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where is the lake isle of innisfree located | lake isle of innisfree location - Bing | https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/43281
Web The Lake Isle of Innisfree By William Butler Yeats I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree , And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made; Nine bean-rows will I …
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree
Web Lake Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill, in Ireland, near which Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming …
https://www.studysmarter.us/.../american-poetry/the-lake-isle-of-innisfree
Web 'The Lake Isle of Innisfree ' (1890) is a poem written by the poet William Butler Yeats (1865-1939). The poem was written about a real place called The Lake Isle of Innisfree , … | https://bing.com/search?q=lake+isle+of+innisfree+location | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | Lake Innisfree - Wikipedia | Lake Innisfree (also known as Lake Isle or Interlaken , and originally as Reservoir No. 1 ) [1] is a man-made lake and former reservoir [2] in the city of New Rochelle , in Westchester County , New York . The lake is located along the border of the neighboring town of Eastchester , [1] and its eastern end abuts the Hutchinson River Parkway . The lake takes its name from the poem Lake Isle of Innisfree by W. B. Yeats . [2]
The area surrounding the lake was once rolling woodland owned in large sections by farmers in the 1700-1800s. The New Rochelle Water Company then bought up the land using it as a watershed for the lake served as the water supply source for Upper Rochelle during late 19th & early 20th centuries.
Constructed in 1885, [2] the reservoir is impounded by the New Rochelle Reservoir #1 Dam on the Hutchinson River . The dam is masonry and of earthen construction, with a height of 34 feet and a length of 680 feet. The water surface covers an area of about 65 acres and the capacity is about 271,700,000 gallons. It has a maximum discharge of 744 cubic feet per second and drains an area of 2.2 square miles. [3]
The water from this reservoir flows by gravity to the southern, low level district of the city. There is a steel equalizing tank 34 feet high by 44 feet in diameter connected with this system on high ground 2 miles south of the dam. [3] The dam, which impounded 300 million gallons of water, cost $60,000 to build. While at first, the water supplied New Rochelle exclusively, two additional dams were constructed so that the water could also be routed to Pelham , Eastchester , and elsewhere. [2]
The reservoir was named Lake Innisfree in the 1930s by the developer of the adjacent Interlaken Cooperative. The same developer constructed a sandy beach for recreation. [4] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Innisfree#:~:text=Lake%20Innisfree%20%28also%20known%20as%20Lake%20Isle%20or,its%20eastern%20end%20abuts%20the%20Hutchinson%20River%20Parkway. | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | The Lake Isle of Innisfree | Encyclopedia.com | First published in the collection The Rose in 1893, “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is an example of Yeats’s earlier lyric poems. Throughout the three short quatrains the poem explores the speaker’s longing for the peace and tranquility of his boyhood haunt, Innisfree.
“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” suggests that a life of simplicity in nature will bring peace to the troubled speaker. However, the poem is the speaker’s recollection of Innisfree, and therefore the journey is an emotional and spiritual escape rather than an actual one. Innisfree may be a symbol for the speaker’s passed youth, which the speaker is unable to return to in the “real,” or physical, world. Emotionally, the speaker can return again and again to the tranquility of Innisfree.
Born June 13, 1865, in Sandymount, Ireland, to John Butler Yeats, a lawyer turned portrait painter, and Susan Mary Pollexfen, daughter of a well-to-do shipping family, William Butler Yeats was raised in London and Dublin, attending schools in both cities. Though passionate about art, Yeats turned to writing after reading Irish poets Samuel Ferguson and James Clarence Mangan. His own interest in all things Irish can be seen in poems such as his popular and early poem,“The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” in which he expresses his longing to return to
County Sligo in western Ireland, where he spent much of his youth. Yeats’s chief influences included his father; John O’Leary (1830–1907), an Irish nationalist and activist; and Maud Gonne, a fiery Irish revolutionary with whom the poet fell in love and maintained a long correspondence. Yeats celebrated Gonne’s beauty in verse and plays throughout his life, though the two never married. A writer who was inspired by mysticism and occult philosophy as much as Irish literature and folklore, Yeats was deeply involved in organizations such as the Hermetic Students of the Golden Dawn and the Theosophical Society , the latter founded by Madam Blavatsky, a controversial mystic. A lifelong student of philosophy and literature, Yeats was well read in writers such as Plato, Dante, Shakespeare, Ben Johnson, John Donne , Jonathan Swift , William Blake , Immanuel Kant , and Friedrich Nietzsche.
A shy youth, Yeats grew into a charismatic figure, championing Irish heritage and resisting the cultural influence of English rule. A playwright as well as a poet, Yeats, along with a patron, Lady Gregory of Coole Park, founded the Irish Theatre, which became the Abbey Theatre . He served as the Abbey’s lead playwright and later was joined by John Synge, author of The Playboy of the Western World . Many of Yeats’s plays drew on Irish legends and include The Countess Cathleen (1892); The Land of Heart’s Desire (1894); Cathleen ni Houlihan (1902); The King’s Threshold (1904); and Deirdre (1907). His poetry collections include The Wanderings of Oisin (1889); The Celtic Twilight (1893); The Wind Among the Reeds (1899); The Wild Swans at Coole (1917); and The Tower (1928). Yeats was elected to a seat in the Irish Free Senate in 1922 and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1923. He died January 29, 1939, in Roquebrune, France. In 1948, his remains were re-interred in Drumcliff, Sligo. He is widely considered one of the greatest poets of the twentieth century.
