query_id
int64 0
299
| query
stringclasses 300
values | source_url
stringlengths 20
191
| document
stringlengths 14
248k
| __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.29k
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
80 | where are alkali metals located on the periodic table | https://www.chemistrylearner.com/alkali-metals | Definition: What are the Alkali Metals
The alkali metals, also known as the alkali metal family is a group of six elements characterized by common physical and chemical properties, a similar electron configuration, and shared periodic trends. All the alkali metals are found in nature, but being highly reactive, they do not occur freely in their pure form [1].
Alkali Metal Example Sodium
Where are the Alkali Metals Located on the Periodic Table
These are found in Group 1 (the first column from left) of the periodic table. All the alkali metals lie in the s-block since the electron on the outermost shell of their atom (valence electron) is in the s-orbital [2, 3]
Alkali Metals on the Priodic Table
List of Alkali Metals
Why are They Called Alkali Metals
When the elements from group 1 react with water, they all form alkaline solutions. So, the family is called the alkali metal family [4].
Common Properties and Characteristics of the Alkali Metals
Good heat and electrical conductivity
Unusual Non-metallic Properties Shared by the Group 1 Elements
Soft enough to be cut by a plastic knife, at room temperature [5]
Low melting and boiling points [6]
Low density (Li, Na, and K light enough to float in water)
Why are Alkali Metals So Reactive
Having a single valence electron (the electron on their atom’s outermost shell) makes all the alkali metals highly reactive at room temperature and standard pressure. It takes little energy for them to lose the electron and form positively charged ions (cations) with a +1 charge.
Electron Configuration of Alkali Metals
These elements readily react with even the oxygen in the air to form oxides that make their shiny surface turn pale gray within moments if left in open air [7].
How Do Alkali Metals React With Water
When an alkali metal, e.g. sodium (Na) comes in contact with water, the sole valence electron leaves the sodium atom and the reaction forms hydroxide and sodium ions along with hydrogen [5]:
Na2+ 2H2O ―> H2 + 2Na+ + 2OH–
The Na+ and OH– ions are quite unstable in the aqueous solution, so they form sodium hydroxide [4]. The final equation stands like the following:
Na2+ 2H2O ―> H2 + 2NaOH
2K + 2H2O ―> H2 + 2KOH
2Li + 2H2O ―> H2 + 2LiOH
2Rb + 2H2O ―> H2 + 2RbOH
The heat resulting from the reaction ignites the hydrogen atoms produced, causing a considerable explosion [8].
The lower down Group 1 on the periodic table you move, the following trends are apparent in the alkali metals:
Decreasing melting and boiling points [4]
Increasing density and weight with Li being the lightest and Fr being the heaviest (though sodium and potassium are an exception as the latter is less dense than the former) [2]
Increasing atomic radius
Increasing reactivity (due to the increase in atomic radius, it is easier to knock out the valence electron in the elements located lower down the group, making Li the least reactive, and Francium the most reactive alkali metal) [2]
Video: Reactivity and Periodic Trends of the Alkali Metals
What are the Alkali Metals Used for
The top three elements of the group, Li, Na, and K, along with Cs, have different applications in various industries including glass-making, photography, weapons and explosives, and batteries Sodium compounds have some everyday uses in food processing and preparation. Rb is mainly used for research purposes [10]. Fr does not have any regular application as it is rarely present in nature [5].
FAQ
1. Why are alkali metals stored in oil?
Ans. Being highly reactive, alkali metals in their pure form have to be stored in oil to keep them from coming in contact with air and water [2].
2. What are the most abundant alkali metals?
Ans. Sodium and potassium are the most abundant alkali metals.
3. Why Is hydrogen not considered an alkali metal?
Ans. Despite having a single electron in its outermost shell, hydrogen (H) is not considered to be an alkali metal because:
H is not a metal, it is a gas.
It is also much less reactive, needing more energy for it to release that single electron to form positively charged ions.
H can also gain an electron to form negatively charged ions, like the elements in the halogen group [17].
4. What is the difference between alkali metals and alkaline earth metals?
Ans. Alkaline earth metals are the Group 2 elements in the periodic table. Despite having some similarities in their physical properties, they are placed in different groups mainly because the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in the outermost shell of their atom. Since losing 2 electrons needs more energy than losing one, the alkaline earth metals are less reactive than the alkali metals [13].
5. Why are halogens and alkali metals likely to form ion?
Ans. Having 1 valence electron, the alkali metals try to get rid of it to achieve stability, while halogens (e.g. chlorine, bromine, fluorine etc) have seven valence electrons, meaning they try to gain 1 more electron to become stable. As a result, together they react to form ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium chloride (Kcl) [14].
6. How are alkali metals different from noble gases?
Ans. Alkali metals have a single electron on their outer shell, while all the noble gases (the Group 8 elements in the periodic table including helium, neon, argon) have a full valence band with no unpaired electron to cause a reaction with other molecules [15].
Interesting Facts
The name of the alkali metal group derives from the Arabic word ‘al qali’, which means ‘from ashes’. It was named as such because most Na and K compounds were originally obtained from wood ashes [16].
The elements in this group have the lowest first ionization energies (the minimum energy required for an atom to give up an electron) in each period [12].
References
The Alkali Metals ― Courses.LumenLearning.com
Alkali Metal Elements: Properties, Characteristics & Reactions ― Study.com
Melting points & Boiling points of alkali metals ― Embibe.com
Group 1 properties ― BBC.co.uk
Everyday Uses of Alkali Metals ― SchooledbyScience.com
Explain how alkali metals are different from noble gases? ― Study.com
Group Trends: The Active Metals ― Angelo.edu
Similarities of hydrogen with alkali metals ― Embibe.com
| 679 |
80 | where are alkali metals located on the periodic table | https://www.britannica.com/science/alkali-metal | (more)
Table Of Contents
Cite
verifiedCite
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Select Citation Style
Feedback
Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
Feedback Type
Your Feedback
Submit Feedback
Thank you for your feedback
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
External Websites
Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.
Also known as: Group 1 element, Group Ia element
Written by
Last Updated:
Related Topics:
What is the definition of an alkali metal?
The alkali metals are six chemical elements in Group 1, the leftmost column in the periodic table . They are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). (Like the other elements in Group 1, hydrogen (H) has one electron in its outermost shell, but it is not classed as an alkali metal since it is not a metal but a gas at room temperature.)
Why are they called the alkali metals?
The alkali metals are so named because when they react with water they form alkalies . Alkalies are hydroxide compounds of these elements, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Alkalies are very strong bases that are caustic. Lye, for example, is sodium hydroxide. Alkalies react with acids to form salts .
What are some properties of the alkali metals?
The alkali metals have low melting points. Lithium melts at 180.5 °C (356.9 °F); cesium melts at just 28.4 °C (83.1 °F). These elements are also excellent conductors of heat and electricity . The alkali metals are very reactive and so are usually found in compounds with other elements , such as salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) and potassium chloride (KCl).
What is the most common alkali metal?
The most common alkali metal is sodium , which is 2.8 percent of Earth’s crust. The most common sodium compound is sodium chloride (NaCl), salt . The next most common is potassium , which is 2.6 percent of Earth’s crust. The other alkali metals are much rarer. Rubidium , lithium , and cesium are 0.01, 0.002, and 0.0007 percent of Earth’s crust, respectively. Francium is radioactive , and only minute amounts of it exist in nature.
alkali metal, any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table —namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The alkali metals are so called because reaction with water forms alkalies (i.e., strong bases capable of neutralizing acids ). Sodium and potassium are the sixth and seventh most abundant of the elements, constituting , respectively, 2.6 and 2.4 percent of Earth’s crust . The other alkali metals are considerably more rare, with rubidium , lithium , and cesium , respectively, forming 0.03, 0.007, and 0.0007 percent of Earth ’s crust. Francium , a natural radioactive isotope , is very rare and was not discovered until 1939.
The alkali metals are so reactive that they are generally found in nature combined with other elements. Simple minerals , such as halite (sodium chloride, NaCl), sylvite (potassium chloride, KCl), and carnallite (a potassium-magnesium chloride, KCl · MgCl2· 6H2O), are soluble in water and therefore are easily extracted and purified. More complex, water-insoluble minerals are, however, far more abundant in Earth’s crust. A very dilute gas of atomic sodium (about 1,000 atoms per cubic cm [about 16,000 atoms per cubic inch]) is produced in Earth’s mesosphere (altitude about 90 km [60 miles]) by ablation of meteors . Subsequent reaction of sodium with ozone and atomic oxygen produces excited sodium atoms that emit the light we see as the “tail” of a meteor as well as the more diffuse atmospheric nightglow. Smaller amounts of lithium and potassium are also present.
The alkali metals have the silver-like lustre, high ductility, and excellent conductivity of electricity and heat generally associated with metals. Lithium is the lightest metallic element. The alkali metals have low melting points, ranging from a high of 179 °C (354 °F) for lithium to a low of 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) for cesium. Alloys of alkali metals exist that melt as low as −78 °C (−109 °F).
Discover how a benign bacterial virus can be employed to enhance the performance of lithium-oxygen storage batteriesLearn how a benign bacterial virus can be used to improve the performance of lithium-oxygen storage batteries.
(more)
(more)
Sodium is by far the most important alkali metal in terms of industrial use. The metal is employed in the reduction of organic compounds and in the preparation of many commercial compounds. As a free metal, it is used as a heat-transfer fluid in some nuclear reactors . Hundreds of thousands of tons of commercial compounds that contain sodium are used annually, including common salt (NaCl), baking soda (NaHCO3), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and caustic soda (NaOH). Potassium has considerably less use than sodium as a free metal. Potassium salts, however, are consumed in considerable tonnages in the manufacture of fertilizers . Lithium metal is used in certain light-metal alloys and as a reactant in organic syntheses. An important use of lithium is in the construction of lightweight batteries . Primary lithium batteries (not rechargeable) are widely used in many devices such as cameras, cellular telephones, and pacemakers. Rechargeable lithium storage batteries that could be suitable for vehicle propulsion or energy storage are the subject of intensive research. Rubidium and cesium and their compounds have limited use, but cesium metal vapour is used in atomic clocks , which are so accurate that they are used as time standards.
History
Alkali metal salts were known to the ancients. The Old Testament refers to a salt called neter (sodium carbonate), which was extracted from the ash of vegetable matter. Saltpetre (potassium nitrate) was used in gunpowder , which was invented in China about the 9th century ad and had been introduced into Europe by the 13th century.
Get Unlimited Access
In October 1807 the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy isolated potassium and then sodium . The name sodium is derived from the Italian soda, a term applied in the Middle Ages to all alkalies; potassium comes from the French potasse, a name used for the residue left in the evaporation of aqueous solutions derived from wood ashes.
Lithium was discovered by the Swedish chemist Johan August Arfwedson in 1817 while analyzing the mineral petalite. The name lithium is derived from lithos, the Greek word for “stony.” The element was not isolated in pure form until Davy produced a minute quantity by the electrolysis of lithium chloride.
While the German chemists Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff were investigating the mineral waters in the Palatinate in 1860, they obtained a filtrate that was characterized by two lines in the blue region of its spectrum (the light emitted when the sample was inserted into a flame ). They suggested the presence of a new alkali element and called it cesium , derived from the Latin caesius, used to designate the blue of the sky. The same researchers, on extracting the alkalies from the mineral lepidolite , separated another solution, which yielded two spectral lines of red colour. They proposed the name rubidium for the element in this solution from the Latin rubidus, which was used for the darkest red colour. Francium was not discovered until 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Radium Institute in Paris.
| 680 |
80 | where are alkali metals located on the periodic table | https://science.howstuffworks.com/alkali-metals.htm | By: Trevor English | Updated: Aug 29, 2023
The alkali metals are on the left column of the periodic table highlighted in hot pink. bamlou/Getty Images
There are alkali metals all around you right now. Sodium is found in table salt, lithium in your phone battery and potassium in your bananas.
Advertisement
Contents
What Are Alkali Metals?
Alkali metals are the six different chemical elements found in the first column of the periodic table: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr).
The alkali metals group is part of the S-block of elements in the periodic table , that along with hydrogen, helium, calcium and others, have their outermost electron in an S-orbital.
Advertisement
The alkali metals are soft metals that are highly reactive with water and oxygen. They're so soft that you can cut them with a plastic knife. They also have a silver-like shine and are great conductors of heat and light.
Why Are They Called Alkali Metals?
Alkali metals are so called because when alkali metals react with water, they create highly alkaline substances. Alkalinity refers to the pH of the substance, or the ability to neutralize acid. Substances that are highly alkaline can form strong bases able to neutralize acids and maintain a stable pH level.
Alkali metals are not to be confused with alkaline earth metals.
Advertisement
Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals
Every element has a nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and alkali metals are no different. Surrounding the nucleus of atoms are electrons, which are particles with a negative charge. These electrons exist in energy shells around the nucleus of the atoms, each of which can hold a varying number of electrons. The first shell can hold up to two electrons; the second up to eight; the third, 18; and the fourth, 32. It's these shells of electrons and how alkali metals are structured that make them so reactive.
All atoms naturally want to have full set of outer electrons. However, elements in that first column of the periodic table all have one electron in their outermost shell. This outer shell is also called the valence shell, and the electrons that reside there are called valence electrons.
Advertisement
High vs. Low Reactivity
Having only one valence electron in the outermost shell makes it very easy for the alkali metal atoms to reach points of stability — they just need to lose one electron! This willingness and ease of losing an electron to reach a state of equilibrium is known as high reactivity. In fact, reactivity in chemistry is defined by the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
Noble gases (elements like neon and helium) are not very reactive because their outermost electron shells are full. That's why chemists talk about atoms wanting to achieve a "noble gas configuration."
"Since the alkali metals only have one valence electron, they typically achieve this state by giving up that electron. In this process, the alkali metal is said to be oxidized, and whatever takes the electron from the alkali metal is reduced. All of the alkali metals like to give up their single valence electron," says Dr. Chip Nataro , chemistry professor at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania.
"As electrons have a charge of -1, losing an electron causes the atom to have a charge of +1. When this happens, the atom is referred to as an ion and since it would have a positive charge, it is called a cation. So, all of the alkali metals like to make cations that have a charge of +1."
Alkali Metals in Nature
Since alkali metals react readily, they are usually found in conjunction with other metals in nature. For example, sodium chloride (table salt) and sodium carbonate (soda ash) are widely available sodium compounds.
If an element is highly reactive, it's harder to find its pure form in nature.
"All of these elements were first discovered in compounds [and] some of the discoveries are hard to attribute due to the abundance and usage of the compounds," says Nataro. "As you go down the periodic table, the alkali metals become more inclined to lose their valence electron" and thus, "the amount of the element found in nature also decreases, [resulting in] later discovery dates."
Advertisement
When Were Alkali Metals Discovered?
Lithium was first discovered in 1817 when Johan August Arfwedson , a Swedish chemist, was analyzing mineral ore. Cesium and rubidium were discovered in 1860 and 1861, respectively, by German chemists Robert Bunsen (who lent his name to the Bunsen burner) and Gustav Kirchhoff (who devised Kirchhoff's laws for electrical current). Francium, the most reactive of the alkali metals we currently know of, was discovered in 1939 by French scientist Marguerite Perey at the Curie Institute in Paris.
AA alkaline batteries line up in rows. These are made with lithium, one of the alkali metals on the periodic tables.
Anastasiia Krivenok/Getty Images
Sodium and potassium, two very common alkali metals, have unknown discovery dates because they have been used for so long. But scientists weren't able to isolate the pure elements until the famous chemist Humphrey Davy in 1807 . Rubidium wasn't isolated until 1928, also by Bunsen and Kirchhoff.
Advertisement
Alkali metals react vigorously to water and air . These elements will dance around, sizzling due to the production of hydrogen gas, and often explode. They get more reactive the further down on the periodic table you go too, with cesium and francium being so reactive that they can burst into flames simply by being exposed to the air. The elements also increase in atomic radius, decrease in electronegativity and decrease in melting and boiling points as you move down the periodic table.
You might wonder how the alkali metals were ever discovered in nature if they react so violently to air and water. Well, as it turns out, most of the alkali metals are found in nature as ions due to their high desire to react and lose that one valence electron. In their ionic form the metals are far less reactive.
Advertisement
Alkali Metals in Everyday Life
Alkali metals have an interesting chemical duality, because they are very common in everyday life but also very uncommon in their raw elemental forms.
This illustration of a cesium atomic clock shows the cesium beam tube. Cesium atomic clocks are extremely accurate. They'd lose only a second of time over millions of years.
Dorling Kindersley/Getty Images
For instance, potassium and sodium ions are essential nutrients; as electrolytes, they regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. You can't buy pure sodium atoms at the store, but you can find it in many foods as well as in table salt (sodium chloride), baking soda (sodium bicorbonate) and lye (sodium hydroxide aka caustic soda).
Advertisement
Potassium salts (potassium chloride) can be used to treat low blood potassium and are an important ingredient in commercial fertilizer. Potassium hydroxide is used in soap solutions. Potassium nitrate (saltpeter) was used to make gunpowder and, incidentally, is an excellent food preservative, responsible for giving hot dogs and other processed meats their pink hue.
Lithium is used in battery production, and lithium salts are used as a mood-stabilizing drug.
The more reactive elements, cesium, rubidium and francium, have fewer natural uses. Cesium is used in atomic clocks , drilling and in creating optical glass among other highly specialized applications. Rubidium is used in medical imaging and vacuum tubes. Francium, which is very rare, doesn't have many commercial applications but is used in research and to diagnose some forms of cancer.
Finally, all the alkali metals are also incredibly useful teaching tools in the field of chemistry. Teachers love demonstrating the principle of reactivity by dropping an alkali metal in water only for the class to watch in awe as it spews fire and explodes.
Now That's Radioactive!
Francium is the rarest of the alkali metals and the second rarest element in the Earth's crust (only 340-550 grams or about 1 pound is estimated to be in the Earth's crust). It also happens to be highly radioactive and has a maximum life of only 22 minutes. Francium has never been dropped in water, because it's so rare and so expensive, but scientists do expect it would have the highest reaction of any alkali metal.
Advertisement
What are alkali metals?
The alkali metals are a group of elements in the periodic table with similar properties: They are all shiny, silvery-white, highly reactive metals. The alkali metals are lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs) and francium (Fr).
Cite This!
Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article:
Copy
| 681 |
80 | where are alkali metals located on the periodic table | https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Inorganic_Chemistry_(LibreTexts)/08:_Chemistry_of_the_Main_Group_Elements/8.03:_Group_1_The_Alkali_Metals | Error
chrome_reader_mode Enter Reader Mode
Inorganic Chemistry (LibreTexts)
151403
151403
Expand/collapse global location
Last updated
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)
The Alkali Metals
The alkali metals comprise the elements lithium through francium in group 1 of the periodic table, as shown in Figure \( {\PageIndex{1}}\).
Figure \( {\PageIndex{1}}\). Position of the alkali metals in the periodic table. (CC-BY-SA-NC 3.0; Anonymous via LibreTexts)
Alkali metals are powerful reductants and so do not exist as the free metal in the relatively oxidizing environment at the earth's surface. As a result they are commonly found as the +1 cations in a variety of minerals like rock salt (halite, NaCl) and natron (Na2CO3·10H2O).
Because they occur as minerals, free alkali metals are prepared by electrolytic reduction of their +1 cations. For example, in the Downs process for making sodium, NaCl is electrolyzed to Na(l) and Cl2(g).
\[ \ce{2 NaCl(l) \rightarrow 2 Na(l) + Cl_2(g)} \nonumber \]
In order for this process to occur rapidly, transport of cations to the cathode and anions to the anode must occur. To permit this, the salt to be electrolyzed is melted.1 In addition, since the alkali metal is reactive the electrolysis must take place in a specialized cell that permits separation of the metal from both the salt and any oxidation products formed at the anode. For example, to prevent the explosively exothermic reaction between the chlorine gas and molten sodium products in the Downs process, specialized Downs cells in which the cathode and anode are carefully separated are employed. A typical way Downs cell is depicted in Figure \( {\PageIndex{2}}\).
Figure \( {\PageIndex{2}}\). Downs cell for the electrolysis of molten sodium. (CC-BY-SA-NC 3.0; Anonymous via LibreTexts)
As can be seen from the cell in Figure \( {\PageIndex{2}}\), the chlorine gas formed at the anode and sodium metal formed at the cathode are kept separate by allowing Cl2 gas to bubble out of the cell and the sodium metal to collect above the cathode (since sodium's density is lower than that of molten NaCl it floats to the top of the molten sodium chloride).
Alkali metals can also be formed by chemical reduction. For example, potassium can be made by reducing potassium salts with Na, carbide, or carbon according to the following reactions.
\[ \ce{KCl + Na -> K + NaCl} \nonumber \]
\[ \ce{2 KX + CaC_2 \rightarrow 2 K + CaX_2 + C (X = F, Cl)} \nonumber \]
\[ \ce{K_2CO_3 + 2 C \rightarrow 2 K + 3 CO} \nonumber \]
Once formed, alkali metals are stored under an inert atmosphere or under hydrocarbon oil to prevent their reoxidation.
Properties
In metallic form, alkali metals possess a body centered cubic (BCC) structure and are silvery solids, as shown in Figure \( {\PageIndex{3}}\).
Figure \( {\PageIndex{3}}\). The alkali metals. Notice that most of the samples are either stored in mineral oil or sealed in glass tubes to prevent ther reoxidation by atmospheric oxygen. The images of the alkali metals are adapted from those at en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal. Individual image credits for the alkali metals are given in reference two at the end of this page.
Like other metals, alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, and ductile. However, compared to other metals alkali metals have a small number of valence electrons and relatively low effective nuclear charges. As a result the metallic bonds which hold solid and liquid alkali metals together are weaker than those in other metals and they melt and boil at lower temperatures, as illustrated by the melting and boiling points listed in Table \( {\PageIndex{1}}\). Further, as can be seen from the data in Table \( {\PageIndex{1}}\), both the melting and boiling points decrease down the alkali metal group. This decrease in melting and boiling points reflects a decrease in metallic bonding strength as the atomic size (and consequently average electron-nucleus distance) increases down the group.
Table \( {\PageIndex{1}}\). Melting and boiling points of the alkali metals and selected reference substances.3
Substance
1538
2861
Copper
1083
2567
Water
0
100
benzene
6
80
The relatively low strength metallic bonding in the alkali metals is also reflected in their softness. The metals are so soft that they may be pressed into sheets and cut with an ordinary lab spatula. In fact, spatulas are commonly used to cut appropriate size portions of metal when they are used in the laboratory.
The atomic properties of alkali metals reflect the relatively high energy and large size of their ns valence orbitals. In consequence, they possess larger atomic radii and lower ionization energies than most metals, as may be seen from the data shown in Table \( {\PageIndex{2}}\).
Table \( {\PageIndex{2}}\). Selected atomic properties of the alkali metals and selected reference compounds.3,4
Substance
0.65
1402
3.04
As will be explained in the next section, the small ionization energies of the alkali metals is among the factors contributing to their extreme reactivity.
References
The mineral to be electrolyzed must be capable of melting at suitably low temperatures, either on its own or when mixed with an electrolytically inert salt to lower its melting point.
Alkali metal image credits: (a) Li: By Tomihahndorf at German Wikipedia - Transferred from de.Wikipedia to Commons., Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org/w/inde...?curid=1744000; (b) Na: The original uploader was Dnn87 at English Wikipedia. / CC BY-SA ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 ); (c) K: Unknown author / CC BY ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0 ); (d) Rb: Dnn87 / CC BY ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 ); and (e) Cs: Dnn87 Contact email: Dnn87yahoo.dk / CC BY-SA ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0 )
All physical and atomic property data for elements except atomic radii and the boiling and melting points of Ba and Fe are calculated from data in Emsley, J. The elements 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 1991. The phase transition points for Ba and Fe were taken from https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/56/barium and should be taken as tentative.
Atomic radii are the empirical radii determined by John C. Slater as reported in Slater, J. C. J. Chem. Phys. 1964, 41, 3199-3204.
| 682 |
80 | where are alkali metals located on the periodic table | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali_metal | Alkali metal
112 languages
Group of highly reactive chemical elements
Alkali metals
The alkali metals consist of the chemical elements lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), [note 1] rubidium (Rb), caesium (Cs), [note 2] and francium (Fr). Together with hydrogen they constitute group 1 , [note 3] which lies in the s-block of the periodic table . All alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s-orbital : this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties. [note 4] Indeed, the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table, with elements exhibiting well-characterised homologous behaviour. [5] This family of elements is also known as the lithium family after its leading element.
The alkali metals are all shiny, soft , highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge +1. They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness, exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen (and in the case of lithium, nitrogen ). Because of their high reactivity, they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air, and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements. Caesium, the fifth alkali metal, is the most reactive of all the metals. All the alkali metals react with water, with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones.
All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds: in order of abundance , sodium is the most abundant, followed by potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium, and finally francium, which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only in minute traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of element 119 , which is likely to be the next member of the group; none were successful. However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects , which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements ; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal, it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues.
Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks , of which caesium atomic clocks form the basis of the second. A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium-vapour lamp , which emits light very efficiently. Table salt , or sodium chloride, has been used since antiquity. Lithium finds use as a psychiatric medication and as an anode in lithium batteries . Sodium, potassium and possibly lithium are essential elements , having major biological roles as electrolytes , and although the other alkali metals are not essential, they also have various effects on the body, both beneficial and harmful.
Petalite , the lithium mineral from which lithium was first isolated
Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times; salt ( sodium chloride ) has been an important commodity in human activities. While potash has been used since ancient times, it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts. Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702, [6] and Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736. [7] The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds, and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium, was not known then, and thus Antoine Lavoisier did not include either alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789. [8] [9]
Pure potassium was first isolated in 1807 in England by Humphry Davy , who derived it from caustic potash (KOH, potassium hydroxide) by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly invented voltaic pile . Previous attempts at electrolysis of the aqueous salt were unsuccessful due to potassium's extreme reactivity. [10] : 68 Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis. [11] Later that same year, Davy reported extraction of sodium from the similar substance caustic soda (NaOH, lye) by a similar technique, demonstrating the elements, and thus the salts, to be different. [8] [9] [12] [13]
Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as the alkali metals.
Lepidolite , the rubidium mineral from which rubidium was first isolated
Rubidium and caesium were the first elements to be discovered using the spectroscope , invented in 1859 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff . [22] The next year, they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim , Germany. Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg , Germany, finding it in the mineral lepidolite . [23] The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra : a bright red line for rubidium (from the Latin word rubidus, meaning dark red or bright red), and a sky-blue line for caesium (derived from the Latin word caesius, meaning sky-blue). [24] [25]
Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music, where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions. [26] [27] His version put all the alkali metals then known (lithium to caesium), as well as copper, silver, and thallium (which show the +1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals), together into a group. His table placed hydrogen with the halogens . [21]
Dmitri Mendeleev 's periodic system proposed in 1871 showing hydrogen and the alkali metals as part of his group I, along with copper, silver, and gold
After 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, and thallium. [28] Two years later, Mendeleev revised his table, placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium, and also moving thallium to the boron group . In this 1871 version, copper, silver, and gold were placed twice, once as part of group IB , and once as part of a "group VIII" encompassing today's groups 8 to 11. [29] [note 5] After the introduction of the 18-column table, the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d-block , while alkali metals were left in group IA. Later the group's name was changed to group 1 in 1988. [4] The trivial name "alkali metals" comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water. [5]
There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries [30] [31] [32] [33] before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium-227 , which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV . However, Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product, one that was separated during purification, but emerged again out of the pure actinium -227. Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium , radium , lead, bismuth , or thallium . The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as coprecipitating with caesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, caused by the alpha decay of actinium-227. [34] Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure that she later revised to 1%. [35]
22789Ac α (1.38%)→21.77 y 22387Fr β−→22 min 22388Ra α→11.4 d21986Rn
The next element below francium ( eka -francium) in the periodic table would be ununennium (Uue), element 119. [36] : 1729–1730 The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium -254 with calcium -48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California. No atoms were identified, leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb . [37] [38]
Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar System. Hydrogen and helium are most common, from the Big Bang . The next three elements (lithium, beryllium , and boron ) are rare because they are poorly synthesised in the Big Bang and also in stars. The two general trends in the remaining stellar-produced elements are: (1) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers, and (2) a general decrease in abundance, as elements become heavier. Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum-energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae. [43]
The Oddo–Harkins rule holds that elements with even atomic numbers are more common that those with odd atomic numbers, with the exception of hydrogen. This rule argues that elements with odd atomic numbers have one unpaired proton and are more likely to capture another, thus increasing their atomic number. In elements with even atomic numbers, protons are paired, with each member of the pair offsetting the spin of the other, enhancing stability. [44] [45] [46] All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they are not as common as the elements with even atomic numbers adjacent to them (the noble gases and the alkaline earth metals ) in the Solar System. The heavier alkali metals are also less abundant than the lighter ones as the alkali metals from rubidium onward can only be synthesised in supernovae and not in stellar nucleosynthesis . Lithium is also much less abundant than sodium and potassium as it is poorly synthesised in both Big Bang nucleosynthesis and in stars: the Big Bang could only produce trace quantities of lithium, beryllium and boron due to the absence of a stable nucleus with 5 or 8 nucleons , and stellar nucleosynthesis could only pass this bottleneck by the triple-alpha process , fusing three helium nuclei to form carbon , and skipping over those three elements. [43]
On Earth
Spodumene , an important lithium mineral
The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun, but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the Solar System . In turn, the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements. The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98×1024 kg. It is composed mostly of iron (32.1%), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminium (1.4%); with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to planetary differentiation , the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. [47]
The alkali metals, due to their high reactivity, do not occur naturally in pure form in nature. They are lithophiles and therefore remain close to the Earth's surface because they combine readily with oxygen and so associate strongly with silica , forming relatively low-density minerals that do not sink down into the Earth's core. Potassium, rubidium and caesium are also incompatible elements due to their large ionic radii . [48]
Sodium and potassium are very abundant on Earth, both being among the ten most common elements in Earth's crust ; [49] [50] sodium makes up approximately 2.6% of the Earth's crust measured by weight, making it the sixth most abundant element overall [51] and the most abundant alkali metal. Potassium makes up approximately 1.5% of the Earth's crust and is the seventh most abundant element. [51] Sodium is found in many different minerals, of which the most common is ordinary salt (sodium chloride), which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater. Other solid deposits include halite , amphibole , cryolite , nitratine , and zeolite . [51] Many of these solid deposits occur as a result of ancient seas evaporating, which still occurs now in places such as Utah 's Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea . [10] : 69 Despite their near-equal abundance in Earth's crust, sodium is far more common than potassium in the ocean, both because potassium's larger size makes its salts less soluble, and because potassium is bound by silicates in soil and what potassium leaches is absorbed far more readily by plant life than sodium. [10] : 69
Despite its chemical similarity, lithium typically does not occur together with sodium or potassium due to its smaller size. [10] : 69 Due to its relatively low reactivity, it can be found in seawater in large amounts; it is estimated that lithium concentration in seawater is approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million (ppm) [52] [53] or 25 micromolar . [54] Its diagonal relationship with magnesium often allows it to replace magnesium in ferromagnesium minerals, where its crustal concentration is about 18 ppm , comparable to that of gallium and niobium . Commercially, the most important lithium mineral is spodumene , which occurs in large deposits worldwide. [10] : 69
Rubidium is approximately as abundant as zinc and more abundant than copper. It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite , pollucite , carnallite , zinnwaldite , and lepidolite , [55] although none of these contain only rubidium and no other alkali metals. [10] : 70 Caesium is more abundant than some commonly known elements, such as antimony , cadmium , tin , and tungsten , but is much less abundant than rubidium. [56]
Francium-223 , the only naturally occurring isotope of francium, [57] [58] is the product of the alpha decay of actinium-227 and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals. [59] In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1018 uranium atoms. [60] [61] It has been calculated that there are at most 30 grams of francium in the earth's crust at any time, due to its extremely short half-life of 22 minutes. [62] [63]
Properties of the alkali metals [10] : 75 [65]
3.00
2.60
2.321
2.19
2.09
136
97.42
79.1
69
66.1
162
108
89.6
82.0
78.2
94.7
48.8
73.9
131
208
76
102
138
152
167
59.62
52.87
48.38
46.89
45.51
106.5
73.6
57.3
45.6
44.77
Crimson670.8
Yellow589.2
Violet766.5
Red-violet780.0
Blue455.5
?
The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other. [5] Indeed, the similarity is so great that it is quite difficult to separate potassium, rubidium, and caesium, due to their similar ionic radii ; lithium and sodium are more distinct. For instance, when moving down the table, all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , [71] decreasing electronegativity , [71] increasing reactivity , [5] and decreasing melting and boiling points [71] as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation. [10] : 75 In general, their densities increase when moving down the table, with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium. [71] One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials : lithium's value is anomalous, being more negative than the others. [10] : 75 This is because the Li+ ion has a very high hydration energy in the gas phase: though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly, causing a higher change in entropy, this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal, despite the difficulty of ionising it in the gas phase. [10] : 75
The stable alkali metals are all silver-coloured metals except for caesium, which has a pale golden tint: [72] it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured (the other two being copper and gold). [10] : 74 Additionally, the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , and barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium , are pale yellow, though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium. [10] : 74 Their lustre tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation. [5]
Potassium reacts violently with water at room temperature
Caesium reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures
All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature. [20] Because of this, they are usually stored in mineral oil or kerosene (paraffin oil). [73] They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali metal halides , which are white ionic crystalline compounds that are all soluble in water except lithium fluoride (LiF). [5] The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with great care. The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones; for example, when dropped into water, caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium if the same number of moles of each metal is used. [5] [74] [56] The alkali metals have the lowest first ionisation energies in their respective periods of the periodic table [64] because of their low effective nuclear charge [5] and the ability to attain a noble gas configuration by losing just one electron . [5] Not only do the alkali metals react with water, but also with proton donors like alcohols and phenols , gaseous ammonia , and alkynes , the last demonstrating the phenomenal degree of their reactivity. Their great power as reducing agents makes them very useful in liberating other metals from their oxides or halides. [10] : 76
The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high [5] [64] as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus; [5] thus, they almost always lose a single electron, forming cations. [10] : 28 The alkalides are an exception: they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a −1 oxidation state, which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides, the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form anions and were thought to be able to appear in salts only as cations. The alkalide anions have filled s-subshells , which gives them enough stability to exist. All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides, [75] [76] [77] and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionisation potentials . Alkalides are chemically similar to the electrides , which are salts with trapped electrons acting as anions. [78] A particularly striking example of an alkalide is "inverse sodium hydride ", H+Na− (both ions being complexed ), as opposed to the usual sodium hydride, Na+H−: [79] it is unstable in isolation, due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium, although several derivatives are predicted to be metastable or stable. [79] [80]
In aqueous solution, the alkali metal ions form aqua ions of the formula [M(H2O)n]+, where n is the solvation number. Their coordination numbers and shapes agree well with those expected from their ionic radii. In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the first coordination sphere , also known as the first, or primary, solvation shell. The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a dative covalent bond , with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond. Each coordinated water molecule may be attached by hydrogen bonds to other water molecules. The latter are said to reside in the second coordination sphere. However, for the alkali metal cations, the second coordination sphere is not well-defined as the +1 charge on the cation is not high enough to polarise the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere, producing a more stable entity. [81] [82] : 25 The solvation number for Li+ has been experimentally determined to be 4, forming the tetrahedral [Li(H2O)4]+: while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions, solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact ion pairs , and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach [Li(H2O)4]+ through a face of the tetrahedron, though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an octahedral hexaaqua ion. There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion, forming the octahedral [Na(H2O)6]+ ion. [65] [82] : 126–127 While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions, it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the [K(H2O)8]+ and [Rb(H2O)8]+ ions, which have the square antiprismatic structure, and that caesium forms the 12-coordinate [Cs(H2O)12]+ ion. [83]
The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li+ cation polarises anions and gives its compounds a more covalent character. [5] Lithium and magnesium have a diagonal relationship due to their similar atomic radii, [5] so that they show some similarities. For example, lithium forms a stable nitride , a property common among all the alkaline earth metals (magnesium's group) but unique among the alkali metals. [84] In addition, among their respective groups, only lithium and magnesium form organometallic compounds with significant covalent character (e.g. Li Me and MgMe2). [85]
Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly soluble in water, [5] and lithium hydroxide is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . [5] Conversely, lithium perchlorate and other lithium salts with large anions that cannot be polarised are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals, probably because Li+ has a high solvation energy . [10] : 76 This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form, because the anhydrous forms are extremely hygroscopic : this allows salts like lithium chloride and lithium bromide to be used in dehumidifiers and air-conditioners . [10] : 76
Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight , causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent. In contrast to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals, francium's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons; also, its atomic radius is expected to be abnormally low. Thus, contrary to expectation, caesium is the most reactive of the alkali metals, not francium. [67] [36] : 1729 [86] All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium, such as the first ionisation energy, electron affinity, and anion polarisability, though due to the paucity of known data about francium many sources give extrapolated values, ignoring that relativistic effects make the trend from lithium to caesium become inapplicable at francium. [86] Some of the few properties of francium that have been predicted taking relativity into account are the electron affinity (47.2 kJ/mol) [87] and the enthalpy of dissociation of the Fr2 molecule (42.1 kJ/mol). [88] The CsFr molecule is polarised as Cs+Fr−, showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium. [86] Additionally, francium superoxide (FrO2) is expected to have significant covalent character, unlike the other alkali metal superoxides, because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium. [86]
Z
No primordial isotopes(223Fr is a radiogenic nuclide )
Radioactive: 40K, t1/2 1.25 × 109 years; 87Rb, t1/2 4.9 × 1010 years; 223Fr, t1/2 22.0 min.
All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers; hence, their isotopes must be either odd–odd (both proton and neutron number are odd) or odd–even ( proton number is odd, but neutron number is even). Odd–odd nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd–even nuclei have odd mass numbers. Odd–odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd–odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even–even, and are therefore more strongly bound, due to nuclear pairing effects . [89]
Due to the great rarity of odd–odd nuclei, almost all the primordial isotopes of the alkali metals are odd–even (the exceptions being the light stable isotope lithium-6 and the long-lived radioisotope potassium-40). For a given odd mass number, there can be only a single beta-stable nuclide , since there is not a difference in binding energy between even–odd and odd–even comparable to that between even–even and odd–odd, leaving other nuclides of the same mass number ( isobars ) free to beta decay toward the lowest-mass nuclide. An effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd-numbered elements, such as the alkali metals, tend to have fewer stable isotopes than even-numbered elements. Of the 26 monoisotopic elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number and all but one also have an even number of neutrons. Beryllium is the single exception to both rules, due to its low atomic number. [89]
All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium-22 and sodium-24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically , [90] potassium-40 and rubidium-87 have very long half-lives and thus occur naturally, [91] and all isotopes of francium are radioactive . [91] Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century, [92] [93] although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes. [91] (Francium had not been discovered yet at that time.) The natural long-lived radioisotope of potassium, potassium-40, makes up about 0.012% of natural potassium, [94] and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive. This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 (the next alkali metal after caesium) in 1925. [30] [31] Natural rubidium is similarly slightly radioactive, with 27.83% being the long-lived radioisotope rubidium-87. [10] : 74
Caesium-137 , with a half-life of 30.17 years, is one of the two principal medium-lived fission products , along with strontium-90 , which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling, up to several hundred years after use. It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident . Caesium-137 undergoes high-energy beta decay and eventually becomes stable barium-137 . It is a strong emitter of gamma radiation. Caesium-137 has a very low rate of neutron capture and cannot be feasibly disposed of in this way, but must be allowed to decay. [95] Caesium-137 has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies, analogous to the use of tritium . [96] Small amounts of caesium-134 and caesium-137 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents , most notably the Goiânia accident and the Chernobyl disaster . As of 2005, caesium-137 is the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant . [97] Its chemical properties as one of the alkali metals make it one of the most problematic of the short-to-medium-lifetime fission products because it easily moves and spreads in nature due to the high water solubility of its salts, and is taken up by the body, which mistakes it for its essential congeners sodium and potassium. [98] : 114
Periodic trends
Atomic and ionic radii
The atomic radii of the alkali metals increase going down the group. [71] Because of the shielding effect , when an atom has more than one electron shell , each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus. [99] In the alkali metals, the outermost electron only feels a net charge of +1, as some of the nuclear charge (which is equal to the atomic number ) is cancelled by the inner electrons; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge. Therefore, the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells. Since this number increases down the group, the atomic radius must also increase down the group. [71]
The ionic radii of the alkali metals are much smaller than their atomic radii. This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons, and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller. Additionally, the effective nuclear charge has increased, and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases. [5]
First ionisation energy
Periodic trend for ionisation energy: each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals, and ends at a maximum for the noble gases . Predicted values are used for elements beyond 104.
The first ionisation energy of an element or molecule is the energy required to move the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms of the element or molecules to form one mole of gaseous ions with electric charge +1. The factors affecting the first ionisation energy are the nuclear charge , the amount of shielding by the inner electrons and the distance from the most loosely held electron from the nucleus, which is always an outer electron in main group elements . The first two factors change the effective nuclear charge the most loosely held electron feels. Since the outermost electron of alkali metals always feels the same effective nuclear charge (+1), the only factor which affects the first ionisation energy is the distance from the outermost electron to the nucleus. Since this distance increases down the group, the outermost electron feels less attraction from the nucleus and thus the first ionisation energy decreases. [71] This trend is broken in francium due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of the 7s orbital, bringing francium's valence electron closer to the nucleus than would be expected from non-relativistic calculations. This makes francium's outermost electron feel more attraction from the nucleus, increasing its first ionisation energy slightly beyond that of caesium. [36] : 1729
The second ionisation energy of the alkali metals is much higher than the first as the second-most loosely held electron is part of a fully filled electron shell and is thus difficult to remove. [5]
The reactivities of the alkali metals increase going down the group. This is the result of a combination of two factors: the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals. Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group, it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions , thus increasing reactivity down the group. The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element, which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length, making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals. Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to (but not equal to) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance. This quantity decreases going down the group, and so does the activation energy; thus, chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group. [100]
Periodic variation of Pauling electronegativities as one descends the main groups of the periodic table from the second to the sixth period .
Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons (or electron density ) towards itself. [101] If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent , the pair of shared electrons would be attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons is +7 in chlorine but is only +1 in sodium. The electron pair is attracted so close to the chlorine atom that they are practically transferred to the chlorine atom (an ionic bond ). However, if the sodium atom was replaced by a lithium atom, the electrons will not be attracted as close to the chlorine atom as before because the lithium atom is smaller, making the electron pair more strongly attracted to the closer effective nuclear charge from lithium. Hence, the larger alkali metal atoms (further down the group) will be less electronegative as the bonding pair is less strongly attracted towards them. As mentioned previously, francium is expected to be an exception. [71]
Because of the higher electronegativity of lithium, some of its compounds have a more covalent character. For example, lithium iodide (LiI) will dissolve in organic solvents , a property of most covalent compounds. [71] Lithium fluoride (LiF) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water, [5] and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . [5]
Melting and boiling points
The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure ( body-centred cubic ) [10] and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms, since density is defined as mass per unit volume. The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius, which increases going down the group; thus, the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group. The mass of an alkali metal atom also increases going down the group. Thus, the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii; if figures for these two factors are known, the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated. The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table, with an exception at potassium. Due to having the lowest atomic weight and the largest atomic radius of all the elements in their periods, the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table. [71] Lithium, sodium, and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water: [5] in fact, lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature . [10] : 75
The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions, which well illustrate group trends. These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions. [10] : 79 This description is most accurate for alkali halides and becomes less and less accurate as cationic and anionic charge increase, and as the anion becomes larger and more polarisable. For instance, ionic bonding gives way to metallic bonding along the series NaCl, Na2O, Na2S, Na3P, Na3As, Na3Sb, Na3Bi, Na. [10] : 81
External videos
A reaction of 3 pounds (≈ 1.4 kg) of sodium with water
All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water, producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas. [100] This reaction becomes more vigorous going down the group: lithium reacts steadily with effervescence , but sodium and potassium can ignite, and rubidium and caesium sink in water and generate hydrogen gas so rapidly that shock waves form in the water that may shatter glass containers. [5] When an alkali metal is dropped into water, it produces an explosion, of which there are two separate stages. The metal reacts with the water first, breaking the hydrogen bonds in the water and producing hydrogen gas; this takes place faster for the more reactive heavier alkali metals. Second, the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas, causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air. This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water, lake or other body of water, not the initial reaction of the metal with water (which tends to happen mostly under water). [74] The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides. [10] : 87
Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself. [105] All alkali metals melt as a part of the reaction with water. Water molecules ionise the bare metallic surface of the liquid metal, leaving a positively charged metal surface and negatively charged water ions. The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area, causing an exponential increase of ionisation. When the repulsive forces within the liquid metal surface exceeds the forces of the surface tension, it vigorously explodes. [105]
The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known, reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides . They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates , or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides , and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum. They react with amphoteric oxides: for example, the oxides of aluminium , zinc , tin , and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates, zincates, stannates, and plumbates. Silicon dioxide is acidic, and thus the alkali metal hydroxides can also attack silicate glass . [10] : 87
Intermetallic compounds
Liquid NaK alloy at room temperature
The alkali metals form many intermetallic compounds with each other and the elements from groups 2 to 13 in the periodic table of varying stoichiometries, [10] : 81 such as the sodium amalgams with mercury , including Na5Hg8 and Na3Hg. [106] Some of these have ionic characteristics: taking the alloys with gold, the most electronegative of metals, as an example, NaAu and KAu are metallic, but RbAu and CsAu are semiconductors. [10] : 81 NaK is an alloy of sodium and potassium that is very useful because it is liquid at room temperature, although precautions must be taken due to its extreme reactivity towards water and air. The eutectic mixture melts at −12.6 °C. [107] An alloy of 41% caesium, 47% sodium, and 12% potassium has the lowest known melting point of any metal or alloy, −78 °C. [22]
Compounds with the group 13 elements
The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements (aluminium, gallium , indium , and thallium ), such as NaTl, are poor conductors or semiconductors , unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements, implying that the alkali metal involved has lost an electron to the Zintl anions involved. [108] Nevertheless, while the elements in group 14 and beyond tend to form discrete anionic clusters, group 13 elements tend to form polymeric ions with the alkali metal cations located between the giant ionic lattice. For example, NaTl consists of a polymeric anion (—Tl−—)n with a covalent diamond cubic structure with Na+ ions located between the anionic lattice. The larger alkali metals cannot fit similarly into an anionic lattice and tend to force the heavier group 13 elements to form anionic clusters. [109]
Boron is a special case, being the only nonmetal in group 13. The alkali metal borides tend to be boron-rich, involving appreciable boron–boron bonding involving deltahedral structures, [10] : 147–8 and are thermally unstable due to the alkali metals having a very high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures. This makes direct synthesis problematic because the alkali metals do not react with boron below 700 °C, and thus this must be accomplished in sealed containers with the alkali metal in excess. Furthermore, exceptionally in this group, reactivity with boron decreases down the group: lithium reacts completely at 700 °C, but sodium at 900 °C and potassium not until 1200 °C, and the reaction is instantaneous for lithium but takes hours for potassium. Rubidium and caesium borides have not even been characterised. Various phases are known, such as LiB10, NaB6, NaB15, and KB6. [110] [111] Under high pressure the boron–boron bonding in the lithium borides changes from following Wade's rules to forming Zintl anions like the rest of group 13. [112]
Compounds with the group 14 elements
Side (left) and top (right) views of the graphite intercalation compound KC8
Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides , Li2C2 and Na2C2, which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene . Potassium, rubidium, and caesium react with graphite ; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers, forming graphite intercalation compounds of formulae MC60 (dark grey, almost black), MC48 (dark grey, almost black), MC36 (blue), MC24 (steel blue), and MC8 (bronze) (M = K, Rb, or Cs). These compounds are over 200 times more electrically conductive than pure graphite, suggesting that the valence electron of the alkali metal is transferred to the graphite layers (e.g.
M+C−8). [65] Upon heating of KC8, the elimination of potassium atoms results in the conversion in sequence to KC24, KC36, KC48 and finally KC60. KC8 is a very strong reducing agent and is pyrophoric and explodes on contact with water. [113] [114] While the larger alkali metals (K, Rb, and Cs) initially form MC8, the smaller ones initially form MC6, and indeed they require reaction of the metals with graphite at high temperatures around 500 °C to form. [115] Apart from this, the alkali metals are such strong reducing agents that they can even reduce buckminsterfullerene to produce solid fullerides MnC60; sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium can form fullerides where n = 2, 3, 4, or 6, and rubidium and caesium additionally can achieve n = 1. [10] : 285
When the alkali metals react with the heavier elements in the carbon group ( silicon , germanium , tin , and lead), ionic substances with cage-like structures are formed, such as the silicides M4 Si 4 (M = K, Rb, or Cs), which contains M+ and tetrahedral
Si4−4 ions. [65] The chemistry of alkali metal germanides , involving the germanide ion Ge 4− and other cluster ( Zintl ) ions such as
Ge2−4,
Ge4−9,
Ge2−9, and [(Ge9)2]6−, is largely analogous to that of the corresponding silicides. [10] : 393 Alkali metal stannides are mostly ionic, sometimes with the stannide ion ( Sn 4−), [109] and sometimes with more complex Zintl ions such as
Sn4−9, which appears in tetrapotassium nonastannide (K4Sn9). [116] The monatomic plumbide ion ( Pb 4−) is unknown, and indeed its formation is predicted to be energetically unfavourable; alkali metal plumbides have complex Zintl ions, such as
Pb4−9. These alkali metal germanides, stannides, and plumbides may be produced by reducing germanium, tin, and lead with sodium metal in liquid ammonia. [10] : 394
Nitrides and pnictides
Unit cell ball-and-stick model of lithium nitride . [117] On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected, but that would be geometrically impossible: thus lithium nitride takes on this unique crystal structure. [10] : 76
Lithium, the lightest of the alkali metals, is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions , and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride. Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong triple bond in the dinitrogen molecule (N2) requires a lot of energy. The formation of an alkali metal nitride would consume the ionisation energy of the alkali metal (forming M+ ions), the energy required to break the triple bond in N2 and the formation of N3− ions, and all the energy released from the formation of an alkali metal nitride is from the lattice energy of the alkali metal nitride. The lattice energy is maximised with small, highly charged ions; the alkali metals do not form highly charged ions, only forming ions with a charge of +1, so only lithium, the smallest alkali metal, can release enough lattice energy to make the reaction with nitrogen exothermic , forming lithium nitride . The reactions of the other alkali metals with nitrogen would not release enough lattice energy and would thus be endothermic , so they do not form nitrides at standard conditions. [84] Sodium nitride (Na3N) and potassium nitride (K3N), while existing, are extremely unstable, being prone to decomposing back into their constituent elements, and cannot be produced by reacting the elements with each other at standard conditions. [118] [119] Steric hindrance forbids the existence of rubidium or caesium nitride. [10] : 417 However, sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear
N−3 anion; due to the large size of the alkali metal cations, they are thermally stable enough to be able to melt before decomposing. [10] : 417
All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M3Pn (where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen – phosphorus, arsenic, antimony , or bismuth ). This is due to the greater size of the P3− and As3− ions, so that less lattice energy needs to be released for the salts to form. [65] These are not the only phosphides and arsenides of the alkali metals: for example, potassium has nine different known phosphides, with formulae K3P, K4P3, K5P4, KP, K4P6, K3P7, K3P11, KP10.3, and KP15. [120] While most metals form arsenides, only the alkali and alkaline earth metals form mostly ionic arsenides. The structure of Na3As is complex with unusually short Na–Na distances of 328–330 pm which are shorter than in sodium metal, and this indicates that even with these electropositive metals the bonding cannot be straightforwardly ionic. [10] Other alkali metal arsenides not conforming to the formula M3As are known, such as LiAs, which has a metallic lustre and electrical conductivity indicating the presence of some metallic bonding . [10] The antimonides are unstable and reactive as the Sb3− ion is a strong reducing agent; reaction of them with acids form the toxic and unstable gas stibine (SbH3). [121] Indeed, they have some metallic properties, and the alkali metal antimonides of stoichiometry MSb involve antimony atoms bonded in a spiral Zintl structure. [122] Bismuthides are not even wholly ionic; they are intermetallic compounds containing partially metallic and partially ionic bonds. [123]
Oxides and chalcogenides
Rb9O2 cluster, composed of two regular octahedra connected to each other by one face
Cs11O3 cluster, composed of three regular octahedra where each octahedron is connected to both of the others by one face each. All three octahedra have one edge in common.
All the alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen at standard conditions. They form various types of oxides, such as simple oxides (containing the O2− ion), peroxides (containing the
O2−2 ion, where there is a single bond between the two oxygen atoms), superoxides (containing the
O−2 ion), and many others. Lithium burns in air to form lithium oxide , but sodium reacts with oxygen to form a mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide . Potassium forms a mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide , while rubidium and caesium form the superoxide exclusively. Their reactivity increases going down the group: while lithium, sodium and potassium merely burn in air, rubidium and caesium are pyrophoric (spontaneously catch fire in air). [84]
The smaller alkali metals tend to polarise the larger anions (the peroxide and superoxide) due to their small size. This attracts the electrons in the more complex anions towards one of its constituent oxygen atoms, forming an oxide ion and an oxygen atom. This causes lithium to form the oxide exclusively on reaction with oxygen at room temperature. This effect becomes drastically weaker for the larger sodium and potassium, allowing them to form the less stable peroxides. Rubidium and caesium, at the bottom of the group, are so large that even the least stable superoxides can form. Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed, the superoxide is preferentially formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions are not polarised. The oxides and peroxides for these alkali metals do exist, but do not form upon direct reaction of the metal with oxygen at standard conditions. [84] In addition, the small size of the Li+ and O2− ions contributes to their forming a stable ionic lattice structure. Under controlled conditions, however, all the alkali metals, with the exception of francium, are known to form their oxides, peroxides, and superoxides. The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are powerful oxidising agents . Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas, which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers; the presence of water vapour , naturally present in breath, makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient. [65] [124] All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides (MO3) through low-temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone : the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia . They slowly decompose at standard conditions to the superoxides and oxygen, and hydrolyse immediately to the hydroxides when in contact with water. [10] : 85 Potassium, rubidium, and caesium also form sesquioxides M2O3, which may be better considered peroxide disuperoxides,
[(M+)4(O2−2)(O−2)2]. [10] : 85
Rubidium and caesium can form a great variety of suboxides with the metals in formal oxidation states below +1. [10] : 85 Rubidium can form Rb6O and Rb9O2 (copper-coloured) upon oxidation in air, while caesium forms an immense variety of oxides, such as the ozonide CsO3 [125] [126] and several brightly coloured suboxides , [127] such as Cs7O (bronze), Cs4O (red-violet), Cs11O3 (violet), Cs3O (dark green), [128] CsO, Cs3O2, [129] as well as Cs7O2. [130] [131] The last of these may be heated under vacuum to generate Cs2O. [56]
The alkali metals can also react analogously with the heavier chalcogens ( sulfur , selenium , tellurium , and polonium ), and all the alkali metal chalcogenides are known (with the exception of francium's). Reaction with an excess of the chalcogen can similarly result in lower chalcogenides, with chalcogen ions containing chains of the chalcogen atoms in question. For example, sodium can react with sulfur to form the sulfide ( Na2S ) and various polysulfides with the formula Na2Sx (x from 2 to 6), containing the S2−x ions. [65] Due to the basicity of the Se2− and Te2− ions, the alkali metal selenides and tellurides are alkaline in solution; when reacted directly with selenium and tellurium, alkali metal polyselenides and polytellurides are formed along with the selenides and tellurides with the Se2−x and Te2−x ions. [132] They may be obtained directly from the elements in liquid ammonia or when air is not present, and are colourless, water-soluble compounds that air oxidises quickly back to selenium or tellurium. [10] : 766 The alkali metal polonides are all ionic compounds containing the Po2− ion; they are very chemically stable and can be produced by direct reaction of the elements at around 300–400 °C. [10] : 766 [133] [134]
Halides, hydrides, and pseudohalides
The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table, the halogens ( fluorine , chlorine , bromine , iodine , and astatine ), forming salts known as the alkali metal halides. The reaction is very vigorous and can sometimes result in explosions. [10] : 76 All twenty stable alkali metal halides are known; the unstable ones are not known, with the exception of sodium astatide, because of the great instability and rarity of astatine and francium. The most well-known of the twenty is certainly sodium chloride , otherwise known as common salt. All of the stable alkali metal halides have the formula MX where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen. They are all white ionic crystalline solids that have high melting points. [5] [84] All the alkali metal halides are soluble in water except for lithium fluoride (LiF), which is insoluble in water due to its very high lattice enthalpy . The high lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride is due to the small sizes of the Li+ and F− ions, causing the electrostatic interactions between them to be strong: [5] a similar effect occurs for magnesium fluoride , consistent with the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium. [10] : 76
The alkali metals also react similarly with hydrogen to form ionic alkali metal hydrides, where the hydride anion acts as a pseudohalide : these are often used as reducing agents, producing hydrides, complex metal hydrides, or hydrogen gas. [10] : 83 [65] Other pseudohalides are also known, notably the cyanides . These are isostructural to the respective halides except for lithium cyanide , indicating that the cyanide ions may rotate freely. [10] : 322 Ternary alkali metal halide oxides, such as Na3ClO, K3BrO (yellow), Na4Br2O, Na4I2O, and K4Br2O, are also known. [10] : 83 The polyhalides are rather unstable, although those of rubidium and caesium are greatly stabilised by the feeble polarising power of these extremely large cations. [10] : 835
Coordination complexes
Structure of 2.2.2-Cryptand encapsulating a potassium cation (purple). At crystalline state, obtained with an X-ray diffraction. [135]
Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just +1 and their relatively large size; thus the Li+ ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less (though exceptions occur for weak complexes). [10] : 90 Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12, although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode. [10] : 90–1 In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes [M(H2O)6]+, with the exception of the lithium ion, which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes [Li(H2O)4]+; the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules. Because of this, anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants . [65] Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers (e.g. 12-crown-4 for Li+, 15-crown-5 for Na+, 18-crown-6 for K+, and 21-crown-7 for Rb+) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction. [65]
Ammonia solutions
Structure of the octahedral n-butyllithium hexamer, (C4H9Li)6. [137] The aggregates are held together by delocalised covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain. [138] There is no direct lithium–lithium bonding in any organolithium compound. [122] : 264
Solid phenyllithium forms monoclinic crystals that can be described as consisting of dimeric Li2( C6H5 )2 subunits. The lithium atoms and the ipso carbons of the phenyl rings form a planar four-membered ring. The plane of the phenyl groups is perpendicular to the plane of this Li2C2 ring. Additional strong intermolecular bonding occurs between these phenyllithium dimers and the π electrons of the phenyl groups in the adjacent dimers, resulting in an infinite polymeric ladder structure. [139]
Being the smallest alkali metal, lithium forms the widest variety of and most stable organometallic compounds , which are bonded covalently. Organolithium compounds are electrically non-conducting volatile solids or liquids that melt at low temperatures, and tend to form oligomers with the structure (RLi)x where R is the organic group. As the electropositive nature of lithium puts most of the charge density of the bond on the carbon atom, effectively creating a carbanion , organolithium compounds are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . For use as bases, butyllithiums are often used and are commercially available. An example of an organolithium compound is methyllithium ((CH3Li)x), which exists in tetrameric (x = 4, tetrahedral) and hexameric (x = 6, octahedral) forms. [65] [140] Organolithium compounds, especially n-butyllithium, are useful reagents in organic synthesis, as might be expected given lithium's diagonal relationship with magnesium, which plays an important role in the Grignard reaction . [10] : 102 For example, alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may be used to synthesise aldehydes and ketones by reaction with metal carbonyls . The reaction with nickel tetracarbonyl , for example, proceeds through an unstable acyl nickel carbonyl complex which then undergoes electrophilic substitution to give the desired aldehyde (using H+ as the electrophile) or ketone (using an alkyl halide) product. [10] : 105
LiR
Ni
Li
RCONi
3
{\displaystyle {\ce {Li^{+}[RCONi(CO)3]^{-}->[{\ce {H^{+}}}][{\ce {solvent}}]\ Li^{+}\ +\ RCHO\ +\ [(solvent)Ni(CO)3]}}}
Li
RCONi
3
{\displaystyle {\ce {Li^{+}[RCONi(CO)3]^{-}->[{\ce {R^{'}Br}}][{\ce {solvent}}]\ Li^{+}\ +\ RR^{'}CO\ +\ [(solvent)Ni(CO)3]}}}
Alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may also react with N,N-disubstituted amides to give aldehydes and ketones, and symmetrical ketones by reacting with carbon monoxide . They thermally decompose to eliminate a β-hydrogen, producing alkenes and lithium hydride : another route is the reaction of ethers with alkyl- and aryllithiums that act as strong bases. [10] : 105 In non-polar solvents, aryllithiums react as the carbanions they effectively are, turning carbon dioxide to aromatic carboxylic acids (ArCO2H) and aryl ketones to tertiary carbinols (Ar'2C(Ar)OH). Finally, they may be used to synthesise other organometallic compounds through metal-halogen exchange. [10] : 106
Heavier alkali metals
Alkyl and aryl derivatives of sodium and potassium tend to react with air. They cause the cleavage of ethers , generating alkoxides. Unlike alkyllithium compounds, alkylsodiums and alkylpotassiums cannot be made by reacting the metals with alkyl halides because Wurtz coupling occurs: [122] : 265
RM + R'X → R–R' + MX
As such, they have to be made by reacting alkylmercury compounds with sodium or potassium metal in inert hydrocarbon solvents. While methylsodium forms tetramers like methyllithium, methylpotassium is more ionic and has the nickel arsenide structure with discrete methyl anions and potassium cations. [122] : 265
The alkali metals and their hydrides react with acidic hydrocarbons, for example cyclopentadienes and terminal alkynes, to give salts. Liquid ammonia, ether, or hydrocarbon solvents are used, the most common of which being tetrahydrofuran . The most important of these compounds is sodium cyclopentadienide , NaC5H5, an important precursor to many transition metal cyclopentadienyl derivatives. [122] : 265 Similarly, the alkali metals react with cyclooctatetraene in tetrahydrofuran to give alkali metal cyclooctatetraenides ; for example, dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide (K2C8H8) is an important precursor to many metal cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives, such as uranocene . [122] : 266 The large and very weakly polarising alkali metal cations can stabilise large, aromatic, polarisable radical anions, such as the dark-green sodium naphthalenide , Na+[C10H8•]−, a strong reducing agent. [122] : 266
Representative reactions of alkali metals
Alkali metal
The alkali metal peroxides are ionic compounds that are unstable in water. The peroxide anion is weakly bound to the cation, and it is hydrolysed, forming stronger covalent bonds.
Na2O2 + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2O2
2KO2 + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2O2 + O2 [144]
Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH
Reaction with sulfur
2Na + 1/8S8 → Na2S + 1/8S8 → Na2S2...Na2S7
Because alkali metal sulfides are essentially salts of a weak acid and a strong base, they form basic solutions.
S2- + H2O → HS− + HO−
HS− + H2O → H2S + HO−
3Li + 1/2N2 → Li3N
Li3N + 3H2O → 3LiOH + NH3
2
Na
H
2
Δ
2
NaH
2
NaH
2
H
2
O
2
NaOH
H
2
Reaction with carbon
2
Li
2
C
Li
2
C
2
2
Na
2
C
2
H
2
150
o
C
2
NaC
2
H
H
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {2Na\ +\ 2C2H2\ ->[{\ce {150\ ^{o}C}}]\ 2NaC2H\ +\ H2}}}
2
Na
2
NaC
2
H
220
o
C
2
Na
2
C
2
H
2
{\displaystyle {\ce {2Na\ +\ 2NaC2H\ ->[{\ce {220\ ^{o}C}}]\ 2Na2C2\ +\ H2}}}
Reaction with water
Na + H2O → NaOH + 1/2H2
Reaction with other salts
TiCl4 + 4Na → 4NaCl + Ti
Reaction with organohalide compounds
2CH3-Cl + 2Na → H3C-CH3 + 2NaCl
Na + xNH3 → Na+ + e(NH3)x−
Due to the presence of solvated electrons , these solutions are very powerful reducing agents used in organic synthesis.
Reduction reactions using sodium in liquid ammonia
Reaction 1) is known as Birch reduction .
Other reductions [143] that can be carried by these solutions are:
S8 + 2e− → S82-
Empirical (Na–Cs, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Fr–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period , measured in angstroms [36] : 1730 [147]
Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered, there has been some theoretical work predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of hypothetical heavier alkali metals. Being the first period 8 element , the undiscovered element ununennium (element 119) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners ; however, it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties. [36] : 1729–1730 Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium [41] or rubidium [36] : 1729–1730 instead of caesium or francium. This is unusual as periodic trends , ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium. This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron, increasing ununennium's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii ; [41] this effect is already seen for francium. [36] : 1729–1730 This assumes that ununennium will behave chemically as an alkali metal, which, although likely, may not be true due to relativistic effects. [148] The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium; indeed, ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it. Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarisability of ununennium. [36] : 1729–1730 On the other hand, ununennium is predicted to continue the trend of melting points decreasing going down the group, being expected to have a melting point between 0 °C and 30 °C. [36] : 1724
Empirical (Na–Fr) and predicted (Uue) electron affinity of the alkali metals from the third to the eighth period , measured in electron volts [36] : 1730 [147]
The stabilisation of ununennium's valence electron and thus the contraction of the 8s orbital cause its atomic radius to be lowered to 240 pm , [36] : 1729–1730 very close to that of rubidium (247 pm), [5] so that the chemistry of ununennium in the +1 oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium. On the other hand, the ionic radius of the Uue+ ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb+, because the 7p orbitals are destabilised and are thus larger than the p-orbitals of the lower shells. Ununennium may also show the +3 [36] : 1729–1730 and +5 oxidation states , [149] which are not seen in any other alkali metal, [10] : 28 in addition to the +1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals: this is because of the destabilisation and expansion of the 7p3/2 spinor, causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionisation energy than what would otherwise be expected. [10] : 28 [36] : 1729–1730 Indeed, many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character, due to the involvement of the 7p3/2 electrons in the bonding. [86]
Empirical (Na–Fr, Mg–Ra) and predicted (Uue–Uhp, Ubn–Uhh) ionisation energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period, measured in electron volts [36] : 1730 [147]
Not as much work has been done predicting the properties of the alkali metals beyond ununennium. Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table (by the Aufbau principle ) would put element 169, unhexennium, under ununennium, Dirac-Fock calculations predict that the next element after ununennium with alkali-metal-like properties may be element 165, unhexpentium, which is predicted to have the electron configuration [Og] 5g18 6f14 7d10 8s2 8p1/22 9s1. [36] : 1729–1730 [147] This element would be intermediate in properties between an alkali metal and a group 11 element , and while its physical and atomic properties would be closer to the former, its chemistry may be closer to that of the latter. Further calculations show that unhexpentium would follow the trend of increasing ionisation energy beyond caesium, having an ionisation energy comparable to that of sodium, and that it should also continue the trend of decreasing atomic radii beyond caesium, having an atomic radius comparable to that of potassium. [36] : 1729–1730 However, the 7d electrons of unhexpentium may also be able to participate in chemical reactions along with the 9s electron, possibly allowing oxidation states beyond +1, whence the likely transition metal behaviour of unhexpentium. [36] : 1732–1733 [150] Due to the alkali and alkaline earth metals both being s-block elements, these predictions for the trends and properties of ununennium and unhexpentium also mostly hold quite similarly for the corresponding alkaline earth metals unbinilium (Ubn) and unhexhexium (Uhh). [36] : 1729–1733 Unsepttrium, element 173, may be an even better heavier homologue of ununennium; with a predicted electron configuration of [Usb] 6g1, it returns to the alkali-metal-like situation of having one easily removed electron far above a closed p-shell in energy, and is expected to be even more reactive than caesium. [151] [152]
The probable properties of further alkali metals beyond unsepttrium have not been explored yet as of 2019, and they may or may not be able to exist. [147] In periods 8 and above of the periodic table, relativistic and shell-structure effects become so strong that extrapolations from lighter congeners become completely inaccurate. In addition, the relativistic and shell-structure effects (which stabilise the s-orbitals and destabilise and expand the d-, f-, and g-orbitals of higher shells) have opposite effects, causing even larger difference between relativistic and non-relativistic calculations of the properties of elements with such high atomic numbers. [36] : 1732–1733 Interest in the chemical properties of ununennium, unhexpentium, and unsepttrium stems from the fact that they are located close to the expected locations of islands of stability , centered at elements 122 (306Ubb) and 164 (482Uhq). [153] [154] [155]
Pseudo-alkali metals
The element hydrogen , with one electron per neutral atom, is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table because of its electron configuration. But hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal. [157] Metallic hydrogen , which only exists at very high pressures, is known for its electrical and magnetic properties, not its chemical properties. [158] Under typical conditions, pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas consisting of two atoms per molecule (H2); [159] however, the alkali metals form diatomic molecules (such as dilithium , Li2) only at high temperatures, when they are in the gaseous state. [160]
Hydrogen, like the alkali metals, has one valence electron [122] and reacts easily with the halogens , [122] but the similarities mostly end there because of the small size of a bare proton H+ compared to the alkali metal cations. [122] Its placement above lithium is primarily due to its electron configuration . [157] It is sometimes placed above fluorine due to their similar chemical properties, though the resemblance is likewise not absolute. [161]
The first ionisation energy of hydrogen (1312.0 kJ/mol ) is much higher than that of the alkali metals. [162] [163] As only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom, hydrogen often behaves like a halogen, forming the negative hydride ion, and is very occasionally considered to be a halogen on that basis. (The alkali metals can also form negative ions, known as alkalides , but these are little more than laboratory curiosities, being unstable.) [79] [80] An argument against this placement is that formation of hydride from hydrogen is endothermic, unlike the exothermic formation of halides from halogens. The radius of the H− anion also does not fit the trend of increasing size going down the halogens: indeed, H− is very diffuse because its single proton cannot easily control both electrons. [122] : 15–6 It was expected for some time that liquid hydrogen would show metallic properties; [161] while this has been shown to not be the case, under extremely high pressures , such as those found at the cores of Jupiter and Saturn , hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal; in this phase, it is known as metallic hydrogen . [164] The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at 3000 K is approximately equal to that of liquid rubidium and caesium at 2000 K at the respective pressures when they undergo a nonmetal-to-metal transition. [165]
The 1s1 electron configuration of hydrogen, while analogous to that of the alkali metals (ns1), is unique because there is no 1p subshell. Hence it can lose an electron to form the hydron H+, or gain one to form the hydride ion H−. [10] : 43 In the former case it resembles superficially the alkali metals; in the latter case, the halogens, but the differences due to the lack of a 1p subshell are important enough that neither group fits the properties of hydrogen well. [10] : 43 Group 14 is also a good fit in terms of thermodynamic properties such as ionisation energy and electron affinity , but hydrogen cannot be tetravalent. Thus none of the three placements are entirely satisfactory, although group 1 is the most common placement (if one is chosen) because of the electron configuration and the fact that the hydron is by far the most important of all monatomic hydrogen species, being the foundation of acid-base chemistry. [161] As an example of hydrogen's unorthodox properties stemming from its unusual electron configuration and small size, the hydrogen ion is very small (radius around 150 fm compared to the 50–220 pm size of most other atoms and ions) and so is nonexistent in condensed systems other than in association with other atoms or molecules. Indeed, transferring of protons between chemicals is the basis of acid-base chemistry . [10] : 43 Also unique is hydrogen's ability to form hydrogen bonds , which are an effect of charge-transfer, electrostatic , and electron correlative contributing phenomena. [161] While analogous lithium bonds are also known, they are mostly electrostatic. [161] Nevertheless, hydrogen can take on the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals, and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals (especially lithium). [166]
Ammonium and derivatives
NH+4) has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals, acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium, [156] [167] [168] and is often considered a close relative. [169] [170] [171] For example, most alkali metal salts are soluble in water, a property which ammonium salts share. [172] Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal (
NH+4 ions in a sea of delocalised electrons) at very high pressures (though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around, 100 GPa ), and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune , which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields. [170] [171] It has been estimated that the transition from a mixture of ammonia and dihydrogen molecules to metallic ammonium may occur at pressures just below 25 GPa. [170] Under standard conditions, ammonium can form a metallic amalgam with mercury. [173]
Other "pseudo-alkali metals" include the alkylammonium cations, in which some of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonium cation are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. In particular, the quaternary ammonium cations (
NR+4) are very useful since they are permanently charged, and they are often used as an alternative to the expensive Cs+ to stabilise very large and very easily polarisable anions such as
HI−2. [10] : 812–9 Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides, like alkali metal hydroxides, are very strong bases that react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form carbonates. [122] : 256 Furthermore, the nitrogen atom may be replaced by a phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony atom (the heavier nonmetallic pnictogens ), creating a phosphonium (
PH+4) or arsonium (
AsH+4) cation that can itself be substituted similarly; while stibonium (
SbH+4) itself is not known, some of its organic derivatives are characterised. [156]
Cobaltocene and derivatives
Very pure thallium pieces in a glass ampoule , stored under argon gas
Thallium is the heaviest stable element in group 13 of the periodic table. At the bottom of the periodic table, the inert-pair effect is quite strong, because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasing bond energy as the atoms increase in size so that the amount of energy released in forming two more bonds is not worth the high ionisation energies of the 6s electrons. [10] : 226–7 It displays the +1 oxidation state [10] : 28 that all the known alkali metals display, [10] : 28 and thallium compounds with thallium in its +1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl+ (164 pm ), K+ (152 pm) and Ag+ (129 pm) ions. [177] [178] It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe (but not in England) in the years immediately following its discovery, [178] : 126 and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer 's 1868 periodic table. [21] Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table and Meyer's 1870 periodic table put thallium in its current position in the boron group and left the space below caesium blank. [21] However, thallium also displays the oxidation state +3, [10] : 28 which no known alkali metal displays [10] : 28 (although ununennium, the undiscovered seventh alkali metal, is predicted to possibly display the +3 oxidation state). [36] : 1729–1730 The sixth alkali metal is now considered to be francium. [179] While Tl+ is stabilised by the inert-pair effect, this inert pair of 6s electrons is still able to participate chemically, so that these electrons are stereochemically active in aqueous solution. Additionally, the thallium halides (except TlF ) are quite insoluble in water, and TlI has an unusual structure because of the presence of the stereochemically active inert pair in thallium. [180]
Copper, silver, and gold
[ edit ]
Copper
Silver
Gold
The group 11 metals (or coinage metals), copper, silver, and gold, are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d-shells. Physically, they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals . "The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu, Ag, and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity. Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility." [181] Chemically, the group 11 metals behave like main-group metals in their +1 valence states, and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals: this is one reason for their previously being labelled as "group IB", paralleling the alkali metals' "group IA". They are occasionally classified as post-transition metals. [182] Their spectra are analogous to those of the alkali metals. [29] Their monopositive ions are paramagnetic and contribute no colour to their salts, like those of the alkali metals. [183]
In Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table, copper, silver, and gold are listed twice, once under group VIII (with the iron triad and platinum group metals ), and once under group IB. Group IB was nonetheless parenthesised to note that it was tentative. Mendeleev's main criterion for group assignment was the maximum oxidation state of an element: on that basis, the group 11 elements could not be classified in group IB, due to the existence of copper(II) and gold(III) compounds being known at that time. [29] However, eliminating group IB would make group I the only main group (group VIII was labelled a transition group) to lack an A–B bifurcation. [29] Soon afterward, a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry: this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium-long 18-column periodic table, which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals. [29]
The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group, due to them sharing the characteristic s1 electron configuration of the alkali metals (group 1: p6s1; group 11: d10s1). However, the similarities are largely confined to the stoichiometries of the +1 compounds of both groups, and not their chemical properties. [10] : 1177 This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell, so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionisation energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals. [10] : 1177 Furthermore, they have higher melting points, hardnesses, and densities, and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia , as well as having more covalent character in their compounds. [10] : 1177 Finally, the alkali metals are at the top of the electrochemical series , whereas the coinage metals are almost at the very bottom. [10] : 1177 The coinage metals' filled d shell is much more easily disrupted than the alkali metals' filled p shell, so that the second and third ionisation energies are lower, enabling higher oxidation states than +1 and a richer coordination chemistry, thus giving the group 11 metals clear transition metal character. [10] : 1177 Particularly noteworthy is gold forming ionic compounds with rubidium and caesium, in which it forms the auride ion (Au−) which also occurs in solvated form in liquid ammonia solution: here gold behaves as a pseudohalogen because its 5d106s1 configuration has one electron less than the quasi-closed shell 5d106s2 configuration of mercury . [10] : 1177
Production and isolation
Salt flats are rich in lithium, such as these in Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina (left) and Uyuni , Bolivia (right). The lithium-rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds (visible in Argentina image).
The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances, such as water. [5] [65] From their silicate ores, all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way: sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and aluminium(III) ions from the ore (leaching), whereupon basic precipitation removes aluminium ions from the mixture by precipitating it as the hydroxide . The remaining insoluble alkali metal carbonate is then precipitated selectively; the salt is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid to produce the chloride. The result is then left to evaporate and the alkali metal can then be isolated. [65] Lithium and sodium are typically isolated through electrolysis from their liquid chlorides, with calcium chloride typically added to lower the melting point of the mixture. The heavier alkali metals, however, are more typically isolated in a different way, where a reducing agent (typically sodium for potassium and magnesium or calcium for the heaviest alkali metals) is used to reduce the alkali metal chloride. The liquid or gaseous product (the alkali metal) then undergoes fractional distillation for purification. [65] Most routes to the pure alkali metals require the use of electrolysis due to their high reactivity; one of the few which does not is the pyrolysis of the corresponding alkali metal azide , which yields the metal for sodium, potassium, rubidium, and caesium and the nitride for lithium. [122] : 77
Lithium salts have to be extracted from the water of mineral springs , brine pools, and brine deposits. The metal is produced electrolytically from a mixture of fused lithium chloride and potassium chloride . [184]
Sodium occurs mostly in seawater and dried seabed , [5] but is now produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride by lowering the melting point of the substance to below 700 °C through the use of a Downs cell . [185] [186] Extremely pure sodium can be produced through the thermal decomposition of sodium azide . [187] Potassium occurs in many minerals, such as sylvite ( potassium chloride ). [5] Previously, potassium was generally made from the electrolysis of potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide , [188] found extensively in places such as Canada, Russia, Belarus, Germany, Israel, United States, and Jordan, in a method similar to how sodium was produced in the late 1800s and early 1900s. [189] It can also be produced from seawater . [5] However, these methods are problematic because the potassium metal tends to dissolve in its molten chloride and vaporises significantly at the operating temperatures, potentially forming the explosive superoxide. As a result, pure potassium metal is now produced by reducing molten potassium chloride with sodium metal at 850 °C. [10] : 74
Na (g) + KCl (l) ⇌ NaCl (l) + K (g)
Although sodium is less reactive than potassium, this process works because at such high temperatures potassium is more volatile than sodium and can easily be distilled off, so that the equilibrium shifts towards the right to produce more potassium gas and proceeds almost to completion. [10] : 74
Metals like sodium are obtained by electrolysis of molten salts. Rb & Cs obtained mainly as by products of Li processing. To make pure caesium, ores of caesium and rubidium are crushed and heated to 650 °C with sodium metal, generating an alloy that can then be separated via a fractional distillation technique. Because metallic caesium is too reactive to handle, it is normally offered as caesium azide (CsN3). Caesium hydroxide is formed when caesium interacts aggressively with water and ice (CsOH). [190]
Rubidium is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust; however, it is quite rare. Some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada contain rubidium. Some potassium minerals ( lepidolites , biotites , feldspar , carnallite ) contain it, together with caesium. Pollucite , carnallite , leucite , and lepidolite are all minerals that contain rubidium. As a by-product of lithium extraction, it is commercially obtained from lepidolite . Rubidium is also found in potassium rocks and brines , which is a commercial supply. The majority of rubidium is now obtained as a byproduct of refining lithium. Rubidium is used in vacuum tubes as a getter , a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. [191] [192]
This sample of uraninite contains about 100,000 atoms (3.3×10−20 g) of francium-223 at any given time. [60]
For several years in the 1950s and 1960s, a by-product of the potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium. Alkarb contained 21% rubidium while the rest was potassium and a small fraction of caesium. [193] Today the largest producers of caesium, for example the Tanco Mine in Manitoba, Canada, produce rubidium as by-product from pollucite . [194] Today, a common method for separating rubidium from potassium and caesium is the fractional crystallisation of a rubidium and caesium alum ( Cs , Rb ) Al ( SO4 )2·12 H2O , which yields pure rubidium alum after approximately 30 recrystallisations. [194] [195] The limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limit the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year. [194] Caesium, however, is not produced from the above reaction. Instead, the mining of pollucite ore is the main method of obtaining pure caesium, extracted from the ore mainly by three methods: acid digestion, alkaline decomposition, and direct reduction. [194] [196] Both metals are produced as by-products of lithium production: after 1958, when interest in lithium's thermonuclear properties increased sharply, the production of rubidium and caesium also increased correspondingly. [10] : 71 Pure rubidium and caesium metals are produced by reducing their chlorides with calcium metal at 750 °C and low pressure. [10] : 74
As a result of its extreme rarity in nature, [62] most francium is synthesised in the nuclear reaction 197 Au + 18 O → 210 Fr + 5 n , yielding francium-209 , francium-210 , and francium-211 . [197] The greatest quantity of francium ever assembled to date is about 300,000 neutral atoms, [198] which were synthesised using the nuclear reaction given above. [198] When the only natural isotope francium-223 is specifically required, it is produced as the alpha daughter of actinium-227, itself produced synthetically from the neutron irradiation of natural radium-226, one of the daughters of natural uranium-238. [199]
Lithium, sodium, and potassium have many useful applications, while rubidium and caesium are very notable in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet. [10] : 68 Lithium is the key ingredient for a range of lithium-based batteries , and lithium oxide can help process silica. Lithium stearate is a thickener and can be used to make lubricating greases; it is produced from lithium hydroxide, which is also used to absorb carbon dioxide in space capsules and submarines. [10] : 70 Lithium chloride is used as a brazing alloy for aluminium parts. [200] In medicine, some lithium salts are used as mood-stabilising pharmaceuticals. Metallic lithium is used in alloys with magnesium and aluminium to give very tough and light alloys. [10] : 70
Sodium compounds have many applications, the most well-known being sodium chloride as table salt . Sodium salts of fatty acids are used as soap. [201] Pure sodium metal also has many applications, including use in sodium-vapour lamps , which produce very efficient light compared to other types of lighting, [202] [203] and can help smooth the surface of other metals. [204] [205] Being a strong reducing agent, it is often used to reduce many other metals, such as titanium and zirconium , from their chlorides. Furthermore, it is very useful as a heat-exchange liquid in fast breeder nuclear reactors due to its low melting point, viscosity, and cross-section towards neutron absorption. [10] : 74 Sodium-ion batteries may provide cheaper alternatives to their equivalent lithium-based cells. Both sodium and potassium are commonly used as GRAS counterions to create more water-soluble and hence more bioavailable salt forms of acidic pharmaceuticals. [206]
Potassium compounds are often used as fertilisers [10] : 73 [207] as potassium is an important element for plant nutrition. Potassium hydroxide is a very strong base, and is used to control the pH of various substances. [208] [209] Potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate are often used as powerful oxidising agents. [10] : 73 Potassium superoxide is used in breathing masks, as it reacts with carbon dioxide to give potassium carbonate and oxygen gas. Pure potassium metal is not often used, but its alloys with sodium may substitute for pure sodium in fast breeder nuclear reactors. [10] : 74
Rubidium and caesium are often used in atomic clocks . [210] Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate; if a clock had been made at the time of the dinosaurs, it would be off by less than four seconds (after 80 million years). [56] For that reason, caesium atoms are used as the definition of the second. [211] Rubidium ions are often used in purple fireworks , [212] and caesium is often used in drilling fluids in the petroleum industry. [56] [213]
Francium has no commercial applications, [60] [61] [214] but because of francium's relatively simple atomic structure , among other things, it has been used in spectroscopy experiments, leading to more information regarding energy levels and the coupling constants between subatomic particles . [215] Studies on the light emitted by laser-trapped francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels, similar to those predicted by quantum theory . [216]
Biological role and precautions
Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat, fire, oxidising agents, acids, most organic compounds, halocarbons , plastics, and moisture. They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride, so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires. [217] Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective, depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal. [218]
Experiments are usually conducted using only small quantities of a few grams in a fume hood . Small quantities of lithium may be disposed of by reaction with cool water, but the heavier alkali metals should be dissolved in the less reactive isopropanol . [217] [219] The alkali metals must be stored under mineral oil or an inert atmosphere. The inert atmosphere used may be argon or nitrogen gas, except for lithium, which reacts with nitrogen. [217] Rubidium and caesium must be kept away from air, even under oil, because even a small amount of air diffused into the oil may trigger formation of the dangerously explosive peroxide; for the same reason, potassium should not be stored under oil in an oxygen-containing atmosphere for longer than 6 months. [220] [221]
The bioinorganic chemistry of the alkali metal ions has been extensively reviewed. [222] Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides, nucleic acid constituents, carbohydrates and ionophore complexes. [223]
Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological systems and has no known biological role, but does have effects on the body when ingested. [224] Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabiliser in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder ( manic-depression ) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams, although there are side-effects. [224] Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness, slurred speech and vomiting, among other symptoms, [224] and poisons the central nervous system , [224] which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage. [224] [225] Its biochemistry, the way it is handled by the human body and studies using rats and goats suggest that it is an essential trace element , although the natural biological function of lithium in humans has yet to be identified. [226] [227]
Sodium and potassium occur in all known biological systems, generally functioning as electrolytes inside and outside cells . [228] [229] Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume, blood pressure, osmotic equilibrium and pH ; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per day. [230] Sodium chloride (also known as common salt) is the principal source of sodium in the diet, and is used as seasoning and preservative, such as for pickling and jerky ; most of it comes from processed foods. [231] The Dietary Reference Intake for sodium is 1.5 grams per day, [232] but most people in the United States consume more than 2.3 grams per day, [233] the minimum amount that promotes hypertension; [234] this in turn causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide. [235]
Potassium is the major cation (positive ion) inside animal cells , [228] while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells. [228] [229] The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells, known as the membrane potential . The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane . [236] The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an action potential —a "spike" of electrical discharge. The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission , muscle contraction, and heart function. [236] Disruption of this balance may thus be fatal: for example, ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system. [237] [238] Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions. [237]
A wheel type radiotherapy device which has a long collimator to focus the radiation into a narrow beam. The caesium-137 chloride radioactive source is the blue square, and gamma rays are represented by the beam emerging from the aperture. This was the radiation source involved in the Goiânia accident, containing about 93 grams of caesium-137 chloride.
Due to their similar atomic radii, rubidium and caesium in the body mimic potassium and are taken up similarly. Rubidium has no known biological role, but may help stimulate metabolism , [239] [240] [241] and, similarly to caesium, [239] [242] replace potassium in the body causing potassium deficiency . [239] [241] Partial substitution is quite possible and rather non-toxic: a 70 kg person contains on average 0.36 g of rubidium, and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons. [243] Rats can survive up to 50% substitution of potassium by rubidium. [241] [244] Rubidium (and to a much lesser extent caesium) can function as temporary cures for hypokalemia; while rubidium can adequately physiologically substitute potassium in some systems, caesium is never able to do so. [240] There is only very limited evidence in the form of deficiency symptoms for rubidium being possibly essential in goats; even if this is true, the trace amounts usually present in food are more than enough. [245] [246]
Caesium compounds are rarely encountered by most people, but most caesium compounds are mildly toxic. Like rubidium, caesium tends to substitute potassium in the body, but is significantly larger and is therefore a poorer substitute. [242] Excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia , arrhythmia , and acute cardiac arrest, [247] but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources. [248] As such, caesium is not a major chemical environmental pollutant. [248] The median lethal dose (LD50) value for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram, which is comparable to the LD50 values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride . [249] Caesium chloride has been promoted as an alternative cancer therapy, [250] but has been linked to the deaths of over 50 patients, on whom it was used as part of a scientifically unvalidated cancer treatment. [251]
Radioisotopes of caesium require special precautions: the improper handling of caesium-137 gamma ray sources can lead to release of this radioisotope and radiation injuries. Perhaps the best-known case is the Goiânia accident of 1987, in which an improperly-disposed-of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in the city of Goiânia , Brazil, was scavenged from a junkyard, and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious, uneducated buyers. This led to four deaths and serious injuries from radiation exposure. Together with caesium-134 , iodine-131 , and strontium-90 , caesium-137 was among the isotopes distributed by the Chernobyl disaster which constitute the greatest risk to health. [97] Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half-life, but none have been produced in large enough amounts to pose any serious risk. [199]
^ The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names, natrium and kalium; these are still the origins of the names for the elements in some languages, such as German and Russian.
^ In both the old IUPAC and the CAS systems for group numbering, this group is known as group IA (pronounced as "group one A", as the "I" is a Roman numeral ). [4]
^ While hydrogen also has this electron configuration, it is not considered an alkali metal as it has very different behaviour owing to the lack of valence p-orbitals in period 1 elements .
^ In the 1869 version of Mendeleev's periodic table, copper and silver were placed in their own group, aligned with hydrogen and mercury , while gold was tentatively placed under uranium and the undiscovered eka-aluminium in the boron group .
^ The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty . This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure (s) of the number prior to the parenthesised value (ie. counting from rightmost digit to left). For instance, 1.00794(7) stands for 1.00794±0.00007, while 1.00794(72) stands for 1.00794±0.00072. [66]
^ The value listed is the conventional value suitable for trade and commerce; the actual value may range from 6.938 to 6.997 depending on the isotopic composition of the sample. [58]
^ The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest-lived isotope of the element. [57] [58]
^ Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale , the same as caesium; [68] the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, although there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium. [69] Francium has a slightly higher ionisation energy than caesium, [67] 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol for caesium, as would be expected from relativistic effects , and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two.
.
Marggraf, Andreas Siegmund (1761). Chymische Schriften (in German). p. 167.
du Monceau, H. L. D. (1736). "Sur la Base de Sel Marine" . Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences (in French): 65–68. Archived from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
Siegfried, R. (1963). "The Discovery of Potassium and Sodium, and the Problem of the Chemical Elements". Isis. 54 (2): 247–258. doi : 10.1086/349704 . JSTOR 228541 . PMID 14147904 . S2CID 38152048 .
Enghag, P. (2004). "11. Sodium and Potassium". Encyclopedia of the elements. Wiley-VCH Weinheim. ISBN
.
Ralph, Jolyon; Chau, Ida (24 August 2011). "Petalite: Petalite mineral information and data" . Archived from the original on 23 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
Weeks, Mary (2003). Discovery of the Elements. Whitefish, Montana, United States: Kessinger Publishing. p. 124. ISBN
.
"Johan Arfwedson" . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
van der Krogt, Peter. "Lithium" . Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 5 October 2010.
Clark, Jim (2005). "Compounds of the Group 1 Elements" . chemguide. Archived from the original on 11 March 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2009.
Newlands, John A. R. (20 August 1864). "On Relations Among the Equivalents" . Chemical News. 10: 94–95. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
Newlands, John A. R. (18 August 1865). "On the Law of Octaves" . Chemical News. 12: 83. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
Mendelejew, Dimitri (1869). "Über die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente". Zeitschrift für Chemie (in German): 405–406.
"Education: Alabamine & Virginium" . Time . 15 February 1932. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.
MacPherson, H. G. (1934). "An Investigation of the Magneto-Optic Method of Chemical Analysis". Physical Review. 47 (4). American Physical Society: 310–315. Bibcode : 1935PhRv...47..310M . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.47.310 .
.
van der Krogt, Peter. "Ununennium" . Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
Schadel, M.; Brüchle, W.; Brügger, M.; Gäggeler, H.; Moody, K.; Schardt, D.; Sümmerer, K.; Hulet, E.; Dougan, A.; et al. (1986). "Heavy isotope production by multinucleon transfer reactions with 254Es" . Journal of the Less Common Metals. 122: 411–417. doi : 10.1016/0022-5088(86)90435-2 . Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
Seaborg, G. T. (c. 2006). "transuranium element (chemical element)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 16 March 2010.
Emsley, John (2011). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 593. ISBN
Oddo, Giuseppe (1914). "Die Molekularstruktur der radioaktiven Atome" . Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie. 87: 253–268. doi : 10.1002/zaac.19140870118 . Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
.
"Abundance in Earth's Crust" . WebElements.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2007.
"Lithium Occurrence" . Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University, Japan. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Schwochau, Klaus (1984). "Extraction of metals from sea water". Inorganic Chemistry. Topics in Current Chemistry. Vol. 124/1984. pp. 91–133. doi : 10.1007/3-540-13534-0_3 . ISBN
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Vol. 4. CRC. 2006. p. 12. ISBN
Winter, Mark. "Geological information" . Francium. The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 2 April 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2007.
Lide, D. R., ed. (2003). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Andreev, S.V.; Letokhov, V.S.; Mishin, V.I. (1987). "Laser resonance photoionization spectroscopy of Rydberg levels in Fr". Phys. Rev. Lett. 59 (12): 1274–76. Bibcode : 1987PhRvL..59.1274A . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1274 . PMID 10035190 .
Allred, A. L. (1961). "Electronegativity values from thermochemical data". J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 17 (3–4): 215–221. doi : 10.1016/0022-1902(61)80142-5 .
The OpenLearn team (2012). "Alkali metals" . OpenLearn. The Open University. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
Gray, Theodore. "Alkali Metal Bangs" . Theodore Gray . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
Dye, James L.; Ceraso, Joseph M.; Lok, Mei; Barnett, B. L.; Tehan, Frederick J. (1974). "Crystalline salt of the sodium anion (Na−)". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (2): 608–609. doi : 10.1021/ja00809a060 .
Tehan, Frederick J.; Barnett, B. L.; Dye, James L. (1974). "Alkali anions. Preparation and crystal structure of a compound which contains the cryptated sodium cation and the sodium anion". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 (23): 7203–7208. doi : 10.1021/ja00830a005 .
Sawicka, A.; Skurski, P.; Simons, J. (2003). "Inverse Sodium Hydride: A Theoretical Study" (PDF). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (13): 3954–3958. doi : 10.1021/ja021136v . PMID 12656631 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Burgess, John (1978). Metal Ions in Solution. Chichester: Ellis Horwood. p. 20. ISBN
Shriver, Duward; Atkins, Peter (2006). Inorganic Chemistry . W. H. Freeman. p. 259. ISBN
Jones, Cameron; Mountford, Philip; Stasch, Andreas; Blake, Matthew P. (22 June 2015). "s-block Metal-Metal Bonds". In Liddle, Stephen T. (ed.). Molecular Metal-Metal Bonds: Compounds, Synthesis, Properties. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 23–24. ISBN
"Universal Nuclide Chart" . Nucleonica. Institute for Transuranium Elements. 2007–2012. Archived from the original on 19 February 2017. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides" . National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
Patton, I. Jocelyn; Waldbauer, L. J. (1926). "The Radioactivity of the Alkali Metals". Chemical Reviews. 3: 81–93. doi : 10.1021/cr60009a003 .
"Potassium-40" (PDF). Human Health Fact Sheet. Argonne National Laboratory , Environmental Science Division. August 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2012.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (6 September 2009). "Radionuclide Half-Life Measurements" . Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2011.
Delacroix, D.; Guerre, J. P.; Leblanc, P.; Hickman, C. (2002). Radionuclide and Radiation Protection Data Handbook 2002 (2nd ed.). Nuclear Technology Publishing. ISBN
.
L. Brown, Theodore; LeMay, H. Eugene Jr.; Bursten, Bruce E.; Burdge, Julia R. (2003). Chemistry: The Central Science (8th ed.). US: Pearson Education. ISBN
Section 17.43, page 321
Theodore, Louis; Dupont, R. Ryan; Ganesan, Kumar, eds. (1999). Pollution Prevention: The Waste Management Approach to the 21st Century. CRC Press. p. 15 Section 27. ISBN
Buszek, Keith R. (15 April 2001). "Sodium Amalgam". Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi : 10.1002/047084289x.rs040 . ISBN
Westbrook, J. H.; Fleischer, R. L., eds. (4 May 2002). "Zintl Phases" (PDF). Intermetallic Compounds – Principles and Practice: Progress. Wiley. pp. 113–132. doi : 10.1002/0470845856 . ISBN
. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
^ a b S.M. Kauzlarich, Encyclopedia of Inorganic chemistry, 1994, John Wiley & Sons,
.
Matkovich, V. I. (6 December 2012). Boron and Refractory Borides. Springer. pp. 262–92. ISBN
.
Housecroft, Catherine E.; Sharpe, Alan G. (2008). "Chapter 14: The group 14 elements". Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd Edition. Pearson. p. 386. ISBN
Hoch, Constantin; Wendorff, Marco; Röhr, Caroline (2002). "Tetrapotassium nonastannide, K4Sn9". Acta Crystallographica Section C. 58 (4): I45 – I46. Bibcode : 2002AcCrC..58I..45H . doi : 10.1107/S0108270102002032 . PMID 11932511 .
Gregory, Duncan H.; O'Meara, Paul M.; Gordon, Alexandra G.; Hodges, Jason P.; Short, Simine; Jorgensen, James D. (2002). "Structure of Lithium Nitride and Transition-Metal-Doped Derivatives, Li3−x−yMxN (M= Ni, Cu): A Powder Neutron Diffraction Study". Chem. Mater. 14 (5): 2063–2070. doi : 10.1021/cm010718t .
Fischer, D.; Jansen, M. (2002). "Synthesis and structure of Na3N". Angew Chem. 41 (10): 1755–1756. doi : 10.1002/1521-3773(20020517)41:10<1755::AID-ANIE1755>3.0.CO;2-C . PMID 19750706 .
Fischer, D.; Cancarevic, Z.; Schön, J. C.; Jansen, M. Z. (2004). "Synthesis and structure of K3N". Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 630 (1): 156–160. doi : 10.1002/zaac.200300280 .
^ H.G. Von Schnering, W. Hönle Phosphides – Solid-state Chemistry Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Ed. R. Bruce King (1994) John Wiley & Sons
.
Lindsay, D. M.; Garland, D. A. (1987). "ESR spectra of matrix-isolated lithium superoxide". The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 91 (24): 6158–61. doi : 10.1021/j100308a020 .
Vol'nov, I. I.; Matveev, V. V. (1963). "Synthesis of cesium ozonide through cesium superoxide". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences, USSR Division of Chemical Science. 12 (6): 1040–1043. doi : 10.1007/BF00845494 .
Tokareva, S. A. (1971). "Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ozonides". Russian Chemical Reviews. 40 (2): 165–174. Bibcode : 1971RuCRv..40..165T . doi : 10.1070/RC1971v040n02ABEH001903 . S2CID 250883291 .
Simon, A. (1997). "Group 1 and 2 Suboxides and Subnitrides – Metals with Atomic Size Holes and Tunnels". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 163: 253–270. doi : 10.1016/S0010-8545(97)00013-1 .
Tsai, Khi-Ruey; Harris, P. M.; Lassettre, E. N. (1956). "The Crystal Structure of Tricesium Monoxide". Journal of Physical Chemistry. 60 (3): 345–347. doi : 10.1021/j150537a023 .
Okamoto, H. (2009). "Cs-O (Cesium-Oxygen)". Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion. 31: 86–87. doi : 10.1007/s11669-009-9636-5 . S2CID 96084147 .
Band, A.; Albu-Yaron, A.; Livneh, T.; Cohen, H.; Feldman, Y.; Shimon, L.; Popovitz-Biro, R.; Lyahovitskaya, V.; Tenne, R. (2004). "Characterization of Oxides of Cesium". The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 108 (33): 12360–12367. doi : 10.1021/jp036432o .
Brauer, G. (1947). "Untersuchungen über das System Cäsium-Sauerstoff". Zeitschrift für Anorganische Chemie. 255 (1–3): 101–124. doi : 10.1002/zaac.19472550110 .
House, James E. (2008). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. p. 524. ISBN
.
Moyer, Harvey V. (1956). "Chemical Properties of Polonium". In Moyer, Harvey V. (ed.). Polonium . Oak Ridge, Tenn.: United States Atomic Energy Commission. pp. 33–96. doi : 10.2172/4367751 . TID-5221. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The Chemistry of Polonium" . Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry. 4: 197–229. doi : 10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X . ISBN
.
Alberto, R.; Ortner, K.; Wheatley, N.; Schibli, R.; Schubiger, A. P. (2001). "Synthesis and properties of boranocarbonate: a convenient in situ CO source for the aqueous preparation of [99mTc(OH2)3(CO)3]+". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 (13): 3135–3136. doi : 10.1021/ja003932b . PMID 11457025 .
Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G. (1972). Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. John Wiley and Sons Inc. ISBN
^ Elschenbroich, C. "Organometallics" (2006) Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
Dinnebier, R. E.; Behrens, U.; Olbrich, F. (1998). "Lewis Base-Free Phenyllithium: Determination of the Solid-State Structure by Synchrotron Powder Diffraction". Journal of the American Chemical Society . 120 (7): 1430–1433. doi : 10.1021/ja972816e .
Brown, T. L.; Rogers, M. T. (1957). "The Preparation and Properties of Crystalline Lithium Alkyls". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (8): 1859–1861. doi : 10.1021/ja01565a024 .
Schlosser, Manfred (1988). "Superbases for organic synthesis" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 60 (11): 1627–1634. doi : 10.1351/pac198860111627 . S2CID 39746336 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
Clegg, William; Conway, Ben; Kennedy, Alan R.; Klett, Jan; Mulvey, Robert E.; Russo, Luca (2011). "Synthesis and Structures of \(Trimethylsilyl)methyl]sodium and -potassium with Bi- and Tridentate N-Donor Ligands" . European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2011 (5): 721–726. doi : 10.1002/ejic.201000983 . Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
^ a b c d "Inorganic Chemistry" by Gary L. Miessler and Donald A. Tar, 6th edition, Pearson
^ Kumar De, Anil (2007). A Text Book of Inorganic Chemistry. New Age International. p. 247.
^ "Inorganic Chemistry" by Cotton and Wilkinson
Gäggeler, Heinz W. (5–7 November 2007). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Lecture Course Texas A&M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
Kul'sha, A. V. "Есть ли граница у таблицы Менделеева?" [Is there a boundary to the Mendeleev table?] (PDF). www.primefan.ru (in Russian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
Kratz, J. V. (5 September 2011). The Impact of Superheavy Elements on the Chemical and Physical Sciences (PDF). 4th International Conference on the Chemistry and Physics of the Transactinide Elements. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
Folden, Cody (31 January 2009). "The Heaviest Elements in the Universe" (PDF). Saturday Morning Physics at Texas A&M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2012.
Emsley, J. (1989). The Elements. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 22–23.
^ Winter, Mark J. (1994) Chemical Bonding, Oxford University Press,
^ Huheey, J.E.; Keiter, E.A. and Keiter, R.L. (1993) Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th edition, HarperCollins, New York, USA.
^ James, A.M. and Lord, M.P. (1992) Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data, Macmillan, London, UK.
Wigner, E.; Huntington, H. B. (1935). "On the possibility of a metallic modification of hydrogen". Journal of Chemical Physics . 3 (12): 764. Bibcode : 1935JChPh...3..764W . doi : 10.1063/1.1749590 .
Holleman, Arnold Frederik; Wiberg, Egon (2001), Wiberg, Nils (ed.), Inorganic Chemistry, translated by Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter, ISBN
Reedy, J. H. (1 October 1929). "Lecture demonstration of ammonium amalgam". Journal of Chemical Education. 6 (10): 1767. Bibcode : 1929JChEd...6.1767R . doi : 10.1021/ed006p1767 .
Connelly, Neil G.; Geiger, William E. (1996). "Chemical Redox Agents for Organometallic Chemistry". Chemical Reviews. 96 (2): 877–910. doi : 10.1021/cr940053x . PMID 11848774 .
El Murr, N.; Sheats, J. E.; Geiger, W. E.; Holloway, J. D. L. (1979). "Electrochemical Reduction Pathways of the Rhodocenium Ion. Dimerization and Reduction of Rhodocene". Inorg. Chem. 18 (6): 1443–1446. doi : 10.1021/ic50196a007 .
Keller, H. J.; Wawersik, H. (1967). "Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Komplexverbindungen. VI. EPR-spektren von (C5H5)2Rh und (C5H5)2Ir". J. Organomet. Chem. (in German). 8 (1): 185–188. doi : 10.1016/S0022-328X(00)84718-X .
^ Bailar, J. C. (1973) Comprehensive inorganic chemistry, vol. 3, p. 16.
Pauling, Linus. General Chemistry (1970 ed.). Dover Publications.
^ Merck Index, 9th ed., monograph 8325
Lemke, Charles H.; Markant, Vernon H. (2001). "Sodium and Sodium Alloys". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. doi : 10.1002/0471238961.1915040912051311.a01.pub2 . ISBN
^ Liu, Jinlian & Yin, Zhoulan & Li, Xinhai & Hu, Qiyang & Liu, Wei. (2019). A novel process for the selective precipitation of valuable metals from lepidolite. Minerals Engineering. 135. 29–36. 10.1016/j.mineng.2018.11.046.
"Cesium and Rubidium Hit Market". Chemical & Engineering News. 37 (22): 50–56. 1959. doi : 10.1021/cen-v037n022.p050 .
bulletin 585 . United States. Bureau of Mines. 1995.
Burt, R. O. (1993). "Caesium and cesium compounds". Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology. Vol. 5 (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 749–764. ISBN
Stancari, G.; Veronesi, S.; Corradi, L.; Atutov, S. N.; Calabrese, R.; Dainelli, A.; Mariotti, E.; Moi, L.; Sanguinetti, S.; Tomassetti, L. (2006). "Production of Radioactive Beams of Francium". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 557 (2): 390–396. Bibcode : 2006NIMPA.557..390S . doi : 10.1016/j.nima.2005.11.193 .
"Soaps & Detergents: Chemistry" . Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
Lindsey, Jack L (1997). Applied illumination engineering . The Fairmont Press. p. 112. ISBN
.
Schultz, H.; et al. (2006). "Potassium compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Vol. A22. p. 95. doi : 10.1002/14356007.a22_031.pub2 . ISBN
.
"Cesium Atoms at Work" . Time Service Department—U.S. Naval Observatory—Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
"The NIST reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty" . National Institute of Standards and Technology. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
Winter, Mark. "Uses" . Francium. The University of Sheffield. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
Peterson, I. (11 May 1996). "Creating, cooling, trapping francium atoms" (PDF). Science News. 149 (19): 294. doi : 10.2307/3979560 . JSTOR 3979560 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
Angelici, R. J. (1999). Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. ISBN
Martel, Bernard; Cassidy, Keith (1 July 2004). "Rubidium" . Chemical risk analysis: a practical handbook. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 215. ISBN
Astrid, Sigel; Helmut, Sigel; Roland K.O., Sigel, eds. (2016). The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role in Life. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 16. Springer. doi : 10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7 . ISBN
Howland, Robert H. (September 2007). "Lithium: Underappreciated and Underused?". Psychiatric Annals. 37 (9): 13–17. doi : 10.3928/00485713-20070901-06 . PMID 17848039 .
"Sodium" (PDF). Northwestern University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
. OCLC 738512922 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
Markovchick, Vincent J. & Pons, Peter T. (2003). Emergency medicine secrets . Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 223. ISBN
Fieve, Ronald R.; Meltzer, Herbert L.; Taylor, Reginald M. (1971). "Rubidium chloride ingestion by volunteer subjects: Initial experience". Psychopharmacologia. 20 (4): 307–14. doi : 10.1007/BF00403562 . PMID 5561654 . S2CID 33738527 .
Follis, Richard H., Jr. (1943). "Histological Effects in rats resulting from adding Rubidium or Cesium to a diet deficient in potassium". American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content. 138 (2): 246. doi : 10.1152/ajplegacy.1943.138.2.246 .
.
Insel, Paul M.; Turner, R. Elaine; Ross, Don (2004). Nutrition . Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 499. ISBN
Johnson, Garland T.; Lewis, Trent R.; Wagner, D. Wagner (1975). "Acute toxicity of cesium and rubidium compounds". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology . 32 (2): 239–245. Bibcode : 1975ToxAP..32..239J . doi : 10.1016/0041-008X(75)90216-1 . PMID 1154391 .
Sartori, H. E. (1984). "Cesium therapy in cancer patients". Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 21 (Suppl 1): 11–13. doi : 10.1016/0091-3057(84)90154-0 . PMID 6522427 . S2CID 11947121 .
^ Wood, Leonie.
"'Cured' cancer patients died, court told" . The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 November 2010. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Weight: 22.98976928 Melting Point: 371.15 K Boiling Point: 1156 KSpecific mass: 0.97 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.96
Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Weight: 39.0983 Melting Point: 336.5 K Boiling Point: 1032 KSpecific mass: 0.86 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.82
Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Weight: 85.4678 Melting Point: 312.79 K Boiling Point: 961 KSpecific mass: 1.53 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.82
Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Weight: 132.9054519 Melting Point: 301.7 K Boiling Point: 944 KSpecific mass: 1.93 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.79
Atomic Number: 87 Atomic Weight: [223] Melting Point: ? Boiling Point: ? Specific mass: ? Electronegativity: ?
| 683 |
81 | what us cities have a population of 1 million | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population | List of United States cities by population
71 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"List of largest cities in the United States" redirects here. For a list of largest cities by area, see List of United States cities by area .
Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
Population tablesof U.S. cities
This list refers only to the population of individual municipalities within their defined limits ; the populations of other municipalities considered suburbs of a central city are listed separately, and unincorporated areas within urban agglomerations are not included. Therefore, a different ranking is evident when considering U.S. urban areas or metropolitan areas .
50 states and Washington, D.C.
This table lists the 336 incorporated places in the United States, excluding the U.S. territories , with a population of at least 100,000 as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the U.S. Census Bureau . Five states have no cities with populations exceeding 100,000. They are: Delaware , Maine , Vermont , West Virginia , and Wyoming .
The table displays:
The city rank by population as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau [1]
The city name [1]
The name of the state in which the city lies [1]
The city population as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau [1]
The city population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census [1]
The city percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2023
The city land area as of January 1, 2020 [2]
The city population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per unit of land area) [2]
Download coordinates as:
Federal capital
NY
8,258,035
8,804,190
−6.20%
300.5
778.3
29,298
11,312
CA
3,820,914
3,898,747
−2.00%
469.5
1,216.0
8,304
3,206
Chicago
IL
2,664,452
2,746,388
−2.98%
227.7
589.7
12,061
4,657
Houston
TX
2,314,157
2,304,580
+0.42%
640.4
1,658.6
3,599
1,390
Phoenix
AZ
1,650,070
1,608,139
+2.61%
518.0
1,341.6
3,105
1,199
PA
1,550,542
1,603,797
−3.32%
134.4
348.1
11,933
4,607
TX
1,495,295
1,434,625
+4.23%
498.8
1,291.9
2,876
1,110
CA
1,388,320
1,386,932
+0.10%
325.9
844.1
4,256
1,643
Dallas
TX
1,302,868
1,304,379
−0.12%
339.6
879.6
3,841
1,483
FL
985,843
949,611
+3.82%
747.3
1,935.5
1,271
491
Austin
TX
979,882
961,855
+1.87%
319.9
828.5
3,007
1,161
TX
978,468
918,915
+6.48%
347.3
899.5
2,646
1,022
CA
969,655
1,013,240
−4.30%
178.3
461.8
5,683
2,194
Columbus
OH
913,175
905,748
+0.82%
220.0
569.8
4,117
1,590
Charlotte
NC
911,311
874,579
+4.20%
308.3
798.5
2,837
1,095
IN
879,293
887,642
−0.94%
361.6
936.5
2,455
948
CA
808,988
873,965
−7.43%
46.9
121.5
18,635
7,195
Seattle
WA
755,078
737,015
+2.45%
83.8
217.0
8,795
3,396
CO
716,577
715,522
+0.15%
153.1
396.5
4,674
1,805
OK
702,767
681,054
+3.19%
606.2
1,570.1
1,123
434
TN
687,788
689,447
−0.24%
475.8
1,232.3
1,449
559
DC
678,972
689,545
−1.53%
61.1
158.2
11,286
4,358
TX
678,958
678,815
+0.02%
258.4
669.3
2,627
1,014
NV
660,929
641,903
+2.96%
141.8
367.3
4,527
1,748
Boston
MA
653,833
675,647
−3.23%
48.3
125.1
13,989
5,401
Detroit
MI
633,218
639,111
−0.92%
138.7
359.2
4,608
1,779
Portland
OR
630,498
652,503
−3.37%
133.5
345.8
4,888
1,887
KY
622,981
633,045
−1.59%
324.9
841.5
1,948
752
Memphis
TN
618,639
633,104
−2.28%
297.0
769.2
2,132
823
MD
565,239
585,708
−3.49%
80.9
209.5
7,240
2,800
Milwaukee
WI
561,385
577,222
−2.74%
96.2
249.2
6,000
2,300
Albuquerque
NM
560,274
564,559
−0.76%
187.3
485.1
3,014
1,164
Tucson
AZ
547,239
542,629
+0.85%
241.0
624.2
2,252
870
Fresno
CA
545,716
542,107
+0.67%
115.2
298.4
4,706
1,817
Sacramento
CA
526,384
524,943
+0.27%
98.6
255.4
5,324
2,056
Mesa
AZ
511,648
504,258
+1.47%
138.7
359.2
3,636
1,404
Atlanta
GA
510,823
498,715
+2.43%
135.3
350.4
3,686
1,423
MO
510,704
508,090
+0.51%
314.7
815.1
1,615
624
CO
488,664
478,961
+2.03%
195.4
506.1
2,451
946
Omaha
NE
483,335
486,051
−0.56%
141.6
366.7
3,433
1,325
Raleigh
NC
482,295
467,665
+3.13%
147.1
381.0
3,179
1,227
Miami
FL
455,924
442,241
+3.09%
36.0
93.2
12,284
4,743
VA
453,649
459,470
−1.27%
244.7
633.8
1,878
725
CA
449,468
466,742
−3.70%
50.7
131.3
9,206
3,554
Oakland
CA
436,504
440,646
−0.94%
55.9
144.8
7,883
3,044
Minneapolis
MN
425,115
429,954
−1.13%
54.0
139.9
7,962
3,074
Bakersfield
CA
413,381
403,455
+2.46%
149.8
388.0
2,693
1,040
Tulsa
OK
411,894
413,066
−0.28%
197.5
511.5
2,091
807
Tampa
FL
403,364
384,959
+4.78%
114.0
295.3
3,377
1,304
Arlington
TX
398,431
394,266
+1.06%
95.9
248.4
4,111
1,587
Wichita
KS
396,119
397,532
−0.36%
162.0
419.6
2,454
947
Aurora
CO
395,052
386,261
+2.28%
160.1
414.7
2,413
932
LA
364,136
383,997
−5.17%
169.5
439.0
2,265
875
Cleveland
OH
362,656
372,624
−2.68%
77.7
201.2
4,796
1,852
HI
341,778
350,964
−2.62%
60.5
156.7
5,801
2,240
Anaheim
CA
340,512
346,824
−1.82%
50.3
130.3
6,895
2,662
Henderson
NV
337,305
317,610
+6.20%
106.2
275.1
2,991
1,155
Orlando
FL
320,742
307,573
+4.28%
110.6
286.5
2,781
1,074
KY
320,154
322,570
−0.75%
283.6
734.5
1,137
439
Stockton
CA
319,543
320,804
−0.39%
62.2
161.1
5,158
1,992
Riverside
CA
318,858
314,998
+1.23%
81.2
210.3
3,879
1,498
TX
316,595
317,863
−0.40%
162.2
420.1
1,960
760
Irvine
CA
314,621
307,670
+2.26%
65.6
169.9
4,690
1,810
Cincinnati
OH
311,097
309,317
+0.58%
77.8
201.5
3,976
1,535
CA
310,539
310,227
+0.10%
27.3
70.7
11,364
4,388
Newark
NJ
304,960
311,549
−2.11%
24.1
62.4
12,927
4,991
MN
303,820
311,527
−2.47%
52.0
134.7
5,991
2,313
Pittsburgh
PA
303,255
302,971
+0.09%
55.4
143.5
5,469
2,112
Greensboro
NC
302,296
299,035
+1.09%
129.6
335.7
2,307
891
Durham
NC
296,186
283,506
+4.47%
112.8
292.2
2,513
970
Lincoln
NE
294,757
291,082
+1.26%
97.7
253.0
2,979
1,150
NJ
291,657
292,449
−0.27%
14.7
38.1
19,894
7,681
Plano
TX
290,190
285,494
+1.64%
71.7
185.7
3,982
1,537
AK
286,075
291,247
−1.78%
1,706.8
4,420.6
171
66
NV
284,771
262,527
+8.47%
101.3
262.4
2,592
1,001
MO
281,754
301,578
−6.57%
61.7
159.8
4,888
1,887
Madison
WI
280,305
269,840
+3.88%
79.6
206.2
3,390
1,310
Chandler
AZ
280,167
275,987
+1.51%
65.3
169.1
4,226
1,632
Gilbert
AZ
275,411
267,918
+2.80%
68.6
177.7
3,906
1,508
Reno
NV
274,915
264,165
+4.07%
108.8
281.8
2,428
937
Buffalo
NY
274,678
278,349
−1.32%
40.4
104.6
6,890
2,660
CA
274,333
275,487
−0.42%
49.6
128.5
5,554
2,144
IN
269,994
263,886
+2.31%
110.7
286.7
2,384
920
Lubbock
TX
266,878
257,141
+3.79%
134.6
348.6
1,910
740
Toledo
OH
265,304
270,871
−2.06%
80.5
208.5
3,365
1,299
FL
263,553
258,308
+2.03%
61.8
160.1
4,180
1,610
Laredo
TX
257,602
255,205
+0.94%
106.5
275.8
2,396
925
Irving
TX
254,373
256,684
−0.90%
67.0
173.5
3,831
1,479
VA
253,886
249,422
+1.79%
338.5
876.7
737
285
Glendale
AZ
253,855
248,325
+2.23%
61.6
159.5
4,031
1,556
Winston-Salem
NC
252,975
249,545
+1.37%
132.7
343.7
1,881
726
FL
245,021
204,851
+19.61%
119.2
308.7
1,719
664
Scottsdale
AZ
244,394
241,361
+1.26%
184.0
476.6
1,312
507
Garland
TX
243,470
246,018
−1.04%
57.1
147.9
4,309
1,664
ID
235,421
235,684
−0.11%
84.0
217.6
2,806
1,083
VA
230,930
238,005
−2.97%
53.3
138.0
4,465
1,724
Spokane
WA
229,447
228,989
+0.20%
68.8
178.2
3,328
1,285
VA
229,247
226,610
+1.16%
59.9
155.1
3,783
1,461
Fremont
CA
226,208
230,504
−1.86%
78.3
202.8
2,944
1,137
Huntsville
AL
225,564
215,006
+4.91%
218.1
564.9
986
381
Frisco
TX
225,007
200,509
+12.22%
68.6
177.7
2,923
1,129
FL
224,455
194,016
+15.69%
106.0
274.5
1,830
710
CA
224,028
228,673
−2.03%
70.8
183.4
3,230
1,250
CA
223,728
222,101
+0.73%
62.1
160.8
3,577
1,381
Tacoma
WA
222,906
219,346
+1.62%
49.7
128.7
4,413
1,704
Hialeah
FL
221,300
223,109
−0.81%
21.6
55.9
10,329
3,988
LA
219,573
227,470
−3.47%
86.3
223.5
2,636
1,018
Modesto
CA
218,915
218,464
+0.21%
43.0
111.4
5,081
1,962
Fontana
CA
215,465
208,393
+3.39%
43.1
111.6
4,835
1,867
McKinney
TX
213,509
195,308
+9.32%
67.0
173.5
2,915
1,125
CA
212,392
208,634
+1.80%
51.3
132.9
4,067
1,570
IA
210,381
214,133
−1.75%
88.2
228.4
2,428
937
Fayetteville
NC
209,749
208,501
+0.60%
148.3
384.1
1,406
543
UT
209,593
199,723
+4.94%
110.3
285.7
1,811
699
Yonkers
NY
207,657
211,569
−1.85%
18.0
46.6
11,754
4,538
Worcester
MA
207,621
206,518
+0.53%
37.4
96.9
5,522
2,132
Rochester
NY
207,274
211,328
−1.92%
35.8
92.7
5,903
2,279
SD
206,410
192,517
+7.22%
79.1
204.9
2,434
940
AR
203,842
202,591
+0.62%
120.0
310.8
1,688
652
Amarillo
TX
202,408
200,393
+1.01%
102.3
265.0
1,959
756
Tallahassee
FL
202,221
196,169
+3.09%
100.9
261.3
1,944
751
TX
202,134
196,100
+3.08%
72.6
188.0
2,701
1,043
GA
201,877
206,922
−2.44%
216.5
560.7
956
369
GA
200,884
202,081
−0.59%
302.3
783.0
668
258
Peoria
AZ
198,750
190,985
+4.07%
176.1
456.1
1,085
419
Oxnard
CA
198,488
202,063
−1.77%
26.5
68.6
7,625
2,944
Knoxville
TN
198,162
190,740
+3.89%
98.7
255.6
1,933
746
KS
197,089
197,238
−0.08%
75.2
194.8
2,623
1,013
Birmingham
AL
196,644
200,733
−2.04%
147.0
380.7
1,366
527
MI
196,608
198,917
−1.16%
44.8
116.0
4,440
1,710
Vancouver
WA
196,442
190,915
+2.90%
48.7
126.1
3,920
1,510
Montgomery
AL
195,287
200,603
−2.65%
159.9
414.1
1,255
485
CA
192,129
198,711
−3.31%
27.0
69.9
7,360
2,840
Providence
RI
190,792
190,934
−0.07%
18.4
47.7
10,377
4,007
Brownsville
TX
190,158
186,738
+1.83%
131.5
340.6
1,420
550
Tempe
AZ
189,834
180,587
+5.12%
39.9
103.3
4,526
1,747
Akron
OH
188,701
190,469
−0.93%
61.9
160.3
3,077
1,188
Glendale
CA
187,050
196,543
−4.83%
30.5
79.0
6,444
2,488
Chattanooga
TN
187,030
181,099
+3.28%
142.4
368.8
1,272
491
FL
184,255
182,760
+0.82%
34.6
89.6
5,282
2,039
VA
183,118
186,247
−1.68%
69.0
178.7
2,699
1,042
Mobile
AL
182,595
187,041
−2.38%
139.5
361.3
1,341
518
Ontario
CA
182,457
175,265
+4.10%
50.0
129.5
3,505
1,353
Clarksville
TN
180,716
166,722
+8.39%
99.4
257.4
1,677
647
Cary
NC
180,010
174,721
+3.03%
59.2
153.3
2,951
1,139
CA
178,444
176,124
+1.32%
42.0
108.8
4,193
1,619
Shreveport
LA
177,959
187,593
−5.14%
107.8
279.2
1,740
670
Eugene
OR
177,899
176,654
+0.70%
44.2
114.5
3,997
1,543
Aurora
IL
177,563
180,542
−1.65%
45.0
116.5
4,012
1,549
Salem
OR
177,432
175,535
+1.08%
48.8
126.4
3,597
1,389
CA
175,845
178,127
−1.28%
42.5
110.1
4,191
1,618
CA
174,405
174,453
−0.03%
40.1
103.9
4,350
1,680
FL
171,119
171,178
−0.03%
32.7
84.7
5,235
2,021
CO
170,376
169,810
+0.33%
57.2
148.1
2,969
1,146
Springfield
MO
170,188
169,176
+0.60%
82.4
213.4
2,053
793
Oceanside
CA
170,020
174,068
−2.33%
41.3
107.0
4,215
1,627
CA
168,234
171,949
−2.16%
18.0
46.6
9,553
3,688
Lancaster
CA
166,236
173,516
−4.20%
94.3
244.2
1,840
710
Murfreesboro
TN
165,430
152,769
+8.29%
62.9
162.9
2,429
938
Palmdale
CA
161,404
169,450
−4.75%
106.1
274.8
1,597
617
Corona
CA
160,238
157,136
+1.97%
39.9
103.3
3,938
1,520
Killeen
TX
159,643
153,095
+4.28%
54.8
141.9
2,794
1,079
Salinas
CA
159,506
163,542
−2.47%
23.5
60.9
6,959
2,687
Roseville
CA
159,135
147,773
+7.69%
44.1
114.2
3,351
1,294
Denton
TX
158,349
139,869
+13.21%
96.4
249.7
1,451
560
Surprise
AZ
158,285
143,148
+10.57%
110.3
285.7
1,298
501
GA
156,512
157,346
−0.53%
249.4
645.9
631
244
Paterson
NJ
156,452
159,732
−2.05%
8.4
21.8
19,016
7,342
Lakewood
CO
155,961
155,984
−0.01%
43.5
112.7
3,586
1,385
Hayward
CA
155,675
162,954
−4.47%
45.8
118.6
3,558
1,374
Charleston
SC
155,369
150,227
+3.42%
114.8
297.3
1,309
505
VA
155,230
159,467
−2.66%
14.9
38.6
10,702
4,132
Hollywood
FL
153,859
153,067
+0.52%
27.3
70.7
5,607
2,165
Springfield
MA
153,672
155,929
−1.45%
31.9
82.6
4,888
1,887
KS
152,933
156,607
−2.35%
124.7
323.0
1,256
485
Sunnyvale
CA
151,967
155,805
−2.46%
22.1
57.2
7,050
2,720
Bellevue
WA
151,574
151,854
−0.18%
33.5
86.8
4,533
1,750
Joliet
IL
150,489
150,362
+0.08%
64.5
167.1
2,331
900
Naperville
IL
150,245
149,540
+0.47%
39.1
101.3
3,825
1,477
Escondido
CA
148,122
151,038
−1.93%
37.3
96.6
4,049
1,563
Bridgeport
CT
148,028
148,654
−0.42%
16.1
41.7
9,233
3,565
Savannah
GA
147,748
147,780
−0.02%
106.8
276.6
1,384
534
Olathe
KS
147,461
141,290
+4.37%
61.9
160.3
2,283
881
Mesquite
TX
147,317
150,108
−1.86%
48.5
125.6
3,095
1,195
Pasadena
TX
146,716
151,950
−3.44%
43.7
113.2
3,477
1,342
McAllen
TX
146,593
142,210
+3.08%
62.3
161.4
2,283
881
Rockford
IL
146,120
148,655
−1.71%
64.5
167.1
2,305
890
Gainesville
FL
145,812
141,085
+3.35%
63.2
163.7
2,232
862
Syracuse
NY
145,560
148,620
−2.06%
25.1
65.0
5,921
2,286
Pomona
CA
145,502
151,713
−4.09%
23.0
59.6
6,596
2,547
Visalia
CA
144,998
141,384
+2.56%
37.9
98.2
3,730
1,440
Thornton
CO
144,922
141,867
+2.15%
35.9
93.0
3,952
1,526
Waco
TX
144,816
138,486
+4.57%
88.7
229.7
1,561
603
Jackson
MS
143,709
153,701
−6.50%
111.7
289.3
1,376
531
Columbia
SC
142,416
136,632
+4.23%
136.8
354.3
999
386
Lakewood
NJ
139,866
135,158
+3.48%
24.7
64.0
5,472
2,113
Fullerton
CA
139,250
143,617
−3.04%
22.4
58.0
6,411
2,475
Torrance
CA
139,224
147,067
−5.33%
20.5
53.1
7,174
2,770
Victorville
CA
138,869
134,810
+3.01%
73.7
190.9
1,829
706
Midland
TX
138,397
132,524
+4.43%
75.5
195.5
1,755
678
Orange
CA
138,337
139,911
−1.13%
25.7
66.6
5,444
2,102
Miramar
FL
138,319
134,721
+2.67%
28.9
74.9
4,662
1,800
VA
137,098
137,148
−0.04%
51.5
133.4
2,663
1,028
Warren
MI
136,655
139,387
−1.96%
34.4
89.1
4,052
1,564
Stamford
CT
136,226
135,470
+0.56%
37.6
97.4
3,603
1,391
IA
135,958
137,710
−1.27%
72.1
186.7
1,910
740
Elizabeth
NJ
135,829
137,298
−1.07%
12.3
31.9
11,162
4,310
FL
135,566
119,760
+13.20%
86.4
223.8
1,386
535
Dayton
OH
135,512
137,644
−1.55%
55.8
144.5
2,467
953
CT
135,319
134,023
+0.97%
18.7
48.4
7,167
2,767
FL
134,906
134,394
+0.38%
22.9
59.3
5,869
2,266
Meridian
ID
134,801
117,635
+14.59%
35.1
90.9
3,351
1,294
UT
134,470
140,230
−4.11%
35.8
92.7
3,917
1,512
Pasadena
CA
133,560
138,699
−3.71%
23.0
59.6
6,030
2,330
Lewisville
TX
133,553
111,822
+19.43%
37.0
95.8
3,022
1,167
Kent
WA
133,378
136,588
−2.35%
33.8
87.5
4,041
1,560
MI
133,306
134,346
−0.77%
36.4
94.3
3,691
1,425
Fargo
ND
133,188
125,990
+5.71%
49.8
129.0
2,530
980
Carrollton
TX
132,918
133,434
−0.39%
36.7
95.1
3,636
1,404
CA
131,062
127,647
+2.68%
18.3
47.4
6,975
2,693
TX
130,406
119,468
+9.16%
37.6
97.4
3,177
1,227
Norman
OK
130,046
128,026
+1.58%
178.8
463.1
716
276
Columbia
MO
129,330
126,254
+2.44%
66.5
172.2
1,899
733
Abilene
TX
129,043
125,182
+3.08%
106.7
276.4
1,173
453
GA
128,628
127,315
+1.03%
116.3
301.2
1,095
423
Pearland
TX
127,736
125,828
+1.52%
48.7
126.1
2,584
998
Clovis
CA
125,826
120,124
+4.75%
25.4
65.8
4,729
1,826
Topeka
KS
125,475
126,587
−0.88%
61.4
159.0
2,062
796
TX
125,192
120,511
+3.88%
51.2
132.6
2,354
909
CA
125,113
126,356
−0.98%
41.5
107.5
3,045
1,176
Allentown
PA
124,880
125,845
−0.77%
17.6
45.6
7,150
2,760
FL
124,130
117,415
+5.72%
53.8
139.3
2,182
842
CA
123,463
126,966
−2.76%
55.3
143.2
2,296
886
Vallejo
CA
122,807
126,090
−2.60%
30.4
78.7
4,148
1,602
Wilmington
NC
122,698
115,451
+6.28%
51.4
133.1
2,246
867
Rochester
MN
122,413
121,395
+0.84%
55.5
143.7
2,187
844
Concord
CA
122,315
125,410
−2.47%
30.6
79.3
4,098
1,582
Lakeland
FL
122,264
112,641
+8.54%
66.2
171.5
1,702
657
SC
121,469
114,852
+5.76%
77.6
201.0
1,480
570
LA
121,467
121,374
+0.08%
55.8
144.5
2,175
840
Arvada
CO
121,414
124,402
−2.40%
38.9
100.8
3,198
1,235
Independence
MO
120,922
123,011
−1.70%
78.0
202.0
1,577
609
Billings
MT
120,864
117,116
+3.20%
44.8
116.0
2,614
1,009
Fairfield
CA
120,768
119,881
+0.74%
41.6
107.7
2,882
1,113
Hartford
CT
119,669
121,054
−1.14%
17.4
45.1
6,957
2,686
MI
119,381
123,851
−3.61%
28.2
73.0
4,392
1,696
OK
119,194
113,540
+4.98%
63.0
163.2
1,802
696
Berkeley
CA
118,962
124,321
−4.31%
10.4
26.9
11,954
4,615
Cambridge
MA
118,214
118,403
−0.16%
6.4
16.6
18,500
7,100
Richardson
TX
117,435
119,469
−1.70%
28.6
74.1
4,177
1,613
Antioch
CA
117,096
115,291
+1.57%
29.2
75.6
3,948
1,524
NC
116,926
114,059
+2.51%
56.4
146.1
2,022
781
Clearwater
FL
116,850
117,292
−0.38%
26.1
67.6
4,494
1,735
TX
116,320
114,392
+1.69%
51.3
132.9
2,230
860
Odessa
TX
115,743
114,428
+1.15%
51.1
132.3
2,239
864
Manchester
NH
115,474
115,644
−0.15%
33.1
85.7
3,494
1,349
Evansville
IN
115,332
117,298
−1.68%
47.4
122.8
2,475
956
Waterbury
CT
114,990
114,403
+0.51%
28.5
73.8
4,014
1,550
UT
114,908
116,961
−1.76%
32.3
83.7
3,621
1,398
NM
114,892
111,385
+3.15%
76.9
199.2
1,448
559
Westminster
CO
114,875
116,317
−1.24%
31.6
81.8
3,681
1,421
Lowell
MA
114,296
115,554
−1.09%
13.6
35.2
8,497
3,281
Nampa
ID
114,268
100,200
+14.04%
33.5
86.8
2,991
1,155
Richmond
CA
114,106
116,448
−2.01%
30.1
78.0
3,869
1,494
FL
113,619
112,046
+1.40%
24.0
62.2
4,669
1,803
Carlsbad
CA
113,495
114,746
−1.09%
37.8
97.9
3,036
1,172
Menifee
CA
113,433
102,527
+10.64%
46.5
120.4
2,205
851
Provo
UT
113,343
115,162
−1.58%
41.7
108.0
2,762
1,066
Elgin
IL
113,310
114,797
−1.30%
38.0
98.4
3,021
1,166
Greeley
CO
112,609
108,795
+3.51%
48.9
126.7
2,225
859
Springfield
IL
112,544
114,394
−1.62%
61.1
158.2
1,872
723
Beaumont
TX
112,193
115,282
−2.68%
82.5
213.7
1,397
539
Lansing
MI
112,115
112,644
−0.47%
39.1
101.3
2,881
1,112
Murrieta
CA
111,878
110,949
+0.84%
33.6
87.0
3,302
1,275
Goodyear
AZ
111,805
95,294
+17.33%
191.3
495.5
498
192
Allen
TX
111,620
104,627
+6.68%
26.4
68.4
3,963
1,530
Tuscaloosa
AL
111,338
99,600
+11.79%
61.9
160.3
1,609
621
Everett
WA
111,180
110,629
+0.50%
33.2
86.0
3,332
1,286
Pueblo
CO
111,077
111,876
−0.71%
55.4
143.5
2,019
780
TX
110,958
90,403
+22.74%
45.2
117.1
2,000
770
GA
110,920
107,436
+3.24%
85.2
220.7
1,261
487
FL
110,717
111,640
−0.83%
18.2
47.1
6,134
2,368
Gresham
OR
110,685
114,247
−3.12%
23.5
60.9
4,862
1,877
Temecula
CA
110,682
110,003
+0.62%
37.3
96.6
2,949
1,139
NM
110,660
104,046
+6.36%
103.4
267.8
1,006
388
Peoria
IL
110,460
113,150
−2.38%
48.0
124.3
2,357
910
Tyler
TX
110,327
105,995
+4.09%
57.5
148.9
1,843
712
Sparks
NV
110,323
108,445
+1.73%
36.4
94.3
2,979
1,150
Concord
NC
110,119
105,240
+4.64%
63.5
164.5
1,657
640
CA
109,987
109,707
+0.26%
22.8
59.1
4,812
1,858
CA
109,058
110,763
−1.54%
21.9
56.7
5,058
1,953
Buckeye
AZ
108,909
91,502
+19.02%
393.0
1,017.9
233
90
Downey
CA
108,816
114,355
−4.84%
12.4
32.1
9,222
3,561
TX
108,515
111,026
−2.26%
40.5
104.9
2,741
1,058
CA
108,354
111,918
−3.18%
15.8
40.9
7,083
2,735
Conroe
TX
108,248
89,956
+20.33%
72.0
186.5
1,249
482
WA
108,235
102,976
+5.11%
37.7
97.6
2,731
1,054
Davie
FL
107,799
105,691
+1.99%
34.9
90.4
3,028
1,169
Hillsboro
OR
107,730
106,447
+1.21%
25.7
66.6
4,142
1,599
CA
107,321
105,053
+2.16%
42.9
111.1
2,449
946
Centennial
CO
106,883
108,418
−1.42%
29.7
76.9
3,650
1,410
Edison
NJ
106,836
107,588
−0.70%
30.1
78.0
3,574
1,380
Boulder
CO
105,898
108,250
−2.17%
26.3
68.1
4,116
1,589
Dearborn
MI
105,811
109,976
−3.79%
24.2
62.7
4,544
1,754
Edinburg
TX
105,799
100,243
+5.54%
44.7
115.8
2,243
866
GA
105,793
108,080
−2.12%
37.7
97.6
2,867
1,107
WI
105,744
107,395
−1.54%
45.5
117.8
2,360
910
CA
105,617
109,501
−3.55%
16.0
41.4
6,844
2,642
Brockton
MA
104,890
105,643
−0.71%
21.3
55.2
4,960
1,920
UT
104,578
95,342
+9.69%
78.5
203.3
1,215
469
Bend
OR
104,557
99,178
+5.42%
33.6
87.0
2,952
1,140
Renton
WA
104,491
106,785
−2.15%
23.5
60.9
4,544
1,754
MO
104,184
101,108
+3.04%
63.9
165.5
1,582
611
Fishers
IN
104,094
98,977
+5.17%
35.6
92.2
2,780
1,070
CA
103,794
109,450
−5.17%
9.6
24.9
11,401
4,402
IN
103,395
103,453
−0.06%
42.0
108.8
2,463
951
Rialto
CA
103,391
104,026
−0.61%
24.1
62.4
4,316
1,666
Woodbridge
NJ
103,194
103,639
−0.43%
23.3
60.3
4,448
1,717
CA
102,991
106,215
−3.04%
14.5
37.6
7,325
2,828
Inglewood
CA
102,865
107,762
−4.54%
9.1
23.6
11,842
4,572
Burbank
CA
102,755
107,337
−4.27%
17.3
44.8
6,204
2,395
TX
102,691
102,316
+0.37%
72.0
186.5
1,421
549
Vacaville
CA
102,526
102,386
+0.14%
29.9
77.4
3,424
1,322
Carmel
IN
102,296
99,757
+2.55%
49.1
127.2
2,032
785
FL
102,113
89,258
+14.40%
95.4
247.1
937
362
Fayetteville
AR
101,680
93,949
+8.23%
54.1
140.1
1,737
671
Quincy
MA
101,597
101,636
−0.04%
16.6
43.0
6,123
2,364
CA
101,327
105,661
−4.10%
12.1
31.3
8,732
3,371
Chico
CA
101,301
101,475
−0.17%
34.1
88.3
2,976
1,149
Lynn
MA
101,241
101,253
−0.01%
10.7
27.7
9,463
3,654
Albany
NY
101,228
99,224
+2.02%
21.4
55.4
4,637
1,790
Yuma
AZ
100,858
95,548
+5.56%
120.7
312.6
792
306
MA
100,695
101,079
−0.38%
20.0
51.8
5,054
1,951
VA
100,659
94,324
+6.72%
399.2
1,033.9
236
91
Hesperia
CA
100,633
99,818
+0.82%
72.7
188.3
1,373
530
Davenport
IA
100,354
101,724
−1.35%
63.8
165.2
1,594
615
Distribution
The total 2020 enumerated population of all cities over 100,000 is 96,598,047, representing 29.14% of the United States population (excluding territories) and covering a total land area of 29,588 square miles (76,630 km2). The mean city population is 301,765, and the mean density is 4,151 inhabitants per square mile (1,603/km2).
Population
Download coordinates as:
The following table lists the five municipalities (municipios) of Puerto Rico with a population greater than 100,000 on July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau.
If Puerto Rico were included with the broader U.S. list, San Juan would be the 58th largest city in the country.
The table below contains the following information:
The municipio rank by population as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau
The municipio population as of July 1, 2023, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau [3]
The municipio population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census [3]
The municipio percent population change from April 1, 2020, to July 1, 2023
The municipio land area as of January 1, 2020 [2]
The municipio population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per land area) [2]
The municipio latitude and longitude coordinates
Municipio
3,320/km2
2,648/km2
2,888/km2
1,869/km2
4,507/km2
Other U.S. territories
Census-designated places
Download coordinates as:
The table below contains the following information:
The census-designated place
The state
The census-designated place population as of April 1, 2020, as enumerated by the 2020 United States census [5]
The census-designated place population as of April 1, 2010, as enumerated by the 2010 United States census
The census-designated place percent population change from April 1, 2010, to April 1, 2020
The census-designated place land area as of January 1, 2020 [2]
The census-designated place population density as of April 1, 2020 (residents per land area) [2]
The census-designated place latitude and longitude coordinates
Census-designated place
Location
mi2
km2
/ mi2
/ km2
Arlington
VA
238,643
207,627
+14.94%
26.0
67.340
9,179
3,544
Enterprise
NV
221,831
108,481
+104.49%
66.0
170.939
3,361
1,298
NV
215,597
178,395
+20.85%
35.5
91.945
6,073
2,345
NV
205,618
189,372
+8.58%
33.7
87.283
6,101
2,356
Paradise
NV
191,238
223,167
−14.31%
42.4
109.815
4,510
1,740
Metairie
LA
143,507
138,481
+3.63%
23.3
60.347
6,159
2,378
CA
118,786
126,496
−6.10%
7.5
19.425
15,838
6,115
Brandon
FL
114,626
103,483
+10.77%
33.1
85.729
3,463
1,337
TX
114,436
93,847
+21.94%
43.3
112.146
2,643
1,020
FL
114,287
86,784
+31.69%
92.7
240.092
1,233
476
FL
113,568
98,621
+15.16%
59.9
155.140
1,896
732
Riverview
FL
107,396
71,050
+51.16%
46.2
119.657
2,325
898
Columbia
MD
104,681
99,615
+5.09%
31.9
82.621
3,282
1,267
CO
103,444
96,713
+6.96%
24.3
62.937
4,257
1,644
City
ST
2023estimate
Peakpopulation
Notes
^ Towns in New England , while incorporated on a level similar to cities in other states, are considered minor civil divisions by the Census Bureau and are not included in its list of incorporated places. A detailed discussion on this subject can be found at New England town § Census treatment of the New England town system .
^ The State of Hawaiʻi has no incorporated municipalities other than the City and County of Honolulu , which comprises the entire Island of Oʻahu . In accordance with Hawaiian law, the United States Census Bureau defines the state's cities and towns as Census Designated Places (CDPs). The Census Bureau defines the Urban Honolulu CDP as the portion of the City and County of Honolulu that is coextensive with the Judicial District of Honolulu. The Urban Honolulu CDP is what is generally thought of as the "city" of Honolulu , and its population is used here and in other population comparisons. The Urban Honolulu CDP is currently the most populous Census Designated Place in the United States. The Honolulu, HI Metropolitan Statistical Area comprises the entire City and County of Honolulu.
^ The City of Jacksonville , Florida , and Duval County , Florida, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government . The City of Jacksonville comprises all of Duval County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county.
^ The City of Indianapolis , Indiana , and Marion County , Indiana, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. The City of Indianapolis comprises all of Marion County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county. See Indianapolis (balance) .
^ The City of Nashville , Tennessee , and Davidson County , Tennessee, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. The City of Nashville comprises all of Davidson County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county. See Nashville-Davidson (balance) .
^ The City of Honolulu , Hawaii , and Honolulu County , Hawaii, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. The City of Honolulu comprises all of Honolulu County except the other unincorporated census-designated places within the county.
^ Officially listed in US Census Bureau records as Boise City
^ The City of Augusta , Georgia , and Richmond County , Georgia, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. The City of Augusta comprises all of Richmond County except the two other incorporated municipalities within the county.
^ After approval by local voters in a 2012 referendum, the City of Macon , Georgia merged with most of unincorporated Bibb County , Georgia on January 1, 2014. The new consolidated government is officially "Macon-Bibb County".
^ Kansas City , Kansas, and Wyandotte County , Kansas, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. Kansas City comprises all of Wyandotte County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county.
^ The City of Athens , Georgia , and Clarke County , Georgia, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–county government. The City of Athens comprises all of Clarke County except the other incorporated municipalities within the county.
^ The City of Lafayette , Louisiana , and Lafayette Parish , Louisiana, are separate entities with a single consolidated city–parish government . The City of Lafayette comprises all of Lafayette Parish except the other incorporated municipalities within the parish.
^ Official name is San Buenaventura
^ Peak as an independent city, annexed by Pittsburgh in 1907 . In the 2010 census, the population of all neighborhoods of Pittsburgh that were formerly part of Allegheny City totalled 43,421. All North Side neighborhoods of Pittsburgh (41,120), plus an additional 2,301 in Census Tract 4270 Blocks 2 & 3, which are the sections of Millvale , Pennsylvania that were formally part of Allegheny City.
^ Official peak in 1900, but there is evidence the count was padded by about 25,000; [6] −2.51% since 2020.
References
"Puerto Rico Municipios Population Totals: 2020–2023" . 2023 Census Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2024. Retrieved May 16, 2024.
"QuickFacts" . U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
External links
List of United States cities by population
| 684 |
81 | what us cities have a population of 1 million | https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities | 350 cities*
2024 is projected based on recent estimates
2020 population is the 7/1/2020 resident total population estimate from the Census Bureau, and may differ slightly from the 2020 Decennial Census
Growth and Density of U.S. Cities
Major Cities and Population Milestones
The United States , which is home to a population of 300 million people, has 9 cities with populations exceeding 1 million. The largest city in the US is New York City , with 8.1M residents. Los Angeles (3.8M) and Chicago (2.6M) follow, and southern cities Houston (2.3M) and Phoenix (1.7M) round out the top five. The 2020 Census revealed 10 US cities with populations exceeding 1 million, but recent population shifts have reduced this number to 9 as San Jose 's population has dipped below the million-resident threshold.
As of 2024, there are 350 cities in the US with over 100,000 people. This is an increase from a total of 337 in 2020, and 287 in 2010. Of the 350, California contains the most, with 74 cities, while Texas has 44 and Florida has 30.
(include map)
Incorporated Places in the United States
The United States Census Bureau designates populated regions of the country as 'incorporated places.' An incorporated place in the United States includes cities, towns, townships, villages and boroughs. The list above also includes a number of census-designated places (CDPs).
Growth and Decline of U.S. Cities
Among cities with populations exceeding 100,000, Georgetown , Texas experienced the highest growth rate at 9.54%. The fastest growing cities in the US are predominantly found in the south, with notable concentrations in Texas , Florida , and Arizona .
City
State
Change
Population Density of U.S. Cities
Note: Population density is a measure of how many people live in a specific area, usually calculated as the number of people per square mile or square kilometer. A higher population density means more people live close together, while a lower density means people are more spread out.
Of US cities with populations exceeding 100,000 the following have the lowest population densities:
Anchorage 167
Suffolk 257
Buckeye 289
New York City 26,950
Lists of Cities in all States
Cite This Page
Cite This Page
| 685 |
81 | what us cities have a population of 1 million | https://www.britannica.com/topic/Whats-the-largest-US-city-by-population | (more)
Ask the Chatbot a Question
More Actions
Table Of Contents
Cite
verifiedCite
While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies.
Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions.
Select Citation Style
URL
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Whats-the-largest-US-city-by-population
Feedback
Feedback
Corrections? Updates? Omissions? Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login).
Feedback Type
Your Feedback
Submit Feedback
Thank you for your feedback
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.
External Websites
city
state
Want to learn more?
| 686 |
81 | what us cities have a population of 1 million | https://ballotpedia.org/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population | Email *
From Ballotpedia
Ballotpedia provides in-depth coverage of America's 100 largest cities based on official population figures provided by the United States Census Bureau . This list has been updated following the release of the 2020 census data . As of 2020, 64,537,560 individuals lived in these cities, accounting for 19.47% of the nation's total population. [1]
This page includes information on mayors in the top 100 largest cities , including when they took office, when their current terms expire, and the cities' government types. It also contains population figures for municipalities.
Our coverage scope for local elections continues to grow, and you can use Ballotpedia's sample ballot tool to see what local elections we are covering in your area.
Contents
America's largest cities
The table below lists these 100 largest cities, their 2020 populations, their current mayors , when mayors took office, when current mayoral terms expire, and whether each city held municipal elections in 2022.
Although a majority of these cities hold nonpartisan elections, the table below states the partisan affiliation of most of their mayors. Ballotpedia determined the partisan affiliation of each mayor in one of three ways: by cross-checking multiple media outlets that identified someone as affiliated with one political party; by verifying that a mayor previously ran in a partisan election for another office; or by contacting the mayors directly.
The table also describes the types of government used by America's largest cities. Each type has a different distribution of power and responsibilities between the mayor and the city council. The types of government are:
Strong mayor : The city council serves as the city's primary legislative body, and the mayor serves as the city's chief executive.
Council-manager : An elected city council—which includes the mayor and serves as the city's primary legislative body—appoints a chief executive called a city manager to oversee day-to-day municipal operations and to implement the council's policy and legislative initiatives.
City commission : A city council, composed of an elected mayor and a board of elected commissioners, serves as the city's primary legislative and administrative body.
Hybrid: The city council serves as the city's primary legislative body, and the mayor serves as the city's chief executive. The mayor, however, appoints a city manager to oversee the city's day-to-day operations and to implement city policies.
100 Largest Cities By Population
Rank
City
What about Washington, DC?
For the purposes of our coverage, Ballotpedia treats Washington, D.C. as a state rather than as a city. The District of Columbia is the federal city, but not a city within any state. It is established by the Constitution as a separate District, within which was to be the offices of the federal government. Although it has a council that has many of the same powers as that of a city council, it has also been delegated by Congress some powers that would be more typical of a state legislature. Congress also has supreme authority over the district, which means it can review and overturn any acts of the council. Want to learn more about our nation's capital? Click here .
Elections
Lists
Information about voting
| 687 |
81 | what us cities have a population of 1 million | https://www.politifact.com/largestcities/ | Stand up for the facts!
Our only agenda is to publish the truth so you can be an informed participant in democracy. We need your help.
Join Now
City size rank; City; Population est. 2015
1 New York 8,550,405
2 Los Angeles 3,971,883
37 Long Beach 474,140
Offices
| 688 |
82 | why are the great lakes important to canada and the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes | Great Lakes
139 languages
Group of lakes in North America
This article is about the lakes in North America. For the lakes in Africa, see African Great Lakes . For the region, see Great Lakes region . For other uses of this term, see Great Lakes (disambiguation) .
Great Lakes of North America
Great Lakes
Bathymetry map of the Great Lakes
Location
Part of
Average depth
60–480 ft (18–146 m) depending on the lakes
Max. depth
210–1,300 ft (64–396 m) depending on the lakes
Water volume
Frozen
around January to March
The Great Lakes, also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes spanning the Canada–United States border . The five lakes are Superior , Michigan , Huron , Erie , and Ontario (though hydrologically, Michigan and Huron are a single body of water; they are joined by the Straits of Mackinac ). The Great Lakes Waterway enables modern travel and shipping by water among the lakes. The lakes connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River , and to the Mississippi River basin through the Illinois Waterway .
The Great Lakes are the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total area and the second-largest by total volume. They contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water by volume. [1] [2] [3] The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3), [4] slightly less than the volume of Lake Baikal (5,666 cu mi or 23,615 km3, 22–23% of the world's surface fresh water). Because of their sea-like characteristics, such as rolling waves, sustained winds, strong currents, great depths, and distant horizons, the five Great Lakes have long been called inland seas . [5] Depending on how it is measured, by surface area, either Lake Superior or Lake Michigan–Huron is the second-largest lake in the world and the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is the largest lake, by surface area, that is entirely within one country, the United States. [6] [7] [8] [9]
The Great Lakes began to form at the end of the Last Glacial Period around 14,000 years ago, as retreating ice sheets exposed the basins they had carved into the land, which then filled with meltwater. [10] The lakes have been a major source for transportation, migration, trade, and fishing, serving as a habitat to many aquatic species in a region with much biodiversity . The surrounding region is called the Great Lakes region , which includes the Great Lakes Megalopolis . [11] Major cities within the region include, on the American side, from east to west, Buffalo , Cleveland , Detroit , Chicago , and Milwaukee ; and, on the Canadian side, Toronto , Hamilton and Mississauga .
A map of the Great Lakes Basin showing the five sub-basins. Left to right they are: Superior (magenta); Michigan (cyan); Huron (green); Erie (yellow); Ontario (red).
Though the five lakes lie in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water, within the Great Lakes Basin . As a chain of lakes and rivers, they connect the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the Saint Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Huron and Michigan, southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers and contain approximately 35,000 islands. [12] There are also several thousand smaller lakes, often called "inland lakes", within the basin. [13]
The surface area of the five primary lakes combined is roughly equal to the size of the United Kingdom, while the surface area of the entire basin (the lakes and the land they drain) is about the size of the UK and France combined. [14] Lake Michigan is the only one of the Great Lakes that is entirely within the United States; the others form a water boundary between the United States and Canada. The lakes are divided among the jurisdictions of the Canadian province of Ontario and the U.S. states of Michigan , Wisconsin , Minnesota , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and New York . Both the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan include in their boundaries portions of four of the lakes. The province of Ontario does not border Lake Michigan, and the state of Michigan does not border Lake Ontario. New York and Wisconsin's jurisdictions extend into two lakes, and each of the remaining states into one of the lakes.
Relative elevations, average depths, maximum depths, and volumes of the Great Lakes
Notes:
The area of each rectangle is proportional to the volume of each lake. All measurements at Low Water Datum.
Source:
System profile of the Great Lakes
Primary connecting waterways
Chicago on Lake Michigan is in the western part of the lakes megalopolis and the site of the waterway linking the lakes to the Mississippi River valley
The Chicago River and Calumet River systems connect the Great Lakes Basin to the Mississippi River System through human-made alterations and canals.
The St. Marys River , including the Soo Locks , connects Lake Superior to Lake Huron, via the North Channel .
The Straits of Mackinac connect Lake Michigan to Lake Huron (the two are hydrologically one lake).
The Detroit River connects Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie.
The Niagara River , including Niagara Falls , connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
The Welland Canal , bypassing the Niagara River, connects Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.
Lake Michigan–Huron
Lake Michigan–Huron with north oriented to the right; taken on April 14, 2022, during Expedition 67 of the International Space Station. Green Bay is at the upper right and Saginaw Bay is on the left.
Lakes Huron and Michigan are sometimes considered a single lake, called Lake Michigan–Huron, because they are one hydrological body of water connected by the Straits of Mackinac. [19] The straits are five miles (8 km) wide [14] and 120 feet (37 m) deep; the water levels rise and fall together, [20] and the flow between Michigan and Huron frequently reverses direction.
Large bays and related significant bodies of water
Green Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan along the south coast of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and the east coast of Wisconsin. It is separated from the rest of the lake by the Door Peninsula in Wisconsin, the Garden Peninsula in Michigan, and the chain of islands between them, all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment .
Lake Winnebago , connected to Green Bay by the Fox River , serves as part of the Fox–Wisconsin Waterway and is part of a larger system of lakes in Wisconsin known as the Winnebago Pool .
Grand Traverse Bay is an arm of Lake Michigan on Michigan's west coast and is one of the largest natural harbors in the Great Lakes. The bay is divided into east and west arms by the Old Mission Peninsula . [21] The bay has one major island, Power Island . Its name is derived from Jacques Marquette's crossing of the bay from Norwood to Northport which he called La Grande Traversee.[ citation needed ]
Georgian Bay is an arm of Lake Huron, extending northeast from the lake entirely within Ontario. The bay, along with its narrow westerly extensions of the North Channel and Mississagi Strait , is separated from the rest of the lake by the Bruce Peninsula , Manitoulin Island , and Cockburn Island , all of which were formed by the Niagara Escarpment.
Lake Simcoe , connected to Georgian Bay by the Severn River , serves as part of the Trent–Severn Waterway , a canal route traversing Southern Ontario between Lakes Ontario and Huron.
Lake St. Clair , connected with Lake Huron to its north by the St. Clair River and with Lake Erie to its south by the Detroit River . Although it is 17 times smaller in area than Lake Ontario and only rarely included in the listings of the Great Lakes, [23] [24] proposals for its official recognition as a Great Lake are occasionally made, which would affect its inclusion in scientific research projects designated as related to "The Great Lakes". [25]
Saginaw Bay , an extension of Lake Huron into the Lower Peninsula of Michigan , fed by the Saginaw and other rivers, has the largest contiguous freshwater wetland in the United States. [26]
Dispersed throughout the Great Lakes are approximately 35,000 islands . [12] The largest among them is Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, the largest island in any inland body of water in the world. [27] The second-largest island is Isle Royale in Lake Superior. [28] Both of these islands are large enough to contain multiple lakes themselves—for instance, Manitoulin Island's Lake Manitou is the world's largest lake on a freshwater island. [29] Some of these lakes even have their own islands, like Treasure Island in Lake Mindemoya in Manitoulin Island.
Toronto on Lake Ontario is in the eastern section of the Great Lakes Megalopolis
Shipping connection to the ocean
Although the Saint Lawrence Seaway and Great Lakes Waterway make the Great Lakes accessible to ocean-going vessels, [30] shifts in shipping to wider ocean-going container ships —which do not fit through the locks on these routes—have limited container shipping on the lakes. Most Great Lakes trade is of bulk material, and bulk freighters of Seawaymax -size or less can move throughout the entire lakes and out to the Atlantic. [31] Larger ships are confined to working within the lakes. Only barges can access the Illinois Waterway system providing access to the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. Despite their vast size, large sections of the Great Lakes freeze over in winter, interrupting most shipping from January to March. Some icebreakers ply the lakes, keeping the shipping lanes open through other periods of ice on the lakes.
The Great Lakes are connected by the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to the Gulf of Mexico via the Illinois River (from the Chicago River ) and the Mississippi River. An alternate track is via the Illinois River (from Chicago), to the Mississippi, up the Ohio, and then through the Tennessee–Tombigbee Waterway (a combination of a series of rivers and lakes and canals), to Mobile Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Commercial tug -and- barge traffic on these waterways is heavy. [32]
Pleasure boats can enter or exit the Great Lakes by way of the Erie Canal and Hudson River in New York. The Erie Canal connects to the Great Lakes at the east end of Lake Erie (at Buffalo, New York ) and at the south side of Lake Ontario (at Oswego, New York ).
Water levels
The lakes were originally fed by both precipitation and meltwater from glaciers which are no longer present. In modern times, only about 1% of volume per year is "new" water, originating from rivers, precipitation, and groundwater springs. In the post-glacial period, evaporation , and drainage have generally been balanced, making the levels of the lakes relatively constant. [14]
Intensive human population growth began in the region in the 20th century and continues today. [14] At least two human water use activities have been identified as having the potential to affect the lakes' levels: diversion (the transfer of water to other watersheds) and consumption (substantially done today by the use of lake water to power and cool electric generation plants, resulting in evaporation). [33] Outflows through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal is more than balanced by artificial inflows via the Ogoki River and Long Lake/ Kenogami River diversions. [34] Fluctuation of the water levels in the lakes has been observed since records began in 1918. [35] The water level of Lake Michigan–Huron had remained fairly constant over the 20th century. [36] Recent lake levels include record low levels in 2013 in Lakes Superior, Erie, and Michigan-Huron, [37] followed by record high levels in 2020 [38] in the same lakes. The water level in Lake Ontario has remained relatively constant in the same time period, hovering around the historical average level. [35]
Water levels of Lakes Michigan and Huron in the United States, 1918 to 2019.
Although "true tides—changes in water level caused by the gravitational forces of the sun and moon—do occur in a semi-diurnal (twice daily) pattern", such changes are quite small and generally obscured by other forces. [39] The lake levels are affected primarily by changes in regional meteorology and climatology. The outflows from Lakes Superior and Ontario are regulated, while the outflows of Michigan-Huron and Erie are not regulated at all. Ontario is the most tightly regulated, with its outflow controlled by the Moses-Saunders Power Dam , which explains its consistent historical levels. [40]
1675 French map, published shortly before the voyage of Le Griffon . Lake Michigan is named Lake Illinois (the name change is first recorded in 1681 [41] ), and Lake Ontario is named Lake Frontenac, after the then-governor of New France .
Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, photographed from the Sentinel-3B satellite in June 2022, Lake Ontario is not visible in this image.
The Great Lakes contain 21% of the world's surface fresh water: 5,472 cubic miles (22,810 km3), or 6.0×1015 U.S. gallons, that is 6 quadrillion U.S. gallons, (2.3×1016 liters). The lakes contain about 84% of the surface freshwater of North America; [48] if the water were evenly distributed over the entire continent's land area, it would reach a depth of 5 feet (1.5 meters). [49] This is enough water to cover the 48 contiguous U.S. states to a uniform depth of 9.5 feet (2.9 m). Although the lakes contain a large percentage of the world's fresh water, the Great Lakes supply only a small portion of U.S. drinking water on a national basis. [50]
The total surface area of the lakes is approximately 94,250 square miles (244,100 km2)—nearly the same size as the United Kingdom, and larger than the U.S. states of New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , Vermont , and New Hampshire combined. [51] The Great Lakes coast measures approximately 10,500 miles (16,900 km), [14] but the length of a coastline is impossible to measure exactly . Canada borders approximately 5,200 miles (8,400 km) of coastline, while the remaining 5,300 miles (8,500 km) are bordered by the United States. Michigan has the longest shoreline of the United States, bordering roughly 3,288 miles (5,292 km) of lakes, followed by Wisconsin (820 miles (1,320 km)), New York (473 miles (761 km)), and Ohio (312 miles (502 km)). [52] Traversing the shoreline of all the lakes would cover a distance roughly equivalent to travelling half-way around the world at the equator. [14]
A notable modern phenomenon is the formation of ice volcanoes over the lakes during wintertime. Storm-generated waves carve the lakes' ice sheet and create conical mounds through the eruption of water and slush. The process is only well-documented in the Great Lakes, and has been credited with sparing the southern shorelines from worse rocky erosion. [53]
A diagram of the formation of the Great Lakes
The Champlain Sea - The best evidence of this former sea is the vast clay plain deposited along the Ottawa and St. Lawrence Rivers . [54]
It has been estimated that the foundational geology that created the conditions shaping the present day upper Great Lakes was laid from 1.1 to 1.2 billion years ago, [14] [55] when two previously fused tectonic plates split apart and created the Midcontinent Rift , which crossed the Great Lakes Tectonic Zone . A valley was formed providing a basin that eventually became modern day Lake Superior. When a second fault line, the Saint Lawrence rift , formed approximately 570 million years ago, [14] the basis for Lakes Ontario and Erie was created, along with what would become the Saint Lawrence River.
The Great Lakes are estimated to have been formed at the end of the Last Glacial Period (the Wisconsin glaciation ended 10,000 to 12,000 years ago), when the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded. [10] The retreat of the ice sheet left behind a large amount of meltwater ( Lake Algonquin , Lake Chicago , Glacial Lake Iroquois , and Champlain Sea ) that filled up the basins that the glaciers had carved, thus creating the Great Lakes as they are today. [56] Because of the uneven nature of glacier erosion , some higher hills became Great Lakes islands. The Niagara Escarpment follows the contour of the Great Lakes between New York and Wisconsin. Land below the glaciers "rebounded" as it was uncovered. [57] Since the glaciers covered some areas longer than others, this glacial rebound occurred at different rates.
The Great Lakes have a humid continental climate, Köppen climate classification Dfa (in southern areas) and Dfb (in northern parts) [58] with varying influences from air masses from other regions including dry, cold Arctic systems, mild Pacific air masses from the west, and warm, wet tropical systems from the south and the Gulf of Mexico. [59] The lakes have a moderating effect on the climate; they can also increase precipitation totals and produce lake effect snowfall . [58]
Lake effect
)
The Great Lakes can have an effect on regional weather called lake-effect snow , which is sometimes very localized. Even late in winter, the lakes often have no icepack in the middle. The prevailing winds from the west pick up the air and moisture from the lake surface, which is slightly warmer in relation to the cold surface winds above. As the slightly warmer, moist air passes over the colder land surface, the moisture often produces concentrated, heavy snowfall that sets up in bands or "streamers". This is similar to the effect of warmer air dropping snow as it passes over mountain ranges. During freezing weather with high winds, the " snowbelts " receive regular snow fall from this localized weather pattern, especially along the eastern shores of the lakes. Snowbelts are found in Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario. Related to the lake effect is the regular occurrence of fog, particularly along the shorelines of the lakes. This is most noticeable along Lake Superior's shores.
The lakes tend to moderate seasonal temperatures to some degree but not with as large an influence as do large oceans; they absorb heat and cool the air in summer, then slowly radiate that heat in autumn. They protect against frost during transitional weather and keep the summertime temperatures cooler than further inland. This effect can be very localized and overridden by offshore wind patterns. This temperature buffering produces areas known as " fruit belts ", where fruit can be produced that is typically grown much farther south. For instance, western Michigan has apple orchards, and cherry orchards are cultivated adjacent to the lake shore as far north as the Grand Traverse Bay . Near Collingwood, Ontario , commercial fruit orchards, including a few wineries, exist near the shoreline of southern Nottawasaga Bay . The eastern shore of Lake Michigan and the southern shore of Lake Erie have many successful wineries because of the lakes' moderating effects, as do the large commercial fruit and wine growing areas of the Niagara Peninsula located between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. A similar phenomenon allows wineries to flourish in the Finger Lakes region of New York, as well as in Prince Edward County, Ontario , on Lake Ontario's northeast shore.
The Great Lakes have been observed to help intensify storms, such as Hurricane Hazel in 1954, and the 2011 Goderich, Ontario tornado , which moved onshore as a tornadic waterspout . In 1996, a rare tropical or subtropical storm was observed forming in Lake Huron, dubbed the 1996 Lake Huron cyclone . Rather large severe thunderstorms covering wide areas are well known in the Great Lakes during mid-summer; these Mesoscale convective complexes or MCCs [60] can cause damage to wide swaths of forest and shatter glass in city buildings. These storms mainly occur during the night, and the systems sometimes have small embedded tornadoes, but more often straight-line winds accompanied by intense lightning.
Generalized schematic of Great Lakes waterline ecosystem
Historically, the Great Lakes, in addition to their lake ecology , were surrounded by various forest ecoregions (except in a relatively small area of southeast Lake Michigan where savanna or prairie occasionally intruded). Logging, urbanization, and agriculture uses have changed that relationship. In the early 21st century, Lake Superior's shores are 91% forested, Lake Huron 68%, Lake Ontario 49%, Lake Michigan 41%, and Lake Erie, where logging and urbanization has been most extensive, 21%. Some of these forests are second or third growth (i.e. they have been logged before, changing their composition). At least 13 wildlife species are documented as becoming extinct since the arrival of Europeans, and many more are threatened or endangered. [14] Meanwhile, exotic and invasive species have also been introduced.
Lake sturgeon , the largest native fish in the Great Lakes and the subject of extensive commercial fishing in the 19th and 20th centuries is listed as a threatened species [61]
While the organisms living on the bottom of shallow waters are similar to those found in smaller lakes, the deep waters contain organisms found only in deep, cold lakes of the northern latitudes. These include the delicate opossum shrimp (order mysida ), the deepwater scud (a crustacean of the order amphipoda ), two types of copepods , and the deepwater sculpin (a spiny, large-headed fish). [62]
The Great Lakes are an important source of fishing . Early European settlers were astounded by both the variety and quantity of fish; there were 150 different species in the Great Lakes. [14] Throughout history, fish populations were the early indicator of the condition of the Lakes and have remained one of the key indicators even in the current era of sophisticated analyses and measuring instruments. According to the bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book, The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book: "The largest Great Lakes fish harvests were recorded in 1889 and 1899 at some 67,000 tonnes (66,000 long tons; 74,000 short tons) [147 million pounds]." [63]
By 1801, the New York Legislature found it necessary to pass regulations curtailing obstructions to the natural migrations of Atlantic salmon from Lake Erie into their spawning channels. In the early 19th century, the government of Upper Canada found it necessary to introduce similar legislation prohibiting the use of weirs and nets at the mouths of Lake Ontario's tributaries. Other protective legislation was passed, but enforcement remained difficult. [64]
On both sides of the Canada–United States border, the proliferation of dams and impoundments have multiplied, necessitating more regulatory efforts. Concerns by the mid-19th century included obstructions in the rivers which prevented salmon and lake sturgeon from reaching their spawning grounds. The Wisconsin Fisheries Commission noted a reduction of roughly 25% in general fish harvests by 1875. The states have removed dams from rivers where necessary.[ clarification needed ] [65]
Overfishing has been cited as a possible reason for a decrease in population of various whitefish , important because of their culinary desirability and, hence, economic consequence. Moreover, between 1879 and 1899, reported whitefish harvests declined from some 24.3 million pounds (11 million kg) to just over 9 million pounds (4 million kg). [66] By 1900, commercial fishermen on Lake Michigan were hauling in an average of 41 million pounds of fish annually. [67] By 1938, Wisconsin's commercial fishing operations were motorized and mechanized, generating jobs for more than 2,000 workers, and hauling 14 million pounds per year. [67] The population of giant freshwater mussels was eliminated as the mussels were harvested for use as buttons by early Great Lakes entrepreneurs. [66]
The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book (1972) notes: "Only pockets remain of the once large commercial fishery." [63] Water quality improvements realized during the 1970s and 1980s, combined with successful salmonid stocking programs, have enabled the growth of a large recreational fishery. [68] The last commercial fisherman left Milwaukee in 2011 because of overfishing and anthropogenic changes to the biosphere . [67]
Cliffs at Palisade Head on Lake Superior in Minnesota near Silver Bay.
Invasive species
A zebra mussel–encrusted vector-averaging current meter from Lake Michigan.
The alewife first entered the system west of Lake Ontario via 19th-century canals. By the 1960s, the small silver fish had become a familiar nuisance to beach goers across Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Erie. Periodic mass die-offs result in vast numbers of the fish washing up on shore; estimates by various governments have placed the percentage of Lake Michigan's biomass which was made up of alewives in the early 1960s as high as 90%. In the late 1960s, the various state and federal governments began stocking several species of salmonids, including the native lake trout as well as non-native chinook and coho salmon; by the 1980s, alewife populations had dropped drastically. [72] The ruffe , a small percid fish from Eurasia, became the most abundant fish species in Lake Superior's Saint Louis River within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. [73] Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: it preys upon bottom-feeding fish, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. [74]
The influx of parasitic lamprey populations after the development of the Erie Canal and the much later Welland Canal led to the two federal governments of the United States and Canada working on joint proposals to control it. By the mid-1950s, the lake trout populations of Lakes Michigan and Huron were reduced, with the lamprey deemed largely to blame. This led to the launch of the bi-national Great Lakes Fishery Commission .
Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, Bythotrephes longimanus , and the fishhook waterflea, Cercopagis pengoi , potentially having an effect on the zooplankton population. Several species of crayfish have also been introduced that may contend with native crayfish populations. More recently an electric fence has been set up across the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal in order to keep several species of invasive Asian carp out of the lakes. These fast-growing planktivorous fish have heavily colonized the Mississippi and Illinois river systems. [75] Invasive species, particularly zebra and quagga mussels, may be at least partially responsible for the collapse of the deepwater demersal fish community in Lake Huron, [76] as well as drastic unprecedented changes in the zooplankton community of the lake. [77]
Scientists understand that the micro-aquatic life of the lakes is abundant but know very little about some of the most plentiful microbes and their environmental effects in the Great Lakes. Although a drop of lake water may contain 1 million bacteria cells and 10 million viruses , only since 2012 has there been a long-term study of the lakes' micro-organisms. Between 2012 and 2019 more than 160 new species have been discovered. [78]
Logging of the extensive forests in the Great Lakes region removed riparian and adjacent tree cover over rivers and streams, which provide shade, moderating water temperatures in fish spawning grounds. Removal of trees also destabilized the soil, with greater volumes washed into stream beds causing siltation of gravel beds, and more frequent flooding.
Running cut logs down the tributary rivers into the Great Lakes also dislocated sediments. In 1884, the New York Fish Commission determined that the dumping of sawmill waste (chips and sawdust) had impacted fish populations. [79]
The first U.S. Clean Water Act , passed by a Congressional override after being vetoed by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1972, was a key piece of legislation, [80] along with the bi-national Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement signed by Canada and the U.S. A variety of steps taken to process industrial and municipal pollution discharges into the system greatly improved water quality by the 1980s, and Lake Erie in particular is significantly cleaner. [81] Discharge of toxic substances has been sharply reduced. Federal and state regulations control substances like PCBs . The first of 43 " Great Lakes Areas of Concern " to be formally "de-listed" through successful cleanup was Ontario's Collingwood Harbour in 1994; Ontario's Severn Sound followed in 2003. [82] Presque Isle Bay in Pennsylvania is formally listed as in recovery, as is Ontario's Spanish Harbour. Dozens of other Areas of Concern have received partial cleanups such as the Rouge River (Michigan) and Waukegan Harbor (Illinois). [83]
Phosphate detergents were historically a major source of nutrient to the Great Lakes algae blooms in particular in the warmer and shallower portions of the system such as Lake Erie, Saginaw Bay , Green Bay , and the southernmost portion of Lake Michigan. By the mid-1980s, most jurisdictions bordering the Great Lakes had controlled phosphate detergents . [84] Blue-green algae, or cyanobacteria blooms, [85] have been problematic on Lake Erie since 2011. [86] "Not enough is being done to stop fertilizer and phosphorus from getting into the lake and causing blooms," said Michael McKay, executive director of the Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER) at the University of Windsor . The largest Lake Erie bloom to date occurred in 2015, exceeding the severity index at 10.5 and in 2011 at a 10. [87] In early August 2019, satellite images depicted a bloom stretching up to 1,300 square kilometres on Lake Erie, with the heaviest concentration near Toledo, Ohio . A large bloom does not necessarily mean the cyanobacteria ... will produce toxins", said Michael McKay, of the University of Windsor. Water quality testing was underway in August 2019. [88] [87]
Until 1970, mercury was not listed as a harmful chemical, according to the United States Federal Water Quality Administration. In the 21st century, mercury has become more apparent in water tests. Mercury compounds have been used in paper mills to prevent slime from forming during their production, and chemical companies have used mercury to separate chlorine from brine solutions. Studies conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency have shown that when the mercury comes in contact with many of the bacteria and compounds in the fresh water, it forms the compound methyl mercury , which has a much greater impact on human health than elemental mercury due to a higher propensity for absorption. This form of mercury is not detrimental to a majority of fish types, but is very detrimental to people and other wildlife animals who consume the fish. Mercury has been known for health related problems such as birth defects in humans and animals, and the near extinction of eagles in the Great Lakes region. [89]
The amount of raw sewage dumped into the waters was the primary focus of both the first Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and federal laws passed in both countries during the 1970s. Implementation of secondary treatment of municipal sewage by major cities greatly reduced the routine discharge of untreated sewage during the 1970s and 1980s. [90] The International Joint Commission in 2009 summarized the change: "Since the early 1970s, the level of treatment to reduce pollution from waste water discharges to the Great Lakes has improved considerably. This is a result of significant expenditures to date on both infrastructure and technology, and robust regulatory systems that have proven to be, on the whole, quite effective." [91] The commission reported that all urban sewage treatment systems on the U.S. side of the lakes had implemented secondary treatment, as had all on the Canadian side except for five small systems.[ citation needed ]
Though contrary to federal laws in both countries, those treatment system upgrades have not yet eliminated combined sewer overflow events.[ citation needed ] This describes when older sewerage systems, which combine storm water with sewage into single sewers heading to the treatment plant, are temporarily overwhelmed by heavy rainstorms. Local sewage treatment authorities then must release untreated effluent, a mix of rainwater and sewage, into local water bodies. While enormous public investments such as the Deep Tunnel projects in Chicago and Milwaukee have greatly reduced the frequency and volume of these events, they have not been eliminated. The number of such overflow events in Ontario, for example, is flat according to the International Joint Commission. [91] Reports about this issue on the U.S. side highlight five large municipal systems (those of Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Milwaukee and Gary ) as being the largest current periodic sources of untreated discharges into the Great Lakes. [92]
Diatoms of different sizes seen through the microscope. These minuscule phytoplankton are encased within a silicate cell wall .
The fish of the Great Lakes have anti-depressant drugs meant for humans in their brains, which has caused concerns. The number of American adults who take anti-depressant drugs rose from 7.7% of all American adults in 1999–2002 to 12.7% in 2011–2014. As the anti-depressant drugs pass out of human bodies and through sanitation systems into the Great Lakes, this has resulted in fish in the Great Lakes with twenty times the level of anti-depressants in their brains than what is in the water, leading to the fish being exceedingly happy and hence less risk-averse, to the extent of damaging the fish populations. [93]
Researchers have found that more than 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic end up in the Great Lakes each year. [94] Plastics in the water break up into very small particles known as microplastics . Microplastics can also come from synthetic clothing washed down our drains. [95] Plastic waste found in the lakes include single-use plastics , plastics used in packaging, takeout containers as well as pre-production pellets produced by plastics industry . [96] High concentrations of microplastics were discovered in 100 percent of the fish that were studied by researchers from the Rochman Lab. About 50 million pounds (23 kt) of fish is harvested each year from Great Lakes which has raised concerns on how this might affect human health. [95] Microscopic pieces of plastic have also been found in drinking water coming from Great Lakes. It is estimated that nearly 40 million people in the region rely on drinking water from the Great Lakes. [94]
A number of self-operating floating devices called Seabin, were put in the Great Lakes to capture plastic trash as part of the Great Lakes Plastic Cleanup project. The project captured 74,000 pieces of trash using this technology between 2020 and 2021; however, it does not claim to catch up with 22 million pounds (10.0 kt) of plastic that ends up in Great Lakes every year. The production, consumption, and throwing away of plastics seems to remain the core of Great Lakes trash problem. [97]
Impacts of climate change on algae
CO2 + H2O ⇌ HCO−3 + H+
Diatoms acquire inorganic carbon through passive diffusion of CO2 and HCO−3 , and use carbonic anhydrase mediated active transport to speed up this process. [100] Large diatoms require more carbon uptake than smaller diatoms. [101] There is a positive correlation between the surface area and the chlorophyll concentration of diatom cells. [102]
A woodcut of Le Griffon
Several Native American populations ( Paleo-indians ) inhabited the region around 10,000 BC, after the end of the Wisconsin glaciation. [103] [104] The peoples of the Great Lakes traded from around 1000 AD, as copper nuggets have been extracted from the region and fashioned into ornaments and weapons in the mounds of Southern Ohio.
The Rush–Bagot Treaty signed in 1818, after the War of 1812 and the later Treaty of Washington eventually led to a complete disarmament of naval vessels in the Great Lakes. Nonetheless, both nations maintained coast guard vessels in the Great Lakes.
The brigantine Le Griffon , which was commissioned by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle , was built at Cayuga Creek, near the southern end of the Niagara River , and became the first known sailing ship to travel the upper Great Lakes on August 7, 1679. [105] During settlement, the Great Lakes and its rivers were the only practical means of moving people and freight. Barges from middle North America were able to reach the Atlantic Ocean from the Great Lakes when the Welland Canal opened in 1824 and the later Erie Canal opened in 1825. [106] By 1848, with the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal at Chicago, direct access to the Mississippi River was possible from the lakes. [107] With these two canals an all-inland water route was provided between New York City and New Orleans .
The main business of many of the passenger lines in the 19th century was transporting immigrants. Many of the larger cities owe their existence to their position on the lakes as a freight destination as well as for being a magnet for immigrants. After railroads and surface roads developed, the freight and passenger businesses dwindled and, except for ferries and a few foreign cruise ships, have now vanished.
The immigration routes still have an effect today. Immigrants often formed their own communities, and some areas have a pronounced ethnicity, such as Dutch, German, Polish, Finnish, and many others. Since many immigrants settled for a time in New England before moving westward, many areas on the U.S. side of the Great Lakes also have a New England feel, especially in home styles and accent.
The passenger ship SS Eastland (foreground) leaving Chicago, c. 1909
Since general freight these days is transported by railroads and trucks, domestic ships mostly move bulk cargoes, such as iron ore , coal and limestone for the steel industry. The domestic bulk freight developed because of the nearby mines. It was more economical to transport the ingredients for steel to centralized plants rather than to make steel on the spot. Grain exports are also a major cargo on the lakes. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, iron and other ores such as copper were shipped south on (downbound ships), and supplies, food, and coal were shipped north (upbound). Because of the location of the coal fields in Pennsylvania and West Virginia , and the general northeast track of the Appalachian Mountains , railroads naturally developed shipping routes that went due north to ports such as Erie, Pennsylvania and Ashtabula, Ohio .
Because the lake maritime community largely developed independently, it has some distinctive vocabulary. Ships, no matter the size, are called "boats". When the sailing ships gave way to steamships, they were called "steamboats"—the same term used on the Mississippi. The ships also have a distinctive design; ships that primarily trade on the lakes are known as " lakers ". Foreign boats are known as "salties". One of the more common sights on the lakes has been since about 1950 the 1,000-by-105-foot (305 by 32 m), 78,850-long-ton (80,120-metric-ton) self-unloader. This is a laker with a conveyor belt system that can unload itself by swinging a crane over the side. [108] Today, the Great Lakes fleet is much smaller in numbers than it once was because of the increased use of overland freight, and a few larger ships replacing many small ones.
During World War II, the risk of submarine attacks against coastal training facilities motivated the United States Navy to operate two aircraft carriers on the Great Lakes, USS Sable and USS Wolverine . Both served as training ships to qualify naval aviators in carrier landing and takeoff. [109] Lake Champlain briefly became the sixth Great Lake of the United States on March 6, 1998, when President Clinton signed Senate Bill 927. This bill, which reauthorized the National Sea Grant Program , contained a line declaring Lake Champlain to be a Great Lake. Not coincidentally, this status allows neighboring states to apply for additional federal research and education funds allocated to these national resources. [110] Following a small uproar, the Senate voted to revoke the designation on March 24 (although New York and Vermont universities would continue to receive funds to monitor and study the lake). [111]
Alan B. McCullough has written that the fishing industry of the Great Lakes got its start "on the American side of Lake Ontario in Chaumont Bay , near the Maumee River on Lake Erie, and on the Detroit River at about the time of the War of 1812". Although the region was sparsely populated until the 1830s, so there was not much local demand and transporting fish was prohibitively costly, there were economic and infrastructure developments that were promising for the future of the fishing industry going into the 1830s. Particularly, the 1825 opening of the Erie Canal and the Welland Canal a few years later. The fishing industry expanded particularly in the waters associated with the fur trade that connect Lake Erie and Lake Huron. In fact, two major suppliers of fish in the 1830s were the fur trading companies Hudson's Bay Company and the American Fur Company . [112]
The catch from these waters was sent to the growing market for salted fish in Detroit, where merchants involved in the fur trade had already gained some experience handling salted fish. One such merchant was John P. Clark , a shipbuilder and merchant who began selling fish in the area of Manitowoc, Wisconsin where whitefish was abundant. Another operation cropped up in Georgian Bay , Canadian waters plentiful with trout as well as whitefish. In 1831, Alexander MacGregor from Goderich, Ontario found whitefish and herring in abundant supply around the Fishing Islands. A contemporary account by Methodist missionary John Evans describes the fish as resembling a "bright cloud moving rapidly through the water". [112]
From 1844 through 1857, palace steamers carried passengers and cargo around the Great Lakes. [113] In the first half of the 20th century large luxurious passenger steamers sailed the lakes in opulence. [114] The Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company had several vessels at the time and hired workers from all walks of life to help operate these vessels. [115] Several ferries currently operate on the Great Lakes to carry passengers to various islands. As of 2007, four car ferry services cross the Great Lakes, two on Lake Michigan: a steamer from Ludington, Michigan , to Manitowoc, Wisconsin, and a high speed catamaran from Milwaukee to Muskegon, Michigan , one on Lake Erie: a boat from Kingsville, Ontario , or Leamington, Ontario , to Pelee Island, Ontario , then onto Sandusky, Ohio , and one on Lake Huron: the MS Chi-Cheemaun [116] runs between Tobermory and South Baymouth, Manitoulin Island, operated by the Owen Sound Transportation Company. An international ferry across Lake Ontario from Rochester, New York , to Toronto ran during 2004 and 2005 but is no longer in operation.
The large size of the Great Lakes increases the risk of water travel; storms and reefs are common threats. The lakes are prone to sudden and severe storms, in particular in the autumn, from late October until early December. Hundreds of ships have met their end on the lakes. The greatest concentration of shipwrecks lies near Thunder Bay (Michigan) , beneath Lake Huron, near the point where eastbound and westbound shipping lanes converge. The Lake Superior shipwreck coast from Grand Marais, Michigan , to Whitefish Point became known as the " Graveyard of the Great Lakes ". More vessels have been lost in the Whitefish Point area than any other part of Lake Superior. [117] The Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve serves as an underwater museum to protect the many shipwrecks in this area.
The first ship to sink in Lake Michigan was Le Griffon, also the first ship to sail the Great Lakes. Caught in a 1679 storm while trading furs between Green Bay and Michilimacinac, she was lost with all hands aboard. [118] Its wreck may have been found in 2004, [119] but a wreck subsequently discovered in a different location was also claimed in 2014 to be Le Griffon. [120] The largest and last major freighter wrecked on the lakes was the SS Edmund Fitzgerald , which sank on November 10, 1975, just over 17 miles (30 km) offshore from Whitefish Point on Lake Superior. The largest loss of life in a shipwreck out on the lakes may have been that of Lady Elgin , wrecked in 1860 with the loss of around 400 lives on Lake Michigan. In an incident at a Chicago dock in 1915, the SS Eastland rolled over while loading passengers, killing 841.
In 2007, the Great Lakes Shipwreck Historical Society announced that it had found the wreckage of Cyprus, a 420-foot (130 m) long, century-old ore carrier. Cyprus sank during a Lake Superior storm on October 11, 1907, during its second voyage while hauling iron ore from Superior, Wisconsin , to Buffalo, New York. The entire crew of 23 drowned, except one, Charles Pitz, who floated on a life raft for almost seven hours. [121] In 2008, deep sea divers in Lake Ontario found the wreck of the 1780 Royal Navy warship HMS Ontario in what has been described as an "archaeological miracle". [122] There are no plans to raise her as the site is being treated as a war grave. In 2010, L.R. Doty was found in Lake Michigan by an exploration diving team led by dive boat Captain Jitka Hanakova from her boat Molly V. [123] The ship sank in October 1898, probably attempting to rescue a small schooner, Olive Jeanette, during a terrible storm.
Still missing are the two last warships to sink in the Great Lakes, the French minesweepers Inkerman and Cerisoles , which vanished in Lake Superior during a blizzard in 1918. 78 people died, making it the largest loss of life in Lake Superior and the greatest unexplained loss of life in the Great Lakes.
The Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary was established in 2021 in the waters of Lake Michigan off Wisconsin. It is the site of a large number of historically significant shipwrecks . [124] [125] [126]
Photograph of, closest to farthest, Lakes Ontario, Erie and Huron (North is to the right) plus the Finger Lakes of upstate New York, near Lake Ontario, June 14, 2012, taken aboard the International Space Station , with lake names added
Except when the water is frozen during winter, more than 100 lake freighters operate continuously on the Great Lakes, [127] which remain a major water transport corridor for bulk goods. The Great Lakes Waterway connects all the lakes; the shorter Saint Lawrence Seaway connects the lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. Some lake freighters are too large to use the Seaway and operate only on the Waterway and lakes. In 2002, 162 million net tons of dry bulk cargo were moved on the Lakes. This was, in order of volume: iron ore, grain and potash . [128] The iron ore and much of the stone and coal are used in the steel industry. There is also some shipping of liquid and containerized cargo. Major ports on the Great Lakes include Duluth-Superior , Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Twin Harbors, Hamilton and Thunder Bay .
Escanaba 's Ludington Park in Michigan
Tourism and recreation are major industries on the Great Lakes. [129] A few small cruise ships operate on the Great Lakes including some sailing ships . Sport fishing, commercial fishing, and Native American fishing represent a U.S.$4 billion a year industry with salmon , whitefish , smelt , lake trout, bass and walleye being major catches. Many other water sports are practiced on the lakes such as yachting , sea kayaking , diving , kitesurfing , powerboating , and lake surfing . The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the Saint Lawrence River. [130]
Various national, state, provincial, and municipal jurisdictions govern the Great Lakes
In 1872, a treaty gave access to the St. Lawrence River to the United States and access to Lake Michigan to the Dominion of Canada . [131] The International Joint Commission was established in 1909 to help prevent and resolve disputes relating to the use and quality of boundary waters, and to advise Canada and the United States on questions related to water resources. Concerns over diversion of Lake water are of concern to both Americans and Canadians. Some water is diverted through the Chicago River to operate the Illinois Waterway, but the flow is limited by treaty. Possible schemes for bottled water plants and diversion to dry regions of the continent raise concerns. Under the U.S. "Water Resources Development Act of 1986", [132] [133] diversion of water from the Great Lakes Basin requires the approval of all eight Great Lakes governors through the Great Lakes Commission , which rarely occurs. International treaties regulate large diversions.
In 1998, the Canadian company Nova Group won approval from the Province of Ontario to withdraw 158,000,000 U.S. gallons (600,000 m3) of Lake Superior water annually to ship by tanker to Asian countries. Public outcry forced the company to abandon the plan before it began. Since that time, the eight Great Lakes Governors and the Premiers of Ontario and Quebec have negotiated the Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence River Basin Sustainable Water Resources Agreement [134] and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact [135] that would prevent most future diversion proposals and all long-distance ones. The agreements strengthen protection against abusive water withdrawal practices within the Great Lakes basin. On December 13, 2005, the Governors and Premiers signed these two agreements, the first of which is between all ten jurisdictions. It is somewhat more detailed and protective, though its legal strength has not yet been tested in court. The second, the Great Lakes Compact , has been approved by the state legislatures of all eight states that border the Great Lakes as well as the U.S. Congress, and was signed into law by President George W. Bush on October 3, 2008. [136]
The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, [137] [138] was funded at $475 million in the U.S. federal government's Fiscal Year 2011 budget, and $300 million in the Fiscal Year 2012 budget. Through the program a coalition of federal agencies is making grants to local and state entities for toxics cleanups, wetlands and coastline restoration projects, and invasive species-related projects. The Great Lakes Restoration Initiative Act of 2019 passed as Pub. L. 116–294 (text) (PDF) on January 5, 2021, reauthorizing the program through Fiscal Year 2026.
See also
Ghassemi, Fereidoun (2007). Inter-basin water transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN
"Great Lakes: Basic Information: Physical Facts" . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May 25, 2011. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
Hough, Jack (1970) [1763]. "Great Lakes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (Commemorative Edition for Expo'70 ed.). Chicago: William Benton. p. 774. ISBN
.
"Great Lakes" . America 2050. Archived from the original on February 20, 2020. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
"Great Lakes Map" . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2011.
"Home" . Peninsula Township. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
"The Great Lakes" . Environmental Protection Agency. August 20, 2015. REG 05.
"Great Lakes Water Levels (1918–2021)" (PDF). United States Army Corps of Engineers. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
.
US Department of Commerce. "Do the Great Lakes have tides?" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 27, 2024.
Armstrong, Leslie (August 14, 2014). "Great Lakes Water Levels Rebound Thanks to Prolonged Winter". Toronto Star.
. Retrieved September 7, 2022.
By 1681, a map published in Paris, obviously based on this new information, shows the Mississippi River and the western shore of Lake Michigan. Earlier maps had called the lake Lac des Illinois; this was the first to call it Lac de Michigami, thus introducing an early variation of the future state's name.
. Retrieved March 12, 2009.
Grady, Wayne (2007). The Great Lakes. Vancouver: Greystone Books and David Suzuki Foundation . pp. 13, 21–26, 42–43. ISBN
Taylor, William W.; Schechter, Michael G.; Wolfson, Lois G. (2007). Globalization: Effects on Fisheries Resources . Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN
"Shorelines of the Great Lakes" . Michigan Department of Environmental Quality. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
Fahnestock, R. K.; Crowley, D. J.; Wilson, M.; Schneider, H. (1973). "Ice Volcanoes of the Lake Erie Shore Near Dunkirk, New York, U.S.A." (PDF). Journal of Glaciology. 12 (64): 93–99. doi : 10.3189/S0022143000022735 . Archived (PDF) from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
^ Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam. 1984. The Physiography of Southern Ontario. Third edition. Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume No.2. Government of Ontario, Toronto.
Van Schmus, W.R.; Hinze, W. J. (May 1985). "The Midcontinent Rift System" (PDF). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 13 (1): 345–83. Bibcode : 1985AREPS..13..345V . doi : 10.1146/annurev.ea.13.050185.002021 . hdl : 1808/104 . Retrieved October 6, 2008.
Larson, Grahame; Schaetzl, R. (2001). "Origin and evolution of the Great Lakes" (PDF). Journal of Great Lakes Research. 27 (4): 518–546. Bibcode : 2001JGLR...27..518L . doi : 10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70665-X . Archived from the original (PDF) on October 31, 2008. Retrieved March 4, 2009.
"Glossary" . National Weather Service.
Beeton, Alfred. "Great Lakes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved January 31, 2016.
Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. Special report ... of the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. The Commission. p. 23.
"Great Lakes Aquatic Nuisance Species" . Great Lakes Commission. March 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
Riley, S.C.; Roseman, Edward F.; Nichols, S. Jerrine; O'Brien, Timothy P.; Kiley, Courtney S.; Schaeffer, Jeffrey S. (2008). "Deepwater demersal fish community collapse in Lake Huron" (PDF). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 137 (6): 1879–90. Bibcode : 2008TrAFS.137.1879R . doi : 10.1577/T07-141.1 . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 3, 2013.
Barbiero, Richard P.; Balcer, Mary; Rockwell, David C.; Tuchman, Marc L. (2009). "Recent shifts in the crustacean zooplankton community of Lake Huron". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 66 (5): 816–828. doi : 10.1139/F09-036 .
.
Muldoon, Paul; Botts, Lee (2005). Evolution of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. Michigan State University Press.
"Recovery of Lake Erie Walleye a Success Story" . Michigan Department of Natural Resources. June 8, 2006. Archived from the original on August 30, 2013.
Knud-Hansen, Chris (February 1994). "Historical Perspective of the Phosphate Detergent Conflict" . Working Paper 94-54. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2016 – via Colorado.edu.
"Mercury Spills" . Idph.state.il.us. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
Burkhardt, Steffen; Amoroso, Gabi; Riebesell, Ulf; Sültemeyer, Dieter (September 2001). "CO2 and HCO−3 uptake in marine diatoms acclimated to different CO2 concentrations". Limnology and Oceanography. 46 (6): 1378–1391. doi : 10.4319/lo.2001.46.6.1378 .
Popp, Brian N.; Laws, Edward A.; Bidigare, Robert R.; Dore, John E.; Hanson, Kristi L.; Wakeham, Stuart G. (998). "Effect of Phytoplankton Cell Geometry on Carbon Isotopic Fractionation". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 62: 69–77. doi : 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)00333-5 .
Durbin, E.G. (1977). "Studies on the Autecology of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii II. The Influence of Cell Size on Growth Rate, and Carbon, Nitrogen, Chlorophyll a and Silica Content". Journal of Phycology. 13 (2): 150–155. Bibcode : 1977JPcgy..13..150D . doi : 10.1111/j.1529-8817.1977.tb02904.x .
The earliest human occupation in the upper Great Lakes is associated with the regional fluted-point Paleoindian tradition, which conventionally ends with the drop in water level to the Lake Stanley stage
"Ancient Land and First Peoples" . Wisconsin Historical Society. February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2020.
.
.
Bogue, Magaret Beattie (2000). Fishing the Great Lakes: An Environmental History, 1783–1933. The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 29–31.
.
Stonehouse, Frederick (1998) [1985]. Lake Superior's Shipwreck Coast. Gwinn, Michigan: Avery Color Studios. p. 267. ISBN
.
"Century-old shipwreck discovered" . NBC News. Associated Press. September 10, 2007. Retrieved December 3, 2007.
"Chapter 4: The Watery Boundary" . United Divide: A Linear Portrait of the USA/Canada Border. The Center for Land Use Interpretation. Winter 2015.
"Great Lakes Circle Tour" . Great-lakes.net. July 5, 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2010. Retrieved February 19, 2011.
.
Egan, Dan (2018). The Death and Life of the Great Lakes. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN
(an illustrated children's book about the Great Lakes and their environment).
.
Riley, John L. (2013). The Once and Future Great Lakes Country: An Ecological History. McGill-Queen's University Press .
(traces environmental change in the region since the last ice age.)
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Great Lakes .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Lakes .
Dynamically updated data
Main lakes
| 689 |
82 | why are the great lakes important to canada and the united states | https://councilgreatlakesregion.org/the-great-lakes-economy-the-growth-engine-of-north-america/ | Posted on August 22, 2017 by cglr_admin_fs
Share
We don’t often think about the states and Canadian provinces surrounding the Great Lakes as its own economy – but maybe we should.
After all, the region is tightly integrated in terms of trade. It alone accounts for more than 50% of all U.S./Canadian bilateral border trade and sees over 200 million tons of cargo shipped annually. If it were its own country, it would have a GDP of US$6 trillion – making it the third biggest economy in the world.
[three_fourth]
AN ECONOMIC POWERHOUSE
This infographic breaks down the massive economic impact and trade partnerships that stem from the region’s prolific waterways, and the people living around them.
The Great Lakes Region has always been a center of trade. From the fur trade of the 17th century to modern day, the area’s navigable terrain, waterways, and ports have made it an easy place for goods to exchange hands.
OVERVIEW: THE GREAT LAKES ECONOMY
The Great Lakes Region includes eight states (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) and two Canadian provinces (Ontario and Quebec) that surround the five interconnected freshwater bodies known as the Great Lakes. The area is home to 107 million people, 51 million jobs, and a GDP of US$6 trillion – making the Great Lakes Economy a powerhouse on an international level.
In particular, the region is well-known globally for its manufacturing prowess. It’s home to automobile and aerospace giants like Ford, GM, Chrysler, Bombardier, GE Aviation, and Magna International, and also many other diverse industries. Education and health, shipping and logistics, agriculture, mining and energy, tourism, and finance are some of the other major industries that generate business for the region.
And despite having a border, the Great Lakes Economy is highly integrated. Each year, there is $278 billion in bilateral U.S.-Canadian trade in the Great Lakes area – more than the entire region trades with countries like Mexico, China, UK, Germany and Japan combined.
CROSS-BORDER CUSTOMERS
The relationship between U.S. states and Canadian provinces in the Great Lakes Region is unique, and relies on goods flowing both ways.
For U.S. companies in the region, 78% of the imports they bring in from Canada are “intermediate goods”, which are raw materials, parts and components, and services that are used to produce other goods and services in the United States.
Here’s a breakdown of Canadian intermediate goods bought by U.S. states:
Going the other way, Canadians buy billions of dollars worth of goods from the Great Lake states as well.
In fact, Canada is actually the biggest international customer for each state in the region – something shown in this USA/Canada trade infographic as well.
BRIDGE OVER TROUBLED WATER
Although rhetoric against the U.S./Canadian trade relationship has ramped up in the recent months, there is still one enduring symbol that exemplifies the intimate trade relationship of the two countries in the Great Lakes Economy: the Ambassador Bridge between Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario.
Each day, over this one 1.3 mi (2.3 km) suspension bridge alone, close to 10,000 trucks pass to generate close to US$500 million of international trade between the two nations.
That’s equal to 25% of all bilateral trade between Canada and the U.S. Amazingly, more bilateral trade happens over this single bridge than the U.S. does in its entirety with France, Germany, South Korea, or the United Kingdom.
[/three_fourth][one_fourth_last][/one_fourth_last]
Study Finds: Great Lakes Residents Show Understanding of Environmental Facts, but Struggle with Making Green Choices Climate change acceptance and efforts to lead an eco-friendly and sustainable lifestyle has become …
Share this:
February 12, 2025
The Big Ten Conference and its football teams have given fans plenty to cheer about in its first year with four new members from the West Coast. Although the University …
Share this:
January 29, 2025
“Water Quality, Microplastics Top Environmental Concerns for Great Lakes Residents” The Great Lakes make up 20% of the earth’s fresh surface water and is the source of drinking water for …
Share this:
Take action now
Become a Donor
Charitable contributions to the CGLR Foundation in the US and CGLR Canada Foundation are vital for helping us bring the environment and economy together in our regional public policy choices, business strategies, and investment decisions.x
Become a Supporter
Supporting CGLR Canada and the CGLR USA, our trade associations, will help us bring sector leaders together to grow the US-Canada economic partnership in the region and strengthen our competitiveness in today's fast pace global marketplace.
Become a Volunteer
Deepen your commitment to our common future by volunteering your time and services to help create a prosperous, clean future for all in the Great Lakes region.
United States
11075 East Blvd. c/o Canada-US Law Institute Case Western Reserve University Cleveland, OH, 44106
Take action now
Become a Donor
Charitable contributions to the CGLR Foundation in the US and CGLR Canada Foundation are vital for helping us bring the environment and economy together in our regional public policy choices, business strategies, and investment decisions.x
Become a Supporter
Supporting CGLR Canada and the CGLR USA, our trade associations, will help us bring sector leaders together to grow the US-Canada economic partnership in the region and strengthen our competitiveness in today's fast pace global marketplace.
Become a Volunteer
Deepen your commitment to our common future by volunteering your time and services to help create a prosperous, clean future for all in the Great Lakes region.
