prolific design execution, Lloyd Wright is possibly one of the only famous architects in written history to have designed and erected over 1000 building structures in his 70-year lifetime. He began as a civil engineer , apprenticed with an architect and began his own practice in 1898. He is best known as a pioneer in the Prairie style, commonly practised in the North American states with their flat, temperate grasslands. In his design philosophy, he has attempted to incorporate organic architecture heavily- a harmonious, untearable mixing of humanity and nature using local materials. He was one of the first people who spoke of vernacular architecture.
This is best portrayed in his best-known work- Fallingwater. His other famous designs include The Guggenheim Museum, Robie House, and Taliesin West.
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier is well known for being a proponent of the modern and international styles of architecture. He was born in 1887 in Switzerland and was a contemporary of Mies van der Rohe and Frank Lloyd Wright. He is well known for having penned the essay “The 5 Points of New Architecture”, which became the lasting foundation of modern architecture. He was also well known for his passion for urban planning, with his most famous urban planning design being the Ville Radieuse.
Some of his most famous buildings include Villa Savoye, Notre Dame du Haut, and the United Nations headquarters in New York.
Mies Van der Rohe
Architect Mies Van der Rohe was a major figure in the modernist movement in
architecture. He was born in Germany in 1886 and studied architecture at the Royal
Academy of Arts in Berlin. He was praised for combining traditional materials with
innovative forms and designs. His famous work includes the Barcelona Pavilion, the
Seagram Building, and the Crown Hall. He was also well-known for his phrase “less is more,” which emphasised the importance of simplicity in design.
He is widely credited with being one of the key figures of modernism and has been honoured with numerous awards for his contributions to the field. This, naturally, made him one of the most famous architects of his time.
Philip Johnson
Philip Johnson was an influential American architect who played a major role in the
development of modern architecture. He is best known for his work on the Glass House, his residence in New Canaan, Connecticut, which he designed in 1949. Johnson also designed the iconic Seagram Building in New York City and the AT&T Building in Dallas, Texas. He was awarded the first Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1979 in recognition of his lifetime achievements. In terms of style, he was well known for his exploration of multiple design philosophies, including the modernist style, the neoclassical style, and postmodernism. This wide variety of styles led him to be a pioneer of modern architecture and one of the most famous architects of the 20th century.
Eero Saarinen
Eero Saarinen was a Finnish-American architect known for his unique designs in the
international and mid-century modern styles. He is best known for his designs of the
Gateway Arch in St. Louis, the TWA Terminal at JFK International Airport, and the
Dulles International Airport. He was also recognised for his furniture designs, particularly the ‘Womb’ chair he designed for Knoll. Saarinen’s work has had a lasting influence on modern architecture. Another noteworthy characteristic about him is his interest in and exploration of organic forms in architecture, which was fairly rare in an era that was primarily known for the development of the International Style. Due to his uniqueness, he continued to be one of the most famous architects globally even after his death.
Richard Rogers
Richard Rogers was an internationally-renowned British architect best known for his
modern and innovative designs. He won numerous awards, including the Pritzker
Prize in 2007 and was knighted in 1991. He was also a major advocate for sustainable design, actively pushing for policies to reduce environmental degradation. His commitment to the environment and his innovative design practices have made him one of the most famous architects around, and his genius can be glimpsed in his most well-known projects, including the Centre Pompidou in Paris, (made in collaboration with Renzo Piano), and the Leadenhall Building in London.
Renzo Piano
Renzo Piano is an Italian architect known for his modern designs and use of light and airy materials. He is best known for designing the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris (made in collaboration with Richard Rogers), The Shard in London and the Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan. He has won numerous awards, including the Pritzker Prize in 1998 and the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2016. He is committed to sustainability in design, using natural materials and renewable energy sources whenever possible. He joins the eminent ranks of famous architects for his passion towards urban planning.
Oscar Niemeyer
Oscar Niemeyer was a Brazilian architect, best known for being the Chief Architect of NOVA-CAP, the governmental authority on city planning and architecture. He was a pioneer of the use of reinforced concrete in his designs, and he incorporated the sensual curves and sweeping lines of Art Deco into his work. He is known for developing the Modernist style of architecture, and for strongly advocating the use of local Brazilian construction techniques. His most famous work is the Serpentine Pavilion. He was a recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1988.
Rem Koolhaas
Rem Koolhaas is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist and urbanist, known for his iconic contributions to modernity. He has designed numerous high-profile buildings, including the Netherlands Embassy in Berlin and the Seattle Public Library. He is also the founder of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA), a collaborative team of architects that explores the intersection of architecture, media and urbanism. Koolhaas is one of the most famous architects globally, and also one of the most eclectic. His creations include the Taipei Performing Arts Centre and the Qatar National Library, among many others.