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles
made:
Nine bean-rows I will have there, a hive for the
honey-bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade. 5
And I shall have some peace there, for peace
comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where
the cricket sings;
There midnight’s all a glimmer, and noon a purple
glow,
And evening full of the linnet’s wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day.
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the 10
shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements
grey,
I hear it in the deep heart’s core.
In this line Yeats establishes the opening tone as well as the refrain of the poem. The poem focuses on Innisfree as a place of escape for the speaker.
Here the speaker describes Innisfree as a simple, natural environment where he will build a cabin and live alone. Note the rich description in these lines. The language is specific. The speaker does not merely mention that he will build a cabin, but also that it will be made of “clay and wattles.” The speaker also specifies that he will have “nine bean-rows,” instead of simply a “garden.” These
- As part of their Caedmon Treasury of Poets, Harper Audio has published an audiocassette of poets reading their own poems. Poets include e.e. cummings, W. H. Auden, and Yeats reading “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.” The tape is 155 minutes in length.
- Yeats reads “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” and “Song of the Old Mother” on In Their Own Voices (1996), on the Rhino Word Beat label.
- Judy Collins sings “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” on her 1971 album Judy Collins: Living . Hamilton Camp wrote the music for the song.
- John Aschenbrenner’s song cycle To an Isle in the Water (1998) comprises settings of Yeats’s poems including “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.” The album is published by Isle Enterprises.
- In the video The Poetry of William Butler Yeats actors Stephanie Beacham, Gabriel Byrne, Julian Sands, Minnie Driver and others read Yeats’s poems and discuss his life.
- The Yeats Society of New York , online at http://www.yeatssociety.org/yeatsny.html, contains a wealth of information about the poet and links to other Yeats sites on the web.
- In 1953, Audio-Forum released an audiocassette of poet Stephen Spender reading Yeats’s poems. The title is W. B. Yeats . The tape can be purchased from Jeffrey Norton Publishers, 96 Broad St., Guilford, CT 06437.
- The video Yeats Country (1965) juxtaposes Yeats’s poetry with scenes of the Ireland he wrote about. It is distributed by International Film Bureau.
- Insight Video distributes the documentary Yeats Remembered , a biographical film using period photographs and interviews with the poet and his family. It can be purchased from Insight Media, 2162 Broadway, NY, NY 10024.
are images that conjure up in the mind of the reader concrete visual features of Yeats’s poetic fantasy. Notice also the particularly interesting image of the “bee-loud glade.” This image invests Innisfree with a magical air.
In these lines Yeats introduces the connection between peace and Innisfree in the speaker’s mind. The first line of the second stanza repeats the same meter employed in the first line of the first stanza. The reader can sense a refrain developing. The line “And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow” is composed almost entirely of iambic feet. This means that one unaccented syllable is followed by an accented syllable. The iambs are interrupted in the middle of the line by an amphibrach with the phrase “some peace there.” An amphibrach is composed of two unaccented syllables sandwiching an accented one. It is used for emphasis. The amphibraic foot in the fifth line corresponds with the similar foot in the first line. This may be used to emphasize the metaphor that Innisfree represents escape for the speaker. Line six contains a good example of figurative language. Yeats wants to explain that the abstract idea of “peace” is abundant from morning until night in Innisfree, but instead of relying on that cliche, he transforms morning into the image of veils from which peace falls. Night has also been transformed into “where the cricket sings.”
Here Yeats continues with transforming midnight and noon into almost eerie images. Evening becomes a dark image of the sky filled with the wings of birds.
In the last lines of the poem, the speaker stands in the street surrounded by gray pavement. This image, which is hard and silent, contrasts with the soothing, soft image of the water. The speaker continues to hear the sounds of nature even in the city. The peace of Innisfree is able to transcend the urban environment because it resides in a completely natural one, that of the speaker himself.
“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” expresses the idea that nature provides an inherently restorative place to which human beings can go to escape the chaos and corrupting influences of civilization. In his autobiography, Yeats writes that his poem was influenced by his reading of American writer Henry David Thoreau ’s Walden (1854), which describes Thoreau’s experiment of living alone in a small hut in the woods on Walden Pond, outside Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau lived in his one-room house from 1845–1847, gardening, writing, and studying natural history. Thoreau championed the solitary, self-sufficient life lived in harmony with nature, considering it more authentic than a life spent balancing ledgers or working for someone else. He disdained the ways working for a living and acquiring material goods can control one’s life. Explaining his motivation for the experiment, Thoreau writes in Walden :
I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary.
Yeats also expresses this sentiment when he writes of building a small cabin “of clay and wattles” and living alone “in the bee-loud glade” of Innisfree. Yeats seems to refer to Walden when he writes of the “Nine bean-rows I will have there,” and he underscores the contrast between rural and urban lifestyle in the last lines, when he places himself “on the roadway, or on the pavements grey.” Both of these images symbolize the destructive, joy-deadening forces of modern life. Yeats emphasizes the authenticity of the desire to live close to nature, writing that he hears the call to go to Innisfree “in the heart’s deep core.”
A primary feature of Romantic poetry is the idea of the imagination as a faculty that can generate alternate realities. The speaker of “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” exercises this faculty by daydreaming about life in the country. The entire poem describes a life that he “will” live, not one he is currently living. The detail of his fantasy suggests that the speaker has entertained this desire previously. Readers can clearly picture the haven the speaker imagines. He enumerates the bean-rows he will have, describes the building materials of his cabin, and lists particular creatures he will hear, i.e., bees, crickets, linnets.