Sign up
Honorary Patrons
Patron Name
Patron Title
| 690 |
82 | why are the great lakes important to canada and the united states | https://www.epa.gov/greatlakes | Here’s how you know
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
A locked padlock
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Menu
Search
Search
The Great Lakes
The Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are one of the most distinctive natural features on Earth. They are a chain of five deep freshwater lakes, Lakes Superior, Michigan, Erie, Huron, and Ontario, in the east central part of the North American continent.
1
Related Information
Learn about partnerships throughout the United States and Canada and the strategies to protect the Great Lakes. Through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative and others, understand funding efforts that protect the Great Lakes. We have technical databases to explore the data that effects the decisions made for that protection.
Last updated on February 21, 2025
| 691 |
82 | why are the great lakes important to canada and the united states | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/role-of-the-great-lakes-in-the-economy-of-us-and-canada.html | Role Of The Great Lakes In The Economy Of US And Canada
Skyline of Toronto, Canada along the shores of Lake Ontario. Image credit: R.M. Nunes/Shutterstock.com
For thousands of years, the Great Lakes have been a major food source in the form of fish. The various depths and temperatures are ideal for numerous species of fish to thrive.
The Great Lakes Region is home to over 30 million people who rely on that water source for the daily drinking water as well as numerous other activities.
The North American Great Lakes rank among the 14 largest lakes in the world, and offer almost limitless water-based activities.
The five major lakes of the Great Lakes Basin, Superior, Michigan, Huron , Erie and Ontario, are among the 14 largest lakes in the world and stretch over 750 miles across. Making up 84% of the surface fresh water in North America and 20% of the world’s surface water supply, these massive inland, fresh water seas play an integral role in shaping the physical, social and economic landscape of US and Canada. Read on to discover how these Great Lakes influence the economy of these countries.
10. Fishing
Canadian commercial fishing boat coming into the harbor at Port Burwell on Lake Erie. Image credit: Gordon Leggett/Wikimedia.org
For thousands of years the Great Lakes have been a major food source. The various depths and temperatures are ideal for numerous species including lake and rainbow trout, bass, northern pike, walleye pickerel, and whitefish as well as seasonal runs of chinook and coho salmon on the eastern lakes. While commercial fishing stocks have been on the decline,with some fisheries collapsing altogether, sports fishing is a favourite hobby in the area and has become a major tourist attraction.
9. Hydroelectric Power
Ludington Hydro Plant, Lake Michigan. Image credit: D. O'Keefe, Michigan Sea Grant
With such an abundant water supply it is unsurprising that one of the region’s major industries is hydroelectric power generation. While a completed hydro power plant has a minimal carbon footprint, the process of building either a damned river system or pumped storage facility is severely disruptive to the surrounding ecosystem, migratory fish and birds, and requires large swaths of land for construction.
8. Agriculture
The glaciers that created the Great Lakes region left in their wake a profuse water supply and fertile, rich soil ideal for crops, orchards, and animal farming. In the United States nearly half of the counties surrounding the Great Lakes are used for agriculture, while on the Canadian side 25% of all of that country’s farming is located within the Great Lakes basin, generating $9 billion in annual revenue. Popular crops on both sides of the border include fruits, vegetables, soy beans, corn, pork, beef, and dairy farming.
7. Timber
Logging in the Great Lakes region. Image credit: U.S. EPA/Flickr.com
The region surrounding the Great Lakes was once a vast expanse of virgin pine and birch stretching for thousands of miles in every direction. By 1910, however, a great deal of the basin was felled as forests gave way to cities, the demand of the booming timber industry, and the introduction of harmful infestations of wood-eating insects. Today, forestry remains one of the biggest industries in the region, particularly on the Canadian side of the border where some of the strictest environmental regulations in the world ensure that generations to come will still be able to enjoy forest. Logging and the timber industry continue to be a major economic contributor to the area through forestry management, tree farms, and selective logging practices.
6. Pulp and Paper
Tied to the timber industry, the pulp and paper mills in the Great Lakes region convert woody plant materials into various forms of wood pulp, paper, and paperboards like cardboard. The industry rose in the region during the 1800s, as newsprint and publishing likewise began to rise, but the recent shift towards electronic media has resulted in a decline in production.
5. Recreation
Visitors enjoying leisure time at Toronto Island in Lake Ontario. Image credit: edusma7256/Shutterstock.com
The North American Great Lakes rank among the 14 largest lakes in the world, and offer almost limitless water-based activities. There are miles of sandy beaches that welcome day-trippers in the summer months for swimming, water-skiing, and powerboating. The famed artist collective The Group of Seven immortalized views from the lakes on their canoeing expeditions. Multiple marinas exist for sailing, recreational fishing, and watercraft. Real estate along the lakefronts is in high demand, while multiple parks offer hundreds of sites for summer hikes, picnics, and overnight camping, while the winter months offer a range of activities from cross-country and downhill skiing to ice fishing, skating and snowshoeing.
4. Water Supply
Nearly 20% of the world’s fresh surface water is located within the Great Lakes basin, much of it within the five largest water bodies that make up the lakes Erie, Huron, Superior, Michigan, and Ontario. The area is home to over 30 million people who rely on that water source for the daily drinking water as well as numerous other activities. The freshwater of these lakes isn’t just available in the faucet, however. Multiple bottling companies are located within the basin, pumping, bottling, and selling the water as privatized companies. Bottled water from the Great Lakes has become a contentious legal issue, with proponents for and against making their appeals to local, state, provincial and federal governments.
3. Urbanization
Chicago City along the shores of Lake Michigan. Image credit: JaySi/Shutterstock.com
When earlier European explorers arrived in North America, the interconnected waterways of the Great Lakes region made it possible to travel huge distances. Soon these travellers were followed by settlers, towns, farms, and industries, and today the region is one of the most densely populated on the continent, dotted with metropolitan cities in a band stretching through the states of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan as well as up into the the Canadian province of Ontario. Within this major urban center, industries vary from steel production and automobile factories to high tech and finance to academics, with millions throughout also employed in the service industry.
2. Mining
The same geological events that created the Great Lakes also caused large deposits of rich ores such as iron, gold, and copper, as well as coal, salt, and sand. Iron mining peaked in the 1950s, when 100 million net tons were produced annually. Today the eastern shore of Lake Michigan continues to be a major source of clean sand, while recent discovery of large chromite deposits, essential for smart phones and computers, has been discovered in the Lake Superior Region.
1. Shipping
Travel along the Great Lakes was a key factor in European exploration and colonization of the continent, as well as the industrial development of North America. While canal building began as early as 1783, today an intricate system of interconnected locks and channels known as the St Lawrence Seaway or the Great Lakes Waterway, create a water route from the Atlantic Ocean to the middle of the continent. This shipping highway stretches nearly 2300 miles, and is traveled by specially designed ships called lake carriers, known as lakers, built long and flat to navigate the water way. Some lakers are built up to 800 feet long, and together the shipping industry moves approximately 44 million tonnes of bulk cargo, including mining products, iron and steel, petroleum products, and agriculture.
Share
| 692 |
82 | why are the great lakes important to canada and the united states | https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/united-states-and-canada-release-state-great-lakes-2022-report-and-2022-progress | Here’s how you know
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
A locked padlock
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Menu
Search
Search
July 29, 2022
EPA Press Office
( [email protected] )
WASHINGTON - Fifty years ago, the United States and Canada first signed the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, a commitment to work together to restore and protect our shared and increasingly precious resource. Since 1972, the Agreement continues to be a catalyst for strong regional partnerships and innovative approaches to environmental actions.
Today, the United States Environmental Protection Agency and Environment and Climate Change Canada jointly published two reports required under the Agreement: the State of the Great Lakes 2022 Report and the 2022 Progress Report of the Parties.
“Over the past 50 years, the United States and Canada have made tremendous progress working together to protect the Great Lakes and support a thriving regional economy. Through our strong partnership with Canada and additional Great Lakes Restoration Initiative funding from the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, we remain committed to safeguarding this shared treasure for present and future generations,” said EPA Administrator Michael Regan.
“Protecting the Great Lakes can only be achieved by working together. With our American friends and neighbours, we have had incredible success in cleaning up the Great Lakes from pollutants, while reducing farm run-off and protecting species at risk. This was made possible by concerted action and advocacy, but much yet remains to be done. As we celebrate 50 years of environmental collaboration for our treasured Great Lakes, the released reports and upcoming Public Forum will help us engage communities and stakeholders on our future priorities,” said Stephen Guilbeault, Minister of Environment and Climate Change.
2022 Great Lakes Public Forum
Content from these two reports will be the focus of discussion at the 2022 Great Lakes Public Forum in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada from September 27 to 29, 2022. The Forum provides an opportunity for the public to provide feedback on the state of the lakes and progress made under the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, as well as comment on future priorities for science and action.
For more information and to register, visit https://binational.net/2022/05/26/great-lakes-public-forum-2022/ .
The two reports can be found on www.binational.net .
Related Links
Last updated on July 10, 2023
| 693 |
83 | when do amy and ricky sleep together for the second time | https://screenrant.com/10-worst-episodes-of-the-secret-life-of-the-american-teenager-according-to-imdb/ | Close
10 Worst Episodes Of The Secret Life Of The American Teenager, According To IMDb
The Splits (5.7)
The worst thing about this season four episodes is that it's boring. Plenty of episodes of The Secret Life are drama-packed, but this one doesn't really move anything important along. Ben and Adrian are over, so Ben goes on a date with Dylan, who wants to know all about his past relationships. Meanwhile, Grace and Jack try to be friends.
Shiny and New (5.6)
In this season five episode, Amy's selfish " I want to go to college in New York " plot takes off. She flies out there for a campus visit, and Adrian's boyfriend, Omar, is on the same flight. This episode just feels too much like the show is winding down, which it was. The bright side is that there's a new pregnant teen in town named Kathy, and she is adorable. She tries to tutor a troubled boy named Ethan in math.
The Sounds of Silence (5.6)
Back in the third season, Adrian and Ben have sex. Amy has just found out in the previous episode that they did this and that Adrian is pregnant. The plot just keeps getting messier as Amy's sister, Ashley, discusses her feelings for Ricky, the boy who got Amy pregnant. Such is the rhythm of The Secret Life of the American Teenager.
The Text Best Thing (5.5)
A lot of things happen in the fourth season. Later on, Anne Juergens comes out as a lesbian, but her husband/ex-husband George starts suspecting it in this very episode. Related to that plot, Amy chooses July fourth as her and Ricky's wedding date. Everyone starts calling it a "gay holiday." In other news, Ben starts having silly conversations with his girlfriend's annoying friends.
The Second Time Around (5.5)
Ricky who? Amy is dating Jimmy in this season two episode. They kiss, and so do Grace and Ben. Ashley wants her immature parents to start being romantic again, but they can't be faithful to each other. Adrian's mom and dad, on the other hand, are ready to make a commitment. Amy's life is pretty out of control, and her baby is still pretty new at this point in the series.
Chicken Little (5.5)
In the third season, Ashley doesn't just have feelings for Ricky, but she's also into a mysterious guy named Grant... who also dates Grace, of course. Adrian is on the prowl in this episode, and she and Ricky share a kiss. This episode features lots of arguing and yet another cringe-worthy side plot involving a boy's sexuality.
She Went That Away (5.3)
In this season three shocker, Amy is literally the last person on the planet to know that Ben got Adrian pregnant. Adrian has just decided not to have an abortion and will give birth to the baby instead. Somehow, Ashley is one of the first to know, and she actually tries to protect her sister from the news—everyone does. Amy will find out in the subsequent episode.
Allies (5.3)
This season four plot involves Amy failing her summer school classes in the summer before her senior year. Meanwhile, Madison and Lauren mend a rift, but Henry, Alice, and Ben can't do the same.
To Each Her Own (5.3)
The silly story in season five is that Amy has bought herself an ugly wedding dress, and she thinks it's going to be amazing. Adrian psychoanalyzes the whole thing and essentially points out that Amy would not buy an ugly dress if she actually wanted to marry Ricky. Kathy, the younger pregnant girl, faces the possibility of moving home to Texas after her baby is born.
Thank You and Goodbye (3.0)
The season finale of The Secret Life has an atrocious rating of 3.0 from IMDb. The final decision is so disappointing. Amy leaves her life and loved ones behind to go to college in New York. She practically dumps Ricky and their son, John, to try to be a normal girl. The closing scene of Ricky reading to John on the couch, just the two of them, is a poor reward for watching this drama for five seasons.
Recommended
Posts
1 hour ago
Posts
31 minutes ago
Posts
Posts
2 hours ago
Posts
2 hours ago
Posts
Trending Now
Copyright © 2025 Valnet Inc.
| 694 |
83 | when do amy and ricky sleep together for the second time | https://www.reddit.com/r/SLoTAT/comments/gefz4q/what_do_you_think_of_rickyamys_relationshiptheir/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
What do you think of Ricky/Amy's relationship/their ending?
Like most of the human population right now, I have a lot more spare time because of the trainwreck that is COVID-19, and what better way to spend that time than re-watch another trainwreck like this show? I just finished (skim) re-watching it, and it's honestly lifted my spirits up lmao, it definitely is the epitome of a "no thoughts, head empty" TV show to enjoy. There's not one episode where I'm not laughing from how ridiculous the writing/directing/camera work is.
That said, I'm wondering what people here think of the Ricky/Amy relationship, seeing as that was probably one of the biggest focal points of the show (other than all the times all the characters say sex, of course), and of the ending the writers chose to go with. Personally, I loved them when the show was originally airing, and find that I do still like them even in my rewatch, although now that I'm older I do see the problematic aspects to their relationship (I guess I still have bad taste lol), or at least the message the show would be ~promoting~ if they got a happily ever after. I guess I kind of get that maybe the writers didn't want to glorify teen pregnancy by saying that it ends with the mom and dad who originally had a one night stand being in love and married when they're not even 20/in college, because how many times does that actually end up happening in real life, but at the same time, I'm just like damn, all that buildup for them for five seasons to have THAT ending? Also, the way they just completely assassinated Amy's character (not that her character wasn't already tumbling down a hill at that point lol, which is another issue - why was there no character growth for Amy/anyone else besides Ricky?) by having her up and leave her son was just terrible lmao. I know Brenda Hampton had that interview where she says that Ricky and John move to New York to be with Amy, and Ricky/Amy end up together, but that's even less satisfying to me because it just has Ricky/John sacrificing their lives - again - for Amy's sake. There had to have been a better way for them to portray a realistic ending while not doing Amy or the progress Ricky/Amy had as a couple dirty like that.
Read more
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Restricted
Top Posts
| 695 |
83 | when do amy and ricky sleep together for the second time | https://secretlife.fandom.com/wiki/Ricky_Underwood | In Partnership with Leo Boykewich for Fast Food Meats
Alias
Romances
Series Information
First episode
Richard "Ricky" Underwood lll is one of the main characters and was known for being a bad boy and womanizer in the Grant High School , yet he is what he calls “Damaged Inventory.”
He is the biological child of Bob and Nora Underwood, the adoptive son of Shakur and Margaret , the foster brother of Ethan , and the father of John Juergens . He is also the husband of Amy Juergens (he married Amy a couple of years after the series finale events, confirmed by creator, writer and executive producer Brenda Hampton). He is portrayed by Daren Kagasoff .
Contents
History[
His father, Bob, is a drug addict who beat Ricky's mother Nora and sexually abused Ricky as a young child. His mother was both a drug addict and an alcoholic who never helped him out of fear. Ricky claims this abuse was responsible for most of his future actions. Ricky was taken away from his parents after the abuse came to light, and put into foster care. As a teenager, Ricky attended Ulysses S. Grant High School, where he was the drummer in the high school marching band and had a reputation of being a promiscuous bad boy.
He used to see a therapist, Lauren 's father Dr. Ken Fields , who he occasionally visits for advice as an adult. The summer before Ricky's sophomore year, he had a one night stand with Amy Juergens because she was a virgin and bored at band camp. It was short and bad sex, and he didn't use protection of any kind. He also knocked her up. He denies even being the father to others for part of her pregnancy even finding out about her pregnancy a few days later. Despite his misgivings over being a good father, Ricky is shown to love and care for his son John. He and Amy go on a date in the fall finale of season 3 and she makes him get tested before considering having sex with him.
Ricky tests disease-free, and chooses to have sex with nobody other than Amy. Their first time having sex since Ricky got Amy pregnant occurred in the wake of dealing with the news of Ben and Adrian 's stillborn daughter. Amy and John soon move in with Ricky. Amy finds messages left by Adrian, after telling her she's in love with Ricky. Amy gets caught by Ricky, with him stating they should spend some time apart if she can't trust him. On one specific occasion Ricky threatens to hurt Amy if she does not move when he is falsely accused of sexual misconduct by Karlee, an older woman Ricky used to sleep with. Ricky eventually apologizes to Amy and they make up. Amy tries to get Ricky to propose by doing "wild" things such as giving him a milkshake and a bath. Ricky ends up being convinced, and at the end of his graduation speech, he proposes to Amy. At the graduation party, Amy allows Ricky to kiss Adrian one last time to give them closure.
Ricky wants to know when Amy wants to get married and is taken aback when Amy doesn't seem to be in a hurry to plan their wedding. Amy told everyone that Ricky and her eloped in the season 5 premiere even though they pulled out at the last minute. Eventually, Amy breaks up with him and leaves John in his care while she goes to New York to attend college. Eventually, after a couple of years, Ricky and John moved to New York, along with George, Amy’s dad and John’s grandpa. The cross-country travel while taking on college was just too stressful for Amy, but no one wanted to see her abandon her dreams so everyone came to her. That’s right, Grandpa George, Ricky and John all in an apartment in Brooklyn Heights, all so Amy could be with John more often while getting her degree.
Leo used his connections at St. Francis College in Brooklyn Heights to help Ricky transfer and finish his degree, and Leo helped John as well. John started school at a neighborhood kindergarten and continued in school there, walking distance for John and Grandpa George. Also, Leo got Ricky a job at a neighborhood butcher, and after awhile, with everyone else in the old neighborhood, Leo packed up and moved to Brooklyn Heights too. He owns property there, he has friends and family there, he loves it. And Amy and Ricky fell in love with each other and with New York. They married after both of them graduated and were all too happy to have George move across the hall — so convenient.
Relationships[
Start: Prior to Falling in Love (1x01)
End: Prior to Falling in Love (1x01)
Reason: It was just a one-night stand.
Second Relationship:
Third relationship:
Start: Post-series
Shortly after, Ricky and John moved to New York, along with George. Amy and Ricky got back together and got married after they both graduated.
After learning Ben and Adrian had sex Ricky is upset and cries, he later left town to visit his mom, Nora.
When he returned he blamed Adrian for their break up, even though he gave her no respect, honesty, or emotional support as she did for him.
He also admitted he only used her for sex, and he cheated on her repeatedly.
Reason: Grace finds out that Ricky is still sleeping with Adrian. Ricky is scared of his dad hurting Grace to get back at Ricky for getting him arrested. Ricky was a lying, two-timing jerk who lied and tried to manipulate her by using her faith. He also lied to her about not being the father of Amy's baby when she asked for his help at the abortion clinic.
Trivia[
In the Season 4 episode " When Opportunity Knocks ", his true intelligence is shown when he is able to determine exactly how many days are in 25 years in only a few seconds, which is 9125 plus 6 for leap year.
In the Season 4 episode " And Circumstance ", it is revealed that Ricky had a 4.2 GPA average however it was not earned since it was revealed in Season 1 Episode 1 and 7 that he cheated with the help of Joe Hampton, and girls he either slept with or flirted with. He maybe very intelligent since he received a high SAT score.
Margaret Shakur said she stopped receiving money from the state when she adopted him.
He realizes he doesn’t deserve Amy and John but he’s grateful he has them in his life. In 5 seasons he grew up and also realizes that if he loves Amy, he’d let her go, hoping she would choose him in the end. He knows she deserves better than him but hopes she’d choose him anyway In 5 seasons he was humbled even though he remained confident
And Amy and Ricky fell in love with each other in New York, and after they had both graduated, they got married.
Ricky may have a knack for business and he and Leo are in the midst of creating a high end fast food chain.
Gallery[
The Teens
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
The Secret Life of the American Teenager is a FANDOM TV Community.
| 696 |
83 | when do amy and ricky sleep together for the second time | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_the_American_Teenager_season_4 | The Secret Life of the American Teenager season 4
2 languages
Season of television series
Season 4
Season chronology
Main cast
Amy goes to visit Adrian, and she tells her that she's moving in with Ricky. At school Ben is having a really bad time and tells Amy how he feels about what he said about not wanting to be a husband and having a baby.
75
2
Ricky finds out from Ben that Amy told Adrian that they moved in together; meanwhile, Ben starts telling people that he wants out of the marriage and starts bad mouthing Ricky and Amy's relationship. Ricky confronts Amy about her lying to him about how her dad found out that she moved in with him but later forgives her, and they both agree to be honest with each other no matter what.
76
3
Ricky's parents find out that Ricky and Amy are living together and ask Amy and Ricky why he didn't tell them.
77
4
Gail Bradley
Paul Perlove
Amy suspects John has an ear infection and persuades Ricky that they need to take John to the hospital. While at the hospital Ricky talks to an ER nurse, he keeps calling Amy his "wife" without noticing. The doctor tells Amy and Ricky that there is nothing wrong with John only that when Amy and Ricky raise their voices John holds his hand to his ear and says 'ow'. Ricky and Amy promise to not argue with each other around John.
78
5
Ben has a fight with Adrian after she cleared out their daughter's nursery without telling him, giving away the bear that Ben was given by his mother. Ben storms out and Adrian punches a hole in the wall of the nursery.
79
6
Ben wakes up hung-over and decides to move out of his apartment with Adrian. Adrian surprises everyone and returns to school and, to Ben's dismay, acts like nothing is wrong. A nervous Rachel leaves Tom alone with the children while she goes on a business trip. It turns out Tom isn't as excited about being a parent as he thought he would be. Adrian learns from Katelyn (the guidance counselor) if she continues with summer school she'll graduate in time for college in the fall. Adrian lies to Amy and everyone else at school and pretends that she and Ben are happy. Ricky has an interview at a local college, but the interview goes horribly wrong when the interviewer (Karlee Carmichael) hits on him. The situation gets worse when a scorned Karlee tells Katelyn that Ricky won't be getting into school there because he tried to pressure her into sex. Reverend Stone lets slip to Kathleen that Grace's new boyfriend, Daniel, is in college. Daniel stops by to meet Kathleen; she actually takes a liking to him and they end up playing a prank on Grace. Grace tries to sneak out of the house to meet Daniel but ends up in his car alone while Daniel's inside eating dinner with Kathleen. Adrian begs Ben to be civil and at least hold hands with her at school. Ben decides to move back in with Adrian just as friends and he tells her he'll live in the nursery. Adrian couldn't be happier.
80
7
"Cute"
Amy wants to help Ricky with his problems with Karlee. He protests and is upset that she went to the school counselor to discuss this problem. Amy finds Karlee at the university campus and keenly speaks with her. Later on, Amy calls Toby and asks him about Karlee. He says that his stepsister has problems with promiscuity. Nora and Ben go to a restaurant, but they find Ollie and Ruben together. Ollie wants Nora back, but Nora can't resume their relationship. Ruben asks Ben if he would really leave Adrian after what they've been through. The waiter at the restaurant mixes up orders and gives Nora and Ben a bottle of wine. Nora gets drunk after two years of abstinence from alcohol.
81
8
It's time for senior prom!! Amy is mad that Ricky doesn't want to go so she pressures him into taking her to prom. Adrian and Ben go together, and Amy finds out Adrian is trying to get pregnant. Later, after the dance Adrian tries to seduce Ben into sleeping with her so she can be prego and keep him in the marriage.
82
9
Adrian has a change of heart about Ben and instead focuses her energy on getting Ricky back, which brings out Amy's insecurities. Elsewhere, Nora tries to pick up the pieces of her life and rent a room from George.
83
10
"4-1-1"
Amy feels guilty about checking Ricky's phone. Amy's father and friends assure her that he has checked hers in the past and Ricky confirms it. Meanwhile, a young friend of Ricky's, Ethan, shows up. Madison regrets breaking up with Jack. Elsewhere, Grace plays matchmaker for Adrian by introducing her to a pal of Daniel's named Dante. Ricky and Amy make up and decide to do something crazy together.
84
11
Adrian is introduced to Omar, the brother of one of Daniel's friends. Ricky tells John about his plans to propose to Amy.
85
12
"Pomp"
Lauren and Madison try to convince their parents to let them go to Jesse's graduation party at his parents' lakehouse which is 50 miles away. Ricky is named class valedictorian but doesn't want to write the speech for the graduation ceremony which he does anyway. Meanwhile, Amy tries to convince Ricky to attend the graduation party but he tells her that it's going to be a special evening even if they won't go there. Ricky tells Bunny that he is going to propose to Amy which makes her very happy. He also tells his foster mother who is thrilled. The school counselor gets Jack to write the prayer and Jack gets Grace to help him. Tom is a little disappointed in Jack that he uses Grace's need to help people to do something with Grace. Even though Grace tells everyone she doesn't want to go to the party since her boyfriend is so mature, she wants her mother to allow her to go there. Adrian learns that she will graduate with her class. Adrian admits to Ricky that she still loves him and says that one day they will have sex again so he tries to persuade her to go to a different school in the fall than he does. Grace thinks it's wrong of Adrian to go after Omar, Dante's brother. Omar visits Adrian in the condo where they kiss, he tells her that she won't kiss Ricky again because then she will think about him and this kiss. However she asks Grace for a way to kiss Ricky that she can compare his kisses to Omar's. Alice and Henry explain to Ben that they share custody, so they take turns with Ben. Since Henry wants to go the party together with Ben and Alice wants to hang out with Ben just like they always did on the last day of school, Alice and Henry agree that both of them shouldn't be friends with Ben. Katherine, Grace's mother really misses her husband Jeff which us why she thinks about visiting him for a week in Kenya. Leo is very contented by Nora's work as his assistant and he goes out for an after-work drink with Camille. George thinks that Anne is gay and that she and Nora have a romance. Betty's mother dies and she meets a divorce lawyer who convinces her to go after Leo.
86
13
Amy begins to suspect that Ricky is going to propose, since John keeps saying "ring". Ricky, Jack, and Adrian all have brief flashbacks, thinking of their high school experiences. Ricky thinks of Amy, Jack of Grace, and Adrian of Ricky. Ben invites Adrian to lunch and tells her that they both need to get over Amy and Ricky, especially since there's a rumor going around school that Ricky is planning on proposing to Amy. At the graduation ceremony, Jack and Ricky both give speeches. At the end of Ricky's speech, he calls Amy up on stage and proposes to her, and she happily accepts. At the graduation party, Ben meets a new girl named Dylan. Griffin and Peter have some relationship tension when another guy gets flirtatious with Griffin. Lauren is upset when Jesse tries to give her alcohol, and insists that she's not going to drink or do anything else, even though Jesse and Madison are drinking. Grace and Daniel also have some problems when they run into Daniel's ex-girlfriend, Raven. Raven asks Jack to cut in on Grace and Daniel's dance, which he does. This prompts Daniel to go talk to Raven, and he wants to leave right after speaking with her. Omar agrees to leave with Daniel, over the objections of Adrian and Grace, who want to stay at the party longer. At that moment, Ricky and Amy arrive at the party. Ricky has learned that Adrian wants to kiss him one last time. With Amy's OK, Ricky kisses Adrian and neither of them feel anything. Adrian is ecstatic that she's over Ricky, but Omar is upset that she felt she had to kiss him and thinks that by doing so, she has disrespected herself and him. He and Daniel leave the party. Ricky and Amy begin to slow dance, and Ben and Jack slow dance with the now hurt and alone Adrian and Grace respectively.The next morning, Lauren goes to find Jesse, and discovers him and Madison in bed together. They both blame it on alcohol, but an upset Lauren simply ignores them and asks Ricky and Amy to take her home. Peter also wants to leave, while the other guy wants Griffin to stay longer. Meanwhile, Jack and Raven have also had sex, but agree that it was just a casual thing that doesn't mean anything. Grace asks Jack to take her home, and he goes off to find Adrian so they can leave. He discovers Adrian and Henry in bed together. While Adrian is dressing to leave, Alice walks in on them and suggests to Henry that Ben will probably only want to be her friend once he finds out about Henry and Adrian. Ben and Dylan fell asleep with each other, but did not have sex. Dylan says she doesn't do that, which Ben finds refreshing. Outside, Grace asks Jack if he thinks there's anything to Adrian's theory of kissing someone to see if it's over, which prompts Jack to kiss her. They both seem to enjoy it. Ricky and Amy both comment on what a crazy party it was before kissing each other.
87
14
The morning after the graduation party, Ricky asks Amy when she wants to get married, and is surprised to find that Amy is not in a big hurry to get married -- she's just happy to be engaged. Ben and Dylan talk on the phone all day, and he asks her out for that evening. However, when Alice tells him that Henry and Adrian slept together at the party, he breaks their date and angrily confronts Henry. Henry suggests that he was seduced just like Ben was, but Ben tells him that he is no longer welcome in his home and his friend. Dylan and her friends (including Raven) come to confront Ben and demand to know why he broke their date. He invites them to his room, and they ask if he minds if they smoke pot. They are discovered by Leo and Dylan's parents, who have followed her. Raven sends Daniel a camera photo of Jack and Grace kissing early that morning, and Daniel breaks up with Grace as a result. Grace and Jack kiss again, but Kathleen warns Jack that Grace may blame him for Daniel breaking up with her, and that he should simply be friends with Grace and start fresh in college. Ashley returns after being away in Florida with Toby, and announces that she has been accepted at a college in Florida, smugly observing that even though she's a year behind Amy, she'll be a year ahead of her in college. Amy and Ashley trade insults, during which Amy declares all her dreams have come true, and Ashley meanly asks if her dreams included being a teenage mother.
Adrian tells Dante' that she has been going out with his brother, and Dante' breaks up with her. She and Grace hatch a plan to live together over the summer, go to summer school and not have anything to do with boys for a while.
88
15
"Defiance"
Amy argues with Ricky over her decision to attend summer school; Dylan and Ben's parents forbid them from seeing each other.
89
16
Jacob (Jordan Fisher), a high school boy who grew up in rural Africa, wants to stay with Kathleen instead of going off to a boarding school. Kathleen is unsure about this idea, but Jacob will be sticking around. It is revealed that Jacob is Grace's half-brother from an affair her father, Marshall, had years ago. Kathleen is not happy to learn about his existence.
90
17
Amy is increasingly short with everyone in her life, including Ricky, leaving him wondering what is going on with her, but he is not prepared when she reveals that she might be pregnant again. Dylan's brother Joe who dislike and jealous of Ben send Dylan's parents picture about Dylan and Ben kissing, makes another attempt to win them over, but it doesn't turn out quite like he hoped when he ends up sharing too much information about his family.
91
18
Dylan and her friends surprise Ben at school, while Grace doesn't want Jacob attending her school. Elsewhere, Kathleen tries to understand her late husband's secrets; and an overburdened Amy acts ornery at home with Ricky (when he takes her to band camp).
92
19
Ben and Dylan go on their first real date together. Elsewhere, Tom runs into problems with police.
93
20
A desperate Kathleen resorts to bribery to get Grace to talk to Jacob. Elsewhere, Dylan attempts to befriend Adrian.
94
21
"Allies"
Amy is in danger of failing summer school. Amy's friends from her New York trip drop by unannounced with their 2 children, and Ricky isn't too happy at first. Henry tries to reconcile with Alice and Ben but it doesn't work. Lauren and Madison become friends again
95
22
Anson Williams
A rumor about Anne is spread along with news about Amy's wedding date.
96
23
May 28, 2012 (2012-05-28) [22]
Ashley and Anne return from Europe. Adrian and Grace becomes jealous from all the attention surrounding Amy.
97
24
Ben charges $1200 on his credit card to pay the application to Dylan's school. Ben's father finds out and is upset at him for making poor decisions lately. Adrian's mother tells Adrian that kissing Grace for shock value is not right and to think of the LGBTQ community. Anne comes out to her family, with a bad reaction from Amy. George and Ashley are happy that Anne is happy. Ashley kisses Toby, who tells her that he loves her. She responds in kind and that floating around Ricky was just to annoy Amy. Dylan brings Ben to her school and they make s'mores with the bunsen burner. The building burns down and Ben strongly thinks they caused it. He calls Alice and they have sex. Jack tells Grace to kiss Adrian again if she wants to "experiment" as her mother had suggested. When Jack drives Grace over to Adrian's condo, Omar breaks up with Adrian. Grace continues to try to think of ways to see if she is a lesbian or if she was just curious. She comes to school looking so different that Adrian walked right past her without recognizing her. Fern confronts Adrian about kissing a girl just to garner attention and how difficult and scary it can be to be gay, especially in high school. Amy takes Ricky's advice and goes back home to apologize to Anne. Before heading home, she tells Ricky that she wants to run away and get married asap because she didn't want to wait anymore. Amy tells Anne that although they may not be sure of certain things, they do know that "love is love."
The Secret Life of the American Teenager season 4
| 697 |
83 | when do amy and ricky sleep together for the second time | https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/secret-life-american-teenager-shailene-woodley-ricky-amy-315038/ | Click to expand search form
Subscribe for full access to The Hollywood Reporter
Click to expand search form
Subscribe for full access to The Hollywood Reporter
‘Secret Life of the American Teenager’: Ricky Brings Amy Back to Band Camp (Exclusive Video)
In a clip exclusive to THR, the two revisit the past in an effort to move forward with their future together.
More Stories by Philiana Ng
In an exclusive clip from Monday’s episode “The Beach Is Back” to The Hollywood Reporter , Ricky (Daren Kagasoff) brings Amy (Shailene Woodley) back to where it all started: band camp. The two first slept together in the series premiere, “Falling in Love,” and the event would change Amy’s life forever.
In an attempt to bring up past emotions and memories, Ricky brings Amy to “the scene of the crime,” as she refers to it. “Neither of us really had a good time, did we?” she asked. “Yeah we did. Sex wasn’t great, but we had a good time,” Ricky replies after a kiss.
After Ricky tries to tell Amy that she’s changed a lot in the past three years, he hoped that the revisit to the past would ignite their future.
“I was hoping that we could take a look at the past and maybe we could kind of move ahead with the future,” Ricky proposes.
Oh, teenage love.
The Secret Life of the American Teenager airs Mondays at 8 p.m. on ABC Family .
| 698 |
84 | countries having low and high growth rate of population | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_growth_rate | List of countries by population growth rate
21 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article includes a table of annual population growth rate for countries and subnational areas .
The table below shows annual population growth rate history and projections for various areas, countries, regions and sub-regions from various sources for various time periods.
The right-most column shows a projection for the time period shown using the medium fertility variant. Preceding columns show actual history. The number shown is the average annual growth rate for the period.
Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship—except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of the country of origin. This means that population growth in this table includes net changes from immigration and emigration. For a table of natural increase, see List of countries by rate of natural increase .
Country (or territory)
More maps
The 20 countries in the world in which the population has declined between 2010 and 2015
Historical population growth rate (1950–1955) estimated by the UN [7]
See also
"Field listing – Population growth rate". The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2024-08-03.
List of countries by population growth rate
| 699 |
84 | countries having low and high growth rate of population | https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/population-growth-rate/country-comparison/ | Population growth rate
Population growth rate compares the average annual percent change in populations, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative.
236 Results
Clear Filters
Filter Regions
Australia and Oceania
| 700 |
84 | countries having low and high growth rate of population | https://worldpopulationreview.com/ | X
0
10M
25M
50M
75M
100M
200M
1B
8,005,176,000
234 countries
496
496
< 1
< 1
1,127
0%
234
The US Census Bureau's world population clock estimated that the global population as of September 2022 was 7,922,312,800 people and was expected to reach 8 billion by mid-November of 2022. This total far exceeds the 2015 world population of 7.2 billion . The world's population continues to increase by roughly 140 people per minute , with births outweighing deaths in most countries.
Overall, however, the rate of population growth has been slowing for several decades. This slowdown is expected to continue until the rate of population growth reaches zero (an equal number of births and deaths) around 2080-2100, at a population of approximately 10.4 billion people . After this time, the population growth rate is expected to turn negative, resulting in global population decline.
Countries with more than 1 billion people
China is currently the most populous country in the world, with a population estimated at more than 1.42 billion as of September 2022. Only one other country in the world boasts a population of more than 1 billion people: India , whose population is estimated to be 1.41 billion people—and rising.
While India's population is projected to continue to grow until at least the year 2050, China's population is currently contracting slightly. This contraction, coupled with India's continued growth, is expected to result in India replacing China as the most populous country in the world by the year 2030.
Countries with more than 100 million people
Another 12 countries each have populations that exceeded 100 million people as of September 2022:
Country
Population
Country
Population
While Russia and Japan will see their populations decline significantly by 2050, the rest of these nations are expected to continue growing until at least 2050. Additionally, two additional countries, DR Congo and Vietnam , have more than 99 million people and should soon reach the 100 million mark.
Countries with fewer than 100 million people
As shown in the live-updating population table below, the overwhelming majority of the world's countries have fewer than 100 million people—substantially fewer, in some cases. The smallest country in the world in terms of both population and total area is Vatican City , where barely 500 people reside.
Population range
# of countries
12
80
66
Rates of population growth around the world
The world's population continues to increase, with approximately 140 million babies born every year. According to the United Nations' 2022 World Population Prospects report, the global population is projected to reach 8.5 billion people by the year 2030, 9.7 billion people by 2050, and 10.4 billion people by 2080, where it will remain until 2100.
While the world's total population is expected to continue to rise until roughly 2100, the rate at which the population is rising has been slowly decreasing for decades. In 2020, the global population growth rate fell below one percent for the first time since 1950. This decrease continues a trend begun in the 1970s, in which the population growth rate shows a consistent decrease when measured in five-year increments.
The rate of population growth varies greatly from one country or region to another. More than half of the world's expected population growth between now and 2050 is expected to come from just eight countries: DR Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Tanzania . Particularly of interest is India, which is on track to overtake China's position as the most populous country by the year 2030. Additionally, multiple nations within Africa are expected to double their populations in the coming decades as fertility rates and birth rates rise thanks in part to advancements in medical care and decreased infant mortality and malnutrition .
Life expectancy and its impact on world population
Global life expectancy has also improved in recent years, rising to 72.8 years in 2019—almost 9 years longer than in 1990. Global life expectancy is projected to continue to increase, reaching 77.2 years by the year 2050. Significant factors impacting the data on life expectancy include expectations regarding mankind's ability to reduce the impact of AIDS/HIV and other infectious and non-communicable diseases.
As a result of the increase in global life expectancy, the majority of the world's countries are undergoing considerable growth in the number of residents over the age of 65. The percentage of over-65 residents in the world's population is projected to rise from 10% in 2022 to 16% in 2050. This total will be roughly twice the number of children under age 5 and equal to the number of children under age 12. This imbalance can put considerable strain on a country's economy and infrastructure, as it can lead to a shortage of working-age individuals entering the workforce to take the place of those who are retiring.
Life expectancy has a significant impact on the ability of the population to maintain what is called a replacement rate, in which the country's death rate is balanced or exceeded by its birth rate. In countries whose birth rates are either deliberately low or unintentionally so, the death rate may be higher, resulting in overall population decline . Although population decline can be desirable in certain circumstances, it can also create economic challenges and is more often viewed as undesired.
Challenges inherent in population estimates
Although population projections such as the US Census Bureau's World Population Clock utilize the most accurate and up-to-date data available, they are nonetheless still estimates. Unforeseen events such as the COVID-19 pandemic or Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine can have a powerful, but impossible-to-anticipate impact on population trends.
Even in the absence of such disruptions, the process of tracking the exact number of births and deaths in every country and territory in the world in real time—and maintaining a precise tally of the number of people alive on the Earth at any given moment—is logistically infeasible. Instead, modern population scientists use sophisticated mathematical models to create detailed estimates and projections, which the world's countries can use to plan for future generations.
World Population History
World Population in 2050
How will the world's population change over the next eighty years? According to the United Nations' World Population Prospects 2022 report, the global population in 2050 is expected to reach around 9.7 billion people, nearly 2 billion more than the current population today. Current projections anticipate that this growth will continue until it reaches 10.4 million people sometime in the 2080s, at which time the population will hold steady until roughly 2100, then begin to decline.
In terms of population growth in individual countries, India is projected to surpass China as the most populated country in the world sometime during 2023, at which time China's annual growth rate will be between -0.1% and -0.3%, while India's growth rate will be between 0.69% and 0.92%. Given current trends in growth rates, UN projections predict that China's population will slide to 1.2 billion people by 2060, while India's will expand to almost 1.7 billion.
The United States is currently the third most populated country in the world, but is expected to drop to fourth most populated sometime in the early 2040s. Instead, the African country of Nigeria , whose 2022 growth rate is 2.39% (compared to 0.47% in the US) will become the third most populated country in the world. While UN predictions vary from those of the US Census Bureau, Nigeria takes the lead in both projections. Nigeria’s population is expected to reach 377-410 million by 2050, while the US will have approximately 375-390 million people.
Vatican City / Holy See is expected to continue as the country with the smallest population in the world for the next several decades. In 2022, the famous Catholic city-state had a population of 510 people as well as a negative population growth rate. However, if global warming and the concurrent sea level rise continue unabated, certain Pacific Island nations such as Kiribati , the Maldives , and Vanuatu may be flooded under the rising oceans, which would force their populations to migrate and reduce their populations to zero.
Population growth from now to the year 2100
The Earth's population is expected to continue growing for the next 60-80 years. Improvements in health care technology, shared by developed countries with still developing and least-developed countries, have increased life expectancy and reduced infant mortality rates—which, in turn, have helped drive a boom in population growth. In fact, ten countries are expected to gain more in population by 2050 than the rest of the world combined.
Top 10 Countries Whose Populations Will Grow the Most by 2050:
Country
The rise, peak, and decline of population growth
Although the world's population is currently increasing, trends indicate that the rate of growth in many countries, especially developed countries and those with high populations, is slowing down. By the end of this century, even the world's fastest-growing countries are expected to have reached peak population size and begun to display declining (or negative) growth rates.
Many factors contribute to population decline and related metrics such as fertility rates. These include increased access to birth control and family planning, an increase in overall quality of life and the human development index , and various other cultural, political, social, and economic factors These include some factors that may not initially seem related to birth rate, such as the population's general level of education and the government's per-capita health expenditure .
Whether population growth is good or bad depends heavily upon several factors, most notably the rate of growth, the country in which it is taking place, and that country's level of development. Countries that have mature economies and well-developed infrastructure are more likely to be able to absorb an increase in population. Conversely, developing countries are more likely to lack adequate jobs, health care, or other infrastructure to support a larger population.
Similarly, a gentle increase in population is typically considered healthy, but a high rate of growth can be undesirable. High growth can often overwhelm a country's infrastructure, strain systems ranging from the job market to the food supply, and constrain available resources. When this happens, technological advances may offer opportunities to overcome production shortages and/or environmental damage.
World Population By Race
As of late 2022, the world's population was approximately 8 billion people. However, breaking down the global population by race is difficult—primarily because of the evolving meaning of the word "race."
Why the classic concept of race is fundamentally flawed
The modern understanding is that race is an outdated social construct based on certain biological features that society has deemed to be significant. For example, most racial groupings are determined by physical differences such as skin tone or hair color. However, these variations are largely dictated by geography rather than genetics. Put simply, race is an illusion.
To clarify, it is true that isolated populations tend to display certain defining characteristics, such as the dark skin color of Africans or the blonde hair of many Northern Europeans. But these traits are all interchangeable and compatible and do not in any way introduce genetic boundaries between one supposed race and another.
This fact is clearly evidenced in the modern global population. Thanks in large part to advances in transportation and international mobility over the past century, more and more people of various "races" have spread around the world, intermarried, and started families—and their children display a breathtaking array of mixed-race appearances, obfuscating any supposed boundaries between one race and another.
These emerging demographics have made it increasingly obvious to the world's geneticists, anthropologists, and sociologists that clear-cut races do not exist. The mapping of the entire human genome in recent years has solidified and confirmed this view.
Race, ethnicity, and the challenge of tracking global diversity
It is important not to confuse race with ethnicity, which stems from one's society and culture and which does in fact exist. The main difference between race and ethnicity is that race is based on genetic traits and physical appearance, while ethnicity is based upon customs, language, and practices that are learned and passed down from generation to generation.
While the difference between race and ethnicity may be widely understood and accepted in many countries, not every country views the topics through the same lens. Different countries divide race and ethnicity into different possible elements (such as the number of possible ethnicities), and each country has its own system for measuring, classifying, and tracking diversity, whether it be via variations in race, ethnicity, or both.
For instance, the United States still uses the term "race", but treats it as a social identity rather than a biological or anthropological classification. Citizens voluntarily self-identify as White, Black or African American, American Indian, Asian, or Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander. Meanwhile, other countries may offer a different range of possible races, or may instead measure ethnicity or country of origin, such as English, German, East Indian, etc.
These incongruent approaches make it difficult to compare data between countries, and confound even the most ambitious attempts to create a universal set of constituent categories capable of containing the entirety of human diversity.
World Population (1950 - 2100)
Year
Population
Change
-10000
4,000,000
-8000
5,320,000
0.01%
-5000
22,500,000
0.05%
-4000
46,750,000
0.07%
-3000
14,000,000
-0.12%
-2000
27,000,000
0.07%
-1600
70,000,000
0.24%
-1000
50,000,000
-0.06%
-500
100,000,000
0%
-400
157,500,000
0.46%
-200
202,000,000
0.12%
1
235,000,000
0.07%
14
256,000,000
0.66%
200
234,330,000
-0.05%
350
254,000,000
0.05%
400
200,660,000
-0.47%
500
198,500,000
-0.01%
600
212,750,000
0.07%
700
207,660,000
-0.02%
800
232,250,000
0.11%
900
229,300,000
-0.01%
1000
278,600,000
0.19%
1100
306,600,000
0.1%
1200
386,000,000
0.23%
1250
417,000,000
0.15%
1300
407,600,000
-0.05%
1340
410,000,000
0.01%
1400
366,300,000
-0.19%
1500
458,800,000
0.22%
1600
550,000,000
0.18%
1650
535,300,000
-0.05%
1700
652,500,000
0.4%
1750
751,000,000
0.28%
1800
920,800,000
0.41%
1850
1,218,000,000
0.56%
1875
1,325,000,000
0.34%
1900
1,647,000,000
0.87%
1920
1,813,000,000
0.48%
1930
1,987,000,000
0.92%
1940
2,213,000,000
1.08%
1950
2,536,000,000
1.37%
1960
3,033,000,000
1.81%
1970
3,701,000,000
2.01%
1980
4,458,000,000
1.88%
1990
5,331,000,000
1.8%
2000
6,145,000,000
1.43%
2010
6,958,000,000
1.25%
2019
7,715,000,000
1.15%
2020
7,841,000,000
1.63%
2021
7,909,000,000
0.87%
2022
7,975,000,000
0.83%
World Population History (5000 B.C. - 2020 A.D.)
Throughout most of history, the world's population has been much smaller than it is now. Before the invention of agriculture, for example, the human population was estimated to be around 15 million people at most. For comparison, the world population in 2017 (~7 billion) was roughly equal to a full 6% of the estimated 110 billion people who have ever lived.
The introduction of agriculture and the gradual movement of humanity into settled communities enabled the global population to increase gradually to around 300 million by AD 0. While this is a substantial increase, it remains a tiny fraction of the current population. For example, the Roman Empire, which historians regard as one of the strongest empires the world has ever known, probably contained around 50 million people at its height—nearly 20 million less than the population of the UK today.
The world population would not reach its first major milestone—one billion people—until the early 19th century. Then, as the industrial revolution took hold and living standards improved, the rate of population growth increased considerably. Over the next hundred years, the population of the world doubled, reaching two billion in the late 1920s.
During the 20th century, however, population growth skyrocketed. Over the past 100 years, the planet's population has more than tripled in size. This massive increase in human population is largely due to improvements in diet, sanitation, and medicine, especially compulsory vaccination against many diseases, which have both improved life expectancy and decreased infant mortality rates all over the world.
A Timeline of World Population Growth Milestones (People):
Year 0001: 200 million
Year 1000: 275 million
Year 1500: 450 million
Year 1650: 500 million
Year 1750: 700 million
Year 1804: 1.0 billion
Year 1850: 1.2 billion
Year 1900: 1.6 billion
Year 1927: 2.0 billion
Year 1950: 2.55 billion
Year 1955: 2.8 billion
Year 1960: 3.0 billion
Year 1970: 3.7 billion
Year 1985: 4.85 billion
Year 1999: 6.0 billion
Year 2011: 7.0 billion
Year 2023: 8.0 billion (projected)
Population growth in the future
While past population trends are fairly well known (only the specific dates of certain milestones are occasionally disputed), future trends are less clear. Most population experts agree that population increases will continue, albeit at an ever-decreasing rate, until the Earth's population reaches its ceiling, pauses, and begins to contract. However, the particulars of that process, such as the rate of increase, when and at what number the population will plateau, and the rate of decrease that will follow, are still the subject of much debate.
Most population experts tag steadily improving global standards of living as the cause of decreasing rates of population increase. As wealth and quality of life increase, the average family size will shrink and population growth will steadily slow and eventually stop.
However, other experts maintain that poverty, inequality and continued urbanization will have the opposite effect and cause a growth increase, particularly in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia , where population growth is already much higher than the global average.
Still others predict a population decrease stemming from much bleaker causes. These experts speculate that the current world population is unsustainable in the long term and that humanity will reach a point at which we simply cannot produce enough food or utilize our natural resources efficiently enough to feed such a large population or sustain the global economy at its current scale.
World Population History Chart
2022 projections by the United Nations estimate that the global population could swell to 8.5 billion by 2030, 9.7 billion by 2050, and 10.4 billion by 2080. At that point, the population is expected to plateau before beginning to decline around the year 2100. Current population growth is driven in large part by advances in medicine, which are increasing life expectancy ; and improved health care in developing and least-developed countries, which is decreasing infant mortality .
The rate of population growth is not equal in every country. According to the United Nations' 2022 World Population Prospects report, many of the world's 46 least-developed countries are expected to double in population from 2022 to 2050, placing them among the world's fastest-growing countries. Conversely, 61 of the world's countries are expected to decrease in population by at least 1% between 2022 and 2050. The largest contractions are expected to occur in Eastern Europe , while the largest growth will come from the countries of sub-Saharan Africa .
Although the population of the world currently grows daily, the overall rate of that growth has been slowing for decades. The rate of population growth peaked in 1970 at 2.06% growth per year, but had dropped to 1.78% by 1980. Rates remained relatively flat throughout the '80s, with a minimal rise to 1.80% by 1990. From there, however, the rate of population growth began to drop precipitously, falling to 1.37% in 2000, 1.27% in 2010, and 0.87% in 2020—the first time since 1950 that the growth rate had fallen below 1%. The United Nations predicts the global population growth rate will continue to decrease over the next several decades, until it dips into negative population growth around the year 2100.
World Population Growth Chart
Cite This Page
Cite This Page
| 701 |
84 | countries having low and high growth rate of population | https://database.earth/population/growth-rate/2023 | In the year 2023, the world
experienced a population growth rate of 0.871%
and global population
grew with total of 70,458,732 people.
The country with the highest annual population growth rate
was 🇸🇸 South Sudan with a rate of 5.862%.
Closely followed by 🇹🇩 Chad with a population growth rate of 5.71%,
and 🇸🇾 Syrian Arab Republic with 4.917% population
growth.
The country with the lowest annual population growth rate
was 🇲🇫 Saint Martin (French part) with -5.398%.
Followed by 🇨🇰 Cook Islands with a population growth rate of -3.586%,
and 🇲🇭 Marshall Islands with -3.323% population
decline.
The geographic region with the highest population growth rate
was Africa with a rate of 2.316%.
Closely followed by Oceania with a population growth rate of 1.155%,
and Latin America and the Caribbean with a 0.703% population
growth.
When devided into sub-subregions we can see that Middle Africa had the highest population growth rate of 3.328%.
Closely followed by Eastern Africa with a population growth rate of 2.657%,
and Western Africa with a 2.283% population
growth.
If we devide the global population into income groups we can see that Low-income countries has the highest population growth rate of 2.733%.
While the lowest population growth rate was recorded by Upper-middle-income countries with a rate of only 0.189%.
Similar Population Metrics for 2023
Rank
Country
Rank
Region
Rank
Sub-Region
Income Groups with the Highest Population Growth Rate in 2023
Rank
Data Information
Data found on this page is based on the medium fertility variant of the United Nations Revision of World Population Prospects 2024.
Data Published: 2024-07-11
The United Nations - Department of Economic and Social Affairs (Population Division)
Data Disclaimer
People at database.earth has not verified data entry and collection processes in person. We take all open data provided by this source at face value.
This data is the foundation for most content and visualization found on this page. If you find errors in the representation of the data, please contact us and we will correct it.
All data from sources are archived for future reference.
| 702 |
84 | countries having low and high growth rate of population | https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ | World Population: Past, Present, and Future
(move and expand the bar at the bottom of the chart to navigate through time)
The chart above illustrates how world population has changed throughout history. View the full tabulated data.
At the dawn of agriculture, about 8000 B.C., the population of the world was approximately 5 million. Over the 8,000-year period up to 1 A.D. it grew to 200 million (some estimate 300 million or even 600, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be), with a growth rate of under 0.05% per year.
A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolution: whereas it had taken all of human history until around 1800 for world population to reach one billion, the second billion was achieved in only 130 years (1930), the third billion in 30 years (1960), the fourth billion in 15 years (1974), and the fifth billion in only 13 years (1987).
During the 20th century alone, the population in the world has grown from 1.65 billion to 6 billion.
In 1970, there were roughly half as many people in the world as there are now.
Because of declining growth rates , it will now take over 200 years to double again.
Wonder how big was the world's population when you were born?
Check out this simple wizard or this more elaborated one to find out.
Sources:
Yearly Population Growth Rate (%)
Population in the world is growing at a rate of around 0.85% per year in 2025 (down from 0.97% in 2020, and 1.25% in 2015). The current population increase is estimated at around 70 million people per year.
Annual growth rate reached its peak in the mid 1960s, when it was at around 2%. The rate of increase has nearly halved since then, and will continue to decline in the coming years.
World population will therefore continue to grow in the 21st century, but at a much slower rate compared to the recent past. World population has doubled (100% increase) in 40 years from 1959 (3 billion) to 1999 (6 billion). It is now estimated that it will increase by 50% in the subsequent 40 years, to reach 9 billion by 2037.
The latest world population projections indicate that world population will reach 10 billion persons in the year 2060 and 10.2 billion in 2100.
World Population (2025 and historical)
Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2024 Revision . (Medium-fertility variant).
Elaboration of data by United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects: The 2024 Revision . (Medium-fertility variant).
The United Nations projects world population will reach 10 billion in the year 2060.
9 Billion (2037)
World population is expected to reach 9 billion in the year 2037.
8.2 Billion (current)
The current world population is 8,207,949,845 as of Friday, February 28, 2025 according to the most recent United Nations estimates [ 1 ] elaborated by Worldometer. The term "World Population" refers to the human population (the total number of humans currently living) of the world.
8 Billion (2022)
World population has reached 8 billion people in the first half of 2022, according to the United Nations (after being previously estimated to occur on November 15, 2022) . The U.S. Census Bureau International Database (IDB) estimates instead that the world population hit 8 billion on September 26, 2023. In their note, the U.S. Census Bureau added: "Emphasis on the word estimates. There are many sources of uncertainty in estimating the global population, and it’s unlikely this population milestone was reached on that exact date" [ source ]
7 Billion (2010)
According to the latest revision by the United Nations (released in 2024), world population reached 7 Billion in the first half of 2010 (after being previously estimated as occurring on October 31, 2011). The U.S. Census Bureau made a different estimate, for which the 7 billion mark was reached on March 12, 2012 .
6 Billion (1998)
According to the latest revision by the United Nations (released in 2024), the 6 billion figure was reached in the first half of 1998 (this was previously estimated as occurring on October 12, 1999, celebrated as the Day of 6 Billion). According to the U.S. Census Bureau instead, the six billion milestone was reached on July 22, 1999, at about 3:49 AM GMT. Yet, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, the date and time of when 6 billion was reached will probably change because the already uncertain estimates are constantly being updated.
Previous Milestones
1804 - 2022 (218 years): from 1 billion to 8 billion
Year
1
1000
1500
1650
1750
1804
1850
1900
1930
1950
1960
1974
1980
1987
1998
2010
2022
2029
2037
2046
2060
2100
Population
0.2
0.275
0.45
0.5
0.7
1
1.2
1.6
2
2.55
3
4
4.5
5
6
7
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.2
According to a study (based on the 2010 world population of 6.9 billion) by The Pew Forum , there are:
2,173,180,000 Christians (31% of world population), of which 50% are Catholic, 37% Protestant, 12% Orthodox, and 1% other.
1,598,510,000 Muslims (23%), of which 87-90% are Sunnis, 10-13% Shia.
1,126,500,000 No Religion affiliation (16%): atheists, agnostics and people who
do not identify with any particular religion. One-in-five people (20%) in the United States are religiously unaffiliated.
1,033,080,000 Hindus (15%), the overwhelming majority (94%) of which live in India.
487,540,000 Buddhists (7%), of which half live in China.
405,120,000 Folk Religionists (6%): faiths that are closely associated with a particular
group of people, ethnicity or tribe.
58,110,000 Other Religions (1%): Baha’i faith, Taoism,
Jainism, Shintoism, Sikhism, Tenrikyo, Wicca, Zoroastrianism and many others.
13,850,000 Jews (0.2%), four-fifths of which live in two countries: United States (41%) and Israel (41%).
World Population by Country
It was written during the 1970s that 75% of the people who had ever been born were alive at that moment. This was false.
Assuming that we start counting from about 50,000 B.C., the time when modern Homo sapiens appeared on the earth (and not from 700,000 B.C. when the ancestors of Homo sapiens appeared, or several million years ago when hominids were present), taking into account that all population data are a rough estimate, and assuming a constant growth rate applied to each period up to modern times, it has been estimated that a total of approximately 106 billion people have been born since the dawn of the human species, making the population currently alive roughly 6% of all people who have ever lived on planet Earth.
Others have estimated the number of human beings who have ever lived to be anywhere from 45 billion to 125 billion, with most estimates falling into the range of 90 to 110 billion humans.
World Population clock: sources and methodology
The United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs every two years calculates, updates, and publishes estimates of total population in its World Population Prospects series. These population estimates and projections provide the standard and consistent set of population figures that are used throughout the United Nations system.
The World Population Prospect: the 2024 Revision provides the most recent data available (released in July of 2024). Estimates and projected world population and country specific populations are given from 1950 through 2100 and are released every two years. Worldometer, as it is common practice, utilizes the medium fertility estimates.
Data underlying the population estimates are national and sub national census data and data on births, deaths, and migrants available from national sources and publications, as well as from questionnaires. For all countries, census and registration data are evaluated and, if necessary, adjusted for incompleteness by the Population Division as part of its preparations of the official United Nations population estimates and projections.
The International Programs Center at the U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division also develops estimates and projections based on analysis of available data (based on census, survey, and administrative information) on population, fertility, mortality, and migration for each country or area of the world. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, world population reached 7 billion on March 12, 2012.
For most countries adjustment of the data is necessary to correct for errors, omissions, and inconsistencies in the data. Finally, since most recent data for a single country is often two years old on average, the current world population figure is necessarily a projection of past data based on assumed trends. As new data become available, assumptions and data are reevaluated and past conclusions and current figures may be modified.
For information about how these estimates and projections are made by the U.S. Census Bureau, see the Population Estimates and Projections Methodology .
Why Worldometer's Population Clock is the most accurate
The above world population clock is based on the latest estimates released in July of 2024 by the United Nations. It will show the same number wherever you are in the world and whatever time you set on your PC.
Visitors around the world visiting a PC clock based counter, instead, will see different numbers depending on where they are located. This is the case with other world population clocks - such as the one hosted on a United Nations website, reaching 8 billion in 24 different instances (one per hour) on November 15, 2022, when each local time zone reached 12:10:08. Similarly, in 2011, the clocks on a UN website and on National Geographic - showed 7 billion whenever the visitor's locally set PC clocks reached 4:21:10 AM on October 31, 2011.
Obviously, the UN data is based on estimates and can't be 100% accurate, so in all honesty nobody can possibly say with any degree of certainty on which day world population reached 7 billion (or any other exact number), let alone at what time. But once an estimate is made (based on the best data and analysis available), the world population clock should be showing the same number at any given time anywhere around the world.
| 703 |
85 | who was the first missionary out of jerusalem | https://www.gotquestions.org/Paul-first-missionary-journey.html | Question
Answer
The apostle Paul went on three pioneering missionary journeys , followed by a trip to Rome. His first missionary journey, most likely in the years AD 47 through 48, started in Syria and took him to Cyprus and Asia Minor.
After Paul witnessed the stoning of Stephen (Acts 7:58), was confronted and converted by Jesus (Acts 9), and visited Jerusalem (Acts 9:26–30), the church leadership tucked him safely away in his home town of Tarsus on the southeastern coast of modern Turkey. Meanwhile, the persecution in Jerusalem grew, and believers fled to Phoenicia, Cyprus, and Syrian Antioch, which wasnât too far from Tarsus (Acts 11:19–30). The dispersed Christians brought the gospel with them, and when the leaders in Jerusalem learned how quickly the church was growing, they sent Barnabas to Antioch to verify what was happening.
Barnabas confirmed that the gospel was spreading and that the church in Syrian Antioch was indeed a work of God (Acts 11:23). Barnabas then went to Tarsus to collect Paul, whom he had earlier mentored in Jerusalem. Paul returned to Antioch with Barnabas to provide leadership for the fledgling church. After about a year, the prophet Agabus foretold a great famine. The believers in Antioch raised support for the church in Judea and sent it to Jerusalem with Barnabas and Paul (Acts 11:19–30). After delivering the gift, Barnabas and Paul traveled back to Antioch with John Mark, Barnabasâs cousin (verse 25). While the church in Antioch was worshiping and fasting, the Holy Spirit called Paul and Barnabas to a special work in spreading the gospel (Acts 13:2). After more fasting and prayer, the church laid their hands on Paul and Barnabas and sent them off with John Mark (verse 3). Thus began the first missionary journey, led by the Holy Spirit (verse 4).
Paul , Barnabas , and John Mark walked to Seleucia on the coast, then sailed southwest to Salamis on the island of Cyprus, where Barnabas was from. They preached in the synagogue there and traveled the whole island, apparently without seeing much fruit, until they arrived at the city of Paphos in the southwest. The islandâs Roman proconsul, Sergius Paulus, summoned the missionaries to listen to their message. Unfortunately, the proconsulâs associate, Bar-Jesus (aka Elymas), was a magician and Jewish false prophet who contradicted the gospel message and tried to keep Sergius Paulus from converting. Empowered by the Holy Spirit, Paul made Bar-Jesus go blind, and Sergius Paulus believed in Christ (Acts 13:4–12).
Paul, Barnabas, and John-Mark sailed from Paphos to Perga in the region of Pamphylia in south-central Asia Minor. For reasons the Bible does not detail, John Mark left the other two missionaries and returned to Jerusalem (Acts 13:13). It doesnât seem Paul and Barnabas spent much time in Perga but headed north to Pisidian Antioch and preached in the synagogue on the Sabbath. In his sermon, Paul, a credentialed Pharisee, gave a synopsis of the Israelitesâ exile in Egypt, the judges, Kings Saul and David, and John the Baptist. He showed the Jews in Antioch how only Jesus, who died and rose again, fulfilled the Jewish prophecies. Many believed, and they asked Paul and Barnabas to return the next Sabbath. The next week, almost the entire city showed up, but the Jewish leadership was jealous of the crowds and tried to silence their message with abusive language. Paul and Barnabas pointed out that the Jews had had their chance and had rejected Jesus, so Jesusâ message was going to be brought to the Gentiles. The gospel spread through the whole region, but, eventually, despite the new convertsâ enthusiasm, the Jews in Pisidian Antioch stirred up persecution of the missionaries, and Paul and Barnabas traveled east to Iconium in Galatia (Acts 13:14–52).
Paul and Barnabas stayed quite a while in the city of Iconium, preaching boldly and performing miracles. Many Jews and Greeks believed, but many didnât. The missionaries caught word that the unbelieving Jews, Gentiles, and city leadership were planning on stoning them, so they fled to the nearby cities of Lystra and Derbe in Lycia (Acts 14:1–7).
While Paul was preaching at the gates of Lystra, he noticed a lame man listening intently. He healed the man, and the crowd declared that Barnabas must be Zeus and Paul Hermes, as Hermes was the messenger and chief spokesman of the gods. The priests of the temple of Zeus joined the crowds and attempted to offer sacrifices to Paul and Barnabas—sacrifices that were barely prevented by Paul and Barnabasâs insistence that they were just men. As a counterpoint, the unbelieving Jews from Antioch and Iconium arrived at Lystra and stirred up the crowds against the gospel. The resulting mob stoned Paul and dragged him out of the city. When the disciples gathered around his lifeless body, Paul stood up, completely well, and went back into the city (Acts 14:8–20).
The next day, Paul and Barnabas went east to Derbe, situated across the mountain range from Tarsus, and made many disciples. It was in the region of Lystra and Derbe that young Timothy heard the gospel from Paul and was saved. From Derbe, Paul and Barnabas backtracked through Asia Minor, visiting Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch and strengthening the young churches and appointing elders (Acts 14:21–23).
Paul and Barnabas returned to the seaport city of Perga to preach, and then they hopped over to Attalia, a few miles west, and preached there, as well (Acts 14:24–26). They then sailed back to Syrian Antioch. âOn arriving there, they gathered the church together and reported all that God had done through them and how he had opened a door of faith to the Gentilesâ (verse 27).
On his second missionary journey , Paul travelled through Derbe, Lystra, Iconium, and Pisidian Antioch again on his way to Troas. He visited the cities again on his third missionary journey on his way to Ephesus. Sometime between Paulâs first and second missionary journeys (and after the Jerusalem Council), Paul wrote the epistle of Galatians to these cities of southern Galatia.
For Further Study
Subscribe to the
Question of the Week
Get our Question of the Week delivered right to your inbox!
This page last updated: January 4, 2022
| 713 |
85 | who was the first missionary out of jerusalem | https://www.thebiblejourney.org/biblejourney1/9-pauls-journey-to-cyprus-pamphylia-galatia-/paul-starts-his-1st-missionary-journey/ | Paul starts his 1st Missionary Journey
Acts 13:1-3 Saul (now referred to by his Greek name, Paul), Barnabas and John Mark (the young nephew of Barnabas – see Colossians 4:10) are commissioned by the Holy Spirit and the Christian community in Antioch, and set out on their first missionary journey in 46AD.
Acts 13:4 They sail from Seleucia to Cyprus (see 1 on Map 23). Seleucia Pereia, near the mouth of the River Orontes, was the port for Antioch, founded by Seleucus Nicator – one of Alexander the Great’s generals – in c.300BC.
The Roman port at Seleucia Pereia (Acts 13:4)
Remains of the two breakwaters forming the Roman port can still be seen today on the beach near the entrance to Titus’s Tunnel, built by the Roman emperor to divert floodwaters from the nearby mountains away from the Roman city.
Acts 13:5 On arrival in Cyprus, Saul (from this point onwards referred to by his Greek name, Paul) and Barnabas preach at the Jewish synagogues in Salamis.
Map 23 Paul's First Missionary Journey
Salamis
Salamis was an important port and commercial centre with a large Jewish community (see Map 23). Paul, as a professional craftsman who made tents and awnings, would have been very much at home in the Roman agora (the market place). He may well have set up a temporary market stall and discussed Christianity with passers-by and customers who came to have their awnings and shelters repaired in order to protect themselves from the sun.
Modern-day travellers to the Turkish Cypriot administered region of Northern Cyprus can visit the Tomb of St Barnabas – a native of Salamis – and can see a collection of icons venerating Barnabas in the nearby chapel and museum. At Salamis itself, there are extensive remains of the Roman city, including the agora, a well-preserved Roman gymnasium and baths, a restored theatre, a stadium and the Temple of Zeus.
Ruins at Roman Salamis, Cyprus (George Groulas)
Header Text
Text, maps & photos (unless otherwise stated) by Chris & Jenifer Taylor © 2024. This website uses cookies to monitor usage (see Privacy Statement in drop-down box under 'Contact Us'). Using the website implies your agreement to the use of cookies.
Footer Text
| 714 |
85 | who was the first missionary out of jerusalem | https://www.medicalmissions.com/resources/62750/christian-missionaries | Wondering where to start?
We're your guide. What can this community do for you? Learn more
Community Challenges Activate your journey to the field! Read Article
Search Jobs Community Job Board Read Article
Virtual Events Learn from the experts in healthcare missions & connect with others. Register Now
Member Lounge We're all in this together! Join the conversation.
Wondering where to start?
We're your guide. What can this community do for you? Learn more
Community Challenges Activate your journey to the field! Read Article
Search Jobs Community Job Board Read Article
Virtual Events Learn from the experts in healthcare missions & connect with others. Register Now
Member Lounge We're all in this together! Join the conversation.
Resource Library A Brief History of Christian Missionaries
Jul 3, 2023
Like a stone hitting the surface of a pond, Jesus described concentric circles extending the reach of the gospel. Over the next 2,000 years, Christian missionaries from all countries and denominations have taken the message of Christ from their personal Jerusalems to the ends of the earth (Acts 1:8). What began as the opening act of the Christian church has resonated across time.
Things have changed a lot since the first century, but the truth of the gospel—and the role of Christian missionaries in sharing that truth—has remained a constant for the kingdom. If you are considering joining the ranks of Christ-centered missionaries, you are preparing to join a long thread weaving through church history.
And it’s important that you know just how that thread has touched the lives of millions.
To the Ends of the Earth
The story of Jesus’s missionaries begins in the book of Acts. As noted, Jesus challenged His followers to take the gospel from the confines of Jerusalem to the outlying areas of Judea and Samaria. Ultimately, the goal was to hit Rome and the furthest reaches of the known world.
Acts 1:8 presents the mission. The rest of Acts explains how it happened.
Early on, believers stayed close to Jerusalem, but a massive wave of persecution caused Christians to scatter (Acts 8:1). That’s how God got originally moved His people into Judea and Samaria. It’s also how He started the church’s missionary work . Christian missionaries like Philip shared Jesus’s message to the north in Samaria (Acts 8:4-8) and to the south in Gaza (Acts 8:26-40).
Before becoming a Christian, Saul chased Christians as far as Damascus in Syria (Acts 9:1-8), while Peter witnessed a Roman centurion in Caesarea (Acts 10). Later, after accepting Christ, Saul ministered in Antioch, a Gentile city that was among the largest communities in the Roman Empire (Acts 11:19-26). It was from there that the Holy Spirit called him to become a missionary for Christ and to take the gospel to Rome and beyond (Acts 13–28).
This zeal for Christian missions essentially defined the first three centuries of the early church. Even in the face of persecution from Jews (who served the law), Greeks (who served idols), and Romans (who served the emperor), the church grew.
But around 313, something shifted. Emperor Constantine revoked laws against Christianity. This new openness actually worked against the church and its missionary movement. Outsiders entered the church because it was convenient or somehow beneficial. This led to deeper heresies, which forced the church to focus more on theology (what to believe) than on missions. In a sense, Christian missions lost a measure of urgency while church councils took priority.
The Politics of Faith
Constantine’s edict also strengthened the connection between churches and states. In some areas, the Christian faith became institutional rather than personal, which also served to water down Christian missionary efforts. In other areas, monasticism transformed faith into an inner discipline rather than something to be lived out before the world.
Meanwhile, kings and armies began adopting Christianity as a sort of “good luck charm.” As a result, missionary work became synonymous with wars and conquest. Soldiers saw themselves as Christian missionaries, “converting” every land they defeated.
However, the important work of genuine Christian missions never stopped. For example, after the fall of Rome, new missionary activity was initiated to evangelize the barbarians who now controlled wide swaths of the old empire. God also used Christians who were taken captive and enslaved by pagan armies to evangelize nations that had no other knowledge of Jesus and His work. One British missionary named Patrick had such an impact on the spiritual life of Ireland that it became a missionary launching pad for centuries.
The Printing Press and the New World
When Johannes Guttenberg invented the printing press in 1462, he didn’t just open the door for the widespread publication of Bibles and religious literature. He also encouraged Christian missionaries to embrace new technology in sharing the gospel. Eventually, the printing press—along with the Protestant Reformation—sparked missionary efforts across Europe. In time, those sparks jumped the Atlantic and stoked a flame in the Americas.
Both Catholic and Protestant missionaries embraced the opportunity to minister in the New World. In North America, the primary focus (along with exploration) was evangelizing Native American tribes.
But America was not the only focus. Many nations, like England, sent the ancient equivalent of “ marketplace missionaries ” to other nations. These individuals were trained in matters of business and trade, but they were also trained as Christian missionaries who could share the gospel as they fulfilled their secular duties.
The Advent of Modern Missions
Within two centuries of the Protestant Reformation, Christ-centered missionaries were using a new tool for spreading the gospel. Groups of believers began coming together to form mission societies. In modern terms, these became the first sending agencies in the history of Christian missions.
The first recorded agency (founded in 1701) carried a ponderous name: Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. Despite the complicated name, it set about the business of sending missionaries to America (like John Wesley in Georgia) and across Europe.
Other agencies focused on Africa and Asia. For instance, William Carey—commonly known as the “Father of Modern Missions’—joined the Baptist Mission Society and traveled to India in 1793. Less than two decades later, in 1812, Adoniram Judson and Luther Rice became the first Americans to travel overseas as Christian missionaries when they went to Asia.
The middle of the 19th century also saw the rise of denominational sending agencies in the United States.
Setting the Stage for Today
During the 20th century, new missionary organizations were founded, many with a focus on challenging young adults to serve. Groups like Youth with a Mission (YWAM) , Campus Crusade for Christ (now called Cru ), and Navigators continue to have an impact on the kingdom through their missionary emphases.
History also has repeated itself as Christian missionaries have consistently found ways to leverage technology. Marketplace missionaries in careers like media, aviation, sports, medicine, and Bible translation have opened doors that once were closed.
Missions research has revealed new trends to make missionary work more effective. For example, the rise of large urban areas has led to a shift in how some missionary organizations determine their strategy. We also use terms like “indigenous leadership” and “unreached people groups” to define target audiences.
We focus on the “10/40 Window” to describe a large area between the 10th and 40th parallels that includes places like North Africa, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and China. These areas claim nearly half of the world’s population but have experienced limited gospel penetration because of the powerful influences of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and atheism.
God is Still at Work
Of course, this is a quick review of just a few of the highlights of Christian missions, but one thing remains clear. Throughout history, God has continued to call and equip Christian missionaries to fulfill His purposes. The God who empowered Paul to take the gospel from Antioch to Rome is the same God who guided William Carey to India and Hudson Taylor to China. He is the same God who led Jim Elliot to South America and inspired Bill Bright to found Campus Crusade for Christ.
If you believe He is calling you to follow in their footsteps and to fulfill the Great Commission as a Christian missionary, you can trust that He is with you, as well.
Discover Medical Missions.
Medical Missions serves to connect your professional skills and biblical calling to the largest database of healthcare mission organizations, professionals, and thought leadership. Join us at the Global Missions Health Conference to find your Medical Missions calling. Or, browse our full list of partner organizations to find the right mission for you.
Community tags
Healthcare Specialties
Related Content
Submit
| 715 |
85 | who was the first missionary out of jerusalem | https://www.chinasource.org/resource-library/articles/a-history-of-back-to-jerusalem/ | A window into Christianity in China and the key issues that impact the church.
A Moving History
The “Back to Jerusalem” movement can be traced back to a vision for evangelism which God gave to several different indigenous Chinese Christian mission movements in the 1940s. It has been claimed that this vision was also widely accepted among the earlier Jesus Family, a communal Christian movement started in Shandong province. However, I can find no evidence for this in the limited Chinese and English documentation of this fascinating group.
In 1949, soon after World War II, Phyllis Thompson, a China Inland Mission (CIM) worker stationed in Chongqing (Chungking) wrote:
The thing that has impressed me most has been the strange, unaccountable urge of a number of different Chinese groups of Christians to press forward in faith, taking the Gospel towards the west. I know of at least five different groups, quite unconnected with each other who have left their homes in east China and gone forth leaving practically everything behind them to the west. Some are in Sikang, some in Kansu, some right away in the great north-western province of Sinkiang or Chinese Turkestan. It seems like a movement of the Spirit which is irresistible. The striking thing is that they are disconnected, and in most cases seem to know nothing about each other. Yet all are convinced that the Lord is sending them to the western borders to preach the Gospel, and they are going with a strong sense of urgency of the shortness of the time, and the imminence of the Lord’s return.
This is important evidence of the birth of this movement. It came at a time of social and political turmoil during the Japanese occupation of much of China. Spiritually, it seems to have galvanised Chinese evangelists with a strong desire to emulate the pioneer work of the China Inland Mission among Muslims and minority peoples.
In 1941, the CIM started the new NorthWest Bible Institute in Fengxiang, Shaanxi province. Rev. James Hudson Taylor (grandson of the founder of the CIM) was the principal and Rev. Mark Ma, from Henan, became the vice-principal. Pastor Ma wrote:
On the evening of November 25, 1942 while in prayer the Lord said to me: “The door to Sinkiang is already opened. Enter and preach the Gospel.” When this voice reached me I was trembling and fearful and most unwilling to obey, because I did not recall a single time in the past when I had prayed for Sinkiang; moreover it was a place to which I had no desire to go. Therefore I merely privately prayed about this matter not even telling my wife.
After exactly five months of prayer, on Easter morning 25 April 1943 when two fellow workers and I were praying together on the bank of the Wei River, I told them of my call to Sinkiang and one of the fellow workers said that 10 years before she had received a similar call. When I returned to the school I learnt that on that same Easter Sunday at the sunrise service eight students had also been burdened for Sinkiang. It was with joy that I gathered them all together and we planned a regular prayer meeting. On the evening of May 4th there were 23 present, including members of the faculty and students. On May 11th we received the first offering amounting to $50.
On the morning of May 23, as Ma fasted and prayed, he believed God spoke to him further.
I not only want you (the Chinese church) to assume responsibility for taking the Gospel to Sinkiang but I want you to bring to completion the commission to preach the Gospel to all the world. Since Pentecost the gospel has spread for the greater part in a westward direction: from Jerusalem to Antioch to all Europe; from Europe to America and then the East; from the Southeast of China to the Northwest; until today from Kansu on westward it can be said there is no firmly established church. You may go westward from Kansu preaching the Gospel all the way back to Jerusalem, causing the light of the gospel to complete the circle around this dark world. I want to manifest my power through those who of themselves have no power. I have kept for the Chinese church a portion of inheritance, otherwise when I return will you not be too poor?
The same evening I reported the above revelation to our prayer group. The name Pien Chuan Fu yin Tuan was accepted by the whole group.
It is interesting to note that the Chinese name means simply “The Preach Everywhere Gospel Band.” It was the CIM missionaries who dubbed the movement “Back to Jerusalem Evangelistic Band.” Pastor Ma, at the same meeting, said he believed God was calling them not only to the outlying provinces of China but beyond to seven nationsTibet, Afghanistan, Iran, Arabia, Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine.
The vision was thus quite specific and centered on reaching the Muslims and the Jewsno mention of Buddhists or Hindus. Its ethos was strongly premillenial with a fervent expectation of Christ’s return and the need to preach the gospel urgently to the unsaved. In the tradition of the CIM, it was strongly a “faith mission,” birthed in fervent prayer and looking to God for every supply. Its constitution stated firmly: “We look to the Lord alone for all financial supplies.” In this it seems to differ widely with some modern expressions of the BTJ movement which blatantly appeal for funds at every possibility.
Another early pioneer was Simon Zhao. He was born in 1918 and attended the Dongguan American Presbyterian church in Shenyang. He joined a prayer group which met in the church tower. One snowy night, he brought a large map with him and alone in the vast silence laid it down and prayed. He was drawn to Xinjiang with its strange Uygur place names. The more he prayed the more Xinjiang imprinted itself on his mind. Later he married, and he and his wife both went to study at Taidong Seminary in Nanjing. There he met two women who also had a call to go to Xinjiang. In 1949, all headed to the northwest, reaching Hami where they joined members of the North West Evangelization band who had arrived there a year or two earlier. Eager to plant the gospel on virgin soil, he headed to Khotan (Hetian), a remote oasis in the far south of Xinjiang, in the winter of 1949. However, they were forced to move west to Kashgar where the band had set up a preaching station. They arrived to a chaotic situation and were soon arrested. Simon was placed in prison as were other members of the Band from Hami and Kashgar. From 1954 until 1981 he toiled in terrible conditions in a labor camp, miraculously surviving one instance of brutality when he was stripped and forced to stand for hours in the freezing cold. Some of the other early pioneers to Xinjiang died as martyrs in captivity.
After his release, he came across other believers in the Kashgar area in 1988, and in 1995 he travelled to Henan where he shared his vision of “Back to Jerusalem” with some rural house church leaders. He died peacefully in Henan on December 3, 2001, but his vision has since spread to many Christians across China, mainly in rural house church circles but even to some Three-Self pastors and Bible colleges.
In Xinjiang itself, the wife of one of the other early pioneers, Mecca Zhao, still maintains a quiet witness on the outskirts of Kashgar. In human terms, they have seen few if any converts among the Muslims. Strong pressure from the local Islamic community, and also from the communist authorities who forbid Christian outreach by the numerous Han Christian community to their Uygur neighbors, means that so far only a few individual Uygurs have been saved. Some Han evangelists have moved to Xinjiang but have found learning the language and adapting to the local culture daunting. Irresponsible claims overseas of 100,000 Chinese evangelists poised to take the Islamic world by storm have tarnished the original vision. However, there is plenty of evidence that there are many Chinese Christians praying fervently to become seriously involved in cross-cultural missionfirst within China’s borders where some have already taken the gospel to Xijiang, Tibet and Inner Mongoliaand then further afield. Perhaps a few hundred are already in some kind of preparatory training.
Those I have met in China who are most serious about mission, adamantly reject the naive triumphalism that has gained adverse publicity overseas and drawn the attention of both the Chinese government and certain Muslim governments. They eschew publicity, and in striking contrast to publicists overseas, insist that God will provide the necessary funding from Chinese Christians within China. I believe they are the authentic successors to the original pioneers, and their quiet work will bear ultimate spiritual fruit.
Share to Social Media
Related Resources
ChinaSource Team ⋅
⋅
Jan 07, 2025
Guangxiao Church and Zion Church, two of Guangzhou’s leading and historical churches, are pioneering youth-focused outreach efforts to counter the decline in youth attendance. To attract them to the church, the two churches offer various youth-centered activities, including a "Faith Pharmacy," comic exhibitions, and storytelling sessions.
ChinaSource Team ⋅
⋅
Dec 17, 2024
Renewing Our Mission to the Unreached
That deepening understanding of his mercy towards us will stir our hearts to do whatever we can, out of love for Christ, to see those held captive to pride and unbelief turn to him.
David Riddell ⋅
⋅
Aug 16, 2024
How China’s Churches Survived and Thrived During the Pandemic
In part two of “God Is on the Move,” we look back at the many ways Chinese believers supported one another and their communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Rachel Anderson ⋅
⋅
Jul 22, 2024
Hong Kong
ChinaSource Partners, Ltd.
Room 5, 17/F, First Group Centre 23 Wang Chiu Road Kowloon Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong SAR, PR of China
© 2025 ChinaSource •
i
| 716 |
85 | who was the first missionary out of jerusalem | https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1658/the-first-christian-missionaries/ | According to Luke's Acts of the Apostles , the last thing Jesus did before he bodily ascended to heaven was to commission the disciples to 'witness' to his teachings. 'Disciple' meant 'student' and was derived from the various schools of philosophy in the ancient world. There was a master/teacher, and his students collected the teachings and passed them on. From this point forward in the text, however, the term 'disciple' is often replaced by 'apostle'. 'Apostle' (from the Greek 'apostellein' meaning "one sent out") was a herald. The Latin for 'apostle' was 'missio', from which we derive our word 'missionary'.
Calling of the Apostles by Domenico Ghirlandaio
Perledarte (CC BY-NC)
| 717 |
86 | when did dragon ball super tournament of power start | https://dragonball.fandom.com/wiki/Tournament_of_Power | Tournament of Power
Outcome
Universe 7 wins the Tournament of Power.
Android 17 uses the Super Dragon Balls to revive all the erased universes and their inhabitants (passing the test of virtue in the anime).
Frieza is revived by Whis at Beerus ' order for helping Universe 7 win.
Belligerents
Previous
力
ちから
の
大会
たいかい
, Chikara no Taikai) is the name of the tournament held by Zeno and Future Zeno . The strongest warriors from eight out of the twelve Universes are participating, and any team who loses in this tournament will have their universe erased from existence. According to the Grand Minister , the true motive behind the organization of the tournament is that Zeno believes there are too many universes to watch over and wants to erase the primitive ones for not showing improvement.
Contents
Background[
The Tournament of Power was originally conceived by Zeno after witnessing the Tournament of Destroyers held by Beerus and Champa . After enjoying the tournament for its entertainment value and the spectacle of the participating fighters, Zeno determined that a larger competition involving all of the Universes would prove even more entertaining.
Later, after meeting the Future Zeno , Zeno had more or less forgotten about the tournament until reminded by an eager Goku . Having not seen the original martial arts competition, the Future Zeno was uncertain of the idea, leading to the need for the Zeno Expo , a smaller demonstration of a fighting competition.
It was at the Zeno Expo where the stakes of the Tournament of Power were set forth. Per the wishes of the two Zenos, the Grand Minister announced that the eight universes with the lowest fighter levels would be required to compete. The Universes that did not win the competition would immediately be erased from existence by the two Omni-Kings, resulting in the loss of more than half of the multiverse. To the shock of all present, it was declared that even the Gods of Destruction and Supreme Kais of the defeated Universes would be erased as well. The only ones spared from erasure in a defeated universe would be the attendants to the Gods of Destruction. Universes 1 , 5 , 8 , and 12 were exempt from participating in the tournament due to their inhabitants having an average Mortal Level above 7. The eight other Universes, such as Universe 7 (level 3.18) or Universe 9 (level 1.86), are left to fight to determine which one of them deserves to be saved.
Originally, the majority of the participants blamed Goku for endangering the Universes' existence by putting the idea for the tournament into Zeno's head. However, it was eventually revealed that Zeno always intended to destroy the Universes, and the tournament was the last minute change to allow one Universe to be spared.
Following the Zeno Expo, the eight participating universes were given approximately forty-eight hours to select and gather ten fighters each to compete whilst the Grand Priest built the tournament fighting stage.
The tournament occurred in the Null Realm , an isolated place outside of the twelve universes with literally no time or space, allowing the participants to use the fullest extent of their powers. Like the Tournament of Destroyers, the Super Dragon Balls were announced as the prize for the winner of the tournament. The tournament arena was designed by the Great Priest and forged from an alloy known as Kachi Katchin . In the anime, prior to the start of the tournament, three of the Gods of Destruction, Iwan , Arak , Liquiir , battled one another in order to test the stage's durability while Giin opted out of fighting stating that the result would be obvious. These three gods were later required to repair the damage their battle inflicted upon the arena, as well as see to any design flaws made apparent in the Grand Minister's original design.
Each team in the tournament consists of ten warriors from each of the eight participating universes, adding up to a total of 80 fighters. Unlike the World Martial Arts Tournament , the Tournament of Power is a survival-style battle royale in which all 80 fighters face each other simultaneously and must knock their opponents off of the ring to defeat them. Warriors who are rendered unconscious are still considered active competitors until they are removed from the stage. The warriors who get knocked off the stage are immediately teleported to the spectator bench to observe the remainder of the competition along with the gods of their respective Universe. The use of weapons and killing are prohibited during the match and the ability of Flight is disabled (though participants with wings or possess non-ki-based flight abilities are not prohibited from doing so). A new rule prohibiting the use of healing items was announced right before the tournament started. The match will last 100 takks (approx. 48 minutes on Earth) and the Universe with the most survivors, or sole survivor if there is one, will be the winner.
In the anime, according to the Grand Minister at the conclusion of the Tournament of Power, Zeno has foreseen the outcome of the tournament, and had decided that the wish that was made by the winner would signify if the remaining universe deserved to survive. In this way, if the winner made a selfish wish, all universes would be erased, and if a selfless wish was made by a virtuous being as Zeno predicted, any wish would be allowed and the victors would not be erased.
Rules[
Note: while the rules were generally followed, deviations were permitted on an individual basis that was essentially determined by how entertaining the Zenos believed the rule breaking to be.
Fighters cannot be killed, use weapons (other than techniques), or use healing items (e.g. Senzu Beans ) during the match.
However, items that are not dangerous by themselves (such as the bottle which Master Roshi uses as part of the Evil Containment Wave ) were permitted by the Zenos, though it is implied that was because they thought the technique was cool.
Fusion-based items and techniques such as the Potara and Fusion Dance are permitted as well. Thus, Fusions are allowed.
However, fusion carries a risk. If the fused warrior is eliminated, it counts as the elimination of all the fusees.
If someone is killed by their own attack being deflected by someone else, by an inherent flaw in a fighting technique or through self-destruction, it's not considered a violation of the rules.
Fighters remain in play even if rendered unconscious or unable to fight. A fighter is eliminated only when made to fall off of the fighting stage or when out of bounds.
The tournament consists of a single match with all 80 fighters battling at the same time.
The match will last for 100 takks, which equates to roughly 48 minutes.
Fighters may be able to jump high, but they are unable to use Flight . However, fighters who are born with wings are able to with Hikou .
Each individual warrior will experience the natural level of gravity from their respective homeworld, enabling them to fight at their full capacity and fight on equal terms against other fighters.
Once a fighter has been knocked out of the ring, they cannot return to the ring or directly attack the contestants currently in the arena. Anyone who attempts violating this rule will immediately be erased by Zeno. This is shown when Frost attacked Frieza in anger for 'betraying' him. Another offense by another fighter in the same universe will result in Zeno erasing said universe.
When all 10 warriors of a Universe are eliminated, that Universe, its deities (barring the angels of said universe), and its inhabitants are immediately erased by Zeno and Future Zeno.
The Universe with the most survivors by the end of the tournament will be the victor.
The winner of the tournament is granted one limitless wish from the Super Dragon Balls.
In the anime, if the warrior wishes for something selfish, then both Zenos will erase everything. (Hidden rule and test)
Teams[
Obni vs. Tupper
Comfrey vs. Shosa
Paparoni vs. Rabanra
Goku vs. Ganos
Narirama vs. Brianne de Chateau, Sanka Coo, Su Roas, Cabba, Dyspo, Methiop, Murisam, Shosa, Hit, and Basil
Basil vs. Rylibeu
Basil vs. Napapa
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Catopesra
Gohan, Piccolo, Tien Shinhan, Krillin & Master Roshi (Base/Max Power) vs. Botamo, Lavender, Comfrey, Shosa, and Dercori
Basil vs. Napapa
Top vs. Murichim
Goku vs. Bergamo
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Napapa
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Roselle
Vegeta vs. Nigrissi & Obni
Android 18 vs. Sorrel (off-screen)
Goku (Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan Blue) & Vegeta (Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Bergamo, Lavender, & Basil
Vegeta (Super Saiyan) vs. Botamo & Auta Magetta
Gohan vs. Dium
Krillin, & Master Roshi (Max Power) vs. Dium
Android 18 vs. Shosa
Krillin vs. Majora
Android 17 vs. Jirasen
Cabba vs. Nigrissi & Murisam
Hit vs. Narirama
Goku (Super Saiyan) vs. Jimizu
Caulifla vs. Jimizu
Goku (Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan 2) vs. Caulifla (Super Saiyan Third Grade/Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan 2)
Goku (Super Saiyan 2/Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan)
Bikal vs. Rubalt
Goku vs. Top
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Murichim
Goku vs. Tupper (Base/Petrified form) & Zoire
Caulifla vs. Kettle
Kale vs. Cocotte
Android 17 vs. Kahseral
Caulifla (Base/Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan 2) and Kale (Base/C-type Super Saiyan/Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Kahseral, Cocotte, Kettle, and Zoire
Android 18 vs. Cocotte
Android 18 vs. Paparoni
Rubalt vs. Monna
Botamo vs. Obni
Zarbuto vs. Cabba
Bikal vs. Pancéa
Rabanra vs. Ganos
Android 17 vs. Brianne de Chateau, Sanka Coo, & Su Roas
Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne) vs. Everyone
Piccolo vs. Jirasen
Vegeta (Super Saiyan) vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne) vs. Jirasen
Goku vs. Su Roas (Roasie)
Android 17 vs. Sanka Coo (Kakunsa)
Android 17 vs. Sanka Coo (Kakunsa) and Bikal
Android 17 vs. Sanka Coo (Kakunsa) and Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Android 17 vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Goku vs. Su Roas (Roasie)
Gohan vs. Botamo
Jimeze vs. Zircor
Piccolo vs. Rubalt
Hit vs. Dyspo
Hit vs. Dyspo and K'nsi
Goku (Super Saiyan God/Super Saiyan Blue/Super Saiyan God-Blue) and Hit vs. Dyspo and K'nsi
Rabanra vs. Auta Magetta
Master Roshi vs. Dercori (Base/Transformation)
Master Roshi (Base/Max Power) vs. Ganos (Base/Transforming Ability)
Dr. Rota vs. Harmira and Prum
Piccolo vs. Harmira and Prum
Gohan and Piccolo vs. Harmira and Prum
Goku and Vegeta vs. Prum
Goku and Vegeta vs. Harmira and Prum
Tien Shinhan vs. Harmira
Dr. Rota vs. Prum
Dyspo vs. Maji-Kayo (Base/Muscular Form)
Jiren vs. Maji-Kayo (Muscular Form)
Master Roshi (Base/Max Power) vs. Frost (Final Form)
Goku vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Vegeta vs. Frost (Final Form)
Vegeta (Base/Super Saiyan) vs. Auta Magetta
Vegeta (Super Saiyan) vs. Frost (Final Form) and Auta Magetta
Vegeta (Super Saiyan) and Master Roshi vs. Frost (Final Form) and Auta Magetta
Master Roshi vs. Frost (Final Form)
Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Frost (Final Form) and Auta Magetta
Goku vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Cabba vs. Top
Gohan vs. Borareta
Gohan vs. Jimizu
Gohan (Base/Potential Unleashed) vs. Frieza (Final Form/True Golden Frieza)
Frieza (Final Form/100% Full Power) vs. Frost (Final Form/100% Full Power)
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne/Super Ribrianne)
Vegeta vs. Borareta
Zirloin vs. Paparoni
Pancéa vs. Monna
Koitsukai vs. Cabba
Pilina vs. Catopesra
Saonel vs. Biarra
Goku (Ultra Instinct -Sign-) vs. Top & Dyspo
Goku (Ultra Instinct -Sign-/Base) vs. Jiren
Hit vs. Jiren
Vegeta vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne)
Vegeta vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne) and Su Roas (Roasie)
Cabba vs. Catopesra
Goku vs. Koitsukai, Pancéa, and Borareta
Cabba (Base/Super Saiyan) vs. Monna (Base/Expansion)
Vegeta vs. Monna (Expansion)
Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Top
Cabba (Base/Super Saiyan 2) vs. Frieza (Final Form/True Golden Frieza)
Caulifla vs. Koitsukai, Pancéa, and Borareta
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan 2) vs. Caulifla (Super Saiyan 2)
Catopesra vs. Zarbuto
Goku (Super Saiyan 2/Super Saiyan God) vs. Caulifla (Super Saiyan 2) and Kale (Base/Super Saiyan C-type/Legendary Super Saiyan/Legendary Super Saiyan 2)
Goku (Super Saiyan God) vs. Kefla
Kefla vs. Rabanra and Zarbuto
Android 18 vs. Catopesra (Whirlwind Speed Mode)
Android 17 vs. Catopesra (Whirlwind Speed Mode)
Goku (Super Saiyan God/Super Saiyan Blue/Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken/Base/Ultra Instinct -Sign-) vs. Kefla (Base/Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan 2/Strengthened Super Saiyan 2)
Vegeta vs. Catopesra (Whirlwind Speed Mode/Battle Mode)
Android 17 & Android 18 vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne) & Su Roas (Roasie)
Android 17 vs. Su Roas (Roasie)
Android 18 vs. Brianne de Chateau (Ribrianne/Base/Lovely Love, Love Ribrianne)
Android 17 vs. Biarra
Gohan (Base/Potential Unleashed) & Piccolo vs. Saonel & Pilina
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan Blue), Android 17, & Android 18 vs. Zirloin (Formation), Rabanra (Formation), & Zarbuto (Formation)
Vegeta (Base/Super Saiyan) vs. Catopesra (Raging Battle Mode/Ultimate Mode)
Gamisalas vs. Catopesra (Ultimate Mode)
Vegeta vs. Gamisalas
Gohan vs. Gamisalas
Goku vs Botamo (Illusion)
Android 17 vs. Sanka Coo (Kakunsa; Illusion)
Gohan and Piccolo vs. Bergamo (Illusion), Lavender (Illusion), Basil (Illusion), Hop (Illusion), and Sorrel (Illusion)
Piccolo vs. Shantza
Piccolo vs. Damon
Goku vs. Pancéa
Vegeta vs. Borareta
Gohan vs. Koitsukai
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Pancéa, Koitsukai, and Borareta
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Paparoni
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Koichiarator
Goku and Vegeta vs. Koichiarator
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue), Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue), and Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Koichiarator and Paparoni
Agnilasa vs. Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Android 17, Android 18, Frieza (Final Form), and Jiren
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan God), Vegeta (Super Saiyan), Gohan (Base/Potential Unleashed), Android 17, and Android 18 vs. Agnilasa
Goku (Super Saiyan God), Vegeta (Super Saiyan), Gohan (Potential Unleashed), Android 17, Android 18, and Frieza (Final Form) vs. Agnilasa
Goku (Super Saiyan God/Super Saiyan Blue), Vegeta (Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan Blue), Gohan (Potential Unleashed), Android 17, and Frieza (Final Form/True Golden Frieza) vs. Agnilasa
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Frieza (Final Form/True Golden Frieza) vs. Dyspo (Base/Super Maximum Light Speed Mode)
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) and Android 17 vs. Top
Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue) and Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Vegeta (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue/Base) vs. Jiren
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken/Super Saiyan Blue) and Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved) vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Top
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) and Frieza (True Golden Frieza) vs. Dyspo (Super Maximum Light Speed Mode)
Android 17 and Frieza (True Golden Frieza) vs. Top (Base/God of Destruction Mode)
Android 17 vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Android 17 vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Android 17 and Frieza (Final Form) vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved) vs. Top (God of Destruction Mode)
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue), Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved), and Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue/Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved/Base) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken/Base) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Android 17, Goku (Super Saiyan Blue), and Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue/Super Saiyan Blue Kaio-ken), Vegeta (Super Saiyan God SS Evolved), and Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Frieza (Final Form/True Golden Frieza) vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Vegeta vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku (Super Saiyan Blue/Base/Ultra Instinct -Sign-/Perfected Ultra Instinct) vs. Jiren (Full Power/Burning Ultimate Warrior)
Android 17 vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Jiren
Frieza (True Golden Frieza) vs. Jiren (Base/Full Power)
Frieza (True Golden Frieza/Rage Mode Golden Frieza/Final Form) and Android 17 vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku, Android 17, and Frieza (Final Form) vs. Jiren (Full Power/Burning Ultimate Warrior)
Goku and Frieza (Final Form) vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Jiren
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan) and Frieza (Final Form) vs. Jiren
Manga[
Vegeta vs. Catopesra and Nink
Goku (Base/Super Saiyan) vs. Vewon, Kahseral, Tupper, Zoire, Kettle, and K'nsi
Jiren vs. Nigrissi
Comfrey vs. Obni
Mulithim vs. Hop
Sorrel vs. Dercori
Harmira vs. Shosa
Hyssop vs. Zircor
Methiop vs. Zarbuto
Rabanra vs. Dium
Bergamo, Lavender, and Basil vs. Pancéa, Koitsukai, and Narirama
Frost (Final Form) vs. Oregano
Gohan (Potential Unleashed), Piccolo, Krillin, Tien Shinhan, and Master Roshi vs. Auta Magetta
Krillin vs. Frost (Final Form)
Tien Shinhan and Master Roshi vs. Frost (Final Form)
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Bergamo, Lavender, and Basil
Piccolo vs. Hyssop, Sorrel, and Roselle
Tien Shinhan vs. Frost (Final Form)
Vegeta vs. Murichim
Goku (Super Saiyan) vs. Frost (Final Form)
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Roselle
Frost (Final Form) vs. Bergamo, Lavender, Basil, Hyssop, Sorrel, Chappil, Oregano, Hop, Comfrey, and Roselle
Vegeta vs. Obni
Piccolo vs. Bergamo
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Bergamo
Botamo vs. Jirasen
Shosa vs. Unknown Warrior (off-panel)
Kakunsa vs. Unknown Warrior (off-panel)
Hit vs. Jiren
Hit vs. Jiren
Hit vs. Jiren
Vegeta (Super Saiyan/Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Dyspo and Top
Android 17 vs. Botamo
Android 18 vs. Ribrianne, Kankunsa & Roasie
Android 18 vs. Gamisalas
Piccolo vs. Gamisalas
Piccolo vs. Damon
Frieza (Final Form/Golden Frieza) vs. Caulifla (Base/Super Saiyan)
Vegeta (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Top
Kale vs. Dercori
Frieza (Golden Frieza) vs. Caulifla (Base/Super Saiyan) and Kale
Frieza (Golden Frieza) vs. Caulifla (Base/Super Saiyan) and Cabba (Base/Super Saiyan)
Frieza (Golden Frieza) vs. Caulifla (Base/Super Saiyan)
Frieza (Golden Frieza) vs. Kale (Super Saiyan C-type)
Goku (Super Saiyan), Gohan (Potential Unleashed), and Master Roshi vs. Tupper, Zoire, and K'nsi
Goku (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Kale (Super Saiyan C-type)
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Vegeta (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) and Top
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Ganos and Shantza
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Agnilasa
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Rabanra and Zarbuto
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Obni
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Auta Magetta
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Saonel and Pilina
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Cabba (Super Saiyan)
Kale (Legendary Super Saiyan) vs. Kahseral, K'nsi, Tupper, Zoire, Cocotte, Kettle, and Vewon
Cabba (Super Saiyan) and Caulifla (Super Saiyan) vs. Dyspo
Kefla (Super Saiyan) vs. Dyspo, Kahseral, K'nsi, Tupper, Zoire, Cocotte, Kettle, and Vewon
Gohan (Potential Unleashed) vs. Kefla (Super Saiyan)
Vegeta (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Top (Base/Aura of a God)
Goku (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue) vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Dyspo
Master Roshi vs. Kahseral
Master Roshi vs. Jiren
Vegeta (Perfected Super Saiyan Blue Evolved) vs. Jiren
Frieza (Final Form) vs. Top
Android 17 vs. Dyspo
Frieza (Final Form) and Android 17 vs. Jiren
Frieza (Golden Frieza) vs. Jiren
Frieza (Golden Frieza) and Android 17 vs. Jiren
Android 17 vs. Jiren
Goku and Vegeta vs. Jiren (Full Power)
Goku and Frieza (Final Form/Golden Frieza) vs. Jiren
Order of Eliminations[
2
Nink
3
Comfrey
4
Chappil
5
Hop
7
Oregano
8
Sorrel
Unknown (presumably Android 18)
Unknown (presumably Universe 7)
Unknown, off-screen Android 18 seemingly eliminated her, the Toei website states she was knocked off during Universe 9's battle with Goku and Vegeta
9
Roselle
Final Form Frieza intimidated him to jump off the arena
10
Lavender
Super Saiyan Blue Goku & Vegeta's God Final Kamehameha joint attack
11
Basil
Super Saiyan Blue Goku & Vegeta's God Final Kamehameha joint attack
12
Bergamo
Super Saiyan Blue Goku & Vegeta's God Final Kamehameha joint attack
13
Dium
Universe 7
Struck down by Krillin's Destructo Disc Triple Blade, then hit mid-fall by Master Roshi's MAX Power Kamehameha
14
Shosa
15
Majora
17
Murisam
18
Nigrissi
Unknown (presumably Universe 6)
Unknown, Cabba kicked him towards the center of the arena but he was immediately after shown being launched the opposite direction from where Cabba kicked him and off the edge.