Jeanne Gang
Jeanne Gang is an American architect, urban designer, and MacArthur Fellow. She is
the founding principal of Studio Gang, a Chicago-based architecture and urban design practice. Gang's award-winning projects explore the relationship between nature, the built environment, and the social context within which these are situated. She has been recognized for her innovative and sustainable designs, which have been built around the world. Her style is an eclectic mix of research and experimentation between the traditional and the contemporary, and her most well-known work includes Aqua Tower in Chicago, and the residential building Solstice on the Park.
Sustainable design and green architecture are gaining great importance in the world today.
Daniel Burnham
Daniel Burnham was an influential and prominent American architect in the late 19th
and the early 20th century. He is renowned for developing the Chicago Plan and helping to rebuild the city after the Great Chicago Fire. He was also one of the key figures in the development of the skyscraper, and many of his works can still be seen in cities around the world. He is one of the most famous architects in the history of America and was one of the first modern city planners in America. It would interest young architects to know that he was not given admission to Harvard University, as well as Yale University, as he “couldn’t write a single word” in the exam. Later in his life, he would be awarded honorary degrees by both of these universities.
Gordon Bunshaft
Architect Gordon Bunshaft was an American modernist architect of the 20th
century is known for his international style and brutalist designs. He was a Pritzker Prize winner, and a partner at the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. He designed iconic buildings such as Lever House in New York City and the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University. He was the recipient of numerous awards, including the 1963 AIA Gold Medal, and was a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. His work was highly influential in the field of modernist architecture, thus establishing him as one of the most famous architects of the previous century.
Shigeru Ban
Shigeru Ban is a world-renowned Japanese architect and innovator, celebrated for his sustainable designs, which combine modern design with traditional Japanese architecture. He is known for his eclectic use of construction materials. For instance, he worked with cardboard tubes and bamboo, which he used as construction materials. In 2014, he was awarded the Pritzker Prize, the highest honour in architecture. His humanitarian work includes designing temporary shelters for disaster victims, such as those affected by the 2015 Nepal earthquake.
His work includes the stunning Catholic Takatori Church in Kobe, the Aspen Art Museum, and the Oita Prefectural Art Museum. He is one of the most famous architects in Japan.
Ieoh Ming Pei
Ieoh Ming Pei was a Chinese-American architect known for his iconic modernist designs. He moved to the United States as a teenager and studied architecture at the University of Pennsylvania. Although classified as a modernist, his work combines modern and traditional elements. He is best known for designing the Glass Pyramid at the Louvre Museum in Paris, which succeeded in distinguishing him as one of the most famous architects in the world.
He also designed the Bank of China Tower in Hong Kong, and the John F. Kennedy Library in Boston. His work was often praised for its geometric beauty (he heavily utilized shapes such as triangles, squares, and rectangles in his work). Additionally, he maintained a careful balance between form and function as well as their ability to create harmony between architecture and nature.
William Pereira
Architect William Pereira was an American architect known for his innovative and bold designs. He was born in Chicago in 1909. His designs are noted for being incredibly futuristic, and his larger style was based on elements from Brutalist architecture, Art Deco and Postmodern architecture. Interestingly, he was also well known as an Art Director in Hollywood and was awarded an Academy Award for ‘Best Special Effects’ for the film Reap the Wild Wind.
He was instrumental in designing various buildings such as the Transamerica Pyramid in San Francisco and the CBS Television City in Los Angeles.
Santiago Calatrava
Santiago Calatrava is an internationally renowned architect and engineer. He is renowned for the innovative potential of his work: it combines architecture and structural engineering to create awe-inspiring structures. His work is found all over the world. The most well-known examples of his work include the Oculus at the World Trade Center in New York City, the Dubai Creek Tower, and the Samuel Beckett Bridge. Calatrava's unique and modern approach to architecture has made him one of the world's most sought-after and respected architects. His status as one of the most famous architects around draws for his development of the field of high-tech architecture.
Calatrava was a fan of long-span structures, such as bridges, and made many of them in his lifetime. Bridges are often longer than 50 metres, which makes them long span structures.
Conclusion
Famous architects have played an important role in the AEC industry, contributing to the advancement of architecture and design. From modernist giants such as Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright to contemporary stars like Bjarke Ingels and Zaha Hadid, these architects have pushed the boundaries of design to create iconic works that stand the test of time. Their influence extends beyond the world of AEC, inspiring countless other architects and designers.
Are you inspired by these architects, and want to design like them? Well, Novatr’s in-demand courses on Building Information Modelling and Computational Design can surely help you with that.
Check out our Resources to learn more about current trends in the AEC industry, and don’t forget to follow us on Instagram and YouTube!
Related articles
Your next chapter in AEC begins with Novatr!
As you would have gathered, we are here to help you take the industry by storm with advanced, tech-first skills.
Join thousands of people who organise work and life with Novatr.
Join our newsletter
We’ll send you a nice letter once per week. No spam.
Company
All Rights Reserved
| 2,145 |
Subsets and Splits