Ever since William Wordsworth ’s lyric poems about nature’s beauty and power helped define Romantic
- Parodies are imitations of another work, written to deflate the subject matter of the original. Read Ezra Pound’s poem “The Lake Isle,” then write an essay explaining what his poem says about “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.”
- Write a detailed description of the place you would most like to call home, both the geographical location (e.g., New York City, French Riviera, etc.) and the kind of structure (e.g., a palace, a log cabin, a hut, etc.). What are the qualities of the home? What do these qualities say about your own values?
- Get together with your classmates and brainstorm ideas for your ideal house. If possible, sketch a floor plan. How does your idea of an ideal home differ from those of your classmates?
- What are some of the sights, smells, sounds that remind you of pleasant experiences in your life? When do they occur, and how do you respond when you encounter them?
- Yeats’s poem was influenced by his reading of Thoreau’s Walden . Make a list of books that have most influenced your own way of thinking, then write a short essay explaining how they have done so.
- Poll your classmates, asking them what place they most remember from childhood. Then categorize their responses. What do these places have in common? Why are they memorable? What does this tell you about your relationship to childhood?
verse, poets have used their imaginations to conjure worlds in which they would be more content and where their “true” selves could find peace. But for Yeats, this imagined world remained a fantasy: unlike Thoreau, Yeats never lived the rural life. Rather, he was an urban man of letters, an Irish senator, and a Nobel laureate. Moreover, his later poems never exhibited the degree or kind of romanticism shown in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.”
Less than a hundred years before Yeats penned “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” William Wordsworth wrote in a sonnet that “the world is too much with us,” meaning that the human mind and heart are too preoccupied by the material or worldly seductions of urban living. Yeats experienced the urge to return to a simpler, more familiar life as a kind of homesickness which expressed itself as a desire to “return” to Innisfree, a small island at the eastern end of Lough Gill in County Sligo. The poet regularly visited Sligo while growing up, and the inspiration for the poem came when Yeats was living in London and walking Fleet Street , a busy commercial section of the city. The sound of a fountain’s water reminded him of the Sligo lake, and the poem was born. Two other early poems by Yeats which deal with nostalgia and escape are “The Stolen Child” and “To an Isle in the Water.”
“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is written with an abab rhyme scheme corresponding to each of the three quatrains in the poem, which are defined as a stanza composed of four lines which may or may not have a set line length. Also prevalent is the use of alliteration and assonance, both of which emphasize the musical tone and rhythm of the piece.
When a stanza in a poem has a pattern of rhymes it is called a “rhyme scheme.” “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” utilizes end rhyme in an abab rhyme scheme. This means that the end of the first line of a stanza rhymes with the end of the third line, and the end of the second line of a stanza rhymes with the end of the fourth line. All three of the quatrains in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” display an abab rhyme scheme.
“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” uses “alliteration” and “assonance” to emphasize the sound and mood of the poem. Alliteration is the repetition of certain consonants in a poem which are often used in order to stress a word or phrase. Notice the sound of the consonants ‘l’ and ‘s’ in the following line:
“I hear lake water lapping with the low sounds by the shore.” Read the line aloud and notice the emphasis on the words “lapping,” “low,” and “shore.” Assonance occurs when the vowel sounds attached to different consonants are repeated in a poem. Notice the sound of the vowels ‘i’ and ‘o’ in the following line:
“I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree.” Assonance is less clear than either rhyme or alliteration, but its use is similar. It links important words or phrases in the poem together.
In the 1880s, when Yeats wrote “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” Ireland was in economic and political turmoil, and Yeats and his family were struggling financially. It is not surprising that the sound of a water fountain on a bustling London street would remind him of the lapping water of Lough Gill and stir the boyhood dream he had of living on Innisfree, unencumbered by the demands of modern urban life.
Ireland was an agricultural country in the nineteenth century, but British landlords controlled many farms. Farmers had fought for almost three centuries for greater say in their livelihood. In the 1880s, they finally achieved some success. The leader for Irish land reform and Home Rule (i.e., a subordinate parliament for Ireland) was Charles Steward Parnell (1846–1891), often referred to as the “uncrowned King of Ireland.” Parnell, a wealthy Protestant landlord who empathized with the plight of the Irish, was elected to Parliament in 1875 and became head of the Irish Party.
With the backing of Parnell, along with Catholic labor activist Michael Davitt (1846–1906), liberal British Prime Minister Gladstone enacted the Land Act of 1881, which guaranteed tenant farmers fair rent, protection against eviction, and the freedom to sell or transfer the lease on their farm. Parliament also passed a “franchise act,” adding some 500,000 new voters to the rolls, most of whom were middle-class and poor Catholics who supported Parnell. Still, a Home Rule Bill was defeated in Commons in 1886, and in 1890, Parnell was disgraced when a court revealed he had been “living in sin” with the wife of William Henry O’Shea, a politician and fellow member of the Irish Party.
A second Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1893 but also defeated, this time in the House of Lords . After this defeat, many Irish nationalists, such as Yeats, turned their attention to developing a greater sense of Ireland’s contributions to culture and the arts. For example, Douglas Hyde , who later became president of the Irish Free State , founded the Gaelic League in 1893. The League spearheaded
- 1880s: Unionists and Catholics are locked in battle over the sovereignty of Ireland. Scores of people die in riots.