19
Narirama
Universe 6
Super Saiyan Caulifla slammed him into the arena, causing it to crack apart
21
Methiop
22
Vewon
Universe 6
Legendary Super Saiyan Kale presumably punched him out of the arena
23
24
Murichim
25
Tupper
Universe 11
Android 18
Universe 7
Android 18 tossed him to the edge of the arena, which crack off due to his Petrified form
26
Kahseral
Super Saiyan 2 Caulifla & Legendary Super Saiyan Kale's Gigantic Blast
27
Kettle
Super Saiyan 2 Caulifla & Legendary Super Saiyan Kale's Gigantic Blast
28
Zoire
Super Saiyan 2 Caulifla & Legendary Super Saiyan Kale's Gigantic Blast
29
Cocotte
Universe 11
Android 18
Universe 7
Android 18 tossed her out of the arena while in her Cocotte Zone
30
Jirasen
32
36
Obni
Universe 7 & Universe 4
Max Power Master Roshi scared her into jumping off the arena
39
Dercori
Universe 4
Master Roshi
Universe 7
Master Roshi's Evil Containment Wave & tossed her in a bottle off the arena
40
Ganos
41
Harmira
42
Universe 2
Harmira destroyed the edge of the arena with ki blasts to make him fall
43
Prum
Universe 7
Magetta became completely vulnerable over an insult from Vegeta, then kicked off the arena while crying
47
Universe 6 & Universe 7
Roshi took Vegeta's advice and dropped out of the tournament to eat a Senzu Bean after being critically injured by Frost and using the Evil Containment Wave
48
Jimizu
Universe 7
Final Form Frieza kicked him out of the arena after beating him to near death
49
Frost
100% Full Power Frieza blasted him out of the arena.
50
Hit
52
Cabba
53
Ultra Instinct Sign Goku's Divine Kamehameha while fused as Kefla
54
Ultra Instinct Sign Goku's Divine Kamehameha while fused as Kefla
55
58
Zarbuto
59
Rabanra
60
Pilina
61
Saonel
62
Catopesra
63
Gamisalas
66
Damom
Universe 4
Android 17
Universe 7
Android 17 kicked him out of the arena after trapping him in an Android Barrier
67
Biarra
68
Universe 3 & Universe 7
Android 18 sacrificed herself to save Android 17 from falling out of the ring after he had been knocked out of it by Agnilasa
69
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Blue Goku's God Kamehameha, Super Saiyan Blue Vegeta's God Final Flash, Potential Unleashed Gohan's Ultimate Kamehameha, Android 17's Android Barrier, and True Golden Frieza's Golden Death Beam
70
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Blue Goku's God Kamehameha, Super Saiyan Blue Vegeta's God Final Flash, Potential Unleashed Gohan's Ultimate Kamehameha, Android 17's Android Barrier, and True Golden Frieza's Golden Death Beam
71
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Blue Goku's God Kamehameha, Super Saiyan Blue Vegeta's God Final Flash, Potential Unleashed Gohan's Ultimate Kamehameha, Android 17's Android Barrier, and True Golden Frieza's Golden Death Beam
72
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Blue Goku's God Kamehameha, Super Saiyan Blue Vegeta's God Final Flash, Potential Unleashed Gohan's Ultimate Kamehameha, Android 17's Android Barrier, and True Golden Frieza's Golden Death Beam
73
Dyspo
Universe 11
Frieza & Gohan
Universe 7
True Golden Frieza's Golden Death Blaster while Gohan held him down
74
Gohan
Universe 7
Frieza & Himself
Universe 7
Held Dyspo down so True Golden Frieza could knock them off with a Golden Death Blaster
75
Top
76
Vegeta
Universe 7
Final Form Frieza sacrificed himself with Super Saiyan Goku to drag Jiren down with Miracle of Universe 7
77-79
Goku
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Goku sacrificed himself with Final Form Frieza to drag Jiren down with Miracle of Universe 7
77-79
Jiren
Universe 7
Super Saiyan Goku and Final Form Frieza's Miracle of Universe 7
Manga[
Fighter
Universe
Universe 7
Final Form Frieza stomps on his hand as he holds on to the edge of the ring, causing him to lose his grip and fall
3
Prum
Universe 7 & Universe 2
After receiving the kick, Prum collided with him, falling both outside the ring
5-6
Catopesra
Unknown (possibly Universe 6)
Unknown, while facing off against Botamo she was knocked off the arena, eliminated at the exact same time as the Universe 3 fighters
9-11
Biarra
Unknown (possibly Universe 9)
Unknown, while facing Trio De Dangers he was knocked off the arena, eliminated at the exact same time as Monna and Biarra
12
14
Roselle
15
Hyssop
18
Hop
19
Comfrey
20
Frost
21
Lavender
Final Form Frieza's Death Beam as they charge at Gohan
22
Basil
Final Form Frieza's Death Beam as they charge at Gohan
23
Bergamo
24
Hit
36-37
Kakunsa
36-37
Roasie
38
Ribrianne
39-40
Zircor
39-40
Murichim
41
Gamisalas
Kale's elbow to the stomach followed by a backward kick
45
46-48
Maji-Kayo
46-48
Shosa
46-48
Zirloin
49-50
Xiangca
49-50
Ganos
51-55
Nigrissi
51-55
51-55
51-55
56-57
Zarbuto
56-57
Rabanra
58
Obni
59
60-61
Pilina
60-61
Saonel
62
Cabba
Universe 11 & Universe 6
Super Saiyan Cabba sacrificed himself to save Kale from falling out of the ring after she had been knocked out of it by Tupper
63
Tupper
73
74-75
Dyspo
Universe 7
Frieza caused the platform he was on destabilize, soon resulting in it shattering
74-75
Top
Universe 7
Frieza caused the platform he was on destabilize, soon resulting in it shattering
76
Vegeta
Universe 7
Golden Frieza's Nova Strike to Jiren while Goku was behind him
77-79
Jiren
Pushed Jiren and Goku off the stage along with himself
Order of Erased Universes[
In World Mission, the Dragon Ball Heroes participate as an additional team. Later on in the tournament, Zeno decides to add the Gods of Destruction as another team. Towards the end, Sealas ' team forcefully enter the tournament but forfeit when Sealas has collected enough data.
In Xenoverse 2, while the event itself is not shown, it's stage appears. As part of the Ultra Pack 1, a alternate version of the Tournament of Power appears in a time fragment timeline featured in New Parallel Quest: "Tournament of Power 2". This version of the Tournament of Power features a special rule as Zen-Oh states that now fighters are permitted to use ki-based Flight , as a way to "make it more fun." and the Time Patrol acts as its own team (represented by the player and their allies). As part of the Legendary Pack 1 DLC, Fu alters the history of the Tournament of Power leading him to take Dyspo's place as a member of Team Universe 11 . To ensure Team Universe 7 wins, Chronoa sends Time Patrol Future Trunks and the Conton City Hero to aid Goku and Vegeta. However Fu empowers Destroyer Form Top with Supervillain . Fortunately Future Trunks and the Conton City Hero help even the odds and Time Patrol Trunks' presence only strengthens Super Saiyan God Super Saiyan (Evolved) Vegeta's resolve to defeat God of Destruction Top. The Time Patrol are ultimately successful in fixing the alterations and Fu flees through a time rift. The Goku of this altered timeline would later join the Time Patrol, Future Pikkon , and Future Gohan in combatting Supervillain Future Janemba and his clones, though Fu reveals Future Janemba never existed in said Future timeline and absorbs the energy from the changes he made before leaving through another time rift portal. Fu's fixed alterations to the Tournament of Power creates a time fragment timeline featured in New Parallel Quest 145: "Other World Challenger", where Pikkon is resurrected by Whis so he can participate in the Tournament of Power. However Pikkon is initially unaware of this fact as he was about to participate in the Other World Tournament only to find himself alive in the Null Realm . Goku does his best to explain the situation and reveals Frieza has been revived as well to Pikkon's confusion (indicating the time fragment timeline anomalously combines aspects of the Other World Tournament filler and the canon Universe Survival Saga ) as he considers Frieza weak but Goku assures him that Frieza is much stronger and off fighting elsewhere. Pikkon and the Time Patrol confront Cabba , Frost , Hit , Kefla , Ribrianne , Top (God of Destruction), and Jiren. However Goku fails to mention that Universe 7 will be erased if they lose until Top and Jiren show up as the last two opponents. If Pikkon's health decreases below 10% he will leave to rest and Goku tells him he's earned it as the Time Patrol deals with the remaining fighters. However if his health is above 10% when Top (GoD) and Jiren are defeated, this will trigger a Legendary Finish where Zen-Oh and Future Zen-Oh decide to have the remaining fighters of Team Universe 7 fight each other to the last fighter standing. This results in the Time Patrol facing Pikkon, Goku (Base/SSGSS Kaioken), and Frieza (Final Form/Golden). Pikkon wonders if it is okay, but Goku says they have little choice but to to fight to please the Zennys, only for Pikkon to be confused by who he is referring to (either due to being unaware of the Omni-Kings position and/or unaware of Goku's nickname for Grand Zen-Oh and his counterpart.
Trivia[
In the anime, Basil is the first fighter to have eliminated another fighter. In the manga, Android 17 is the first.
In the anime, ironically, Universe 9 scored the first elimination of the tournament but was the first universe erased. In the manga, Universe 7 scored the first elimination.
In the anime, Rylibeu was the first fighter to be eliminated. In the manga, Murisam was the first fighter eliminated. Both fighters were from Universe 10.
In the anime, Bikal is the only fighter to get eliminated by being launched directly into the viewing stand.
In the anime, despite having an advantage, all winged members of all the teams—barring Agnilasa from Universe 3—proved to be quite useless as they were the first ones and/or quite easily eliminated (Rylibeu and Zium were the first ones from Team Universe 10, Bikal was the first from Team Universe 2, Za Priccio was the third from Team Universe 3 and Roselle from Team Universe 9 eliminated himself during the first 5 minutes of the tournament).
The Tournament of Power is the first tournament that Master Roshi has participated in since 22nd World Martial Arts Tournament , however, it is also the first tournament within the Dragon Ball series where he participates as himself and not as his alter-ego Jackie Chun.
It is also the first Tournament in the Dragon Ball series where Frieza and Android 17 participate as Goku, Krillin, Tien, Piccolo, Vegeta, Android 18, and Gohan had all previously participate in the World Martial Arts Tournament. Gohan, Tien, Krillin, Piccolo, Goku, and Vegeta also fought in the Cell Games, while Goku, Piccolo, and Vegeta also participated in the tournament between Universe 6 and Universe 7.
Additionally, Goku, Tien, and Master Roshi are all former World Tournament champions, while Gohan is the true winner of the Cell Games. Piccolo made it to the finals of the 23rd World Tournament only to be defeated by Goku, while Android 18 managed to fight all the way to the finals of the 25th World Tournament, though choose to throw the fight and blackmailed Mr. Satan for double the prize money allowing him to maintain his reputation.
In the anime, it is the second tournament in which Good Buu was originally supposed to participate in but was unable to do so because he fell asleep. However, in the manga, Good Buu was originally supposed to take part in the Tournament of Destroyers but failed the tournament's written exam.
The Tournament of Power marks the second time a competition between multiple Universes is held in a vast, neutral space of some sort, this one being held in the Null Realm. The Tournament of Destroyers preceding this was held on the Nameless Planet that was located in the neutral space between Universes 6 and 7. In both cases this may be to avoid the possibility of the locations favoring certain Universes over others.
The Tournament of Power is the second (third if one counts the Timespace Tournament from Dragon Ball Fusions ) Martial Arts tournament in the series to involve teams representing different Universes, the first being the Tournament of Destroyers.
All the flight-able warriors except for modified warriors from Universe 3 participating have different types of wings.
The anime version of the Tournament of Power has so far seen two incidents where a group of fighters has not only used a combined energy-based attack against two Saiyan opponents, but have been eliminated by being overpowered by their opponents in the Energy Clash as well. The first time was when the three warriors from Universe 9, Basil, Lavender and Bergamo, used their Triangle Danger Beam against Universe 7's Goku and Vegeta in their Super Saiyan Blue forms, and lost to the latter duo's combined God Final Kamehameha . The second time was when the 4 warriors from Universe 11, Cocotte, Kahseral, Kettle, and Zoire, used their United Justice Stream against Universe 6's Caulifla (Super Saiyan/Super Saiyan 2) and Kale (C-type Super Saiyan/Legendary Super Saiyan), and lost to the latter duo's Gigantic Blast .
However, unlike her teammates , Cocotte did not get sent out of the ring by losing the beam struggle; she shielded herself from this initial wipe-out and was instead thrown out of the ring by Android 18.
In the anime, Frost is the only competitor to be erased separately from his universe, and is also the only competitor to blatantly violate the rules by attempting to launch an attack after he has been knocked out of the arena. In the manga Frost is not erased after his ring out.
In the anime, Goku eliminated the most competitors with 16 eliminations, Vegeta is second for the most amount with 14, at third is Frieza with 12 eliminations.
In the manga, Kale eliminated the most competitors with 17 eliminated (not counting those eliminated by Kefla), second place is a tie between Frieza and Frost with 9 eliminations each, third place are presumably Kefla and Android 17 with 6 eliminations each. It is possible that Gamisalas could have gotten up to 6 eliminations, and Damon could have gotten up to 7, though it is unknown which eliminations were performed by which invisible fighter aside from Damon's elimination of Piccolo.
In the anime, Universe 7 eliminated all other universes in the Tournament of Power, eliminating at least 52 of the 80 fighters and the last warriors of the 7 other universes consecutively. Also, Goku had participated in the elimination of at least 4 universes each by delivering the final blow: three through teamwork (Universe 9, 3 and 11) with another member from Universe 7 and one (Universe 2) individually.
In the manga, Universe 6 eliminated 4 universes, at least 34 fighters with Kale delivering the final blow to each one (Universes 4, 3, 2, and 10).
In the anime, Universe 10 is the only universe that hasn't gotten a single elimination.
This is the first tournament where fusion is specifically permitted by the rules (however it is a potentially risky technique to use due to the rules of a drop out, which adds balance as while fusions may be more powerful their power means nothing if they end up being eliminated).
This is why Beerus rejected the idea of using Potara Fusion to fuse Android 17 and Android 18 into Android 35 , as they would both be eliminated if their fusion was eliminated and he was not willing to take the risk.
Frieza eliminated a member of the Son family alongside a Pride Trooper in both versions of the tournament. In the anime, Frieza eliminated Dispo - who was being held by Gohan. In the manga, he eliminated Jiren along with Goku (who was behind him), as well as himself.
In the anime, based on the Khai 's observations, was said that both Jiren and Goku were the tournament's most potent participants to the point that the fall of one of them would result in a likely definitive victory of their respective universes over the others. In this analysis, the Pride Trooper was openly recognized as stronger than the Saiyan, having only been eliminated due to his personal personality.
Frieza is the only dead fighter in the Tournament of Power, until being revived after the tournament.
In the manga, participants that were eliminated from the Tournament of Power have their clothes restored and wounds seemingly healed.
Gallery[
Team Universe 2
Team Universe 3
Team Universe 4
Team Universe 6
Team Universe 7
Team Universe 9
Team Universe 10
Team Universe 11
The Tournament of Power stage with all fighters
References[
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Not seen in the stands after Ganos and Shantza's defeat, in the stands after Agnilasa's defeat.
Site Navigation[
Before Dragon Ball
Advertisement
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Dragon Ball Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.
| 733 |
86 | when did dragon ball super tournament of power start | https://dragonball.guru/what-episode-does-the-tournament-of-power-start/ | What episode does the Tournament of Power start?
The Tournament of Power’s one of the highest stakes battles in all of Dragon Ball. It’s also one of the battles that take up the most episodes despite only lasting 48 minutes in-universe, similar to when Frieza said Namek would be destroyed in 5 minutes but survived for about 9 more episodes! So we look at what episode does the Tournament of Power start?
The Tournament of Power starts in Episode 97, named Survive! The Tournament of Power Begins at Last! and was first aired in Japanese in 2017 and English in 2019.
The Tournament of Power is part of the wider ‘ Universe Survival Arc ‘, which starts episode 77.
But it takes 20 episodes for the Tournament to be set up, so the actual kick-off time for the Tournament is episode 97.
How many episodes is the Tournament of Power?
The Tournament of Power starts episode 97 and finally ends with Android 17 winning in episode 131, meaning that the 48-minute Tournament takes place over 35 episodes.
That averages around 82 seconds of Tournament per 20 minutes episode. But we don’t watch Dragon Ball for the realism, do we?
What is the Tournament of Power?
Due to the enjoyment of the first Tournament between Universe 7 and Universe 6 , the Zenos wanted another tournament, but this time between all of the Universes.
We have Goku to thank for giving the Zenos the idea due to his desire to want to fight the strongest fighters in all the Universes to test his Super Saiyan Blue.
However, Goku didn’t know that the losers of the Tournaments would be wiped from existence!
So a total of 12 universes submitted ten warriors each in a 48-minute battle royale , with the winner getting a wish from the Super Dragon Balls and the losers being erased by the Zenos.
Which warriors took part in the Tournament of Power?
Each universe was allowed ten fighters to compete. Our universe, Universe 7, fielded Goku, Gohan, Vegeta, Piccolo, Krillin, Master Roshi, Tien Shinhan, Android 18, Android 17 and Frieza.
Some notable fighters from other universes include Jiren, Kale, Frost, Toppo, Cabba and Hit.
Thanks for reading!!!
Click Here to read more articles about General and if you'd like to see any of our Character Profiles, please click here .
If you have any feedback please feel free to use our contact form .
Bill
Bill has been a fan of Dragon Ball ever since he started watching Dragon Ball Z on Cartoon Network in the late '90s and hasn't looked back. He's always making websites in his spare time like this one you are reading now!
Trending Blogs
About us
Dragon Ball Guru aims to answer all your queries and questions about the greatest anime show ever!
We look at Goku adventures through Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super.
| 734 |
86 | when did dragon ball super tournament of power start | https://dragonball.guru/when-does-dragon-ball-super-take-place/ | When does Dragon Ball Super take place?
After almost two decades with no new Dragon Ball anime, fans were jubilant the world over when Dragon Ball Super was first released in 2015. While we’d had an IRL time skip of 2 decades, the characters of Dragon Ball Z didn’t seem to have aged that much, which begs the question, when does Dragon Ball Super take place?
Dragon Ball Super is set 4 years after the end of Dragon Ball Z. Majin Buu was defeated in Age 774, and Beerus makes an appearance in Age 778 at the start of Dragon Ball Super.
Dragon Ball measures years in Ages.
Just before we start, although Dragon Ball is set on Earth, and a year is 365 days like on our planet, just don’t measure it in years. They measure in Ages, similar to Lord of the Rings. So Age 778 is the in-universe year when the story is set.
End of Dragon Ball Z.
The final Dragon Ball Z anime episodes take place during the age was 774. Goku had just launched the biggest Spirit Bomb ever to defeat Majin Buu , and the gang had used the Dragon Balls to restore the Earth to normality. So there was peace throughout the world, but Vegeta was still training with King Kai to keep sharp, and Vegeta was probably training in a million times Gravity at Capsule Corp. There was also a big time skip at the end of Z, but that shoots straight past Dragon Ball Super, so we’ll leave that out for now.
Start of Dragon Ball Super.
So everything was fine and dandy on Earth for those four years until Lord Beerus was awoken after dreaming about a Super Saiyan God. This was about Age 778 and kicked started Dragon Ball Super, Super Saiyan God and the idea of other universes.
Dragon Ball Super Timeline
So we know Dragon Ball Super started age 778, but here we have broken down some key events and their dates to give you an idea of what happened over the course of those 4 years.
Age 778 – Goku Fights Beerus
Age 779 – Golden Frieza invades Earth
Age 779 – Future Trunks reappeared.
Age 780 – Android 17 wins Tournament of Power.
Age 780 – Goku and Vegeta fight Broly
When does Dragon Ball Super take place? – Final Thoughts
That’s all the key dates for Dragon Ball Super thus far. However with new Dragon Ball Super Manga and the new Dragon Ball Super due to be released in 2022, Goku’s story is far from over.
As always big thank you to the Dragon Ball timeline on the Dragon Ball fandom! – https://dragonball.fandom.com/wiki/Dragon_Ball_Timeline
Thanks for reading!!!
Click Here to read more articles about General and if you'd like to see any of our Character Profiles, please click here .
If you have any feedback please feel free to use our contact form .
Bill
Bill has been a fan of Dragon Ball ever since he started watching Dragon Ball Z on Cartoon Network in the late '90s and hasn't looked back. He's always making websites in his spare time like this one you are reading now!
Trending Blogs
About us
Dragon Ball Guru aims to answer all your queries and questions about the greatest anime show ever!
We look at Goku adventures through Dragon Ball, Dragon Ball Z, Dragon Ball GT and Dragon Ball Super.
| 735 |
86 | when did dragon ball super tournament of power start | https://www.reddit.com/r/dbz/comments/65nv7t/what_episode_will_the_tournament_of_power_start/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
What do you all think?
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 736 |
86 | when did dragon ball super tournament of power start | https://www.reddit.com/r/dbz/comments/6b8r35/spoilers_tournament_of_power_and_timelines/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
A few question about the border between universes and timelines.
Since Trunks came to the past and created a second timeline ,did he create it for all universes (hence Zeno existing in both) or just his universe (with Zeno still guarding?) I'm assuming the prior which also makes me wonder; in trunk's timeline U7 may live longer (since Goku, Frieza, Cell, and Buu all died earlier and don't drag down the mortal level, or at least since the destruction is still far away)
So; if goku and co lost he tournament, would Future Trunks and his new timeline also be destroyed, or just the U7 from timeline (6 I think)?
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 737 |
87 | resources of the west region of the united states | https://prezi.com/evopqdjqerre/products-and-natural-resources-of-the-west-region/ | Feb. 14, 2025
| 747 |
87 | resources of the west region of the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States | 53 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Economy of America" redirects here. For other uses, see Economy of America (disambiguation) .
Economy of the United States
GDP rank
Investment in inventories: 0.2%
0.823
Labor force
Labor force by occupation
11.8% youth unemployment (January 2025; 16 to 19 year-olds) [24]
6.8 million unemployed (January 2025) [24]
Average gross salary
Main industries
Export goods
Import goods
Revenues
Expenses
Economic aid
The United States is the world's largest producer of petroleum and natural gas . [63] In 2016, it was the world's largest trading country [64] and second largest manufacturer , with American manufacturing making up a fifth of the global total. [65] The U.S. not only has the largest internal market for goods, but also dominates the services trade. Total U.S. trade was $4.2 trillion in 2018. [66] Of the world's 500 largest companies , 139 are headquartered in the U.S. [67] The U.S. has the world's highest number of billionaires , with total wealth of $5.7 trillion. [68] U.S. commercial banks had $22.9 trillion in assets in December 2022. [69] U.S. global assets under management had more than $30 trillion in assets. [70] [71] During the Great Recession of 2008, the U.S. economy suffered a significant decline. [72] [73] The American Reinvestment and Recovery Act was enacted by the United States Congress, and in the ensuing years the U.S. experienced the longest economic expansion on record by July 2019. [74] [75] [76] [77]
19th century
In 180 years, the United States grew to become a huge, integrated, and industrialized economy, which made up about a fifth of the world economy . In that process, the U.S. GDP per capita rose past that of many other countries, supplanting the British Empire at the top. The economy maintained high wages, attracting immigrants by the millions from all over the world. [94] In the 1820s and 1830s, mass production shifted much of the economy from artisans to factories. New government regulations strengthened patents.
Early in the 19th century, more than 80 percent of Americans engaged in farming. Most of the manufacturing centered on the first stages of the transformation of raw materials, with lumber and sawmills, textiles, and boots and shoes leading the way. The rich natural resources contributed to the rapid economic expansion of the nineteenth century. Ample land allowed the number of farmers to keep growing; but activity in manufacturing, services, transportation, and other sectors grew much faster, so that by 1860 the population was only about 50 percent rural, down from over 80 percent. [95]
In the 19th century, recessions frequently coincided with financial crises . The Panic of 1837 was followed by a five-year depression, marked by bank failures and unprecedented unemployment. [96] Because of the great changes in the economy over the centuries, it is difficult to compare the severity of modern recessions to that of early recessions. [97] Recessions after World War II appear to have been less severe than earlier recessions, but the reasons for this are unclear. [98]
20th century
At the beginning of the century, new innovations and improvements in existing innovations opened the door for improvements in the standard of living among American consumers. Many firms grew large by taking advantage of economies of scale and better communication to run nationwide operations. Concentration in these industries raised fears of monopolies that would drive prices higher and output lower, but many of these firms were cutting costs so fast that trends were towards lower prices and more output in these industries. Many workers shared the success of these large firms, which typically offered the highest wages in the world. [99]
The United States has been the world's largest national economy in terms of GDP since around 1890. [100] For many years following the Great Depression of the 1930s, when the danger of recession appeared most serious, the government strengthened the economy by spending heavily itself or cutting taxes so that consumers would spend more and by fostering rapid growth in the money supply, which also encouraged more spending. Ideas about the best tools for stabilizing the economy changed substantially between the 1930s and the 1980s. From the New Deal era that began in 1933 to the Great Society initiatives of the 1960s, national policymakers relied principally on fiscal policy to influence the economy. [101]
During the world wars of the twentieth century, the United States fared better than the rest of the combatants because none of the First World War and relatively little of the Second World War were fought on American territory (and none on the then-48 states). Yet, even in the United States, the wars meant sacrifice. During the peak of Second World War activity, nearly 40 percent of U.S. GDP was devoted to war production. Decisions about large swaths of the economy were largely made for military purposes, and nearly all relevant inputs were allocated to the war effort. Many goods were rationed, prices and wages controlled, and many durable consumer goods were no longer produced. Large segments of the workforce were inducted into the military and paid half their wages; roughly half of those were sent into harm's way. [102]
The approach, advanced by British economist John Maynard Keynes , gave elected officials a leading role in directing the economy since spending and taxes are controlled by the U.S. president and Congress . The "Baby Boom" saw a dramatic increase in fertility in the period 1942–1957; it was caused by delayed marriages and childbearing during the depression years, a surge in prosperity, a demand for suburban single-family homes (as opposed to inner city apartments), and new optimism about the future. The boom peaked around 1957 and then began to fade. [103] A period of high inflation, interest rates, and unemployment after 1973 weakened confidence in fiscal policy as a tool for regulating the overall pace of economic activity. [104]
The U.S. economy grew by an average of 3.8% from 1946 to 1973, while real median household income surged by 74% (or 2.1% a year). [105] [106]
Since the 1970s, several emerging countries have begun to close the economic gap with the United States. In most cases, this has been due to moving the manufacture of goods formerly made in the U.S. to countries where they could be made for sufficiently less money to cover the cost of shipping plus a higher profit. In other cases, some countries have gradually learned to produce the same products and services that previously only the U.S. and a few other countries could produce. Real income growth in the U.S. has slowed. In the 1970s and 1980s, it was popular in the U.S. to believe that Japan's economy would surpass that of the U.S., but this did not occur. [107]
21st century
The United States economy experienced a recession in 2001 with an unusually slow jobs recovery, with the number of jobs not regaining the February 2001 level until January 2005. [108] This "jobless recovery" overlapped with the building of a housing bubble and arguably a wider debt bubble, as the ratio of household debt to GDP rose from a record level of 70% in Q1 2001 to 99% in Q1 2008. Homeowners were borrowing against their bubble-priced homes to fuel consumption, driving up their debt levels while providing an unsustainable boost to GDP. When housing prices began falling in 2006, the value of securities backed by mortgages fell dramatically, causing the equivalent of a bank run in the essentially unregulated non-depository banking system, which had outgrown the traditional, regulated depository banking system. Many mortgage companies and other non-depository banks (e.g., investment banks) faced a worsening crisis in 2007–2008, with the banking crisis peaking in September 2008, with the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers and bailouts of several other financial institutions. [109]
The Bush administration (2001–2009) and Obama administrations (2009–2017) applied banking bailout programs and Keynesian stimulus via high government deficits, while the Federal Reserve maintained near-zero interest rates. These measures helped the economy recover, as households paid down debts in 2009–2012, the only years since 1947 where this occurred, [110] presenting a significant barrier to recovery. [109] Real GDP regained its pre-crisis (late 2007) peak by 2011, [111] household net worth by Q2 2012, [112] non-farm payroll jobs by May 2014, [108] and the unemployment rate by September 2015. [113] Each of these variables continued into post-recession record territory following those dates, with the U.S. recovery becoming the second longest on record in April 2018. [77]
A significant recession, as defined lost economic output, occurred during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , when GDP fell by 5.0% from the spring of 2008 to the spring of 2009. Other significant recessions took place in 1957–1958, when GDP fell 3.7% following the 1973 oil crisis , with a 3.1% fall from late 1973 to early 1975, and in the 1981–1982 recession, when GDP dropped by 2.9%. [114] [115] Recent, mild recessions have included the 1990–1991 downturn, when output fell by 1.3%, and the 2001 recession, in which GDP slid by 0.3%; the 2001 downturn lasted just eight months. [115] The most vigorous, sustained periods of growth, on the other hand, took place from early 1961 to mid-1969, with an expansion of 53% (5.1% a year), from mid-1991 to late 2000, at 43% (3.8% a year), and from late 1982 to mid-1990, at 37% (4% a year). [114]
Debt held by the public, a measure of national debt, has risen throughout the 21st century. Rising from 31% in 2000 to 52% in 2009, and reaching 77% of GDP in 2017, the U.S. ranked 43rd highest in debt out of 207 countries. [116]
COVID-19 pandemic
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2021)
In the first two quarters of 2020 amid Donald Trump 's presidency, [117] the U.S. economy suffered major setbacks beginning in March 2020, due to the novel coronavirus and having to "shut-down" major sectors of the American economy. [118] As of March 2020, US exports of automobiles and industrial machines had plummeted as a result of the worldwide pandemic. [119] Social distancing measures which took effect in March 2020, and which negatively impacted the demand for goods and services, resulted in the US GDP declining at a 4.8% annualized rate in the first quarter, the steepest pace of contraction in output since the fourth quarter of 2008. [120] US retails sales dropped a record 8.7% in March alone. The US airline industry had also been hit hard, seeing a sharp decline in its revenues. [121] The COVID-19 recession has been widely described as the most severe global economic downturn since the Great Depression and "far worse" than the Great Recession . [122] [123] [124] [125]
In May 2020, CNN gave an analysis based on unemployment data that the US economy was perhaps the worst that it had been since the 1930s. [127] By May 8, the US had reached a record 14.7 percent unemployment, with 20.5 million jobs lost in April. [128] The Chairman of the US Federal Reserve , Jerome Powell , warned that it may take "an extended time" before the US economy fully recovers from weak economic growth, due to the pandemic, and that in the foreseeable future the US can expect "low productivity growth and stagnant incomes". [129] By May 31, 2020, more than forty million Americans had filed for unemployment benefits. [130]
By June 2020, the slump in US continental flights due to the coronavirus pandemic had resulted in the US government temporarily halting service of fifteen US airlines to 75 domestic airports. [131] The New York Times reported on June 10, 2020, that "the United States budget deficit grew to a record $1.88 trillion for the first eight months of this fiscal year ." [132]
The US economy recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, growing by 5.7%, which was its best performance since Ronald Reagan 's presidency (1981–1989). [133]
2021–2022 marked a historical inflation surge in the United States, with the Consumer Price Index inflation rate hitting 9.1% higher in June 2022 than June 2021, constituting a 41-year high inflation rate with critics blaming the Federal Reserve among other factors. [134] Inflation rate reached 4.9% in April 2023, which was roughly 3% above the Federal Reserve's 2% target rate. [135]
Year
GDP
U.S. cumulative real (inflation-adjusted) GDP growth by US president (from Reagan to Obama) [137]
Private sector workers earnings compared to GDP Private sector workers made ~$2 trillion or about 29.6% of all money earned in Q3 2023 (before taxes)
Quarterly GDP not Annualized
Private Sector Workers Total Earnings
U.S. nominal GDP was $19.5 trillion in 2017, the largest in the world. Annualized, nominal GDP reached $20.1 trillion in Q1 2018, the first time it exceeded $20 trillion. About 70% of U.S. GDP is personal consumption, with business investment 18%, government 17% (federal, state and local but excluding transfer payments such as Social Security, which is in consumption) and net exports a negative 3% due to the U.S. trade deficit. [138] Real gross domestic product , a measure of both production and income, grew by 2.3% in 2017, vs. 1.5% in 2016 and 2.9% in 2015. Real GDP grew at a quarterly annualized rate of 2.2% in Q1 2018, 4.2% in Q2 2018, 3.4% in Q3 2018, and 2.2% in Q4 2018; the Q2 rate was the best growth rate since Q3 2014, and the overall yearly GDP growth of 2.9% in 2018 was the best performance of the economy in a decade. [139] In 2020, the growth rate of the GDP has started to drop as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic , resulting in the GDP shrinking at a quarterized annual growth rate of −5.0% in Q1 2020[ citation needed ] and −32.9% in Q2 2020,[ citation needed ] respectively.
As of 2014, China passed the U.S. as the largest economy in GDP (PPP) terms, measured at purchasing power parity conversion rates. The U.S. had the highest GDP (PPP) figures for more than a century prior to that milestone; China has more than tripled the U.S. growth rate for each of the past 40 years. As of 2017, the European Union as an aggregate had a GDP roughly 5% larger than the U.S., although the former is a political union not a country. The United States', however, remained the world's largest economy with the highest nominal GDP. [140]
Real GDP per capita (measured in 2009 dollars) was $52,444 in 2017 and has been growing each year since 2010. It grew 3.0% per year on average in the 1960s, 2.1% in the 1970s, 2.4% in the 1980s, 2.2% in the 1990s, 0.7% in the 2000s, and 0.9% from 2010 to 2017. [141] Reasons for slower growth since 2000 are debated by economists and may include aging demographics, slower population and growth in labor force, slower productivity growth, reduced corporate investment, greater income inequality reducing demand, lack of major innovations, and reduced labor power. [142] The U.S. ranked 20th out of 220 countries in GDP per capita in 2017. [143] Among the modern U.S. Presidents, Bill Clinton had the highest cumulative percent real GDP increase during his two terms, Reagan second and Obama third. [139]
The development of the nation's GDP according to World Bank : [144] U.S. real GDP grew by an average of 1.7% from 2000 to the first half of 2014, a rate around half the historical average up to 2000. [145]
Panorama of Midtown Manhattan
Number of businesses by type (US Census Bureau, 2019)
Nominal GDP sector composition, 2015 (in millions of dollars) at 2005 constant prices [146]
Country/Economy
15,160,104
149,023
3,042,332
11,518,980
Nominal GDP Sector Composition, 2016 (in millions of dollars) at current prices. [147]
Country/Economy
Job growth by US president, measured as cumulative percentage change from month after inauguration to end of term [149]
Panel chart illustrates nine key economic variables measured annually in 2014–2017. The years 2014–2016 were during President Obama's second term, while 2017 was during President Trump's term. Refer to citations on detail page.
There were approximately 160.4 million people in the U.S. labor force in 2017, the fourth largest labor force in the world behind China, India, and the European Union. [150] The government (federal, state and local) employed 22 million in 2010. [151] Small businesses are the nation's largest employer, representing 37% of American workers. [152] The second-largest share of employment belongs to large businesses employing 36% of the U.S. workforce. [152] White collar workers comprise 44% of the workforce as of 2022, up from 34% in 2000. [153]
The nation's private sector employs 85% of working Americans. Government accounts for 14% of all U.S. workers. Over 99% of all private employing organizations in the U.S. are small businesses. [152] The 30 million small businesses in the U.S. account for 64% of newly created jobs (those created minus those lost). [152] Jobs in small businesses accounted for 70% of those created in the last decade. [154]
The proportion of Americans employed by small business versus large business has remained relatively the same year by year as some small businesses become large businesses and just over half of small businesses survive for more than five years. [152] Amongst large businesses, several of the largest companies and employers in the world are American companies. Amongst them are Walmart , which is both the largest company and the largest private sector employer in the world. Walmart employs 2.1 million people worldwide and 1.4 million in the U.S. alone. [155] [156]
US Census Bureau (number of employees per business)
Since the 1970s there has been a decoupling of U.S. wage gains from worker productivity. [157]
There are nearly thirty million small businesses in the U.S.. Minorities such as Hispanics , African Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans (35% of the country's population), [158] own 4.1 million of the nation's businesses. Minority-owned businesses generate almost $700 billion in revenue, and they employ almost five million workers in the U.S. [152] [159] Americans have the highest average employee income among OECD nations. [160] The median household income in the U.S. as of 2008 is $52,029. [161] About 284,000 working people in the U.S. have two full-time jobs and 7.6 million have part-time ones in addition to their full-time employments. [151] Out of all working individuals in the U.S. , 12% belong to a labor union and most union members work for the government. [151] The decline of union membership in the U.S. over the last several decades parallels that of labor's share of the economy. [162] [163] [164] The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers. [165] The United States is the only advanced economy that does not legally guarantee its workers paid vacation or paid sick days , and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . [166] [167] [168] In 2014 and again in 2020, the International Trade Union Confederation graded the U.S. a 4 out of 5+, its third-lowest score, on the subject of powers and rights granted to labor unions . [169] [170] Similarly, a 2023 study published by Oxfam found that the United States ranks among the worst among developed countries for labor protections . [171] [172] Some scholars, including business theorist Jeffrey Pfeffer and political scientist Daniel Kinderman, posit that contemporary employment practices in the United States relating to the increased performance pressure from management, and the hardships imposed on employees such as toxic working environments, precarity , and long hours, could be responsible for 120,000 excess deaths annually, making the workplace the fifth leading cause of death in the United States. [173] [174] [175]
U1-U6 unemployment rate
As of December 2017, the unemployment rate in the U.S. was 4.1% [176] or 6.6 million people. [177] The government's broader U-6 unemployment rate, which includes the part-time underemployed , was 8.1% [178] or 8.2 million people. These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 160.6 million people, [179] relative to a U.S. population of approximately 327 million people. [180]
Between 2009 and 2010, following the Great Recession, the emerging problem of jobless recoveries resulted in record levels of long-term unemployment with more than six million workers looking for work for more than six months as of January 2010. This particularly affected older workers. [181] A year after the recession ended in June 2009, immigrants gained 656,000 jobs in the U.S., while U.S.-born workers lost more than a million jobs, due in part to an aging country (relatively more white retirees) and demographic shifts. [182] In April 2010, the official unemployment rate was 9.9%, but the government's broader U-6 unemployment rate was 17.1%. [183] Between February 2008 and February 2010, the number of people working part-time for economic reasons (i.e., would prefer to work full-time) increased by 4.0 million to 8.8 million, an 83% increase in part-time workers during the two-year period. [184]
By 2013, although the unemployment rate had fallen below 8%, the record proportion of long term unemployed and continued decreasing household income remained indicative of a jobless recovery. [185] However, the number of payroll jobs returned to its pre-recession (November 2007) level by May 2014 as the economy recovered. [186]
After being higher in the post-war period, the U.S. unemployment rate fell below the rising eurozone unemployment rate in the mid-1980s and has remained significantly lower almost continuously since. [187] [188] [189] In 1955, 55% of Americans worked in services, between 30% and 35% in industry, and between 10% and 15% in agriculture . By 1980, over 65% were employed in services, between 25% and 30% in industry, and less than 5% in agriculture. [190] Male unemployment continued to be significantly higher than those of females (at 9.8% vs. 7.5% in 2009). The unemployment among Caucasians continues being much lower than those for African-Americans (at 8.5% vs. 15.8% also in 2009). [191]
The youth unemployment rate was 18.5% in July 2009, the highest rate in that month since 1948. [192] The unemployment rate of young African Americans was 28.2% in May 2013. [193]
The unemployment rate reached an all-time high of 14.7% in April 2020 before falling back to 11.1% in June 2020. Due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic , Q2 GDP in the US fell 32.9% in 2020. [194] [195] [196] The unemployment rate continued its rapid decline falling to 3.9% in 2021. [197] It reached 3.7% in May 2023. [198]
Employment by sector
Income and wealth
U.S. real median household income (1984–2021)
U.S. family pre-tax income and net worth distribution for 2013 and 2016, from the Federal Reserve Survey of Consumer Finances [200]
Income measures
Real (i.e., inflation-adjusted) median household income, a good measure of middle-class income, was $59,039 in 2016, a record level. However, it was just above the previous record set in 1998, indicating the purchasing power of middle-class family income has been stagnant or down for much of the past twenty years. [201] During 2013, employee compensation was $8.969 trillion, while gross private investment totals $2.781 trillion. [202]
Americans have the highest average household income among OECD nations, and in 2010 had the fourth-highest median household income , down from second-highest in 2007. [203] [160] According to one analysis middle-class incomes in the United States fell into a tie with those in Canada in 2010, and may have fallen behind by 2014, while several other advanced economies have closed the gap in recent years. [204]
Income inequality
Income before (green) and after (pink) taxes and transfer payments for different income groups starting with the lowest quintile
This article is part of a series on
Income inequality has fluctuated considerably in the United States since measurements began around 1915, moving in an arc between peaks in the 1920s and 2000s, with a 30-year period of relatively lower inequality between 1950 and 1980.
The U.S. has the highest level of income inequality among its (post-)industrialized peers. [205] When measured for all households, U.S. income inequality is comparable to other developed countries before taxes and transfers, but is among the highest after taxes and transfers, meaning the U.S. shifts relatively less income from higher income households to lower income households. In 2016, average market income was $15,600 for the lowest quintile and $280,300 for the highest quintile. The degree of inequality accelerated within the top quintile, with the top 1% at $1.8 million, approximately 30 times the $59,300 income of the middle quintile. [206]
The economic and political impacts of inequality may include slower GDP growth, reduced income mobility , higher poverty rates, greater usage of household debt leading to increased risk of financial crises, and political polarization . [207] [208] Causes of inequality may include executive compensation increasing relative to the average worker, financialization , greater industry concentration , lower unionization rates , lower effective tax rates on higher incomes, and technology changes that reward higher educational attainment. [209]
Measurement is debated, as inequality measures vary significantly, for example, across datasets [210] [211] or whether the measurement is taken based on cash compensation (market income) or after taxes and transfer payments . The Gini coefficient is a widely accepted statistic that applies comparisons across jurisdictions, with a zero indicating perfect equality and 1 indicating maximum inequality. Further, various public and private data sets measure those incomes, e.g., from the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), [206] the Internal Revenue Service, and Census. [212] According to the Census Bureau, income inequality reached then record levels in 2018, with a Gini of 0.485, [213] Since then the Census Bureau have given values of 0.488 in 2020 and 0.494 in 2021, per pre-tax money income. [214]
U.S. tax and transfer policies are progressive and therefore reduce effective income inequality, as rates of tax generally increase as taxable income increases. As a group, the lowest earning workers , especially those with dependents, pay no income taxes and may actually receive a small subsidy from the federal government (from child credits and the Earned Income Tax Credit ). [215] The 2016 U.S. Gini coefficient was .59 based on market income, but was reduced to .42 after taxes and transfers, according to Congressional Budget Office (CBO) figures. The top 1% share of market income rose from 9.6% in 1979 to a peak of 20.7% in 2007, before falling to 17.5% by 2016. After taxes and transfers, these figures were 7.4%, 16.6%, and 12.5%, respectively. [206]
Household net worth and wealth inequality
Net personal wealth in the U.S. since 1962
The average personal wealth of people in the top 1% is more than a thousand times that of people in bottom 50%. [216]
The logarithmic scale shows how wealth has increased for all percentile groups, though moreso for wealthier people. [216]
As of Q4 2017, total household net worth in the United States was a record $99 trillion, an increase of $5.2 trillion from 2016. This increase reflects both stock market and housing price gains. This measure has been setting records since Q4 2012. [217] If divided evenly, the $99 trillion represents an average of $782,000 per household (for about 126.2 million households) or $302,000 per person. However, median household net worth (i.e., half of the families above and below this level) was $97,300 in 2016. The bottom 25% of families had a median net worth of zero, while the 25th to 50th percentile had a median net worth of $40,000. [218]
Wealth inequality is more unequal than income inequality, with the top 1% households owning approximately 42% of the net worth in 2012, versus 24% in 1979. [219] According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve, wealth inequality is at record highs; the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016. [220] The Boston Consulting Group posited in June 2017 report that 1% of the Americans will control 70% of country's wealth by 2021. [221]
The top 10% wealthiest possess 80% of all financial assets. [222] Wealth inequality in the U.S. is greater than in most developed countries other than Sweden. [223] Inherited wealth may help explain why many Americans who have become rich may have had a "substantial head start". [224] [225] In September 2012, according to the Institute for Policy Studies , "over 60 percent" of the Forbes richest 400 Americans "grew up in substantial privilege". [226] Median household wealth fell 35% in the U.S., from $106,591 to $68,839 between 2005 and 2011, due to the Great Recession , but has since recovered as indicated above. [227]
About 30% of the entire world's millionaire population resides in the United States (as of 2009 [update] ). [228] The Economist Intelligence Unit estimated in 2008 that there were 16,600,000 millionaires in the U.S. [229] Furthermore, 34% of the world's billionaires are American (in 2011). [230] [231]
Home ownership
Cost of housing by State
The U.S. home ownership rate in Q1 2018 was 64.2%, well below the all-time peak of 69.2% set in Q4 2004 during a housing bubble . Millions of homes were lost to foreclosure during the Great Recession of 2007–2009, bringing the ownership rate to a trough of 62.9% in Q2 2016. The average ownership rate from 1965 to 2017 was 65.3%. [232]
The average home in the United States has more than 700 square feet per person (65 square meters), which is 50%–100% more than the average in other high-income countries. Similarly, ownership rates of gadgets and amenities are relatively high compared to other countries. [233] [234] [235]
It was reported by Pew Research Center in 2016 that, for the first time in 130 years, Americans aged 18 to 34 are more likely to live with their parents than in any other housing situation. [236]
In one study by ATTOM Data Solutions, in 70% of the counties surveyed, homes are increasingly unaffordable for the average U.S. worker. [237]
As of 2018, the number of U.S. citizens residing in their vehicles increased in major cities with significantly higher than average housing costs such as Los Angeles , Portland and San Francisco . [238] [239]
According to CNBC , the median sale price for a U.S. home in 2017 was US$199,200. [240] By February 2023, the median U.S. home sale price grew to US$392,000 according to Statista . [241] The US has a country-wide housing shortage caused by insufficient housing construction (which declined severely after the 2008 Great Recession ), and has caused rents and home prices to rise to increasingly unaffordable levels, with one estimate of the shortage being 3.8 million units in 2019, with this shortage having gotten worse during and since the pandemic. [242] [243]
As of January 2024, in roughly half of cities in the U.S., workers need incomes of $100,000 or more in order to purchase a home as a result of rising housing prices and interest rate hikes. [244]
Profits and wages
Real wages (wages adjusted for inflation) for most workers in the United States and median incomes have either declined or remained stagnant for the last twenty to forty years. [245] [246] [247] [248] A 2020 microanalysis demonstrated that in the preceding four decades labor's share of national output declined while over the same period the profit share of the same output increased. [249]
In 1970, wages represented more than 51% of the U.S. GDP and profits were less than 5%. But by 2013, wages had fallen to 44% of the economy, while profits had more than doubled to 11%. [250] Inflation-adjusted ("real") per capita disposable personal income rose steadily in the U.S. from 1945 to 2008, but has since remained generally level. [251] [252]
In 2005, median personal income for those over the age of 18 ranged from $3,317 for an unemployed, married Asian American female [253] to $55,935 for a full-time, year-round employed Asian American male. [254] According to the U.S. Census men tended to have higher income than women while Asians and Whites earned more than African Americans and Hispanics . The overall median personal income for all individuals over the age of 18 was $24,062 [255] ($32,140 for those age 25 or above) in the year 2005. [256]
As a reference point, the minimum wage rate in 2009 and 2017 was $7.25 per hour or $15,080 for the 2080 hours in a typical work year. The minimum wage is a little more than the poverty level for a single person unit and about 50% of the poverty level for a family of four.
According to an October 2014 report by the Pew Research Center , real wages have been flat or falling for the last five decades for most U.S. workers, regardless of job growth. [257] Bloomberg reported in July 2018 that real GDP per capita has grown substantially since the Great Recession. [258]
An August 2017 survey by CareerBuilder found that eight out of ten U.S. workers live paycheck to paycheck. CareerBuilder spokesman Mike Erwin blamed "stagnant wages and the rising cost of everything from education to many consumer goods". [259] According to a survey by the federal Consumer Financial Protection Bureau on the financial well-being of U.S. citizens, roughly half have trouble paying bills, and more than one third have faced hardships such as not being able to afford a place to live, running out of food, or not having enough money to pay for medical care. [260] According to journalist and author Alissa Quart , the cost of living is rapidly outpacing the growth of salaries and wages, including those for traditionally secure professions such as teaching. She writes that "middle-class life is now 30% more expensive than it was 20 years ago." [261]
In February 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York reported that seven million U.S. citizens are three months or more behind on their car payments, setting a record. This is considered a red flag by economists, that Americans are struggling to pay bills in spite of a low unemployment rate. [262] A May 2019 poll conducted by NPR found that among rural Americans, 40% struggle to pay for healthcare, food and housing, and 49% could not pay cash for a $1,000 emergency, and would instead choose to borrow in order to pay for such an unexpected emergency expense. [263] Some experts assert that the US has experienced a "two-tier recovery", which has benefitted 60% of the population, while the other 40% on the "lower tier" have been struggling to pay bills as the result of stagnant wages, increases in the cost of housing, education and healthcare, and growing debts. [264]
A 2021 study by the National Low Income Housing Coalition found that workers would have to make at least $24.90 an hour to be able to afford (meaning 30% of a person's income or less) renting a standard two-bedroom home or $20.40 for a one-bedroom home anywhere in the US. The former is 3.4 times higher than the current federal minimum wage. [265]
The USCB reported in September 2023 that incomes fell last year by 2.3% from 2021, which is the third consecutive year incomes have declined. [266]
Number in poverty and poverty rate: 1959 to 2016. United States.
Starting in the 1980s relative poverty rates have consistently exceeded those of other wealthy nations, though analyses using a common data set for comparisons tend to find that the U.S. has a lower absolute poverty rate by market income than most other wealthy nations. [267] Extreme poverty in the United States, meaning households living on less than $2 per day before government benefits, doubled from 1996 levels to 1.5 million households in 2011, including 2.8 million children. [268] In 2013, child poverty reached record high levels, with 16.7 million children living in food insecure households, about 35% more than 2007 levels. [269] As of 2015, 44 percent of children in the United States live with low-income families. [270]
In 2016, 12.7% of the U.S. population lived in poverty , down from 13.5% in 2015. The poverty rate rose from 12.5% in 2007 before the Great Recession to a 15.1% peak in 2010, before falling back to just above the 2007 level. In the 1959–1962 period, the poverty rate was over 20%, but declined to the all-time low of 11.1% in 1973 following the War on Poverty begun during the Lyndon Johnson presidency. [271] In June 2016, The IMF warned the United States that its high poverty rate needs to be tackled urgently. [272]
The population in extreme-poverty neighborhoods rose by one third from 2000 to 2009. [274] People living in such neighborhoods tend to suffer from inadequate access to quality education; higher crime rates; higher rates of physical and psychological ailment; limited access to credit and wealth accumulation; higher prices for goods and services; and constrained access to job opportunities. [274] As of 2013, 44% of America's poor are considered to be in "deep poverty", with an income 50% or more below the government's official poverty line. [275]
According to the US Department of Housing and Urban Development 's Annual Homeless Assessment Report, as of 2024 [update] there were around 771,480 homeless people in the United States on a given night, or about 23 of every 10,000 people. [276] [277] Almost two thirds stayed in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program and the other third were living on the street, in an abandoned building, or another place not meant for human habitation. About 1.56 million people, or about 0.5% of the U.S. population, used an emergency shelter or a transitional housing program between October 1, 2008, and September 30, 2009. [278] Around 44% of homeless people are employed. [279] Homelessness increased from 2016 to 2020, along with deaths among the homeless population. [280]
A homeless camp in New Orleans, March 2023
The United States has one of the least extensive social safety nets in the developed world, reducing both relative poverty and absolute poverty by considerably less than the mean for wealthy nations . [281] [282] [283] [284] [285] Some experts posit that those in poverty live in conditions rivaling the developing world . [286] [287] A May 2018 report by the U.N. Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights found that over five million people in the United States live "in 'Third World' conditions". [288] Poverty is the fourth leading risk factor for premature death annually, according to a 2023 study published in JAMA . [289] [290] [291] Over the last three decades the poor in America have been incarcerated at a much higher rate than their counterparts in other developed nations, with penal confinement being "commonplace for poor men of working age". [292] Some scholars contend that the shift to neoliberal social and economic policies starting in the late 1970s has expanded the penal state, retrenched the social welfare state , deregulated the economy and criminalized poverty, ultimately "transforming what it means to be poor in America". [293] [294] [295]
Sociologist Matthew Desmond writes in his 2023 book Poverty, by America that the US "offers some of the lowest wages in the industrialized world," which has "swelled the ranks of the working poor, most of whom are thirty-five or older." [296] Social scientist Mark Robert Rank asserts that the high rates of poverty in the U.S. can largely be explained as structural failures at the economic and political levels. [297]
Health care
U.S. health insurance coverage by source in 2016. CBO estimated ACA/Obamacare was responsible for 23 million persons covered via exchanges and Medicaid expansion. [298]
Chart showing life expectancy at birth and health care spending per capita for OECD countries as of 2015. The U.S. is an outlier, with much higher spending but below average life expectancy. [299]
Bar chart comparing healthcare costs as percentage of GDP across OECD countries
U.S. uninsured number (millions) and rate (%), including historical data through 2016 and two CBO forecasts (2016/Obama policy and 2018/Trump policy) through 2026. Two key reasons for more uninsured under President Trump include: 1) Eliminating the individual mandate to have health insurance; and 2) Stopping cost sharing reduction payments. [300]
The American system is a mix of public and private insurance. The government provides insurance coverage for approximately 53 million elderly via Medicare , 62 million lower-income persons via Medicaid , and 15 million military veterans via the Veteran's Administration . About 178 million employed by companies receive subsidized health insurance through their employer, while 52 million other persons directly purchase insurance either via the subsidized marketplace exchanges developed as part of the Affordable Care Act or directly from insurers. The private sector delivers healthcare services, with the exception of the Veteran's Administration, where doctors are employed by the government. [301]
Multiple surveys indicate the number of uninsured fell between 2013 and 2016 due to expanded Medicaid eligibility and health insurance exchanges established due to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as the "ACA" or "Obamacare". According to the United States Census Bureau , in 2012 there were 45.6 million people in the US (14.8% of the under-65 population) who were without health insurance. This figure fell by 18.3 million (40%) to 27.3 million (8.6% of the under-65 population) by 2016. [302]
However, under President Trump these gains in healthcare coverage have begun to reverse. The Commonwealth Fund estimated in May 2018 that the number of uninsured increased by four million from early 2016 to early 2018. The rate of those uninsured increased from 12.7% in 2016 to 15.5%. The impact was greater among lower-income adults, who had a higher uninsured rate than higher-income adults. Regionally, the South and West had higher uninsured rates than the North and East. Further, those 18 states that have not expanded Medicaid had a higher uninsured rate than those that did. [303]
According to Physicians for a National Health Program , this lack of insurance causes roughly 48,000 unnecessary deaths per year. [304] The group's methodology has been criticized by John C. Goodman for not looking at cause of death or tracking insurance status changes over time, including the time of death. [305] A 2009 study by former Clinton policy adviser Richard Kronick found no increased mortality from being uninsured after certain risk factors were controlled for. [306]
The U.S. lags in overall healthcare performance but is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to nine of the top ten most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians, while the EU and Switzerland together contributed to five. Since 1966, Americans have received more Nobel Prizes in Medicine than the rest of the world combined. From 1989 to 2002, four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe. [307] [308]
Of 17 high-income countries studied by the National Institutes of Health in 2013, the United States ranked at or near the top in obesity rate, frequency of automobile use and accidents, homicides, infant mortality rate, incidence of heart and lung disease, sexually transmitted infections, adolescent pregnancies, recreational drug or alcohol deaths, injuries, and rates of disability. Together, such lifestyle and societal factors place the U.S. at the bottom of that list for life expectancy. On average, a U.S. male can be expected to live almost four fewer years than those in the top-ranked country, though Americans who reach age 75 live longer than those who reach that age in peer nations. [309] One consumption choice causing several of the maladies described above are cigarettes. Americans smoked 258 billion cigarettes in 2016. [310] Cigarettes cost the United States $326 billion each year in direct healthcare costs ($170 billion) and lost productivity ($156 billion). [310]
A comprehensive 2007 study by European doctors found the five-year cancer survival rate was significantly higher in the U.S. than in all 21 European nations studied, 66.3% for men versus the European mean of 47.3% and 62.9% versus 52.8% for women. [311] [312] Americans undergo cancer screenings at significantly higher rates than people in other developed countries, and access MRI and CT scans at the highest rate of any OECD nation. [313] People in the U.S. diagnosed with high cholesterol or hypertension access pharmaceutical treatments at higher rates than those diagnosed in other developed nations, and are more likely to successfully control the conditions. [314] [315] Diabetics are more likely to receive treatment and meet treatment targets in the U.S. than in Canada, England, or Scotland. [316] [317]
According to a 2018 study of 2016 data by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation , the U.S. was ranked 27th in the world for healthcare and education, down from 6th in 1990. [318]
U.S. healthcare costs are considerably higher than other countries as a share of GDP, among other measures. According to the OECD, U.S. healthcare costs in 2015 were 16.9% GDP, over 5% GDP higher than the next most expensive OECD country. [319] A gap of 5% GDP represents $1 trillion, about $3,000 per person or one-third higher relative to the next most expensive country. [320]
The high cost of health care in the United States is attributed variously to technological advance, administration costs, drug pricing, suppliers charging more for medical equipment, the receiving of more medical care than people in other countries, the high wages of doctors, government regulations, the impact of lawsuits, and third party payment systems insulating consumers from the full cost of treatments. [321] [322] [323] The lowest prices for pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and payments to physicians are in government plans. Americans tend to receive more medical care than people do in other countries, which is a notable contributor to higher costs. In the United States, a person is more likely to receive open heart surgery after a heart attack than in other countries. Medicaid pays less than Medicare for many prescription drugs due to the fact Medicaid discounts are set by law, whereas Medicare prices are negotiated by private insurers and drug companies. [322] [324] Government plans often pay less than overhead, resulting in healthcare providers shifting the cost to the privately insured through higher prices. [325] [326]
Composition of economic sectors
The United States is the world's second-largest manufacturer, with a 2013 industrial output of US$2.4 trillion. Its manufacturing output is greater than of Germany, France, India, and Brazil combined. [327] Its main industries include financials, information technology, petroleum, steel, automobiles, construction machinery, aerospace, agricultural machinery, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining and armaments.
The U.S. leads the world in airplane manufacturing , [328] which represents a large portion of U.S. industrial output. American companies such as Boeing , Cessna (see: Textron ), Lockheed Martin (see: Skunk Works ), and General Dynamics produce a majority of the world's civilian and military aircraft in factories across the United States.
The manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy has experienced substantial job losses over the past several years. [329] [330] In January 2004, the number of such jobs stood at 14.3 million, down by 3.0 million jobs (17.5%) since July 2000 and about 5.2 million since the historical peak in 1979. Employment in manufacturing was its lowest since July 1950. [331] The number of steel workers fell from 500,000 in 1980 to 224,000 in 2000. [332]
Statistics released by the U.S. Census Bureau showed that, in 2008, the number of business 'deaths' began overtaking the number of business 'births' and that the trend continued at least through 2012. [333]
The U.S. produces approximately 18% of the world's manufacturing output, a share that has declined as other nations developed competitive manufacturing industries. [334] The job loss during this continual volume growth is the result of multiple factors including increased productivity, trade, and secular economic trends. [335] In addition, growth in telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, aircraft, heavy machinery and other industries along with declines in low end, low skill industries such as clothing, toys, and other simple manufacturing have resulted in some U.S. jobs being more highly skilled and better paying. There has been much debate within the United States on whether the decline in manufacturing jobs are related to American unions, lower foreign wages, or both. [336] [337] [338]
Products include wheat , corn, other grains , fruits, vegetables, cotton ; beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, forest products , and fish.
Energy, transportation, and telecommunications
The U.S. economy is heavily dependent on road transport for moving people and goods. Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles, which operate on a network of four million miles (6.4 million km) of public roads, [340] including one of the world's longest highway systems at 57,000 miles (91,700 km). [341] The world's second-largest automobile market, [342] the United States has the highest rate of per-capita vehicle ownership in the world, with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans. [343] About 40% of personal vehicles are vans, SUVs , or light trucks. [344]
Mass transit accounts for 9% of total U.S. work trips . [345] [346] Transport of goods by rail is extensive, though relatively low numbers of passengers (approximately 31 million annually) use intercity rail to travel, partially due to the low population density throughout much of the nation. [347] [348] However, ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system, grew by almost 37% between 2000 and 2010. [349] Also, light rail development has increased in recent years. [350] The state of California is currently constructing the nation's first high-speed rail system .
The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned. [351] The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S.-based; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by U.S. Airways . [352] Of the world's thirty busiest passenger airports, twelve are in the United States, including the busiest, Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport . [353]
The US is the second-largest energy consumer in total use. [354] The U.S. ranks seventh in energy consumption per capita after Canada and a number of other countries. [355] [356] The majority of this energy is derived from fossil fuels : in 2005, it was estimated that 40% of the nation's energy came from petroleum, 23% from coal , and 23% from natural gas. Nuclear power supplied 8.4% and renewable energy supplied 6.8%, which was mainly from hydroelectric dams although other renewables are included. [357]
American dependence on oil imports grew from 24% in 1970 to 65% by the end of 2005. [358] Transportation has the highest consumption rates , accounting for approximately 69% of the oil used in the United States in 2006, [359] and 55% of oil use worldwide as documented in the Hirsch report .
In 2013, the United States imported 2.808 billion barrels of crude oil , compared to 3.377 billion barrels in 2010. [360] While the U.S. is the largest importer of fuel, The Wall Street Journal reported in 2011 that the country was about to become a net fuel exporter for the first time in 62 years. The paper reported expectations that this would continue until 2020. [361] In fact, petroleum was the major export from the country in 2011. [362]
The Internet was developed in the U.S. and the country hosts many of the world's largest hubs. [363]
International trade
Protectionist measures since 2008 by country [364]
The United States is the world's second-largest trading nation. [365] There is a large amount of U.S. dollars in circulation all around the planet; about 60% of funds used in international trade are U.S. dollars. The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as gold and petroleum. [366]
Since 1976, the U.S. has sustained merchandise trade deficits with other nations, and since 1982, current account deficits . The nation's long-standing surplus in its trade in services was maintained, however, and reached a record US$231 billion in 2013. [369]
The U.S. trade deficit increased from $502 billion in 2016 to $552 billion in 2017, an increase of $50 billion or 10%. [370] During 2017, total imports were $2.90 trillion, while exports were $2.35 trillion. The net deficit in goods was $807 billion, while the net surplus in services was $255 billion. [371]
Americas ten largest trading partners are China, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany, South Korea, United Kingdom, France, India and Taiwan. [57] The goods trade deficit with China rose from $347 billion in 2016 to $376 billion in 2017, an increase of $30 billion or 8%. In 2017, the U.S. had a goods trade deficit of $71 billion with Mexico and $17 billion with Canada. [372]
According to the KOF index of globalization [ clarification needed ] and the globalization index by A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine, the U.S. has a relatively high degree of globalization .[ citation needed ] U.S. workers send a third of all remittances in the world. [373]
Balance of trade 2014 (goods only)
The amount of U.S. public debt , measured as a percentage of GDP, held by the public since 1900
The U.S. public debt was $909 billion in 1980, an amount equal to 33% of America's gross domestic product (GDP); by 1990, that number had more than tripled to $3.2 trillion – 56% of GDP. [375] In 2001 the national debt was $5.7 trillion; however, the debt-to-GDP ratio remained at 1990 levels. [376] Debt levels rose quickly in the following decade, and on January 28, 2010, the U.S. debt ceiling was raised to $14.3 trillion. [377] Based on the 2010 United States federal budget , total national debt will grow to nearly 100% of GDP, versus a level of approximately 80% in early 2009. [378] The White House estimates that the government's tab for servicing the debt will exceed $700 billion a year in 2019, [379] up from $202 billion in 2009. [380]
U.S. household and non-profit net worth exceeded $100 trillion for the first time in Q1 2018; it has been setting records since Q4 2012. [381] The U.S. federal government or "national debt" was $21.1 trillion in May 2018, just over 100% GDP. [382] Using a subset of the national debt called "debt held by the public", U.S. debt was approximately 77% GDP in 2017. By this measure, the U.S. ranked 43rd highest among 2017 nations. [383] Debt held by the public rose considerably as a result of the Great Recession and its aftermath. It is expected to continue rising as the country ages towards 100% GDP by 2028. [384] In February 2024, the total federal government debt grew to $34.4 trillion after having grown by approximately $1 trillion in both of two separate 100-day periods since the previous June. [385]
The U.S. Treasury statistics indicate that, at the end of 2006, non-US citizens and institutions held 44% of federal debt held by the public. [386] As of 2014 [update] , China, holding $1.26 trillion in treasury bonds , is the largest foreign financier of the U.S. public debt. [387]
The overall financial position of the United States as of 2014 includes $269.6 trillion of assets owned by households, businesses, and governments within its borders, representing more than 15.7 times the annual gross domestic product of the United States. Debts owed during this same period amounted to $145.8 trillion, about 8.5 times the annual gross domestic product. [388] [389]
Since 2010, the U.S. Treasury has been obtaining negative real interest rates on government debt. [390] Such low rates, outpaced by the inflation rate, occur when the market believes that there are no alternatives with sufficiently low risk, or when popular institutional investments such as insurance companies, pensions , or bond, money market, and balanced mutual funds are required or choose to invest sufficiently large sums in Treasury securities to hedge against risk. [391] [392] American economist Lawrence Summers argues that at such low rates, government debt borrowing saves taxpayer money, and improves creditworthiness. [393]
In the late 1940s through the early 1970s, the US and UK both reduced their debt burden by about 30% to 40% of GDP per decade by taking advantage of negative real interest rates, but there is no guarantee that government debt rates will continue to stay so low. [391] [394] In January 2012, the U.S. Treasury Borrowing Advisory Committee of the Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association unanimously recommended that government debt be allowed to auction even lower, at negative absolute interest rates. [395]
Currency and central bank
The Federal Reserve is the central banking system of the United States.
The United States dollar is the unit of currency of the United States. The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions. [396] Several countries use it as their official currency , and in many others it is the de facto currency . [397]
The federal government attempts to use both monetary policy (control of the money supply through mechanisms such as changes in interest rates) and fiscal policy (taxes and spending) to maintain low inflation, high economic growth, and low unemployment. An independent central bank , known as the Federal Reserve , was formed in 1913 to provide a stable currency and monetary policy . The U.S. dollar has been regarded as one of the more stable currencies in the world and many nations back their own currency with U.S. dollar reserves. [49] [50]
The U.S. dollar has maintained its position as the world's primary reserve currency, although it is gradually being challenged in that role. [398] Almost two thirds of currency reserves held around the world are held in U.S. dollars, compared to around 25% for the next most popular currency, the euro . [399] Rising U.S. national debt and quantitative easing has caused some to predict that the U.S. dollar will lose its status as the world's reserve currency; however, these predictions have not yet come to fruition. [400]
Climate change
At least 72% of Chinese, American and European respondents to a 2020−2021 European Investment Bank climate survey stated that climate change had an impact on everyday life.
The Fifth National Climate Assessment states that climate change impacts communities over all the territory of the United States. The impacts differ from state to state. The human and economic toll is high. Scientists now can say with relatively high confidence how much climate change impacted a specific meteorological event. The impacts mentioned in the report include, increase in frequency and magnitude of heat waves , droughts , floods , hurricanes and more. [401]
An article in Science predicts that the Southern states , such as Texas, Florida, and the Deep South will be economically affected by climate change more severely than northern states (some of which would even gain benefits), but that economic impacts of climate change would likely exacerbate preexisting economic inequality in the country. [402] [403] In September 2020, a subcommittee of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission issued a report that concluded that climate change poses systemic risks to the U.S. financial system , [404] [405] [406] while the Financial Stability Oversight Council released a report in October 2021 that identified climate change as an emerging and increasing threat to the stability of the U.S. financial system. [407] [408] [409]
A 2021 survey of 1,422 members of the American Economic Association found that 86 percent of professional economists generally agreed with the statement: "Climate change poses a major risk to the US economy." [410] [411] In September 2023, the U.S. Treasury Department issued a report in consultation with the Financial Literacy and Education Commission found that 13% of Americans experienced financial hardship in 2022 due to the effects of climate change after $176 billion in weather disasters. [412] [413] [414] In April 2024, Consumer Reports announced the release of a report commissioned from ICF International that estimated that climate change could cost Americans born in 2024 nearly $500,000 over their lifetimes. [415] [416] [417]
Law and government
According to the 2014 Index of Economic Freedom , released by The Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation , the U.S. has dropped out of the top ten most economically free countries. The U.S. has been on a steady seven-year economic freedom decline and is the only country to do so. [422] The index measures each nation's commitment to free enterprise on a scale of 0 to 100. Countries losing economic freedom and receiving low index scores are at risk of economic stagnation, high unemployment rates, and diminishing social conditions. [423] [424] The 2014 Index of Economic Freedom gave the United States a score of 75.5 and is listed as the twelfth-freest economy in world. It dropped two rankings and its score is half a point lower than in 2013. [422]
Economist Alan S. Blinder criticizes democratic government regulation of the U.S. economy as too short-sighted (targeting either the next election or the next news cycle rather than making difficult choices that favor long-term benefits despite short-term pain) and favoring policies that sound good and avoiding those that sound bad, regardless of merit when examined rigorously by economists. [425]
The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways. Regulation falls into two general categories.
Some efforts seek, either directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to create state-regulated monopolies such as electric utilities while allowing prices in the level that would ensure them normal profits. At times, the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well. In the years following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand. A number of other industries—trucking and, later, airlines—successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered as harmful price-cutting, a process called regulatory capture . [427]
Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law , seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government—and, sometimes, private parties—have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition. [427]
Bank regulation in the United States is highly fragmented compared to other G10 countries where most countries have only one bank regulator. In the U.S., banking is regulated at both the federal and state level. The U.S. also has one of the most highly regulated banking environments in the world; however, many of the regulations are not soundness related, but are instead focused on privacy, disclosure, fraud prevention, anti-money laundering, anti-terrorism, anti- usury lending, and promoting lending to lower-income segments.
Since the 1970s, government has also exercised control over private companies to achieve social goals, such as improving the public's health and safety or maintaining a healthy environment. For example, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration provides and enforces standards for workplace safety, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency provides standards and regulations to maintain air, water, and land resources. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulates what drugs may reach the market, and also provides standards of disclosure for food products. [427]
American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, policy makers grew increasingly convinced that economic regulation protected companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking. At the same time, technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries, such as telecommunications, that once were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation. [427]
While leaders of America's two most influential political parties generally favored economic deregulation during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals. Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II, and again in the 1960s and 1970s. During the 1980s, the government relaxed labor, consumer and environmental rules based on the idea that such regulation interfered with free enterprise , increased the costs of doing business, and thus contributed to inflation. The response to such changes is mixed; many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends, prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas, including environmental protection. [427]
Where legislative channels have been unresponsive, some citizens have turned to the courts to address social issues more quickly. For instance, in the 1990s, individuals, and eventually the government itself, sued tobacco companies over the health risks of cigarette smoking. The 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement provided states with long-term payments to cover medical costs to treat smoking-related illnesses. [427]
Between 2000 and 2008, economic regulation in the United States saw the most rapid expansion since the early 1970s. The number of new pages in the Federal Registry, a proxy for economic regulation, rose from 64,438 new pages in 2001 to 78,090 in new pages in 2007, a record amount of regulation. Economically significant regulations, defined as regulations which cost more than $100 million a year, increased by 70%. Spending on regulation increased by 62% from $26.4 billion to $42.7 billion. [428]
Taxation in the United States is a complex system which may involve payment to at least four different levels of government and many methods of taxation. Taxes are levied by the federal government , by the state governments , and often by local governments , which may include counties , municipalities, township , school districts , and other special-purpose districts , which include fire, utility, and transit districts. [429]
Forms of taxation include taxes on income , property , sales , imports, payroll, estates and gifts, as well as various fees. When taxation by all government levels taken into consideration, the total taxation as percentage of GDP was approximately a quarter of GDP in 2011. [430] Share of black market in the U.S. economy is very low compared to other countries. [431]
Although a federal wealth tax is prohibited by the United States Constitution unless the receipts are distributed to the States by their populations, state and local government property tax amount to a wealth tax on real estate , and because capital gains are taxed on nominal instead of inflation-adjusted profits, the capital gains tax amounts to a wealth tax on the inflation rate. [432]
U.S. taxation is generally progressive , especially at the federal level, and is among the most progressive in the developed world. [433] [434] [435] [436] There is debate over whether taxes should be more or less progressive. [432] [437] [438] [439]
According to the Tax Justice Network in 2022, the US fuels more global financial secrecy than Switzerland , Cayman and Bermuda combined. [440]
Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline scenario comparisons: June 2017 (essentially the deficit trajectory that President Trump inherited from President Obama), April 2018 (which reflects Trump's tax cuts and spending bills), and April 2018 alternate scenario (which assumes extension of the Trump tax cuts, among other current policy extensions). [441]
The United States public-sector spending amounts to about 38% of GDP (federal is around 21%, state and local the remainder). [442] Each level of government provides many direct services. The federal government, for example, is responsible for national defense, research that often leads to the development of new products, conducts space exploration, and runs numerous programs designed to help workers develop workplace skills and find jobs (including higher education). Government spending has a significant effect on local and regional economies, and on the overall pace of economic activity.
State governments , meanwhile, are responsible for the construction and maintenance of most highways. State, county, or city governments play the leading role in financing and operating public schools. Local governments are primarily responsible for police and fire protection. In 2016, U.S. state and local governments owed $3 trillion and have another $5 trillion in unfunded liabilities. [443]
The welfare system in the United States began in the 1930s, during the Great Depression, with the passage of the New Deal . The welfare system was later expanded in the 1960s through Great Society legislation, which included Medicare , Medicaid , the Older Americans Act and federal education funding.
Overall, federal, state, and local spending accounted for almost 28% of gross domestic product in 1998. [444]
Federal budget and debt
During FY2017, the federal government spent $3.98 trillion on a budget or cash basis, up $128 billion or 3.3% vs. FY2016 spending of $3.85 trillion. Major categories of FY 2017 spending included: Healthcare such as Medicare and Medicaid ($1,077B or 27% of spending), Social Security ($939B or 24%), non-defense discretionary spending used to run federal Departments and Agencies ($610B or 15%), Defense Department ($590B or 15%), and interest ($263B or 7%). [441]
During FY2017, the federal government collected approximately $3.32 trillion in tax revenue, up $48 billion or 1.5% versus FY2016. Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ($1,587 billion or 48% of total receipts), Social Security/Social Insurance taxes ($1,162 billion or 35%), and corporate taxes ($297 billion or 9%). Other revenue types included excise, estate and gift taxes. FY 2017 revenues were 17.3% of gross domestic product (GDP), versus 17.7% in FY 2016. Tax revenues averaged approximately 17.4% GDP over the 1980–2017 period. [441]
The federal budget deficit (i.e., expenses greater than revenues) was $665 billion in FY2017, versus $585 billion in 2016, an increase of $80 billion or 14%. The budget deficit was 3.5% GDP in 2017, versus 3.2% GDP in 2016. The budget deficit is forecast to rise to $804 billion in FY 2018, due significantly to the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act and other spending bills. An aging country and healthcare inflation are other drivers of deficits and debt over the long-run. [441]
Debt held by the public, a measure of national debt, was approximately $14.7 trillion or 77% of GDP in 2017, ranked the 43rd highest out of 207 countries. [445] This debt, as a percent of GDP, is roughly equivalent to those of many western European nations. [446]
Business culture
From its emergence as an independent nation, the United States has encouraged science and innovation. In the early 20th century, the research developed through informal cooperation between U.S. industry and academia grew rapidly and by the late 1930s exceeded the size of that taking place in Britain (although the quality of U.S. research was not yet on par with British and German research at the time). After World War II, federal spending on defense R&D and antitrust policy played a significant role in U.S. innovation. [450]
The United States is rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, and it is fortunate to have a moderate climate. It also has extensive coastlines on both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, as well as on the Gulf of Mexico. Rivers flow from far within the continent and the Great Lakes (the five large inland lakes along the Canadian border) provide additional shipping access. These extensive waterways have helped shape the country's economic growth over the years and helped bind America's fifty individual states together in a single economic unit. [451]
The number of workers and, more importantly, their productivity help determine the health of the U.S. economy. Consumer spending in the U.S. rose to about 62% of GDP in 1960, where it stayed until about 1981, and has since risen to 71% in 2013. [86] Throughout its history, the United States has experienced steady growth in the labor force, a phenomenon that is both cause and effect of almost constant economic expansion. Until shortly after World War I, most workers were immigrants from Europe, their immediate descendants, or African Americans who were mostly slaves taken from Africa, or their descendants. [452]
Demographic shift
Labor mobility has also been important to the capacity of the American economy to adapt to changing conditions. When immigrants flooded labor markets on the East Coast, many workers moved inland, often to farmland waiting to be tilled. Similarly, economic opportunities in industrial, northern cities attracted black Americans from southern farms in the first half of the 20th century, in what was known as the Great Migration .
In the United States, the corporation has emerged as an association of owners, known as stockholders, who form a business enterprise governed by a complex set of rules and customs. Brought on by the process of mass production , corporations, such as General Electric , have been instrumental in shaping the United States. Today in the era of globalization , American investors and corporations have influence all over the world. The American government is also included among the major investors in the American economy. Government investments have been directed towards public works of scale (such as from the Hoover Dam ), military-industrial contracts, and the financial industry.
The U.S. population is aging , which has significant economic implications for GDP growth, productivity, innovation, inequality, and national debt, according to several studies. The average worker in 2019 was aged 42, vs. 38 in 2000. By 2030, about 59% of adults over 16 will be in the labor force, vs. 62% in 2015. One study estimated that aging since 2000 has reduced productivity between 0.25% and 0.7% per year. Since GDP growth is a function of productivity (output per worker) and the number of workers, both trends slow the GDP growth rate. Older workers save more, which pushes interests rates down, offsetting some of the GDP growth reduction but reducing the Federal Reserve's ability to address a recession by lowering interest rates. Means of addressing the aging trend include immigration (which theoretically brings in younger workers) and higher fertility rates, which can be encouraged by incentives to have more children (e.g., tax breaks, subsidies, and more generous paid leave). [455]
The Congressional Budget Office estimated in May 2019 that mandatory spending (e.g., Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security) will continue growing relative to the size of the economy (GDP) as the population ages. The population aged 65 or older is projected to rise by one-third from 2019–2029. Mandatory program spending (outlays) in 2019 were 12.7% of GDP and are projected to average 14.4% GDP from 2025–2029. [456]
Tennessee in 1897. The U.S. was a leader in the adoption of electric lighting .
The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's laboratory developed the phonograph , the first long-lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . Edison's company would also pioneer ( direct current based) electric power delivery and market it around the world, followed on by companies such as Westinghouse Electric Corporation which would rapidly develop alternating current power delivery. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903, made the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight . [457]
Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are two of the most well-known American entrepreneurs.
American society highly emphasizes entrepreneurship and business. Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur, which can be defined as "one who undertakes innovations , finance and business acumen in an effort to transform innovations into economic goods". This may result in new organizations or may be part of revitalizing mature organizations in response to a perceived opportunity. [458] American entrepreneurs are even engaged in public services delivery through public-private partnerships .
The most obvious form of entrepreneurship refers to the process and engagement of starting new businesses (referred to as startup companies ); however, in recent years, the term has been extended to include social and political forms of entrepreneurial activity. When entrepreneurship is describing activities within a firm or large organization it is referred to as intra-preneurship and may include corporate venturing, when large entities spin-off organizations. [458]
According to Paul Reynolds, entrepreneurship scholar and creator of the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor , "by the time they reach their retirement years, half of all working men in the United States probably have a period of self-employment of one or more years; one in four may have engaged in self-employment for six or more years. Participating in a new business creation is a common activity among U.S. workers over the course of their careers." [459] And in recent years, business creation has been documented by scholars such as David Audretsch to be a major driver of economic growth in both the United States and Western Europe.[ citation needed ]
Survival rate of U.S. start-ups, 1977–2012. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Business Dynamic Statistics, Published by Gallup, reproduced in UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 5.7, p. 143
Venture capital investment
Quarterly U.S. venture capital investments, 1995–2017
Venture capital , as an industry, originated in the United States, which it still dominates. [460] According to the National Venture Capital Association 11% of private sector jobs come from venture capital backed companies and venture capital backed revenue accounts for 21% of U.S. GDP. [461]
Total U.S. investment in venture capital amounted to $48.3 billion in 2014, for 4,356 deals. This represented "an increase of 61% in dollars and a 4% increase in deals over the prior year", reported the National Venture Capital Association. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development estimates that venture capital investment in the United States had fully recovered by 2014 to pre-recession levels. The National Venture Capital Association has reported that, in 2014, venture capital investment in the life sciences was at its highest level since 2008: in biotechnology, $6.0 billion was invested in 470 deals and, in life sciences overall, $8.6 billion in 789 deals (including biotechnology and medical devices). Two thirds (68%) of the investment in biotechnology went to first-time/early-stage development deals and the remainder to the expansion stage of development (14%), seed-stage companies (11%) and late-stage companies (7%). However, it was the software industry which invested in the greatest number of deals overall: 1,799, for an investment of $19.8 billion. Second came internet-specific companies, garnering US$11.9 billion in investment through 1,005 deals. Many of these companies are based in the state of California, which alone concentrates 28% of U.S. research. [462]
Some new American businesses raise investments from angel investors (venture capitalists). In 2010 healthcare/medical accounted for the largest share of angel investments, with 30% of total angel investments (vs. 17% in 2009), followed by software (16% vs. 19% in 2007), biotech (15% vs. 8% in 2009), industrial/energy (8% vs. 17% in 2009), retail (5% vs. 8% in 2009) and IT services (5%). [463] [ clarification needed ]
Americans are "venturesome consumers" who are unusually willing to try new products of all sorts, and to pester manufacturers to improve their products. [464]
Mergers and acquisitions
Since 1985 there have been three major waves of M&A in the U.S. (see graph "Mergers and Acquisitions in the U.S. since 1985"). 2017 has been the most active year in terms of number of deals (12,914), whereas 2015 cumulated to the biggest overall value of deals ($24 billion).
The biggest merger deal in U.S. history was the acquisition of Time Warner by America Online Inc. in 2000, where the bid was over $164 billion. Since 2000 acquisitions of U.S. companies by Chinese investors increased by 368%. The other way round—U.S. companies acquiring Chinese Companies—showed a decrease of 25%, with a short upwards trend until 2007. [465]
Research and development
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D in the U.S. as a percentage of GDP, 2002–2013. Other countries are given for comparison. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
The U.S. invests more funds in research and development (R&D) in absolute terms than the other G7 nations combined: 17.2% more in 2012. Since 2000, gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) in the U.S. has increased by 31.2%, enabling it to maintain its share of GERD among the G7 nations at 54.0% (54.2% in 2000). [462]
R&D by country
Generally speaking, U.S. investment in R&D rose with the economy in the first years of the century before receding slightly during the economic recession then rising again as growth resumed. At its peak in 2009, GERD amounted to US$406 billion (2.82% of GDP). Despite the recession, it was still at 2.79% in 2012 and will slide only marginally to 2.73% in 2013, according to provisional data, and should remain at a similar level in 2014. [462]
The federal government is the primary funder of basic research, at 52.6% in 2012; state governments, universities and other non-profits funded 26%. Experimental development, on the other hand, is primarily funded by industry: 76.4% to the federal government's 22.1% in 2012. [462]
World shares of GDP, research spending, researchers and scientific publications, 2009 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 1.7
While U.S. investment in R&D is high, it failed to reach President Obama's target of 3% of GDP by the end of his presidency in 2016. Between 2009 and 2012, the United States' world share of research expenditure receded slightly from 30.5% to 28.1%. Several countries now devote more than 4% of GDP to R&D (Israel, Japan and the Republic of Korea) and others plan to raise their own GERD/GDP ratio to 4% by 2020 (Finland and Sweden). [462]
Business spending on research
Business enterprises contributed 59.1 % of U.S. GERD in 2012, down from 69.0 % in 2000. Private non-profits and foreign entities each contribute a small fraction of total R&D, 3.3% and 3.8%, respectively. [462]
US research and development budget by government agency, 1994–2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 5.4, based on data from American Association for the Advancement of Science
The United States has historically been a leader in business R&D and innovation. The economic recession of 2008–2009 has had a lasting impact, however. While the major performers of R&D largely maintained their commitments, the pain of the U.S. recession was felt mainly by small businesses and start-ups. Statistics released by the U.S. Census Bureau showed that, in 2008, the number of business 'deaths' began overtaking the number of business 'births' and that the trend continued at least through 2012. From 2003 to 2008, business research spending had followed a generally upward trajectory. In 2009, the curve inverted, as expenditure fell by 4% over the previous year then again in 2010, albeit by 1–2% this time. Companies in high-opportunity industries like health care cut back less than those in more mature industries, such as fossil fuels. The largest cutbacks in R&D spending were in agriculture production: −3.5% compared to the average R&D to net sales ratio. The chemicals and allied products industry and electronic equipment industry, on the other hand, showed R&D to net sales ratios that were 3.8% and 4.8% higher than average. Although the amount of R&D spending increased in 2011, it was still below the level of 2008 expenditure. By 2012, the growth rate of business-funded R&D had recovered. Whether this continues will be contingent on the pursuit of economic recovery and growth, levels of federal research funding and the general business climate. [462]
Research spending at the state level
The level of research spending varies considerably from one state to another. Six states (New Mexico, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington, California and Michigan) each devoted 3.9% or more of their GDP to R&D in 2010, together contributing 42% of national research expenditure. In 2010, more than one quarter of R&D was concentrated in California (28.1%), ahead of Massachusetts (5.7%), New Jersey (5.6%), Washington State (5.5%), Michigan (5.4%), Texas (5.2%), Illinois (4.8%), New York (3.6%) and Pennsylvania (3.5%). Seven states (Arkansas, Nevada, Oklahoma, Louisiana, South Dakota and Wyoming) devoted less than 0.8% of GDP to R&D. [462]
Science and engineering in the U.S. by state. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 5.6, based on data from American Association for the Advancement of Science
California is home to Silicon Valley, the name given to the area hosting the leading corporations and start-ups in information technology. This state also hosts dynamic biotechnology clusters in the San Francisco Bay Area, Los Angeles and San Diego. The main biotechnology clusters outside California are the cities of Boston/Cambridge, Massachusetts, Maryland, suburban Washington, DC, New York, Seattle, Philadelphia, and Chicago. California supplies 13.7% of all jobs in science and engineering across the country, more than any other state. Some 5.7% of Californians are employed in these fields. This high share reflects a potent combination of academic excellence and a strong business focus on R&D: the prestigious Stanford University and University of California rub shoulders with Silicon Valley, for instance. In much the same way, Route 128 around Boston in the state of Massachusetts is not only home to numerous high-tech firms and corporations but also hosts the renowned Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [462]
New Mexico's high research intensity can be explained by the fact that it hosts the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Maryland's position may reflect the concentration of federally funded research institutions there. Washington State has a high concentration of high-tech firms like Microsoft , Amazon and Boeing and the engineering functions of most automobile manufacturers are located in the state of Michigan. [462]
Research spending by multinational corporations
The federal government and most of the 50 states that make up the United States offer tax credits to particular industries and companies to encourage them to engage in research and development (R&D). Congress usually renews a tax credit every few years. According to a survey by The Wall Street Journal in 2012, companies do not factor in these credits when making decisions about investing in R&D, since they cannot rely on these credits being renewed. [462]
In 2014, four U.S. multinational corporations figured in the Top 50 for the volume of expenditure on R&D: Microsoft, Intel, Johnson & Johnson and Google. Several have figured in the Top 20 for at least ten years: Intel, Microsoft, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and IBM. Google was included in this table for the first time in 2013. [462]
Global top 50 companies by R&D volume and intensity, 2014 * R&D intensity is defined as R&D expenditure divided by net sales.
** Although incorporated in the Netherlands, Airbus's principal manufacturing facilities are located in France, Germany, Spain and the UK.
Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Table 9.3, based on Hernández et al. (2014) EU R&D Scoreboard: the 2014 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard. European Commission : Brussels, Table 2.2.
Exports of high-tech goods and patents
High-tech exports from the U.S. as a percentage of the world share, 2008–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030, Figure 5.10, based on Comtrade database
Until 2010, the United States was a net exporter of pharmaceuticals but, since 2011, it has become a net importer of these goods.
The United States is a post-industrial country. Imports of high-tech products far exceed exports. However, the United States' technologically skilled workforce produces a large volume of patents and can still profit from the license or sale of these patents. Within the United States' scientific industries active in research, 9.1% of products and services are concerned with the licensing of intellectual property rights. [462]
When it comes to trade in intellectual property, the United States remains unrivalled. Income from royalties and licensing amounted to $129.2 billion in 2013, the highest in the world. Japan comes a distant second, with receipts of $31.6 billion in 2013. The United States' payments for use of intellectual property amounted to $39.0 billion in 2013, exceeded only by Ireland ($46.4 billion). [462]
Notable companies and markets
A typical Walmart discount department store (location: Laredo, Texas )
America's largest companies are ranked every year by revenue in the Fortune 500 . Between 2000 and 2022's edition of the list, the top spot on the Fortune 500 was occupied by either the auto manufacturer General Motors (GM), the oil and gas giant ExxonMobil , or the retailer Walmart . [467] The US is also home of many of the world's largest companies by market capitalization ; As of February 9, 2023 [update] , the largest American companies by market cap are Apple , Microsoft , Google (through holding company Alphabet ), Amazon , Berkshire Hathaway , Tesla , Nvidia , Visa , ExxonMobil, and Meta Platforms . [468] Moreover, many of these companies are the most valuable brands, with many of the largest companies by revenue and market cap on the annual ranking of most valuable brands by Forbes being joined by Coca-Cola , The Walt Disney Company , and McDonald's . [469]
Some industries within America are defined by a few major companies, often deriving terms such as "Big Three" or "Big Four". Examples of this phenomenon include the Big Three credit reporting agencies ( Equifax , Experian , and TransUnion ), the Big Three automobile makers ( Ford , General Motors , and Stellantis ), the Big Four accounting firms ( Deloitte , Ernst & Young , KPMG , and PwC ), and the Big Four communications carriers ( Verizon , AT&T , T-Mobile / Sprint , and Dish Network ). [470] [471] The American energy industry is among the largest and consists of large companies in oil, natural gas , coal , and renewable energy sources. America's largest energy companies by market are in oil and gas, with ExxonMobil being joined by Chevron , ConocoPhillips , and Schlumberger ; British oil companies BP and Shell also have significant presence in the United States and trade on both the London Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange . Many large American petroleum companies, as well as BP, can trace some origin back to Standard Oil , a former monopoly run by John D. Rockefeller . In coal, the $30 billion industry is dominated by Peabody Energy , which is the largest coal company in the world with almost $23 billion in revenue for 2021. Much of the nation's coal mining occurs in Wyoming and Appalachian states like West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky. [472] [473] [474]
A 2012 Deloitte report published in STORES magazine indicated that of the world's top 250 largest retailers by retail sales revenue in fiscal year 2010, 32% of those retailers were based in the United States, and those 32% accounted for 41% of the total retail sales revenue of the top 250. [475]
America is the foremost country in the world when it comes to semiconductor production. In 2011, half of the world's 20 largest semiconductor manufacturers by sales were based in America. More recently, Congress under the presidency of Joe Biden passed a bipartisan bill, the CHIPS and Science Act , which bolstered semiconductor production. Some of America's largest semiconductor firms and chip companies are Broadcom , Intel , AMD , and Qualcomm . [476] [477] [478]
Many of the United States' largest firms by market cap are technology companies. These companies are dominated by the Big Five tech giants (Apple, Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Meta), though numerous software firms also dominate the American technology industry. These firms range from hardware manufacturers like Dell Technologies , IBM , Hewlett-Packard , and Cisco , to software and computing infrastructure programmers like Oracle , Salesforce , Adobe , and Intuit . [479] [480]
The New York Stock Exchange is the largest stock exchange in the world.
Measured by value of its listed companies' securities , the New York Stock Exchange is more than three times larger than any other stock exchange in the world. [481] As of October 2008, the combined capitalization of all domestic NYSE listed companies was US$10.1 trillion. [482] NASDAQ is another American stock exchange and the world's third-largest exchange after the New York Stock Exchange and Japan's Tokyo Stock Exchange . However, NASDAQ's trade value is larger than Japan's TSE. [481] NASDAQ is the largest electronic screen-based equity securities trading market in the U.S. With approximately 3,800 companies and corporations, it has more trading volume per hour than any other stock exchange. [483]
Because of the influential role that the U.S. stock market plays in international finance , a New York University study in late 2014 interprets that in the short run, stocks that affect the willingness to bear risk independently of macroeconomic fundamentals explain most of the variation in the U.S. stock market. In the long run, the U.S. stock market is profoundly affected by shocks that reallocate the rewards of a given level of production between workers and shareholders. Productivity shocks, however, play a small role in historical stock market fluctuations at all horizons in the U.S. stock market. [484]
The U.S. finance industry comprised only 10% of total non-farm business profits in 1947, but it grew to 50% by 2010. Over the same period, finance industry income as a proportion of GDP rose from 2.5% to 7.5%, and the finance industry's proportion of all corporate income rose from 10% to 20%. The mean earnings per employee hour in finance relative to all other sectors has closely mirrored the share of total U.S. income earned by the top 1% income earners since 1930. The mean salary in New York City's finance industry rose from $80,000 in 1981 to $360,000 in 2011, while average New York City salaries rose from $40,000 to $70,000. In 1988, there were about 12,500 U.S. banks with less than $300 million in deposits, and about 900 with more deposits, but by 2012, there were only 4,200 banks with less than $300 million in deposits in the U.S., and over 1,800 with more.
1
Capital One Financial
A 2012 International Monetary Fund study concluded that the U.S. financial sector has grown so large that it is slowing economic growth . New York University economist Thomas Philippon supported those findings, estimating that the U.S. spends $300 billion too much on financial services per year, and that the sector needs to shrink by 20%. Harvard University and University of Chicago economists agreed, calculating in 2014 that workers in research and development add $5 to the GDP for each dollar they earn, but finance industry workers cause the GDP to shrink by $0.60 for every dollar they are paid. [489] A study by the Bank for International Settlements reached similar conclusions, saying the finance industry impedes economic growth and research and development based industries. [490]
Historical statistics
The GDP of the New York City metropolitan area is larger than the country of South Korea...New York City was ranked as the most competitive city in the financial industry for the fifth straight year.
Iman Ghosh (September 24, 2020). "This 3D map shows the U.S. cities with the highest economic output" . World Economic Forum. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
The New York metro area dwarfs all other cities for economic output by a large margin.
"CPI 2023" . Transparency International . January 30, 2024. Archived from the original on February 4, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
^ "U.S. Economy - Basic Conditions & Resources" . U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Retrieved October 24, 2011.
^ (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works . U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a 'mixed' economy, with the government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Retrieved October 24, 2011.
.
^ Wright, Gavin, and Jesse Czelusta, "Resource-Based Growth Past and Present", in Natural Resources: Neither Curse Nor Destiny, ed. Daniel Lederman and William Maloney (World Bank, 2007), p. 185.
"Income" . Better Life Index. OECD. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
In the United States, the average household net adjusted disposable income per capita is USD 45 284 a year, much higher than the OECD average of USD 33 604 and the highest figure in the OECD.
Gray, Sarah (June 4, 2018). "Trump Policies Highlighted in Scathing U.N. Report On U.S. Poverty" . Fortune . Retrieved September 13, 2018.
"The United States has the highest rate of income inequality among Western countries", the report states.
Moller, Stephanie; Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D.; Bradley, David; Nielsen, François (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies". American Sociological Review. 68 (1): 22–51. doi : 10.2307/3088901 . JSTOR 3088901 .
Li, Yun (July 2, 2019). "This is now the longest US economic expansion in history" . CNBC .
This month marks the 121st month of the economic expansion arising out of the great financial crisis, making it the longest run on record going back to 1854.
"Colonial Economy" . National Museum of American History. May 24, 2018. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
"Digital History" . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
"Territory Worth Contesting" . National Museum of American History. May 24, 2018. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved May 20, 2022.
.
.
17.1 the Great Depression and Keynesian Economics . University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing edition, 2016. This edition adapted from a work originally produced in 2011 by a publisher who has requested that it not receive attribution. December 2016.
^ Steven Mintz and Susan Kellogg, Domestic Revolutions: a Social History of American Family Life (1988) ch 9
"A 2011 study drew a link between the decline in union membership since 1973 and expanding wage disparity. Those trends have since continued, said Bruce Western , a professor of sociology at Harvard University who co-authored the study."