Today: Despite progress in talks, violence continues between Unionists and Catholics in Northern Ireland , with numerous casualties on both sides.
- 1880s: Groups advocating occultism and magic gain a high degree of popularity in England and Ireland. Yeats himself participates in a number of these groups, including the Theosophical Society and the Hermetic Students of the Golden Dawn.
Today: The western world experiences a renewed interest in occultism and various forms of magic. The Order of the Golden Dawn remains in existence and now has its own web site.
- 1880s: The Celtic Revival, a movement against the cultural influences of English rule in Ireland, seeks to promote the spirit of Ireland’s native heritage.
Today: Irish Americans flock to Ireland to explore their ethnic roots and cultural heritage.
efforts to revive pride in Irish ethnic and national identity, supporting various initiatives to publicize Gaelic language and culture. The “Irish Ireland” movement also included organizations such as The Gaelic Athletic Association, formed to promote traditional Irish sports such as hurling and football.
Almost as soon as the Yeats family moved to London in 1887, Yeats became homesick. The new home, a dark squalid row house in a lower-middle-class neighborhood of Kensington, depressed the entire family, and Yeats often dreamt of returning to Ireland. However, Yeats finally found a measure of solace in the literary scene in London. Not more than a mile from the Yeats’s house lived William Morris , poet and father of the Arts and Crafts movement, whose large house and stables were a meeting ground for writers and artists. Morris befriended Yeats, and the poet wrote for Morris’s socialist magazine, Commonweal .
Yeats returned to Ireland in mid-August, 1887, and stayed there through the end of the year. During this time, he wrote his first major poem, “The Wanderings of Oisin,” crafted from Irish folklore. When Yeats returned to London in 1888, he deepened his associations with London’s writers, including Oscar Wilde and George Bernard Shaw . A few years later, along with Ernest Rhys, Yeats formed the Rhymers Club, founded to help young poets get their start. From this group, Yeats became involved with the Irish National Literary Society, whose members he sparred with on and off in the coming years. Yeats was also involved during this time with Madame Blavatsky’s Theosophical Society and later with the Hermetic Students of the Golden Dawn. Blavatsky was an occultist and major figure in England and Ireland in the late nineteenth century; her book, The Occult World , was wildly popular among artists and writers. Blavatsky held séances, practiced magic, and encouraged followers to pursue “union with the absolute.” Her emphasis on the spiritual aspects of existence resonated with Yeats’s own anti-materialist sentiments.
“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is one of Yeats’s earlier poems and also one of his best known. It is perhaps so widely known due to its universal subject matter, that of the conflict between youth and aging, and the longing for emotional escape. Author William York Tindall, in his book W. B. Yeats , terms “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” “a vision of escape.” However, some find the poem overly sentimental and prefer Yeats’s later poems. F. R. Leavis, in his book New Bearings in English Poetry: A Study of the Contemporary Situation, cites a statement by Yeats regarding his early poetry:
I tried after the publication of The Wanderings of Oisin to write of nothing but emotion, and in the simplest language, and now I have had to go through it all, cutting out or altering passages that are sentimental from lack of thought.
Edmund Wilson , in his book Alex’s Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870-1930 , explores the conflict between Yeats’s world of imagination in his poetry and the world of reality:
The world of imagination is shown us in Yeats’s early poetry as something infinitely delightful, infinitely seductive, as something to which one becomes delirious and drunken—and as something which is somehow incompatible with, and fatal to, the good life of that actual world which is so full of weeping and from which it is so sweet to withdraw.
Semansky is an instructor of English literature and composition whose essays, poems, and stories regularly appear in journals and magazines. In this essay, Semansky considers the relationship between self-image and daydreaming in Yeats’s poem.
Yeats’s poem is perhaps most interesting for what it does not say. Although the speaker expresses the desire to arise and “go to Innisfree,” he never explicitly states what it is that motivates this desire. This absence asks readers to infer what compels the speaker to be other than where he is. People often daydream when they are dissatisfied with their lives. They fantasize about how circumstances might be different and how new surroundings would make them more content, perhaps even how such a change would make them different persons. They see themselves in daydreams differently than they see themselves in their “waking” life. By examining the speaker’s daydream closely, readers can deduce the speaker’s current situation and speculate about his inspiration for writing the poem.
The opening line of the poem, repeated as the first line in the last stanza, tells readers what the speaker “will” do: “I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree.” Echoing the parable of the prodigal son in the New Testament (Luke: 15:18), which begins, “I will arise and go to my father,” Yeats, consciously or not, infuses his poem with religious weight. This choice suggests that the person Yeats would like to be is the one who returns home, fulfills his familial duties as a son, and yet nonetheless achieves his own separate identity as a poet. Yeats spent much of his youth in County Sligo, home to his mother’s family, but they were not particularly happy years. By picturing himself on Innisfree, an island on Lake Gill in Sligo, Yeats can, imaginatively, both return to the place of his childhood, effecting a kind of redemption, and yet remain separate from it.
In his biography of Yeats, Yeats: The Man and the Masks , Richard Ellmann notes that Yeats was in London when he wrote “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” and that despite the robust literary scene there, felt shy and out of place. Ellmann writes, “To a poor Irishman. .. it seemed alien and hostile.. . . Yeats often dreamed of beating a retreat to Sligo.” Ellmann sees Yeats’s homesickness as an unbearable desire, writing that Yeats
filled his poems and stories with dim, pale things, and longed to return to an island like Innisfree, where his “old care will cease” because an island was neither mainland nor water but something of both, and because the return to Sligo, though he knew it now to be impossible, would be a return to the prepubertal stage when his consciousness had not yet been split in two.