The US is falling drastically behind similar countries in mandating adequate wages, protections, and rights for millions of workers and their families. The wealthiest country in the world is near the bottom of every dimension of this index.
Pfeffer, Jeffrey (2018). Dying for a Paycheck: How Modern Management Harms Employee Health and Company Performance – and What We Can Do About It. HarperBusiness. p. 38. ISBN
.
Neoliberal industrial relations reform and increased employer discretion has enabled employers to significantly increase the performance pressure, with serious repercussions for employees. In the United States, work-related issues including layoffs, job insecurity, toxic cultures, and long hours may be responsible for up to 120,000 deaths a year.
"Unemployment" . Euro Economics. University of North Carolina. Retrieved August 22, 2013.
Chart
^ Time-Life Books, Library of Nations: United States, Sixth European English language printing, 1989
"Current Population Survey" . Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Government. June 5, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
"Household Income" . Society at a Glance 2014: OECD Social Indicators. Society at a Glance. OECD Publishing. March 18, 2014. doi : 10.1787/soc_glance-2014-en . ISBN
. Retrieved May 29, 2014.
.
"Global Wealth Databook 2021" (PDF). Credit Suisse. June 23, 2021. pp. 115–118. Retrieved March 4, 2022.
"Barclays Wealth Insights" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
. Volume 5: Evolving Fortunes. Barclays (2008). p. 7
"Forbes" . March 14, 2011.
^ W. Michael Cox and Richard Alm (1999), The myths of rich and poor: why we're better off than we think. New York: Basic Books
.
But a look at five decades' worth of government wage data suggests that the better question might be, why should now be any different? For most U.S. workers, real wages – that is, after inflation is taken into account – have been flat or even falling for decades, regardless of whether the economy has been adding or subtracting jobs.
Bradley, D.; E. Huber; S. Moller; F. Nielsen & J.D. Stephens (2003). "Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies". American Sociological Review. 68 (1): 22–51. doi : 10.2307/3088901 . JSTOR 3088901 . S2CID 144289954 .
.
Their results find poverty is America's fourth-leading risk factor for death, behind only heart disease, cancer, and smoking. A single year of poverty, defined relatively in the study as having less than 50 percent of the US median household income, is associated with 183,000 American deaths per year. Being in "cumulative poverty," or 10 years or more of uninterrupted poverty, is associated with 295,000 annual deaths.
.
The tendency of our free market economy has been to produce a growing number of jobs that will no longer support a family. In addition, the basic nature of capitalism ensures that unemployment exists at modest levels. Both of these directly result in a shortage of economic opportunities in American society. In addition, the absence of social supports stems from failings at the political and policy levels. The United States has traditionally lacked the political desire to put in place effective policies and programs that would support the economically vulnerable. Structural failing at the economic and political levels have therefore produced a lack of opportunities and supports, resulting in high rates of American poverty. (p.121)
CDCTobaccoFree (May 4, 2018). "Economic Trends in Tobacco" . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
Martin, Nicole (August 21, 2007). "UK cancer survival rate lowest in Europe" . The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
Verdecchia, A; Francisci, S; Brenner, H; Gatta, G; Micheli, A; Mangone, L; Kunkler, I; EUROCARE-4 Working, Group (September 2007). "Recent cancer survival in Europe: a 2000–02 period analysis of EUROCARE-4 data". The Lancet Oncology. 8 (9): 784–96. doi : 10.1016/s1470-2045(07)70246-2 . PMID 17714993 .
^ Atlas 2011, pp. 205–07
^ Atlas 2011, pp. 150–56
Pope, Christopher (August 9, 2013). "Legislating Low Prices: Cutting Costs or Care?" . The Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on August 12, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
Michael Lind (December 1, 2011). "The Cost of Free Trade" . The American Prospect. Retrieved March 3, 2012.
"Household, Individual, and Vehicle Characteristics" . 2001 National Household Travel Survey. U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
Renne, John L.; Wells, Jan S. (2003). "Emerging European-Style Planning in the United States: Transit-Oriented Development" (PDF). Rutgers University. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2014. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
"Privatization" . downsizinggovernment.org. Cato Institute. Retrieved December 27, 2014.
"Scheduled Passengers Carried" . International Air Transport Association (IATA). 2011. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ World Resources Institute " Energy Consumption: Consumption per capita " (2001). Nations with higher per-capita consumption are: Qatar, Iceland, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Luxembourg and Canada. Except for Canada, these are small countries with a prominent energy-intensive industry such as oil refining or steelmaking .
^ US Dept. of Energy, " Annual Energy Report " (July 2006), Energy Flow diagram
Pleven, Liam (November 30, 2011). "The Wall Street Journal" . Retrieved April 21, 2012.
{{subst:dead link}}
"Major Foreign Holders of Treasury Securities" . United States Department of the Treasury. July 2014. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved August 23, 2014.
^ Saint Louis Federal Reserve (2012) "5-Year Treasury Inflation-Indexed Security, Constant Maturity" FRED Economic Data chart from government debt auctions (the x-axis at y=0 represents the inflation rate over the life of the security)
^ a b Carmen M. Reinhart and M. Belen Sbrancia (March 2011) "The Liquidation of Government Debt" National Bureau of Economic Research working paper No. 16893
. Retrieved May 14, 2024.
"2014 Index of Economic Freedom" . Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2014.
Alan S. Blinder (2018). Advice and Dissent: Why America Suffers When Economics and Politics Collide. Basic Books. ISBN
Carmen M. Reinhart; Kenneth S. Rogoff. "This Time is Different" . reinhartandrogoff.com. Anchor Media Works.
In 1965, taxes collected by federal, state and municipal governments amounted to 24.7 percent of the nation's output. In 2010, they amounted to 24.8 percent. Excluding Chile and Mexico, the United States raises less tax revenue, as a share of the economy, than every other industrial country.
"Index of Economic Freedom: United States" . Index of Economic Freedom. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved February 12, 2012.
Anderson, Jack (May 22, 2006). "Tax Misery & Reform Index" . Forbes. Retrieved November 17, 2008.
Walker, William (1993). "National Innovation Systems: Britain" . In Nelson, Richard R. (ed.). National innovation systems : a comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 61–64. ISBN
.
.
^ a b Shane, Scott "A General Theory of Entrepreneurship: the Individual-Opportunity Nexus", Edward Elgar
^ Reynolds, Paul D. "Entrepreneurship in the United States", Springer, 2007,
. Archived from the original on June 30, 2014.
.
Sohl, Jeffrey (March 31, 2010). "Full Year 2009 Angel Market Trends" (PDF). University of New Hampshire Center for Venture Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 20, 2013. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
Hoover, Gary (June 26, 2022). "2022 UPDATED Largest Companies Charts" . Business History - The American Business History Center. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
Number of companies data taken from the "Country" filter.
^ Deloitte, Switching Channels: Global Powers of Retailing 2012, STORES, January 2012, G20.
"IHS iSuppli Semiconductor preliminary rankings for 2011" . Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
"> Data Products > NYSE > Facts & Figures" . NYXdata. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
"NASDAQ Performance Report" . NASDAQ Newsroom. The Nasdaq Stock Market. January 12, 2007. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved February 15, 2007.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 , 141–143, UNESCO Publishing.
| 748 |
87 | resources of the west region of the united states | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_the_United_States | 4 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shaded relief map of the United States, showing 10 geological provinces
The richly textured landscape of the United States is a product of the dueling forces of plate tectonics , weathering and erosion . Over the 4.5 billion-year history of the Earth, tectonic upheavals and colliding plates have raised great mountain ranges while the forces of erosion and weathering worked to tear them down. Even after many millions of years, records of Earth's great upheavals remain imprinted as textural variations and surface patterns that define distinctive landscapes or provinces. [1]
The diversity of the landscapes of the United States can be easily seen on the shaded relief image to the right. The stark contrast between the 'rough' texture of the western US and the 'smooth' central and eastern regions is immediately apparent. Differences in roughness (topographic relief) result from a variety of processes acting on the underlying rock. The plate tectonic history of a region strongly influences the rock type and structure exposed at the surface, but differing rates of erosion that accompany changing climates can also have profound impacts on the land. [1]
Pacific Province
This region is one of the most geologically young and tectonically active in North America. The generally rugged, mountainous landscape of this province provides evidence of ongoing mountain-building. [2]
The Pacific Province straddles the boundaries between several of Earth's moving plates :the source of the monumental forces required to build the sweeping arc of mountains that extends from Alaska to the southern reaches of South America . This province includes the active and sometimes deadly volcanoes of the Cascade Range and the young, steep mountains of the Pacific Border and the Sierra Nevada . [2]
Sierra Nevada
The exposed granite of the Sierra was formed deep underground .
Although the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range form a nearly continuous barrier along the western edge of the United States, the two ranges really have very little in common. They have been and continue to be formed by quite different geological forces and processes. [2]
The rocks that form the backbone of the Sierra Nevada are mostly granitic rocks that formed during the Mesozoic Era , when non-avian dinosaurs roamed the Earth. At that time, an arc-shaped chain of volcanoes, similar to the present-day Cascade volcanic arc, erupted where the Sierra Nevada now stands. Rising through older Paleozoic rock, molten rock erupted at the surface as lava, but most solidified deep within the earth, forming the gray granitic rocks familiar to any Sierra traveler. [2]
Although from a distance the Sierran rock looks quite similar, it is actually made up of many individual rock bodies that formed from repeated intrusions of magma over many millions of years. [2]
Even as they grew, erosion was wearing away these Mesozoic Era volcanoes. By Late Cretaceous time, about 70 million years ago, the once-deep granitic rocks began to be exposed at the Earth's surface. By a few tens of millions of years ago, so much of the upper part had worn away that the surface of the ancient range had a low relief of just a few thousand feet. [2]
It wasn't until quite recently, geologically speaking, that the Sierra Nevada range as we know it today began to grow. During the Miocene Epoch, less than 20 million years ago, the continental crust east of the Sierra Nevada began to stretch in an east–west direction. The crust broke into a series of north–south-trending valleys and mountain ranges: the beginning of the Basin and Range province. [2]
The height of the Sierra Nevada is caused by a fault on the eastern side of the mountains.
Less than five million years ago, the range that we now know as the Sierra Nevada began to rise along its eastern margin. Through a combination of uplift of the Sierran block and down-dropping of the area to the east, the Sierra rose upward. Rising far more steeply to the east than the west, the entire Sierra Nevada can be thought of as an enormous tilted fault block with a long, gentle slope westward to California's Central Valley and steep eastern slope. [2]
Not long after the Sierra uplift began, the Earth cooled, marking the beginning of the Pleistocene (Ice Age) Epoch. Glaciers grew in the Sierra highlands and made their way down former stream channels, carving U-shaped valleys . The sheer walls and hanging valleys of Yosemite National Park are a product of this chilly past. [2]
Cascades Volcanic Province
Where the Sierra Nevada ends, a chain of explosive volcanic centers, the Cascade volcanoes, begins. The Cascades Province forms an arc-shaped band extending from British Columbia to Northern California, roughly parallel to the Pacific coastline. Within this region, 13 major volcanic centers lie in sequence like a string of explosive pearls. [3]
Although the largest volcanoes like Mount St. Helens get the most attention, the Cascades is really made up of a band of thousands of very small, short-lived volcanoes that have built a platform of lava and volcanic debris. Rising above this volcanic platform are a few strikingly large volcanoes that dominate the landscape. [3]
The Cascades volcanoes define the Pacific Northwest section of the Ring of Fire , an array of volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean. As if volcanic hazards were not enough, the Ring of Fire is also infamous for its frequent earthquakes. In order to understand the origins of this concentrated band of Earth hazards, we have to slice deep into the Earth. [4]
The Cascade Range is formed by an active continental margin
A slice of the Earth from the Pacific Ocean through the Pacific Northwest might look something like the adjacent image. Beneath the Cascades, a dense oceanic plate plunges beneath the North American plate ; a process known as subduction . As the oceanic slab sinks deep into the Earth's interior beneath the continental plate, high temperatures and pressures allow water molecules locked in the minerals of solid rock to escape. The water vapor rises into the pliable mantle above the subducting plate, causing some of the mantle to melt. This newly formed magma rises toward the Earth's surface to erupt, forming a chain of volcanoes (the Cascade Range) above the subduction zone. [4]
Geological map of the Cascade Range. Yellow indicates earthquakes, black lines indicate faults
A close-up look at the Cascades reveals a more complicated picture than the simple subduction zone shown in the image on the left. Not far off the coast of the North Pacific lies a spreading ridge ; a divergent plate boundary made up of a series of breaks in the oceanic crust where new ocean crust is created. On one side of the spreading ridge new Pacific plate crust is made, then moves away from the ridge. On the other side of the spreading ridge the Juan de Fuca plate and Gorda plate move eastward. [4]
There are some unusual features at the Cascade subduction zone. Where the Juan de Fuca plate sinks beneath the North American plate there is no deep trench, seismicity (earthquakes) are fewer than expected, and there is evidence of a decline in volcanic activity over the past few million years. The probable explanation lies in the rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. These two plates converge at 3–4 centimeters per year at present. This is only about half the rate of convergence of 7 million years ago. [4]
The small Juan de Fuca plate and two platelets, the Explorer plate and Gorda plate are the meager remnants of the much larger Farallon oceanic plate . The Explorer plate broke away from the Juan de Fuca about 4 million years ago and shows no evidence that it is still being subducted. The Gorda platelet split away between 18 and 5 million years ago and continues to sink beneath North America. [4]
The Cascade Range made its first appearance 36 million years ago, but the major peaks that rise up from today's volcanic centers were born within the last 1.6 million years (during the Pleistocene). More than 3000 vents erupted during the most recent volcanic episode that began 5 million years ago. As long as subduction continues, new Cascade volcanoes will continue to rise. [4]
Columbia Plateau
The Columbia Plateau covers part of three states
The Columbia Plateau province is enveloped by one of the world's largest accumulations of lava. Over 500,000 km2 (190,000 sq mi) of the Earth's surface is covered by it, an area roughly the size of the country of Spain . The topography here is dominated by geologically young lava flows that inundated the countryside with amazing speed, all within the last 17 million years. [5]
Over 170,000 km3 (41,000 cu mi) of basaltic lava, known as the Columbia River basalts , covers the western part of the province. These tremendous flows erupted between 17 and 6 million years ago. Most of the lava flooded out in the first 1.5 million years: an extraordinarily short time for such an outpouring of molten rock. [5]
A map of the Snake River Plain, showing its smooth topography
The Snake River Plain stretches across Oregon, through northern Nevada, southern Idaho, and ends at the Yellowstone Plateau in Wyoming. Looking like a great spoon scooped out the Earth surface, the smooth topography of this province forms a striking contrast with the strong mountainous fabric around it. [5]
The Snake River Plain lies in a distinct depression. At the western end, the base has dropped down along normal faults, forming a graben structure. Although there is extensive faulting at the eastern end, the structure is not as clear. [5]
Like the Columbia River region, volcanic eruptions dominate the story of the Snake River Plain in the eastern part of the Columbia Plateau Province. The earliest Snake River Plain eruptions began about 15 million years ago, just as the tremendous early eruptions of Columbia River Basalt were ending. But most of the Snake River Plain volcanic rock is less than a few million years old, Pliocene age (5–1.6 million years ago) and younger. [5]
In the west, the Columbia River Basalts are just that-almost exclusively black basalt . Not so in the Snake River Plain, where relatively quiet eruptions of soupy black basalt lava flows alternated with tremendous explosive eruptions of rhyolite , a light-colored volcanic rock. [5]
Cinder cones dot the landscape of the Snake River Plain. Some are aligned along vents, the fissures that fed flows and cone-building eruptions. Calderas , great pits formed by explosive volcanism, and low shield volcanoes , and rhyolite hills are also part of the landscape here, but many are obscured by later lava flows. [5]
Geologists usually associate volcanic eruptions with the boundaries between colliding or diverging plates. However, the focus of volcanism at Yellowstone in the Columbia Plateau Province is far inland from the subduction zone that lies along the Oregon and Washington coast. Evidence suggests that some concentrated heat source is melting rock beneath the Columbia Plateau Province, at the base of the lithosphere (the layer of crust and upper mantle that forms Earth's moving tectonic plates). In an effort to figure out why this area, far from a plate boundary, had such an enormous outpouring of lava, scientists established hardening dates for many of the individual lava flows. They found that the youngest volcanic rocks were clustered near the Yellowstone Plateau, and that the farther west they went, the older the lavas. [5]
Mammoth Hot Springs is evidence of Yellowstone thermal activity
A probable explanation is that a hot spot , an extremely hot plume of deep mantle material, is rising to the surface beneath the Columbia Plateau Province. We know that beneath Hawaii and Iceland , a temperature instability develops (for reasons not yet well understood) at the boundary between the core and mantle. The concentrated heat triggers a plume hundreds of kilometers in diameter that ascends directly through to the surface of the Earth. [5]
When the hot plume arrives at the base of the lithosphere, some of the lighter rock of the lithosphere rapidly melts. It is this molten lithosphere that becomes the basalt lavas that gush onto the surface to form the Columbia River and Snake River Plain basalts. [5]
The track of this hot spot starts in the west and sweeps up to Yellowstone National Park. The steaming fumaroles and explosive geysers are ample evidence of a concentration of heat beneath the surface. The hot spot is stationary, but the North American plate is moving over it, creating a record of the rate and direction of plate motion. [5]
Basin and Range
The Basin and Range Province includes much of western North America . In the United States, it is bordered on the west by the eastern fault scarp of the Sierra Nevada and spans over 500 miles (800 km) to its eastern border marked by the Wasatch Fault , the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande Rift . The Basin and Range Province extends north to the Columbia Plateau and south as far as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in Mexico , though the southern boundaries of the Basin and Range are debated. [6]
The Basin and Range province has a characteristic topography that is familiar to anyone who ventures across it. Steep climbs up elongate mountain ranges alternate with long treks across flat, dry deserts. This basic topographic pattern extends from eastern California to central Utah, and from southern Idaho into the state of Sonora in Mexico. The forces which created this distinct topography lie deep beneath the surface. [7]
The Basin and Range province, in central Nevada, as seen from space.
Within the Basin and Range Province, the Earth's crust (and upper mantle ) has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The entire region has been subjected to extension that thinned and cracked the crust as it was pulled apart, creating large faults . Along these roughly north–south-trending faults mountains were uplifted and valleys down-dropped, producing the distinctive alternating pattern of linear mountain ranges and valleys of the Basin and Range province. [7]
Although there are other types of faults in the Basin and Range province, the extension and crustal stretching that have shaped the present landscape produce mostly normal faults . The upthrown side of these faults form mountains that rise abruptly and steeply, and the down-dropped side creates low valleys. The fault plane, along which the two sides of the fault move, extends deep in the crust, usually an angle of 60 degrees. In places, the relief or vertical difference between the two sides is as much as 10,000 feet (3,000 m). [7]
As the rocky ranges rise, they are immediately subject to weathering and erosion. The exposed bedrock is attacked by water, ice, wind and other erosional agents. Rock particles are stripped away and wash down the mountain sides, often covering young faults until they rupture again. Sediment collects in the adjacent valleys, in some places burying the bedrock under thousands of feet of rock debris. [7]
Clarence Dutton famously compared the many narrow parallel mountain ranges that distinguish the unique topography of the Basin and Range to an "army of caterpillars marching toward Mexico", which is a helpful way to visualize the overall appearance of the region. [8] The Basin and Range province should not be confused with The Great Basin , which is a sub-section of the greater Basin and Range physiographic region defined by its unique hydrological characteristics (internal drainage).
Great Basin
The Great Basin is the geographical and hydrological region comprising most of Nevada, southern Oregon and Idaho, western Utah, and a little of eastern California. Characterized by internal drainage, this region's surface water sources evaporate or percolate before they can flow to the ocean. [7]
The Basin and Range province's dynamic fault history has profoundly affected the Great Basin's water drainage system. Most precipitation in the Great Basin falls in the form of snow that melts in the spring. Rain that reaches the ground, or snow that melts, quickly evaporates in the dry desert environment. Some of the water that does not evaporate sinks into the ground to become ground water . The remaining water flows into streams and collects in short-lived lakes called playas on the valley floor and eventually evaporates. Any water that falls as rain or snow into this region does not escape out of it; not one of the streams that originate within this basin ever find an outlet to the ocean. The extent of internal drainage, the area in which surface water cannot reach the ocean, defines the geographic region called the Great Basin. [7]
The Great Basin's internal drainage results from blockage of water movement by high fault-created mountains and by lack of sufficient water flow to merge with larger drainages outside of the Great Basin. This internally-drained area occupies approximately 200,000 square miles (520,000 km2), including most of Nevada, a large part of Utah, and portions of Idaho, California, and Oregon. Much of the present-day Great Basin would drain to the sea, just as it did in the recent Ice Ages, if there were more rain and snowfall. [7]
Colorado Plateau
The Colorado Plateau is roughly centered on the Four Corners region of the southwestern United States . The province covers an area of 337,000 km2 (130,000 mi2) within western Colorado , northwestern New Mexico , southern and eastern Utah , and northern Arizona . About 90% of the area is drained by the Colorado River and its main tributaries : the Green , San Juan , and Little Colorado . [9] [10]
The sculptured beauty and brilliant colors of the Colorado Plateau's sedimentary rock layers have captured the imaginations of countless geologists. This is a vast region of plateaus, mesas, and deep canyons whose walls expose rocks ranging in age from billions to just a few hundred years old. [11]
Ancient Precambrian rocks, exposed only in the deepest canyons, make up the basement of the Colorado Plateau. Most are metamorphic rocks formed deep within the Earth while continental collision on a grand scale produced the nucleus of the North American continent well over a billion years ago. Igneous rocks injected millions of years later form a marbled network through parts of the Colorado Plateau's darker metamorphic basement. [11]
These deeply-formed rocks were uplifted, eroded, and exposed for eons. By 600 million years ago, North America had been beveled off to a remarkably smooth surface. It is on this crystalline rock surface that the younger, more familiar layered rocks of the Colorado Plateau were deposited. [11]
Throughout the Paleozoic Era, the Colorado Plateau region was periodically inundated by tropical seas. Thick layers of limestone, sandstone, siltstone, and shale were laid down in the shallow marine waters. During times when the seas retreated, stream deposits and dune sands were deposited or older layers were removed by erosion. Over 300 million years passed as layer upon layer of sediment accumulated. [11]
It was not until the upheavals that coincided with the formation of the supercontinent Pangea began about 250 million years ago that deposits of marine sediment waned and terrestrial deposits dominate. The Mesozoic Era sedimentary deposits are striking. Great accumulations of dune sand hardened to form sweeping arcs in cross-bedded sandstone. Eruptions from volcanic mountain ranges to the west buried vast regions beneath ashy debris. Short-lived rivers, lakes, and inland seas left sedimentary records of their passage. [11]
One of the most geologically intriguing features of the Colorado Plateau is its remarkable stability. Relatively little rock deformation (e.g., faulting and folding ) has affected this high, thick crustal block within the last 600 million years or so. In contrast, the plateau is surrounded by provinces that have suffered severe deformation. Mountain building thrust up the Rocky Mountains to the north and east and tremendous, earth-stretching tension created the Basin and Range Province to the west and south. [11]
Although the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau may seem to have little in common, their geological stories are intimately intertwined. In the early part of this Era ( Paleogene Period), both regions had low elevations of probably less than 1 kilometer. Geologists are still gathering evidence and debating what came next. [11]
The confluence of the Colorado and Green rivers
Beginning about 20 million years ago, during the Miocene Epoch, both the Basin and Range and Colorado Plateau regions were uplifted as much as 3 kilometers. Great tension developed in the crust, probably related to changing plate motions far to the west. As the crust stretched, the Basin and Range Province broke up into a multitude of down-dropped valleys and elongate mountains. Yet for some reason not fully understood, the neighboring Colorado Plateau was able to preserve its structural integrity and remained a single tectonic block. Eventually, the great block of Colorado Plateau crust rose a kilometer higher than the Basin and Range. [11]
As the land rose, the streams responded by cutting ever deeper stream channels. The most well-known of these streams, the Colorado River , began to carve the Grand Canyon less than 6 million years ago. The forces of erosion have exposed the vivid kaleidoscope of rock layers that make the Colorado Plateau a mecca for rock lovers. [11]
Rocky Mountain System
The Rockies form a majestic mountain barrier that stretches from Canada through central New Mexico. Although formidable, a look at the topography reveals a discontinuous series of mountain ranges with distinct geological origins. [12]
The rocks making up the mountains were formed before the mountains were raised. The cores of the mountain ranges are in most places formed of pieces of continental crust that are over one billion years old. In the south, an older mountain range was formed 300 million years ago, then eroded away. The rocks of that older range were reformed into the Rocky Mountains.
The Rocky Mountains took shape during a period of intense plate tectonic activity that formed much of the rugged landscape of the western United States. Three major mountain-building episodes reshaped the west from about 170 to 40 million years ago ( Jurassic to Cenozoic Periods). The last mountain building event, the Laramide orogeny , (about 70-40 million years ago) the last of the three episodes, is responsible for raising the Rocky Mountains. [12]
During the last half of the Mesozoic Era, the Age of the Dinosaurs, much of today's California, Oregon, and Washington were added to North America. Western North America suffered the effects of repeated collision as slabs of ocean crust sank beneath the continental edge. Slivers of continental crust, carried along by subducting ocean plates, were swept into the subduction zone and scraped onto North America's edge. [12]
About 200–300 miles inland, magma generated above the subducting slab rose into the North American continental crust. Great arc-shaped volcanic mountain ranges grew as lava and ash spewed out of dozens of individual volcanoes. Beneath the surface, great masses of molten rock were injected and hardened in place. [12]
For 100 million years the effects of plate collisions were focused very near the edge of the North American plate boundary, far to the west of the Rocky Mountain region. It was not until 70 million years ago that these effects began to reach the Rockies. [12]
The growth of the Rocky Mountains has been one of the most perplexing of geologic puzzles. Normally, mountain building is focused between 200 and 400 miles inland from a subduction zone boundary, yet the Rockies are hundreds of miles farther inland. Although geologists continue to gather evidence to explain the rise of the Rockies, the answer most likely lies with an unusual subducting slab. [12]
At a 'typical' subduction zone, an oceanic plate typically sinks at a fairly high angle (see above). A volcanic arc grows above the subducting plate. During the growth of the Rocky Mountains, the angle of the subducting plate may have been significantly flattened, moving the focus of melting and mountain building much farther inland than is normally expected. [12]
The Laramide orogeny was caused by subduction at an unusually shallow angle.
It is postulated that the shallow angle of the subducting plate greatly increased the friction and other interactions with the thick continental mass above it. Tremendous thrusts piled sheets of crust on top of each other, building the extraordinarily broad, high Rocky Mountain range. [12]
As of 60 million years ago, the Rockies were like Tibet : a high plateau, probably 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) above sea level. Since then, erosion stripped away the high rocks, revealing the ancestral rocks beneath, and forming the current landscape of the Rockies. [13] Periods of glaciation occurred from the Pleistocene Epoch (1.8 million–70,000 years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (fewer than 11,000 years ago). The ice ages left their mark on the Rockies, forming extensive glacial landforms, such as U-shaped valleys and cirques . [14]
Laurentian Upland
Every continent has a core of very ancient metamorphic rocks. The Superior Upland Province is the southern extension of the Laurentian Upland Province, part of the nucleus of North America called the Canadian Shield . The basement rocks of the Laurentian Upland Province were metamorphosed about 2500 million years ago in a mountain-building collision of tectonic plates called the Kenoran Orogeny . [15]
The rocks of the Superior Upland are mostly Precambrian metamorphic rocks and overlying Paleozoic rocks ( Cambrian ) covered by a thin veneer of glacial deposits left behind when glaciers melted at the end of the Pleistocene Ice Age. If we could strip away all of the younger rocks deposited on top of buried Precambrian basement, you would see a landscape of low relief. The topography of the Precambrian rocks is very subdued, with barely 500 feet difference between the highest point and the lowest. Clearly, this region was exposed to a very long period of erosion in the very distant past which beveled the original mountainous surface to a gently undulating surface. The present surface is not much different. Hills rise just a few hundred feet above the surrounding countryside. The highest of these, such as Rib Hill , Wisconsin, are made up mostly of resistant quartzite or granite . [15]
The north shore of Lake Superior showing lava that erupted more than 1 billion years ago
The structure of Superior Upland rock is quite complex. Folds and faults, most dating back to Precambrian time, record several episodes of mountain-building. The plate collisions that formed the core of our continent left behind a striking structural trend. Ridges and valleys are strongly aligned along this northeast–southwest trend. Lake Superior is an example of this northeast–southwest structural trend. Ridges of erosion-resistant rock rise above valleys and carved into weaker rock units. [15]
The effects of repeated glaciation have left their mark on the Superior Upland. The present glacial topography is the product of the most recent glaciation that ended just 10,000 years ago. During the Late Wisconsin , the last glaciation of the Pleistocene Epoch, a massive continental ice sheet grew first in the north, then gradually expanded southward. Several thick finger-like lobes of glacial ice engulfed the region as they moved through the Superior basin. Rocks of all sizes were plucked and scoured from farther north and carried along by the icy mass. When the continental ice sheets melt, they left behind an assortment of rock called glacial drift that covers much of the Superior Upland landscape. [15]
Interior Plains
Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras the mostly low-lying Interior Plains region remained relatively unaffected by the mountain-building tectonic collisions suffered by the western and eastern margins of the continent. [16]
During much of the Mesozoic Era, the North American continental interior was mostly well above sea level, with two notable exceptions. During part of the Jurassic (208-144 million years ago), rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of the continent. Much of the Interior Plains eventually lay submerged beneath the shallow Sundance Sea . [16]
Sediments eroding from the rising Rocky Mountains to the west washed into the sea and deposited as layered wedges of fine debris. As sand, mud, and clays accumulated, the Sundance Sea retreated northward. Preserved within the multi-hued sandstones, mudstones, and clays that made up the shoreline, are the remains of countless dinosaurs that roamed the Sundance coast. [16]
The fossil assemblages concealed within the sedimentary layers of the Morrison Formation are among the world's richest. In some areas, bones of many dinosaurs are concentrated in a very small area, indicating that they were carried during floods, then deposited together beside a stream. [16]
Once again, during the Cretaceous Period (144-65 million years ago), record high sea levels flooded the continental interior with shallow seas. [16]
The Interior Plains continued to receive deposits from the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ozark/Ouachita Mountains to the east and south throughout the most recent Era, the Cenozoic. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflection of the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Eras. [16]
Appalachians, Interior Highlands, and Atlantic Plains
Paleogeographic reconstruction showing the Appalachian Basin area during the Middle Devonian period. [17]
The rocks of the Appalachian , Ouachita , Ozark Mountains are old and share a common origin. They largely consist of sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic age that were deposited on the sea floor and are presently folded and faulted. The Appalachians also have volcanic rocks and slivers of ancient sea floor. [18] These mountains were once part of a mighty uplifted mountain range that stretch from the Appalachian Highlands through Texas. [19]
During the earliest Paleozoic Era, the continent that would later become North America straddled the equator. The Appalachian region was a passive plate margin , not unlike today's Atlantic Coastal Plain Province. During this interval, the region was periodically submerged beneath shallows seas. Thick layers of sediment and carbonate rock was deposited on the shallow sea bottom when the region was submerged. When seas receded, terrestrial sedimentary deposits and erosion dominated. [18]
During the middle Ordovician Period (about 440–480 million years ago), a change in plate motions set the stage for the first Paleozoic mountain building event ( Taconic orogeny ) in North America. The once quiet, Appalachian passive margin changed to a very active plate boundary when a neighboring oceanic plate, the Iapetus , collided with and began sinking beneath the North American craton . With the birth of this new subduction zone, the early Appalachians were born. [18]
Along the continental margin, volcanoes grew, coincident with the initiation of subduction. Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. [18]
Animation of Pangea breaking up
This was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians. Mountain building continued periodically throughout the next 250 million years ( Caledonian , Acadian , Ouachita , Hercynian , and Alleghenian orogenies). The Pangean supercontinent began to take shape. Microplates , smaller bits of crust too small to be called continents, were swept in, one by one, to be welded to the growing mass. [18]
By about 300 million years ago ( Pennsylvanian Period) Africa was approaching North American craton. The collisional belt spread into the Ozark - Ouachita region and through the Marathon Mountains of Texas. Continent vs. continent collision raised the Appalachian-Ouachita chain to lofty, Himalayan -scale ranges. The massive bulk of Pangea was completed near the end of the Paleozoic Era ( Permian Period) when Africa ( Gondwana ) plowed into the continental agglomeration, with the Appalachian-Ouachita mountains near the core. [18] From about 280-230 million years ago, (Late Paleozoic Era until the Late Triassic ) the continent we now know as North America was continuous with Africa, South America, and Europe. [20]
During the Late Triassic , Pangea began to be torn apart when a three-pronged fissure grew between Africa, South America, and North America. Rifting began as magma welled up through the weakness in the crust, creating a volcanic rift zone. Volcanic eruptions spewed ash and volcanic debris across the landscape as these severed continent-sized fragments of Pangea diverged. [20] The gash between the spreading continents gradually grew to form a new ocean basin, the Atlantic . The rift zone known as the mid-Atlantic ridge continued to provide the raw volcanic materials for the expanding ocean basin. [20]
North America was slowly pulled westward away from the rift zone. The thick continental crust that made up the new east coast collapsed into a series of down-dropped fault blocks that roughly parallel today's coastline. At first, the hot, faulted edge of the continent was high and buoyant relative to the new ocean basin. As the edge of North America moved away from the hot rift zone, it began to cool and subside beneath the new Atlantic Ocean. This once-active divergent plate boundary became the passive, trailing edge of westward moving North America. In plate tectonic terms, the Atlantic Plain is known as a classic example of a passive continental margin . [20]
During the rifting, South America tore away from North America and headed southward. The ocean flooded into the opening between the two continents, forming the Gulf of Mexico . A record of this rifting event remains as an indelible mark on the landscape called Mississippi Embayment . It is this embayment that ripped the dramatic gap between the southern Appalachians and the Ouachita-Ozark Highlands. [19]
Weathering and erosion prevailed, and the mountains began to wear away. [18] By the end of the Mesozoic Era, the Appalachian-Ouachita Mountains had been eroded to an almost flat plain. Sediments eroded from these highlands were carried east and southward by streams and gradually covered the faulted continental margin, burying it under a wedge, thousands of feet thick, of layered sedimentary and volcanic debris. [20] Today most Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rock layers that lie beneath much of the coastal plain and fringing continental shelf remain nearly horizontal or tilt gently toward the sea. [20]
During the Cenozoic, the geology of the different regions diverged. The Appalachians started to uplift, while the Ouachita and Ozarks did not. The uplift rejuvenated the streams, which rapidly responded by cutting downward into the ancient bedrock. Some streams flowed along weak layers that define the folds and faults created many millions of years earlier. Other streams downcut so rapidly that they cut right across the resistant folded rocks of the mountain core, carving canyons across rock layers and geologic structures. [18]
Denali is the highest mountain in North America.
Most of Alaska consists of terranes accreted by collisions with island arcs carried in over the last 160 million years. [21] These terranes were caused by the subduction of the Farallon , Kula , and Pacific plates sequentially. [21] Currently, the Pacific plate is subducting beneath Alaska, producing the Aleutian Arc series of volcanoes through the Alaskan Peninsula and Aleutian Islands . [21]
One of the sutures left by terrane addition is the Denali Fault , which curves through south-central Alaska. [21] The Denali Fault bends just north of Denali . The combination of the subduction of the Pacific plate and the bend in the Denali Fault causes Denali to be the highest mountain in North America. [22]
Fissure eruption of Kīlauea in 2018
The State of Hawaii consists of a chain of islands, or archipelago. The archipelago developed as the Pacific plate moved slowly northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island ( Hawaiʻi ) is volcanically active whereas the islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion . The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods. [23] From this study and others, [24] [25] it is estimated that the northwesternmost island, the Kure Atoll , is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while Hawaiʻi, is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on Hawaiʻi and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Loʻihi).
Almost all of the magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt , and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase . Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as the andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin.
Cascades Volcanic Province . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Cascades volcanic province . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved May 13, 2013.
Columbia Plateau Province . United States Geological Survey Geology in the Parks. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
Henry, C.; Aranda-Gomez, J. (1992). "The real southern Basin and Range: Mid- to late Cenozoic extension in Mexico". Geology. 20 (8): 701–704. Bibcode : 1992Geo....20..701H . doi : 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0701:trsbar>2.3.co;2 .
Reynolds, D.; Christensen, J. (2001). Nevada. Portland, Oregon: Graphic Arts Center.
Leighty, Robert D. (2001). "Colorado Plateau Physiographic Province" . Contract Report. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DOD) Information Sciences Office. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (5th ed.). Wiley. p. 395. ISBN
.
Colorado Plateau Province . United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
Rocky Mountains . United States Geological Survey Geology in the Parks. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
Gadd, Ben (2008). Canadian Rockies Geology Road Tours. Corax Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN
Pierce, K. L. (1979). History and dynamics of glaciation in the northern Yellowstone National Park area. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey. pp. 1–90. Professional Paper 729-F.
Blakey, Ron. "Paleogeography and Geologic Evolution of North America" . Global Plate Tectonics and Paleogeography. Northern Arizona University. Archived from the original on June 21, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2008.
Clague, DA; Dalrymple, GB (1989). "Tectonics, geochronology, and origin of the Hawaiian-Emperor Volcanic Chain" (PDF). The Geology of North America, Volume N: The Eastern Pacific Ocean and Hawaii. The Geology Society of America. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2011. Retrieved January 17, 2011.
| 749 |
87 | resources of the west region of the united states | https://www.sciencing.com/list-of-valuable-natural-resources-in-the-western-united-states-13661890/ | List Of Valuable Natural Resources In The Western United States
Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images
Natural resources (naturally occurring products that humans use) range from the renewable to the rare and limited, and have the power to make a region rich. While the Midwest is known for its farmland and the south boasts large oil reserves, the western United States has a number of natural resources that make it one of the most valuable regions in North America.
Agricultural Land
Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images
Since Americans took over the West in the early 19th century, the western United States has been one of the staple areas of farmland in the country. In California alone, there are 25,364,695 acres of farmland as of 2007. Farms proliferate in the West, and particularly along the coast, thanks to nutrient-rich soil and a variety of elevations and climates. While much of the farmland is dedicated to growing corn and other cash crops, the West also boasts a number of large cattle ranches.
Oil
Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Oil is currently one of the most precious resources on Earth. Used to power many of the power plants in the United States and to fuel most of the cars, oil is also used in a number of petrochemical applications, such as plastic production, clothing manufacturing and even as an ingredient in some medicines. Unfortunately, oil supplies are nonrenewable and have been aggressively exploited rather than conserved over the last 100 years, making the world's remaining supplies of oil extremely valuable. California, Oregon and Washington are all producers of oil, and scientists predict that they have only begun to tap into the potential oil in the ground and off shore near the continental shelf. The Minerals Management Service (MMS) for the Pacific OCS Region found, in their assessment of the area's potential for oil discovery, that, "Nearly 11 billion barrels of undiscovered oil and 19 trillion cubic feet of undiscovered gas in the region may be recoverable using existing technology."
Alternative Energy
Tom Brakefield/Stockbyte/Getty Images
As much as the western United States may be one of the last great oil strikes, the diversity of climates and ecospheres in the area make it one of the leading areas of potential for renewable alternative energy in the country. Large deserts in the southwestern United States are perfect for solar energy plants and coastal winds make ideal conditions for the installation of wind farms near the continental shelf.
References
APA
Chicago
Recommended
| 750 |
87 | resources of the west region of the united states | http://westregion.weebly.com/natural-resources.html | Natural Resources
Soils, natural gases, oil, lumber, metal, gems and vegetation of all kinds help the west region states in so many ways. Economy, civilians and the rest of America are helped and expanded from the natural resources the west region has to offer. The potatoes of Idaho, the gold of Alaska and California and much more are a big part of today's economy, tourism and history.
Hawaii is full of tropical fruits of all varieties. It's state fruit is the pineapple and it is also known for producing sugarcane, macadamia nuts, mangoes, and coconuts. Hawaii is also known for having limestone and pumice as natural resources, too.
Alaska holds masses and masses of zinc in the heart of Red Dog Mine. They are the biggest zinc producers in the world. They also have many great fisheries in the coast, too. They produce $1,000,000 worth of fish a year. Their best selling and most common fish is the salmon, and the halibut is a close second. Alaska is also known for their gold in Klondike. At least 300 ounces of gold are produced from the remains of the Klondike Gold Rush. Besides the zinc, fish and gold, Alaska is also the proud producer of huge deposits of oil and natural gases in Prudhoe Bay.
California is an enormous state full of many natural resources that help the entire economy. The main resources are gold leftover from the California Gold Rush and oil found in the Pacific Ocean.
Colorado is another producer of gold leftover from the Colorado Gold Rush. It also produces natural gases and oils.
Idaho is the prized producer for potatoes, but also markets timber and gems such as phosphate and perlite.
Nevada is chalked full of gems and metal. They run on multiple types of natural energies like solar panels and natural gases as well. They also have a few deposits of silver, gold and tungsten. Nevada has a little bit of limestone, gypsum, salt, lithium and small bits of clay for pottery markets in Nevada as well.
Washington is famously known for it's tremendous fish markets, but there is more to the natural resources of Washington than salmon and trout. They also have tin, silver, gold and diatomite. Close behind the fish of Washington, timber also helps the economy very much. Fish and timber effect Washington most, but the others are just as important.
Oregon also contributes to the economy in the West Region with pumice, diatomite and nickel. Though, the most effective resource is timber. Oregon is also a hot spot in farming and agriculture.
Like many big states in the West Region, Montana has many deposits of gold leftover from a huge gold rush. Powerful streams of water also provides 1/3 of the electricity in Montana. There is also a variety of metals and gems found there, as well.
Utah is the second biggest producer of copper. The state is full of serious miners that discover all types of metal. 70% of their economy is from livestock and agriculture, too.
Wyoming has many different metallic resources including gold and uranium, sodium carbon and clay are natural resources as well. Wyoming also has plenty of livestock which is one of the main sources, apart from fresh water.
| 751 |
88 | helen reddy ain't no way to treat a lady | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain't_No_Way_to_Treat_a_Lady | Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady
Song covered by Helen Reddy in 1975
For the Q5 song also covered by Great White, see Q5 (band) .
"Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady"
Writing and early versions
The Los Angeles Times on feminism in Harriet Schock's lyrics
"Schock [in her oeuvre] offers a sort of applied feminism [via] lyrics which [without] rhetoric...cut to the heart of contemporary fears & uncertainties. She deals primarily in the area of love relationships...with a gratifying openness, vulnerability & integrity." [1]
An apparent farewell to a self-absorbed lover, "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" was written by Harriet Schock , who recalled writing the song while in the process of "leaving someone for... one of the last times I left him for the last time". The song's title and first verse lyrics occurred to Schock while she was flying home from a Las Vegas vacation and she jotted them down on a napkin. The lyrics and melody were ultimately completed at Schock's Los Angeles home. [2] [3]
Schock included the song on her 1974 album Hollywood Town, and it was issued as a single in the summer of 1974. Schock recalled that a music director of a key Top 40 station in Los Angeles indicated that he would playlist the track if it had a more uptempo arrangement. A customized remix of the track was sent on a Friday to both the Los Angeles station and a San Francisco station, both of which purportedly aired the track on Monday. However, according to Schock, on Sunday the music director in Los Angeles had a fight with the station's director and left his job, and any interest that station - and also the one in San Francisco - had in Schock's single evidently departed with him. [4]
"Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" also had a single release - concurrent with that of Schock's version - as recorded by the studio group LAX, and was recorded by Vikki Carr for her 1974 album One Hell of a Woman.
Helen Reddy version
Helen Reddy recorded "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" for her August 1975 Capitol Records album No Way to Treat a Lady . According to Schock, Reddy had heard the composer's version either as inflight music or on the radio. [5] [2] Although the choice for advance single release (in mid-June) from No Way to Treat a Lady went to the Leon Russell composition "Bluebird" - which would swiftly ascend into the Top 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 - Capitol Records were moved to rush release a single release of "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" parallel with the release of its parent album, leaving "Bluebird" to stall at No.35, becoming the least successful lead single from a Helen Reddy album since "No Sad Song", from Reddy's second album Helen Reddy , which hit No.62 in 1972.
"Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" afforded Reddy a sixth and final top ten hit on Billboard's Hot 100 and - on 4 October 1975 - became the seventh of her eight singles to reach No.1 on the magazine's Easy Listening chart. On the Canadian hit parade as ranked by RPM , "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" rose to No.2, making it Reddy's highest charting Canadian hit after " I am Woman " and " Delta Dawn ", both of which reached the No.1 position on the RPM chart. ("Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" was kept from first by " Third Rate Romance " by the Amazing Rhythm Aces and then by " I'm Sorry " by John Denver ). [6] "Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" was also a hit (No.12) in New Zealand, and became Reddy's final chart item in her native Australia at No.94.
Chart performance
2
2
8
5
62
21
89
Later releases
"Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady" as performed live at the London Palladium in May 1978 may be heard on the 1978 Helen Reddy concert album release Live in London , the song being one of eleven performed as a medley .
In 2005, Raven Records Australia reissued the song as a two-fer with " One Way Ticket " included as a bonus track.
Other versions
See also
^ Los Angeles Times 24 Marcy 1977 "Harriet Schock - Feminist With a Song in Her Heart" by Richard Cromelin p.IV-22
^ RPM 18 October 18, 1975 p.33
"AMG" . Archived from the original on 22 January 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
External links
"Take What You Find"
"Don't Tell Me Tonight"
Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady
| 752 |
88 | helen reddy ain't no way to treat a lady | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Reddy_discography | Helen Reddy discography
1
Australian-American singer Helen Reddy (1941–2020), often referred to as the "Queen of 70s Pop", [1] recorded 18 studio albums, seven of which have achieved sales of 500,000 units in the US for which they were awarded Gold certification by the Recording Industry Association of America . [2] One of those seven, I Am Woman , eventually went Platinum by reaching sales of one million copies, and her first compilation album , Helen Reddy's Greatest Hits , was awarded Double Platinum status in 1992 for hitting the two million sales mark. [3] The respective US and Canadian album charts in Billboard [2] and RPM [4] magazine each had appearances by 10 of these LPs during the 1970s.
Reddy's singles had the most success on what was then Billboard's Easy Listening chart (later known as Adult Contemporary), where eight of her 24 entries reached number one. [5] Of those 24, 20 also made the Billboard Hot 100 , with six of those hitting the top 10, including three (" I Am Woman ", " Delta Dawn ", and " Angie Baby ") that reached number one. [6] Of those 20 Hot 100 entries, 19 were also Canadian pop hits in RPM, [7] and four of them – the three number ones and her number three hit " Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress) " – earned Gold certification from the RIAA for the sales of one million copies that was the requirement for singles at that time. [3]
Capitol years (1971–1980)
Capitol Records executive Artie Mogull sensed that a hit record could be made with the song " I Don't Know How to Love Him " from the 1970 musical Jesus Christ Superstar , and since Reddy's then-husband/manager, Jeff Wald, was tenacious in contacting him about getting Reddy her first recording session in the United States, he decided to give Reddy her big break. [8] The success of the single led to a 1971 album of the same name and a 10-year stay with the label. That album included her first recording of "I Am Woman", which was only released as a single after being rerecorded for the 1972 film Stand Up and Be Counted. [9] The new recording became the first of her three songs to reach number one on the Hot 100 in addition to providing the title of her third album . It also reached number two Adult Contemporary in the US, as did its follow-up, " Peaceful ", [5] which got as high as number 12 pop . [6]
The five consecutive studio LPs that Reddy recorded between 1973 and 1976 all achieved Gold certification and peaked in the top 20 slots on the album charts in both the US and Canada. The two singles from the first of those five, Long Hard Climb , both had impressive chart runs and achieved their own Gold certification a few months after release in the US. [3] In addition to topping the US pop chart, the first of the two, "Delta Dawn", also made it to number one Adult Contemporary there, and the second, "Leave Me Alone (Ruby Red Dress)", echoed that showing on the latter chart [5] and got as high as number three on the Hot 100. [6] Her first 1974 album, Love Song for Jeffrey , also had two AC number ones, [5] " Keep on Singing " and " You and Me Against the World ", that respectively peaked at 15 and 9 on the pop chart. [6] Another two AC number ones came from her second 1974 release, Free and Easy . [5] The first, " Angie Baby ", also went to number one pop and achieved Gold certification, while the second, " Emotion ", only reached number 22 on the Hot 100. [6]
"Bluebird" was the lead single from her 1975 studio LP No Way to Treat a Lady and only peaked at number 5 Adult Contemporary [5] and number 35 pop, [6] but her next two singles from that album had better showings. " Ain't No Way to Treat a Lady " was yet another AC number one [5] and made it to number eight on the Hot 100, [6] and " Somewhere in the Night "
also did well (numbers two AC [5] and 19 pop [6] ). Her last Gold album, 1976's Music, Music , included the last of her Adult Contemporary number ones, " I Can't Hear You No More ", [5] which had a lower pop chart showing than the previous two, at number 29. [6] That album's second and final single, "Gladiola", was a number 10 AC hit [5] but also became her first domestic single that failed to reach the Hot 100. [6]
Her 1977 album Ear Candy not only ended her hot streak as it stalled at number 75 on Billboard's ranking of the top 200 albums; it also became her last to appear there at all. [2] The first song released from it as a single, " You're My World ", became her last Hot 100 entry to make the top 40 and her last Adult Contemporary hit to make the top 10. Her final projects with the label included a concert album ( Live in London ) and studio efforts flavored by disco ( Reddy ) and rock ( Take What You Find ).[ citation needed ]
Post-Capitol years (1981–2020)
Reddy switched to MCA Records in 1981 and recorded Play Me Out , which yielded "I Can't Say Goodbye to You", her last song to reach either of Billboard's pop [6] or Adult Contemporary [5] charts. When her 1983 follow-up LP Imagination failed to get any attention, she received a letter from MCA notifying her that she was being dropped from the label. [10]
In 1990 Reddy recorded jazz interpretations of several of her hit songs along with new material for Feel So Young , a project she initially released herself that was later repackaged and retitled by other independent labels. 1998's Center Stage was her interpretation of some of her favorite songs from musicals, and her most recent studio effort was the holiday release The Best Christmas Ever in 2000.[ citation needed ]
Label: Capitol (ST-762)
Label: Capitol (ST-857)
Label: Capitol (ST-11068)
Label: Capitol (ST-11213)
Label: Capitol (SO-11284)
Label: Select Media Concepts (CD-1006)
"—" denotes a title that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Live albums
Released: 1984
Released: 1989
Notes: songs from Play Me Out and Imagination (1981 & 1983)
Love Songs
Released: 1997
Released: 2006
Label: Collectors' Choice (CCM 2014)
"—" denotes a title that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
Singles
[ edit ]
Title
Year
1976
36
29
[A]
1 —
65—
57—
14—
"Ready or Not"
43
1981
16
43
88
42
1983
Imagination
"Imagination"
" Voices That Care " (as part of the collective Voices That Care)
1991
11
6
Center Stage
"—" denotes a title that did not chart or was not released in that territory.
A The B-side , "Music Is My Life", was eventually listed on the Hot 100 alongside "I Can't Hear You No More" [6] as a "tag along" to indicate that some radio stations were opting to play the flip side of the original hit that charted. [27]
B On "You're My World" producer Kim Fowley 's website is a note that the song "was number one (#1) in Mexico (Billboard) in 1977," [28] but in the 17 nonconsecutive weekly appearances that the song made during its chart run on Billboard's "Hits of the World" list of the top 10 songs in Mexico in the issues dated between 15 October 1977, and 8 April 1978, the highest position that the song achieved was number four. [21]
Music videos
"Helen Reddy's Awards Multiply" (PDF). Cash Box . 10 July 1976. p. 10. Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via World Radio History.
"Discography Helen Reddy" . Australian-charts.com at Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
"Helen Reddy" . The Irish Charts. irma.ie. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
"Dutch Charts > Helen Reddy" (in Dutch). dutchcharts.nl Hung Medien. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
"Discography Helen Reddy" . charts.nz at Hung Medien. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
^ Billboard magazine published the top 10 songs from these charts, but "Delta Dawn" peaked there at number 13.
"Kim Fowley at a Glance" . Kim Fowley - Official Site. Kim Fowley.net. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
"Take What You Find"
"Don't Tell Me Tonight"
Helen Reddy discography
| 753 |
88 | helen reddy ain't no way to treat a lady | https://songmeanings.com/songs/view/3530822107858814098/ | Ain't No Way To Treat A Lady Lyrics
I guess it was yourself you were involved withI would've sworn it was meI might've found out soonerIf you'd only let me close enough to see
That ain't no way to treat a ladyNo way to treat your baby, your woman, your friendThat ain't no way to treat a lady, no wayBut maybe it's a way for us to end.
I was only bein' a pictureWith all the colors I knowWhile you were busy lookin' intoWide blue mirrors and lovin' the show
(Chorus)
There's a funny kind of consolationKeepin' me saneAnd I'd really like to share itCrawl on deep in my brainAnd see the times you never felt meLovin' you, or needin' youSo leavin' you nowYou still won't know howTo feel the pain
I was lookin' out for my happinessWhile you were lookin' withinAnd before you knew your own reflectionAlways starts to tire youIt had happened again
(Chorus)
Image
Comment
More Helen Reddy
Questions and Answers
Ask specific questions and get answers to unlock more indepth meanings & facts.
1 Meaning
Add your song meanings, interpretations, facts, memories & more to the community.
Sort by
by delia17601
4y ago
The writer of this song just exudes sadness at the end of a relationship.
The writer of this song just exudes sadness at the end of a relationship.
Reason:
Edit
Cancel
+1
Users:
1,301,655 Lyrics
143,459 Artists
2,033,907 Comments
Non-lyrical content copyright 1999-2025 SongMeanings
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
| 754 |
88 | helen reddy ain't no way to treat a lady | https://www.last.fm/music/Helen+Reddy/+albums | Albums with the most listeners in the last 7 days.
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
All Albums
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Play album
Trending Tracks
Connect your Spotify account to your Last.fm account and scrobble everything you listen to, from any Spotify app on any device or platform.
| 755 |
88 | helen reddy ain't no way to treat a lady | https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/helenreddy/aintnowaytotreatalady.html | I guess it was yourself you were involved with
I would have sworn it was me
I might have found out sooner
If you'd only let me close enough to see
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
To treat your baby, your woman, your friend
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
But maybe it's a way for us to end
I was only being a picture
With all the colors I know
While you were busy looking
Into wide blue mirrors and loving the show
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
To treat your baby, your woman, your friend
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
But maybe it's a way for us to end
There's a funny kind of consolation keeping me sane
And I'd really like to share it, crawl on deep in my brain
You see the time you never felt me loving you or needing you
So leaving you now, you still won't know how to feel the pain
I was looking out for my happiness
While you were looking within
And before you know your own reflection
Always starts to tire you and it's happened again
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
To treat your baby, your woman, your friend
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
But maybe it's a way for us to end
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
To treat your baby, your woman, your friend
That ain't no way to treat a lady, no way
But maybe it's a way for us to end
Search
| 756 |
89 | when did the movie varsity blues come out | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Blues_(film) | Varsity Blues (film)
Varsity Blues
Running time
106 minutes
Varsity Blues is a 1999 American coming-of-age sports comedy-drama film directed by Brian Robbins that follows a small-town high school football team through a tumultuous season, in which the players must deal with the pressures of adolescence and their football-obsessed community while having their overbearing coach constantly on their back. In the small fictional town of West Canaan, Texas , football is a way of life and losing is not an option. The film drew a domestic box office gross of $52 million against its estimated $16 million budget despite mixed critical reviews. [1] The film has since gone on to become a cult film .
In the small town of West Canaan, Texas, Jonathan "Mox" Moxon is an academically gifted backup quarterback for the 1A high school Varsity football team, the West Canaan Coyotes. Despite his relative popularity at school, easy friendships with other players, and relationship with girlfriend Jules Harbor, Mox is dissatisfied with his life. Wanting to leave Texas and attend Brown University , he constantly clashes with his football-obsessed father Sam, and dreads playing under legendary coach Bud Kilmer, a verbally abusive, controlling authority who believes in winning at all costs.
Kilmer's philosophy finally takes its toll when he pushes the Coyotes' star quarterback Lance Harbor, Mox's best friend and Jules' older brother, into taking painkilling shots into an injured knee. This leads to Lance injuring the knee further during a game, partly because Kilmer had forced offensive lineman Billy Bob to continue playing despite a concussion. At the hospital, the doctors, appalled at the massive amount of scar tissue found under his knee, explain that recovery will take at least a year and a half, costing Lance his football scholarship to Florida State .
Mox, who has accompanied Lance, is shocked when Kilmer denies his role in Lance's injury, when in fact he ordered the trainer to provide the painkillers. Needing a new quarterback, Kilmer reluctantly names Mox to replace Lance as team captain and starting quarterback, which brings unexpected dividends for Mox. Wanting to marry someone leaving West Canaan in order to escape small-town life, Darcy Sears, Lance's cheerleader girlfriend, shows sexual interest in Mox and even attempts to seduce him with a whipped cream " bikini " over her otherwise naked body, but he gently rebuffs her, telling her that she can independently escape West Canaan.
Disgusted with Kilmer and not strongly needing to win, Mox starts calling his own plays on the field without Kilmer's approval and also organizes an all night drinking party with his close friends on the team at a local strip club the night before a game. Fed up with the pressure from Sam, Mox chides him. Sam had been a football player at West Canaan, and although Kilmer dismissed him for lacking talent and courage, Sam still respected and obeyed him. When Kilmer discovers that Mox has won a full academic scholarship to Brown, he threatens to alter Mox's transcripts to endanger his scholarship unless he falls in line.
Kilmer's disregard for players continues, resulting in Billy Bob's dramatic mental collapse. When star running back Wendell Brown, another friend of Mox's, is injured in the district title game, Kilmer persuades him to take a shot of cortisone to deaden the pain in his knee, allowing Wendell to continue at risk of more serious, and perhaps even permanent, injury. Desperate to be recruited by a good college, Wendell almost consents when Mox intervenes and tells Kilmer he will quit if the procedure continues. Undaunted, Kilmer orders wide receiver Charlie Tweeder, a friend of both Mox and Wendell, to replace Mox, but Tweeder refuses. Mox tells Kilmer that the team will only return to the field without him.
Realizing that he will be forced to forfeit the game, an angered Kilmer physically assaults Mox, but the other players intercede and then refuse to take to the field. Knowing his outburst has cost him his credibility, Kilmer tries unsuccessfully to rally support and spark the team's spirit into trusting him, but none of the players follow him out of the locker room. Kilmer continues down the hall, and seeing no one following him, then turns in the other direction and into his office. Using a five-receiver offense in the second half, the Coyotes proceed to win the game and the district championship without Kilmer's guidance, thanks largely to Lance calling the plays from the sideline, and Billy Bob scoring the game-winning touchdown on a hook-and-ladder play .
In a voice-over epilogue , Mox recounts several characters' aftermaths: Kilmer left town and never coached again, but his statue still remained due to its weight; after the game, Tweeder drank beer and Billy Bob cried in celebration; Lance became a successful football coach, Wendell received a football scholarship to Grambling State University , and Mox went on to attend Brown on an academic scholarship.
James Van Der Beek as Jonathan "Mox" Moxon, an academically successful, yet rebellious backup quarterback.
Jon Voight as Coach Bud Kilmer, the Coyotes' tyrannical 30-year head coach.
Paul Walker as Lance Harbor, the original captain and starting quarterback of the Coyotes and Mox's best friend.
Amy Smart as Julie "Jules" Harbor, Mox's girlfriend and Lance's younger sister.
Ron Lester as Billy Bob, an overweight but powerful offensive guard.
Eliel Swinton as Wendell Brown, the star running back and one of only three African American players on the Coyotes.
Ali Larter as Darcy Sears, Lance's girlfriend, captain of the cheerleading squad.
Thomas F. Duffy as Sam Moxon, Mox's football-obsessed father.
Richard Lineback as Joe Harbor, Lance and Jules’ father.
Jill Parker Jones as Mo Moxon, Mox's mother.
Tiffany C. Love as Collette Harbor, Lance and Jules’ mother.
Joe Pichler as Kyle Moxon, Mox's younger brother who is into religions rather than football, stemming from an injury from football.
Jesse Plemons as Tommy Harbor, Lance and Julie's younger brother and Kyle's best friend.
Tonie Perensky as Miss Davis, the Health teacher at West Canaan High School who moonlights as a stripper at the local strip club The Landing Strip.
Varsity Blues opened at #1 at the North American box office making US$ 17.5 million in its opening weekend. [2] Though it had a 39.6% decline in earnings, it was still enough to keep it at the top spot for another week. [3]
On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 45% approval rating based on reviews from 58 critics, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's consensus states, "This is a predictable football movie that lacks intensity." [4] On Metacritic , it has a score of 50 out of 100 based on reviews from 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". [5] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average rating of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. [6]
Roger Ebert noted in his Chicago Sun-Times review that, "Scenes work, but they don't pile up and build momentum." [7] ReelViews online film critic James Berardinelli 's summary was that although it "takes a worthwhile detour or two, it ultimately finds its way back to the well-worn track of its genre." [8] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly also gave a positive review, remarking that while the film "has its shallow gags and cliché characters…it also creates a vivid portrait of a small-town community in the grip of an obsession". [9]
Varsity Blues: Music From And Inspired By The Motion Picture
Hollywood Records released the soundtrack on January 12, 1999. [10]
Other media
The film was later parodied in the 2001 film Not Another Teen Movie . Ron Lester reprised his role of Billy Bob by playing a nearly identical character named Reggie Ray, while Ali Larter's whipped cream bikini scene was parodied. [14] Lartner liked the "shock value" of the scene which was her first during the film's production in her first movie role. [15] The film was also quoted in the 2004 film Mean Girls as being Regina George's favorite movie.[ citation needed ]
In January 2002, Nelvana and MTV announced that they would co-produce a television series based on the film. Screenwriter Peter Iliff and producer Tova Leiter signed on to produce the series. The cast included Sean Dwyer as Stick and Charlie Talbert as Billy Bob, [16] but the project was ultimately scrapped.
The professional wrestler Jon Moxley is named after the character Jonathon "Mox" Moxon from the film.
In December 2024, Van Der Beek announced the sale of autographed jerseys to support his colorectal cancer treatments while celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the film's release. [17]
See also
Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Varsity Blues" . AllMusic . Retrieved June 26, 2024.
External links
Varsity Blues (film)
| 761 |
89 | when did the movie varsity blues come out | https://atxgossip.com/movies-made-in-austin-varsity-blues-filming-locations/ | July 18, 2023 |
By Dani Dudek
There are so many amazing movies that were made in Austin, Texas! We already featured Bandslam, Miss Congeniality and Dazed and Confused . Now, we’re moving on to the 1999 classic Varsity Blues!
Filmed in 1998, the film was fictionally set in West Canaan, Texas but actually shot in Coupland and Elgin, with two memorable scenes filmed in Austin proper.
The film features James Van Der Beek, who was starring in Dawson’s Creek at the time, Scott Caan, son of James Caan, Paul Walker, in his first significant role (RIP), and Ron Lester, who apparently irked the Beek’s agents because he was stealing the film (also RIP). In case you live under a rock and aren’t familiar with this film, it revolves around the world of Texas high school football. Enough said.
Let’s talk Varsity Blues filming locations.
West Canaan High School scenes were actually filmed at the Elgin Independent School District (located at 1002 West 2nd Street, Elgin). In this street view shot you can clearly see the water tower that’s also visible in the film.
Downtown West Canaan, where Tweeder pulls up in a cop car full of naked sophomores, is downtown Elgin.
The Coyote Stadium where football games took place was a football field in Georgetown that has since been demolished. It was located at East Morrow Street and Stadium Drive, Georgetown.
The houses of Lance Harbor and Jonathan Moxon are located in Coupland.
Mox’s house: 380 North Broad Street, Coupland
Lance’s house: 102 North Broad Street, Coupland
You can also drive over the bridge the boys drive over on their way to school. It’s located on County Road 456 in Coupland.
Jules works at Austin’s Top Notch drive in, most well known from being featured in Dazed and Confused. It’s located at 7525 Burnet Road, Austin.
But the most memorable scene took place at Austin’s famed gentleman’s club, The Landing Strip, located at 745 US 183, Austin.
Here are a few fun facts we learned about the film while doing our Varsity Blues filming locations research:
Chris Klein was up for the role of Mox. We didn’t think it was possible for anyone to have a worse accent than James “I don’t want your life” Van Der Beek but after watching Chris Klein in Netflix’s Sweet Magnolias , it is in fact possible.
According to a VH1 interview with Lester, Van Der Beek’s arm wasn’t exactly up to snuff. So a University of Texas quarterback was enlisted as a stand-in. No one is listed in the credits but at the time, Major Applewhite was the Longhorns’ starter.
When Lance knocks the can off his dad’s head with a perfect spiral (and Mox break’s his daddy’s nose), the can is fittingly an old can of Lonestar.
Blink and you’ll miss him but the kid in that scene calling Mox a chicken is a young Jesse Plemons.
The guys who play the announcers at the Coyote games were real Central Texas area football announcers. In all of their scenes, they are both sporting Justin Boot Company hats.
Recent Posts
Please leave this field empty.
Discover more from Spill the ATX Gossip
Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive.
Type your email…
| 762 |
89 | when did the movie varsity blues come out | https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/varsity_blues | Signed in
Please open the email link from the same browser you initiated the change email process from.
Didn't you get the email?
Resend email
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Please sign in again.
Terms and Policies
Fandango Media Brands
Continue with Google
Continue with Email
Continue
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies ,
and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes and to receive email from the Fandango Media Brands .
First name (Required)
Last name (Required)
Create my account
By creating an account, you agree to the Privacy Policy and the
Terms and Policies , and to receive email from Rotten Tomatoes.
LEARN MORE
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
No thanks
By clicking "Sign Me Up," you are agreeing to receive occasional emails and communications from Fandango Media (Fandango, Vudu, and Rotten Tomatoes) and consenting to Fandango's Privacy Policy and Terms and Policies .
Please allow 10 business days for your account to reflect your preferences.
Let's keep in touch!
Sign up for the Rotten Tomatoes newsletter to get weekly updates on:
Upcoming Movies and TV shows
Rotten Tomatoes Podcast
Media News + More
Sign me up
--
100,000+ Ratings
In West Canaan, Texas, high school football reigns supreme. When starting quarterback Lance Harbor (Paul Walker) turns up injured, the Coyotes' ruthless coach, Bud Kilmer (Jon Voight), must promote benchwarmer Jonathon "Mox" Moxon (James Van Der Beek) to lead the team in its quest for a divisional title. Suddenly thrown into the spotlight, Mox must deal with the pressure of carrying the aspirations of an entire town on his shoulders, as he struggles to pursue his own very different dreams.
Watch on Fandango at Home
Buy Now
Paramount+
Watch Varsity Blues with a subscription on Paramount+, rent on Fandango at Home, or buy on Fandango at Home.
Varsity Blues
Rated: 3.5/5
FlickDirect
Varsity Blues is a fun, teen movie but that is about it.
Rated: 3.5/5
Elements of Madness
Now, 25 years later, even when realizing that maybe the heroes of this story shouldn’t have their faults laughed off so much (Tweeder really should be in jail), there’s still a lot of good left.
Jan 8, 2024
Rated: 3/5
audience reviews
Dave G
Nothing groundbreaking here, a bit of fun from the late 90's. It's an above average teen football flick with enough to keep you engaged. Well shot and some memorable scenes. This movie caught me at the right time all those years ago and remains one of my sentimental faves, even if it isn't more than average for most.
Rated 3.5/5 Stars •
02/17/25
Full Review
J W
This movie was already shitty but it totally lost me when Scott Caan said "All women are panty droppers" and "You just gotta give them a couple Vicodin, a Percocet and a couple beers and they'll drop their panties". I've never heard anything more disgusting and weird from a major movie. I wouldn't be surprised if this instigated drugging, getting girls drunk and raping them on college campuses.
Rated 1/5 Stars •
01/23/25
Full Review
Matt D
Great movie, better on rewatch. It was ok back in the day because we were flooded with HS Movies, but I watched it again recently and it’s gotten better with age. Actors like Scott Caan and JVB make it even better
Rated 4/5 Stars •
07/15/24
Full Review
Austin M
Overall it's a great football movie that captures the essence of highschool football is like a holiday for a small town and what life is like in highschool. Certain characters can be overbearing to watch at some points and the comedy doesn't hit at some points. But the biggest positive out of this movie is that it has a lot of heart.
Rated 4/5 Stars •
06/14/24
Full Review
Nathan W
Not the most well acted film but not bad either. It had a good a good story, was well directed and had a lot of heart, all of which made for an enjoyable viewing experience.
Rated 4/5 Stars •
04/21/24
Full Review
Jeff C
Such a trash movie...20 minutes into it I already hated Vanderbeek and Voight...characters were so formulaic and they didn't even try to be more. Crazy awful movie!
Rated 0.5/5 Stars •
01/08/24
2:12
2:11
1:42
2:12
2:03
2:04
2:13
2:10
1:55
Mean Machine
View More
Synopsis
In West Canaan, Texas, high school football reigns supreme. When starting quarterback Lance Harbor (Paul Walker) turns up injured, the Coyotes' ruthless coach, Bud Kilmer (Jon Voight), must promote benchwarmer Jonathon "Mox" Moxon (James Van Der Beek) to lead the team in its quest for a divisional title. Suddenly thrown into the spotlight, Mox must deal with the pressure of carrying the aspirations of an entire town on his shoulders, as he struggles to pursue his own very different dreams.
Director
- -
Join the Newsletter
Get the freshest reviews, news, and more delivered right to your inbox!
| 763 |
89 | when did the movie varsity blues come out | http://www.thennowmovielocations.com/2014/05/varsity-blues.html | Filming locations include Austin, Coupland, Elgin and Georgetown, TX.
Sears - 900 N. Austin Ave. Georgetown, Tx. 78626
Jonathon Moxon's house - 380 N. Broad St. Coupland, Tx. 78615
Lance Harbor's house - 102 N. Broad St. Coupland, Tx. 78615
Bridge - CR 456 Coupland, Tx. 78615
West Canaan Main St. - N. Main St. and W. 2nd St. Elgin, Tx. 78621
West Canaan High School - 1002 W. 2nd St. Elgin, Tx. 78621 (Elgin Independent School District)
Top Notch Hamburgers - 7525 Burnet Rd. Austin, Tx. 78757 http://topnotchaustin.com/
The Landing Strip - 745 US 183 Austin, Tx. 78741 http://www.austinlandingstrip.com/
Coyote Stadium - E. Morrow St. and Stadium Dr. Georgetown, Tx. 78626 NOTE: The stadium was demolished in 2010.
".....yeah!"
Some of these locations are functioning businesses or private residences so please be respectful and use common sense while visiting them.
All 'Now' images are the property of their respective owners and may not be used without their permission or consent.
Awesome Inc. theme. Powered by Blogger .
| 764 |
89 | when did the movie varsity blues come out | https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl125404673/ | Varsity Blues
A back-up quarterback is chosen to lead a Texas football team to victory after the star quarterback is injured.
GenresComedy
Drama
Romance
Sport
In Release351 days/50 weeks
BoxOfficeMojo.com by IMDbPro - an IMDb company.
| 765 |
90 | where was the flag placed on the moon | https://www.celestron.com/blogs/news/can-we-see-the-american-flags-left-on-the-moon-by-the-apollo-astronauts | Love Astronomy and Saving Money?
Sign up to receive sale alerts, news about upcoming celestial events, and telescope tips from our experts!
Email:
Please let us know what topics you are interested in.
Telescopes
Microscopes
We process your personal data as stated in our Privacy Policy .
Please check the box to agree to receive email from us.
I agree (required)
Sign Up & Save
Have a promo code? Enter it during checkout!
Orders of $50 or more are eligible for free ground shipping! Contiguous USA only.
Orders ship from Torrance, California.
Orders placed after 12:00 PM Pacific Time or over the weekend will be shipped within 1-2 business days.
News
Can We See the American Flags Left on the Moon by the Apollo Astronauts
June 30, 2023
Guests at public star parties often ask us, “Can we see the flags on the Moon erected by the Apollo astronauts over 50 years ago?” This question contains two questions within it. First, “Can we directly see the flags on the Moon with an Earthbound telescope?” and second, “Can we see the flags on the Moon with a space telescope?” Let’s tackle them one at a time.
Can we directly see the flags on the Moon with an Earthbound telescope?
The answer is no. The largest of the American flags on the Moon is the one left by Apollo 17. It spans six feet when unfurled. A target that small at the quarter million-mile lunar distance is beyond the reach of any Earthbound telescope, even the most sophisticated professional observatories equipped with state-of-the-art optics.
To show the limitations of Earthly telescopes in observing ultra-small detail on the Moon, well-known astronomer Yuri Beletsky at the European Southern Observatory in Chile conducted an experiment using an eight-meter adaptive optics telescope. He tried to visually spot the 150-foot-long shadow of one of the Apollo landing stages still resting on the Moon. His attempt failed, showing that viewing the flags, targets at least ten times smaller, is impossible with current technology.
Can we see the flags on the Moon with a space telescope?
What about space-based telescopes that don’t have to contend with such vast distances and the Earth’s atmosphere? Here we have better news. NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) satellite, tasked with mapping the Moon’s surface from lunar orbit for a decade, does achieve sufficient resolution to spot the shadows of three Apollo flags. In fact, LRO’s cameras can see objects as small as 20 inches on the surface of the Moon, sufficient to positively identify the extended shadows streaming from the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 flags.
What happened to the six American flags on the Moon?
Why have we only seen three of the six flags American astronauts planted on the Moon? Let’s look at the status of the flags from the six Apollo expeditions that landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972.
Buzz Aldrin saw the Apollo 11 flag blow over when the Lunar Module Eagle took off from the Moon on July 21st, 1969. Aldrin and fellow Moonwalker Neil Armstrong planted the flag just 27 feet from the centerline of the lunar lander. The flagpole did not withstand the rocket exhaust of liftoff. Subsequent missions placed the flag farther from the lander to ensure they remained upright.
The LRO images clearly show that the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 flags are still intact on their flagpoles after half a century of exposure to harsh lunar environments. While it is true that there is no wind and weather on the Moon to damage the flags, unfiltered solar radiation and temperature extremes have not been kind to the flags.
The LRO has not yet captured the shadows of the Apollo 14 and 15 flags, so their status remains unknown. The extremes of the lunar environment may explain why the shadows of the Apollo 14 and 15 flags have not yet been identified.
Since the astronauts first unfurled the flags, they have endured 600 cycles of broiling +100C two Earth-week-long lunar days and equally long frigid -150C lunar nights. Unfiltered solar ultraviolet radiation on the airless lunar surface has likely bleached all the flags white. The radiation has rendered the nylon thread in the flags very brittle, and the Apollo 14 and 15 flags may have disintegrated. However, LRO photography has positively confirmed the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 flags are still erect on the Moon.
More about the American flags on the Moon
There is nothing special or “high-tech” about the flags the Apollo astronauts left behind on the Moon. Except for the larger Apollo 17 flag, they are all ordinary three-by-five-foot nylon cloth flags ordered from a 1969 government supply catalog for $5.50 apiece. Since there is no wind on the Moon to make the flag wave, each of the Apollo flags was modified with a stitched hem at the top to accept a one-inch diameter horizontal tube to display the unfurled flag. Using gold anodized aluminum tubing, workers at the Johnson Space Center in Houston created a two-piece flagpole with a hinged latch at the top to support the horizontal display tube. Each of the lunar flag poles costs about $70. The lunar flags and their poles traveled to the Moon in an insulated tube attached to the landing stage of the lunar module. Engineers designed the tubes to withstand rocket exhaust temperatures that reached 2,000C in the final seconds before the lunar touchdown.
The Apollo 17 flag deserves special note because it is the only American flag to fly to the Moon twice. This larger, six-foot-wide flag initially flew to the Moon and back aboard Apollo 11, then hung on the wall in Houston’s Mission Control Center during Apollo 12 through 16. Finally, Apollo 17 returned the flag to the Moon, where astronauts Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmidt erected it in the Taurus-Littrow Valley. To date, the six American flags the Apollo astronauts raised are the only flags planted on another world by humans.
Many “old-timers” in astronomy remember the pride we felt during the heady days of the Apollo landings. We look up at the Moon with fond memories of how it lured us into this fascinating hobby. I do not hesitate to snap a sharp salute to the American flags on the Moon and look forward to the day, hopefully soon, when the flags of other nations proudly join the American flag on the Moon.
So can we see the flags on the Moon erected by the Apollo astronauts over 50 years ago? We cannot see the flags on the Moon with Earthbound telescopes, but we know they are still standing tall thanks to the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.
The American flags erected on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts were off-the-shelf nylon flags supported by a gold-anodized aluminum flagpole pushed into the lunar soil by the astronauts. Photo courtesy of NASA
Buzz Aldrin stands beside the American flag erected at Tranquility Base on July 20th, 1969. Photo courtesy of NASA
Alan Bean holds up the American flag erected by Apollo 12 at Surveyor crater on Oceanus Procellarum on November 16th, 1969. Photo courtesy of NASA
The flag support bar latch failed on the Apollo 12 flag pole and remains forever collapsed on Oceanus Procellarum. Photo courtesy of NASA.
John Young leaps in the weak lunar gravity as he saluted the flag at the Apollo 16 landing site near Descartes crater on April 24th, 1972. Photo courtesy of NASA
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter cameras reveal the shadow of the Apollo 16 flag, showing it is still on the lunar surface. Photo courtesy of Arizona State University and NASA
The central yellow bar marks the location of the Apollo 16 flagpole in each photo as the changing sun angle shifts the flag’s shadow, showing the Apollo 16 flag is still standing after half a century. Photos courtesy of NASA
This series of animations shows the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 landing sites at different times of the day as the American flag’s shadow shifts with varying sun angles. Animations courtesy of NASA
June 29, 2023
Are you ready to play Celestron Bingo and WIN? We’re giving away three mystery prizes...
Stay Connected
Sign Up
We process your personal data as stated in our Privacy Policy .
Please check the box to agree to receive email from us.
I agree (required)
| 766 |
90 | where was the flag placed on the moon | https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/moon-landing-conspiracy-theories-debunked | Free Queen's House
Royal Observatory
National Maritime Museum Exhibitions
Online Events and festivals
Artist Jacqueline Bishop speaks to historian Stella Dadzie about the influences behind her ceramic artwork, now on display in the Queen’s House
Moon landing conspiracy theories, debunked
Yes, Apollo 11 did go to the Moon. No, the US flag isn't 'waving' in the wind...
The Moon landings were faked. Apollo 11 didn't happen. Humans never set foot on the Moon. Heard all this before?
Conspiracy theories surrounding the Moon landings have proved worryingly persistent in the 50 years since Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first small steps on the lunar surface.
NASA's landmark achievement is still being challenged.
Despite there being a wealth of information online debunking these conspiracy theories, the cries of hoax continue. Why?
More space to explore
Sign up to our space newsletter and receive monthly astronomy guides, news and events from Royal Museums Greenwich, including expert insight from Royal Observatory astronomers.
"We find ourselves awash in an ocean of information online," National Space Centre Discovery Director Profesor Anu Ojha said during a 2019 lecture in Greenwich .
"There has been more data produced in the last two years than in the whole of human history. This information ocean is getting more turbulent every single day," he continued. "The only tools we have to navigate through this maelstrom are the critical thinking skills that we are trying to develop in people as scientists."
So how can science help to debunk Moon landing conspiracy theories?
Conspiracy theory 1: shadows in the Moon landing photos prove the images were faked
Take a look at the image below, and at the full panorama on the NASA website . Look closely at the shadows cast by astronaut Neil Armstrong and another object just out of shot. What's wrong with them?
Photograph taken by Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 Moon landing (NASA)
They're not parallel.
This image has been taken as proof by conspiracy theorists that the Moon landings were faked. Surely if the Sun were the only light source, then the shadows should be parallel? Doesn't this prove that the whole scene was mocked up in a studio, with multiple light sources creating different shadow patterns?
Well, no.
"This is on the surface of the Moon, but we can reproduce this effect any time we want to on Earth," Prof Ojha explains. "You have all seen this phenomenon yourself, where, because of perspective, parallel lines appear to be non-parallel. If you are trying to reduce on to a two-dimensional plane a three-dimensional situation, you can make lines do all sorts of weird things. Artists have been using this for centuries."
Go outside when the Sun is low in the sky and see this effect for yourself. Just like the images from Apollo 11, the shadows will not be parallel.
Conspiracy status: debunked
Earth is surrounded by a zone of charged particles known as the 'Van Allen' radiation belt.
"These are regions surrounding the Earth in our magnetic field where high energy trapped particles from the Sun tend to get confined," Prof Ojha says. "What that means is if you are going into these regions, there are extremely high radiation concerns."
This content is hosted by a third party
Please allow all cookies to watch the video.
Prof Ojha has a killer reply.
"My answer to that is... firewalking," he says.
"If you’ve ever done firewalking, you’ll know the one thing you don’t do is linger around in the middle of the firepit. You cross as quickly as you can. From a science point of view, as long as you walk across quite quickly, looking at the thermal conductivity of your feet, you are not going to have enough thermal energy going into the soles of your feet to burn you. You’re absolutely fine. Just don’t hang around in the middle!
"In a similar way, the transit time through the Van Allen radiation belt right at the beginning of the Apollo voyages was incredibly short. Travelling through the Van Allen radiation belt if you are going fast enough – which you need to be if you’re going to the Moon – is no problem whatsoever."
Conspiracy status: debunked
Conspiracy theory 3: why are there no stars in pictures of the NASA Moon landings?
Here is another Moon landing photograph which has caught conspiracy theorists' eye.
Buzz Aldrin carries experiment equipment during the Apollo 11 Moon landing (NASA)
If the image really was taken on the Moon, shouldn't the sky be filled with stars? After all, there is no atmosphere to distort the image, no clouds to interrupt that glorious view.
Conspiracy theorists argue that the lack of stars in the Apollo 11 mission photographs prove that the event was staged. NASA could not have faked the full wonder of the lunar sky, and so they simply chose not to include any stars at all.
Here's another solution: both the astronauts and the lunar landscape itself are brightly lit by the Sun. The sky may look black, but remember, this is in fact daytime on the Moon.
If you're going to take a photo of a brightly lit scene, your camera's shutter speed needs to be fast and your aperture incredibly small. In that situation, faint objects like stars simply aren't going to show up.
Conspiracy status: debunked
Conspiracy theory 4: the Apollo 11 US flag is waving in the wind... but there's no wind on the Moon
"One of the crowning moments in terms of US national pride was seeing the Stars and Stripes on the surface of the Moon," Prof Ojha says.
Buzz Aldrin salutes the US flag during the Apollo 11 Moon landing (NASA)
Buzz Aldrin saluting the proudly waving American flag on the Moon remains one of the iconic images of the Apollo 11 mission, a declaration of US supremacy over space race rivals the Soviet Union.
But if there is no atmosphere on the Moon, there is no wind - so why is the flag waving?
Look again at the image, and in particular along the top edge of the flag, and you will find the answer. A telescopic pole has been extended along the top in order to make the flag fly proudly (yes, NASA really did think of everything).
"Because it’s been set up like this, it appears to be waving in the wind," Ojha explains. "All the wrinkles are there because it’s literally been screwed up for four days en route to the Moon."
Conspiracy status: debunked
Conspiracy theory 5: if we really went to the Moon in 1969, why have we never been back?
Apollo 17, the last Apollo mission to land astronauts on the Moon, took place in 1972. Since then, humans have never returned.
Maybe that's because we never went to the Moon in the first place?
Apollo 17 wasn't meant to be the end of the story, of course. Throughout the 1970s there were ambitions to establish a permanent lunar base before turning to the next major space exploration challenge: Mars.
It never happened. But this was no grand conspiracy; this was geopolitics.
"The answer is we changed our priorities," Ojha says. "From a combination of the Vietnam War, but also there was this geopolitical element of thinking, 'We’ve won the race'. Just as we’d got good at doing science on the Moon, we abandoned it."
Instead, attention turned to the Space Shuttle programme and, latterly, the International Space Station, which has been permanently inhabited by teams of astronauts since November 2000. But that doesn't mean humans couldn't return to the Moon in the future ...
This content is hosted by a third party
Please allow all cookies to watch the video.
Conspiracy status: debunked
Apollo 11 50 years on: leaving our mark on the Moon
The Moon landings were not a hoax. Apollo 11 did happen. Humans really did set foot on the Moon.
We have countless images, videos, lunar samples and scientific data to prove it. But more than that, human exploration has literally left its mark on the Moon's surface.
This content is hosted by a third party
Please allow all cookies to watch the video.
There should be a video here. If you can't see it, please accept marketing cookies to watch it.
"In 2009 we sent a lunar reconnaissance orbiter to map the lunar surface in three or four orders of magnitude more resolution than had ever been managed before," Prof Ojha says. "Every single Apollo landing site was pictured. Absolutely stunning.
"What really strikes me about these images is that those footprints, those tracks of the lunar vehicles - they’re going to maintain their integrity for millions of years," he says. "No matter what we do to ourselves as a civilisation, we’ve really left our mark on the cosmos."
Find more stories you might like
Life on Earth, our Sun and Solar System, the Milky Way – all good things must come to an end. But what about the fate of the Universe itself?
Journey into space
Discover more about space and astronomy with Royal Observatory astronomers, and start your own stargazing journey with our range of courses and telescopes.
Shop
£9.99
Have you ever looked up at the night sky and thought, ‘Is there anybody out there?’
The stars you see are the suns of other solar systems, each system with its own complex story of formation and evolution, perhaps leading to an environment where life can exist...
Shop
£299.99
Celestron has reinvented the manual telescope with StarSense; the first telescope that uses your smartphone to analyse the night sky and calculate its position in real time...
See the Moon up close
Visit Astronomy Photographer of the Year at the National Maritime Museum, and discover the world's greatest space photography
| 767 |
90 | where was the flag placed on the moon | https://www.nasa.gov/history/alsj/ApolloFlags-Condition.html | All rights reserved.
Last revised 21 April 2012.
Do the Apollo flags remain where they were planted or have they
fallen or have they disintegrated after four decades of exposure
the lunar environment?
Current Thinking
A variety of recent media articles report current thinking on
the condition of the flags. Here is a sampling:
Reichhardt,
Tony, Finding Apollo , Air
and Space, Smithsonian Institution, September 2008.
The (Apollo 11’s) flag is probably gone. Buzz
Aldrin saw it knocked over by the rocket blast as he and
Neil Armstrong left the moon 39 summers ago. Lying there in
the lunar dust, unprotected from the sun’s harsh ultraviolet
rays, the flag’s red and blue would have bleached white in
no time. Over the years, the nylon would have turned brittle
and disintegrated. … Dennis Lacarrubba, whose New
Jersey-based company, Annin, made the flag and sold it to
NASA for $5.50 in 1969, considers what might happen to an
ordinary nylon flag left outside for 39 years on Earth, let
alone on the moon. He thinks for a few seconds. “I can’t
believe there would be anything left,” he concludes. “I
gotta be honest with you. It’s gonna be ashes.”
Based on the new (LRO) images,
that mystery may remain unsolved, but (LRO Camera Principal
Investigator, Dr. Mark) Robinson is skeptical that the flags
are intact, if they are still there. The moon's extreme heat
and ultraviolet conditions would probably destroy the nylon
flags over time, he explained. "Personally, I would be
surprised if there's anything left on them," Robinson said.
"You know how [if] you leave a flag out over summer, how it
starts to fade. Now, imagine the extreme UV environment on the
moon, and the hot and cold cycling, and it's been 40 years —
so if the flags are still there, they're probably in pretty
rough shape."…. (Robert Pearlman, an expert on space history
and collectibles, and editor of collectSPACE.com said) "We
didn't design a special American flag to go to the moon to
last thousands of years. They literally sent out a secretary
to the nearby Sears and bought an off-the-shelf flag and
modified it. The natural disintegration of the flag's material
in the harsh conditions on the moon's surface is to be
expected."
(Historian Anne Platoff)
believes the first two (flags) from Apollo 11 and 12 did not
survive the ignition gases of the lunar liftoff … "It wasn't
the intention for the flag material itself to last. It was
just to be there during the event - the landing and
departing from the moon. We didn't have a requirement that
the flag, the U.S. flag, had to withstand all the
environments for eons". Made from nylon just like the
ones at a dime store, though ordered off the shelf from a
government supply catalogue, Annie Platoff's theory is they
are probably darkened and maybe more than a bit
tattered. "I would guess, over time, 40 years, the
combination of sun-rot and micro-meteor impact is probably
devastating. I mean it's not a pretty picture to paint. The
only way you're going to test these theories is to go back
to the Moon and look at the flag," Platoff says.
For forty-odd years, the flags have been exposed to
the full fury of the Moon’s environment – alternating 14
days of searing sunlight and 100° C heat with 14 days of
numbing-cold -150° C darkness. But even more
damaging is the intense ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the
pure unfiltered sunlight on the cloth ( modal )
from which the Apollo flags were made. Even on Earth,
the colors of a cloth flag flown in bright sunlight for many
years will eventually fade and need to be replaced. So it is
likely that these symbols of American achievement have been
rendered blank, bleached white by the UV radiation of
unfiltered sunlight on the lunar surface. Some of them
may even have begun to physically disintegrate under the
intense flux.
"Bleached", “disintegrated”,
“ashes”, “rough shape”, and “tattered”. Intuitively,
experts mostly think it highly unlikely the Apollo flags (See
Platoff's article Where No
Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of
Placing a Flag on the Moon for details), could have
endured the 42 years of exposure to vacuum, about 500
temperature swings from 242 F during the day to -280 F during
the night, micrometeorites, radiation and ultraviolet light,
some thinking the flags have all but disintegrated under such an
assault of the environment.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
Camera images
Fortunately the outstanding high-resolution images from the
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter camera of the Apollo sites enable
us to see if any of the flags still cast shadows.
Examining the detailed images by themselves (i.e. separately)
provide a somewhat ambiguous impression of the flags. It
is known the astronauts walked around the flag poles a great
deal and disturbed the regolith (lunar dirt) so the appearance
in any one image can give the illusion of the location of the
flag only or perhaps what appears to be the flag pole itself.
When a person looks at a shadow, they normally expect it to
start at the object casting the shadow that starts at the object
and extend out to a distance that depends upon the
elevation of the Sun and the slope of the ground on which the
shadow falls. In the case of a flag supported by a
thin pole, the shadow of the pole starts at its base, but the
nearest part of the flag shadow is some distance away from the
pole, unless the Sun is near the zenith.
Detail
from Apollo 12 photo AS12-47-6983 showing the deployed
flag and its shadow. The latch failed on the pivot designed to
hold the top edge of the flag out perpendicular to the
pole on a supporting rod, so the flag hung limp. The
photo was taken at about 1455 UTC on 19 November
1969. The Sun's elevation was 9.2 degrees.
Platoff describes the flag as being 5 by 3 feet (1.5
by 1.0 meters). Because the supporting rod is close to
vertical, we can estimate that the part of the pole
above ground is about 7 feet (2.1 m) tall and that the
bottom of the flag is about 2 feet (0.6 meters) off
the ground. On level ground, the far end of the shadow
would be about 13 meters from the pole. The
bottom of the flag is about 0.5 m above the surface
and its shadow would be about 3 meters from the pole.
In August 2011, the author combined LROC images of each Apollo
site taken at roughly the same orientation (i.e.
spacecraft-to-lunar surface site angle) but with different Sun
angles to show the travel of shadows. Combined with
knowledge of the Apollo site maps which show where the flag was
erected relative to the Lander, long shadows cast by the flags
at three sites - Apollo 12, Apollo 16, and Apollo 17 -
show that the these flags are still “flying”, held aloft
by the poles.
Apollo 11
On page 239 in his book,
Return to Earth, Buzz says that, during the liftoff
from the Moon, "There was no time to sight-see. I
was concentrating intently on the computers, and
Neil was studying the attitude indicator, but I
looked up long enough to see the flag fall
over." As expected, there is no indication of
a flag shadow in Apollo 11 LROC images. Figure 3-15 from the
Apollo 11 Preliminary Science Report shows the
location where the flag was deployed. The
second and third frames in the animation shows
ground disturbed by the crew between the MESA and
the TV camera. The flag was deployed in that
area.
Apollo 12
Strong shadows visible in
a sequence of five LROC images. A detailed
discussion can be found on a separate page .
Apollo 14
As discussed on a separate page , shadows cast by the
S-band antenna and the MET are visible, but there is
no clear indication of a flag shadow, perhaps
because of some combination of flag orientation,
image resolution, image brightness variation due to
terrain rugosity, other pieces of shadow-casting
hardware of various descriptions, and proximity to
the LM.
Apollo 15
As discussed on a separate page , images from the
LRV-mounted TV camera show that, a few hours after LM
liftoff, the Apollo 15 flag was still standing and
pointed on an azimuth of about 50 degrees north
of the solar azimuth. There is no clear evidence
of a flag shadow in the LROC images.
Apollo 16
Strong shadows visible in a
sequence of seven LROC images. A detailed
discussion can be found on a separate page .
Apollo 17
Strong shadows visible in a
sequence of six LROC images. A patch of soil
disturbed by the crew during flag deployment and
picture taking shows up clearly in the fourth and
fifth images. A detailed discussion can be found on a separate page .
| 768 |
90 | where was the flag placed on the moon | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly | Lunar Flag Assembly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nylon banner and aluminum staff used on the Apollo Moon landings
Buzz Aldrin salutes the first American flag erected on the Moon, July 21, 1969 (photo by Neil Armstrong ).
The Lunar Flag Assembly (LFA) was a kit containing a flag of the United States designed to be erected on the Moon during the Apollo program . Six such flag assemblies were planted on the Moon. The nylon flags were hung on telescoping staffs and horizontal bars constructed of one-inch anodized aluminum tubes.
The flags were carried on the outside of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), most of them on the descent ladder inside a thermally insulated tubular case to protect them from exhaust gas temperatures calculated to reach 2,000 °F (1,090 °C). The assembly was designed and supervised by Jack Kinzler , head of technical services at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston , Texas. Six of the flags (including one for Apollo 13 which was not planted on the Moon) were ordered from a government supply catalog and measured 3 by 5 feet (0.91 by 1.52 m); the last one planted on the Moon was the slightly larger, 6-foot (1.8 m)-wide flag which had hung in the MSC Mission Operations Control Room for most of the Apollo program.
Richard Nixon during the 1969 inauguration
Building on President John F. Kennedy's 1961 plan to land a man on the Moon in the 1960s and bring him safely back to Earth, in January 1969 President Richard Nixon set an international tone for the Apollo program in his inaugural address: [1]
As we explore the reaches of space, let us go to the new worlds together – not as new worlds to be conquered, but as a new adventure to be shared.
This inspired an idea within NASA to have astronauts plant a United Nations flag on the first landing. [2] Officials at NASA were surveyed, and the overwhelming consensus was to plant an American flag. The American public was canvassed and supported the idea. Deke Slayton was fine with leaving symbolic items on the Moon as long as they did not affect the crew's training schedule and that the items met dimensional and weight requirements. [3] Acting NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine created the Committee on Symbolic Activities for the First Lunar Landing and appointed Willis Shapley as the chair on February 25. Paine instructed the committee to select symbolic activities that would not jeopardize crew safety or interfere with mission objectives; that would "signalize [ sic ] the first lunar landing as an historic forward step of all mankind that has been accomplished by the United States", and that would not give the impression that the United States, like colonial powers raising flags to mark territorial claims, was "taking possession of the moon" in violation of the Outer Space Treaty of 1967. [4]
The committee was to decide on three things: items to be brought to the Moon and left there, items to be attached to the descent module, and items to be taken to the Moon and back to Earth. [3] For items to be left on the Moon, the committee considered several options, including leaving the UN flag, a United States flag, a set of miniature flags of all nations, and another commemorative marker on the surface. [2] The committee solicited suggestions from the Smithsonian Institution , the Library of Congress , the Archivist of the United States , the NASA Historical Advisory Committee , the Space Council, and congressional committees. The most common proposal among those solicited was to plant a flag . [3]
The committee recommended planting the U.S. flag on the Moon. They also recommended installing a plaque onto the lunar module (LM) descent stage (which would be left on the Moon) bearing the inscription: "Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the Moon July 1969, A.D. We came in peace for all mankind." [3]
Legal requirements
Some Americans anticipated possible controversy over planting the United States flag on the Moon, since the Outer Space Treaty prohibited territorial claims to any extraterrestrial body. [2] Since it was made clear the United States had no intention of making a territorial claim to the Moon, no serious controversy materialized. [5] Four months after the Apollo 11 landing, the United States Congress passed a bill in November 1969, which was signed into law by President Nixon, stating: [6]
The flag of the United States, and no other flag, shall be implanted or otherwise placed on the surface of the moon, or on the surface of any planet, by members of the crew of any spacecraft ... as part of any mission ... the funds for which are provided entirely by the Government of the United States. ... this act is intended as a symbolic gesture of national pride in achievement and is not to be construed as a declaration of national appropriation by claim of sovereignty. [6]
The first Lunar Flag Assembly, carried on Apollo 11 , prior to packing and mounting on the Apollo Lunar Module ladder
About three months prior to the July 1969 Apollo 11 mission, Robert Gilruth , director of the MSC and a member of the Committee on Symbolic Activities, still needed to select someone to design the flag assembly. He asked Jack Kinzler , head of technical services at MSC, also known as "Mr. Fix It", to take on the task. Inspired by the memory of his mother hanging curtains during his childhood, Kinzler came up with the idea of inserting a horizontal pole through a hemmed pocket in the top of the flag to support it. This would make it appear to fly on the airless Moon as it would float in the wind on Earth. [7] He worked out the details over several days, assisted by Deputy Division Chief Dave McCraw. Kinzler also suggested, designed, and oversaw the creation of the commemorative plaques affixed to the Apollo Lunar Modules. [7]
Though the flag itself was a simple, government supply 3-by-5-foot (0.91 by 1.52 m) nylon flag altered only by sewing the top hem, its packaging, tolerance of environmental conditions, and means of deployment presented minor engineering challenges. The horizontal and vertical poles were each made of one-inch aluminum tubes in two telescoping parts, anodized with a gold color. Due to the limits of the astronauts' spacesuits, the total height of the flagpole was limited to their 28-inch (71 cm) minimum and 66-inch (170 cm) maximum reach. The flag cost $5.50 and the tubing cost $75. [2]
Though Annin & Co. is generally accepted to be the manufacturer of the flags used in the Lunar Flag Assemblies [8] and is cited as such by NASA, [9] [10] there is some uncertainty about the manufacturer; according to a NASA contractor report published in the 1990s, labels and bindings were removed from the flags to make them easier to attach to the aluminium staff, thus removing any identifying information about the company that produced the flags. [11]
The assembly had to be designed with the astronauts' physical limitations in mind. Because of their thick spacesuits, the astronauts had limited range of motion and manual dexterity. The flag assembly was designed to work within those limitations.
Diagram showing the astronauts' vertical range of motion
The flag assembly was stored immediately behind the left side of the LM ladder. Due to the heat of the exhaust from the descent engine, temperatures were calculated to be 250 °F (121 °C) for most of the landing, however they would increase to 2,000 °F (1,090 °C) during the final 13 seconds at touchdown. To insulate the flag from these extreme conditions, it had to be packed inside a dual-walled protective shroud consisting of a stainless steel outer case separated from an aluminum layer by Thermoflex insulation, with several layers of Kapton thermal insulation foil between the inner case and the flag. The insulation limited the temperature to which the flag was subjected to 180 °F (82 °C). The shroud was estimated to cost several hundred dollars. [2] The flags deployed on the last three landing flights were carried in the Modular Equipment Stowage Assembly (MESA, an equipment drawer which opened from the side of the Lunar Module) rather than on the ladder. This eliminated the need for the thermal protection shroud. [12]
Apollo 12 flag with faulty latch mechanism
The complete package needed to be as light as possible so as not to cut into the lunar payload and weighed 9 pounds 7 ounces (4.3 kg). [2]
Cernan and Schmitt presenting the flag flown on Apollo 17 to Kranz
The flag which had hung in the Mission Operations Control Room (MOCR) in the Mission Control Center through the prior Apollo landings was flown to the Moon on the final mission, Apollo 17 . This flag measured 20% wider and taller than the others requiring a 6-foot (1.8 m) long horizontal pole. [13] Gene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt carried a second, identical flag to the Moon and back, and presented it to flight controller Gene Kranz after the flight, to replace the one left on the Moon. [14]
Flags deployed
Harrison Schmitt poses by the American flag deployed on Apollo 17, December 11, 1972.
Flags were planted on each Apollo mission that landed on the Moon. Deploying the flag during the Apollo 11 mission proved to be a challenge. Armstrong and Aldrin had trouble inserting the pole into the lunar surface, and only managed to get it about seven inches deep. When they backed away from the flag, it proved it could stand on its own. [15] Scientists discovered later that the lunar dust has a different profile than terrestrial dust. Dust from Earth has rounded edges; dust from the Moon has sharp edges. The sharp edges of the lunar dust make them catch against each other, making it difficult to insert items into them. [16] Buzz Aldrin reported that the Apollo 11 flag, placed about 27 feet (8.2 m) from the centerline of the Eagle landing craft, was blown over by the blast of the rocket exhaust during takeoff. [17] [18] As a result, care was taken by subsequent crews to place the flags at greater distances from the Lunar Module. [12]
Pete Conrad and Alan Bean , the crew of Apollo 12 , had trouble with the latch mechanism which was supposed to keep the supporting pole horizontal, so the flag they deployed drooped at an angle. [19] In response to this, the assembly was improved to include a double-latch locking mechanism for later missions.
The landing of Apollo 13 was aborted due to a major spacecraft malfunction encountered before reaching the Moon. The flag was stored externally in the MESA, and was destroyed with the Lunar Module Aquarius when it reentered the Earth's atmosphere.
Because of issues the Apollo 15 crew had deploying experiments, the flag planting happened later in the mission than intended; [13] at the end of the second EVA [20] rather than the first. [21] The LFA was stored in the MESA on the side of the descent stage of the LM. Astronauts David Scott and James Irwin had practiced on Earth how to arrange themselves, the flag, and the Lunar Roving Vehicle around the LM for the best photography. [20]
The flag deployed during Apollo 17 has a unique history. It traveled to the Moon and back on Apollo 11[ dubious – discuss ], and hung on the wall of Mission Control afterwards. On the first day of the mission, Gene Cernan erected it in Taurus–Littrow lunar valley. As he deployed it, Cernan said, "This was one of the proudest moments of my life. I guarantee it." [22]
Current status
Since the nylon flag was purchased from a government catalog, it was not designed to handle the harsh conditions of space. Some experts theorize that the colors of some flags may have faded to white due to sunlight and space radiation, or that the fabric might have disintegrated entirely. [23] A review of photographs taken by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) indicates that flags placed during the Apollo 12, 16, and 17 missions were still standing as of 2012. [update] [17] Due to the resolution of the LRO cameras, shadows from the fabric of the flag can be seen but the pole cannot, showing that the flags did not disintegrate entirely. [24]
A photo review of the Apollo 11 site shows that Aldrin's observation that the flag fell over was likely correct, as no flag was seen in the images. [25] As of 2012 [update] , experts were unable to determine if the Apollo 14 and 15 flags were still standing. [26]
See also
Nixon, Richard M. (1969). "Inaugural Address, January 20, 1969". Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Richard M. Nixon, 1969. Best Books. ISBN
Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012). "Apollo 15 Flag Deployment" . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
Jones, Eric M. (August 4, 2017). "ALSEP Off-load" . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012). "Apollo 12 Flag Still Aloft" . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
Jones, Eric M., ed. (1996). "EVA-2 Closeout" . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
"Apollo 15 Press Kit" (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA. July 15, 1971. pp. 21, 25. Release No: 71-119K. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2019.
Fincannon, James (April 21, 2012). "Apollo 14 Flag Deployment" . Apollo Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. Retrieved December 23, 2018.
.
Lunar Flag Assembly
| 769 |
90 | where was the flag placed on the moon | https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/60226/20250114/what-happened-flags-apollo-astronauts-left-behind-lunar-surface.htm | @Rainmaker1973/X
The iconic moment of planting the American flag on the Moon during the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 became an unforgettable symbol of human achievement.
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin set up the flag during their historic moonwalk, marking humanity's first steps into another world. Yet, over five decades later, questions linger about the condition of the six flags left by the Apollo missions on the lunar surface.
Why the Apollo Moon Flags Were More Than Just Symbols of U.S. Pride
The placement of flags on the Moon was purely symbolic. Under the United Nations Outer Space Treaty, the United States and other signatories agreed that no nation could claim sovereignty over celestial bodies.
Despite this, there were debates about whether planting an American flag was appropriate.
According to the Smithsonian , to prevent confusion, Congress prohibited NASA from displaying any other nation's flags during these missions.
Raising a flag on the Moon poses unique challenges. With no atmosphere and reduced gravity, NASA engineers created a special flagpole with a horizontal bar to keep the flag extended. The lightweight design was heat-resistant and easy for astronauts to assemble, even in bulky spacesuits.
However, as Aldrin later recounted, the lunar soil was dense, making it difficult to secure the pole firmly.
The fate of the lunar flags is uncertain. Over decades, the harsh conditions on the Moon — intense sunlight, extreme temperatures, and a lack of atmosphere — likely caused significant damage.
What Happened to the Apollo Moon Flags After Decades on the Lunar Surface?
Researchers suggest that "sun rot" may have degraded the nylon fabric, leaving the flags bleached white or possibly disintegrated entirely. Impacts from tiny meteoroids could also have damaged them, Space.com reported.
The Apollo 17 flag, the last to be placed in 1972, held special significance. It was previously displayed in NASA's Mission Operations Control Room during earlier Apollo missions before being planted on the Moon by Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt.
Even if the flags no longer stand, their legacy remains intact. They symbolize the spirit of exploration and humanity's technological achievements.
Experts emphasize that the Apollo missions left undeniable evidence of human presence on the Moon, from equipment left behind to footprints in the lunar soil.
For skeptics who doubt the authenticity of the Moon landings, researchers point to overwhelming evidence, urging critical thinking over conspiracy theories.
As a testament to human ingenuity and perseverance, the flags on the Moon remain a potent reminder of our ability to reach for the stars.
©2025 ScienceTimes.com All rights reserved. Do not reproduce without permission. The window to the world of science times .
Join the Discussion
Most Popular
Sign up for our free newsletter for the Latest coverage!
Recommended Stories
| 770 |
91 | song my name is jack and i live in the back | https://genius.com/Manfred-mann-my-name-is-jack-lyrics | My Name Is Jack Lyrics
[Verse 1]My name is Jack and I live in the backOf the Greta Garbo HomeWith friends I will rememberWherever I may roam[Chorus]And my name's Jack and I live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and GirlsWe all love Jack and we live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and Girls[Verse 2]There goes Fred with his hands on his head'Cause he thinks he's heard the bombAnd here comes Superman Who really puts it onIt's lots of fun and I love to runUp and down the stairsI make as much noise as I wantAnd no one ever cares(No one ever, ever, ever cares)[Chorus]And my name's Jack and I live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and GirlsWe all love Jack and we live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and Girls
You might also like
[Verse 3]There's Carl over there with his funny old hairAnd he's never sad at allAnd when I grow up, I want to runAs fast as my friend PaulThere's the prettiest girl in the whole wide worldAnd her name is Melody MendAnd here comes Ma with brother TomWho's probably my best friend(Well, Tom is my best friend) My best friend(Well, Tom is my best friend)[Chorus]And my name's Jack and I live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and GirlsWe all love Jack and we live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and Girls[Alt. Chorus]My name is Jack and I live in the backOf the Greta Garbo Home (We all love Jack)And I live in the back (And we live in the back)In the back of the Greta Garbo HomeFor Wayward Boys and GirlsMy name is Jack (We all love Jack)And I live in the back (And we live in the back)In the back of the Greta Garbo HomeFor Wayward Boys and Girls
[Outro]My name is JackAnd I live in the backMy name is Jack...
Embed
Cancel
How to Format Lyrics:
Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
Use italics (<i>lyric</i>) and bold (<b>lyric</b>) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]
To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum
About
Genius Annotation
1 contributor
“My Name Is Jack” is a song written by American record producer John Simon and released as a single by British group Manfred Mann in 1968. Their version reached number 8 on UK record charts. It became an international Top 10 hit. However, in the U.S., the song reached only #104.
Expand
+1
Share
Q&A
Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning
Ask a question
Released on
Sign Up And Drop Knowledge 🤓
Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love.
Sign Up
Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge
Privacy Preferences
Hot Songs:
| 771 |
91 | song my name is jack and i live in the back | https://www.ranker.com/list/the-best-songs-about-jacks/reference | 25 LISTS
Ranked By
1.6K votes
841 voters
2 reranks
Voting Rules
Songs must have the name Jack in the title.
Songs with a person's name in the title are quite common, but for this list we're only ranking the best songs about people named Jack . Do you have a favorite Jack song? We want you to vote for your favorite songs about Jack, whether it's a country song about someone named Jack, a Jack rock song, or anything in between. You can even add a song to the list if it's not already here, as long as it's a song with Jack in the title or lyrics.
Some of the songs featured below include "The Jack" by AC/DC, "Lily, Rosemary and the Jack of Hearts" by Bob Dylan, and "Jack & Diane" by John Mellencamp. Vote up your favorites to help them move higher on the list, and downvote any Jack songs that you have heard and don't like.
Most divisive: Jackie Blue
Over 800 Ranker voters have come together to rank this list of The Best Songs About Jacks
| 772 |
91 | song my name is jack and i live in the back | https://genius.com/John-simon-my-name-is-jack-lyrics | My Name Is Jack Lyrics
My name is Jack and I live in the back Of the Greta Garbo home With friends I will remember, wherever I may roamMy name is Jack, I live in the back Of the Greta Garbo home for wayward boys and girls Now here's ol' Fred with his hands on his head'Cause he thinks he's heard the bomb And here comes Super SpadeWho really gets it on And my name's Jack, I live in the back Of the Greta Garbo home for wayward boys and girls There is Dave with the plates he madeFor the food that Diggers foundRuth is always praying, and never makes a soundIt's lots of fun and I love to runUp and down the stairsI make as much noise as I want, and no one even cares!And my name's Jack, we live in the back Of the Greta Garbo home for wayward boys and girls There's Carl over there with his funny hairHe's never sad at allAnd when I grow up I want to run as fast as my friend PaulThere's the prettiest girl in the whole wide worldAnd her name is Melody MendAnd here comes Mom with brother TomWho's probably my best friend
You might also like
How to Format Lyrics:
Type out all lyrics, even repeating song parts like the chorus
Lyrics should be broken down into individual lines
Use section headers above different song parts like [Verse], [Chorus], etc.
Use italics (<i>lyric</i>) and bold (<b>lyric</b>) to distinguish between different vocalists in the same song part
If you don’t understand a lyric, use [?]
To learn more, check out our transcription guide or visit our transcribers forum
About
Sign up and drop some knowledge
Start the song bio
Q&A
Find answers to frequently asked questions about the song and explore its deeper meaning
Ask a question
Sign Up And Drop Knowledge 🤓
Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love.
Sign Up
Genius is the world’s biggest collection of song lyrics and musical knowledge
Privacy Preferences
Hot Songs:
| 773 |
91 | song my name is jack and i live in the back | https://www.gemtracks.com/guides/view.php?title=songs-with-jack-in-the-title&id=6728 | 2025 is the year to enter the music industry. Why?
A third of the US population is paying $120 a year on music streaming.
Compared to 1999, the average music consumer was under 30 and spent $28 a year.
The name Jack is a very popular name. The meaning of this name is derived from the name of one of Christ's apostles, John." In Medieval times, it was customary to refer to a man named "Jack." Because of this, you'll notice that this name appears numerous times in literature. The name is also popular in music. Various musicians have included the word Jack in the title of their songs, and we will discuss in this article today the best songs of all time with the name Jack in the title.
"Jack Daniel's Old No. 7" by Jerry Lee Lewis
The first performer to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame was Jerry Lee Lewis, who made his name as a piano-pounding miscreant during the early rock 'n' roll period. In addition to his rock 'n' roll work, he significantly contributed to the country music genre. The fact that he had successfully overcome substance abuse gave him the credibility to perform songs such as "Jack Daniel's Old No. 7." The lyrics tell the story of a woman whose drunken husband wanders the streets of Lynchburg, Virginia, hunting for bottles with deposits on them so that he can cash them in.
"Hit the Road Jack" by Ray Charles
This iconic piece of rhythm and blues from the 1960s, which won a Grammy, is sometimes cited as Ray Charles' hallmark tune. This song is lively and exciting, and it's a blast to get your groove on it because of it. The song's lyrics depict the story of a man named Jack who is on the verge of abandoning his current way of life. He had decided that this was the end of his relationship and would never return.
The Night Ole Jack Daniels Met John 3:16 by James Payne
James Payne is a songwriter who has been nominated for a Grammy in addition to the fact he is a clergyman in Nashville. The ballad "The Night Ole Jack Daniel's Met John 3:16" is his most well-known work. Since then, he has written songs for various artists, including Ricky Van Shelton and televangelist Jimmy Swaggart. The year 1968 is the setting for the story "The Night Ole Jack Daniel's Met John 3:16," which tells the story of Payne's journey to Christianity after giving up drinking. During the performance, he sang with a Bible in one hand and a glass of whisky in the other "in a motel room in Nashville, aching for a glimmer of hope. "
"Jack the Idiot Dunce" by The Kinks
The song portrays a man who is not very bright. The jokes about him frequently center on the fact that he has a terrible sense of attire. On the other hand, Jack possesses a great deal of natural talent in dancing. As a result, he has received much-needed positive attention and a boost to his self-esteem due to his dancing.
"Sue Jack Daniels" by The Reverend Horton Heat
The Reverend Horton Heat, a live band artist based in Dallas, has been performing professionally in the entertainment sector since 1985. Ever since then, they have been delighting audiences worldwide. However, despite his growing popularity as a live artist, he has not yet achieved commercial success in his career. His forte lies in psychobilly, an enraged and high-octane amalgamation of punk, rockabilly, and country music. The song "Sue Jack Daniels" tells the story of brawls that break out in bars after customers have had too much whiskey to drink. This song is more closely linked with the punk and rockabilly styles than the country genre, despite the Reverend Horton Heat's music incorporating aspects of all three musical forms. On the other hand, the lyrics are genuine examples of country music.
"Jumpin' Jack Flash" by The Rolling Stones
This song perfectly demonstrates the blues' deep roots and roots in music in general. The band incorporated ecstatic riffs that transport you to the cockpit of a high-powered race car and put you in control of the action in this song. This is the song to play if you want to feel as though you're floating while playing the guitar if you are a guitarist.
"Jack Miraculous" by Gino Vanelli
This appealing pop song is about a man named Jack. When it is made evident that Jack is involved in some illegal activity, the narrator of the song offers Jack the piece of advice to run away and protect himself as soon as possible. Now that his adversaries are aware of who he is staying in, his current place is foolish because it puts him in danger. Jack can't remain trapped in this location for much longer; he has to make his getaway.
"Jack & Jill" by Avant
The lyrics of this soulful R&B song revolve around a passionate love affair. The narrator refers to them as Jack and Jill throughout the story. The gentleman serenades the lady with a love song before assuring her they will have a fantastic time on their journey. They picture themselves on a road trip throughout the country, stopping at various locations to express their unwavering commitment to one another.
Jack Daniel's, You Lied to Me Again by Ray Stevens
This song by Ray Stevens tells the story of a man who gets high on alcohol to improve his social skills and attract more attractive women. However, when he has a few drinks in him, his arrogance vanishes.
"Captain Jack" by Billy Joel
This infectious pop song can be found on the album named Piano man. Someone who raises the standard of living of those around them fits the profile of Captain Jack. The song's lyrics describe a bunch of restless islanders who look to Captain Jack for deliverance from their lethargy. He would be the one to watch out for them and make sure they were content in their lives.
"Jack & Diane" by John Mellencamp
The rock ballad Sweet Bird of Youth was written with the novel Sweet Bird of Youth serving as lyrical inspiration. The performer stated that the song was of a genre that was difficult to record but that it delivered its strongest performance in a live environment. When put to use, the arrangement of the components is a little bit unorthodox. Adding the sounds of clapping brings the song's overall quality up to a higher level. This song focuses on Jack and Diane, two young individuals who are just beginning to find their footing in life. The lyrics describe their struggles and triumphs along the way.
"Jack of Hearts," by Bonnie Tyler
This song was featured in the television show. Before the entire version of the show was made available to the public, only a preview of it was made available. The clip shows a woman appealing to a possible suitor for a second chance at romance with him. She claims that she, too, is unable to stand the idea of being apart from the guy.
"Jack, You're Dead" by Joe Jackson
This new wave song from the 1980s tackled several unusual topics and themes in its lyrics. Included is a discussion of the various methods that might be utilized to ascertain whether or not you are still alive. Checking off a series of strange signals mentioned is the only way to determine whether or not you are still counted among the living.
"Jack Daniels" by Eric Church
Even though Eric Church is still relatively new to country music, he has already established his hillbilly credentials by recording a song about Jack Daniel. This song was one of Church's first hits. He sings about his experiences living on the streets on his album Chief, released in 2011, and is suitably titled "Jack Daniels." Church refers to Jack Daniel's as "kryptonite" and compares it to an unfair rival to emphasize the strength of the liquor.
"Jack the Ripper" by Screaming Lord Sutch & The Savages
This song from the 1980s contains a lyrical allusion to the notorious serial killer known only as Jack the Ripper. Even in modern times, people still refer to him by his infamous nickname, although nobody knows for sure who he was. Within the context of the song's plot, Jack the Ripper is portrayed as a common citizen who walks aimlessly around the streets of London. However, he is a crafty and vile scoundrel hiding beneath his nice façade.
"Mr. Jack" by System of a Down
This blazing metal track was originally released on the album 'Steal This Album.' The protagonist of the song, Mr. Jack, is pursued by the main adversary. The fact that he is traveling in his vehicle lends credence to the theory that he is attempting to conceal his true identity. The song's lyrics suggest that his sin if there was one, must have been a significant one.
Jack's Land by Ozzy Osbourne
This electrifying rock melody can captivate listeners of any age or background. Everything that's played on the guitar is abrasive and incredibly fluid simultaneously. It seems that exhaustion is the central theme of this song. The narrator is looking forward to some time off. In addition to this, he enjoys the company of others.
"Jack Of Speed" by Steely Dan
This song is soothing to listen to since it has a beautiful, easygoing pop-rock vibe and is quite peaceful. The music is fascinating because it can calm and excite the listener simultaneously. Some listeners take the lyrical references to "speed" in the song to suggest that the singer references narcotics that are prohibited to possess. The song's final lines serve as a sobering reminder that loved ones of addicts almost usually end up paying the price for their behavior.
"Jack Ruby" by Deep Purple
This song was inspired by the life and times of Jack Ruby. Jack Ruby was a peculiar person who had a reputation for being a murderer. He was responsible for the death of Lee Harvey Oswald. He did not show emotion as he executed Lee Harvey Oswald in broad daylight. However, he did not offer an apology or seek forgiveness. This song is about how reckless Jack Ruby was throughout his life.
"Happy Jack" by The Who
The rock song performed by the British band The Who was well received by music lovers and those working in the music industry. Many people hear this song as an argument against being on one's own. Jack is mistreated by a number of the other characters in the novel. But he doesn't let that bother him and instead concentrates on making sure he's happy in his own life. Happy Jack was an upbeat individual who refused to let negative comments get him down.
"The House That Jack Built" by Metallica
This lengthy song by the pioneers of heavy metal, Metallica, is not for listeners who are easily discouraged. The band's album, Load, features the song at the third position on the track listing. The song's content focuses on the toxic relationship that an alcoholic has with alcoholic beverages. The house mentioned in the song is a metaphor for the listener's actual body. A person who has allowed alcoholism to turn their body into "The House that Jack Built" is in a very precarious situation.
"Jack of All Parades" by Elvis Costello
This rock song from the 1980s features themes and lyrical content that may be relatable to people who are not in committed relationships. If you're not attached to somebody, you have the freedom to enjoy yourself with virtually anyone. If you enter into a committed relationship, on the other hand, you will give up this sense of independence. The lyrics do not make it obvious whether the protagonist should continue to hang out with their existing circle of pals or whether they should strike out on their own.
The Jack by AC/DC
The decade of the 1990s saw the release of the rock album High Voltage, on which this song may be found. This song is about the personal interaction that can lead to genital herpes and other venereal diseases. This song is a recollection of the unfortunate occurrences that befell the band. In the beginning, one believed that the virus wouldn't spread because the woman they saw wasn't particularly attractive. In a cruel twist of fate, the woman collaborated with her diseased bandmate to help spread the virus.
5 Proven Steps to Succeed in the Music Business
Get your FREE eBook on how to skyrocket your music career
GET MY EBOOK
Level 6, 1601 Vine Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90028, USA
+1 (323) 643-5332
| 774 |
91 | song my name is jack and i live in the back | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Name_Is_Jack | My Name Is Jack
"My Name Is Jack" is a song written by American record producer John Simon [2] and released as a single by British group Manfred Mann in 1968. [3] Their version reached number 8 on the UK Singles Chart . [4] It became an international Top 10 hit, but only reached number 104 in the US. [5]
The lyrics and music were written by John Simon , and his own version was included on the soundtrack of the 1968 film You Are What You Eat . [2] The song tells the story of a resident of the " Greta Garbo Home for Wayward Boys and Girls", which was the nickname of a real hostel, the Kirkland Hotel, [6] in San Francisco , where part of the movie was filmed. [7] [8] [9] Formerly Sakutaro Nakano's [10] Kashu Hotel, [11] 1701 Laguna Street, the building became dilapidated and was demolished, and the Christ United Presbyterian Church was opened on the site in 1975. [12] " Superspade ", a real-life Haight Ashbury drug dealer, is also mentioned.
Early versions of the Manfred Mann cover also reference "Superspade", but as it is also a slur, the band later re-recorded the song with the more familiar "Superman" in its place, at the request of their US distributor, Mercury . [13]
The song was recorded at one of the first high-profile sessions at the newly constructed Trident Studios in London, [1] which would later become renowned for its use by such artists as the Beatles , David Bowie , Queen , and others.
27
^ a b Joel Whitburn's Bubbling Under the Billboard Hot 100 1959-2004
"Bray.html" . Sep 22, 2004. Archived from the original on 22 September 2004. Retrieved January 23, 2025.
^ GarboForever.com . Retrieved 17 July 2014
.
My Name Is Jack
| 775 |
92 | when does highschool of the dead season 2 come out | https://www.reddit.com/r/anime/comments/18zwew9/high_school_of_the_dead_season_2_ever_coming/ | Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform.
For more information, please see our Cookie Notice and our Privacy Policy .
Open menu
Open navigation
Read more
Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast.
New to Reddit?
Create your account and connect with a world of communities.
Continue with Email
Continue With Phone Number
By continuing, you agree to our User Agreement and acknowledge that you understand the Privacy Policy .
Top Posts
| 776 |
92 | when does highschool of the dead season 2 come out | https://www.looper.com/651739/high-school-of-the-dead-season-2-release-date-characters-plot/ | Highschool Of The Dead Season 2 - Will It Ever Happen?
Madhouse
Updated: Aug. 17, 2023 1:34 pm EST
"Highschool of the Dead" is a popular anime series based on the manga by Daisuke Sato and Shoji Sato. Created by the renowned studio Madhouse, the anime dropped in the Summer 2010 season. It focuses on what would happen if a large section of the population suddenly turned into the undead. Known as "The Outbreak" within the series, the plague destroys most of society and the zombies are almost always referred to as "Them." However, in typical zombie apocalypse fashion, these ravenous corpses aren't always the biggest threat, with other survivors often proving to be far more dangerous. It may not be the easiest anime to get into , especially if gory violence and fan service aren't your thing, but the show proved very popular with horror fans and still has a big following to this day.
Despite being more than a decade old, "Highschool of the Dead" has retained its position in the top 100 most popular anime shows on My Anime List and has more than 1.4 million members on the website. Its legacy is down to the fact that it managed to stand out in the saturated zombie subgenre, as Anime News Network noted in its review of the show. "Other recent zombie works in Western entertainment have tried to play it ironic, or postmodernist, or just plain silly, but this one goes for straight-up horror — and pulls it off admirably." Fans have been pining for a second season ever since, but there have been conflicting reports over whether it will ever happen. Here's what we know.
Why hasn't Highschool of the Dead Season 2 happened yet?
Madhouse
At the time of this writing, there is no official release date for "Highschool of the Dead" Season 2. A second season has not been greenlit, despite the fact that the first season didn't adapt all of the manga. There are seven volumes of the "Highschool of the Dead" manga (as well as two collected English language omnibus editions that package volumes one through four and volumes five through seven, respectively). Season 1 adapted the first four volumes, so there are still three volumes left to work with.
Sadly, the chances of any further volumes coming out are slim to none, because Daisuke Sato, the creator and writer of "Highschool of the Dead," passed away due to complications from ischemic heart disease in 2017. There have been calls for the series to continue on without the original creator, especially from fans in the West, who may not be aware of Daisuke Sato's death. However, illustrator Shoji Sato has indicated that this is unlikely to happen. "Although it pains my heart, too, that the series went on hiatus, just thinking about Daisuke Sato makes me think that I cannot carelessly get involved," Shoji Sato told Comic Natalie (via Anime News Network ) when asked about "Highschool of the Dead."
These sentiments have been echoed by the editor of "Triage X," which is also illustrated by Shoji Sato. "It's common overseas for comics and novels to be created by multiple collaborators," they said. "But for 'Highschool of the Dead,' [Daisuke Sato] was the one and only, so I'd like overseas fans to understand that nobody else could write it easily." Hopes were raised when Sato shared some new "Highschool of the Dead" artwork in 2021, with some fans taking it as a hint that he might be ready to continue the series, but nothing came of it.
What could be explored in Highschool of the Dead Season 2?
Madhouse
Manga spoilers ahead.
The plot of "Highschool of the Dead," much like other works in the zombie subgenre, follows an intrepid band of survivors as they make their way in a hostile world. The classmates of "Highschool of the Dead" are generally good people, but, as mentioned earlier, not everybody is keen on helping humanity rise above its more bestial aspects. Things got pretty heated in the 12th and final episode of Season 1, with a giant horde of zombies breaching the mansion our gang were holed up in. Some of the survivors managed to make it to a vehicle and they headed for a mall to take refuge.
Those who are familiar with the manga will know what happens next. If Season 2 goes ahead, it will presumably adapt the remaining volumes. But what happens in the fifth, sixth, and seventh volumes? Takashi and the gang join forces with the people who have managed to survive the apocalypse inside the mall, though a power struggle quickly threatens the safe haven. Our survivors opt to leave the mall before it's too late, but before they can depart, the defenses are breached by zombies. They manage to escape again and take refuge in a police station. It's a great place to restock before moving on, though they decide against leaving town until Rei and Takashi's parents have been located.
This would be the main thrust of a second season, though — with only three volumes to work from — the creators may choose to add some story of their own, especially since the original story has no ending. Answers could be provided as to what happened before "The Outbreak" and if there's any chance for a return to normality.
Could there be a Highschool of the Dead reboot?
If the main issue preventing "Highschool of the Dead" Season 2 from being made is that there are only three volumes of the manga left to adapt and there won't be any more due to the death of the creator, then a reboot could be the answer. Telling the complete story from start to finish would be a great way to honor Daisuke Sato's work and legacy without the need to pad things out with anime-only storylines. There are lots of fans in favor of a reboot, with some seeing this as the perfect opportunity to tone down (or outright remove) the fan service side of the show.
"HOTD is a good anime but it's nearly ruined because of the horrible sexualization of its female characters. I just try to ignore that but it's hard because of how overwhelming the imagery is," Redditor u/GroveHere wrote. "I really want a reboot of the series where the characters are fixed, I think it would instantly make it one of the best anime series." Other users agreed, though some argued that the fan service aspect of the show is what makes it stand out in the crowded zombie subgenre. In its review of the show, Inverse said: "Who ever thought zombie gore and titillation could mesh so well?"
One thing that every fan can agree on is that if Season 2 isn't happening, then a reboot is definitely the next best thing. Unfortunately, there's been no news on any potential reboot as of yet, despite the fact that fans are still clamoring for more "Highschool of the Dead." Hopefully, the success of more recent zombie shows like "Zom 100: Bucket List Of The Dead" will act as a catalyst.
Who would star in Highschool of the Dead Season 2?
Madhouse
While Season 2 of "Highschool of the Dead" is hypothetical at this point, the characters that could appear are a bit more pinned down, on account of the manga and the cast of the anime. In the English dub of Season 1, Leraldo Anzaldua stars as Takashi Komuro, Jessica Boone is Rei Miyamoto, Taylor Hannah is Saeko Busujima, Maggie Flecknoe is Saya Takagi, Mark X. Laskowski is Kohta Hirano, Monica Rial is Shizuka Marikawa, and Brittney Karbowski is Alice Maresato. All of these voice actors are still active and many of them have worked on some huge shows in recent years. Therefore, there's nothing to say the cast of Season 1 wouldn't reprise their roles in a second season, should it ever get the green light.
The creators of the anime would also need to cast some new voice actors to take on characters who have yet to be seen in the anime. If Season 2 does go ahead, then Asami Nakaoka would inevitably be a big character. A police officer who initially seems incapable of leading, Asami is in charge of the survivors in the mall. She has trouble maintaining her authority at first, but she comes into her own and becomes a valued member of Takashi's group. Another important character who is yet to appear in the anime is Rei's mother Kiriko, a gang member-turned-cop who is definitely not to be trifled with. We know from the manga that she's still alive out there, somewhere.
Where can you watch Highschool of the Dead Season 1?
Madhouse
If you've never seen the first season of "Highschool of the Dead," or if you simply want to re-watch it as you continue to wait for some news on a second season, then you can stream it online in the United States. It might surprise you to learn that this classic anime isn't available to watch on Crunchyroll, which has become the first port of call for anime fans in the West. Lovers of this show have taken to the comments section on Crunchyroll's "Highschool of the Dead" page to vent their frustrations about its absence. "I hate that there are no episodes of this anime on here because I really like it," said user LifeFlame , while SaiyanPrdigy said that it was "truly despicable" to not have this beloved anime on the streaming service. They added: "Not sure what your subscribers are funding if you can't acquire the content we crave."
So where can you watch "Highschool of the Dead" these days? Luckily, Hulu has both the original version of the show as well as the dubbed version. If you're not already a subscriber, then plans start at $7.99 a month. If you don't mind contending with some ads, then you can get get Hulu, Disney+, and ESPN+ in a bundle that costs $12.99 a month. Hulu with zero ads will set you back $14.99 a month, though there's an option for a 30-day free trial, which should be more than enough time to consume "Highschool of the Dead."
Recommended
| 777 |
92 | when does highschool of the dead season 2 come out | https://www.themarysue.com/will-there-be-a-highschool-of-the-dead-season-2/ | Sarah Fimm
Published: Oct 25, 2023 10:37 am
So you’re looking to find out when you can expect more Highschool of the Dead, huh? You say you want an entire season 2? Hmm …
Recommended Videos
*To Catch a Predator music starts playing.* Looks like we got another one.
It seems like SOMEBODY wasn’t content to walk away with a warning and a list of similarly horny anime . You just had to come back for more high schoolers, didn’t you? You make me sick. SICK. “Oh no! I just like Highschool of the Dead for the plot! I swear!” Tell it to the judge, chief. I’ve been working in the Anime Special Victims Unit for nigh on twenty years, and I know exactly the reason why perverts like you watch shows like this. It sure ain’t because of “clever pacing” or “award winning dialogue,” that’s for sure.
What is Highschool of the Dead about?
Don’t play innocent with me. You know exactly what Highschool of the Dead is about. A creep like you probably sleeps with a body pillow versions of half of the characters. But I’ll humor you. It’ll only help me get all the facts in order for your upcoming court case. Highschool of the Dead is about a young man’s best efforts to survive the zombie apocalypse while accompanied by buxom female students who are impressive killing machines.
This reverse harem has to navigate their way through a zombified city in order to find safety, but you and I both know that’s not what this anime is really about. No, it’s REALLY just an excuse to watch some overly-jiggly animated characters defy every known law of physics with their well-endowed bodies.
Will there be a season 2?
From what my office’s investigation has dug up, I can confidently say that no new information about a season 2 of Highschool of the Dead has been released. Maybe Madhouse—the studio responsible for this felony—was so disgusted by themselves that they scrapped the project entirely. But that’s just pie in the sky. As long as people like you exist, there will always be a market for pervy anime.
If you want my advice, why don’t you try giving Madhouse titles like Trigun and Hunter x Hunter a shot? Expand your horizons. I know asking you to do something like that is probably a fool’s errand, but you can’t blame me for trying to keep you out of my department. Now get out of my office.
(featured image: Madhouse)
The Mary Sue is supported by our audience. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn a small affiliate commission. Learn more about our Affiliate Policy
Join The Conversation
| 778 |
92 | when does highschool of the dead season 2 come out | https://trinikid.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-high-school-of-the-dead | The Midnight Robber
The Midnight Robber is a Science Fiction/Fantasy novel set in a Trinidad and Tobago 500 years in the future. A Trinidad and Tobago that has not only succumbed to global warming and tectonic instabilities but also to gang warfare and civil unrest. The most prevalent gang in the country is called “The Masqueraders,” and it is run by the notorious Midnight Robber.
The book follows the story of a young Trinidadian boy who, after witnessing his father’s death by the Midnight Robber, ventures to the office of the Prime Minister in the sunken city of Port of Spain with some friends who he met along the way. He does so in order to try to urge the Prime Minister to come up with a resolution for all the violence, but in the Twin Republic, plans never go smoothly.
Lost For Words: A Novel
A.K Gonzales returns with an achingly beautiful, wildly suspenseful second novel about a young writer seeking inspiration to accomplish the daunting task of finding the right words to finish his first book. Ronald Baker finds himself unable to get over his unrelenting writer’s block and coffee addiction. No matter how many times he tries he is unable to finish a book but along his journey he finds inspiration from the most unlikely source; an abused 18-year-old girl named Kate Warren. She helps him finish his book and introduces him to something that he has never experienced before but his newfound inspiration seems to have been more than he had bargained for as he finds himself in the midst of tragedy and despair which makes him wonder if finishing his first book was even worth it in the end. Lost For Words was set both in Washington D.C and Trinidad and Tobago, taking the reader on an adventure across the world and on a roller coaster ride of emotions.
| 779 |
92 | when does highschool of the dead season 2 come out | https://highschool-of-the-dead.fandom.com/wiki/Forum:Season_2 | I was wondering if there was going to be a season 2 of the anime since I have heard rumors that there will be but it was not given the green light especially since HOTD is in hiatus. Btw is there any news on the hiatus at all? - 180.190.194.29 02:23, December 22, 2011 (UTC)
The production staff of the anime said in a panel at Anime Expo 2011 that there will be a second season, but there is no release date or an official announcement yet. See the News page for a link to a video from the panel. The official announcement for the first season came at the same time or shortly after the last hiatus ended.
The latest news on the hiatus is that it will continue at least until February. I post monthly updates on my blog, Scans of the Dead , when I get the latest issue of Monthly Dragon Age (the magazine in which HOTD is published). The next month's lineup (as well as big announcements) is listed in each issue, so I will know a month in advance when the hiatus does end. Turambar 03:42, December 22, 2011 (UTC)
Thank you for that,sir. I'm curious for the season 2 mainly because of the manga hiatus. I mean, there won't be enough to go on unless the animators either manage to fill up 12-13 episodes worth of 14-15 of the manga's chapters unless they intend on adding a filler episode or two. I am curious, as I'm sure many fans are too, as to why the manga went on an estimated 1 year hiatus in the first place other than the earthquake last March which caused many mangas to go on temporary hiatus. Considering the series' popularity, I honestly expected it to be back before the end of the year. As for season 2, I'm certainly hoping to see it green lit this year and I'm sure many are hoping it too. Its one thing to see it as a manga, but its another to see it animated.
I don't think the manga hiatus has anything to do with the earthquake and tsunami. From what I've heard, Daisuke Sato typically goes through long periods without writing new material. Shouji Sato releases Triage X monthly now in Dragon Age, so I don't think the publishers are pressuring Daisuke into writing new material. The last hiatus lasted for about a year. It ended at the beginning of 2010. I think the announcement for the second season will come at the same time the hiatus ends, which I think will be in March or April. Turambar 03:38, December 29, 2011 (UTC)
It's almost March. Has there been any news at all? If what you say is true about Daisuke Sato going through long periods without writing new material, we may be looking at HOTD's cancelation since he's focusing on Triage X---which I've read. And as far as I've seen and know, there's may be no season 2 since the next season's anime list came out a long time ago and each season lasts for 3 months unless I'm wrong.. 203.177.74.136 13:24, February 26, 2012 (UTC)
There still is no news of either the manga hiatus ending or the start of production for season 2. Daisuke Sato is only the author of HOTD and has nothing to do with Triage X. Shouji Sato (no relation) is the artist for HOTD and the author and artist of Triage X. The reason he is focusing on Triage X right now is likely because Daisuke is not writing new material for HOTD. Shouji created Triage X because of the last hiatus and slowed it down when the hiatus ended, so HOTD is still his primary series. Season 2 obviously won't be airing in the spring anime season, and I don't think it will be in the summer either or we would have had an announcement. The earliest time I think is likely is the fall. In any case, production probably won't even begin until the manga hiatus ends and they have more material. I don't see that happening anytime soon. Shouji has an artbook coming out in August, which leads me to believe he will be working on that this spring and summer and not HOTD. Turambar 17:10, March 3, 2012 (UTC)
If that is indeed the case, then I think its safe to assume that HOTD is dead -excuse the pun, I've always wanted to try making a pun like that- since Daisuke has either given up the series or planning a major come back. Without him, Shouji can do nothing but wait for material and work on his own manga. I know you mentioned that Daisuke goes on long periods without writing anything and if that's true- which it most likely is- I think he's aiming to break his hiatus record. Its a crying shame cos although there are mixed opinions on the series, I personally like it especially since I consider it an original amongst manga and anime and its popularity allowed it to be published in other countries. I don't want it to die and I'm sure others feel the same way maybe even you, Mr. Turambar? 180.191.233.15 16:18, March 10, 2012 (UTC)
No, I don't want to see it die either. It will come back. The publisher won't let the series end where it did. I think we will see at least three or four more chapters, with the last one being at least twice as long as usual. Basically, I think there will be enough new material to fill Volume 8 and end the series at the very least; however, I think Daisuke will drag it out into nine volumes, though I wouldn't complain if he stopped at eight as long as we get a conclusive ending. Turambar 14:00, March 14, 2012 (UTC)
Well I hope he brings it back soon because we've been waiting for almost a year (I think? I lost track of how long) and I would love to know how this ends or is going to play into more of the story. Hammiams 14:10, March 14, 2012 (UTC)
More Fandoms
Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat.
Highschool of the Dead Wiki is a FANDOM Anime Community.
| 780 |
93 | what does it mean to be on parole | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parole | Parole
Originating from the French word parole ('speech, spoken words' but also 'promise'), the term became associated during the Middle Ages with the release of prisoners who gave their word. This differs greatly from pardon , amnesty or commutation of sentence in that parolees are still considered to be serving their sentences, and may be returned to prison if they violate the conditions of their parole. It is similar to probation , the key difference being that parole takes place after a prison sentence, while probation can be granted in lieu of a prison sentence.
Modern development
Alexander Maconochie , a Scottish geographer and captain in the Royal Navy , introduced the modern idea of parole when, in 1840, he was appointed superintendent of the British penal colonies in Norfolk Island , Australia. He developed a plan to prepare them for eventual return to society that involved three grades. The first two consisted of promotions earned through good behaviour, labour, and study. The third grade in the system involved conditional liberty outside of prison while obeying rules. A violation would return them to prison and they would start all over again through the ranks of the three-grade process. [1] [2] He reformed its ticket of leave system, instituting what many consider to be the world's first parole system. [3] Prisoners served indeterminate sentences from which they could be released early if they showed evidence of rehabilitation [4] through participation in a graded classification system based on a unit of exchange called a mark. [5] Prisoners earned marks through good behavior, lost them through bad behavior, [3] and could spend them on passage to higher classification statuses ultimately conveying freedom. [5]
In an instance of multiple discovery , in 1846, Arnould Bonneville de Marsangy proposed the idea of parole (which he termed "preparatory liberations") to the Civil Tribunal at Reims . [6] [7]
In general, in Canada, prisoners are eligible to apply for full parole after serving one-third of their sentences. [8] Prisoners are also eligible to apply for day parole , [9] and can do this before being eligible to apply for full parole.
Any prisoner whose sentence is less than two years is sent to a correctional facility in the province or territory where they were convicted , whilst anyone sentenced to serve no less than two years will be sent to a federal correctional facility and will thus have to deal with the Parole Board of Canada . [10]
Parole is an option for most prisoners. However, parole is not guaranteed, particularly for prisoners serving life or indeterminate sentences. In cases of first-degree murder, one can apply for parole after 25 years if convicted of a single murder. However, if convicted of multiple murders, either of the first or second-degree, the sentencing judge previously had the discretion to make parole ineligibility periods consecutive - thereby extending parole ineligibility beyond 25 years and, in rare cases, beyond a normal life-span. [11] [12] On May 27, 2022 , the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously ruled that extending parole ineligibility beyond the statutorily mandated 25 years was unconstitutional for being "cruel and unusual" punishment. [13]
In China , prisoners are often granted medical parole or compassionate release , which releases them on the grounds that they must receive medical treatment which cannot be provided for in prison. Occasionally, medical parole is used as a less public way of releasing a wrongly convicted prisoner. [14] [15]
The Chinese legal code has no explicit provision for exile, but often dissidents are released on the grounds that they need to be treated for a medical condition in another country, and with the understanding that they will be reincarcerated if they return to China. Dissidents who have been released on medical parole include Ngawang Chophel , Ngawang Sangdrol , Phuntsog Nyidron , Takna Jigme Zangpo , Wang Dan , Wei Jingsheng , Gao Zhan and Fang Lizhi .[ citation needed ]
Until 2001, parole in Israel was possible only after the prisoner had served two thirds of their sentence. On 13 February 2001, the Knesset passed a bill, brought forward by Reuven Rivlin and David Libai , which allowed the early release of prisoners who had served half of their prison term (the so-called "Deri Law" [16] ). The law was originally intended to help ease overcrowding in prisons.
Libertà condizionata is covered by Article 176 of the Italian Penal Code. A prisoner is eligible if he has served at least 30 months (or 26 years for life sentences), and the time remaining on his sentence is less than half the total (normally), a quarter of the total (if previously convicted or never convicted) or five years (for sentences greater than 7.5 years). In 2006, 21 inmates were granted libertà condizionata.[ citation needed ]
New Zealand
United Kingdom
The Parole Boards in the UK are only involved in the release of prisoners with specific sentences. Indeterminate sentences (life imprisonment and imprisonment for public protection ) are always handled by the Parole Board because they have no fixed release date. Some determinate or "fixed" sentences, such as extended determinate sentences, are also handled by the Parole Board, but for the majority of prisoners the Parole Board will not be involved in their release. [20]
The conditions of release are called a licence, and parole is called release on licence. There are seven standard licence conditions for all prisoners: [21] [22]
Be of good behaviour and not behave in a way which undermines the purpose of the licence period;
Not commit any offence;
Keep in touch with the supervising officer in accordance with instructions given by the supervising officer;
Receive visits from the supervising officer in accordance with instructions given by the supervising officer;
Reside permanently at an address approved by the supervising officer and obtain the prior permission of the supervising officer for any stay of one or more nights at a different address;
Not undertake work, or a particular type of work, unless it is approved by the supervising officer and notify the supervising officer in advance of any proposal to undertake work or a particular type of work;
Not travel outside the United Kingdom , the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man , except with the prior permission of your supervising officer or for the purposes of immigration deportation or removal.
When a prisoner does not have to have their release approved by the Parole Board, further "additional licence conditions" may be suggested by the Probation Service and set by prison governors. [23] When the Parole Board is involved, the Probation Service may suggest additional conditions, but the Parole Board is responsible for determining which additional conditions will be added to the licence. [22] If an offender breaks any of these conditions, they can be "recalled" or returned to prison. [24]
Since 2014 many of the probation and license monitoring functions have been carried out by private-sector "community rehabilitation companies" (CRCs) as well as the National Probation Service . [25] [26] In May 2019 the government announced that supervision of offenders, including supervision of offenders released on licence, would be re-nationalised. The decision was made following multiple criticisms of the system which led Chief probation inspector Dame Glenys Stacey to describe the system as "irredeemably flawed". [27]
United States
Modern history
In some jurisdictions in the United States, courts may specify in a sentence how much time must be served before a prisoner is eligible for parole. This is often done by specifying an indeterminate sentence such as "5 to 15 years", or "15 years to life". The latter type is known as an indeterminate life sentence; in contrast, a sentence of "life without the possibility of parole" is known as a determinate life sentence. [30]
On the federal level, Congress abolished parole in the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 (Pub. L. No. 98-473 § 218(a)(5), 98 Stat. 1837, 2027 [repealing 18 U.S.C.A. § 4201 et seq.]). Federal prisoners may, however, earn a maximum of 54 days good time credit per year against their sentence (18 U.S.C.A. § 3624(b)). At the time of sentencing, the federal judge may also specify a post-imprisonment period of supervised release. [31] The U.S. Parole Commission still has jurisdiction over parole for those prisoners convicted of felonies in the District of Columbia and who are serving their sentences there, as well as over certain federally incarcerated military and international prisoners. [32] [33]
In most states, the decision of whether an inmate is paroled is vested in a paroling authority such as a parole board. Mere good conduct while incarcerated in and of itself does not necessarily guarantee that an inmate will be paroled. Other factors may enter into the decision to grant or deny parole, most commonly the establishment of a permanent residence and immediate, gainful employment or some other clearly visible means of self-support upon release (such as Social Security if the prisoner is old enough to qualify). Depending upon the jurisdiction, the parole board may look at various factors such as the inmate's criminal history, participation in rehabilitation, education, or vocational programs, expressions of remorse , admissions of guilt, and insight (in the psychiatric sense) into the factors driving the inmate's decision to commit the crimes at issue (in order to estimate the likelihood that the inmate may reoffend upon encountering similar factors in the outside world after release). Many states now permit sentences of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole (such as for murder and espionage ), but any prisoner not sentenced to such sentences or the death penalty will eventually have the right to petition for release (one state – Alaska – maintains neither the death penalty nor life imprisonment without parole as sentencing options).
Before being granted the privilege of parole, the inmate meets with members of the parole board and is interviewed. The parolee also has a psychological examination. If parole is granted, the inmate must first agree to abide by the conditions of parole set by the paroling authority. While in prison, the inmate signs a parole certificate or contract. On this contract are the conditions that the inmate must follow. These conditions usually require the parolee to meet regularly with his or her parole officer or community corrections agent, who assesses the behavior and adjustment of the parolee and determines whether the parolee is violating any of his or her terms of release (typically these include being at home during certain hours which is called a curfew, maintaining steady employment, not absconding , refraining from illicit drug use and, sometimes, abstaining from alcohol , attending addiction treatment or counseling, and having no contact with their victim). The inmate gives an address which is verified by parole officers as valid before the inmate is released to parole supervision.
Upon release, the parolee goes to a parole office and is assigned a parole officer. Parole officers make unannounced visits to parolees' houses or apartments to check on them. During these home visits officers look for signs of drug or alcohol use, guns or illegal weapons, and other illegal activities. Should parolees start to use drugs or alcohol, they are told to go to drug or alcohol counseling and Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Should they not comply with conditions on the parole certificate (including abstention from voting ) a warrant is issued for their arrest. Their parole time is stopped when the warrant is issued and starts only after they are arrested. They have a parole violation hearing within a specified time, and then a decision is made by the parole board to revoke their parole or continue the parolee on parole. In some cases, a parolee may be discharged from parole before the time called for in the original sentence if it is determined that the parole restrictions are no longer necessary for the protection of society (this most frequently occurs when elderly parolees are involved).
Service members who commit crimes while in the U.S. military may be subject to court martial proceedings under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). If found guilty, they may be sent to federal or military prisons and upon release may be supervised by U.S. Federal Probation officers.
Parole in the United States has proven to be politically divisive. Beginning from the initiation of the war on drugs in the 1970s, politicians began to advertise their "tough on crime" stances, encouraging a tightening of penal policy and resulting in longer sentences for what were previously referred to as minor drug violations. [34] During elections, politicians whose administrations parole any large number of prisoners (or, perhaps, one notorious criminal) are typically attacked by their opponents as being "soft on crime". According to the U.S. Department of Justice , at least sixteen states have removed the option of parole entirely, and four more have abolished parole for certain violent offenders. [35] [36] However, during the rise of mass incarceration in the 1970s, the states that continued to use parole and indeterminate sentencing contributed more to rising incarceration rates than those without parole boards. Said states implemented a dramatic decrease of parole releases, which inevitably resulted in longer sentences for more prisoners. From 1980 to 2009, indeterminate sentencing states made up nine of the ten states with the highest incarceration rate. [29]
Starting in the 1980s, parole was revisited as a method once again to manage prison populations and as financial motivation to prevent further budget straining. The new approach to parole release was accompanied with the growth of a mass surveillance state. The supervision practices of increased drug testing, intensive supervision, unannounced visits and home confinement are widely used today. [29] Additionally, a growing condition of parole was to assume the role of informant towards frequently surveilled communities. [37]
The Great Recession of 2008 coupled with the Twin Towers attack on September 11, 2001 contributed to the public emphasis on the war on terror and eventually led to a trend of lowering incarceration. In fact, presidential politics between 2001 and 2012 were, for the first time in ten years, not focused on domestic crime control and even saw the promotion of the Second Chance Act by George W. Bush, who used the act to pledge federal money for reentry as a symbol of his "compassionate conservatism". [37]
Debates and reform efforts
Since the 1990s, parole and indeterminate sentencing have been the focus of debate in the United States with some emphasizing reform of the parole system and others calling for its abolishment altogether. These debates are fueled by a growing scholarship that criticizes U.S. parole boards and also the parole system more broadly.
Parole boards are seen as lacking in efficient qualifications and too politicized in the appointment process. [37] The decision for granting parole has been criticized for neglecting the due process of prisoners on a case-by-case basis. [38] Additionally, the process for being granted a commutation has been criticized, as many prisoners have been denied a commutation for not showing the right amount of "remorse" or proving substantially that they were ready to contribute again, which are aspects that many argue are too normative and subjective. [39]
Most agree that, as was originally intended, the parole system puts a necessary focus on rehabilitation, despite its current problems which are widely debated. Critics note that it is becoming more and more expensive to the taxpayer, with little evidence of successful rehabilitation for prisoners. The conditions of parole themselves are often attacked as well, critiqued for being overwhelmingly criminogenic and perpetuating mass surveillance and a permanent state of imprisonment that does little to ensure a smooth reentry into society. [34] Critics note that greater discretion is required to decide which parolees require costly supervisory resources and which ones do not, rather than placing digital, physical, and structural restrictions on every parolee. [29]
The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) stated in 2005 that about 45% of parolees completed their sentences successfully, while 38% were returned to prison, and 11% absconded. These statistics, the DOJ says, are relatively unchanged since 1995; even so, some states (including New York ) have abolished parole altogether for violent felons, and the federal government abolished it in 1984 for all offenders convicted of a federal crime, whether violent or not. Despite the decline in jurisdictions with a functioning parole system, the average annual growth of parolees was an increase of about 1.6% per year between 1995 and 2002.
A variant of parole is known as " time off for good behavior ", or, colloquially, "good time". Unlike the traditional form of parole – which may be granted or denied at the discretion of a parole board – time off for good behavior is automatic absent a certain number (or gravity) of infractions committed by a convict while incarcerated (in most jurisdictions the released inmate is placed under the supervision of a parole officer for a certain amount of time after being so released). In some cases "good time" can reduce the original sentence by as much as one-half. It is usually not made available to inmates serving life sentences, as there is no release date that can be moved up.
Difference from mandatory supervision
According to a review of the academic literature by economist Jennifer Doleac , reductions in parole supervision was one of the most cost-effective ways to improve the reintegration and rehabilitation of the formerly-incarcerated. [41] [42]
Prisoners of war
Parole is "the agreement of persons who have been taken prisoner by an enemy that they will not again take up arms against those who captured them, either for a limited time or during the continuance of the war." [43] The US Department of Defense defines parole more broadly: "Parole agreements are promises given the captor by a POW to fulfill stated conditions, such as not to bear arms or not to escape, in consideration of special privileges, such as release from captivity or lessened restraint." [44]
The practice of paroling enemy troops began thousands of years ago, at least as early as the time of Carthage . [45] Parole allowed the prisoners' captors to avoid the burdens of having to feed and care for them while still avoiding having the prisoners rejoin their old ranks once released; it could also allow the captors to recover their own men in a prisoner exchange . Hugo Grotius , an early international lawyer, favorably discussed prisoner of war parole. [46] During the American Civil War , both the Dix–Hill Cartel and the Lieber Code set out rules regarding prisoner of war parole. [47] Francis Lieber 's thoughts on parole later reappeared in the Declaration of Brussels of 1874, the Hague Convention , and the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. [48]
In the United States, current policy prohibits US military personnel who are prisoners of war from accepting parole. The Code of the United States Fighting Force states: "I will accept neither parole nor special favors from the enemy." [49] The position is reiterated by the Department of Defense. "The United States does not authorize any Military Service member to sign or enter into any such parole agreement." [50]
See also
^ John V. Barry, "Maconochie, Alexander (1787–1860)" , Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, accessed 4 April 2013].
^ a b Joan Petersilia , When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
^ Robert D. Hansner, Community Corrections. Los Angeles: Sage, 2010.
^ a b Gray Cavendar, Parole: A Critical Analysis. Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1982.
Historical innovations are often created independently and almost simultaneously. This seems to be the case about the origins of parole, especially in view of factors of time and means of communication. In effect, Maconochie developed his scheme in the years 1840-1844 as governor of Norfolk Island, a famous penal colony east of Australia, whereas Bonneville's ideas came out in the years 1846-1847. Our knowledge of the slowness of communications at the time, especially in such a sector of activity, leaves us with the impression that Bonneville really did not know about Maconochie's proposal.
"Types of Release" . Correctional Services Canada. 1 December 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
"Parole" . Department of Corrections. 4 December 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2021.
"Cases and Eligibility" . Paroleboard.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 5 May 2012. Retrieved 27 April 2012.
"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
Gianquitto, Lisa; Rule, Philip (1 February 2012). "Licences and Licence conditions" . InsideTime. Archived from the original on 7 July 2019.
^ In re Jeanice D., 28 Cal. 3d 210 (1980) ("25 years to life" is indeterminate life sentence implying that minor convicted of first-degree murder was eligible for commitment to California Youth Authority rather than determinate life sentence which would require incarceration in regular prison).
"United States Parole Commission" (PDF). United States Department of Justice. February 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2016.
"History of the Federal Parole System" (PDF). United States Parole Commission. May 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
"Quality of snitches declining as result of sentencing laws". Arizona Republic. 17 August 1997. p. 6.
Gormley, Michael (6 May 2007). "Parole system 'unfair'" . The Berkshire Eagle . Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ 2 Bouvier's Law Dictionary 2459 (1914)
^ US Department of Defense Directive 1300.7, Training and Education Measures Necessary to Support the Code of Conduct (23 December 88).
^ Herbert C. Fooks, Prisoners of War 297 (1924).
^ James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom 791 (1988); U.S. Army General Orders No. 100 (24 April 1863), reprinted in R. S. Hartigan, Lieber's Code and the Law of War 45–71 (1983).
^ Annex to Hague Convention IV Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, Art. 10 (1907) and Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Art. 21 (1949), both reprinted in Documents on the Laws of War 216 (A. Roberts & R. Guelff (ed.), 1982).
^ Code of Conduct for Members of the Armed Forces of the United States, Exec. Order No. 10,631, 20 Fed. Reg. 6057, 3 C.F.R. 1954–58 Comp. 266 (1955), as amended by Exec. Order No. 12,017, 42 Fed. Reg. 57941 (1977); and Exec. Order No. 12,633, 53 Fed. Reg. 10355 (1988).
^ DoD Directive 1300.7, Enclosure 2, Para. B3a(5).
External links
Parole
| 786 |
93 | what does it mean to be on parole | https://www.justice.gov/uspc/frequently-asked-questions | Here's how you know
Here's how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
Locked padlock
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
DOJ Menu
What is parole?
When someone is paroled, they serve part of their sentence under the supervision of their community. The law says that the U.S. Parole Commission may grant parole if (a) the inmate has substantially observed the rules of the institution; (b) release would not depreciate the seriousness of the offense or promote disrespect for the law; and (c) release would not jeopardize the public welfare.
Parole has a three-fold purpose: (1) through the assistance of the United States Probation Officer, a parolee may obtain help with problems concerning employment, residence, finances, or other personal problems which often trouble a person trying to adjust to life upon release from prison; (2) parole protects society because it helps former prisoners get established in the community and thus prevents many situations in which they might commit a new offense; and (3) parole prevents needless imprisonment of those who are not likely to commit further crime and who meet the criteria for parole. While in the community, supervision will be oriented toward reintegrating the offender as a productive member of society.
How does the Commission determine if someone is eligible for parole?
A criminal offender becomes eligible for parole according to the type of sentence received from the court. The "parole eligibility date" is the earliest time the offender might be paroled. If the Parole Commission decides to grant parole, it will set the date of release, but the date must be on or after the "eligibility" date.
The process begins at sentencing. Unless the court has specified a minimum time for the offender to serve, or has imposed an "indeterminate" type of sentence, parole eligibility occurs upon completion of one-third of the term. If an offender is serving a life sentence or a term or terms of 30 years or more he or she will become eligible for parole after 10 years.
How does one apply for parole?
To apply for parole, the offender has to fill out and sign an application furnished by a case manager. Everyone except those committed under juvenile delinquency procedures who wish to be considered for parole must complete a parole application.
In some instances, the offender may not wish to apply for parole; if this is the case, the offender is provided a waiver as opposed to an application.
How is one notified of hearings?
A case manager notifies the offender when his or her parole hearing is scheduled. The initial hearing will usually take place within a few months after arrival at the institution. The only exception to this rule is if the offender is serving a minimum term of 10 years or more, in which case the initial hearing will be scheduled six months prior to the completion of 10 years.
What happens at a parole hearing?
A parole hearing is an opportunity for the offender to present his or her side of the story, and express their own thoughts as to why they feel they should be paroled. Many subjects come up during the course of the hearing. These typically include the details of the offense, prior criminal history, the guidelines which the Commission uses in making their determination, the offender's accomplishments in the correctional facility, details of a release plan, and any problems the offender has had to meet in the past and is likely to face again in the future.
The Commission is interested in both the public safety as well as the needs of the individual.
When is a decision made about parole?
A Parole Examiner reviews the case file before the hearing occurs. A recommendation relative to parole is made at the conclusion of the hearing and in most instances the offender is notified of that recommendation. If a recommendation is not provided, the Examiner may refer the case to the Commission's Office for further review. All recommendations made at the hearing are only tentative as another examiner review is required before a final decision is made. Usually it takes about 21 days for the offender to receive a Notice of Action advising them of the official decision.
Is it possible to appeal the parole decision?
Federal offenders may appeal any grant, recission, denial, or revocation of parole as well as any modification or addition to conditions of release and any adverse early termination decision to the National Appeals Board.
D.C. Code offenders may appeal parole revocation decisions, grants or denials of reparole, and any adverse early termination decision to the National Appeals Board. D.C. Code offenders may not appeal parole denials and may not appeal modifications or additions to the conditions of their release, unless those changes were made as part of a revocation decision.
Appeals must be submitted within 30 days of the challenged decision, although extensions may be requested.
What kind of job can a parolee get?
In most cases, any legitimate employment is normally acceptable. Full time work is preferable to part time work; work done continuously at one location is generally better than work in which it is necessary to travel. It is expected that the job will provide enough income to support dependents.
In some cases, the Parole Commission may prohibit certain types of employment. If, for example, the original offense behavior involved abuse of a certain occupational position and there might be a likelihood of further criminal conduct if returned to such employment, than that employment may be denied.
What does a parolee do if he or she has no home to go to?
The U.S. Parole Commission is interested in parolees having a suitable place to live. Sometimes this is with family or relatives, but in other cases, the Commission may consider an independent living agreement more suitable to the parolees--and the community's--needs. There is no rigid rule that requires parolees to reside in their home, if they have one, or that they cannot be paroled if they do not.
Is parole the same as probation?
No. Probation is a period of supervision in the community imposed by the court as an alternative to imprisonment. Parole is the release of a prisoner to supervision in the community after he/she has completed a part of his/her sentence in an institution.
Can an offender be allowed to see his or her file before the hearing?
The Notice of Hearing form will tell the offender that he or she may review their institutional file before the hearing. Certain parts of the file are exempted by law from being shown. Such exempted parts will be summarized, however, and the summary furnished to the offender if asked. If the offender asks to see his or her file, or part of it, he or she may inspect any documents, except the exempted ones, which the Parole Commission uses as a basis for its decision about parole. The Case Manager can explain what types of material are exempted by law, and can assist in requesting files for review. He/she can also discuss the possibility of reviewing the offender's file at some time other than just before the parole hearing.
May the offender bring someone into the hearing room?
The Notice of Hearing form provides a place for the offender to name someone as his or her representative at the hearing. The representative should be given timely prior notice by the offender to allow adequate time to prepare for the hearing. This representative would, with the final approval of the examiner conducting the hearing, ordinarily be allowed to enter the hearing room and make a brief statement on the offender's behalf. The offender may elect to waive representation by initialing the appropriate section on the Notice of Hearing form. Permission must be granted from this individual, and he or she must be given enough time to plan to attend the hearing. The representative may enter the hearing room with the offender and make a brief statement on his or her behalf. Should the offender decide not to have a representative, he or she will be asked to initial the waiver section on the Notice of Hearing form.
Who else will be present at the parole hearing?
Generally, a Hearing Examiner from the Parole Commission will conduct the hearing. The Case Manager generally also will attend the hearing. Observers may ask to come into the hearing room occasionally. These are usually members of the institution staff or personnel of the Parole Commission. A person who wishes to speak in opposition to an offender's parole may also appear at the hearing.
Are the hearings recorded?
Yes, the interview is recorded. The offender may request a copy of the recording by submitting a request under the Freedom of Information Act.
Does the judge or other court official make a recommendation to the Commission regarding parole?
The Judge who sentenced the criminal offender, the Assistant United States Attorney who prosecuted the case and the defense attorney may make recommendations regarding parole. These recommendations are generally submitted to the Commission before the first hearing and become a part of the material the Commission considers. The Judge's recommendation and the defense attorney's recommendation will be made on Form AO-235. The Assistant United States Attorney's recommendation will be on Form USA-792.
Does the Hearing Examiner usually follow the recommendations made by the institution staff?
Institution staff recommendations if provided are given thoughtful consideration but are not always followed, as they are only one of the several factors considered by the Examiner and the Commission.
How do any of the following situations affect parole?
A. Institution misconduct. The prisoner is expected to observe the rules of the institution in which confined to be eligible for parole. Misconduct resulting in forfeited or withheld good time indicates that institution rules have not been observed and is a poor argument for parole, but does not automatically disqualify the applicant from Commission consideration.
B. Presence of a detainer. A detainer does not of itself constitute a basis to deny parole. A prisoner may be paroled to a detainer indicating an actual release to the custody of another jurisdiction. If the detainer is dropped, the parole will occur, with an approved plan, directly to the community. In some circumstances, parole may be to the detainer only and if the detainer is dropped, further action regarding parole will not occur, pending additional review by the Commission.
C. Alien subject to deportation. In some cases, the Commission grants parole on condition that the alien be deported and remain outside the United States. In other cases, the Commission merely grants parole to an immigration detainer. In such instances the individual does not leave the institution until the immigration officials are ready to receive him.
D. Case in court on appeal. All persons have the right by law to appeal their conviction and sentence. The Parole Commission recognizes this right and the existence of a court appeal has no bearing whatever on parole decisions.
Will parole be granted if there is an unpaid committed fine?
A fine for which an offender is to "stand committed" must be taken care of in some way before the Commission can take action on the "time portion" of the sentence. The usual way to take care of a fine is to pay it. If an offender cannot do so, he or she may apply to take an "indigent prisoner's oath" if the offender can show that there are no funds or assets in his or her possession. A Case Manager can help the offender apply to take this oath. If the offender can neither pay the fine nor qualify for the oath, the Warden or Magistrate might determine that the offender needs all of his or her money or assets to support dependents. In some cases the offender may be able to pay part of the fine and the Warden or Magistrate will determine that he or she needs the remainder of the assets for the support of dependents. In such cases, however, the offender still has a civil requirement to pay the fine at some later date.
If the offender has sufficient money or assets to pay the committed fine but fails to do so, the offender will not be paroled.
Are reasons provided if parole is not granted?
Yes, the Hearing Examiner will discuss the recommendation with the offender at the time of the hearing, and the Notice of Action will state the reasons for the decision.
If parole is not granted at the initial hearing, will the offender be given another hearing?
By law, if a sentence is less than seven years the offender will be granted another hearing after 18 months from the time of his or her last hearing. If the sentence is seven years or more the next hearing is scheduled 24 months from the time of the last hearing. The first Statutory Interim Hearing may be delayed until the docket preceding eligibility if there is more than 18 or 24 months between the initial hearing and the eligibility date.
If the Commission does not parole the offender earlier, can he or she be paroled later on near the end of the term?
If the sentence is five years or longer, the law provides that the offender will be granted mandatory parole by the Commission when he or she has served two-thirds of the term or terms, unless the Commission makes a finding either that (1) the offender has seriously or frequently violated institution rules and regulations, or (2) there is a reasonable probability that the offender will commit a further crime. If an offender is serving a life term or consecutive terms, a Case Manager can explain the law in relation to parole at the two-thirds point.
Will an offender be given a hearing just before the "two-thirds" date?
If an offender is serving a sentence of five years or larger, the case will be reviewed on the record shortly before the "two-thirds" date arrives. If the offender is not granted mandatory parole on the basis of a "record review," he or she will be scheduled for a hearing when the Hearing Examiner next visits the institution. A decision about parole will then follow that hearing.
May an offender waive parole at the two-thirds point of the sentence?
Yes. If the offender chooses to waive parole at this point, release will occur at the mandatory release date of the sentence.
If someone is paroled after two-thirds of a sentence, must they comply with the parole conditions like any other parolee?
Yes. A parolee must abide by the conditions of release, and parole may be revoked if any of them are violated. Parolees will remain under supervision until the expiration of his or her sentence unless the Commission terminates supervision earlier. The reduction of supervision time by 180 days provided by the mandatory release laws does not apply to this type of parole.
If parole is not granted to an offender at any time during his or her sentence, when does he or she get out?
Unless the offender has a forfeited all statutory good time, he or she will be released via Mandatory Release. The Mandatory Release date is computed by the institution officials according to how much statutory good time the offender is entitled to and how much "extra" good time is earned. The law states that a mandatory releasee "shall upon release be treated as if released on parole and shall be subject to all provisions of the law relating to the parole of United States prisoners until the expiration of the maximum term or terms for which he was sentenced, less 180 days." This means a parolee should have a release plan as if he or she were going out on parole. The releasee will be supervised by a United States Probation Officer as if on parolee until 180 days before the expiration date of the sentence provided the releasee does not violate the conditions of release, in which case the Commission retains jurisdiction to the original full term date of the sentence.
If an offender is not paroled and has less than 180 days left on a sentence when they are released, they will be released without supervision.
However, if a special parole term is being served, supervision will terminate at the full term date. The 180-day date does not apply.
If the Parole Commission grants parole, when will a parolee be released?
If a parolee's parole plan is complete and has been approved by the Parole Commission following an investigation by the United States Probation Officer, release will be on the date set by the Commission (assuming, of course, that the parole is not retarded or rescinded for misconduct or for some other reason). If the plan is not approved, release may be delayed regardless of the effective date which the Commission set when it granted parole.
What type of release plan must be in order?
A release plan should normally include a suitable residence and a verified offer of employment. A parole advisor is necessary only if the Commission or the United States Probation Officer specifically says that one should be obtained. There are exceptions. For example, a definite job is sometimes neither necessary nor possible. The Commission always considers the individual's situation and may waive this or any other standard requirement if it sees fit to do so. On the other hand, special requirements may be added and must be met before release.
How can a parolee get a job while still in the institution?
Relatives, friends, and social agencies in the community where a parolee wishes to live or former employers are likely contacts. If a parolee is released through a Community Corrections Center this is also a time during which he or she may find employment.
The United States Probation Officer to whom the parolee reports investigates job offers, and that officer reports back to the institution and the Parole Commission.
Must a parolee return to the community from which he or she came?
In most instances, a parolee will be released to the Judicial District in which he or she was convicted or the Judicial District of legal residence. The parolee's former community may offer the best opportunity for the help and support that will be needed. If the Commission believes, however, that the chance of success on parole is greater in another community, it may order residence in a different Judicial District.
After a parolee is released, to whom and when does the parolee report?
Unless a parolee is released to a detainer, he or she will go to an approved residence and report within three days to the United States Probation Office shown on the release certificate. The parolee will continue to report to a Probation Officer in person as instructed by the officer. In addition, monthly written reports are required as long as parolees remain under supervision on your sentence.
Upon what conditions is a parolee released on parole or mandatory release?
The conditions are indicated on the release certificate presented to the parolee when he or she is released or on the Notice of Action.
If the prisoner is denied parole, he or she will be released at a date provided by deducting the sum total of good time days from the full term date. The conditions of supervision will be specified on the certificate of mandatory release.
May any of the conditions of release be changed by the Commission?
If a parolee believes the conditions on the Certificate of Release are unfair, he or she may ask the Case Manager for an appeal form and submit it to the Regional Commissioner within 30 days after release. The Commission will consider the appeal and the parolee will be notified of the decision. While the appeal is pending, the parolee must continue to abide by the conditions imposed.
After a parolee is released, may any of the conditions be changed? Can additional ones be imposed?
The Probation Officer or the Commission itself may propose changing or adding to the conditions. The parolee will be notified of any such proposal and will be allowed up to ten days to make any written comments to the Commission. A form for this purpose is made available to the parolee, and it can be used for comments. The parolee may write directly to the Commission (with a copy to his or her Probation Officer) if he or she wishes to have any of the conditions amended or deleted.
May a parolee be required to go into a half-way house or undergo some course of treatment for drug or alcohol use while under supervision?
Federal law permits the Commission to require a parolee to participate in any of the programs mentioned for all or part of the time under supervision. In most cases, a parolee will be notified in advance and may submit comments about the proposal to the Commission before the final decision is made.
May a parolee own, use or possess firearms after they are released?
Except in very rare situations, federal law forbids anyone who has ever been convicted of a felony from possessing firearms or ammunition. Generally, therefore, parolees will not be permitted to own or possess a firearm or ammunition.
How long will a parolee remain under supervision after his or her release?
Parolees will remain under the jurisdiction of the Parole Commission and under supervision of a Probation Officer until the maximum expiration date of the sentence (for offenses committed prior to April 11, 1987), unless the Commission terminates supervision earlier. If the parolee's supervision is terminated early, he or she will be given a Certificate of Early Termination.
If an offender is not paroled, but instead mandatorily released, supervision automatically ends 180 days before the maximum expiration date, unless the Commission terminates supervision earlier and issues a Certificate of Early Termination.
How does the Commission decide whether to terminate supervision early?
A Probation Officer will submit an annual report to the Commission about a parolee's adjustment in the community. After reviewing the report including any recommendations, the Commission may decide to terminate parolee supervision early. By law, the Commission must consider a case after the second year in the community (not counting any time spent in confinement since release), and every year thereafter.
After five years of supervision in the community the Commission must terminate a parolee's supervision unless it finds that there is a likelihood that you will engage in conduct violating any law. Any finding of that nature will be made only after the parolee has had an opportunity for a personal hearing. A parolee may choose to waive the hearing if so desired.
What happens if a parolee violates the conditions of parole or mandatory release?
A Probation Officer reports the violation to the Parole Commission and a Commissioner determines the appropriate sanctions, including the possibility of issuance of an arrest warrant or a summons for the parolee to appear at a hearing. The Probation Officer is required to report any and all violations but may recommend that the parolee be continued under supervision. The Probation Officer's recommendation is one of the factors considered by the Commission in its decision.
Who issues a warrant or summons if a parolee violates parole or mandatory release?
Only a Parole Commissioner may issue a warrant or a summons for a violation of the conditions of release.
After a warrant or summons is issued, what happens then?
The parolee is either taken into custody or summoned to appear at a hearing. Custody is usually in the nearest government approved jail or detention center. Unless the offender has been convicted of a new offense, a Probation Officer will personally advise the offender of his or her legal rights and conduct a preliminary interview. The Probation Officer will discuss the charges which have been placed against the offender and then submit a report to the Commission. In this report, the Probation Officer will recommend whether there is "probable cause" to believe that a violation has occurred and whether the offender should be held in custody pending a revocation hearing or be reinstated to supervision. The Probation Officer will advise the offender of the recommendation and the basis for it.
After the Probation Officer's report is received, the Regional Commissioner will either order the parolee reinstated to supervision or order him or her held for a revocation hearing by a Hearing Examiner.
If a parolee is convicted of a new offense, they are not entitled to a preliminary interview because the conviction is sufficient evidence that they did violate the conditions of release. In such case, the offender may be transported without delay to a federal institution for a revocation hearing.
May a parolee have an attorney at a preliminary interview and revocation hearing?
Yes, parolees are entitled to an attorney of their choice (or have one appointed by the court if one cannot be afforded). It is the responsibility of the parolee to keep his or her attorney advised as to the time and place of the hearing.
Where are the revocation hearings held?
Generally, revocation hearings are held after the offender is returned to a federal institution. Such institutional hearings are held within 90 days from the time the offender was taken into custody on the basis of the Commission's warrant.
If there are sufficient reasons to do so, the Commission may order a parolee's revocation hearing held in his or her own community or in the community where he or she was arrested. The offender will be entitled to such a hearing only if the offender denies violating the conditions of release, and if the offender was not convicted of a new crime. If a local revocation hearing is requested, the parolee must complete a form. There is a penalty for false answers on this form, and a denial of violation must be honestly made. Local revocation hearings are generally held within 60 days from the date the Regional Commissioner finds "probable cause" that parole or mandatory release was violated.
If the offender's hearing is held in a federal institution rather than locally, may he or she also have an attorney and witnesses?
The offender is not entitled to appointed counsel but may secure an attorney at his own expense. The attorney can act only in the capacity of a representative.
If the Commission revokes parole or mandatory release, does a parolee get any credit on the sentence for the time spent under supervision?
Generally, if an offender is convicted of a new law violation, he or she is not entitled to credit for any of the time spent under supervision unless serving a YCA or NARA commitment. Also, there is no credit given for any time a parolee intentionally failed to respond or report to a Probation Officer or after a parolee has absconded from his or her area and the Probation Officer did not know where he or she was living. For violation of any of the other noncriminal conditions, a parolee generally will be credited for all of the time spent under supervision in the community.
If a parolee is revoked rather than reinstated to supervision, or if he or she is not re-paroled immediately, how long must I serve before the Commission reviews my case again?
The Commission utilizes its guidelines to help in determining the length of time a parolee should serve. The guidelines are the same ones used for inmates who apply for their initial parole hearings. Decisions, of course, can be made above or below the guidelines for good cause.
Answering Your Questions About D.C. Code Prisoners
How has the D.C. Revitalization Act changed parole for D.C. inmates?
Under the new law, the power to grant and deny parole for all D.C. inmates convicted of felony crimes was transferred from the D.C. Board of Parole to the U.S. Parole Commission on August 5, 1998.
Will offenders still be eligible for parole?
Yes. The new law does not change an offender's eligibility for parole. The parole eligibility date, mandatory release date, and full term date will continue to be determined according to D.C. law. You will receive a parole hearing form the U.S. Parole Commission if your hearing date is on or after August 5, 1998.
Do offenders still need to apply for parole?
Yes. U.S. Parole Commission application forms will be available at the offender's institution. Offenders must apply to receive an initial parole hearing.
What if the D.C. Board of Parole has made a decision in an offender's case before August 5, 1998?
The U.S. Parole Commission will adopt any decision by the D.C. Board of Parole prior to August 5, 1998. If parole was denied and the Board ordered a reconsideration date, a rehearing will be held by the Commission during the month specified by the Board. A reconsideration date is not a promise of parole, but gives inmates the chance to improve their point scores through positive program achievement.
What if a prisoner is overdue for a hearing?
The offender should ask his or her Case Manager for placement on the next docket at the institution. Re-application is not necessary.
Does the U.S. Parole Commission apply federal parole procedures and guidelines at parole hearings for D.C. Code inmates?
No. The U.S. Parole Commission applies D.C. parole laws and regulations in making its parole decisions. The Parole Commission amended the rules of the D.C. Board of Parole in 1998 to improve the quality of parole hearings, to include in the point score many of the predictive factors that were formerly used to go above the guidelines, and to establish specific rehearing schedules. However, the amended "point score" will be used only at initial hearings conducted after August 5, 1998. At rehearings for applicants who were denied parole by the D.C. Board of Parole, the 1987 point score will continue to be used.
Are further changes being considered?
Yes. Revised rule changes are posted for public comment and published thereafter.
Will parole eligibility and good time rules change if an offender is transferred to a federal prison?
No. Parole eligibility and good time credits will continue to be determined under current D.C. laws. Youth Rehabilitation Act sentences will be carried out as before, regardless of where the inmate is housed.
Revitalization Act Information
The Revitalization Act requires that all D.C. Code sentenced felons be transferred to facilities operated or contracted for by the Bureau of Prisons no later than December 31, 2000.
Will parole be abolished in the District of Columbia?
The D.C. Revitalization Act requires the District to abolish parole for some types of crimes, but this will only apply to defendants who commit crimes on or after August 5, 2000. If a prisoner is serving a parolable sentence, it will not be affected.
What happened to the D.C. Board of Parole?
The D.C. Board of Parole had the authority to revoke parole for all D.C. Code parolees and mandatory releasees until August 5, 2000. On that date, the Board's authority was transferred to the U.S. Parole Commission and the D.C. Board of Parole was abolished.
Who supervised D.C. Parolees after August 5, 2000?
D.C. Code offenders on parole are supervised by the Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency for the District of Columbia (CSOSA). The U.S. Parole Commission will be responsible for making decisions to grant, deny, or revoke parole for D.C. parolees and mandatory releasees.
Can an offender's relatives and supporters send material to the Parole Commission?
Yes. Information should be sent at least 60 days prior to an offender's hearing. The information should contain the offender's name, Federal Registration Number and/or DCDC number.
How do offenders contact the U.S. Parole Commission?
Case Managers should be available to assist prisoners. However, questions may be sent in writing to:
U.S. Parole Commission
Washington, D.C. 20530-0001
The Parole Commission cannot divulge non-public, case-specific information over the telephone. The Commission is interested in having suitable places to live for parolees. Sometimes this is with family or relatives, but in other cases, the Commission may consider an independent living agreement more suitable. There is no rigid rule which requires the offender to be paroled to his or her home, if there is one, or that the parolee cannot be paroled if he or she does not.
You may have more questions about parole and the U.S. Parole Commission. We'd like to answer those questions. You may contact the U.S. Parole Commission by writing us at 90 K Street, NE, Third Floor, Washington, D.C. 20530. We would like to help you answer any further questions you may have.
Updated February 4, 2025
U.S. Parole Commission 90 K Street NE, 3rd Floor Washington DC 20530
| 787 |
93 | what does it mean to be on parole | https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/how-does-parole-work.html | Back
Back
Issue:
Near:
Issue:
Near:
Look here for information on the parole process.
By Monica Steiner , J.D.
UC Law San Francisco
Nolo was born in 1971 as a publisher of self-help legal books. Guided by the motto “law for all,” our attorney authors and editors have been explaining the law to everyday people ever since. Learn more about our history and our editorial standards.
Each article that we publish has been written or reviewed by one of our editors, who together have over 100 years of experience practicing law. We strive to keep our information current as laws change. Learn more about our editorial standards.
Parole is conditional freedom for a prison inmate. The prisoner (called a "parolee") gets out from behind bars but must live up to a series of responsibilities. A parolee who doesn't follow the rules risks going back into custody (prison).
This article discusses what parole means and how it generally works, but laws and procedures can vary from state to state.
Understanding the Basics of Parole
Under parole as most people think of it—sometimes called "discretionary" parole—an inmate gets out of prison early and serves some part of the remaining sentence under parole supervision.
What Is Mandatory Parole?
Another kind of parole is called "mandatory" parole. Mandatory parole comes after—not instead of part of—the defendant's prison sentence. Mandatory parole shares similarities with the federal supervised release system.
Parole Is Not a Right
Under the traditional parole system, parole is a privilege for prisoners who seem capable of reintegrating into society. It's not a right. Although some criminal statutes carry a right to an eventual parole hearing, typical laws don't guarantee parole itself. Authorities retain the discretion to deny parole to prisoners they deem dangerous. (Often, a parole board that denies parole to a prisoner sets another parole hearing at some later point, sometimes after several years.)
Eligibility for Parole
State law can provide that some kinds of convictions make prisoners ineligible for parole or eligible only after a very long prison sentence. Indeed, life without parole, regularly referred to as "LWOP," is a common alternative sentence to the death penalty.
Parole Hearings
Many prisoners do, however, become eligible for parole . Commonly, after a parole board finds that a prisoner is eligible, the inmate appears at a parole hearing. If granted parole, the parolee is released and lives free in society but under the continued supervision of the prison authority.
Parole decisions can involve multiple steps—for instance, review by a panel from the parole board and then review by the whole board. In a few states, the state governor gets to review the parole decision and might have the option to reverse at least some parole grants.
Parole Supervision
Often, the prison authority primarily supervises the parolee through mandatory visits with a parole officer. State parole services (usually a branch of a department of corrections) may provide transitional services tailored to the parolee's needs, such as shelter in a halfway house or intensive mental health counseling.
Why Have a Parole System?
Parole is designed as an opportunity for a prisoner to transition back into society. The restrictions on parolees are supposed to encourage good behavior after incarceration. In fact, even before prisoners get out of custody, the possibility of parole gives them an incentive to avoid trouble.
Parole also reduces prison overcrowding and grants offenders who are considered unlikely to harm others the benefit of supervised life in society. Parole helps the government try to cut down on the high costs of maintaining large prison populations while keeping the population at large safe.
What Are Parole Conditions?
Once out on parole, a parolee enjoys the privilege of relative freedom in return for abiding by certain conditions. Some common parole conditions are that the parolee:
maintain employment and a residence
avoid criminal activity and contact with any victims
refrain from drug—and sometimes alcohol—use
attend drug or alcohol recovery meetings, and
not leave a specified geographic area without permission from the parole officer.
Under a typical parole system, the parolee is assigned a parole officer and must meet with that officer periodically. The parole officer may also make unannounced visits to the parolee's home to check that the parolee is truly abiding by the relevant conditions. Unannounced visits let the officer observe whether, for example, there is evidence of parole violations like drug use.
What Happens If Someone Violates Parole?
To violate parole is to fail to live up to its conditions. The violation could be a bad act (like committing a new crime) or a failure to act (like not getting the parole officer's permission to leave the county or state before going out of town).
Types of Parole Violations
Violating parole by committing a crime can often land parolees back in prison or jail. Some of the more minor or technical violations, such as prohibited alcohol use, could result in parole authorities imposing stricter or additional conditions rather than immediately commencing back-to-prison (revocation) proceedings. For instance, a parole officer might refer the parolee to substance abuse counseling (including, for example, AA meetings) and require proof of attendance. If the parolee fails to comply with the requirement, or if the parole violation was serious enough, the authorities may begin revocation proceedings.
Parole Revocation or Violation Hearing
At a typical hearing, the decision-maker, whether a judge, the parole board, or part of the parole board, will consider the nature and circumstances of the violation. (Parole violation proceedings can involve multiple steps, such as a hearing before a parole officer and then before the board itself.)
The decision-maker determines whether to send the parolee back into custody. Depending on the rules of the jurisdiction, the prisoner may spend weeks, months, years, or the remainder of the original sentence back behind bars. The prisoner may also be granted a new parole hearing set to occur after serving some specified time.
Getting Legal Help
Parole law varies by state. If you have questions about it or want to know how the law applies to you, consider speaking with a qualified lawyer. A knowledgeable lawyer will be able to more fully explain the law and procedures, including whether parole decisions are final. You may also find valuable information by searching for online resources. Some government and nonprofit websites provide helpful information.
Further Reading
Please explain why. We appreciate your feedback.
Submit
Zip Code is required
Zip / Postal Code
Description is required
Continue
You should not send any sensitive or confidential information through this site. Any information sent through this site does not create an attorney-client relationship and may not be treated as privileged or confidential.
Information you provide on this site is subject to our privacy policy .
We're looking for attorney matches in your area. Please tell us how they can get in touch for a consultation.
There was a problem with the submission. Please refresh the page and try again
First Name is required
First Name is required
Email Address
Phone Number
Connect with Local Attorneys
By submitting this form I agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to be contacted by Internet Brands Legal, and up to three attorneys regarding this request and to receiving relevant marketing messages by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages at the number provided. Consent is not required as a condition of service,
click here
to agree without providing consent to be contacted by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages. Rates may apply.
The lawyer or law firm you are contacting is not required to, and may choose not to, accept you as a client. The Internet is not necessarily secure and emails sent through this site could be intercepted or read by third parties.
Thank You.
We’ve provided your information to lawyers in your area.
You should receive a phone call or email within the next 24 hours.
Close
( 2 / 4 )
Based on Your Previous Answers, We Have a Few Last Questions
These additional details allow our attorneys to gain a deeper understanding of the specifics of your case
Submit
Close
Defend your rights. We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today.
What's your first name?
First Name is required
We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today.
There was a problem with the submission. Please refresh the page and try again
Full Name
Phone
Zip Code
Description is required
Find A Lawyer
By submitting this form I agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to be contacted by Internet Brands Legal, and up to three attorneys regarding this request and to receiving relevant marketing messages by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages at the number provided. Consent is not required as a condition of service,
click here
to agree without providing consent to be contacted by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages. Rates may apply.
You should not send any sensitive or confidential information through this site. Any information sent through this site does not create an attorney-client relationship and may not be treated as privileged or confidential. Information you provide on this site is subject to our privacy policy . The lawyer or law firm you are contacting is not required to, and may choose not to, accept you as a client. The Internet is not necessarily secure and emails sent through this site could be intercepted or read by third parties.
Based on Your Previous Answers, We Have a Few Last Questions
These additional details allow our attorneys to gain a deeper understanding of the specifics of your case
Submit
Close
Provide your contact information
Cookie Settings
| 788 |
93 | what does it mean to be on parole | https://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/conditions-of-parole.html | Back
Back
Issue:
Near:
Issue:
Near:
Not following parole conditions can land a parolee back behind bars.
Updated 9/14/2022
Nolo was born in 1971 as a publisher of self-help legal books. Guided by the motto “law for all,” our attorney authors and editors have been explaining the law to everyday people ever since. Learn more about our history and our editorial standards.
Each article that we publish has been written or reviewed by one of our editors, who together have over 100 years of experience practicing law. We strive to keep our information current as laws change. Learn more about our editorial standards.
Parole imposes significant restrictions on parolees —those who've been released early from prison on the condition that they abide by certain rules. The rules or conditions parolees must live with are supposed to allow the authorities to retain some control and supervision while the parolee reintegrates into society. If the parolee messes up, the authorities can send the parolee back to prison—meaning a lot is on the line.
What Are Parole Conditions?
When a parole board grants a parole request, it also sets the conditions of parole. Those conditions will be in a parole agreement—basically a contract outlining where the parolee will live and work during parole and establishing rules the parolee must follow to remain in the community.
General or Standard Conditions of Parole
Many parole conditions are standard and apply to all or most parolees. Common parole conditions include:
reporting regularly to a supervising officer
living within a defined area and not leaving without permission
promptly notifying a supervising officer of changes in employment status
not breaking the law.
Special Conditions of Parole
Others parole conditions are imposed case by case and are specifically tailored to the offender. Examples of these special parole conditions include:
submitting to treatment and random testing for drugs or alcohol
not contacting the victim or not associating with specified individuals
submitting to electronic monitoring
not gambling
Violating Parole Conditions
If a parolee violates any conditions, the parole officer will generally report the violation to the parole board or another supervising authority. For minor violations, the parole officer may be authorized to impose certain sanctions and handle the matter. Other violations will typically go before the parole board to decide whether to impose sanctions, modify the conditions, or revoke parole. Revoking parole means the parolee heads back to prison.
Are Probation and Parole Conditions the Same?
Parole and probation are similar but not the same. They occur at different times during the criminal justice process and involve different institutions.
When ordering probation, a judge allows the convicted defendant a chance to serve their sentence in the community, rather than behind bars. Parole, on the other hand, is post-incarceration release and isn't part of the sentence. A parole board may grant parole after an inmate has already served part of their sentence in prison.
Both probation and parole often come with conditions. And a violation of those conditions can mean time behind bars. For probationers , a judge will decide whether to revoke probation and send the person to prison. In the case of parolees , usually, the parole board makes revocation decisions for violations.
Getting Help
Though there are helpful online resources for state and federal former prisoners, consider seeking the help of an experienced attorney if you want to fully understand or enforce your rights.
Further Reading
Please explain why. We appreciate your feedback.
Submit
Zip Code is required
Zip / Postal Code
Description is required
Continue
You should not send any sensitive or confidential information through this site. Any information sent through this site does not create an attorney-client relationship and may not be treated as privileged or confidential.
Information you provide on this site is subject to our privacy policy .
We're looking for attorney matches in your area. Please tell us how they can get in touch for a consultation.
There was a problem with the submission. Please refresh the page and try again
First Name is required
First Name is required
Email Address
Phone Number
Connect with Local Attorneys
By submitting this form I agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to be contacted by Internet Brands Legal, and up to three attorneys regarding this request and to receiving relevant marketing messages by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages at the number provided. Consent is not required as a condition of service,
click here
to agree without providing consent to be contacted by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages. Rates may apply.
The lawyer or law firm you are contacting is not required to, and may choose not to, accept you as a client. The Internet is not necessarily secure and emails sent through this site could be intercepted or read by third parties.
Thank You.
We’ve provided your information to lawyers in your area.
You should receive a phone call or email within the next 24 hours.
Close
( 2 / 4 )
Based on Your Previous Answers, We Have a Few Last Questions
These additional details allow our attorneys to gain a deeper understanding of the specifics of your case
Submit
Close
Defend your rights. We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today.
What's your first name?
First Name is required
We've helped 95 clients find attorneys today.
There was a problem with the submission. Please refresh the page and try again
Full Name
Phone
Zip Code
Description is required
Find A Lawyer
By submitting this form I agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and consent to be contacted by Internet Brands Legal, and up to three attorneys regarding this request and to receiving relevant marketing messages by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages at the number provided. Consent is not required as a condition of service,
click here
to agree without providing consent to be contacted by automated means, text and/or prerecorded messages. Rates may apply.
You should not send any sensitive or confidential information through this site. Any information sent through this site does not create an attorney-client relationship and may not be treated as privileged or confidential. Information you provide on this site is subject to our privacy policy . The lawyer or law firm you are contacting is not required to, and may choose not to, accept you as a client. The Internet is not necessarily secure and emails sent through this site could be intercepted or read by third parties.
Based on Your Previous Answers, We Have a Few Last Questions
These additional details allow our attorneys to gain a deeper understanding of the specifics of your case
Submit
Close
Provide your contact information
Cookie Settings
| 789 |
93 | what does it mean to be on parole | https://lnlegal.com/appeals/probation-vs-parole-understanding-the-difference/ | September 15, 2023
Understanding the differences between probation and parole is significant. It empowers individuals to grasp better the legal processes they might encounter. This understanding can demystify complex sentencing decisions, helping individuals comprehend the implications of various court orders. Knowing the distinctions between these two options is essential for those facing the prospect of incarceration, as it can provide insights into potential alternatives and paths within the criminal justice system.
The primary aim of this article is to shed light on the distinctions between probation and parole. By clarifying these differences, we aim to equip our readers with valuable knowledge that can assist them in navigating the complexities of the legal system, making informed decisions, and seeking appropriate legal recourse when required.
Individuals dealing with legal matters in Los Angeles can rely on Lessem, Newstat & Tooson, LLP as a trusted resource. Schedule a consultation over the phone by calling (888) 643-2943 or contacting us online .
Probation Explained
Probation is a legal arrangement within the criminal justice system that entails a suspended term of incarceration for individuals convicted of crimes. Its primary purpose is two-fold: rehabilitation and accountability. Probation aims to rehabilitate those involved in criminal matters by allowing them to reintegrate into society while addressing the underlying causes of their criminal behavior.
Simultaneously, it holds individuals accountable for their actions by subjecting them to strict supervision. This supervision helps keep individuals out of the prison system while reducing or, in some cases, eliminating their sentence.
How Individuals Are Placed on Probation
Being placed on probation typically follows a specific sequence. First, a person is convicted of a crime with a potential jail or prison term. However, rather than having the individual serve that term immediately, the judge can suspend it. Instead, they sentence the individual to a period of probation, which involves mandatory adherence to specific conditions and reporting requirements.
Probation Types in California
Individuals convicted of felonies can be ordered to formal probation, which typically lasts three to five years. During this period, a probation officer closely supervises the individual, ensuring compliance with the terms and conditions of probation.
Individuals may receive summary probation for misdemeanor offenses, where supervision is typically carried out by the court, with similar expectations of compliance.
Terms and Conditions of Probation
The terms, conditions, and goals of probation are crucial aspects of this legal arrangement.
Individuals on probation must fulfill several obligations, such as the following:
Paying restitution to victims
Avoiding contact with specific individuals, such as victims or co-defendants
Violations of these terms could have serious consequences, potentially resulting in the individual being required to serve the remainder of their sentence in incarceration.
Parole Unveiled
Parole is a crucial component of the criminal justice system that comes into play after a person has been convicted and sentenced to prison. It offers eligible individuals the opportunity to be released from incarceration before the completion of their complete sentence, provided they agree to serve the remainder of their term under supervision and adhere to specific conditions.
The length of parole can vary significantly and depends on the circumstances surrounding the conviction and the individual’s behavior while in prison.
Eligibility Criteria and the Parole Process
Becoming eligible for parole often involves earning good time credit while in prison. This credit is awarded based on an inmate’s good behavior and participation in rehabilitative programs. However, for individuals convicted of violent felonies, eligibility may be contingent on serving a certain percentage of their prison sentence before they can even be considered for parole. Some individuals, if sentenced to prison without the possibility of parole, may not be eligible for parole at all.
A parole board decides whether a person can be released on parole.
Supervision and Conditions of Parole
Parole supervision is multifaceted, and the level varies depending on the needs of the parolee and concerns related to community safety.
Parole officers are pivotal in ensuring that individuals on parole comply with their conditions.
These conditions can encompass a wide range of requirements, including the following:
Consent to law enforcement searches with or without a warrant
Mandatory registration with local law enforcement authorities
Specific offense-related conditions tailored to the nature of the crime committed
Importantly, violations of these conditions can have serious consequences, potentially leading to the revocation of parole and the individual being returned to prison to complete their original sentence.
Critical Differences Between Probation and Parole
The primary differences between probation and parole lie in their timing and the circumstances under which they are granted.
Probation is a component of a court’s sentencing process and is typically granted as an alternative to incarceration. It allows individuals convicted of misdemeanor and felony offenses to serve their sentences while remaining in the community under certain conditions and supervision.
In contrast, parole is granted after a person has been incarcerated and served a portion of their prison sentence. Importantly, a parole board makes parole decisions after a review, which evaluates an inmate’s suitability for release based on various factors, including their behavior while in prison and readiness to reintegrate into society.
Another critical distinction is the scope of application for probation and parole. Probation can be ordered in misdemeanor and felony cases, offering a sentencing option for a broader range of offenses. It is designed to provide an opportunity for rehabilitation and accountability while avoiding incarceration.
Parole, on the other hand, is exclusively a component of felony cases where an individual has been sentenced to prison. It serves as a mechanism to transition individuals back into the community after incarceration, supporting their reintegration while ensuring public safety.
Navigating the Maze with Legal Help
Probation and parole may seem similar, but they are distinct legal mechanisms within the criminal justice system. Probation is granted as part of the initial sentencing process, offering an alternative to incarceration. In contrast, parole is granted after imprisonment and involves a review by a parole board.
Understanding these differences empowers individuals involved in legal matters with the knowledge to make informed decisions, comprehend the implications of court orders, and explore their legal options.
If you face questions or concerns related to probation or parole, it’s advisable to seek legal counsel. Defense attorneys can provide tailored guidance based on the specifics of your situation.
At Lessem, Newstat & Tooson, LLP, we are here to assist in Los Angeles. We handle probation violation and parole suitability cases and can help navigate these complex legal matters. Speak with a member of our team by contacting us at (888) 643-2943.
February 17, 2020
What’s the Maximum Amount of Marijuana a Person Can Legally Purchase in California?
Are you wondering how much weed you can legally purchase in California? Find out in the blog from the criminal defense team at Lessem, Newstat & Tooson, LLP.
Witness Credibility: Challenges and Strategies in Criminal Defense
Explore the crucial role of witness credibility in criminal defense cases with our blog. Discover the challenges and strategies involved.
Offering Rewards to Solve Crimes: Does it Really Work?
A look at the pros and cons of offering cash rewards to the public in exchange for information to help solve violent crimes, from the point of view of our…
Copyright 2025 © Lessem, Newstat & Tooson, LLP. All Rights Reserved.
| 790 |
94 | what football player is called the honey badger | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrann_Mathieu | Tyrann Mathieu
5 languages
American football player
No. 32 – New Orleans Saints
(1992-05-13) May 13, 1992 (age 32) New Orleans, Louisiana , U.S.
Height:
Weight:
College:
Career history
Tyrann Devine Mathieu ( /ˈtaɪrən ˈmæθ.juː/ ; born May 13, 1992) is an American professional football safety for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the LSU Tigers . In college he developed a reputation for causing turnovers, setting a Southeastern Conference (SEC) record with 11 career forced fumbles and earning the nickname "the Honey Badger" after the mammal of the same name . In his sophomore season, he was recognized as a consensus All-American , won the Chuck Bednarik Award as the best defensive player in college football, and was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy . Mathieu was dismissed from the LSU football program after that season due to a violation of team rules.
After spending a year out of football in 2012, he was selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round of the 2013 NFL draft , reuniting him in the defensive backfield with former college teammate Patrick Peterson . As a rookie he was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team and has since earned three invitations to the Pro Bowl and has been named to the first-team All-Pro team three times. Mathieu has also played for the Houston Texans and Kansas City Chiefs , where he was a member of the team that won Super Bowl LIV .
Early life
A native of New Orleans, Louisiana , [1] Mathieu attended St. Augustine High School , where he played for the St. Augustine Purple Knights high school football team. [2] He recorded 32 tackles, five interceptions, one sack and one fumble recovery as a senior.
While living in New Orleans' Central City, Mathieu was raised by his grandparents. His biological mother was absent the majority of the time and his biological father, Darrin Hayes, has been incarcerated for murder most of Mathieu's life. After his grandfather died in 1997, Mathieu was adopted by his uncle, Tyrone Mathieu, and aunt, Sheila Mathieu. [3]
Mathieu also ran track and field for St. Augustine's track team and was a member of the relay team. He was one of the state's top performers in the long jump . He had personal-best leaps of 1.93 meters in the high jump and 7.29 meters in the long jump.