Some critics go as far as seeing the poem as a kind of death wish. Henry Merritt, for example, in his essay, “Rising and Going: The ‘Nature’ of Yeats’s ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree,’” argues that Sligo is closely linked with failure in Yeats’s imagination because it is home to Yeats’s maternal family, the Pollexfens of Sligo, who largely disliked the poet. A return to Sligo marked a surrender to the stodgy, provincial values of the Pollexfens, Merritt argues.
But Yeats never went to Innisfree; the poem remained at the level of a daydream, albeit one with specific benefits for the young poet. One of these is that he was able to grapple with the kind of person he was becoming by imagining the kind of person he might be. The imagery in the first stanza alludes to the life that Thoreau made for himself at Walden Pond. It is not only the kind of life that Thoreau lived, however, that Yeats is drawn to but also the kind of person Thoreau was. An American transcendentalist who championed civil liberties, Thoreau was known as much for his politics as he was for his nature writing. Yeats’s fantasy of living in a Walden-like hut, in Walden-like surroundings, then, is also a fantasy of being the kind of person who could bring about such a dream— strong, self-reliant, full of conviction and initiative. It is significant that Yeats wrote the poem in his early twenties, a time when most people are still struggling to carve out a place for themselves in the world.
In The Interpretation of Dreams , Freud claims that the purpose of creative writing is to fulfill both the author’s fantasies and the reader’s. Poets and fiction writers—those who traffic in fantasies, daydreams, and the world of the imagination—perform a kind of regulatory function for society, in that they give voice to fantasies that readers sometimes do not even know they have. “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” remains one of Yeats’s most popular poems because of this very fact. Readers vicariously participate in Yeat’s fantasy because it is such a popular and generic one. Although not everyone necessarily desires to live alone in a small cabin, the wish to live close to nature and away from the distractions of modern life is common, as is the wish to see one’s own self in the best possible light. Compared to Yeats’s later more modern poetry, the poem is sentimental and conventional, but these facts have also helped its popularity, as those very features make “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” accessible to more readers, meeting their expectations of what poetry should do.
Yeats moves from simply wishing he were elsewhere to coming up with a concrete plan for being there. The details in the first stanza read as a kind of blueprint for his Eden-like cabin. He imagines himself as a steward of the land and all the life on it. The second stanza, however, paints a more impressionistic scene. In addition to the cabin and “bee-loud glade,” the speaker will also find peace, “Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings.” Such emphasis on quiet and solitude tells readers something about what the speaker’s current life must be like: crowded, hectic, noisy. Living alone on an island in the midst of a lake is about as far away from those circumstances as possible. The imagery and figurative language of the second stanza also underscore the dreamy nature of the speaker’s fantasy, highlighting the distinction between the real and the imaginary, the present and the future, the city and the country.
Sights, sounds, touches, smells are often catalysts for memories, and the sound of fountain water on a busy London street has evoked the memory of Yeats’s childhood for him. The consuming nature of the speaker’s desire to leave his present situation and return to the setting of his childhood is evident in the last stanza, when he says, “for always
“Although not everyone necessarily desires to live in a small cabin, the wish to live close to nature and away from the distractions of modern life is common, as is the wish to see one’s own self in thebest possible light.”
night and day / I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore.” Such an aural hallucination underscores the intensity of Yeats’s memory of Lake Gill and what that memory now represents for him. It is significant that in his autobiography Yeats says the poem is the first he had written with anything of his “own music” in it, for it represents a maturing, both poetically and emotionally, of the poet’s relationship to his past and his own self image.
Source: Chris Semansky, Critical Essay on “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” in Poetry for Students , The Gale Group, 2002.
In the following essay, Hunter examines what Innisfree symbolizes to Yeats as a poet.
In an attempt to explain the nature of the attraction he feels toward the Devon farm he calls Thorn-combe, the protagonist of John Fowles ’ Daniel Martin refers to a passage in Restif de la Bretonne’s eighteenth-century romanced autobiography, Monsieur Nicholas , in which the speaker describes the feeling of total peace and joy found in a remote, lush, hidden valley in the Burgundian hills. Fowles’ protagonist, after pointing out that the Frenchman “baptized the place simply la bonne vaux : the valley of abundance, the sacred combe,” goes on to describe the general nature of such places as “outside the normal world, intensely private and enclosed, intensely green and fertile, numinous, haunted and haunting, dominated by a sense of magic that is also a sense of a mysterious yet profound parity in all existence.” In the context of Fowles’ novel, this section serves to illustrate
- Yeats was a playwright as well as a poet. To sample some of Yeats’s plays, read The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W. B. Yeats (1966), edited by Russell K. Alspach.
- In Yeats at Work (1965), Bradford Curtis examines selected manuscripts of Yeats, showing the progression of various poems through numerous revisions.
- Mario D’Avanzo compares “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” with “The Song of Solomon ” in his 1971 essay in The McNeese Review .
- Susan Johnston Graf’s 2000 study entitled W. B. Yeats: Twentieth-Century Magus examines Yeats’s membership in the Order of the Golden Dawn, an occultist group. Graf also documents Yeats’s magical practices and their relation to his work.