Considered a four-star recruit by Rivals.com , [4] Mathieu was listed as the No. 13 cornerback in the nation in 2010. [5]
College career
2010 season
2011 season
2012: Dismissal
On August 10, 2012, LSU head coach Les Miles announced that Mathieu would be dismissed from the football team due to a violation of team rules. News outlets reported that the dismissal was a result of repeated drug test failures, although Miles did not confirm those reports. [16] Mathieu had formerly expressed an interest in returning to the program for the 2013 season. [17] On August 17, 2012, Mathieu withdrew from LSU and entered a drug rehabilitation program in Houston, Texas. [18] Mathieu's withdrawal was expected to last for the entire 2012–2013 academic year. However, on September 4, 2012, Mathieu ended his withdrawal and enrolled for fall semester classes. On October 25, 2012, Mathieu and three other LSU former players were arrested on possession of marijuana. [19]
On November 29, 2012, it was announced that Mathieu would enter the NFL draft . [20] Mathieu participated at the 2013 NFL Scouting Combine on February 26, 2013. He ran a 4.50 40-yard dash, had 4 reps of 225 pounds, a 34-inch vertical, and a 117-inch broad jump. [21] He also later participated at his pro day on March 27, 2013. [22]
College statistics
External videos
186 lb(84 kg)
4.50 s
1.56 s
2.61 s
4.14 s
6.87 s
4 reps
External videos
On May 23, 2013, the Arizona Cardinals signed Mathieu to a four–year, $ 3.05 million contract that included $817,187 guaranteed and an initial signing bonus of $265,000. [30] [31]
Mathieu during training camp in 2013
Throughout training camp , Mathieu competed to be the first-team nickelback and starting free safety. He competed to be a starting free safety against Yeremiah Bell and Rashad Johnson . [32] Head coach Bruce Arians named Mathieu the backup free safety to begin the regular season, behind starting free safety Rashad Johnson and strong safety Jeremiah Bell. Defensive coordinator Todd Bowles also named him the first-team nickelback. [33]
On September 8, 2013, Mathieu made his professional regular season debut in the Arizona Cardinals' season-opener at the St. Louis Rams and made seven solo tackles and made his first career forced fumble in their 27–24 loss. He made his first career regular-season tackle and forced a fumble on St Louis Rams ' tight end Jared Cook before Cook crossed into the endzone for a touchdown and it was recovered by Cardinals' linebacker Karlos Dansby for a touchback in the first quarter. [34] The following week, he earned his first career start as a nickelback and made six solo tackles and a pass deflection during a 25–21 victory against the Detroit Lions in Week 2. On September 22, 2013, Mathieu recorded ten combined tackles (nine solo), deflected a pass, and made his first career interception off a pass thrown by quarterback Drew Brees , that was initially intended for wide receiver Lance Moore , in the third quarter of a 31–7 loss at the New Orleans Saints . [35] In Week 4, Mathieu earned his first career start at free safety and remained the starter for the rest of the season after Rashad Johnson sustained an injury to his finger while covering a punt the previous week. [36] He finished the Cardinals' 13–10 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 4 with six solo tackles. On October 6, 2013, he recorded five solo tackles and made his first career sack on quarterback Cam Newton for a ten-yard loss in the second quarter during the Cardinals' 22–6 win against the Carolina Panthers . [37] On December 8, 2013, Mathieu made one solo tackle and a pass deflection before exiting the Cardinals' 30–10 victory against the St. Louis Rams with a leg injury. It was later determined Mathieu tore his left ACL and LCL while returning a punt during the third quarter. [38] On December 10, 2013, the Arizona Cardinals placed Mathieu on injured reserve officially ending his rookie season as he was inactive for the last three games (Weeks 15–17). [39] He completed his rookie season in 2013 with 68 combined tackles (65 solo), nine pass deflections, two interceptions, a sack, and a forced fumble in 13 games and 11 starts. [40] He was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team. [41]
Mathieu was not able to participate in training camp due to his recovery. He was inactive for the Cardinals' season opener but joined the team in Week 2. Upon his return, head coach Bruce Arians named Mathieu the backup free safety behind Rashad Johnson. [42] On September 21, 2014, Mathieu collected a season-high six combined tackles (five solo) during a 23–14 win against the San Francisco 49ers . On November 2, 2014, Mathieu recorded five combined tackles (four solo), a pass deflection, and made his lone interception of the season off a pass by Brandon Weeden to tight end Jason Witten during a 28–17 win at the Dallas Cowboys . [43] In Week 10, Mathieu became the starting free safety and replaced Tony Jefferson in the starting lineup. [44] On November 30, 2014, Mathieu made three combined tackles (two solo) in the Cardinals' 29–18 loss against the Atlanta Falcons , but exited in the third quarter after sustaining a thumb injury. He underwent surgery on his thumb and was expected to miss two games (Weeks 13–14). [45] He finished the season with 39 combined tackles (35 solo), four pass deflections, an interception, and a fumble recovery in 13 games and six starts. [46]
Defensive coordinator Todd Bowles accepted the head coaching position with the New York Jets and was replaced by James Bettcher . Throughout training camp, Mathieu competed against Rashad Johnson to be the starting free safety. [47] Head coach Bruce Arians officially named him the starting free safety to start the regular season, alongside strong safety Deone Bucannon .
On September 27, 2015, Mathieu had five solo tackles, two pass deflections, and a career-high two interceptions on passes by Colin Kaepernick including his first career touchdown as the Cardinals routed the San Francisco 49ers 47–7. He scored his touchdown in the first quarter after intercepting a pass by Colin Kaepernick to wide receiver Anquan Boldin and returning it 33–yards. [48] The last time an Arizona Cardinal had two interceptions in a game was Patrick Peterson in Week 10, 2014. [49] On November 15, 2015, he made six combined tackles (five solo), a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass thrown by Russell Wilson to wide receiver Doug Baldwin during a 39–32 win at the Seattle Seahawks . In Week 12, Mathieu collected a season-high 13 combined tackles (11 solo), broke up two passes, and intercepted a pass by Blaine Gabbert to wide receiver Quinton Patton in the Cardinals' 19–13 win at the San Francisco 49ers . [50] [51] On December 20, 2015, Mathieu made five combined tackles (four solo), two pass deflections, and sealed a 40-17 win at the Philadelphia Eagles with a fourth quarter interception on a pass thrown by Sam Bradford to wide receiver Riley Cooper . He unfortunately tore his ACL during the interception and missed the last two games of the season (Weeks 16–17). [52] Mathieu was named to his first Pro bowl after the season and was named by the Associated Press as a first-team All-Pro safety. [53] [54] He was ranked 28th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 . [55] He finished the season with a total of 89 combined tackles (80 solo), 17 pass deflections, five interceptions, one sack, a forced fumble, and one touchdown in 14 games and 14 starts. [56] He received the highest overall grade of 91.6 from Pro Football Focus , which was the highest among all teammates on the Arizona Cardinals. [57]
On August 2, 2016, the Arizona Cardinals signed Mathieu to a five–year, $62.50 million extension that included $40.00 million guaranteed, $21.25 million guaranteed upon signing, and an initial signing bonus of $15.50 million. [58] [31] He missed training camp as he was still recovering from undergoing surgery to repair his torn ACL. Head coach Bruce Arians named Mathieu as the starting free safety to begin the season and paired him with strong safety D. J. Swearinger . [59]
Mathieu in 2016.
On September 11, 2016, he started in the Arizona Cardinals home-opener against the New England Patriots and collected a season-high seven solo tackles during a 21–23 loss. On October 17, 2016, Mathieu made six solo tackles, a season-high two pass deflections, and had his only interception on a pass thrown by Geno Smith to wide receiver Charone Peake as the Cardinals routed the New York Jets 28–3. [60] In Week 8, Mathieu made one solo tackle before exiting in the second quarter of a 20–30 loss at the Carolina Panthers with a shoulder injury. He was ruled out for three to six weeks. [61] He was inactive for the next two games (Weeks 10–11). He returned in Week 12, but subsequently missed another two games (Weeks 13–14) after aggravating his shoulder injury. [62] On December 23, 2016, the Arizona Cardinals officially placed him on injured reserve and he was inactive for the last two games (Weeks 16–17) of the season. [63] He finished the 2016 NFL season with a total of 35 combined tackles (33 solo), four pass deflections, one interception, one sack, and a forced fumble in ten games and ten starts. [64]
He entered training camp slated as the de facto starting free safety. He returned as the starting free safety to begin the season, alongside strong safety Antoine Bethea . [65] On September 17, 2017, Mathieu made three solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass thrown by Jacoby Brissett to wide receiver Kamar Aiken in overtime in a 16–13 victory over the Indianapolis Colts . [66] The pick set the Cardinals up to win the game on a Phil Dawson field goal. [67] In Week 4, he collected a season-high 12 solo tackles and made one sack in the Cardinals' 18–15 win against the San Francisco 49ers . On November 26, 2017, he made four solo tackles, a season-high three pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Blake Bortles to wide receiver Dede Westbrook during a 27–24 win against the Jacksonville Jaguars . He started all 16 games in 2017 and had a total of 78 combined tackles (70 solo), seven pass deflections, two interceptions, a forced fumble, and a sack. [68]
On March 14, 2018, Mathieu was released by the Cardinals after refusing to take a pay cut. [69]
Houston Texans
On March 17, 2018, the Houston Texans signed Mathieu to a one–year, $7.00 million contract that includes $6.50 million guaranteed upon signing and an initial signing bonus of $4.50 million. [70] [31] He entered training camp as the de facto starting free safety, replacing Marcus Gilchrist who departed in free agency. Head coach Bill O'Brien named Mathieu and Kareem Jackson the starting safeties to begin the regular season. [71]
On September 9, 2018, Mathieu started in the Houston Texans' season-opener at the New England Patriots and made five combined tackles (three solo), one pass deflection, recovered a fumble, and intercepted a pass thrown by Tom Brady to running back James White during a 20–27 loss. [72] In Week 7, he recorded five combined tackles (four solo), a pass deflection, had his first sack of the season, and intercepted a pass thrown by Cody Kessler to T. J. Yeldon during a 20–7 win at the Jacksonville Jaguars . In Week 11, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles (eight solo) and made one sack during a 23–21 win at the Washington Redskins . He started in all 16 games and finished with a total of 89 combined tackles (70 solo), eight pass deflections, a career-high three sacks, a fumble recovery, and two interceptions. [73]
Kansas City Chiefs
On March 14, 2019, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Mathieu to a three–year, $42.00 million contract that includes $26.80 million guaranteed and an initial signing bonus of $14.80 million. [74] [31] He entered training camp projected to earn the role as the starting strong safety, as the successor to Eric Berry . Head coach Andy Reid named Mathieu and Juan Thornhill the starting safeties to begin the season. [75] [76]
In Week 6, he collected a season-high ten solo tackles and broke up a pass during a 24–31 loss against his former team, the Houston Texans . On November 18, 2019, Mathieu made eight combined tackles (four solo), a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass thrown by Philip Rivers during a 24–17 win at the Los Angeles Chargers . The following week, he made one solo tackle, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Derek Carr to tight end Darren Waller as the Chiefs routed the Oakland Raiders 40–9. On December 29, 2019, Mathieu recorded seven solo tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by Philip Rivers to wide receiver Mike Williams in a 31–21 victory against the Los Angeles Chargers. He was AFC Defensive Player of the Month for December. [77] He finished with 75 combined tackles (63 solo), four interceptions, 12 passes defended, and two sacks. [78] He earned first team All-Pro honors. [79]
The Kansas City Chiefs finished the 2019 NFL season first in the AFC West with a 12–4 record, clinching a first round bye. The Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 51–31 in the Divisional Round. On January 19, 2020, Mathieu made nine combined tackles (six solo) and broke up a pass as the Chiefs defeated the Tennessee Titans 35–24 in the AFC Championship Game. On February 2, 2020, Mathieu started in Super Bowl LIV and made six combined tackles (four solo) as the Chiefs defeated the San Francisco 49ers 31–20. He earned his first and only Super Bowl ring of his career. [80] He was ranked 39th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020 . [81]
He began training camp as the starting strong safety under defensive coordinator Steve Spagnuolo . Head coach Andy Reid named him the starting strong safety to start the season, alongside free safety Daniel Sorensen . [82]
On September 13, 2020, Mathieu started in the Kansas City Chiefs' home-opener against the Houston Texans and collected a season-high eight combined tackles (six solo) during a 34–20 victory. On October 5, 2020, Mathieu recorded four solo tackles, broke up a pass, and returned an interception thrown by Jarrett Stidham to Julian Edelman 25–yards for a touchdown as the Chiefs defeated the New England Patriots 26–10. [83] In Week 11, he made five combined tackles (four solo), deflected a pass, and intercepted a pass attempt by Tom Brady during a 27–24 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . On December 6, 2020, Mathieu made six combined tackles (four solo), a season-high two pass deflections, and tied his career-high of two interceptions on passes thrown by Drew Lock with the second interception occurring late in the fourth quarter, securing a 22–16 win against the Denver Broncos on Sunday Night Football . [84] The following week, he made two solo tackles, tied his season-high to of two pass deflections, and set a career-high with his six interception of the season on a pass by Tua Tagovailoa to wide receiver Jakeem Grant during a 33–27 win at the Miami Dolphins in Week 14. He was inactive as a healthy scratch for the Chiefs' Week 17 loss to the Los Angeles Chargers as head coach Andy Reid opted to rest the starting lineup as they had already clinched a playoff berth. He finished the 2020 season with 62 combined tackles (48 solo), nine passes defended, one fumble recovery, a career-high six interceptions, and a touchdown in 15 games and 15 starts. [85] He earned his first Pro Bowl nomination since the 2015 season. [86] He was named as a first team All-Pro. [87]
The Kansas City Chiefs finished the 2020 NFL season a top the AFC West with a 14–2 record, while also clinching home-field advantage and a first-round bye. On January 17, 2021, Mathieu started in the Divisional Round of the playoffs against the Cleveland Browns and made seven combined tackles (five solo), broke up a pass, and intercepted a pass thrown by Baker Mayfield to Jarvis Landry during the 22–17 win. [88] The following week, he made six solo tackles as the Chiefs defeated the Buffalo Bills 38–24 in the AFC Championship Game. On February 7, 2021, Mathieu started in Super Bowl LV and recorded three combined tackles (two solo) as the Chiefs lost 9–31 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneer . During the game, Mathieu got in a verbal altercation with Buccaneers' quarterback Tom Brady and tweeted that Brady "called me something I won't repeat" after the game. Mathieu later removed the tweet. Brady was mic'd up during said altercation, but the NFL refused to release the audio. [89] He was ranked 58th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021 . [90]
He returned as the starting strong safety to begin the regular season and was paired with free safety Daniel Sorensen.
On September 1, 2021, Mathieu tested positive for COVID-19 and was placed on the COVID-19/reserve list. [91] On September 11, 2021, he returned to the active roster and was activated off the COVID-19/reserve list. [92] However, as a precaution he remained inactive during the Chiefs' home-opener against the Cleveland Browns as they won 33-29. [93] On September 19, 2021, he made six combined tackles (five solo), a season-high three pass deflections, a season-high two interceptions, and scored a touchdown after returning an interception thrown by Lamar Jackson to Sammy Watkins 34–yards on the opening drive as the Chiefs lost 36–35 at the Baltimore Ravens . [94] In Week 13, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles (seven solo) during a 22–9 win against the Denver Broncos . The following week, he made five solo tackles, a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass by Derek Carr as the Chiefs routed the Las Vegas Raiders 48–9. He finished the season with 76 combined tackles (60 solo), three interceptions, six passes defended, three fumble recoveries, and one touchdown in 16 games and 16 starts.. [95] He was named to his third career Pro Bowl. [96]
The Kansas City Chiefs finished first in the AFC West for a third consecutive season and clinched a playoff berth with a 14–3 record. They defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 42–21 in the AFC Wildcard Game and defeated the Buffalo Bills 42–36 in the Divisional Round. For the third consecutive season, the Chiefs appeared in the AFC Championship Game. On January 30, 2022, Mathieu started in the AFC Championship Game and made five solo tackles as the Chiefs lost 24–27 in overtime to the Cincinnati Bengals . He was ranked 70th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2022 . [97]
He entered free agency at the conclusion of the 2021 NFL season and publicly expressed his desire to remain with the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs signed his former teammate, Houston Texans' safety Justin Reid , and drafted Bryan Cook in the second-round of the 2022 NFL Draft . They did not make an offer to Mathieu which left him speechless. He has a virtual meeting with the Philadelphia Eagles . On March 5, 2022, Mathieu returned home to Louisiana and met with the New Orleans Saints during his trip to his hometown of New Orleans.
New Orleans Saints
On May 4, 2022, the New Orleans Saints signed Mathieu to a three–year, $28.30 million contract that includes $18.00 million guaranteed and an initial signing bonus of $9.50 million. With incentives he can earn up to $33.00 million. [98] [99] He entered training camp slated as the de facto starting strong safety following the departures of C. J. Gardner-Johnson , Malcolm Jenkins , and Marcus Williams .. Head coach Dennis Allen listed him as a starter to begin the season and paired him with starting free safety Marcus Maye .
On October 30, 2022, he made five combined tackles (four solo), a season-high two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass thrown by Derek Carr to Hunter Renfrow during a 24–0 win against the Las Vegas Raiders . In Week 16, he collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (six solo) during a 17–10 victory against the Cleveland Browns . On January 8, 2023, Mathieu made eight combined tackles (four solo), a pass deflection, and intercepted a pass thrown by Sam Darnold to wide receiver D. J. Moore during a 7–10 loss to the Carolina Panthers . He started all 17 games and made a career-high 91 combined tackles (64 solo), three interceptions, eight passes defended, one sack, and one forced fumble. [100]
Head coach Dennis Allen retained Mathieu and Marcus Maye as the starting safeties. [101] On October 8, 2023, he made one solo tackle, a pass deflection, and returned an interception thrown by Mac Jones to running back Rhamondre Stevenson 27–yards for a touchdown during a 34–0 victory at the New England Patriots . [102] On November 26, 2023, Mathieu made four combined tackles (three solo), a season-high two pass deflections, and tied his career-high of two interceptions on passes by Desmond Ridder during a 15–24 loss at the Atlanta Falcons . In Week 16, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles (six solo) and broke up a pass during a 22–30 loss at the Los Angeles Rams . He finished the season with 75 combined tackles (50 solo), four interceptions, nine passes defended, and one touchdown while starting in all 17 games. [103]
On March 7, 2024, the New Orleans Saints signed Mathieu to a two–year, $13.75 million contract extension that includes $9.00 million guaranteed upon signing and an initial signing bonus of $5.00 million. [104] [31]
In the 2024 season, he finished with 62 tackles, three interceptions, seven passes defended, two forced fumbles, and one fumble recovery. [105]
NFL career statistics
Mathieu began going by the monicker "the Honeybadger" in September 2011 after a game against West Virginia. It originated when LSU Tigers' defensive coordinator John Chavis saw fans calling Mathieu "the Honeybadger" on sites and on the bus after playing West Virginia Chavis implored him to go by the nickname. Although Mathieu was hesitant at first, he took Chavis' advice and began using the nickname and stated he's happy he listened and had profited off the monicker. [106]
"We had played West Virginia one night on ESPN, and I got on the bus after the game and our D Coordinator, John Chavis at the time, he was on the Internet. Coaches always tell you not to get on the Internet - They read everything on the Internet. He's like on the blogs, all the gossip sites reading," and he's like "'Hey man, this is your new nickname!' And I'm like 'What?', and he's showing me the video, and I'm like 'Coach...' and he's like 'Trust me, just go with it. You'll make a lot of money one day.'." [106]
–Tyrann Mathieu
(On the origin of "the Honeybadger")
On May 10, 2013, Mathieu stated during an interview while watching former teammates practice at the Senior Bowl that he wanted to remove himself from any association with his "Honey Badger" nickname, saying that he wants to be known as "Tyrann Mathieu". This was an attempt to rebuild his reputation following a dismissal from LSU for failing multiple drug tests and an arrest for marijuana possession. [107] Although he attempted to disassociate himself with his "Honey Badger" moniker, he would still be known by it throughout his career and finally publicly accepted his alter-ego in 2019. In 2019, Kansas City Chiefs' head coach Andy Reid called Mathieu "T-5". He began going by "T-5" as his new nickname during training camp immediately after joining the Chiefs. [108] Prior to his regular season debut with the Chiefs in September 2019, Mathieu was renamed by fans and teammates as "The Landlord", because he's the guy who collected the rent. [109] [110]
Pszonak, Mark (August 19, 2015). "Rivals Rewind: Tyrann Mathieu" . Rivals.com. Retrieved November 17, 2018.
"Tyrann Mathieu" . LSUSports.net. July 8, 2019. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
Patra, Kevin (March 14, 2018). "Cardinals release veteran safety Tyrann Mathieu" . NFL.com. Archived from the original on February 7, 2023. Retrieved February 7, 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyrann Mathieu .
| 795 |
94 | what football player is called the honey badger | https://www.neworleanssaints.com/team/players-roster/tyrann-mathieu/ | 17
17
47
15
62
46
0
0
7
3
29
9.7
23
0
2
1
TOTAL
180
171
685
153
838
651
11
0
100
36
530
14.7
74
4
7
7
Biography
NFL CAREER â This versatile, hard-hitting, playmaking safety and New Orleans native returned home, signing with the Black and Gold after the 2022 NFL Draft and brought extensive experience to the Saints secondary. Mathieu was originally selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round (69th overall) in the 2013 NFL Draft out of LSU and has played for the Cardinals (2013-17), Houston Texans (2018), Kansas City Chiefs (2019-21) and Saints (2022-). In 11 NFL seasons, he has played in 163 regular season games with 154 starts and has posted career totals of 772 tackles (634 solo), 44 stops for loss, 11 sacks for a loss of 78 yards, 33 interceptions for 501 return yards, four brought back for touchdowns, 99 passes defensed, five forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries and five special teams stops. Mathieu has been selected to three Pro Bowls, three AP All-Pro teams and the Pro Football Hall of Fame's 2010's All-Decade Team.
NFL CAREER â This versatile, hard-hitting, playmaking safety and New Orleans native returned home, signing with the Black and Gold after the 2022 NFL Draft and brought extensive experience to the Saints secondary. Mathieu was originally selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round (69th overall) in the 2013 NFL Draft out of LSU and has played for the Cardinals (2013-17), Houston Texans (2018), Kansas City Chiefs (2019-21) and Saints (2022-). In 11 NFL seasons, he has played in 163 regular season games with 154 starts and has posted career totals of 772 tackles (634 solo), 44 stops for loss, 11 sacks for a loss of 78 yards, 33 interceptions for 501 return yards, four brought back for touchdowns, 99 passes defensed, five forced fumbles, seven fumble recoveries and five special teams stops. Mathieu has been selected to three Pro Bowls, three AP All-Pro teams and the Pro Football Hall of Fame's 2010's All-Decade Team.
CAREER TRANSACTIONS â Agreed to terms with New Orleans on a two-year contract through the 2025 season, 3/7/24; Signed by New Orleans to a three-year contract (UFA-KC), 5/4/21; Reinstated by Kansas City from Reserve/COVID-19, 9/11/21; Placed on Reserve/COVID-19 by Kansas City, 9/1/21; Signed by Kansas City Chiefs to a three-year contract (UFA-Hou.), 3/14/19; Signed by Houston Texans to a one-year contract, 3/16/18; Released by Arizona, 3/14/18; Placed by Arizona on Reserve/Injured 12/23/16; Signed by Arizona to a five-year contract extension, 8/2/16; Placed by Arizona on Injured Reserve, 12/22/15; Placed by Arizona on Injured Reserve, 12/10/13; Signed to a four-year contract by Arizona, 5/23/13; Selected by the Arizona Cardinals in the third round (69th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft.
HONORS â 2023: Saints Man of the Year (team nominee for NFL Walter Payton Man of the Year award); Jim Finks Media Appreciation Award; 2021: Chiefs Man of the Year (team nominee for NFL Walter Payton Man of the Year award); Pro Bowl; 2020: First-team All-Pro (Associated Press and The Sporting News); Pro Bowl; PFWA All-NFL; 2019: AP All-Pro (first-team as a defensive back and second-team as a safety); AFC Defensive Player of the Month (December) 2010s NFL All-Decade Team (Pro Football Hall of Fame Selectors); 2015: NFC Defensive Player of the Week (Week 3); NFC Defensive Player of the Month (November); Pro Bowl; PFWA All-NFL; AP All-Pro (first-team); Ed Block Courage Award (Cardinals team winner). 2013: PFWA All-Rookie; ProFootballFocus.com first-team All-Pro (slot cornerback); October NFL Defensive Rookie of the Month.
2023 â Started all 17 games at free safety for the Saints, serving as the leader of the secondary, recording 75 tackles (50 solo), tied for a club-best with four interceptions for a career-high 122 return yards with one touchdown and nine passes defensed for a New Orleans defense that had a league-high 99 pass breakups, ranked eighth in opponent points allowed, tied for third in interceptions, fourth in total takeaways and ranked tenth in opponent net passing yards per gameâ¦Added five tackles (three solo) in opening win vs Tennessee, Sept. 10â¦At Carolina, Sept. 18, recorded five stops (three solo) in Monday Night Football Victoryâ¦Totaled four tackles (two solo) and a pass defense at Green Bay, Sept. 24â¦In 34-0 shutout win at New England, Oct. 8, recorded one tackle, one pass defensed, and a key first quarter interception returned 27 yards for a TD as part of a secondary that allowed just 111 net yards passing and one first down allowed through the airâ¦At Indianapolis, Oct. 29, finished with four stops (one solo)â¦Recorded six tackles (five solo) and one pass defense in win vs Chicago, Nov. 5â¦Notched eight tackles (season-high seven solo) at Minnesota, Nov. 12â¦Added four stops (three solo), two passes defensed and a season-high and career-high tying two interceptions returned for 21 yards at Atlanta, Nov. 26â¦Posted six tackles (five solo) and one pass defense in win vs Carolina, Dec. 10â¦In win vs N.Y. Giants, Dec. 17, totaled three solo tacklesâ¦Recorded a season-high nine tackles (six solo) and a pass defended at L.A. Rams, Dec. 21â¦In win at Tampa Bay, Dec. 31, totaled five stops (three solo) as part of a defense that allowed 0 points through first three quarters and 44 yards of offense in first halfâ¦Added three tackles, one pass defense and an interception returned for a career-long 74 yards in season finale win vs Atlanta, 1/7/24. 2022 â Started all 17 games in his first season with the Saints, tallying a career-high 91 tackles (team-leading 64 solo), a sack, three tackles for loss, eight passes defensed, a forced fumble, a fumble recovery and a team-high three interceptions for the NFL's fifth-ranked defense, second against the passâ¦In season-opening win at Atlanta, Sept. 11, started in Saints debut and tallied seven tackles (five solo) and one fumble recoveryâ¦Vs. Tampa Bay, Sept. 18, recorded three solo tacklesâ¦At Carolina, Sept. 25, tallied four tackles (two solo)...Vs. Minnesota (London), Oct. 2, posted seven tackles (four solo), one interception/pass defensed, his first pick as a Saintâ¦Vs. Seattle, Oct. 9, recorded five tackles (four solo)...Vs. Las Vegas, Oct. 30, posted four tackles (three solo), his first interception as a Saint in the Caesars Superdome and two passes defensed as New Orleans held Las Vegas scoreless in 24-0 shutout, where the Saints surrendered only 145 net passing yards...Vs. L.A. Rams, Nov. 20, registered six tackles (four solo) and a pass defense as New Orleans surrendered only 188 net yards passingâ¦At Tampa Bay, Dec. 5, recorded five solo tackles and one pass defensedâ¦Vs. Atlanta, Dec. 18, recorded six solo tackles with two passes defensed and a sack, his first takedown of season as New Orleans surrendered only 89 net yards passingâ¦At Cleveland, Dec. 24, posted game-high 11 tackles (six solo), including one stop for loss, as New Orleans surrendered 20 or fewer points for the seventh consecutive gameâ¦At Philadelphia, 1/1/23, recorded two solo tacklesâ¦Vs. Carolina, 1/8/23, registered eight tackles (four solo), a 41-yard interception return/pass defense and one forced fumble as New Orleans surrendered only 32 net passing yards, the sixth-lowest total by a Saints opponent all-time and QB Sam Darnold managed only a 2.8 passer rating, the lowest an opposing quarterback (min. ten att.) had against the Saints all-time. 2021 â Started the last 16 regular season games in his final season for the Chiefs and recorded 76 tackles (60 solo), a sack, three interception returns for 56 yards, including a 34-yard runback for a touchdown, six passes defensed and three fumble recoveries, tied for first in the NFL. Started all three postseason contests and recorded six tackles (five solo). Selected to third Pro Bowlâ¦After missing opener (COVID-19 protocols), returned at Baltimore, Sept. 19, and posted six solo tackles, two interception returns for 50 yards, including a 34-yard runback for a TD and three passes defensedâ¦Posted six tackles (five solo) and a sack for a 11-yard loss vs. Green Bay, Nov. 7â¦Made four solo tackles and recovered a fumble and returned it 14 yards at Las Vegas, Nov. 14â¦Posted a season-high nine tackles (seven solo) vs. Denver, Dec. 5â¦Recorded five solo tackles, picked off a pass he returned six yards, recovered one fumble and added one pass defense vs. Las Vegas, Dec. 12â¦Recovered one fumble and posted two solo tackles vs. Pittsburgh, Dec. 26. 2020 â Started all 15 regular season games he played in for Kansas City and recorded 62 tackles (48 solo), six interceptions for 70 yards with a 25-yard return for a TD, nine passes defensed and a fumble recovery as he was voted first-team AP All-Pro. Led NFL safeties in interceptions. Started all three postseason contests and made 16 tackles (13 solo) and a 17-yard interception return/pass defenseâ¦In regular season opener vs. Houston, Sept. 10, posted a season-high eight tackles (season-high six solo)â¦At L.A. Chargers, Sept. 20, finished with five tackles (four solo) and one pass defense...Vs. New England, Oct. 5, recorded four solo tackles and returned an interception 25 yards for a TD in the fourth quarter to seal a 26-10 winâ¦At Denver, Oct. 25, posted five solo tackles, returned a pick 18 yards and recovered a fumbleâ¦At Tampa Bay, Nov. 29, recorded five tackles (four solo), a 22-yard interception return and a pass defenseâ¦Vs. Denver, Dec. 6, recorded seven tackles (four solo) and picked off two passesâ¦At Miami, Dec. 13, posted two solo tackles, one interception and two passes defensedâ¦In the AFC Divisional Playoff victory over Cleveland, 1/17/21, posted seven tackles (five solo) and returned an interception 17 yards. 2019 â Started all 16 regular season games in his first season in Kansas City and posted 75 tackles (63 solo), two sacks, four interception returns for 70 yards and 12 passes defensed, as he was voted as an Associated Press All-Pro (first-team as a defensive back and second-team as a safety). In three postseason starts, posted 18 tackles (13 solo), one stop for loss and three passes defensed for the Super Bowl LIV championsâ¦At Baltimore, Sept. 22, posted four tackles (two solo) and three passes defensed to tie a career-highâ¦At Detroit, Sept. 29, posted six tackles (five solo) and one sackâ¦Vs. Indianapolis, Oct. 6, finished with four solo tackles and returned an interception 30 yardsâ¦Vs. Houston, Oct. 13, finished with season-high ten solo tackles and a pass defenseâ¦At L.A. Chargers, Nov. 18, posted eight tackles (four solo), a 35-yard interception return and a pass defenseâ¦Vs. Oakland, Dec. 1, made one solo tackle, one interception and a pass defenseâ¦In regular season finale vs. L.A. Chargers, Dec. 29, finished with seven solo tackles, an interception and two passes defensed. Named December AFC Defensive Player of the Month, when he tallied 25 tackles, six passes defensed, two interceptions and a sack through five contests, helping the Chiefs hold the opposition to the fewest points in the National Football League during that span and tally a 5-0 recordâ¦Recorded three solo tackles and two passes defensed in Divisional Playoff win over Houston, 1/12/20â¦Finished with nine tackles (six solo), a stop for loss and a pass defense in AFC Championship game win over Tennessee, 1/19/20. 2018 â Matched career-high with 89 tackles (70 solo), a career-high 3.0 sacks, two interceptions, eight pass defenses, five stops for loss and a fumble recovery with the Texans. In AFC Wild Card Playoff vs. Indianapolis, 1/5/19, posted eight solo tacklesâ¦In Texans debut at New England, Sept. 9, posted five tackles (three solo), an interception/pass defense and a fumble recoveryâ¦At Jacksonville, Oct. 21, finished with five tackles, (four solo), a sack, an interception and a pass defenseâ¦Vs. Miami, Oct. 25, finished with seven tackles (six solo) and a sackâ¦At Washington, Nov. 18, posted nine tackles (eight solo) and a sack. 2017 â In final season with Arizona Cardinals, started all 16 games and finished with 74 tackles (66 solo), a sack, two interceptions, seven passes defensed, a fumble recovery and four coverage stopsâ¦At Indianapolis, Sept. 17, finished with three solo tackles, a 15-yard interception return and two passes defensedâ¦Vs. San Francisco, Oct. 1, had season-high 11 solo tackles, a sack and two special teams stops in 18-15 winâ¦At San Francisco, Nov. 5, had three solo tackles and a forced fumble in 20-10 winâ¦Vs. Jacksonville, Nov. 26, finished with four solo tackles, an interception and three passes defensed. 2016 â Started ten games for the Cardinals. Posted 35 tackles (33 solo), a sack, one interception with nine yards in returns, four passes defensed and a forced fumble, before being placed on Injured Reserve in Week 17 (shoulder)â¦In opener vs. New England, Sept. 11, recorded seven solo tackles, including one stop for loss...Recorded two solo tackles vs. Tampa Bay, allowing only 221 net passing yards, Sept. 18â¦At Buffalo, Sept. 25, had four solo tackles and a forced fumbleâ¦Recorded six solo tackles, a four-yard interception return and two passes defensed in 28-3 victory, surrendering only 197 net passing yards, vs. N.Y. Jets, Oct. 17â¦Inactive vs. San Francisco, Nov. 13 and at Minnesota, Nov. 20, with an ankle injuryâ¦Returned and recorded two solo tackles, a sack, five interception return yards and a pass defense, at Carolina, Nov. 27...After missing two games with a shoulder injury, returned vs. New Orleans, Dec. 11 and recorded six tackles (five solo). 2015 â Started the first 14 games for the Cardinals before suffering a season-ending right knee injury. Tied for the team lead with five interceptions, one returned 33 yards for a touchdown and led the Cardinals with 16 passes defensed. Third on team with 89 tackles (career-high 80 solo). Also had 11 stops for loss, a sack and a forced fumble. Mathieu still is only the second NFL defensive back since 2000 to post at least five interceptions, ten passes defensed and 11 stops for loss in a single season. A Pro Bowler for first time. Earned first-team AP All-Pro and PFWA All-NFL and November NFC Defensive Player of the Monthâ¦Registered team-leading eight solo tackles in opening win vs. New Orleans, Sept. 13. Also had a career-best three passes defensed and a stop for lossâ¦Recorded a career-high two interceptions and his first NFL TD vs. San Francisco, Sept. 27; picked off Colin Kaepernick on 49ers' second possession of the game and returned it 33 yards for a TD; then intercepted Kaepernick in the second quarter and his 17-yard return helped set up a field goal before halftime. Added five solo tackles, including one stop for loss, and had a team-leading two passes defensed. Named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for the first time in his careerâ¦Forced a third quarter fumble and totaled six solo tackles and a pass defense vs. Rams, Oct. 4â¦Finished with seven solo tackles and tied for the team lead with three stops for a loss vs. Baltimore, Oct. 26. Also had a fourth quarter nine-yard sack of Joe Flacco to force a punt and also broke up a potential second quarter touchdown passâ¦Intercepted Russell Wilson in third quarter and returned it 24 yards to help set up a field goal at Seattle, Nov. 15. Added six tackles and a team-high three passes defensedâ¦Collected his fourth interception of the year when he picked off Blaine Gabbert in the first quarter at San Francisco, Nov. 29. Led team with a career-high 13 tackles, including one stop for loss, and had two passes defensedâ¦Posted team-high 11 tackles, including a stop for loss and a pass defense and two QB pressures vs. Minnesota, Dec. 10â¦Picked off fourth quarter Sam Bradford pass and had five tackles and a pass defense at Philadelphia, Dec. 20. Suffered season-ending right knee injury in fourth quarter on the pick and placed on Injured Reserve, Dec. 22. 2014 â Returned to action after 2013 season-ending knee injury to play in 13 regular season games with six starts and collected 39 tackles (36 solo), two stops for loss, a nine-yard interception return, one fumble recovery and five passes defensedâ¦Inactive (knee) for opener vs. San Diego, Sept. 8â¦Made first start of season and collected four tackles, a pass defense, a fumble recovery and a QB hit vs. Washington, Oct. 12. Recovered Andre Roberts' fourth quarter fumble, the first of his career and his nine-yard return helped set up a field goal that gave the Cardinals a 23-13 leadâ¦Recorded four solo tackles and two passes defensed vs. Philadelphia, Oct. 26. Saw increased action at nickel cornerback after Patrick Peterson left the game injured in second quarterâ¦Picked off Brandon Weeden pass intended for Jason Witten in third quarter with the Cowboys in red zone and the Cardinals holding a 14-10 lead at Dallas, Nov. 2. Also recorded five tackles and one pass defenseâ¦Had three tackles at Atlanta, Nov. 30. Left the game in the first half (thumb)â¦Inactive for the next two gamesâ¦Returned and notched five solo tackles vs. Seattle, Dec. 21â¦Recorded one tackle in NFC Wild Card Playoff loss at Carolina, 1/3/15. 2013 â Played in 13 games with 11 starts for Cardinals before suffering a season-ending knee injury and finished fifth on team with 63 tackles (57 solo), one sack, two interceptions, 15 passes defensed and one forced fumble, making him one of three NFL rookies to have at least two interceptions, one sack and one forced fumble. Also had four stops for loss, three QB pressures, a QB hit and a special teams tackle. October NFL Defensive Rookie of the Monthâ¦Made NFL debut and forced a Jared Cook fumble in the first quarter at Rams, Sept. 8. Chased Cook down inside the ten-yard line as he was going in for a score and knocked the ball loose for Karlos Dansby to recover in the end zone for a touchback; led the defensive backs with five unassisted tackles and added one pass defensedâ¦Made first career start vs. Detroit, Sept. 15, and sealed the victory for Arizona when he tackled Nate Burleson one yard short of a first down on fourth-and-four on the Lions final possession of the game. Totaled six tackles, including one stop for loss, and had two passes defensedâ¦In his return to hometown, recorded his first career interception by picking off Drew Brees in the end zone during the third quarter at New Orleans, Sept. 22. Led DBs with a season-high eight solo tackles and added one pass defenseâ¦Started in place of the injured Rashad Johnson and collected five solo tackles and two quarterback pressures at Tampa Bay, Sept. 29â¦Started for second straight game and notched first career sack, taking down Cam Newton in second quarter to force a punt vs. Carolina, Oct. 6. Helped Cardinals total seven sacks in the game, the most by the team since 1987 (eight). Added five tackles, a pass defense and a QB hitâ¦Led the Cardinal DBs with six solo tackles, including two stops for loss, and added one pass defense at San Francisco, Oct. 13â¦Collected one of the Cardinals' four interceptions off of Matt Ryan vs. Atlanta, Oct. 27. Tied for team lead among defensive backs with seven tackles and added two passes defensedâ¦Led DBs with seven tackles and had a pass defensed vs. Houston, Nov. 10â¦Led DBs with four solo tackles and added two passes defensed vs. Indianapolis, Nov. 24â¦Had an unassisted tackle and a pass defensed vs. St. Louis, Dec. 8, before leaving in the third quarter with a season-ending knee injury suffered returning a free kick following a safety.
COLLEGE â Appeared in 26 games (14 starts) at LSU and registered 133 tackles (93 solo) with 16 stops for loss, 16 passes defensed, 11 forced fumbles, eight fumble recoveries, four interceptions, four sacks and two defensive touchdowns...His 11 forced fumbles are the most in program history by a wide margin and are tied for the most in SEC history...As sophomore, earned 2011 National Defensive Player of the Year, was a unanimous first-team All-American and a Bednarik Award recipient...Became the first defensive back to be invited to Heisman Trophy ceremony since Charles Woodson of Michigan in 1997...Finished fifth in 2011 Heisman Trophy voting with 327 points and 34 first place votesâ¦Sports administration major.
PERSONAL â A standout cornerback at St. Augustine (New Orleans, La.) HS, where he recorded 32 tackles, five interceptions, a sack and a fumble recovery in 2009â¦Named to the New Orleans Times-Picayune 2010 Blue-Chip List, the Baton Rouge Advocate Super Dozen and the Mobile Register Super Southeast 120 and was a SuperPrep All-Americanâ¦Also was a standout in baseball, basketball and track & fieldâ¦Mathieu has also been extremely active in the community for every team that he has played for, including his hometownâ¦A two-time nominee for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, including 2023, he has held an annual youth football camp and upon joining the Saints, has used his foundation to facilitate giveaway events for back-to-school, Thanksgiving and Christmasâ¦Interacted with fans at the 2023 Saints Draft Crawfish Cook-off, which benefited several Autism-related non-profit organizationsâ¦Served as the keynote speaker for the 2023 Black Male Summit, sponsored by the state's UL educational systemâ¦For the NFL's "My Cause, My Cleats" promotion, wears designed cleats to support the Tyrann Mathieu Foundation...Made a $1 million donation to Louisiana State University for the Football Operations Center nicknamed "Honey Badger" and established a scholarship at the universityâ¦Annually has invited over 300 youth in the summer for Back-to-School Jamboree, providing school suppliesâ¦In November, partnered with the Greater New Orleans Salvation Army for Thanksgiving to provide turkeys and side dishes to 350 families, with he and teammates delivering to recipients in a drive-thru settingâ¦In February, to help commemorate Black History Month in partnership with Verizon, visited the Amistad Research Center at Tulane University, fielding questions from students at the Willow School and then participated in a podcast with 150 attendees present to celebrate and recognize the center's work at the Baldwin & Co. bookstoreâ¦Name pronounced: TY-run MATH-you.
Legal
Chevron right
The browser you are using is no longer supported on this site. It is highly recommended that you use the latest versions of a supported browser in order to receive an optimal viewing experience. The following browsers are supported: Chrome, Edge (v80 and later), Firefox and Safari.
Got it!
| 796 |
94 | what football player is called the honey badger | https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/M/MathTy00.htm | Position: CB
It's also available for basketball, baseball and hockey.
Choice is:
1
1
0
6
3
50.0
31
10.3
5.2
1
104.9
8.8
23
8
1
0
0
0
0.0
0
8
1
11.1
Advanced stats are updated the Wednesday following the week's games. The advanced stats shown here are updated through week 21 of the 2024 season.
Advanced stats are updated the Wednesday following the week's games. The advanced stats shown here are updated through week 21 of the 2024 season.
Kick & Punt Returns
Hall of Fame Monitor
All-Pro Teams
Combine Measurements
Show/Hide all transactions
Frequently Asked Questions
Tyrann Mathieu is 32 years old.
When was Tyrann Mathieu born?
Tyrann Mathieu was born on May 13, 1992.
Where was Tyrann Mathieu born?
Tyrann Mathieu was born in New Orleans, LA.
How tall is Tyrann Mathieu?
Tyrann Mathieu is 5-9 (175 cm) tall.
How much does Tyrann Mathieu weigh?
Tyrann Mathieu weighs 190 lbs (86 kg).
How many games does Tyrann Mathieu play?
Tyrann Mathieu has played 17 games this season and 180 games over his career.
How many interception return yards does Tyrann Mathieu have?
Tyrann Mathieu has 29 interception return yards this season and 530 interception return yards over his career.
How many Super Bowls has Tyrann Mathieu won?
Tyrann Mathieu has won 1 Super Bowl.
What are Tyrann Mathieu's nicknames?
Honey Badger is a nickname for Tyrann Mathieu.
Details on the Pro Football Reference Win Probability
Logos were compiled by the amazing SportsLogos.net.
Data Provided By
The SPORTS REFERENCE, STATHEAD, IMMACULATE GRID, and IMMACULATE FOOTY trademarks are owned exclusively by Sports Reference LLC. Use without license or authorization is expressly prohibited.
| 797 |
94 | what football player is called the honey badger | https://www.nfl.com/players/tyrann-mathieu/ | Tyrann Mathieu
FS • #32
Chevron right
The browser you are using is no longer supported on this site. It is highly recommended that you use the latest versions of a supported browser in order to receive an optimal viewing experience. The following browsers are supported: Chrome, Edge (v80 and later), Firefox and Safari.
Got it!
| 798 |
94 | what football player is called the honey badger | https://www.sportskeeda.com/nfl/tyrann-mathieu-honey-badger-origin-story | Why Is Tyrann Mathieu Called The Honey Badger?
Share
Contents
Tyrann Mathieu is an American football player who was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1992. Although life was hard for him in his initial years, it took a lot of courage and dedication for the diminutive yet quick and athletic defensive back to get to this point in life. He was born to a very young mother who was hardly ever around and to a biological father that was in prison. With no parents around, his grandparents took care of him until 1997 when his grandfather passed away.
Mathieu was then introduced to the world of sports as his uncle and aunt took the five-year-old child and raised him along with their own kids. Little did anyone know at that time how athletically gifted Tyrann actually was. Never one of the tallest kids on the ground, Mathieu who is 5 feet 9 inches and 190 lb. became one of the mainstays on the defense for his high school football team. He was also a member of the track and field team at St. Augustine High School featuring in the relay team, high jump and long jump events.
How did Tyrann Mathieu earn ‘The Honey Badger’ nickname
Rated as a four star recruit out of high school, Mathieu readily accepted an athletic scholarship from Louisana State University (LSU). For two years from 2011 to 2012, he played defense on for the LSU Tigers football team.
In spite of starting in just one game, Mathieu featured in all games in his rookie season and had several key contributions throughout his freshman year. His most notable performance came in the 2011 Cotton Bowl Classic against Texas A&M. With contributions in multiple facets of the game that included seven tackles and one of them for a loss, two forced fumbles, in addition to one fumble recovery, and an interception, sack, and pass deflection each, he rightfully earned the Most Outstanding Defensive Player of the game award.
Tyrann’s charge towards a better player continued in his sophomore year as he recorded more tackles and fumbles from the previous year. He was also part of the special teams unit excelling playing as a return specialist. He became the MVP of the 2011 SEC Championship game and finished fifth in the Heisman Trophy voting in 2012.
Mathieu’s overall game which is based on hard-hitting and taking on opponents who are much larger than him, coupled with his ability to play tough football with a knack for making big plays every now and then led him to be called ‘The Honey Badger’. In reality, honey badgers are exactly that as they are known for their toughness, strength, and ferocity. When faced with no escape situations, these small but fierce animals are known to attack any other species fearlessly, even those much larger than themselves such as lions and hyenas. Furthermore, another seemingly funny yet similar coincidence between Tyrann Mathieu and honey badgers was that back in his LSU days, the fearless safety sported a patch of blond hair similar to that of the animal he was named after.
Tyrann Mathieu in the NFL
Tyrann Mathieu has had a decent and successful stint in the league till now. Individually, he has been putting in some strong performances ever since his rookie year for the Arizona Cardinals . After spending five quality seasons with the team, the Cardinals were forced to let him go after he wasn’t ready to take a pay cut in 2018.
Needing to find a team for himself, Mathieu then signed with the Houston Texans for one year where he again did a quality job on the field. But that journey was a very small and limited one as he then set his sights on the ultimate prize and signed with the upcoming Kansas City Chiefs on a three year deal.
In Kansas City, Mathieu found a new home with loving fans and great teammates. He even got the chance to show his leadership skills as he commanded the defense from the back of the field and made a huge impact on the team. In his first year with the team, the Chiefs claimed their first Super Bowl in fifty years giving Mathieu his first taste of a successful campaign.
Unfortunately, though the Chiefs weren’t able to retain his services post the three year deal and so Mathieu signed a new three year contract with the New Orleans Saints , his hometown team. For the upcoming 2023 season, the Honey Badger will look to lead the Saints' defense as the team will try and get back to winning ways under new quarterback Derek Carr .
Read Less
Q. How tall is Tyrann Mathieu? - +
A. Tyrann Mathieu is one of the smallest athletes on the football field as his height is just 5 feet 9 inches.
Q. What is Tyrann Mathieu known for? - +
A. Tyrann Mathieu’s best qualities are his speed, toughness, strength, and never-back-down ability. He is also known to take on opponents much bigger than him.
Q. What is Tyrann Mathieu’s nickname? - +
A. Tyrann Mathieu is called as ‘The Honey Badger’ due to his skillset and mental toughness which resonates with the qualities of honey badgers.
Q. Where was Tyrann Mathieu born? - +
A. Tyrann Mathieu was born in 1992 in New Orleans, Louisiana. For higher education, Mathieu enrolled in Lousiana State University where he was also a member of the Tigers football team.
Q. Which team is Tyrann Mathieu on? - +
A. Since 2022, Tyrann Mathieu has signed a three year contract to play for his hometown team, the New Orleans Saints.
Rate this Page!
Related Stories
1d
19h
1d
1d
1d
Trending Topics
| 799 |
95 | who was a patriot in the american revolution | https://www.nps.gov/fosu/learn/historyculture/patriots.htm | Exiting nps.gov
Last updated: December 28, 2019
Park footer
Contact Info
Mailing Address:
Experience Your America.
Download the NPS app to navigate the parks on the go.
| 800 |
95 | who was a patriot in the american revolution | https://online.norwich.edu/online/about/resource-library/8-key-figures-revolutionary-war | 8 Key Figures from the Revolutionary War
8 Key Figures from the Revolutionary War
The Revolutionary War, otherwise known as the American Revolution, was a battle for independence fought between the United States (then the Continental Colonies) and Great Britain that spanned the years of 1775 to 1783. The conflict was the result of mounting tension between the colonists and the colonial government, which was an extension of the British crown’s authority. Throughout the war, a number of individuals played essential roles for their respective parties, with the following individuals standing out for their bravery, intelligence, and leadership.
Ethan Allen
Born in 1738, Ethan Allen was credited with commanding the Green Mountain Boys in the victory at Fort Ticonderoga, a battle which later became known as the United States’ first success during the Revolutionary War. While the Green Mountain Boys may have been instrumental in this battle, the group didn’t start with militaristic intentions. Allen first arranged the group as a contingent that worked against the New York Supreme Court, which was pushing to invalidate Allen’s ownership of land he had legally purchased. The mission of the group changed in 1775 when the Green Mountain Boys aided the Patriots in fending off Great Britain during the American Revolution. Due to the group’s ability to infiltrate and surround Great Britain’s troops, the fight was easily won and remains Allen’s most notable victory. Further, and in tandem with Benedict Arnold, Allen and his men went on to topple several poorly fortified British holdouts. However, in an attempt to seize Montreal, Allen was captured and imprisoned in England. He returned to North America after his sentence and lived in Vermont, then known as the Vermont Republic.
Benedict Arnold
Before defecting to the British army, Benedict Arnold had a humble upbringing in which he began serving in the militia at an early age. Shortly after joining the militia, Arnold established himself as one of George Washington’s most trusted generals. As a general, Arnold quickly recognized how valuable New York was to the Patriots’ cause and assembled a unit of men and marched on Fort Ticonderoga. With the help of Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys, Fort Ticonderoga soon fell under American control.
Yet as Arnold’s success grew, so did his pride. Though he was promoted to Brigadier General, Arnold became frustrated that he was repeatedly being looked over for promotion to the rank of Major General. After being passed over five times, Arnold began to express his outrage, threatening to resign from military service. In efforts to keep one of his best men, George Washington rewarded Arnold with a military commander post in Philadelphia and a promotion to Major General in 1777. With mounting frustration between Arnold and the other Continental officials came a poor reputation that led to Arnold being suspected of treason. Arnold was later found guilty of providing the British with critical information for taking control of West Point, a post he was in command of. After escaping the United States death penalty by fleeing to England, Arnold would go on to become the most notorious traitors in American history when he later served against the Patriots as a member of the British army.
Elijah Clarke
Though much of the information regarding the life of Elijah Clarke contains conflicting points, it is believed that Elijah Clarke was born circa 1742 in North Carolina. At the start of the Revolutionary War, Clarke provided support to the Patriots, taking the helm of a Georgian partisan militant force that fended off the British, as well as the aggressive Creek and Cherokee Native Americans. Clarke and his group of fighters defeated a loyalist militia in February 1779, and later participated in a guerilla campaign against British forces in the South Carolina backcountry. After being wounded in the Battle of Musgrove’s Mill, Clarke settled into a position serving Georgia’s legislature in 1781, but still lead militia in battles against Native Americans who were unhappy with the theft of their tribal lands. Clarke’s actions during the Revolutionary War has earned him consideration as one of its essential heroes who fought through numerous battle wounds and a number of diseases, including smallpox.
Alexander Hamilton
Though Alexander Hamilton was born in the British West Indies, he was one of the most influential founders of the American political system. Arriving in 1772 as a teenager, Hamilton immediately began an extremely notable career in the colonial military, then later as a politician. After being positioned as a captain of artillery in 1776, Hamilton went on to fight in the Battle of Long Island and the retreat from New York City. Upon being welcomed to Washington’s staff in 1777, he commanded another battery of artillery during the Battle of Yorktown. Following the Revolution, Hamilton became a member of the Continental Congress. He wrote the famed The Federalist Papers, became the first Secretary of the United States Treasury, and he helped establish the first national bank, the United States Mint.
Paul Revere
Paul Revere is known by most as the man who alerted the colonial militia of the approaching British forces, which otherwise would have gone unnoticed. Yet, Revere made additional contributions to the Patriots’ campaign for independence. As a prominently wealthy silversmith in Boston, Revere was responsible for organizing an intelligence and alarm system that made it easier to keep tabs on the British forces. The most notable instance being when he alerted colonial troops of the British approach leading up to the Battles of Lexington and Concord, allowing the Patriots to gain a substantial advantage.
Crispus Attucks
Having fallen as the first casualty of the Revolutionary War, Crispus Attucks was a pivotal figure in urging American colonists to break free from British rule. At the time of his death, which took place on March 5, 1770, Attucks was a long-time sailor that spent a considerable amount of time in Boston. While socializing outside with a group of Boston residents, conflict broke out between the group and a number of British soldiers. The situation escalated, resulting in shots being fired into a crowd of Boston residents. Attucks was the first to be shot and his murder was one of five that occurred in the event that is now known as the Boston Massacre—one of the key factors that helped to spur the American Revolution. Attucks’ legacy endured and is now recognized as a tragic hero of the Revolution.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin had a number of roles in his effort to strengthen the American intellectual brand, developing a long and bountiful career within a number of professions that touched upon the realms of publishing, diplomacy and science. Though Franklin didn’t participate in militaristic affairs, he was instrumental in the United States gaining the support of King Louis XVI of France in the form of a military alliance signed in 1778. Franklin also promoted the end of the Revolutionary War, for he was responsible for negotiating the Treaty of Paris of 1783 which signaled the end of the conflict.
King George III
With 59 years in power, King George III would be known for many years as the longest-ruling monarch in British history, until Queen Victoria surpassed his record many years later. George was responsible for leading Britain to victory during the Seven Years’ War, successful resistance in the campaign against France, and the long-winded exchange between Britain and the Continental Colonies during the American Revolution. Though Britain were initial favorites in the Revolutionary War, by 1781, America had the advantage after winning the Battle of Yorktown. Upon realizing defeat, King George III agreed to peace negotiations with the United States in 1783.
The individuals that participated in the American Revolution are to be remembered as those that helped shape the course of American history and establish the core principles of our nation. By understanding their actions, students and professionals are able to develop a better perspective of some of America’s early leaders, as well as the events and philosophies that led to the success of America’s foundation.
Learn More
Established in 1819, Norwich University is a nationally recognized institution of higher education, the birthplace of the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC), and the first private military college in the United States. Through its online programs, Norwich delivers relevant and applicable curricula that allow its students to make a positive impact on their places of work and their communities.
Norwich University’s Master of Arts in Military History program takes an unbiased and global approach towards exploring military thought, theory and engagement throughout recorded history. The unique curriculum of the online Master of Arts in Military History program was developed by the distinguished faculty of Norwich University and guided by the goals outlined by the American Historical Association. This highly regarded program is designed to help build your proficiency as a historian, and places our world’s military achievements and conflicts in chronological, geographical, political and economic context.
Sources
Military Discounts Available
| 801 |
95 | who was a patriot in the american revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution) | Patriot (American Revolution)
Colonists who opposed British rule during the American Revolution
A group of patriots during the American Revolutionary War , depicted in an 1875 portrait by Archibald Willard
Principles
Patriots (also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or Whigs) were colonists in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the Kingdom of Great Britain 's control and governance during the colonial era and supported and helped launch the American Revolution that ultimately established American independence. Patriot politicians led colonial opposition to British policies regarding the American colonies, eventually building support for the adoption of the Declaration of Independence , which was adopted unanimously by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. After the American Revolutionary War began the year before, in 1775, many patriots assimilated into the Continental Army , which was commanded by George Washington and which secured victory against the British Army , leading the British to acknowledge the sovereign independence of the colonies, reflected in the Treaty of Paris , which led to the establishment of the United States in 1783.
The patriots included members of every social and ethnic group in the colonies, though support for the patriot cause was strongest in the New England Colonies and weakest in the Southern Colonies . The American Revolution divided the colonial population into three groups: patriots, who supported the end of British rule; loyalists , who supported Britain's continued control over the colonies; and those who remained neutral. African Americans who supported the patriots were known as Black Patriots , with their counterparts on the British side being referred to as Black Loyalists .
Terminology
The critics of British policy towards the Thirteen Colonies called themselves "Whigs" after 1768, identifying with members of the British Whig party who favored similar colonial policies.[ citation needed ] Samuel Johnson writes that, at the time, the word "patriot" had a negative connotation and was used as a negative epithet for "a factious disturber of the government". [1]
Prior to the American Revolution , colonists who supported British authority called themselves Tories or royalists , identifying with the political philosophy of traditionalist conservatism as it existed in Great Britain. During the American Revolution, these persons became known primarily as Loyalists . Afterward, some 15% of Loyalists emigrated north to the remaining British territories in the Canadas . There they called themselves the United Empire Loyalists . 85% of the Loyalists decided to stay in the new United States and were granted American citizenship.
Composition
Prior to the formal beginning of the American Revolution, many patriots were active in groups including the Sons of Liberty . The most prominent patriot leaders are referred to today as the Founding Fathers , who are generally defined as the 56 men who, as delegates to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia , signed the Declaration of Independence .
Patriots included a cross-section of the population of the Thirteen Colonies and came from varying backgrounds. Roughly 40 to 45 percent of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the patriots' cause, between 15 and 20 percent supported the Loyalists, and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile regarding their loyalties. [2] The great majority of Loyalists remained in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution; a minority, however, fled the nation for Canada, Great Britain, Florida , or the West Indies . [3]
Motivations
Historians have explored the motivations that pulled men to one side or the other. [4] Yale historian Leonard Woods Labaree used the published and unpublished writings and letters of leading men on each side, searching for how personality shaped their choice. He finds eight characteristics that differentiated the two groups. Loyalists were older, better established, and more likely to resist innovation than the patriots. Loyalists felt that the Crown was the legitimate government and resistance to it was morally wrong, while the patriots felt that morality was on their side because the British government had violated the constitutional rights of Englishmen. Men who were alienated by physical attacks on Royal officials took the Loyalist position, while those who were offended by British responses to actions such as the Boston Tea Party became patriots. Merchants in the port cities with long-standing financial attachments to Britain were likely to remain loyal, while few patriots were so deeply enmeshed in the system. Some Loyalists, according to Labaree, were "procrastinators" who believed that independence was bound to come some day but wanted to "postpone the moment", while the patriots wanted to "seize the moment". Loyalists were cautious and afraid of anarchy or tyranny that might come from mob rule; patriots made a systematic effort to take a stand against the British government. Finally, Labaree argues that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the patriots' confidence that independence lay ahead. [5] [6]
The patriots rejected taxes imposed by legislatures in which the taxpayer was not represented. " No taxation without representation " was their slogan, referring to the lack of representation in the British Parliament. The British countered that there was "virtual representation" in the sense that all members of Parliament represented the interests of all the citizens of the British Empire. Some patriots declared that they were loyal to the king, but they insisted that they should be free to run their own affairs. In fact, they had been running their own affairs since the period of " salutary neglect " before the French and Indian War . Some radical patriots tarred and feathered tax collectors and customs officers, making those positions dangerous; according to Benjamin Irvin, the practice was especially prevalent in Boston where many patriots lived. [7]
See also
References
"patriot, n. and adj" . OED Online. Oxford University Press. Retrieved July 6, 2021.
^ Robert M. Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality" in
.
^ Thomas B. Allen, Tories: Fighting for the King in America's First Civil War (2011) p. xviii
^ On patriots see Edwin G. Burrows and Michael Wallace, "The American Revolution: The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation," Perspectives in American History, (1972) vol. 6 pp. 167–306
^ Leonard Woods Labaree, Conservatism in Early American History (1948) pp. 164–65
^ See also N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," Journal of American History, 65#2 (1978), pp. 344–66 in JSTOR
Ellis, Joseph Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (2002), Pulitzer Prize
Kann, Mark E.; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy, (1999) online version
Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution. (1943) online version Archived May 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Miller, John C. Triumph of Freedom, 1775–1783 (1948) online version Archived May 24, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
Previdi, Robert; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America", Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999.
Rakove, Jack . Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America (2010) excerpt and text search
Raphael, Ray. A People's History of the American Revolution: How Common People Shaped the Fight for Independence (2002).
Roberts, Cokie . Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (2005).
Patriot (American Revolution)
| 802 |
95 | who was a patriot in the american revolution | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Patriots_(American_Revolution) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Patriots were colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution . Many Patriots served in multiple capacities.
Statesmen and office holders
| 803 |
95 | who was a patriot in the american revolution | https://www.battlefields.org/learn/topics/revolutionary-war-leaders | Recent Preservation Victories
« Recent Preservation Victories
Recent Preservation Victories
Revolutionary War Leaders
Learn more about the Patriot and British leaders who defined the Revolutionary War era.
Explore Revolutionary War Leaders
Make History Your Students’ Favorite Subject!
Explore our library of FREE resources to engage your students in American history like never before.
Acres Saved
The American Battlefield Trust and our members have saved more than 58,000 acres in 25 states!
Shop and Preserve
Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. Every purchase supports the mission.
The Majority of our funds go directly to Preservation and Education.
Your access link has expired.
Please request a new link by entering your email address below.
Email*
Elementary School
Middle School
High School
Home School
4 + 3 =
Solve this simple math problem and enter the result. E.g. for 1+3, enter 4.
Success!An access link has been emailed to you. It may take up to a few minutes to arrive.To ensure you are able to receive login emails from us, please add [email protected] to your safe sender list.You may now close this browser tab.
If you are having trouble, you can try and
resend the link.
Edit My Account
Delete My Account
This action cannot be undone. Please enter your email address below to confirm.
Email*
Create a new playlist
Name*
Description
Your playlist has been created. The page will redirect you to the new list shortly.
Save to a playlist
| 804 |
96 | who made uk passports before de la rue | https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/mar/22/de-la-rue-the-british-money-maker-that-lost-uk-passport-contract | This article is more than 6 years old
De La Rue: what you need to know about firm that lost UK passport contract
This article is more than 6 years old
First published on Thu 22 Mar 2018 12.42 CET
News that De La Rue has lost the contract to produce UK passports caused the company’s share price to fall by more than 5% in early trading. The company, which is more than 200 years old, describes itself as the world’s largest commercial producer of currency and passports and claims to supply products to two-thirds of all countries.
Domestically, the company has contracts with the Bank of England, Bank of Scotland, Clydesdale Bank and Royal Bank of Scotland to produce the newer polymer bank notes. It has been introducing the technology around the world, with Botswana and the Maldives other countries to have made the switch. De La Rue also prints money for Qatar, Kuwait, the Bahamas and the Seychelles, among others.
The biggest concern over the loss of the UK passport contract centres on the company’s printing plant in Gateshead where it employs 600 people, of whom about 100 are thought to work in the passport division. The company has not said these jobs have been put at risk. The chief executive, Martin Sutherland, said: “We have a very skilled, proud workforce in Gateshead and I am going to have face those workers, look at them in the whites of the eyes and try to explain to them why the British government thinks it’s a sensible decision to buy French passports not British passports.
“I would like to invite Theresa May or Amber Rudd to come to my factory and explain to my dedicated workforce why they think this is a sensible decision to offshore the manufacture of a British icon.”
As well as UK passports, the company manufactures identity documents and e-passports for countries as far apart as Trinidad and Tobago, Qatar and Afghanistan. On occasion it also uses its printing presses to make special-edition bank notes. A Star Wars note issued in support of the Together For Short Lives charity raised more than £185,000 in an eBay auction in November.
Mark Hamill (Luke Skywalker) poses with the specially printed Star Wars bank note. Photograph: Disney/De La Rue
De La Rue printers have a long history, going back to 1813 when Thomas de la Rue published the first edition of the Guernsey newspaper Le Miroir Politique. Within eight years, De la Rue had established himself in London as a printer and stationer.
By 1855 the company was printing postage stamps, and in 1860 it began printing money, at first for Mauritius. Over the years it has also manufactured playing cards, board games and fountain pens.
De La Rue was part of the Camelot consortium that bid for the first UK national lottery contracts in the 1990s. It sold its interest in Camelot in 2010.
The company will post its latest financial results next month, and has said profits are expected to be at the lower end of previous estimates.
Explore more on these topics
More on this story
More on this story
Banknote printer De La Rue’s chair quits after turnaround plans criticised
14 Apr 2023
Demand for banknotes at lowest level in 20 years, says De La Rue
12 Apr 2023
De La Rue to halt production of UK passports at Gateshead site
17 Jun 2020
De La Rue shareholders suffer from a licence to print money
26 Nov 2019
De La Rue warns its future is in 'significant doubt'
26 Nov 2019
Serious Fraud Office investigates De La Rue over South Sudan operations
23 Jul 2019
De La Rue boss leaving after losing post-Brexit blue passport contract
30 May 2019
De La Rue chief chose wrong card to play in passport contract fight
18 Apr 2018
18 Apr 2018
(dcr)
| 805 |
96 | who made uk passports before de la rue | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_passport | British passport
20 languages
British Passport
Front cover of the current British passport (with chip ), issued since March 2020
First issued
1414 (First mention of 'passport' in an Act of Parliament ) [a] [1] 1915 (Photo passport) 1921 (Hardcover booklet)15 August 1988 (Machine-readable passport)5 October 1998 (Version 2)6 March 2006 (Series A biometric passport)5 October 2010 (Version 2)7 December 2015 (Series B)10 March 2020 (Series C)
Purpose
Eligibility
Cost
Adult (16 or older) [2] [b] [c] [d] Standard (32 pages): £88.50 Frequent traveller (50 pages): £100.50 Child (under 16) [2] [c] Standard (32 pages): £57.50 Frequent traveller (50 pages): £69.50Fees above are only for applications made online from within UK
The British passport is a travel document issued by the United Kingdom or other British dependencies and territories to individuals holding any form of British nationality . It grants the bearer international passage in accordance with visa requirements and serves as proof of UK citizenship. It also facilitates access to consular assistance from British embassies around the world. Passports are issued using royal prerogative, which is exercised by His Majesty's Government ; this means that the grant of a passport is a privilege, not a right, and may be withdrawn in some circumstances. British citizen passports have been issued in the UK by His Majesty's Passport Office , an agency of the Home Office , since 2014. All passports issued in the UK since 2006 have been biometric.
The legacy of the United Kingdom as an imperial power has resulted in several types of British nationality, and different types of British passport exist as a result. Furthermore, each of the Crown dependencies and certain Overseas territories issue their own variants of British passports to those with links to their jurisdictions, which have small differences from the UK-variant passport. All British passports enable the bearer to request consular assistance from British embassies and from certain Commonwealth high commissions in some cases. British citizens can use their passport as evidence of right of abode in the United Kingdom .
Between 1920 and 1992, the standard design of British passports was a navy blue hardcover booklet featuring the royal coat of arms emblazoned in gold. From 1988, the UK adopted machine readable passports in accordance with the International Civil Aviation Organization standard 9303. At this time, the passport colour was also changed to burgundy red, to bring it into line with the European Community passports of the other member states . The previous blue hardback passport continued to be issued in tandem with the new design until stocks were exhausted in 1992.
Pre-Brexit, the contract for printing British passports had been held by British company De La Rue . In 2018, the contract for printing post-Brexit was awarded to Franco-Dutch company Gemalto , which in 2019 became Thales DIS, part of the multinational Thales Group . The passport booklets will be printed more cheaply in Poland, with a controversial loss of printer jobs at De La Rue, but the passports will be personalised in the UK across two sites. [4] [5] [6] [7] All passports are now issued with the blue design and they are made by Thales DIS in Poland. [8] [9] [10] [11]
British citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to 192 countries and territories; the international access available to British citizens ranks third in the world according to the 2024 Visa Restrictions Index . [12] Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, a new design has been introduced every five years. [13]
Various changes to the design were made over the years: [14]
1914: the first 'modern' passports featuring a photograph of the holder were issued.
1915: passports featuring a cardboard cover, validity period, and description of the holder were first issued.
1927: the country name changed from "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" to "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" (alternatively the name of the colony, territory, or protectorate appeared here).
1954: the name of the Secretary of State was removed.
1968: the validity was extended from five years renewable up to ten, to ten years non-renewable.
1972, end: several modifications were made. A special blue watermarked paper was introduced to make alteration and forgery more difficult. The number of pages was reduced from 32 to 30, and the holder's eye colour and the maiden name of a married woman were removed.
1973, May: an optional 94-page passport was made available which provided many more pages for immigration stamps and visas for frequent travellers.
1975: lamination over the bearer's photograph was introduced to make alteration harder. Overprinting of the laminate was added in 1981 to make removal easier to spot.
1979: Sterling area exchange controls were abolished, and the foreign exchange page was removed.
1982: the holder's occupation and country of residence were removed.
1988, July: changes were made to ease the introduction of machine-readable passports later in the year. Joint passports were no longer issued and the descriptions of distinguishing features and height were removed. At the same time the number of pages was increased to 32 pages in a standard passport, whilst the jumbo passport was reduced to 48 pages.
1988, August: the old style started to be replaced by the burgundy passport, which included the first-ever printed mention of the European Community on the cover and granted automatic free movement of labour to British citizens in the other 9 EEC countries (at the time), and reciprocally provided access for those nation's workers into the British economy. [15] Some offices issued the remaining stock of old-style passports until as late as 1993. [16]
1998: Digital facial image rather than a laminated photograph, and intaglio or raised printing on the inside of the covers. Children under 16 are no longer included on new adult passports. [17]
2010: The Identity & Passport Service announced that the British passport was to be redesigned. Pages of the passport will contain well-known British scenes including the White Cliffs of Dover, the Gower Peninsula, Ben Nevis and the Giant's Causeway. There will also be new security features, namely moving the chip which stores the holder's details to the inside of the passport cover where it will no longer be visible (this gives additional physical protection as well as making it much harder to replace the chip without damage to the passport cover being spotted), a secondary image of the holder printed onto the observations page, new designs now stretching across two pages and a new transparent covering which includes several holograms to protect the holder's personal details. [18]
2015: HM Passport Office unveiled the design and theme of the new passport as 'Creative United Kingdom' at Shakespeare's Globe , London on November. The design features British cultural icons such as William Shakespeare , John Harrison , John Constable , Charles Babbage , Ada Lovelace , Antony Gormley , Elisabeth Scott and Anish Kapoor ; iconic British innovations such as the Penny Black and the London Underground ; and British landmark structures like the Houses of Parliament , London Eye , Edinburgh Castle , the Pierhead Building in Cardiff, Titanic Belfast and the Royal Observatory Greenwich . As part of the Press release the HM Passport Office said the new passport is the most secure in the world. The passport was released in December 2015. De La Rue has a 10-year contract with HM Passport Office designing and producing the British Passports starting in 2010 as well as the new 'Creative UK' passport in 2015. [19] [20]
2019: References to the European Union removed.
2020: Burgundy passports to be phased out over the first few months. New manufacturer Gemalto to start issuing navy blue passports, which are printed at the plant in Tczew ( Poland ). [21] These new passports are said to be the most technologically advanced in the world and add features such as a polycarbonate data page and the holder's data duplicated on an electronic microprocessor. [22] The Home Office is also aiming for the new passports to be carbon net-neutral, through projects such as tree planting to offset carbon emissions during the manufacturing process. [23]
Early passports (1414–1921)
British passports issued in 1857 (left) and 1862 (right).
King Henry V of England is credited with having invented what some consider the first passport in the modern sense, as a means of helping his subjects prove who they were in foreign lands. The earliest reference to these documents is found in the Safe Conducts Act 1414 . [24] [25] [1] In 1540, granting travel documents in England became a role of the Privy Council of England , and it was around this time that the term "passport" was introduced. In Scotland, passports were issued by the Scottish Crown and could also be issued on the Crown's behalf by burghs , Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow, senior churchmen and noblemen. [26] [27] Passports were still signed by the monarch until 1685, when the Secretary of State could sign them instead. The Secretary of State signed all passports in place of the monarch from 1794 onwards, at which time formal records started to be kept; all of these records still exist. Passports were written in Latin or English until 1772, then in French until 1858. Since that time, they have been written in English, with some sections translated into French. In 1855, passports became a standardised document issued solely to British nationals. Passports in England and Wales were issued by the Home Secretary, and in Scotland by the Lord Provost of Edinburgh or Glasgow. They were a simple single-sheet hand-drafted paper document.
Some duplicate passports and passport records are available at the British Library ; for example IOR: L/P&J/11 contain a few surviving passports of travelling ayahs from the 1930s. [28] A passport issued on 18 June 1641 and signed by King Charles I still exists. [14]
Starting in the late 19th century, an increasing number of Britons began travelling abroad due to the advent of railways and travel services such as the Thomas Cook Continental Timetable . The speed of trains, as well as the number of passengers that crossed multiple borders, made enforcement of passport laws difficult, and many travellers did not carry a passport in this era. [29] However, the outbreak of World War I led to the introduction of modern border controls , including in the UK with passage of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens Act 1914 . Thus, in 1915 the British government developed a new format of passport that could be mass-produced and used to quickly identify the bearer. The new passport consisted of a printed sheet folded into ten and affixed to a clothed cardboard cover. It included a description of the holder as well as a photograph, and had to be renewed after two years.
Passport booklets (1921–1993)
British passport issued in 1924
In October 1920, the League of Nations held the Paris Conference on Passports & Customs Formalities and Through Tickets . British diplomats joined with 42 countries to draft passport guidelines and a general booklet design resulted from the conference. [30] The League model specified a 32-page booklet of 15.5 by 10.5 cm (6.1 by 4.1 in). The first four pages were reserved for detailing the bearer's physical characteristics, occupation and residence.
The British government formed the Passport Office in the same year and in 1921 began issuing 32-page passports with a navy blue hardcover with an embossed coat of arms. "BRITISH PASSPORT" was the common identifier printed at the top of all booklets, while the name of the issuing government was printed below the coat of arms (e.g. United Kingdom, New Zealand, Hong Kong). Cut-outs in the cover allowed the bearer's name and the passport number to be displayed. This format would remain the standard for most British passports until the introduction of machine-readable passports in 1988. It continued to be issued in the United Kingdom until the end of 1993.
As with many contemporary travel documents worldwide, details were handwritten into the passport and (as of 1955) included: number, holder's name, "accompanied by his wife" and her maiden name, "and" (number) "children", national status. For both bearer and wife: profession, place and date of birth, country of residence, height, eye and hair colour, special peculiarities, signature and photograph. Names, birth dates, and sexes of children, list of countries for which valid, issue place and date, expiry date, a page for renewals and, at the back, details of the amount of foreign exchange for travel expenses (a limited amount of sterling, typically £50 but increasing with inflation, could be taken out of the country). [31] The bearer's sex was not explicitly stated, although the name was written in with title ("Mr John Smith"). Descriptive text was printed in both English and French (a practice which still [update] continues), e.g., "Accompanied by his wife (Maiden name)/Accompagné de sa femme (Née)". Changed details were struck out and rewritten, with a rubber-stamped note confirming the change.
British passport issued in 1991 prior to the complete changeover to machine-readable European Community passports
If details and photograph of a man's wife and details of children were entered (this was not compulsory), the passport could be used by the bearer, wife, and children under 16, if together; separate passports were required for the wife or children to travel independently. [32] Until 1972 the passport was valid for five years, renewable for another five, after which it had to be replaced. [33]
Renewal of a passport required physical cancellation of the old passport, which was then returned to the bearer. The top-right corner of its front cover was cut off and "Cancelled" was stamped into one or both of the cut-outs in the front cover, which showed the passport number and the bearer's name, as well on the pages showing the bearer's details and the document's validity.
For much of the 20th century, the passport had a printed list of countries for which it was valid, which was added to manually as validity increased. A passport issued in 1955 was valid for the British Commonwealth, USA, and all countries in Europe "including the USSR , Turkey, Algeria, Azores, Canary Islands, Iceland, and Madeira"; [34] during its period of validity restrictions eased and it was endorsed "and for all other foreign countries". [35]
The British visitor's passport
Machine-readable passports (1988–2006)
European Community passport as introduced in 1988 before the Community became the European Union
After the passport standardisation efforts of the 1920s, further effort to update international passport guidance was limited. The United Kingdom joined the European Communities in 1973, at a time when the Communities was looking to strengthen European civic identity. [36] Between 1974 and 1975, the member states developed a common format. Member states agreed that passports should be burgundy in colour and feature the heading "European Community" in addition to the country name. Adoption by member states was voluntary. [37] While most of the Community adopted the format by 1985, the UK continued to issue the traditional blue booklet.
Rapid growth of air travel and technological change led to the International Civil Aviation Organization defining a new international standard for machine-readable passport , ICAO Doc 9303, in 1980. [38] An ICAO standard machine-readable passport was a significant departure from the traditional British passport layout, and the British government did not immediately adopt it. In 1986, the United States announced the US Visa Waiver Program . The concept allowed for passport holders of certain countries to enter the US for business or tourism without applying for a visitor visa. The UK was the first country to join the scheme in 1988; however, a requirement was that the traveller hold a machine-readable passport. [39] [40] Thus, the British government was, after nearly 70 years, forced to retire the traditional navy blue League of Nations format passport.
Non-biometric European Union passport issued after 1997
With the move to machine-readable passports, the UK decided to adopt the European Community format. On 15 August 1988, the Glasgow passport office became the first to issue burgundy-coloured machine-readable passports. They had the words 'European Community' on the cover, later changed to ' European Union ' in 1997. The passport had 32 pages; while a 48-page version was made available with more space for stamps and visas. Two lines of machine-readable text were printed in ICAO format, and a section was included in which relevant terms ("surname", "date of issue", etc.) were translated into the official EU languages. Passports issued overseas did not all have a Machine Readable Zone, but these were introduced gradually as appropriate equipment was made available overseas.
While other British territories such as Hong Kong and the Cayman Islands were not part of the European Community, they also adopted the same European format, although "British Passport" remained at the top rather than "European Community".
In 1998 the first digital image passport was introduced with photographs being replaced with images printed directly on the data page which was moved from the cover to an inside page to reduce the ease of fraud.[ citation needed ] These documents were all issued with machine-readable zones and had a hologram over the photograph, which was the first time that British passports had been protected by an optically variable safeguard. These documents were issued until 2006 when the biometric passport was introduced.
Biometric passports (2006–present)
Series A biometric British passport
In the late 1990s, ICAO's Technical Advisory Group began developing a new standard for storing biometric data (e.g. photo, fingerprints, iris scan) on a chip embedded in a passport. The September 11 attacks involving the hijacking of commercial airliners led to the rapid incorporation of the group's technical report into ICAO Doc 9303. [41]
The Identity and Passport Service issued the first biometric British passport on 6 February 2006, known as Series A. This was the first British passport to feature artwork. Series A, version 1 was produced between 2006 and 2010, while an updated version 2 with technical changes and refreshed artwork was produced between 2010 and 2015. [42]
Version 1 showcased birds native to the British Isles . The bio-data page was printed with a finely detailed background including a drawing of a red grouse , and the entire page was protected from modification by a laminate which incorporates a holographic image of the kingfisher ; visa pages were numbered and printed with detailed backgrounds including drawings of other birds: a merlin , curlew , pied avocet , and red kite . An RFID chip and antenna were visible on the official observations page and held the same visual information as printed, including a digital copy of the photograph with biometric information for use with facial recognition systems . The Welsh and Scottish Gaelic languages were included in all British passports for the first time, [43] and appeared on the titles page replacing the official languages of the EU, although the EU languages still appeared faintly as part of the background design. Welsh and Scottish Gaelic preceded the official EU languages in the translations section. [42]
In 2010, Her Majesty's Passport Office signed a ten-year, £400 million contract with De La Rue to produce British passports. [44] This resulted in Series A, version 2, which introduced minor security enhancements. The biometric chip was relocated from the official observations page to inside the cover, and the observations page itself was moved from the back of the passport to immediately after the data page. All new art was produced for version 2, this time with a coastal theme. Data and visa pages featured coastal scenes, wildlife and meteorological symbols. [42]
Renewal of the passport required physical cancellation of the old passport, which was then returned to the bearer. The top-right corners of its front and back covers were cut off, as well as the top-right corner of the final pair of pages, which had been bound in plastic with the bearer's details and a digital chip; a white bar-coded form stating "Renewal" and the bearer's personal details was stuck onto the back cover.
Series B (2015–2020)
Series B biometric passport issued after March 2019
HMPO's contract with De La Rue involved the design of a new generation of biometric passport, which was released in October 2015 as the Series B passport. The cover design remained the same as Series A, with minor changes to the cover material. The number of pages of a standard passport was increased from 32 to 34, and the 50-page 'jumbo' passport replaced the previous 48-page business passport. New security features included rich three-dimensional UV imagery, cross-page printing and a single-sheet bio-data page joined with the back cover. A new typeface for the cover ( Times New Roman ) was adopted as well. At the time of its introduction, no other passport offered visa free access to more countries than the UK's Series B British passport. [45]
The theme of the Series B passport was 'Creative United Kingdom', and HMPO described the Series B artwork as the most intricate ever featured in a British passport. Each double-spread page set featured artwork celebrating 500 years of achievements in art, architecture and innovation in the UK. Ordnance Survey maps were also printed inside featuring places related to the imagery. A portrait of William Shakespeare was embedded in each page as a watermark. [45]
The Series B passport was initially issued to British citizens with "European Union" printed on the cover. However, new stocks of the Series B from March 2019 onwards removed the reference in anticipation of withdrawal from the EU. The premature change was controversial given the uncertainty and division in the UK during 2019. [46]
Series C (2020–present)
Series C biometric passport issued after March 2020
The introduction of the burgundy machine-readable passport between 1988 and 1993 had been met with significant resistance. The burgundy passports attracted criticism for their perceived flimsiness, mass-produced nature and sudden deviation from the traditional design. [47] There was speculation regarding re-introduction of the old-style passport following the UK's withdrawal from the European Union. [48] but the government denied any immediate plans. [49] Such a change was supported by some due to its symbolic value, including Brexit Secretary David Davis , [50] while others thought the undue weight put on such a trivial change raised the question of whether the government was able to prioritise its order of business ahead of Brexit . [51] Nevertheless, the British passport was due for an update in 2020, as the existing De La Rue passport contract was expiring.
On 2 April 2017, Michael Fabricant MP said that De La Rue had stated that the coat of arms would "contrast better on navy blue than it currently does on the maroon passports" [52] as part of their pre-tender discussions with the government. [53] [54] In December 2017, then Immigration Minister Brandon Lewis announced that the blue passport would "return" after exit from the EU. [6]
Following open tender under EU public procurement rules in 2018, the Franco-Dutch security firm Gemalto was selected over British banknote and travel document printer De La Rue . The result of the tender proved highly controversial, as it saw the production of British passport blanks moved from Gateshead in the UK to Tczew , Poland . [9] [10] [11] Passports are produced in Poland, due to it being more cost efficient, and printed with personal details in the United Kingdom, [55] either at a central printing facility, or, in the case of urgent, fast-tracked or premium-service passports, which are 34 or 50 pages, locally printed at application-processing centres in the UK. [56]
On 10 March 2020, the new Series C blue British passport officially began to be issued. Series B passports would also be issued while the Home Office used up old stock.
On 25 September 2020, HMPO announced all British passports issued would now be blue. [57]
Series C introduces a polycarbonate laser-engraved bio-data page with an embedded RFID chip. Also embedded in the data page is a decoding lens which optically unscrambles information hidden on the official observations page and inner front cover. [58] The reverse of the polycarbonate data page serves as the title page and features a portrait-orientation photo of the bearer, reminiscent of pre-1988 passports. Series C features very little artwork, with a compass rose being the only printed art. The passport has the national flowers of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales ( Tudor Rose , Shamrock , Scotch Thistle and Daffodil , respectively) embossed on the back cover. [59]
National identity cards
An adult Identity Card – 1943
The National Registration Act established a National Register which began operating on 29 September 1939 (National Registration Day). This introduced a system of identity cards , and a requirement that they must be produced on demand or presented to a police station within 48 hours. Identity cards had to be carried by every man, woman, and child at all times. They included information such as name, age, address, and occupation.
Prior to National Registration Day, 65,000 enumerators across the country delivered forms which householders were required to record their details on. On the following Sunday and Monday the enumerators visited every household, checked the form before issuing a completed identity card for each of the residents. All cards at this time were the same brown/buff colour.
Three main reasons for their introduction:
1. The major dislocation of the population caused by mobilisation and mass evacuation and also the wartime need for complete manpower control and planning in order to maximise the efficiency of the war economy.
2. The likelihood of rationing (introduced from January 1940 onwards).
3. Population statistics. As the last census had been held in 1931, there was little accurate data on which to base vital planning decisions. The National Register was in fact an instant census and the National Registration Act closely resembles the 1920 Census Act in many ways
On 21 February 1952, it no longer became necessary to carry an identity card. The National Registration Act of 1939 was repealed on 22 May 1952.
Abandoned plans for "next generation" biometric passports and national identity registration
There had been plans, under the Identity Cards Act 2006 , to link passports to the Identity Cards scheme. However, in the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Agreement that followed the 2010 General Election , the new government announced that they planned to scrap the ID card scheme, the National Identity Register, and the next generation of biometric passports, as part of their measures "to reverse the substantial erosion of civil liberties under the Labour Government and roll back state intrusion". [60] [61]
The Identity Cards Act 2006 would have required any person applying for a passport to have their details entered into a centralised computer database, the National Identity Register, part of the National Identity Scheme associated with identity cards and passports. Once registered, they would also have been obliged to update any change to their address and personal details. The identity card was expected to cost up to £60 (with £30 going to the Government, and the remainder charged as processing fees by the companies that would be collecting the fingerprints and photographs). [62] In May 2005 the Government said that the cost for a combined identity card and passport would be £93 plus processing fees. [63]
The next generation of biometric passports, which would have contained chips holding facial images and fingerprints, [64] were to have been issued from 2012. Everyone applying for a passport from 2012 would have had their 10 fingerprints digitally scanned and stored on a database, although only two would have been recorded in the passport. [65]
Nobody in the UK is required to carry any form of ID. In everyday situations, most authorities, such as the police, do not make spot checks of identification for individuals, although they may do so in instances of arrest .[ citation needed ]
Five Nations Passport Group
Types of British passports
Nationality class
810
Common format British passports are issued to British citizens (except those applying in the Crown Dependencies ), British Nationals (Overseas), British subjects, British Overseas citizens and British protected persons. They are also issued to British Overseas Territories citizens applying in the UK, in a territory that does not have a local variant, or from abroad. All these passports have the same cover, but the class of British nationality is specified on the personal information page. [67] [70]
All common format British passports are issued by HM Passport Office in the UK. British nationals may apply for a passport online or by post, from any location. [71] From 2011, British diplomatic missions only issue emergency passports. [72] [73] [68]
Local variants
Local variants of British passports are issued to British citizens in the Crown Dependencies of Guernsey , Isle of Man and Jersey , and to British Overseas Territories citizens (BOTCs) in Anguilla , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cayman Islands , Gibraltar , Montserrat , Saint Helena and Turks and Caicos Islands . [74] [75] These passports display the name of the dependency or territory on the cover, on page 1 and on the personal information page, and the greeting inside their cover is in the name of the respective governor or lieutenant governor instead of the British monarch. [67]
Although variant passports are produced in the UK, applicants can only request them from the government of the respective dependency or territory. British nationals from these jurisdictions applying directly in the UK receive a common format passport. BOTCs who are also British citizens may hold both types of passports. [76]
In the machine-readable zone of BOTC variant passports, the field of the issuing state used to be three-letter ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code of the territory, which allowed automatic distinction between BOTCs of different territories. However, after HM Passport Office in the UK assumed the responsibility for the production of BOTC variant passports in 2015, the code of the issuing state changed to GBR for all territories, thus making it impossible to identify the holder's domicile without the aid of other features, such as the passport cover. [77] The lack of automatic distinction created problems for Bermudians travelling to the United States , who do not need a visa or ESTA if identified as BOTCs of Bermuda, but need one if identified as British citizens. On 30 April 2024, the code BMU was restored to Bermuda variant passports to facilitate such travel. [78]
Special British passports
King's Messenger passports were issued to diplomatic couriers who transport government documents. Since 2014, these have been replaced by standard diplomatic passports with an observation. [67]
Diplomatic and Official Passports (Series C)
British biometric diplomatic passport
British biometric official passport
Identity card from a collective passport issued in 2005
Collective (also known as group) passports are issued to defined groups of 5 to 50 individuals who are British citizens under the age of 18 for travel together to certain countries in the Schengen Area , such as a group of school children on a school trip. [80]
Emergency passports are issued to British nationals by British diplomatic missions across the world. [68] They may also be issued to Commonwealth citizens in countries where their country of nationality does not have diplomatic representation. [81]
European Union passports
Before the UK withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020, British citizens, British Overseas Territories citizens of Gibraltar and British subjects with right of abode in the UK were considered to be UK nationals for the purposes of European Union law and therefore EU citizens . As a result, passports issued to these nationals were considered to be EU passports , and before 2019 their covers displayed the title "European Union". [67] British passports with EU status facilitated access to consular assistance from another European Union member state . [81]
British nationals who were EU citizens (except those connected only to the Crown Dependencies) had the right to live and work freely in the European Economic Area and Switzerland until the Brexit transition period ended on 31 December 2020. Since then, they continue to enjoy visa-free travel to the Schengen Area for short stays , as well as the right to live and work in the Republic of Ireland , as British citizens are not treated as aliens under Irish law . Common Travel Area arrangements for visa-free travel remain unchanged.
Other classes of British nationals were not considered to be EU citizens, but also had and continue to enjoy visa-free travel to the Schengen Area for short stays.
Physical appearance
Current issue British passports are described as navy blue [82] although many observers have described the colour as black. [83]
The blue passport sports the coat of arms of the United Kingdom emblazoned in the centre of the front cover.
"BRITISH PASSPORT" is inscribed above the coat of arms, and the name of the issuing government is inscribed below (e.g. "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" or "TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS"). Where a British national is connected to a territory that is no longer under British sovereignty (e.g. BN(O) in Hong Kong), the issuing government is the United Kingdom. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover. The rear cover of blue passports are also embossed with the floral emblems of England ( Tudor rose ), Northern Ireland ( Shamrock ), Scotland ( Scottish thistle ) and Wales ( daffodil ). [59]
Burgundy passports issued by the UK, Gibraltar and the Crown Dependencies follow a different format, as they are based on the EU common model. The words "UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND" (+ "GIBRALTAR" where relevant) or "BRITISH ISLANDS" (+ the Dependency's name) are inscribed above the coat of arms, whilst the word "PASSPORT" is inscribed below. The biometric passport symbol appears at the bottom of the front cover. On passports issued before 29 March 2019, the words "EUROPEAN UNION" were printed at the top of the booklet.
Function-related passports
Each passport cover is detailed in the gallery below.
Inside cover
UK-issued British passports issued during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II contain on their inside cover the following words in English: [86]
Her Britannic Majesty 's Secretary of State requests and requires in the name of Her Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
Following the accession of King Charles III , the request reads the following in English:
His Britannic Majesty 's Secretary of State requests and requires in the name of His Majesty all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary.
Inside cover pages of a Falkland Islands passport (not issued after 1982) showing the request being made by the Governor of the Falkland Islands , who was also named
In older passports, more specific reference was made to "Her Britannic Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs ", originally including the name of the incumbent.
In mid-July 2023, the Home Office announced that the British passports issued in King Charles's name were being issued, and the new passports will now carry the words: "His Britannic Majesty's Secretary of State requests and requires in the name of His Majesty...". [87]
In non-UK issue passports, the request is made by the Governor or Lieutenant-Governor of the territory in "the Name of Her Britannic Majesty". As with UK-issued passports, following the accession of King Charles III, the request will change to “His Britannic Majesty”.
Information page
Photograph of the owner/holder (digital image printed on page)
Type (P)
Passport number
Given names
Nationality (the class of British nationality , such as "British Citizen" or "British Overseas Citizen", or if issued on behalf of a Commonwealth country, "Commonwealth Citizen" [88] )
Date of birth
Sex (Gender)
Place of birth (only the city or town is listed, even if born outside the UK; places of birth in Wales are entered in Welsh upon request [89] )
Date of issue
The items are identified by text in English and French (e.g., "Given names/Prénoms"). Translations into Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Irish and Spanish are written on page 5 (Series C), with the English and French translation also being included (e.g., "Surname / Cyfenw / Cinneadh / Sloinne / Nom / Apellidos"). Passports issued until March 2019 were translated into all official EU languages .
According to the British government, the current policy of using noble titles on passports requires that the applicant provides evidence that the title is included in Burke's Peerage , or the Lord Lyon has recognised a feudal barony. If accepted (and if the applicant wishes to include the title), the correct form is for the applicant to include the territorial designation as part of their surname (Surname of territorial designation e.g. Smith of Inverglen). The official observation would then show the holder's full name, followed by their feudal title e.g. The holder is John Smith, Baron of Inverglen.
Official Observations page
The Holder has right of abode in the United Kingdom
British Subjects with the right of abode (usually from Ireland ) have this endorsement in their passports. Between 1973 and 1982, this observation was also in passports issued to British Subjects with a connection to the UK (now British Citizens).
The Holder is entitled to readmission in the United Kingdom
British Overseas Citizens who have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain after 1968 retain this entitlement for life as their ILR is not subject to the two-year expiration rule, [92] and their passports are accordingly issued with this endorsement.
The Holder is subject to control under the Immigration Act 1971
British nationals without the right of abode in the UK will have this endorsement in their passports unless they have been granted indefinite leave to enter or remain. However, even though a BN(O) passport does not entitle the holder the right of abode in the UK, this endorsement was not found in BN(O) passports issued before 2020.
The Holder is not entitled to benefit from European Union provisions relating to employment or establishment
British citizens from Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man without a qualifying connection to the United Kingdom by descent or residency for more than five years previously had this endorsement in their passports. Moreover, British Overseas Citizens and British Nationals (Overseas) would have the same endorsement if they renewed their BOC/BN(O) passport after 29 March 2019. This observation ceased to be used from 1 January 2021. [93]
In accordance with the United Kingdom immigration rules the holder of this passport does not require an entry certificate or visa to visit the United Kingdom
This endorsement is found in BN(O) passports, and accordingly holders of BN(O) passports are allowed to enter the UK as a visitor without an entry certificate or visa for up to six months per entry.
The Holder is also a British National (Overseas)
British citizens who also possess BN(O) status may have this endorsement in their passports to signify their additional status, with the holder’s consent. [91]
The Holder (of this passport has Hong Kong permanent identity card no XXXXXXXX which states that the holder) has the right of abode in Hong Kong
British Nationals (Overseas) (BN(O)s) have this endorsement in their passports, as registration as a BN(O) before 1997 required the applicant to hold a valid Hong Kong permanent identity card , which guaranteed the holder's right of abode in Hong Kong.
Such persons would continue to have right of abode or right to land in Hong Kong after the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997 under the Immigration Ordinance. [91] This endorsement is also found in a British citizen passport when the holder has both British citizenship and BN(O) status (at the holder’s request).
Before the Hong Kong Act 1985 and Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986 were enacted, nationals of Hong Kong were entitled to British Dependent Territory Citizen status ( British Subject CUKC before 1983). The observation then merely read:
The Holder has right of abode in Hong Kong.
The Holder is or The Holder is also known as ...
This endorsement is found in passports where the holder uses or retains another professional, stage or religious name and is known by it "for all purposes", or has a recognised form of address, academic, feudal or legal title (e.g. Doctor , European Engineer , Queen's Counsel , Professor , Minister of Religion) regarded as important identifiers of an individual. [90] The styling 'Dr ...', 'Professor ...' or similar is recorded here, or the alternative professional/stage/religious name, usually on request by the passport holder. [90] For example, Cliff Richard 's birth name was Harry Webb, and the passport Observations page would read:
"The Holder is also known as Cliff Richard"
This endorsement is also found in the passport of persons with Peerage titles, members of the Privy Council, holders of knighthoods and other decorations, etc, to declare the holder's title.
Also, this endorsement is found if the passport holder's name is too long to fit within the 30-character limits (including spaces) on the passport information page; applies to each line reserved for the surname and the first given name including any middle name (s). [94] In this scenario the holder's full name will be written out in full on the Observations page. [94] According to the British passport agency guidelines, a person with a long or multiple given name, which cannot fit within the 30-character passport information page limits, should enter as much of the first given name, followed by the initials of all middle names (if any). [94] The same advice applies to a long or multiple surname. The holder's full name is then shown printed out in its entirety on the passport Observations page. [90] [94] For example, Kiefer Sutherland 's birth name would read on the passport information page:
Surname: "Sutherland" Given names: "Kiefer W F D G R"
Observations page:
"The Holder is Kiefer William Frederick Dempsey George Rufus Sutherland"
The holder's name in Chinese Commercial Code: XXXX XXXX XXXX
This endorsement was found in BN(O)[ citation needed ] and Hong Kong British Dependent Territories Citizen passports held by BN(O)s and British Dependent Territories Citizens with a connection to Hong Kong who have a Chinese name recognised by the Hong Kong Immigration Department before the handover. After the handover, British passports issued in Hong Kong can only be issued at the British Consulate-General, and this endorsement is no longer in use. (See also: Chinese commercial code )
Holder is a member of His Britannic Majesty's Diplomatic Service
Holder is a spouse/dependant of a member of His Britannic Majesty's Diplomatic Service
This endorsement is found in British passports held by people who are dependants or spouses of British diplomats.
Multiple passports
People who have valid reasons may be allowed to hold more than one passport booklet. This applies usually to people who travel frequently on business, and may need to have a passport booklet to travel on while the other is awaiting a visa for another country. Some Muslim-majority countries including Syria , Lebanon , Libya , Kuwait , Iran , Iraq , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , and Yemen do not issue visas to visitors if their passports bear a stamp or visa issued by Israel, as a result of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict . In that case, a person can apply for a second passport to avoid travel issues. Reasons and supporting documentation (such as a letter from an employer) must be provided. [95]
In addition, a person who has multiple types of British nationality is allowed to hold different variants of British passports under different statuses at the same time. For example, a British Overseas Territories citizen with right of abode in Gibraltar that also held British citizenship would be allowed both a Gibraltar variant British passport as well as a standard British passport. [91]
The King, Charles III , is not required to hold a passport because passports are issued in his name and on his authority, thus making it superfluous for him to hold one. All other members of the royal family , however, including the heir apparent William, Prince of Wales , do require passports. [96]
Visa requirements
Visa requirements for British citizens
Visa available both on arrival or online (eVisa)
Visa on arrival
The cost of a British passport is between free [b] and £112, for an adult (16 and over) 50-page frequent traveler passport who apply by paper form. The standard adult application fee is £88.50 (online), or £100.50 (by paper form). [c] [99]
Foreign travel statistics
Foreign travel statistics
36,997
^ Data for 2011
^ Data for 2010
^ Data for 2019
^ Data for 2005
^ Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).
Gallery of British passports
British biometric diplomatic passport
British biometric official passport
Series C emergency passport issued in the UK
Series C temporary passport issued in Gibraltar
Series C temporary passport issued in Guernsey
Series C temporary passport issued in Jersey
Series C temporary passport issued in the Isle of Man
Previously issued passports
British Citizen passport issued between 30 March 2019 and early 2020 (non-EU design issued to all British nationals including British Citizens)
British Citizen passport issued prior to 30 March 2019 (last EU design issued to British Citizens)
British non-biometric passport issued between 1997 and 2006
First British machine-readable passport issued between 1988 and 1997
Series A temporary passport
Series B emergency passport
1997 Hong Kong BDTC passport
British Passport 1876
^ This differs from the UK age of majority at which a person reaches adulthood, which is 18. [3]
^ Machine-readable passports did not have a dedicated observations page. They were instead printed on a blank visa page (usually page 5).
"Passports" (PDF). gov.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
(see paragraph 6.5)
Identity & Passport Service (25 August 2010). "New passport design unveiled" . Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
Osborne, Simon (22 January 2020). "Blue passports RETURN" . Daily Express. Express Newspapers. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ Printed information from 1955 passport
^ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "A passport including particulars of the holder's wife is not available for the wife's use when she is travelling alone."
^ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "... available for five years in the first instance, ... may be renewed for further periods ... provided ... ten years from the original date is not exceeded."
^ 1955 passport, printed on page 4
^ 1955 British passport, Notes section at back: "... only available for travel to the countries named on page 4, but may be endorsed for other countries. ... available for travelling to territory under British protection or trusteeship not including the Aden Protectorate."
"Visa Waiver Program Requirements" . Department of Homeland Security. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
"Basic Passport Checks" (PDF). Her Majesty's Passport Office. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
"Passport printing" (PDF). GOV.UK. 23 August 2021. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 November 2021.
"International Comparison" . 18 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
"Collective (group) passports" . Government of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 8 July 2024.
Ciara.Berry (15 January 2016). "Passports" . The Royal Family. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
"Passport Ranking 2024" . Henley & Partners. 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
"Passport fees" . GOV.UK. 27 July 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
"Statistical Yearbook" . American Samoa Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
"Annual report" (PDF). corporate.visitbarbados.org. 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"Visitor Statistics" . gotobermuda.com. 22 August 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
"Estadísticas" . Subsecretaría de Turismo.