- To learn more about Innisfree itself, read Tadhg Kilgannon’s 1926 book, Sligo and Its Surroundings: A Descriptive and Pictorial Guide to the History, Scenery, Antiquities and Places of Interest in and around Sligo .
- Bernard G. Krimm’s W. B. Yeats and the Emergence of the Irish Free State , 1918–1939: Living in the Explosion (1981) examines Yeats’s writing and career in relation to Ireland’s drive to free itself of British control at the beginning of the twentieth century.
- Tom Mulvany’s essay entitled “The Genesis of a Lyric: Yeats’s ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’” explores how Yeats came to write the poem. It is part of the Winter 1965 volume of Texas Quarterly , pp. 160–64.
- Maire and Conor Cruise O’Brien’s Ireland: A Concise History (1972) presents a compact and unbiased history of Ireland, complete with informative photographs. Maire O’Brien is the daughter of Sean Mac Entee, veteran of the Rising of 1916 and former Irish politician.
- Many poets have parodied Yeats’s poem. One of the best-known parodies is Ezra Pound’s 1916 poem entitled “The Lake Isle.”
- A. G. Stock’s 1961 book from Cambridge University Press, W. B. Yeats: His Poetry and Thought , is one of the more useful and accessible critical introductions to the writer’s work.
- Oliver Stonor’s 1933 essay “Three Men of the West,” published in John o’ London’s Weekly , recounts the author’s trip to Innisfree to get a first-hand view of what inspired Yeats’s poem.
- In Builders and Makers: Occasional Studies (1944), Gilbert Thomas argues that Yeats never built a cabin on Innisfree because he was better off living the life of the imagination.
- Yeats was much influenced by Thoreau’s book Walden , originally published in 1854, and he alludes to a passage from the book in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.” Students would benefit from comparing Thoreau’s ideas on nature and the solitary life with those of Yeats.
- J. B. Yeats’s Letters to his Son W. B. Yeats and Others (1944) provides an intimate portrait in letters of the close friendship between Yeats and his father.
both the necessity for the artist to find a place of retreat and the fact that such places exist for him, as an artist and human being, not simply as geographic locations but also, and more importantly, as symbolic settings. La bonne vaux , while a physical place, is more importantly a state of mind in which the individual is linked by the significant details of his surrounding to a symbolic world that stretches beyond the boundaries of human time and space. In his description of the lake isle of Innisfree, W. B. Yeats presents his version of la bonne vaux , an ostensibly nostalgic description of a specific geographic location that, through the particular physical details and the symbolic force of those details, is transformed into a symbolic landscape. Like Daniel Martin’s Thorncombe and Monsieur Nicholas’ bonne vaux , Yeats’ lake isle is private and enclosed, in this case by the waters of Lough Gill. It is fertile, as the beans and bees clearly indicate. It is numinous, in that it is both a physical island and a state of mind created by that island. It is haunted by the mythical Tuatha da Danaan and is haunting to the speaker of the poem, as the last stanza clearly reveals. In fact, Yeat’s view of the island in his youth was dominated by the magical and mysterious story about the Tuatha da Danaan and the Danaan Quicken tree:
I planned to live some day in a cottage on a little island called Innisfree. .. I should live, as Thoreau lived, seeking wisdom. There was a story in the county history of a tree that had once grown upon that island guarded by some terrible monster and borne the food of the gods. A young girl pined for the fruit and told her lover to kill the monster and carry the fruit away. He did as he had been told, but tasted the fruit; and when he reached the mainland where she had waited for him, was dying of its powerful virtue. And from sorrow and from remorse she too ate of it and died. I do not remember whether I chose the island [as the proposed place of retreat] because of its beauty or for the story’s sake, but I was twenty-two or three before I gave up the dream.
Yeats’ attitude to the lake isle of Innisfree, then, is markedly similar to the attitude described by Fowles’ narrator in Daniel Martin . The importance of Yeats’ poem “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” a work often dismissed as a youthful, nostalgic, derivatively romantic lyric, lies in the very qualities that make the physical setting numinous for the author as young artist. Through a careful examination of the precise details and specific symbolism of the poem, one comes to see that, for the young Yeats, the retreat to the island of Innisfree is a journey in search of poetic wisdom and spiritual peace, a journey prompted by supernatural urgings, a journey in quest of identity within a tradition. The wisdom and peace that are the goal of the quest can only be realized through a poetic and spiritual grasp of the parity and even identity that exists between the legendary past of the Celtic world and the present, and of the presence of that past in the mind and spirit of the artist attuned to the numinous qualities of his particular bonne vaux .
Of the genesis of the poem and of its relationship to Yeats’ development as a poet we know a great deal. By the time the poem began to take shape, some time late in 1888, the young poet had already published Poems and Ballads of Young Ireland (Dublin, 1888), and Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish
“... for the young Yeats, the retreat to the island of Innisfree is a journey in search of poetic wisdom and spiritual peace, a journey prompted by supernatural urgings, a journey in quest of identity within a tradition”.
Peasantry (Dublin, 1888), and was about to publish his first major volume of verse based on the Irish legends he had heard and learned during his frequent visits with his mother’s parents in Sligo, The Wanderings of Oisin and other Poems (London, 1889). Although his thorough involvement in the Celtic Renaissance would not bear significant poetic fruit until the latter part of the 1890s, it is clear from the poems written in the early part of the decade, and indeed in the latter 1880s, that Yeats was fully aware of the poetic potential of the Celtic legends of Ireland and of his relationship, as poet, to the Celtic tradition. The specific background of “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is made clear for us both by the commentaries of Jeffares and Alspach and by Yeats’ own autobiographical comments. His familiarity with the connection between the Tuatha da Danaan and the island of Innisfree is clear from the passage from the Autobiographies cited above. Yeats had gleaned the legend of the Danaan Quicken tree from William Gregory Wood-Martin’s History of Sligo (1882) and seems to have used the idea of a plant or tree sacred to the Celtic gods not only as the basis for the poem “The Danaan Quicken Tree” but also, with some transformation, in the bean rows of the poem under examination here. The early version of the poem, sent to Katharine Tynan in 1888, contains the text of the first two stanzas, including the details of the dwelling of clay and wattles, the bee hives and bean rows, and mention of the sounds and colours of the island. It lacks, however, the final stanza, the stanza that pulls the poem together and gives it its specific context and direction. Yeats tells us about the genesis of the final stanza—if not the entire poem—in the Autobiographies:
I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem “Innisfree,” my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music.
The first printed version of the work appeared in The National Observer for 13 December, 1890, and the poem was then reprinted in The Book of the Rhymers’ Club (London, 1892), and The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics (London, 1892), without substantive changes. Yeats then included the poem in more than twenty collections of his works published between 1892 and the time of his death, again without substantive changes. Given that Yeats was constantly—and not always productively—revising his early work, it is significant that this poem was left virtually untouched through almost fifty years in which it could have been altered. This lack of tampering or revising seems to argue for its being one of the few early poems that Yeats considered to have achieved, in his eyes, its perfect expression at an early point in his poetic development. It is also significant to note that, with the exception of its inclusion in the first two collections, it does not appear in any of the works that Yeats organized around a particular thematic principle. Rather, it stands as a single, isolated work, a world unto itself, which seems to argue for its being considered a central statement in his poetic development. Interesting though the genesis and printing history of the poem might be, however, it is in the content of the poem, in the rich symbolic and mythic matrices for the work, that its major importance lies.
Stylistically speaking, the poem is not remarkable. It clearly shows, in its fascination with detail, the influence of the Pre-Raphaelitism of the Rhymers’ Club, and also demonstrates, in its succession of three fairly regular quatrains, the influence of the lyrics of the Romantics. The first stanza, after describing the basic motivation of the speaker, goes on to give details of the habitation he will build in his retreat. The second stanza then details the benefits that he will derive from his solitary existence. The final stanza then adds urgency by contrasting the images of the rural retreat with the bustle of urban life, thereby strengthening the motivation behind the resolution expressed in the first line. In form, then, the poem is a simple nostalgic lyric expressing the speaker’s desire to find a kind of peace in a place of rural solitude he has known in his youth. Aside from some minor metrical effects, there is nothing in the form and structure of the poem to indicate a departure from tradition in the work. The music of which Yeats speaks in the Autobiographies is heard not through the form of the poem but rather through the symbolic dimensions of the imagery, and one of those dimensions is seen in the role of the speaker. The speaker in the poem is presented as a seeker or questor. The initial line, with its ironic echo of the prodigal son ’s resolution, strengthens this notion, as does the double mention of the roadway in line 11. The actual location described in the first two stanzas of the poem, both in terms of the times mentioned and the specific details of geographical location, strengthens the idea that the speaker is seeking something more than a place in which to relax. The particular physical details that are provided in the first two stanzas describe not only an actual place but also a state of mind achieved because of the place. The description of time in the second stanza, with its double mention of evening and midnight, also stresses that the place is one in which mental and not physical vision is the important factor. The poem is presented, furthermore, through a first-person speaker. The air of immediacy created through the use of this kind of narrative voice amplifies the subjectivity of the utterance and stresses the importance of the dream or vision to the speaker himself. The retreat to Innisfree will be a solitary retreat; but it will be one that links the speaker, through the visions described, with his natural and, from what we know about the mythic significance of the island, supernatural world. The simplicity of rhetorical devices in the poem has, at once, a charm and yet an archaic air. The simplicity serves to stress the romantic nostalgia of the poem, but the deliberate archaisms—archaisms that, although he later repudiated them, Yeats did not choose to change—link the poem to the past, to the traditions of a day gone by and yet still present in the setting described. It is in the imagery and the allusions of the poem, though, more than in the type of speaker, choice of verse form, or particular rhetorical techniques, that Yeats makes his strongest statement, a statement that links the subjective speaker of the poem to a tradition that, because it stretches back to the Celtic vision both of the significance of the lake isle of Innisfree and of the role of the poet/hermit, objectifies the experience at the core of the work.