^ Data obtained from Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo de Colombia
"Annual Statistics of Tourism, Congo, 2012" (PDF). apicongo.org (Republic of Congo) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
"Anuario de Estadisticas Turisticas 2010–2014" [2010–2014 Tourist Statistics Yearbook] (in Spanish). Ministry of Tourism of Ecuador. Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
"Stats" . www.entreprises.gouv.fr. 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"2017 年 12 月訪港旅客統計" [Visitor Arrival Statistics: December 2017] (PDF). Hong Kong Tourist Board. January 2018. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
"Tourism in Hungary 2016" . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
"Countrywise" . tourism.gov.in. 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"Статистические сборники" . stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
"Туризм в Кыргызстане – Архив публикаций – Статистика Кыргызстана" [Tourism in Kyrgyzstan – Archive of publications – Statistics of Kyrgyzstan]. National Statistics Committee of the Kyrgyz Republic (in Russian).
"Inbound Tourism: December 2018" (PDF). nso.gov.mt (Natl Statistics Office, Malta). 5 February 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
"ANNUAIRE 2014" . Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
"data" (PDF). monstat.org. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"Stats" (PDF). www.stat.gov.mk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"Data" (PDF). www.atp.gob.pa. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 November 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"2016 Annual Arrivals" (PDF). 4 March 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
"Data" (PDF). www.insse.ro. February 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
"Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ" [Entry of foreign citizens to the Russian Federation] (in Russian). ЕМИСС. 18 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
"Statistics" (PDF). Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Tourism Authority. December 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"SAMOA BUREAU OF STATISTICS" . 19 October 2016. Archived from the original on 19 October 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
"Entrada de Visitantes/ S. Tomé e Príncipe Ano 2005" [Entrance of Visitors / S. Tomé and Príncipe Year 2005] (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
"Data" . slovak.statistics.sk. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
"Suriname Tourism Statistics" (PDF). www.surinametourism.sr. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
"Tillväxtverkets Publikationer" . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
External links
| 806 |
96 | who made uk passports before de la rue | https://factcheckni.org/topics/europe/are-uk-passports-produced-by-non-uk-companies-2/ | 9 March 2021 3 minute read
Subject
Rating
ACCURATE WITH CONSIDERATION
In a Facebook posting , it was claimed that several elements of the production of UK passports are done by non-UK companies. The image also claims that a company based in Durham, England, was unsuccessful in a tender for an element of this work and is facing bankruptcy. The posting shows an image of a blue-covered UK passport, with the following description: “Made by a Franco-Dutch company in Poland using Italian software to print Spanish ink on to Finnish paper in a tender that beat the company in Durham which is now facing bankruptcy.”
Contract tender
In March 2017, the UK Government put out to tender a contract to print UK passports, under existing UK law, EU law, and World Trade Organisation rules at the time. The contract was awarded to Franco-Dutch firm, Gemalto .
In 2019, Gemalto became part of the multi-national Thales Group and is now part of the DIS section of the company.
UK passport manufacture
We contacted Thales to learn more about where UK passports will be produced . Thales replied that all such queries are being handled by the UK Home Office.
A Home Office spokesperson replied:
“All British passports will continue to be personalised with the holder’s personal details and photograph in the United Kingdom, so that no personal data will leave the UK.
“HM Passport Office works with all of its suppliers to ensure that services are delivered in line with its robust contractual demands and strict governance regime. There are multiple sites for both manufacture and personalisation of passports to ensure an uninterrupted service to meet the expectations of our approximately seven million customers each year.”
Neither Thales nor the Home Office confirmed the exact country in which the new blank passports are manufactured.
The fate of De La Rue
The claim said that De La Rue (“the company in Durham”) was “facing bankruptcy” as a consequence of losing its bid for the passport contract.
Reports of 170 skilled printing job losses (June 2019) were followed by another 80 (June 2020) when passport production ceased at its factory in Gateshead. In January 2021, De La Rue announced it had won a 65% share of the total volume of polymer substrate material used in £5, £10, and £50 notes, in the three years from July 2021. It had a sevenfold increase in first-half adjusted operating profits for 2020.
Summary
The UK Government put the contract for the manufacture of UK passports out to tender under existing laws at the time. The contract was awarded to a Franco-Dutch firm that is now part of the Thales Group, based in France.
Aspects of the physical manufacture of the UK passports were not confirmed to FactCheckNI, but the UK Home Office stated that the passports will be personalised in the UK.
The previous producer, De La Rue, closed most of its factory in Gateshead, by December 2020, but in the new year it won a majority share of a contract to supply polymer for UK current notes and has reported that it is operating profitably.
Back to top
Newsletter sign up
Keep up with the latest from FactCheckNI with our email newsletter. We’ll only send you the good stuff. We’ll never spam you. We’ll never share you email address.
Full name
Email
I agree to the terms and conditions outlined in the privacy policy
I agree to the terms and conditions outlined in the privacy policy
CAPTCHA
Comments
This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.
| 807 |
96 | who made uk passports before de la rue | https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5959267/de-la-rue-share-price-passport-contract-blue/ | Who owns De La Rue, what’s the share price and why aren’t they making the new blue British passport?
Published: 8:01, 18 Apr 2018
Updated: 14:34, 18 Apr 2018
THEY claimed to be the rightful makers of the post-Brexit blue British passport.
However, Hampshire firm De La Rue has now decided not to appeal the Home Office decision to hand the contract to foreign manufacturers . But what do we know about them?
1
The Government's decided to award the making of the new blue passports to a foreign firmCredit: AFP or licensors
Who owns De La Rue and what does it do?
Despite its French name, De La Rue is a British manufacturer based in Basingstoke, Hampshire, with a factory in Gateshead and other facilities in Essex and Somerset.
The company manufactures banknotes and deals with the security printing of passports, tax stamps and brand authentication.
Founded by Thomas de la Rue in 1821, the company is now run by chief executive officer Martin Sutherland.
They currently produce the UK's burgundy EU passports.
What's the share price?
Its value has plummeted over the past month as fears over the British passport contract unsettle investors.
Shares in the company fell by six per cent immediately after it was announced they had lost the contract.
And the struggles have shown no sign of abating, with the price at 2pm on April 18 down 4.57 per cent
LATEST ON BREXIT
Why won't they make the new blue British passports?
Ministers said the decision will save British taxpayers about £120million when the contract starts in 2019.
Initially, De La Rue announced they would appeal the decision.
According to the Financial Times , the company said: "Based on our knowledge of the market, it’s our view that ours was the highest quality and technically most secure bid.
"We can accept that we weren’t the cheapest, even if our tender represented a significant discount on the current price.
"It has also been suggested that the winning bid was well below our cost price, which causes us to question how sustainable it is."
On April 18, it was announced that De La Rue would not be appealing the decision "having considered all options".
The decision in March to award Gemalto the contract came under fire after some UK citizens welcomed the blue passports as a patriotic bonus.
Ken Clarke says Prime Minister must ignore ‘nationalist nonsense’ on blue passports being made abroad
We pay for your stories! Do you have a story for The Sun Online news team? Email us at [email protected] or call 0207 782 4368 . You can WhatsApp us on 07810 791 502. We pay for videos too. Click here to upload yours.
©News Group Newspapers Limited in England No. 679215 Registered office: 1 London Bridge Street, London, SE1 9GF. "The Sun", "Sun", "Sun Online" are registered trademarks or trade names of News Group Newspapers Limited. This service is provided on News Group Newspapers' Limited's Standard Terms and Conditions in accordance with our Privacy & Cookie Policy . To inquire about a licence to reproduce material, visit our Syndication site. View our online Press Pack. For other inquiries, Contact Us . To see all content on The Sun, please use the Site Map. The Sun website is regulated by the Independent Press Standards Organisation (IPSO)
| 808 |
96 | who made uk passports before de la rue | https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/jun/17/de-la-rue-raise-100m-cut-jobs-gateshead-printing-site | This article is more than 4 years old
De La Rue to halt production of UK passports at Gateshead site
This article is more than 4 years old
Contract loss puts 260 jobs at risk as firm puts plastic money at heart of turnaround plan
Staff and agencies
First published on Wed 17 Jun 2020 13.11 CEST
De La Rue is halting production of banknotes and UK passports at its plant in north-east England after it lost the contract for the post-Brexit documents to the Franco-Dutch company Gemalto.
The move threatens about 260 jobs at the Gateshead plant – which has made the UK’s passports for the past decade – and comes as the company announced plans to raise £100m from investors as part of a turnaround plan to shift its focus to plastic banknotes.
The company said it expected production of banknotes at Gateshead to stop by the end of December. It added: “The UK passport operations, also in Gateshead, will cease during the first half of 2020-21 as the contract transfers to a new supplier.” It plans to keep some core services and roles at the site.
The loss of the British passport contract, as well as two profit warnings in 2019 and ballooning debt, prompted De La Rue to warn late last year of uncertainty over the business’s future.
However, the chief executive, Clive Vacher, said those concerns would be dispelled by the fundraising, which must be approved by shareholders at a meeting on 6 July.
The move will leave De La Rue, which will design and print next year’s new £50 note , with four currency sites worldwide.
Analysts at JP Morgan welcomed the fundraising plan and said the Covid-19 pandemic might accelerate a shift from paper to plastic banknotes due to hygiene concerns. , said the health crisis might also lead countries to replace notes more frequently.
De La Rue shares rose around 5% on the news.
Sign up to the daily Business Today email or follow Guardian Business on Twitter at @BusinessDesk
The 189-year-old company said annual operating profit fell 61% to £23m for the year to 30 March, hit by a fall in currency volumes and the loss of sanctions-hit Venezuela as a customer.
Vacher conceded in February that “considerable” work was needed at the firm, while unveiling plans to boost profitability by reining in costs and investing in polymer notes. “We are now well under way with our plans to turn around the company,” he said on Wednesday.
The fundraising announcement comes a day after the Serious Fraud Office said it was dropping a corruption investigation into the company’s activities in South Sudan.
Explore more on these topics
More on this story
More on this story
Banknote printer De La Rue’s chair quits after turnaround plans criticised
14 Apr 2023
Demand for banknotes at lowest level in 20 years, says De La Rue
12 Apr 2023
De La Rue shareholders suffer from a licence to print money
26 Nov 2019
De La Rue warns its future is in 'significant doubt'
26 Nov 2019
Serious Fraud Office investigates De La Rue over South Sudan operations
23 Jul 2019
De La Rue boss leaving after losing post-Brexit blue passport contract
30 May 2019
De La Rue chief chose wrong card to play in passport contract fight
18 Apr 2018
18 Apr 2018
(dcr)
| 809 |
97 | who has sold the most country albums of all time | https://thebullsacramento.iheart.com/featured/amy-james/content/2024-03-19-the-top-ten-selling-country-albums-of-all-time/ | Contests & Promotions
Mar 19, 2024
If you had to guess right now, what do you think the #1 best-selling country music album of all-time was? If you said Garth Brooks, you're right! And, if you said Shania Twain, you were almost right!
To the surprise of no one, '90s artists dominate this list, back when CD sales were at an all-time high . Here are the top ten selling country music albums of all-time, according to RIAA's album sales.
1. "Double Live" by Garth Brooks
Released: November 1998
2. "Come on Over" by Shania Twain
Released: November 1997
3. "No Fences" by Garth Brooks
Released: August 1990
4. "Ropin' the Wind" by Garth Brooks
Released: September 1991
5. "Wide Open Spaces" by The Chicks
Released: January 1998
6. "The Woman in Me" by Shania Twain
Released: February 1995
7. "Kenny Rogers' Greatest Hits" by Kenny Rogers
Released: October 1990
Released: August 1999
Released: November 2002
Released: November 2008
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Fun fact: Morgan Wallen's, "Dangerous: The Double Album" came in #32 on this list with 6 million in sales even though it was only released in 2021.
Second fun fact: Garth is #8 all-time out of all genres in album sales. "Their Greatest Hits" by the Eagles is #1 with 38 million .
| 810 |
97 | who has sold the most country albums of all time | https://tasteofcountry.com/country-artist-sold-the-most-albums/ | Which country artist has sold the most albums of all time? It's not the singer who's released the most albums — in fact, it's not even close!
It is the man with the best selling country album of all time, however. In fact, this guy checks in at No. 1, No. 3 and No. 4 on the Top 10 list.
Along with hip-hop and hard rock, country music experienced a sales surge when Soundscan was put into place at record stores in 1991.
Prior to Soundscan, record store owners manually reported sales.
For this reason, it's no surprise that more than three-quarters of the Top 20 best-selling country artists began their career after 1991.
Determining Country Music's Best-Selling Artists:
There are massive discrepancies between sources that serve up sales data. A Wikipedia search finds George Strait with nearly 110 million albums sold worldwide, but that number is unsubstantiated and high — likely very, very high.
Artists often round up for obvious reasons. To determine country music's best-selling artist of all time (and the complete Top 20 seen below), we dug through records at RIAA , the group that awards Gold and Platinum certifications. It's literally their job to count things.
We also had to define "country" for this list, which is never an enviable task.
TL;DR of that conversation is that any artist who is best-known for being a country artist counts. So, John Denver (No. 10) makes the list, but Kid Rock (23.5 million) does not. Here are the Top 5 "almost country" artists:
Elvis Presley 146.5 million
The Eagles 120 million
Taylor Swift 51 million
Neil Diamond 49.5 million
Bob Dylan 36 million
Which Country Artist Has Sold the Most Albums?
Garth Brooks has sold more than 162 million albums, making him the best-selling country artist of all time and the second-best in any genre (behind the Beatles , as our friends at Loudwire point out).
Capitol Nashville
Capitol Nashville
loading...
To get there, Brooks has served up some of the most popular country albums ever. Double Live is No. 1 country (No. 8 all-genre) with 23 million certified units sold. No Fences is No. 3 (No. 13) at 18 million. Ropin' the Wind is No. 4 (No. 34) with 14 million.
Find the rest of the Top 20 below. We've organized it from highest to lowest and detailed each artists No. 1 seller if possible. Just missing this Top 20 list is Hank Williams Jr. , who has sold 19.5 million certified units.
Country Artists Who've Sold the Most Albums - See the Top 20!
Which country artist has sold more albums than anyone else? Here are the Top 20, with each artists best-selling album listed.
Gallery Credit: Billy Dukes
See the Most Played Country Song from the Year You Were Born
Who had the most played country song during the year you were born? This list is a fascinating time capsule of prevalent trends from every decade in American history. Scroll through to find your birth year and then click to listen. Some of these songs have been lost through the years, many of them for good reason!
Men named Hank dominated early before stars like Freddie Hart, Ronnie Milsap , Willie Nelson Clint Black took over to close the 1980s. More recently it's been Tim Mcgraw , Rodney Atkins , Kane Brown and Morgan Wallen . Did the most-played country song from the year you were born become a favorite of yours later? All info comes from Billboard's country airplay charts.
Gallery Credit: Billy Dukes
More From Taste of Country
Information
| 811 |
97 | who has sold the most country albums of all time | https://www.wideopencountry.com/country-albums-best-selling/ | January 12, 2020
When CDs sold like hotcakes in the 1990s, it reshaped the list of the best-selling country albums ever recorded. This trend found Shania Twain and Garth Brooks competing with more than just country history, with both artists reaching Beatlemania-type sales figures in their primes and not just places at the top of the billboards.
Table of Contents
Videos by Wide Open Country
Beforehand, country albums didn't post those kinds of numbers, with even something as seminal as Johnny Cash's three million-selling At Folsom Prison not cracking the list. Today, with digital music consumption changing everything, million-dollar sellers are much harder to come by, regardless of genre or social media reach. Newcomers like Luke Combs and Chris Stapleton have sales that are climbing the charts, but seasoned veterans like Brooks, Twain, and George Strait take up multiple spots on this list.
To trace these numbers, the RIAA's list of platinum and gold albums served as a starting point. When additional sales data could be found via Wikipedia and other sources, the albums were sorted by those figures. When exact numbers were found, only U.S. sales were considered. In many cases, all that's out there numbers-wise is platinum status. For the numerous albums where all that's known is five or six-time platinum accolades, the artists are alphabetized, in line with RIAA's list.
With all of that in mind, here are the 50 best-selling country albums to date.
50. Strait Out of the Box, George Strait (1995)
The math gets a little fuzzy for Strait Out of the Box. It's eight times platinum, but that figure takes into account that each purchase included four different CDs. Even if the actual sales are in the 2 million range, it's still the best-selling box set in country music history.
49. Greatest Hits, Hank Williams Jr. (1982)
48. 50 Number Ones, George Strait (2004)
Photo by Al Wagner/Invision/AP
The greatest hit-maker of them all's chart-topper roundup has sold over 3.7 million copies in the states.
47. Red, Taylor Swift (2012)
Swift's eclectic in-between period that saw her shifting from country-influenced pop to just straight-up modern pop music gifted us this 4.2 million-selling album.
46. Speak Now, Taylor Swift (2010)
Swift's days as a pop-accessible country singer brought new eyes and ears to the genre through such albums as this 4.5 million-seller.
45. Here For the Party, Gretchen Wilson (2004)
Wilson brought some edge back to the mainstream, joining the five-times platinum ranks back when she was modern outlaw's new hope.
44. Always and Forever, Randy Travis (1987)
Rick Diamond/Getty Images
One of several seminal albums by Travis, this traditionalist-minded album shook up the charts and became a five-times platinum release.
43. The Gambler, Kenny Rogers (1978)
Facebook/Kenny Rogers
With a title track synonymous with his widespread fame and acting career, Rogers' five times platinum nod to the Old West remains a part of popular culture over 40 years later.
42. Feels Like Today, Rascal Flatts (2004)
This vocal group notched a rare five-plus platinum album from the past 15 years that's not by either Taylor Swift or an act feeding off '90's success.
41. Greatest Hits Volume Two, Reba McEntire (1993)
Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP
Back when greatest hits compilations were ideal listening to keep in the truck, Reba McEntire's second collection of career-defining moments also notched five times platinum honors.
40. Greatest Hits, Waylon Jennings (1979)
While the Wanted! Outlawsalbum set sales records back then, Jennings' best-of collection eventually surpassed all other outlaw-related releases as that scene's lone five times platinum release.
39. I Still Believe in You, Vince Gill (1992)
AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Gill's five million seller puts him on a list that, due to the way CDs sold like crazy at the time, excludes many of the all-time great legends he honors through his music.
38. Did I Shave My Legs For This?, Deana Carter (1996)
Facebook/OfficialDeanaCarter
Carter's huge success is almost forgotten over 20 years later. When she first hit the scene, hype and some outstanding songs catapulted her into the five times platinum club.
37. Scarecrow, Garth Brooks (2001)
Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP
Brooks just moving 5 million copies of his eighth album, proved that CD sales were dipping in the early 21st century.
36. Hard Workin' Man, Brooks & Dunn (1993)
Brooks & Dunn's sophomore album saw their stars rise higher, behind five-times platinum sales.
35. For the Record- 40 Number One Hits, Alabama (1998)
34. Greatest Hits, Alabama (1986)
Ed Rode
With their dominance of country radio in the 1980s, it's no surprise that a mid-decade greatest hits roundup sold as well as anything that decade, notching five times platinum honors.
33. Mountain Music, Alabama (1982)
Photo by Robb Cohen/Invision/AP
Alabama helped beckon in a new decade of country music with their best-selling studio album. It rounds out country's stacked five times platinum list of legendary albums.
32. Up!, Shania Twain (2002)
By Twain standards, Up! stunk up the charts by selling just 5.5 copies in the U.S. Seriously, who today wouldn't dance in the streets over those numbers?
31. Greatest Hits Collection, Alan Jackson (1995)
Alan Jackson performs "Don't Rock the Jukebox" at the 50th annual CMA Awards at the Bridgestone Arena on Wednesday, Nov. 2, 2016, in Nashville, Tenn. (Photo by Charles Sykes/Invision/AP)
The old trick of putting a couple of new singles on a best-of comp paid off for Jackson when this collection topped the 5.8 million plateau.
30. Home, Dixie Chicks (2002)
29. Blue, LeAnn Rimes (1996)
When it comes to overall album sales, Rimes' debut was the best by a teenager, pre-Taylor Swift. It sold around 5.9 million copies in the states.
28. Pure Country Soundtrack, George Strait (1992)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8a6mpMVhWQ
Strait's best-selling single-disc release remains this si,x times platinum film soundtrack, highlighted by the classics "Heartland" and "I Cross My Heart."
27. Not a Moment Too Soon, Tim McGraw (1994)
McGraw's big breakthrough became a huge seller, becoming the first of his two albums to go platinum six times.
26. Greatest Hits, Tim McGraw (2000)
YouTube/Tim McGraw
Whether it's because his "hat act" era holds up so well or because CDs just sold so well then, McGraw's earliest material remains among his best-sellers. This compilation reached the six times platinum club.
25. Greatest Hits Volume II, Alan Jackson (2002)
Rick Diamond/Getty Images
Even if its double-disc packaging skews the numbers, Jackson's 2002 best-of compilation matched his best-selling studio album as a six times platinum release.
24. A Lot About Livin' (And a Little 'Bout Love), Alan Jackson (1992)
Jackson made his Hall of Fame case stronger with this six times platinum studio album, his first career chart-topper.
23. Faith, Faith Hill (1998)
Facebook/Faith Hill
Commercial success came for Hill back when that meant multi-platinum (six times, in this case) success.
22. Brand New Man, Brooks & Dunn (1991)
Another seminal '90's country act to reach six times platinum status is the duo of Kix Brooks and Ronnie Dunn, managing the feat with their debut CD.
21. Breathe, Faith Hill (1999)
The high-point of an eventful and ongoing career remains this 1999 album, which sold somewhere in the neighborhood of 6.5 million copies.
20. Taylor Swift, Taylor Swift (2006)
This 7 million-selling collection of songs, primarily written by Swift as a high school freshman, signaled she was here to stay as a pop-minded force.
19. Fresh Horses, Garth Brooks (1995)
Singer-songwriter Garth Brooks arrives at the 53rd annual CMA Awards at Bridgestone Arena on Wednesday, Nov. 13, 2019, in Nashville, Tenn. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP)
Brooks existed on such a commercial plain that netting Taylor Swift numbers in 1995 (7 million sales) reads like a let-down.
18. Fearless, Taylor Swift (2008)
At a time of huge stage shows and pop crossovers, only Taylor Swift approached the sales numbers of Garth and Shania. Her biggest county album, fiscally-speaking, moved over 7 million units.
17. The Woman in Me, Shania Twain (1995)
Twain's breakthrough album sold 7 million copies at the least and remained a hit throughout the rest of the decade.
16. Some Hearts, Carrie Underwood (2005)
This fairly recent 7.4 million-selling hit album should spark a few conversations about Underwood's staying power and the influence of reality television.
15. The Hits, Garth Brooks (1994)
About half of Brooks' regular buyers must not have needed a second copy of these songs, as it "only" sold about 7.8 copies.
14. O Brother, Where Art Thou?Soundtrack, Various Artists (2000)
The biggest recent happening for old-time and traditional music came in the form of a massively successful film soundtrack that sold over 7.9 million copies, making the music of common mountain folks cool.
13. In Pieces, Garth Brooks (1993)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKl2nOraGlI
Brooks' historic overall sales figures got a boost when his 1993 album sold around 8 million copies.
11. The Chase, Garth Brooks (1992)
Despite a staggering 9 million-plus in sales, Brooks' 1992 album almost seems like a flop compared to his other releases in the top 10.
12. Some Gave All, Billy Ray Cyrus (1992)
For a time, Billy Ray Cyrus was one of the most visible country stars on Earth. During that time, his best-known album moved a staggering 9 million units.
10. Garth Brooks, Garth Brooks (1989)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDBJR8C7luk
Fittingly, country's club of diamond-certified albums (10 thousand or more sales) begins with Garth Brooks' debut full-length album.
9. Sevens, Garth Brooks (1997)
Brooks truly owned the charts for an entire decade, with seven years of dominance far from subsiding with this 10-times platinum album.
8. Patsy Cline's Greatest Hits, Patsy Cline (1967)
Getty Images Archives
Just one album from Nashville's golden age made the 10-plus times platinum club, with each reissue of Cline's career-spanning genre upping overall sales.
7. Fly, Dixie Chicks (1999)
The most fun roundup of future Dixie Chicks hits kept the group's momentum rolling with its 10-times platinum status.
6. Kenny Rogers' Greatest Hits, Kenny Rogers (1980)
Facebook/Kenny Rogers
This 10 million-selling roundup of hits from Rogers' time as one of the world's biggest celebrities stands among the handful of older releases that piled up enough sales to hang with '90's country's record-breakers.
5. Double Live, Garth Brooks (1998)
YouTube/Christina Farrens
Sales figures for this and other multi-disc sets get a bit confusing. A minimum of 10 .5 million copies sold, with the multiple discs included making it technically a 27-time platinum release.
4. Wide Open Spaces, the Dixie Chicks (1998)
The one-act that could hang with Garth and Shania's sales numbers was the Dixie Chicks, who saw the sales of their biggest album soar past 12 million.
3. Ropin' the Wind, Garth Brooks (1991)
As Brooks' albums continued to be massive successes, his early albums kept shifting units at a record pace. In the states alone, Ropin' the Wind sold around 14 million copies.
2. No Fences, Garth Brooks (1990)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91zma6varKA
Brooks' second album overall remains one of his two biggest sellers, moving an estimated 17 million units in the states.
1. Come On Over, Shania Twain (1997)
Twain's best-selling album ranks among the most successful albums ever, regardless of genre. With around 30 million sales worldwide, no other country release nears its sales figures.
This article was originally published in 2018.
WATCH: The Very Best Willie Nelson Collaborations
You Might Also Like
Don’t miss out on our free email newsletter.
| 812 |
97 | who has sold the most country albums of all time | https://countrychord.com/the-top-40-highest-selling-country-albums-of-all-time/ | February 27, 2025
February 25, 2025
February 24, 2025
February 24, 2025
February 28, 2025
February 26, 2025
February 25, 2025
February 17, 2025
February 10, 2025
February 26, 2025
February 20, 2025
February 18, 2025
February 2, 2025
The Top 40 Highest-Selling Country Albums of All Time
Numbers aren’t everything when it comes to music; there are a plethora of captivating artists who have never had a #1 hit, a #1 album or a certified platinum record. With that being said, however, it’s always fun to dive into the numbers and see what artists and albums dominated sales.
Today, we’re going to dive into the Top 40 highest-selling albums in country history, according to RIAA’s album sales.
It should come as no surprise that Garth Brooks absolutely dominates this list, owning 10 of the highest-selling country albums of all time. Legends such as George Strait , Kenny Rogers , Alan Jackson and Tim McGraw also make appearances.
Surprisingly, only a few albums of the 21st century appear on the list with Morgan Wallen , Carrie Underwood , Luke Combs and reigning Time Person of the Year, Taylor Swift, owning entries in the Top 40.
Without further ado, these are the Top 40 highest-selling country albums ever in the United States.
40. Traveller – Chris Stapleton
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (2 weeks)
39. Speak Now – Taylor Swift
Release date: October 25, 2010
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (6 weeks)
38. This One’s For You – Luke Combs
Release date: June 2, 2017
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #4 (1 week)
37. Faith – Faith Hill
Peak Billboard 200 position: #7 (1 week)
36. The Greatest Hits Collection – Alan Jackson
Release date: October 24, 1995
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #5 (2 weeks)
35. Pure Country (Soundtrack) – George Strait
Release date: September 15, 1992
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #6 (1 week)
34. Blue – LeAnn Rimes
Peak Billboard 200 position: #3 (2 weeks)
33. Not A Moment Too Soon – Tim McGraw
Release date: March 14, 1994
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (2 weeks)
32. Dangerous: The Double Album – Morgan Wallen
Release date: January 8, 2021
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (10 weeks)
31. Brand New Man – Brooks & Dunn
Release date: August 13, 1991
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #10 (1 week)
30. A Lot About Livin’ (And A Little ‘Bout Love) – Alan Jackson
Release date: September 30, 1992
Certified U.S. sales: 6 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #13 (1 week)
29. Triple Live – Garth Brooks
Release date: August 26, 2018
Certified U.S. sales: 7 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: N/A
28. Long Road Out of Eden – Eagles
Release date: October 30, 2007
Certified U.S. sales: 7 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (1 week)
27. 50 Number Ones – George Strait
Release date: October 5, 2004
Certified U.S. sales: 7 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (2 weeks)
26. Red – Taylor Swift
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (7 weeks)
25. Tuesday Night Music Club – Sheryl Crow
Release date: August 3, 1993
Certified U.S. sales: 7 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #3 (1 week)
24. Taylor Swift – Taylor Swift
Release date: October 24, 2006
Certified U.S. sales: 7 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #5 (2 weeks)
23. Strait Out of the Box – George Strait
Release date: September 12, 1995
Certified U.S. sales: 8 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #43 (1 week)
22. Fresh Horses – Garth Brooks
Release date: November 21, 1995
Certified U.S. sales: 8 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #2 (2 weeks)
21. Breathe – Faith Hill
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (1 week)
20. Some Hearts – Carrie Underwood
Release date: November 15, 2005
Certified U.S. sales: 8 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #2 (2 weeks)
19. Some Gave All – Billy Ray Cyrus
Release date: May 19, 1992
Certified U.S. sales: 9 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (17 weeks)
18. John Denver’s Greatest Hits – John Denver
Release date: November 15, 1973
Certified U.S. sales: 9 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (3 weeks)
17. Patsy Cline’s Greatest Hits – Patsy Cline
Release date: February 14, 1973
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: N/A
16. Sevens – Garth Brooks
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (5 weeks)
15. The Chase – Garth Brooks
Release date: September 14, 1992
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (7 weeks)
14. In Pieces – Garth Brooks
Release date: August 31, 1993
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (5 weeks)
13. The Ultimate Hits – Garth Brooks
Release date: November 6, 2007
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #3 (1 week)
12. The Hits – Garth Brooks
Release date: December 1, 1994
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (8 weeks)
11. Garth Brooks – Garth Brooks
Release date: April 12, 1995
Certified U.S. sales: 10 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #13 (1 week)
10. Fearless – Taylor Swift
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (11 weeks)
9. Up! – Shania Twain
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (5 weeks)
8. Fly – Dixie Chicks
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (2 weeks)
7. Kenny Rogers’ Greatest Hits – Kenny Rogers
Release date: October 18, 1990
Certified U.S. sales: 12 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (2 weeks)
6. The Woman In Me – Shania Twain
Release date: February 7, 1995
Certified U.S. sales: 12 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #5 (1 week)
5. Wide Open Spaces – Dixie Chicks
Release date: January 23, 1998
Certified U.S. sales: 13 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #4 (1 week)
4. Ropin’ The Wind – Garth Brooks
Release date: September 2, 1991
Certified U.S. sales: 14 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (18 weeks)
3. No Fences – Garth Brooks
Release date: August 27, 1990
Certified U.S. sales: 18 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #3 (2 weeks)
2. Come On Over – Shania Twain
Release date: November 4, 1997
Certified U.S. sales: 20 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #2 (2 weeks)
1. Double Live – Garth Brooks
Release date: November 17, 1998
Certified U.S. sales: 23 million
Peak Billboard 200 position: #1 (5 weeks)
February 28, 2025
February 27, 2025
February 26, 2025
Submit
Type above and press Enter to search. Press Esc to cancel.
Ad Blocker Enabled!
Ad Blocker Enabled!
| 813 |
97 | who has sold the most country albums of all time | https://www.businessinsider.com/highest-selling-country-artists-all-time-riaa-2023-9 | Share
Facebook
Email
X
LinkedIn
Impact Link
Log in
.
Garth Brooks tops the list with 157 million certified units sold in the US.
Taylor Swift and Willie Nelson also feature, but Johnny Cash does not.
20. Vince Gill
Albums sold: 24 million
Kix Brooks and Ronnie Dunn of Brooks & Dunn. Getty/Tim Mosenfelder
Albums sold: 27.5 million
Albums sold: 30 million
Willie Nelson performs in 2022. Suzanne Cordeiro/AFP via Getty Images
Albums sold: 31.5 million
15. The Chicks
The Chicks, formerly known as The Dixie Chicks. Frank Micelotta/Getty Images
Albums sold: 33 million
Albums sold: 33.5 million
Albums sold: 39.5 million
Albums sold: 44.5 million
Albums sold: 48 million
Albums sold: 49 million
Albums sold: 51 million
Albums sold: 69.5 million
Albums sold: 139 million
1. Garth Brooks
Garth Brooks speaks onstage during the 58th Academy Of Country Music Awards. Theo Wargo/Getty Images
Albums sold: 157 million
This story is available exclusively to Business Insider
subscribers. Become an Insider and start reading now. Have an account?
Log in
| 814 |
98 | how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_career_achievements_by_Tiger_Woods | List of career achievements by Tiger Woods
1 language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page details statistics, records, and other achievements pertaining to Tiger Woods .
Woods in 2007
Woods is 14–1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead.
Woods scoring average in 2000 is the lowest in PGA Tour history, both adjusted, 67.79, and unadjusted, 68.17. [1]
Woods has the lowest career scoring average in PGA Tour history.
Woods has amassed the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history (even after inflation is considered).
Woods is one of five players (along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career, known as the Career Grand Slam, and was the youngest to do so. [2]
Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row, accomplishing the feat in the 2000–2001 seasons. This feat became known as the "Tiger Slam".
Woods set the all-time PGA Tour record for most consecutive cuts made, with 142. The streak started in 1998, he set the record at the 2003 Tour Championship with 114 (passing Byron Nelson 's previous record of 113 and Jack Nicklaus at 105) and extended this mark to 142 before it ended on May 13, 2005 at the EDS Byron Nelson Championship . Many consider this to be one of the most remarkable golf accomplishments of all time, given the margin by which he broke the old record and given that during the streak, the next longest streak by any other player was usually only in the 10s or 20s. [3] [4] [5] [6] When Byron Nelson played far fewer players made the cut in a given event.[ citation needed ]
Woods has won a record 22.8% (82 out of 359) of his professional starts on the PGA Tour.
Woods is the only golfer to have won the U.S. Amateur three consecutive times (1994–1996).
Awards records
Woods has been the Vardon Trophy winner a record nine times.
Woods has been the recipient of the Byron Nelson Award a record nine times.
Woods owns a 55–4 record when holding at least a share of the lead after 54 holes, and 44–2 record when holding the outright lead. [7]
Woods has only lost once when leading by more than one shot after 54 holes. Yang Yong-eun began the final round of the 2009 PGA Championship two strokes behind Woods and defeated him by three strokes.
Woods has a 39–11 record when leading after 36 holes in Tour events, including an 8–3 record in majors. [8]
Woods has successfully defended a title 24 times on the PGA Tour
Woods has finished runner-up 31 times, and in third place 19 times.
Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings.
Woods holds the PGA Tour record for most consecutive rounds at par or better with 52. The streak began in the second round of the 2000 GTE Byron Nelson Classic and ended in the second round of the 2001 Phoenix Open. When including non-PGA Tour events, the streak was 66. [9]
Woods' win at the 2005 Open Championship made him only the second golfer (after Nicklaus) to have won all four majors more than once. With his win in the 2008 U.S. Open, Woods joined Nicklaus as the only golfers to win each major at least three times.
Woods' victory at the 2006 WGC-American Express Championship , he became the first player in PGA Tour history to win at least eight times in three different seasons.
Woods' victory in the Buick Invitational in January 2007 placed him 2nd for the longest PGA Tour win streak at 7 (consecutive wins in PGA events entered), trailing only Nelson's streak of 11 wins in 1945.
Woods became the first golfer to win five PGA Tour events five or more times at the 2009 BMW Championship. In order of his accomplishment: WGC-CA Championship, WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, Buick Invitational, Arnold Palmer Invitational, and BMW Championship.
Woods' win at the U.S. Open in 2008 made him the sixth person to win the U.S. Open three or more times, the first person to win a PGA Tour tournament on the same course seven times, and the first person to win two tournaments at the same golf course in the same season.
Woods has hit a hole-in-one 20 times in the course of his lifetime, his first at the age of six. Three have come in PGA Tour competitions—at the 1996 Greater Milwaukee Open, 1997 Phoenix Open, and 1998 Sprint International. [10]
Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row.
Woods finally came from behind in a major championship to win the 2019 Masters.
At the 2002 Mercedes Championships at the Plantation Course at the Kapalua Resort in Hawaii, Woods hit a 498-yard drive on the par-5 18th. That shot is the longest drive in the history of the PGA Tour recorded by ShotLink , the PGA Tour's data gathering information system. [11]
Major championships
Tournament
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Did not play
LA = low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place. NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
[ edit ]
Tournament
Wins
2nd
3rd
Top-5
Top-10
Top-25
Events
Most consecutive cuts made – 39 (1996 U.S. Open – 2006 Masters)
Most consecutive cuts made at the Masters – 24 (1997–2024 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 8 (1999 U.S. Open – 2001 Masters)
Records and trivia
In all of his major victories, he has had the outright lead or a share of the lead at the end of the third round, except his victory at the 2019 Masters. He has had the outright lead or a share of the lead 11 times at the end of the second round and has only lost three times.
Woods holds at least a share of the record for lowest 72-hole score in relation to par in one of the four majors. Note that the 'to par' and 'low 72-holes' records are not always the same because, while most championship golf courses have a par of 72, or 288 for four rounds, some have a par of 71 or 70.
Woods is the only player to have won multiple professional majors in consecutive years, 2005 and 2006.
Woods has won two or more majors in a year four times. He trails only Jack Nicklaus , who won two majors in a season five times (1963, '66, '72, '75 and '80). [12]
Woods, Nicklaus , Jordan Spieth , Brooks Koepka and Rickie Fowler are the only players to have finished in the top 5 in all four majors in a year. Woods and Nicklaus have both achieved this twice: Woods in 2000 and 2005, and Nicklaus in 1971 and 1973. Fowler joined the list in 2014, Spieth joined in 2015, and Koepka joined in 2019.
Woods and Bobby Jones are the only golfers to have won 10 majors before the age of 30. Jones achieved 13 majors in 21 attempts, (winning percentage 62%), while Woods achieved 10 wins in 44 attempts (a 23% winning ratio). [13]
Woods is only the second player all-time to win three major championships in a calendar year (2000) winning the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship respectively, along with Ben Hogan who accomplished this feat in (1953) with The Masters, the U.S. Open, and The Open Championships.
Woods is the second player to have won the career grand slam three times along with Jack Nicklaus . Woods is the only professional golfer to win four majors in a row.
Masters Tournament
In 1997 Woods set records for the lowest aggregate and to-par score with 270 strokes (18 under par); the record was tied by Jordan Spieth in 2015 and broken by Dustin Johnson in 2020, who finished with 268 strokes (20 under par).
Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the Masters: 12 strokes (1997)
Woods became the youngest winner in 1997 at the age of 21 years, 104 days; in 2019 he became the second oldest player to win the Masters at 43 years old.
His win made him the first winner of The Masters, or any other (under-50) men's major, of African or Asian descent.
After a front-nine 40 in the first round (four over par), Woods played the final 63 holes 22-under par (1997)
He played 72 holes without a single three-putt[ when? ]
During his 2005 win, Woods set a record with the lowest back-to-back total for two rounds: 131 (65-66). The record was broken by Jordan Spieth (64-66) in 2015.
In 2024 Woods made the Masters cut for the 24th consecutive year, breaking the record held by Fred Couples and Gary Player who had 23. [14]
U.S. Open
Woods holds the record for the largest margin of victory at the U.S. Open based on 72 holes (no playoffs): 15 strokes (2000). (In 1929 , Bobby Jones had a margin of victory of 23 strokes, but that tournament was played over 108 holes, as a 36-hole playoff was played as he and Al Espinosa were tied; Jones (141) defeated Espinosa (164) in the playoff.)
Also in 2000, Woods became the first player to finish a U.S. Open at double digits under par. (In 1992, Gil Morgan was the first ever to be double digits under par at any stage of a U.S. Open, but failed to finish in double digits under par, and indeed failed to win that event, with Tom Kite winning instead.)
Woods was the only player to finish under par at the following U.S. Opens:
With his win in 2008 , Woods equaled Jack Nicklaus' feat of winning each major at least three times.
The 2008 win is the final U.S. Open to play more than 90 holes (91), as subsequent playoffs are now only two holes.
The Open Championship
Woods shares the record for largest margin of victory at a post-1900 Open Championship: 8 strokes (2000)
Woods became the fifth player to achieve the Career Grand Slam, and the youngest player (24 years, 206 days) to do so, breaking the mark held by Nicklaus (26 years, 6 months at the 1966 Open)
He became the fastest to win all four majors – in his 93rd sanctioned tournament, compared with 125 for Nicklaus
He became the youngest to win a fourth major championship, breaking the mark held by Nicklaus (25 years, 80 days at the 1965 Masters)
In 2006, Woods became the first player to win the Open Championship in back-to-back years since Tom Watson in 1982/1983
He became the first golfer since Watson in 1982 to win the U.S. Open and Open Championship in the same year
PGA Championship
With his 2006 PGA Championship win, Woods became the only golfer to have won all 4 majors by at least 5 strokes
Woods was the only player in the stroke-play era (since 1958) to repeat as PGA champion until Brooks Koepka equaled this feat in 2019.
Woods' wins at Medinah in 1999 and 2006 make him the only player to win the PGA Championship twice on the same course.
Woods’ second round 63 in the 2007 PGA Championship tied the record for second lowest single-round score in major championship history
Woods is the only player to win the PGA Championship back-to-back on two different occasions: 1999–2000 and 2006–2007.
The Players Championship
World Golf Championships
Tournament
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Championship
1
T5
NT1
1
1
9
1
1
1
5
T9
T10
WD
1
T25
T10
Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play "T" indicates a tie for a place. NT = No Tournament WD = Withdrew Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.
Performance summary
14
8
3
5,213,500
Invitational
16
12
8
11,150,375
Champions
2
2
0
335,714
Totals
47
35
18
$26,306,089
Records
[ edit ]
Won at least one World Golf Championships event every year from 1999 to 2009.
All-time wins leader in World Golf Championships events (39.1% win rate).
All-time money leader in World Golf Championships events.
Won the WGC-World Cup with David Duval in 2000, an unofficial money WGC event, for a total of 19 World Golf Championships titles.
Only player to have held the titles of all three of the pre-2009 events (not counting the HSBC Champions, elevated to WGC status in 2009) at the same time.
Match Play
Woods set the record for most lopsided victory (18-hole match) in his first round match against Stephen Ames in 2006 – 9 & 8. Mathematically, it is the fastest possible win in 18-hole match play (10 & 8 would be a larger margin of victory, but the same number of holes played).
Woods also set the record for largest margin of victory in the 36-hole final match – 8 & 7 over Stewart Cink in 2008.
Championship
Lowest first 18-hole total 63 set the course record at The Grove
Tied lowest first 18-hole total – 63
Lowest 36-hole total – 127
Lowest 54-hole total – 194
Lowest 72-hole total – 261
Largest margin of victory – 8 strokes
Only player to record top-10 finishes in each appearance (more than two appearances)
Note: All Cadillac Championship records were set in 2006, when the tournament was known as the American Express Championship [15]
Invitational
Lowest 18-hole total – 61 (twice, tied with José María Olazábal )
Lowest 36-hole total – 125
Lowest 54-hole total – 192
Lowest 72-hole total – 259
Largest margin of victory – 11 strokes
Note: All records were set in 2000 and 2013 (18-hole record)
Green background for 1st place. Yellow background for top 10.
* Woods qualified for the third round in the 1998 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am but decided to withdraw from the rain-delayed event. Officially, it is counted as a missed cut.
† Woods did not play the required 50 rounds to be ranked in scoring average these years: 1996 – 41 rounds, 2008 – 26, 2010 – 45, 2011 – 27, 2014 – 21, 2015 – 32, 2017 – 2, 2019 − 42, 2020 – 28, 2021 – 10.
Woods played in 14 PGA Tour events from 1992 to 1996 as an amateur. In this span, he made 5 cuts, with his best finish and sole top-25 performance coming at the 1996 British Open. This brings his total tally of PGA Tour events played to 369, his total number of cuts made to 334, and his total number of top-25 finishes to 270.
**As of February 19, 2023
Professional wins (110)
Other PGA Tour (42)
*Note: The 1997 Mercedes Championships was shortened to 54 holes due to rain.
1Co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour
PGA Tour playoff record (11–1)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result
1
1996
6
2000
9
2005
11
2006
European Tour wins (41)
−25 (68-65-65-65=263)
European Tour playoff record (10–0)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result
1
1998
7
2005
9
2006
Japan Golf Tour wins (3)
[ edit ]
No.
Date
Tournament
Japan Golf Tour playoff record (1–1)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result
1
2005
Asian PGA Tour wins (2)
[ edit ]
No.
Date
Tournament
PGA Tour of Australasia wins (3)
[ edit ]
No.
Date
Tournament
PGA Tour of Australasia playoff record (1–0)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent
Result
1
1998
Other wins (17)
No.
Year
Tournament
Opponent(s)
Result
1
1998
2
2000
3
2001
4
2010
5
2013
6
2024
Lost to eagle on first extra hole
Amateur wins (21)
1995 (2) U.S. Amateur , College All-America Golf Classic
Amateur major wins (3)
1 M
M = Medalist DNQ = Did not qualify for match play portion R32, R16, QF, SF = Round in which player lost in match play Green background for wins. Yellow background for top-10
This list is complete as of 2024.
Start date
End date
Presidents Cup record (W–L–H): 27–15–1
World Cup : 1999 (winners, individual winner), 2000 (winners), 2001
Ryder Cup points record
Southern California Player of the Year
1991
(2)
Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year
GolfWeek National Amateur of the Year
Southern California Player of the Year
(2)
1992
(3)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(3)
1993
(4)
(4)
(2)
1994
1995
NCAA First Team All-American
1996
Golf Writers Association of America Player of the Year
1999
(2)
(2)
(3)
PricewaterhouseCoopers Fall Finish Award as leading money winner on PGA Tour's fall schedule
Anderson Consulting Medal for best performance in WGC events
(2)
(2)
2001
ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 2000)
(3)
(4)
2002
ESPN 's ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete (for 2001)
(4)
(5)
2003
(6)
2004
(7)
2006
(8)
2007
(9)
2008
(10)
"Tiger Woods fails to make the cut" . The Hindi. Associated Press. May 15, 2005. Archived from the original on December 22, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"Players who have reached the Top Ten in the Official World Golf Ranking since 1986". European Tour Official Guide 09 (38th ed.). PGA European Tour . 2009. p. 558. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 16, 2009. Retrieved January 16, 2009.
External links
Coaches
List of career achievements by Tiger Woods
| 820 |
98 | how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour | https://www.pgatour.com/player/08793/tiger-woods | Copyright © 2025 PGA TOUR, Inc. All rights reserved.
| 821 |
98 | how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour | https://www.golfdigest.com/story/tiger-woods-82-pga-tour-wins-by-the-numbers | Tim Bradbury/Getty Images
By Alex Myers
Save for later
Tiger Woods' pursuit of Jack Nicklaus' record 18 major championships has always drawn more focus than his chase of Sam Snead's 82 PGA Tour wins for two main reasons: 1.) It's a bigger deal; and 2.) It's a lot easier to understand. In the modern era, golf's four majors have been long established, while the criteria of what constitutes an official PGA Tour victory has been somewhat of a moving target. Snead's case , in particular, required a panel of golf historians put together by former commissioner Deane Beman in the late 1980s. That group combed through the Slammer's records and concluded he had 81 wins instead of 84. No, wait, make that 82. They eventually settled on 82, a total with which Snead wasn't pleased.
Regardless, Snead won a LOT. Over a long period of time. And now over his own long period of time, Woods has also won a LOT. And until Woods wins again or another panel is created, they are officially tied at 82. So instead of digging into a comparison of these two legends— we've done that already —let's look closer at how Tiger got to No. 82.
20: Tiger's age when he won his first PGA Tour title (1996 Las Vegas Invitational).
43: Tiger's age when he won his 82nd PGA Tour title (2019 Zozo Championship). Snead was 52 when he won what would be officially his 82nd and final PGA Tour title at the 1965 Greater Greensboro Open.
3: Number of Woods' wins that have come in his 40s.
More From Golf Digest
33: Number of Woods' wins in his 30s.
46: Number of Woods' wins in his 20s. Just this total would rank him No. 7 on the PGA Tour's all-time wins list.
Gregory Shamus
15: Number of major championships Woods has won. Woods has also completed the career Grand Slam three times.
18: Number of World Golf Championships Woods has won. Dustin Johnson is second with six.
10: Number of seasons Woods has won at least five times, a PGA Tour record. Snead is No. 2 on the list with eight five-plus win seasons.
7: Number of tournaments Woods has won at least five times, a PGA Tour record. Snead and Jack Nicklaus have the next most with three.
8: Number of times Woods has won his first event of the season, the Zozo victory bumping him from seven. For comparison, Rickie Fowler has six PGA Tour titles total in his career.
David Cannon
5: Number of times Ernie Els and Vijay Singh have finished runner-up in a Woods win, the most of anyone. Phil Mickelson, Jim Furyk and Davis Love III have each finished runner-up to Woods four times.
16: Number of different states Woods has won in. Woods has also won 16 times in Florida alone.
Chris Condon
22.8: Woods' winning percentage in his 359 career PGA Tour starts. Ben Hogan is second all-time at 21.3 percent. Snead won 14 percent of his career starts.
79: Number of Woods' PGA Tour wins that have come in stroke-play events. Woods has also won the WGC-Match Play three times.
243: The aggregate number of strokes Tiger has won his 79 tour stroke-play titles by. That comes out to a little over three shots per win.
4: Number of times Woods has won by at least 10 shots.
15: The largest margin of victory during Woods' career, his romp at Pebble Beach in the 2000 U.S. Open.
11: Number of Woods' wins that have come in playoffs. More incredibly, Tiger's record in extra holes is 11-1 with his lone loss coming to Billy Mayfair at the 1998 Nissan Open. Woods' first tour win in 1996 also came in a playoff against Davis Love III in Vegas.
David Cannon
24: Number of Woods' wins in which he trailed after 54 holes. Woods' biggest come-from-behind win was five shots, done at the 2000 AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am and at the 2009 Arnold Palmer Invitational.
2: Number of times Tiger hasn't won when holding at least a share of the lead after 54 holes. He has converted 46 of 48 of these chances, a staggering 96 percent.
7: Woods' longest winning streak, which spanned parts of 2006 and 2007. Woods also has winning streaks of six and five tournaments. No one else since 1953 has ever won more than three PGA Tour events in a row.
$120,954,766: Career earnings by Woods on the PGA Tour. This has come in 373 starts, meaning Woods has earned $324,275 per start, or $1,475,058 per victory.
Magazine
USE OF AND/OR REGISTRATION ON ANY PORTION OF THIS SITE CONSTITUTES ACCEPTANCE OF OUR VISITOR AGREEMENT (UPDATED 6/10/24), PRIVACY AND COOKIES NOTICE (UPDATED 3/27/24). GOLF DIGEST MAY EARN A PORTION OF SALES FROM PRODUCTS THAT ARE PURCHASED THROUGH OUR SITE AS PART OF OUR AFFILIATE PARTNERSHIPS WITH RETAILERS. THE MATERIAL ON THIS SITE MAY NOT BE REPRODUCED, DISTRIBUTED, TRANSMITTED, CACHED OR OTHERWISE USED, EXCEPT WITH THE PRIOR WRITTEN PERMISSION OF DISCOVERY GOLF, INC.
© 2025 DISCOVERY GOLF, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
| 822 |
98 | how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Woods | Tiger Woods
83 languages
Tiger Woods
Personal information
Full name
Height
Weight
Number of wins by tour
PGA Tour
(For a full list of awards, see here )
Eldrick Tont "Tiger" Woods (born December 30, 1975) is an American professional golfer . He is tied for first in PGA Tour wins , ranks second in men's major championships , and holds numerous golf records . [4] Woods is widely regarded as one of the greatest golfers of all time and is one of the most famous athletes in modern history. [4] He is an inductee of the World Golf Hall of Fame . [5]
Following an outstanding junior, college, and amateur golf career, Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20. By the end of April 1997, he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major, the 1997 Masters , which he won by 12 strokes in a record-breaking performance. He reached number one in the Official World Golf Ranking for the first time in June 1997, less than a year after turning pro. Throughout the first decade of the 21st century, Woods was the dominant force in golf. He was the top-ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 (264 consecutive weeks) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 (281 consecutive weeks). During this time, he won 13 of golf's major championships.
The next decade of Woods's career was marked by comebacks from personal problems and injuries. He took a self-imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 in an attempt to resolve marital issues with his wife at the time, Elin . Woods admitted to multiple marital infidelities, and the couple eventually divorced. [6] He fell to number 58 in the world rankings in November 2011 before ascending again to the number-one ranking between March 2013 and May 2014. [7] [8] However, injuries led him to undergo four back surgeries between 2014 and 2017. [9] Woods competed in only one tournament between August 2015 and January 2018, and he dropped off the list of the world's top 1,000 golfers. [10] [11] On his return to regular competition, Woods made steady progress to the top of the game, winning his first tournament in five years at the Tour Championship in September 2018 and his first major in 11 years at the 2019 Masters .
Woods has held numerous golf records. He has been the number one player in the world for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer in history. He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record 11 times [12] and has won the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times. Woods has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons. He has won 15 professional major golf championships (trailing only Jack Nicklaus , who leads with 18) and 82 PGA Tour events (tied for first all time with Sam Snead ). [13] Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins.
Woods is the fifth (after Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player and Jack Nicklaus ) player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest to do so. He is also the second golfer out of two (after Nicklaus) to achieve a career Grand Slam three times. [14]
Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships . He was also part of the American winning team for the 1999 Ryder Cup . In May 2019, Woods was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Trump , the fourth golfer to receive the honor. [15]
On February 23, 2021, Woods was hospitalized in serious but stable condition after a single-car collision and underwent emergency surgery to repair compound fractures sustained in his right leg in addition to a shattered ankle. [16] In an interview with Golf Digest in November 2021, Woods indicated that his full-time career as a professional golfer was over, although he would continue to play "a few events per year". [17] For the first time since the car crash, he returned to the PGA Tour at the 2022 Masters .
Background and family
Woods was born on December 30, 1975, in Cypress, California , [18] to Earl [19] and Kultida "Tida" Woods. [20] He is their only child, though he has two half-brothers and a half-sister from his father's first marriage. [21] Earl was a retired U.S. Army officer and Vietnam War veteran. Earl was born to African-American parents and was also said to have had European and Native American descent. [22] [23] Kultida (née Punsawad) is originally from Thailand , where Earl met her when he was on a tour of duty there in 1968. She is of mixed Thai, Chinese, and Dutch ancestry. [24] In 2002, ESPN claimed: "For the record, he is one-quarter Thai, one-quarter Chinese, one-quarter African American, one-eighth Caucasian and one-eighth Native American." [25] Tiger has described his ethnic make-up as "Cablinasian" (a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian, Black, American Indian, and Asian). [26]
Woods's first name, Eldrick, was chosen by his mother because it began with "E" (for Earl) and ended with "K" (for Kultida). His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name. He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father's friend, South Vietnamese Colonel Vuong Dang Phong, who had also been known as Tiger. [27] Woods has a niece, Cheyenne Woods , who played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship . [28]
Kultida Woods died on February 4, 2025. Woods credited his mother for his success, saying "without her none of my personal achievements would have been possible." [29]
Early life and amateur golf career
Woods grew up in Orange County, California . He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father Earl Woods. Earl was a single-digit handicap amateur golfer who also was one of the earliest African-American college baseball players at Kansas State University . [30] Woods told reporters he had wanted to be a baseball player like his father but abandoned that goal after tearing his rotator cuff . [31] His father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos , which allowed Tiger to play there. Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach , as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach. [32]
In 1978, Woods putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show . At age three, he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course. At age five, he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That's Incredible! [33] Before turning seven, Woods won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive, Pitch, and Putt competition, held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress. [34] In 1984 at the age of eight, he won the 9–10 boys' event, the youngest age group available, at the Junior World Golf Championships . [35] He first broke 80 at age eight. [36] He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times, including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991. [37] [38] [39] [40] [41] Woods's father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years, with Earl trying his best. He lost to Woods every time from then on. [42] Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12. [43]
When Woods was 13 years old, he played in the 1989 Big I, which was his first major national junior tournament. In the final round, he was paired with pro John Daly , who was then relatively unknown. The event's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified. Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat him by only one stroke. [44] As a young teenager, Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel-Air Country Club , when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club's members. Woods was part of the show, and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential. [45] Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records. [43]
Woods was 15 years old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest U.S. Junior Amateur champion; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010. [46] He was named 1991's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year (for the second consecutive year) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year. In 1992, he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship, becoming the tournament's first two-time winner. He also competed in his first PGA Tour event, the Nissan Los Angeles Open (he missed the 36-hole cut), and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year, Golf World Player of the Year, and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year. [47] [48]
The following year, Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur; he remains the event's only three-time winner. [49] In 1994, at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida, he became the youngest winner of the U.S. Amateur , a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee . [50] [51] He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships (winning), and the 1995 Walker Cup (losing). [52] [53]
Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted "Most Likely to Succeed" among the graduating class. He starred for the high school's golf team under coach Don Crosby. [54] Woods learned to manage his stuttering as a boy. [55] This was not widely known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide. Woods wrote, "I know what it's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in. I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep. I also took a class for two years to help me, and I finally learned to stop." [56]
College golf career
Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers and chose Stanford University , the reigning NCAA champions . [57] He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event, the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational, that September. [58] He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed " Urkel " by college teammate Notah Begay III . [59] In 1995, he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island [50] and was voted Pac-10 Player of the Year, NCAA First Team All-American, and Stanford's Male Freshman of the Year (an award that encompasses all sports). [60] [61]
At age 19, Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major, the 1995 Masters , and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut. At age 20 in 1996, he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles [62] and won the NCAA individual golf championship . [63] In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship , he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281. [64] He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry. In 1996, Woods moved out of California, stating in 2013 that it was due to the state's high tax rate. [65]
Professional career
Woods in 1997
Woods turned professional at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike, Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time. [66] [67] Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . [68] On April 13, 1997, he won his first major , the Masters , in record-breaking fashion and became the tournament's youngest winner at age 21. [69] Two months later, he set the record for the fastest ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Ranking . [70] After a lackluster 1998, Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins, including the PGA Championship , a feat not achieved since Johnny Miller did it in 1974. [71] [72]
Woods was severely myopic; his eyesight had a rating of 11 diopters . In order to correct this problem, he underwent successful laser eye surgery in 1999, [73] and he immediately resumed winning tour events. In 2007, his vision again began to deteriorate, and he underwent laser eye surgery a second time. [74] In 2000, Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour, which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948. One of these was the U.S. Open , where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called "the greatest performance in golf history", in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15-stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000. [75] At age 24, he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam . [76] At the end of 2000, Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history. He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year, the only athlete to be honored twice, and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth-best golfer of all time. [77]
When Woods won the 2001 Masters , he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles, although not in the same calendar year. This achievement came to be known as the "Tiger Slam". [78] Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which he continued to dominate the tour, Woods's career hit a slump. [71] [79] He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004. In September 2004, Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings, ending Woods's record streak of 264 weeks at No. 1. [80]
Woods rebounded in 2005, winning six PGA Tour events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year. [81]
Woods began dominantly in 2006, winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April. [82] Following the death of his father in May, Woods took some time off from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot Golf Club , where he missed the cut . [83] However, he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events. At the season's close, Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors; he broke the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons. [84]
Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008. In April 2008, he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour. [85] Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open , where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18-hole playoff, after which Mediate said, "This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination," and Kenny Perry added, "He beat everybody on one leg." [86] Two days later, Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery, and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed, prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance. Woods called it "my greatest ever championship." [87] In Woods's absence, television ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007. [88]
Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am (July 1, 2009)
Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009, when he performed well. His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup , but he failed to win a major, the first year since 2004 that he did not do so. [89] After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 (see further details below), Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf. [6] In February 2010, he delivered a televised apology for his behavior, saying "I was wrong and I was foolish." [90] During this period, several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods. [91]
Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters , where he finished tied for fourth place. [92] He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship, where he withdrew in the fourth round, citing injury. [93] Shortly afterward, Hank Haney , Woods's coach since 2003, resigned the position. In August, Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney's replacement. The rest of the season went badly for Woods, who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional, while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world.
In 2011, Woods's performance continued to suffer; this took its toll on his ranking. After falling to No. 7 in March, he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters , where he tied for fourth place. [94] Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters, he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour. In July, he fired his longtime caddie Steve Williams (who was shocked by the dismissal), and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell until he hired Joe LaCava. [95] After returning to tournament play in August, Woods continued to falter, and his ranking gradually fell to a low of #58. [8] He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third-place finish at the Emirates Australian Open , and broke his winless streak with a victory at December's Chevron World Challenge . [8] [96] [97]
Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments (the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well but struggled on the final rounds. Following the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship , where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5-foot putt, [98] Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at The Honda Classic , with the lowest final-round score in his PGA Tour career. After a short time off due to another leg injury, Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009. Following several dismal performances, Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June, tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories; [99] a month later, Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National , to trail only Sam Snead , who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins. [100]
The year 2013 brought a return of Woods's dominating play. In January, he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win. It was the seventh time he won the event. [101] In March, he won the WGC-Cadillac Championship , also for the seventh time, giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009. [102] Two weeks later, he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , winning the event for a record-tying 8th time. The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings. [103] To commemorate that achievement, Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline "winning takes care of everything". [104]
During the 2013 Masters , Woods faced disqualification after unwittingly admitting in a post-round interview with ESPN that he took an illegal drop on the par-5 15th hole when his third shot bounced off the pin and into the water. After further review of television footage , Woods was assessed a two-stroke penalty for the drop but was not disqualified. [105] He finished tied for fourth in the event. Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013, his second career win at the event, notching his fourth win of the 2013 season. It was the quickest he got to four wins in any season of his professional career.
Woods practicing in a bunker prior to the start of the 2014 Quicken Loans National
Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S. Open as a result of an elbow injury that he sustained at The Players Championship . In finishing at 13-over-par, he recorded his worst score as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose . After a prolonged break because of the injury, during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National , he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield . Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood , he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3-over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place, five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson . Two weeks later, Woods returned to form at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational , recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15-year history. His second-round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes. This gave him a seven-stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament. But at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club, Woods never was in contention, making 2013 his fifth full season where he did not win a major; he was in contention in only two of the four majors in 2013.
After a slow start to 2014, Woods sustained an injury during the final round of The Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament. He withdrew after the 13th hole, citing back pain. [106] He subsequently competed in the WGC-Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round. He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014, [107] and after undergoing back surgery , he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994. [108] Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June, however he said that his expectations for the week were low. He struggled with nearly every aspect of his game and missed the cut. He next played at The Open Championship , contested at Hoylake, where Woods had won eight years prior. Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention, but shot 77 on Friday and eventually finished 69th. Despite his back pain, he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut. On August 25, 2014, Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways. In the four years under Foley, he won eight times but no majors. He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney. Woods said there was currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach. [109]
On February 5, 2015, Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury. [110] Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed. [111] He returned for the Masters , finishing in a tie for 17th. In the final round, Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root. He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist, but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round. [112] Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship , the first time Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors, finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times. [113] He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2. [114] In late August 2015, Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13-under, only four strokes behind the winner, and tied for 10th place. [115] Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery , saying it was "just my hip" but offering no specifics. [116]
Woods had back surgery on September 16, 2015. In late March 2016, he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery; [117] he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem. [118] "I'm absolutely making progress, and I'm really happy with how far I've come," he explained in a statement. "But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf." [119] However, he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5, 2016. [120] For the first time in his career, he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back. In October 2016, he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus's record of 18 major titles. [121] Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour. He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge . [122]
Woods's back problems continued to hinder him in 2017. He missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3. On March 31, Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors. Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation, he did not feel "tournament ready." [123] [124] Woods subsequently told friends, "I'm done". [125] On April 20, Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain. Recovery time required up to six months, meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf. [126] Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas. He shot rounds of 69–68–75–68 and finished tied for 9th place. His world ranking went from 1,199th to 668th, which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career.
On March 11, 2018, he finished one-shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida, his first top-five finish on the PGA Tour since 2013. [127] He then tied for sixth with a score of five under par at the 2018 Open Championship . [128] At the last major of the year, the 2018 PGA Championship , Woods finished second, two shots behind the winner Brooks Koepka . It was his best result in a major since 2009 (second at the 2009 PGA Championship ) and moved him up to 26th in the world rankings. His final round of 64 was his best-ever final round in a major. [129] [11]
Woods returned to the winner's circle for the 80th time in his PGA Tour career on September 23, 2018, when he won the season-ending Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club for the second time and that tournament for the third time. He shot rounds of 65–68–65–71 to win by two strokes over Billy Horschel . [130]
On April 14, 2019, Woods won the Masters , which was his first major championship win in eleven years and his 15th major overall. He finished 13 under par to win by one stroke over Dustin Johnson , Xander Schauffele and Brooks Koepka . [131] At age 43, he became the second oldest golfer ever to win the Masters, after Jack Nicklaus who was 46 when he triumphed in 1986. [132] In August 2019, Woods announced via social media that he underwent knee surgery to repair minor cartilage damage and that he had an arthroscopic procedure during the Tour Championship. In his statement, Woods also confirmed that he was walking and intends on traveling and playing in Japan in October. [133]
Woods played in his first 2020 PGA Tour event at the Zozo Championship in October 2019, which was the first-ever PGA Tour event played in Japan . Woods, who played a highly publicized skins game earlier in the week at the same course as the Championship, held at least a share of the lead after every round of the rain-delayed tournament, giving him a three stroke victory over Hideki Matsuyama . [134] The win was Woods's 82nd on Tour, tying him with Sam Snead for the most victories all time on the PGA Tour. [135] [136]
In December 2020, Woods had microdiscectomy surgery on his back for the fifth time. [137] The operation was to remove a pressurized disc fragment that was pinching his nerve and causing him pain during the PNC Championship. Woods returned to play in his first professional tournament since his 2021 motor vehicle crash at the 2022 Masters Tournament . He made the cut and finished in 47th place at 13-over par, 23 shots behind the winner Scottie Scheffler . [138]
In August 2022, Woods, Rory McIlroy , Mike McCarley , and the PGA Tour announced the formation of TGL , a six-team virtual golfing league. [139] In November 2023, Woods revealed himself as an co-owner and player for Jupiter Links Golf Club , founded with investments by David Blitzer . [140]
Honors
Wax statue of Woods at Madame Tussauds , London
In 2000 and 2001, Woods was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year , becoming the inaugural recipient of the award. [143] In 2000 he received the BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year , an award given to a non-British sportsperson considered to have made the most substantial contribution to a sport. [144] Domestically, Woods has also been recognized by U.S. publications. He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record-tying four times, was named "Athlete of the Decade" by the Associated Press in 2009, and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once. [145] [146]
Since his record-breaking win at the 1997 Masters , Woods has been the biggest name in golf and his presence in tournaments has drawn a huge fan following. Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf, generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences, and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history. [68] [147] His recognition as one of the most famous athletes in modern history includes being depicted in a wax sculpture at Madame Tussauds . [148]
Endorsements
During the first decade of his professional career, Woods was the world's most marketable athlete. [149] Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996, he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies, including General Motors , Titleist , General Mills , American Express , Accenture , and Nike . In 2000, he signed a 5-year, $105 million contract extension with Nike, which was the largest endorsement package signed by a professional athlete at that time. [150] Woods's endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a "start-up" golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market. [149] [151] Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport, with an estimated $600 million in sales. [152] Woods has been described as the "ultimate endorser" for Nike Golf, [152] frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments, and even in advertisements for other products. [150] Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel, footwear, golf equipment, golf balls, [149] and has a building named after him at Nike's headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon. [153]
In 2002, Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV . A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods's endorsement, pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003. "That exceeded our forecasts," he was quoted as saying, "It has to be in recognition of Tiger." In February 2004, Buick renewed Woods's endorsement contract for another five years, in a deal reportedly worth $40 million. [150]
Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world's first professional golf watch, which was released in April 2005. [154] The lightweight, titanium -construction watch, incorporates features to facilitate wearing the watch while playing the game. It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock, far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing. [154] In 2006, the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure/Lifestyle category. [155]
Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006
Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games; he has done so since 1999. [156] In 2006, he signed a six-year contract with Electronic Arts , the series' publisher. [157]
In February 2007, Woods, Roger Federer , and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the " Gillette Champions" marketing campaign. Gillette did not disclose financial terms, though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million. [158]
In October 2007, Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008. "Gatorade Tiger" was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement. Although no figures were officially disclosed, Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million. [159] The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales. [160]
In October 2012, it was announced that Woods signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science, Inc, a sports nutrition firm. [161]
In 1997, Woods and fellow golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a civil case against Bruce Matthews (the owner of Gotta Have It Golf, Inc.) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market. Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company, ETW Corporation, committed several acts including breach of contract, breach of implied duty of good faith, and violations of Florida's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act. [162] Palmer also was named in the counter-suit, accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises.
On March 12, 2014, a Florida jury found in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims, rejected ETW's counterclaims, and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages. [163] The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in, though the ruling may be appealed.
In August 2016, Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner [164] after the news of Nike's exit from the equipment industry. [165] It was announced on January 25, 2017, that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade . [166] He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods, with irons to be custom made at a later date. He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS, a club he used to win 13 of his 15 majors. [167] Also, in late 2016, he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor, replacing MusclePharm. [168]
On January 8, 2024, Woods announced that he would be parting ways with Nike after 27 years, ending one of the most lucrative endorsements any athlete has had. [169]
Accumulated wealth
Woods has appeared on Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes . [170] [171] According to Golf Digest, Woods earned $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007, [172] and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass a billion dollars in earnings by 2010. [173] In 2009, Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world's first professional athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career, after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title. [174] The same year, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million, making him the second richest person of color in the United States, behind only Oprah Winfrey . [175] In 2015, Woods ranked ninth in Forbes list of the world's highest-paid athletes , being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans. [176] As of 2017, Woods was considered to be the highest-paid golfer in the world. [177] In 2022, Woods was the first golfer to have a net worth over one billion dollars, [178] making him one of the richest celebrities .
Tiger-proofing
Early in Woods's career, a small number of golf industry analysts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf. Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column, "Isn't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf?" (though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not). [179] At first, some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week.
A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown, who found that other golfers scored worse when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament. The scores of highly skilled golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods. This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well-publicized slump in 2003–04. Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort, but that, when facing a "superstar" competitor, extra exertion does not significantly raise one's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion, leading to reduced effort. [180] Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation (including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods, in a strategy that became known as "Tiger-proofing". [181] Woods said he welcomed the change, in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win. [182]
Career achievements
Woods has won 82 official PGA Tour events, including 15 majors . He is 14–1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead. Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as "the greatest closer in history". [183] He has the lowest career scoring average and the largest career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history.
Woods's victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start. [184] He also won golf tournaments in his 100th (in 2000) and 200th (in 2006) tour starts. [185]
Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings. He is one of five players (along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four major championships in his career, known as the Career Grand Slam, and was the youngest to do so. [186] Woods is the only player to have consecutively won all four major championships open to professionals, accomplishing the feat in the 2000–2001 seasons.
Results timeline
Tournament
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Did not play
LA = low amateur CUT = missed the half-way cut WD = withdrew "T" indicates a tie for a place. NT = no tournament due to COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
Tournament
Wins
2nd
3rd
Top-5
Top-10
Top-25
Events
Most consecutive cuts made – 39 (1996 U.S. Open – 2006 Masters)
Longest streak of top-10s – 8 (1999 U.S. Open – 2001 Masters)
The Players Championship
World Golf Championships
Tournament
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
Championship
1
T5
NT1
1
1
9
1
1
1
5
T9
T10
WD
1
T25
T10
Did not play
QF, R16, R32, R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament "T" = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009.
PGA Tour career summary
Playing style
When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996, his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf, [188] but he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years. He insisted upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel-shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance. [189] Many opponents caught up to him, and Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using "inferior equipment", which did not sit well with Nike , Titleist , or Woods. [190] During 2004, Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft, which, coupled with his clubhead speed, again made him one of the tour's longest players off the tee .
Despite his power advantage, Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all-around game. Although in recent years[ when? ] he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy, his iron play is generally accurate, his recovery and bunker play is very strong, and his putting (especially under pressure) is possibly his greatest asset. He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers, and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most. [191] [192] [193]
From mid-1993 (while he was still an amateur) until 2004, Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon . From mid-1997, Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods's full swing, achieving greater consistency, better distance control, and better kinesiology . The changes began to pay off in 1999. [194] Woods and Harmon eventually parted ways. From March 2004 to 2010, Woods was coached by Hank Haney , who worked on flattening his swing plane. Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney, but his driving accuracy dropped significantly. Haney resigned under questionable circumstances in May 2010 [195] and was replaced by Sean Foley . [196]
Fluff Cowan served as Woods's caddie from the start of his professional career until Woods dismissed him in March 1999. [197] He was replaced by Steve Williams , who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts. [198] In June 2011, Woods dismissed Williams after he caddied for Adam Scott in the U.S. Open [199] and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis. Joe LaCava, a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson , was hired by Woods shortly after [200] and has remained Woods's caddie since then.
Other ventures
TGR Foundation
The TGR Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl as the Tiger Woods Foundation with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner-city children. [201] The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country, and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships. [202] [203] As of December 2010, TWF employed approximately 55 people. [204] [205]
The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center , a $50-million, 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) facility in Anaheim, California , providing college-access programs for underserved youth. [202] [204] [206] The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms, extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area. [202] The center has since expanded to four additional campuses: two in Washington, D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart, Florida . [206]
Tiger Woods Design
In November 2006, Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company, Tiger Woods Design . [209] A month later, he announced that the company's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3-million-square-foot development, The Tiger Woods Dubai . [210] The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009. [210] As of February 2010, only seven holes had been completed; in April 2011, The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently. [211] [212] In 2013, the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved. [213]
Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses, neither of which has materialized. In August 2007, Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina, a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville, North Carolina . [214] After a groundbreaking in November 2008, the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction. [212] In 2019 the 800-acre site was sold for $19.3 million and in 2024 550 acres of that were listed for about the same price. While no evidence of Woods' involvement has been found, the listing shows that development plans are still on file. [215] A third course, in Punta Brava , Mexico , was announced in October 2008, but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study . [212] [216] Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun. [212]
These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value, declines throughout the global economy (particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ), and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal. [212]
Writings
Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011. [217] In 2001, he wrote a best-selling golf instruction book, How I Play Golf, which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition, 1.5 million copies. [218] In March 2017, he published a memoir, The 1997 Masters: My Story, co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein , which focuses on his first Masters win. [219] In October 2019, Woods announced he would be writing a memoir book titled Back. [220]
NFT
Tiger Woods' "Iconic Fist Pumps Collection" is his first digital Non-fungible token (NFT) collection that launched on the DraftKings Marketplace in collaboration with Autograph.io on September 28, 2021. Autograph is an NFT platform that was co-founded by Tom Brady that helped launch NFT projects with some of the biggest names in sports, including Usain Bolt , Rafael Nadal , Wayne Gretzky , and Tony Hawk . Woods' first collection offered 10,000 digital pictures of Tiger Woods' iconic moments ranging from $12 to $1,500, and 300 of those NFTs were also accompanied by his official digital signature. [221] The NFTs launched on the Autograph platform grants fans unique access to exclusive content, first dibs on digital collectibles, custom-made merchandise, and access to private in-person events depending on the varying utility of each NFT. [222]
Sun Day Red
Woods partnered with TaylorMade to launch his golf apparel line, dubbed "Sun Day Red". The line was announced on February 12, 2024, and featured Woods' signature red shirt. [223] [224]
Personal life
Woods after receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2019. From left to right: then girlfriend Erica Herman, mother Kultida Woods, daughter Sam Woods, son Charlie Woods, and Tiger Woods
Relationships and children
In November 2003, Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren , a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren . [225] They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik , who had employed her as an au pair . They married on October 5, 2004, at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados , and lived at Isleworth , a community in Windermere , a suburb of Orlando, Florida . [226] [227] In 2006, they purchased a $39-million estate in Jupiter Island, Florida , and began constructing a 10,000-square-foot home; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple's divorce. [170] [227]
Woods and Nordegren's first child was a daughter born in 2007, whom they named Sam Alexis Woods. Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam. [228] Their son, Charlie Axel Woods , was born in 2009. [229]
Infidelity scandal and fallout
In November 2009, the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel , who denied the claim. [230] Two days later, around 2:30 a.m. on November 27, Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant, a tree, and several hedges near his home. [231] He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving. [231] [232] Following intense media speculation about the cause of the crash, Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the crash, calling it a "private matter" and crediting his wife for helping him from the car. [233] On November 30, Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament (the Chevron World Challenge ) or any other tournaments in 2009 because of his injuries. [234]
On December 2, following Us Weekly magazine's previous day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman, [235] Woods released a further statement. He admitted transgressions and apologized to "all of those who have supported [him] over the years", while reiterating his and his family's right to privacy. [230] [236] Over the next few days, more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods. [6] On December 11, he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and he apologized again. He also announced that he would be taking "an indefinite break from professional golf." [6]
In the days and months following Woods's admission of multiple infidelities, several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him. Accenture , AT&T , Gatorade , and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals, while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods. [91] [237] TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011. [91] Golf Digest magazine suspended Woods's monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue. [238] In contrast, Nike continued to support Woods, as did Electronic Arts , which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online . [239] A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods's affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion. [240]
On February 19, 2010, Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he went through a 45-day therapy program that began at the end of December. He again apologized for his actions. "I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to", he said. "I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me. I felt I was entitled. Thanks to money and fame, I didn't have to go far to find them. I was wrong. I was foolish." He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf. [90] [241] On March 16, he announced that he would play in the 2010 Masters . [242]
After six years of marriage, Woods and Nordegren divorced on August 23, 2010. [243]
Subsequent relationships
On March 18, 2013, Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating. [244] They split up in May 2015. [245] From November 2016 to August 2017, Woods was rumored to be in a relationship with stylist Kristin Smith. [246] Between late 2017 and late 2022, Woods was in a relationship with restaurant manager Erica Herman. However, in early 2023, Herman filed suit against Woods in relation to a non-disclosure agreement , alleging that it violates the Speak Out Act . Herman claimed that she was owed $30 million after an oral agreement was breached when Woods' trust's employees "locked her out of the Residence, removed her personal belongings, and informed her she could not return." [247]
2017 DUI arrest
Dashcam video of Tiger Woods's arrest, 29 min 27 sec
On May 29, 2017, Woods was arrested near his home in Jupiter Island, Florida , by the Jupiter Police Department at about 3:00 am. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. He was asleep in his car, which was stationary in a traffic lane with its engine running. He later stated that he took prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together. [248] [249] [250] On July 3, 2017, Woods tweeted that he completed an out-of-state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue. [251] At his arraignment on August 9, 2017, Woods had his attorney Douglas Duncan submit a not guilty plea for him and agreed to take part in a first-time driving under the influence offender program and attend another arraignment on October 25. [252] [253]
At a hearing on October 27, 2017, Woods pleaded guilty to reckless driving. He received a year of probation, was fined $250, and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests. He was not allowed to drink alcohol during the probation, and if he violated the probation he would be sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine. [254]
2021 car crash
On February 23, 2021, Woods survived a serious rollover car crash in Rancho Palos Verdes, California . [255] The wreck was a single-vehicle collision and Woods was the sole occupant of the vehicle, which was traveling north along Hawthorne Boulevard . [256] [257] [258]
He was taken to the Harbor–UCLA Medical Center by ambulance. [259] [255] The incident was under investigation by the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, which said the car "sustained major damage," and that Woods was driving over 80 miles per hour (129 km/h), nearly twice the speed limit, before he crashed. No charges were filed. [260] [255] [261] [262] Woods's agent later said that he sustained multiple leg injuries and had surgery for non-life-threatening injuries. [255] [257] [261]
Other pursuits
Woods was raised as a Buddhist . He actively practiced his faith from childhood until well into his adult professional golf career. [263] In a 2000 article, Woods was quoted as saying that he "believes in Buddhism ... not every aspect, but most of it." [264] He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism. He said, "Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint. Obviously I lost track of what I was taught." [265]
Bibliography
Notes
^ This is calculated by totalling Woods's 82 PGA Tour victories, 8 regular European Tour wins, 2 non co-sanctioned Japan Golf Tour wins, 1 non co-sanctioned Asian PGA Tour win, and the 17 other wins in his career.
^ These are the 15 majors, 18 WGC events, and his eight tour wins. [3]
References
"Tiger Woods – Profile" . PGA Tour. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
^ His Father's Son: Earl and Tiger Woods, by Tom Callahan, 2010; The Wicked Game, by Howard Sounes, 2004
Woods is indeed a rich mix of racial and ethnic heritage. His father, Earl, was of African-American, Chinese and Native American descent. His mother, Kultida, is of Thai, Chinese and Dutch descent
^ "Earl Woods" (obituary) . The Daily Telegraph (June 5, 2006). Retrieved June 19, 2012.
"Earning His Stripes" . AsianWeek . October 11, 1996. Archived from the original on January 16, 1998. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
^ Training a Tiger: Raising a Winner in Golf and in Life, by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel, 1997.
"1984 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
^ The Wicked Game: Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods, and the Story of Modern Golf, by Howard Sounes, 2004, William Morrow, New York,
ISBN 0-06-051386-1 , p. 187; originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Nike's Tiger Woods professional career launch advertisement, August 1996.
"1985 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"1988 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"1989 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on September 21, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"1990 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"1991 Champions" . Junior World Golf Championships. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
Training A Tiger: A Father's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life, by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel, 1997, HarperCollins, New York,
The Wicked Game: Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods, and the Story of Modern Golf, by Howard Sounes.
^ a b His Father's Son: Earl and Tiger Woods, by Tom Callahan, 2010
^ Training A Tiger: A Father's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life, by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel, 1997, HarperCollins, New York,
^ Jack Nicklaus: Memories and Mementos from Golf's Golden Bear, by Jack Nicklaus with David Shedloski, 2007, Stewart, Tabori & Chang, New York,
"Tiger Woods" . IMG Speakers. Archived from the original on April 29, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
"Notable Past Players" . International Golf Federation. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
^ The Wicked Game: Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus, Tiger Woods, and the Story of Modern Golf, by Howard Sounes, 2004, William Morrow, New York,
ISBN 0-06-051386-1 , information listed on inset photos between pages 168 and 169.
"Woods balances putter with textbooks" . Moscow-Pullman Daily News. (Idaho-Washington). Associated Press. September 14, 1994. p. 4B.
"PAC-10 Men's Golf" (PDF). PAC-10 Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 11, 2012. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
^ Sounes, p. 277
^ Rosaforte 1997, p. 160.
Sirak, Ron. "Golf's first Billion-Dollar Man" . Golf Digest. Archived from the original on May 13, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
Reilly, Rick (December 23, 1996). "1996: Tiger Woods" . Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on April 22, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
Diaz, Jaime. "The Truth about Tiger" . Golf Digest. Archived from the original on April 15, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
Garrity, John (June 26, 2000). "Open and Shut" . Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
Price, S.L. (April 3, 2000). "Tunnel Vision" . Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 22, 2011. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
Verdi, Bob. "A Rivalry is Reborn" . Golf World. Archived from the original on May 14, 2007. Retrieved May 21, 2007.
"Man of the Year" . PGA. Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 24, 2011. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
pgatour.com, Official World Golf Ranking for March 27, 2011
pgatour.com, Official World Golf Ranking for April 11, 2011
pgatour.com, 2011 Masters tournament data
Reilly, Rick; Garrity, John; Diaz, Jaime (April 1, 1997). "Tiger 1997: The buzz that rocked the cradle" . Golf Magazine. Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2009.
"Madame Tussauds" . Visit London. Retrieved July 15, 2023.
Peterson, Anne M. (April 14, 2005). "Nike sees dollar signs in Woods' magical shot" (PDF). Daily Iowan . Associated Press. p. 3B. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 10, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
"Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles, Inc" . 106 F.Supp.2d 1289 (2000) United States District Court, S.D. Florida. June 22, 2000. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
Batterman, L. Robert; Cardozo, Michael; Freeman, Robert E.; Ganz, Howard L.; Katz, Wayne D.; Leccese, Joseph M. (May 17, 2014). "Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute" . National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP. Retrieved May 24, 2014.
Gotta Have It Golf, Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises, Inc., No. 03-19490 (Fla. Cir. Ct. Jury Verdict), March 12, 2014
Freedman, Jonah (2007). "The Fortunate 50" . Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on May 5, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2008.
Badenhausen, Kurt (October 1, 2009). "Woods is sports' first billion-dollar man" . Forbes. Yahoo! Sports. Archived from the original on October 6, 2009. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
Miller, Matthew (May 6, 2009). "The Wealthiest Black Americans" . Forbes. Retrieved December 17, 2009.
"When Par isn't good enough" . APMP.org. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2007.
Bradley, Ed (September 3, 2006). "Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal" . CBS News . Archived from the original on July 3, 2007. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
Harmon, Butch (2006). The Pro: Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father, Claude Harmon, Sr. Three Rivers Press. ISBN
.
"Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan" . The New York Times. March 9, 1999. Retrieved May 13, 2007.
"Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season". Los Angeles Times. January 22, 1997.
Brennan, Patricia (April 13, 1997). "The Changing Face of Golf; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links". The Washington Post.
"Events: Tiger Woods Invitational" . Tiger Woods Foundation. Archived from the original on January 26, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
"Woods ties the knot" . BBC Sport. October 6, 2004. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
Corrigan, James (November 28, 2009). "Tiger injured in late-night car accident" . The Independent. Archived from the original on May 22, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
Woods, Tiger (November 29, 2009). "Statement from Tiger Woods" . TigerWoods.com. Archived from the original on February 11, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
"Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance" . CBS News. November 30, 2009. Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
Woods, Tiger (December 2, 2009). "Tiger comments on current events" . TigerWoods.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
"Woods, Vonn end relationship" . PGA Tour. Associated Press. May 3, 2015. Archived from the original on August 17, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
Montopoli, Brian (April 23, 2009). "Tiger Woods in the White House" . CBS News. Archived from the original on April 26, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009.
Further reading
.
Sampson, Curt (2019). Roaring Back: The Fall and Rise of Tiger Woods. New York: Diversion Books. ISBN
.
Coaches
| 823 |
98 | how many wins does tiger woods have on the pga tour | https://www.sportskeeda.com/golf/tiger-woods-pga-tour-wins | Share
Contents
One of the finest and most successful golfers in history and modern times, Tiger Woods , is a holder of multiple records. Both in terms of total championship wins or just majors, Woods is either at the top or in the top three. He is a recurring name in the world of golf legends. The World Golf Hall of Fame inducted him most recently in 2021.
He went professional in 1996 at the age of 20, and by the end of April 1997, he already won three PGA Tour events, along with a record-breaking performance by 12 shots at the Masters. Less than a year after going pro, in June 1997, he became No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings (OWGR).
He held the No. 1 ranking for the longest run of weeks in a row and a total number of 545 weeks from August 1999 to October 2010. Woods has won the Byron Nelson Award a record eight times and been named the PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times.
How many PGA Tour wins does Tiger Woods have?
Tiger Woods has a total of 82 PGA Tour wins along with 15 professional major golf championships. After Gene Sarazen, Ben Hogan, Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus, Woods is the fifth and youngest player to complete a career Grand Slam, and the second golfer (after Nicklaus) to complete a career Grand Slam three times.
All of Woods' PGA wins are as follows:
No.
Date
Tournament
−17 (64-64-67-68=263)
−17 (66-66-66-73=271)
−15 (68-73-68-64=273)
Tiger Woods PGA Appearances
Tiger Woods has appeared in 373 PGA Tour events, making the cut in 338 of them. He missed the cut in only 35 events throughout his three-decade career.
Year
Tiger Woods Professional Career Wins
Tiger Woods has a total of 110 professional wins, out of which 82 came from the PGA and 11 from the PGA playoffs.
European Tour Wins
Japan Golf Tour Wins
Woods has a total of three Japan Golf Tour wins.
Asian PGA Tour Wins
Woods has a total of two Asian PGA Tour wins.
PGA Tour of Australasia Wins
Woods has a total of three PGA Tour of Australasia wins.
World Golf Championships
Woods has won a total of 18 World Golf Championships from 1999 to 2013.
Q. Who is Tiger Woods? - +
A. Tiger Woods is one of the finest and most successful golfers in history, with numerous championship wins and records.
Q. When did Tiger Woods turn professional? - +
A. Tiger Woods turned professional in 1996 at the age of 20.
Q. How many weeks did Tiger Woods hold the No. 1 ranking? - +
A. Tiger Woods held the No. 1 ranking for a record 545 weeks, from August 1999 to October 2010.
Q. How many PGA Tour wins does Tiger Woods have? - +
A. Tiger Woods has a total of 82 PGA Tour wins.
Q. How many career Grand Slams has Tiger Woods completed? - +
A. Tiger Woods has completed a career Grand Slam three times, joining Jack Nicklaus as the only golfer to do so.
Rate this Page!
Related Stories
1d
1d
8h
1d
1d
Trending Topics
| 824 |
99 | where is the aoss button on the ps4 | https://www.playbite.com/q/what-is-the-aoss-button-on-ps4 | 👏152
Noise - Creator Platform
👏136
👏96
👏16
If you're a PlayStation player, you need to download the Playbite app!
Playbite is like an arcade in your phone: you get to play all kinds of fun and simple games, compete with friends and others, and win cool prizes from all your favorite brands!
One of those prizes is the official PlayStation gift card, which you can win and use to get anything you want essentially for free!
In case you’re wondering, this is how it works:
Playbite makes money from (not super annoying) ads and (totally optional) in-app purchases. The app then uses that money to reward players like you with prizes!
Download Playbite for free, available on the App Store and Play Store !
👏55
The brands referenced on this page are not sponsors of the rewards or otherwise affiliated with this company. The logos and other identifying marks attached are trademarks of and owned by each represented company and/or its affiliates. Please visit each company's website for additional terms and conditions.
People also want to know
| 825 |
99 | where is the aoss button on the ps4 | https://www.playstation.com/en-us/support/connectivity/internet-connect-playstation/ | How to set up an internet connection on PlayStation consoles
Set up an internet connection on your PlayStation®5 console or PlayStation®4 console.
Set up a wireless connection on PS5 consoles
Connect to the internet using Wi-Fi (for a wireless connection) by following the steps below.
Go to Settings > Network > Settings > Set Up Internet Connection.
New and saved Wi-Fi networks appear. Choose the one you want to connect to, and then select Connect.
The Wi-Fi network will display a padlock icon next to it if it's password protected. To connect, enter the Wi-Fi password (WPA, WPA2, WEP, WPA3). This password may be found on the back of your router. If you don't know your network password, ask your router manufacturer, ISP, or network administrator.
You can use Multi-Link Operation for a console from the CFI-7000 model group. Highlight the access point compatible with Multi-Link Operation and press the options button. Select Advanced Settings and turn on Multi-Link Operation.
If you can’t find your Wi-Fi network, scroll down, select Set Up Manually, and then adjust the settings.
When you're using an access point that supports WPS, you can scroll down and select Set Up Using WPS Button, and follow the on-screen instructions.
Please note, PS5® consoles support IPv6 network connections but do not support IPv6-only network connections. If your router is set to IPv6-only, please change your router settings to use IPv4. For more information about changing your router settings, please contact the manufacturer.
Select Use Wi-Fi > Easy.
New and saved Wi-Fi networks appear. Choose the one you want to connect to.
If the connection is successful, you're prompted to Test Internet Connection.
The Wi-Fi network will display a padlock icon next to it if it's password protected. To connect, enter the Wi-Fi password (WPA, WPA2, WEP). This password may be found on the back of your router. If you don't see it, ask your router manufacturer, ISP, or network administrator.
If you can't find your Wi-Fi network, scroll down, select Set Up Manually, and then adjust the settings.
When using an access point that supports WPS or AOSS, you can scroll down and select Set Up Using WPS Button or Set Up Using AOSS™ and follow the on-screen instructions.
To access PlayStation™Network, you need to sign in with your account details or create a new account.
Set up a wired connection on PS5 consoles
Connect to the internet using a LAN cable (for a wired connection) by following the steps below.
Go to Settings > Network > Settings > Set Up Internet Connection.
Select Set Up Wired LAN > Connect.
Please note: PS5 consoles support IPv6 network connections but do not support IPv6-only network connections. If your router is set to IPv6-only, please change your router settings to use IPv4. For more information about changing your router settings, please contact the manufacturer.
Select Use a LAN Cable > Easy.
If the connection is successful, you're prompted to Test Internet Connection.
To access PSN, sign in with your account details or create a new account.
Where to find the LAN port on PlayStation consoles
The location of the LAN port on the PlayStation console varies depending on the model of your console. Select your PlayStation console model to view the location of the LAN ports for each series.
PS5 console model
Please try the following:
Check the PSN status page for any server issues or maintenance that might prevent you from connecting.
Check that your SSID, password, and security method are correct.
If you’re having connection issues on a PS5 Pro console, try connecting with and without Multi Linking Operation using advanced settings.
If you're still having issues, please visit PlayStation Repairs for troubleshooting steps.
Advanced network settings on PS5 consoles
Select Advanced Settings while setting up a wireless or wired connection to adjust the following settings.
IP address
Multi Linking Operation*
Important: If you’re not familiar with these settings, please ask your ISP or network administrator.
*MLO enables devices to connect to multiple signal bands from the same router. CFI-7000 model group only.
IP address
DNS
MTU
Proxy
Important: If you’re not familiar with these settings, please select Easy or ask your ISP or network administrator.
Network terminology explained
To help you better understand setting up your internet connection, here are some key networking terms and their meanings.
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network used to connect devices in a limited area, like a home or office.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A network that connects smaller local networks (LANs) over long distances.
Provider
Line provider
The company that provides the physical communication line for your internet.
IP address
A unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network.
IPv4
An older type of IP address that uses 32 bits and supports about 4.2 billion unique addresses.
IPv6
A newer type of IP address that uses 128 bits, offering virtually unlimited addresses and better security.
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
Ethernet
A wired internet connection standard used to connect devices within a wired local area network (LAN) or wide area network.
PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet)
A protocol that combines PPP and Ethernet, often used for connecting home networks to your ISP.
IPoE (IP over Ethernet)
A modern connection method for IP networks, offering faster and more efficient connections compared to PPPoE.
DNS (Domain Name System)
A system that translates website names into IP addresses so your browser can load them.
DNS Error
An error that occurs when the DNS can’t find the correct IP address for a website.
MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
The largest size of data packets that can be sent over your connection at one time.
MTU Error
An issue that occurs when data packets exceed the allowed size, causing delays or failures.
Opening ports
Changing your network settings to allow specific types of data to pass through your router.
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access)
A security protocol that encrypts data on your Wi-Fi network to keep it safe.
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy)
An older Wi-Fi security standard, now outdated and rarely used due to security flaws.
AOSS (AirStation One-Touch Secure System)
A simple setup tool for Buffalo Wi-Fi devices that lets you connect with one button press.
SSID (Service Set Identifier)
The name of your Wi-Fi network that appears in the list when connecting devices.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
A system that automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on your network.
Hostname
The name assigned to a device on a network to make it easier to identify.
Proxy
A server that acts as a middleman between your device and the internet, improving security and privacy.
Mbps (Megabits per second)
A measurement of how fast data moves across your internet connection.
Was this article helpful?
I found the article confusing
The article is out of date
Thank you!
Need help?
About
United States
How to set up an internet connection on PlayStation consoles
Enter your date of birth.
MM
DD
YYYY
| 826 |
99 | where is the aoss button on the ps4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOSS | AOSS
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
AOSS (AirStation One-Touch Secure System) is a system by Buffalo Technology which allows a secure wireless connection to be set up with the push of a button. AirStation residential gateways incorporated a button on the unit to let the user initiate this procedure. AOSS was designed to use the maximum level of security available to both connecting devices, including both Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA).
Connection Process
Association Phase: Once AOSS has been initiated on both devices via the AOSS button, the access point will change its SSID to "ESSID-AOSS" and the client will attempt to connect to it. Both devices will attempt connection for two minutes. Connection will be made using a secret 64-bit WEP key known to both devices.
Key Generation Phase: With both devices connected, the AP generates and transfers a unique key to the client, where an RC4 tunnel is created. The AP creates four SSIDs and encryption keys for AES, TKIP, WEP128, and WEP64 generated from a random key script. These keys are available in the user interface of the AOSS AP to be used with non-AOSS clients.
Information Exchange Phase: The client notifies the AP of its encryption support.
Key Transfer Phase: All four encryption keys are transmitted to the client regardless of encryption support, allowing the client to change the SSID if needed. The user does not have access to the keys through the client device.
Reboot Stack: The AP applies the SSID and key for the highest level of encryption supported by the client and reboots. The previously used WEP64 and RC4 tunnel are no longer used. The client adapter will automatically reboot or re-initialize and connect to the SSID using the proper encryption key.
If a subsequent AOSS process connects with a lesser wireless encryption standard, the AP will apply the lesser standard and the Reboot Stack phase will be repeated for all connected devices. [1]
Compatible products
See also
Harris, Craig (August 8, 2007). "Overlooked Wii 3.0 Update" . Blog: Just One Guy. IGN . Archived from the original on April 27, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
"Our Technology - AOSS" . Buffalo Technology web site. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
AOSS
| 827 |
99 | where is the aoss button on the ps4 | https://manuals.playstation.net/document/en/psvita/settings/internet.html | Wi-Fi Settings
Wi-Fi
To disable the Wi-Fi feature, select the checkbox to remove the checkmark.
For details about the use of the Wi-Fi feature when flight mode is on, see " Flight Mode ".
Access Points
Saved access points and access points that have been found will be displayed. Once a connection has been established with an access point, the system will automatically connect to it the next time Wi-Fi is used.
You can perform a connection test and adjust advanced settings by selecting a saved access point.
A )
B )
Security
When displayed, the security has been set for the access point. To connect the access point, you must enter the WEP or WPA key set on the access point.
C )
Signal strength is shown in four levels, including no signal.
When there are multiple saved access points, the system connects to the access point with the strongest signal.
D )
Lit
connected
Blinking
connecting
Out
Save Access Point Automatically
When you are using an access point that supports WPS, AOSS or Rakuraku WLAN Start®, you can save access points in just a few easy steps. In addition to these instructions, also consult the access point instruction manual.
When connecting using the WPS PIN method, adjust the settings by tapping [Save Access Point Manually] > [Use WPS PIN Method].
AOSS and Rakuraku WLAN Start® are only available in certain countries and regions.
WPS
1.
AOSS
1.
2.
Press and hold the access point's AOSS button until the AOSS indicator starts to blink.
Rakuraku WLAN Start®
2.
Press and hold the access point's Rakuraku Start button until the power indicator of the access point starts to blink green.
3.
When a message is displayed on your system, press and hold the access point's Rakuraku Start button until the power indicator of the access point lights up orange.
Save Access Point Manually
In addition to these instructions, also refer to the access point instruction manual.
Enter Manually
Set up the access point by entering the setting information (SSID and WEP key or WPA key) for the access point you are using.
It is recommended that you use WPA-PSK or WPA2-PSK as the security method, because these security methods provide more robust encryption.
If you select the [Hide Password] checkbox to set a checkmark, the password that you enter appears as a series of asterisks.
Use WPS PIN Method
2.
Enter the PIN code that is displayed into the access point.
Display Wi-Fi Settings Automatically
To display the Wi-Fi settings screen automatically if you cannot connect to the saved access point, select this checkbox to set a checkmark.
Ad Hoc Mode Channel
When connecting using ad hoc mode, your system must be set to the same channel as the other devices you want to connect with.
The default setting is [Automatic]. With this setting, the system will automatically select the optimum channel.
Related articles
Search the User's Guide
This guide is for use with system software version 3.73 or later.
© 2021 Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc.
| 828 |
99 | where is the aoss button on the ps4 | https://www.playstation.com/en-us/support/connectivity/ | Select a category from below:
Console set up
Account and login
Select your connection type and enter the network security information.
Select Update System Software to update.
PS4 console
You can connect to the Internet with the PlayStation 4 console using Wi-Fi (for a wireless connection) by going to Settings > Network > Set Up Internet Connection and selecting Use Wi-Fi.
If you select Easy, saved access points and access points that have been found appear.
Select the access point you want to connect to, and then adjust the settings.
If you can't see your network, select Set Up Manually, and then adjust the settings.
When you are using an access point that supports WPS or AOSS you can save that access point in just a few easy steps. AOSS is only available only in certain countries and regions.
If you would like to adjust your settings, select Use Wi-Fi > Custom.
verify your account
keep you up to date on important account information.
It is recommended that you use an up-to-date and accessible email address.
Sign in to Account Management on a web browser.
Select Security from the sidebar.
Click Edit next to Sign-In ID (Email Address). You may need to re-enter your password for security reasons.
Enter your new email address and click Save.
You receive an email to your new email address asking you to verify your new sign-in ID. Click the Verify Now button in this email. You also receive an email to your old email address detailing the change.
PlayStation™Network
United States
MM
DD
YYYY
| 829 |
Subsets and Splits