One of the central allusions in the poem, however, seems initially to have little to do with the Celtic. In describing the crops of the island, Yeats specifically mentions two things: honey and beans. Although the latter may seem out of place, when one remembers the two passages in the Autobiographies that refer directly to the poem, one notes that, in both cases, Yeats mentions Thoreau, the bean-cultivating hermit of Walden pond. Yeats’ youthful desire was to live “in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree”, “to live, as Thoreau did, seeking wisdom.” Thoreau tells us that, when he went to Walden Pond, he was “determined to know beans.” As Thoreau’s editor points out, “A common expression in New England is ‘He doesn’t know beans,’ meaning the person is ignorant.” To put it another way, to know beans is to be wise. Hence one can see that it is possible for Yeats to have equated, tropologically, Thoreau’s cultivation of beans with his pursuit of wisdom. In speaking of Walden Pond, Thoreau comments on the memories he has of a childhood visit there, of his awareness of those who dwelt there in the past, of his awareness of the birds and animals there, of the fact that gardening has long been a venerated occupation of intelligent men, and of the connection between gardening and ritual, of the connection between farming and the making of a better mankind. Familiar with Thoreau’s work, the young Yeats was also familiar with the way in which Thoreau saw the retreat to a childhood-visited rural setting and the occupation of oneself in gardening as tropes for the poetic retreat in search of wisdom. In his nostalgic lyric description of Innisfree, Yeats carefully points out his awareness of the birds there, of the speaker’s occupation as a gardener, and of the peace that comes from such an occupation in such a place. To connect the retreat to Innisfree with Thoreau’s retreat to Walden in search of wisdom, Yeats carefully includes not only the mention of the honeybee, traditionally a symbol of industry, culture, and wisdom, but also the bean plant. Through this latter image, one sees a connection between Yeats’ retreat and Thoreau’s that places the former’s retreat into a particular symbolic context. Through the references to Thoreau in the Autobiographies , then, and through the image of the bean in the first stanza, one sees a close connection between the nature and objectives of the hermit of Walden Pond and the speaker in Yeats’ poem. Yet the context of the retreat to Innisfree is more specifically defined through the connections that the location has with particular aspects of Celtic folklore, another branch of the tree of knowledge with which Yeats was quite familiar.
Writing in The Speaker in 1893, Yeats remarked that “Folklore is at once the Bible, the Thirty-nine articles, and the Book of Common Prayer , as well nigh all the great poets have lived by its light, Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, and even Dante, Goethe, and Keats, were little more than folk-lorists with musical tongues.” Yeats’ interest in folk-lore had already led him to publish Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry (London, 1888) and to use the material of Irish folk mythology as the basis of many of the selections in Poems and Ballads of Young Ireland (Dublin, 1888) and The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems (London, 1889). As Daniel Hoffman remarks in his recent study of Yeats, Graves, and Muir—three poets who developed from their awareness of folk-lore a particularly coherent and compelling personal mythology that links the individual to the tradition—:
Not only ballad tradition but folk beliefs in the supernatural and the body of myths and legends from the Irish Heroic Age contributed subjects to [Yeats’] poems and plays. His firsthand observation, when a youth, of the folklore beliefs in the West of Ireland comprised his initial experience of the spiritual reality denied by the deterministic philosophy of the day.. . Critics have little heeded Yeats’ tenacity in holding and remolding the folk beliefs with which he started out. Much though he remade his style and changed his attitudes toward life, he did not repudiate this first area of his experience and research. Instead he found ways to change his use of it to conform with the evolution of his art and of his thought.
Yeats’ awareness of folk belief is connected with his desire to retreat to Innisfree, as the Autobiographies show. After recounting the legend of the Danaan Quicken Tree, he remarks: “I do not remember whether I chose the island [of Innisfree for my retreat] because of its beauty or for the story’s sake …” Although the former may be sufficient reason in itself, the latter is more pressing in terms of the symbolism of the poem. The dominance of the Tuatha da Danaan in Yeats’ poetic imagination forms a link between the young poet, the folk mythologies, and the island of Innisfree that stretches throughout Yeats’ verse. The Tuatha da Danaan, as one folklorist points out, were early invaders of Ireland, closely schooled in the Druidic mysteries. Defeated by the Sons of Míl, they made a deal with the Gaels whereby the Gaels were left to control the upper or human world and the Tuatha da Danaan were left to rule the world under ground, from which world they controlled magic and led a life largely independent of human society. They are creatures of the ‘other world.’ “Theirs is an idealised, magic counterpart of the natural world into which mortal men rarely intrude except by invitation or by accident.” “The Hosting of the Sidhe,” the first poem in Yeats’ The Wind Among the Reeds (London, 1899), has a lengthy headnote in which Yeats gives a lengthy description of the Tuatha da Danaan, or “the Sidhe … the people of the Faery Hills.” In that head-note Yeats comments, in a passage that deals with the contact between the human world and the world of the Tuatha da Danaan, that “If any one becomes too much interested in them [the people of the Sidhe, the Tuatha da Danaan], and sees them over much, he loses all interest in ordinary things. I shall write a great deal elsewhere about such enchanted persons …” As we shall see in a moment, the speaker in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” may very well be one of those “enchanted persons,” but to grasp the full significance of the enchantment and its connection with the artist’s pursuit of wisdom and peace, we must look further into the origins of the Tuatha da Danaan.
Robert Graves remarks in The White Goddess , that “According to legend, the Danaans had come to Britain [and to Ireland] from Greece by way of Denmark to which they had given the name of their goddess…” At another point in his discussion of their origins, Graves describes the Tuatha da Danaan as “ Bronze Age Pelasgians expelled from Greece in the middle of the second millenium…” He further identifies Danu, their goddess, with the pre-Achean goddess Danaë of Argos, a figure he sees as one of the many embodiments of the White Goddess. Yeats remarks, when speaking of Danu and her followers, that “The old Gaelic literature is full of appeals of the Tribes of the goddess Danu to … mortals whom they would bring into their country …” It would appear, then, that the Tuatha da Danaan exist as a tribe of fairy people intimately connected with the legendary history of Ireland, who still inhabit the land, and who are interested, from time to time, in luring those mortals interested in them into their enchanted faery otherworld. The enchantment that the speaker in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” feels may indeed be seen as a form in that lure. Yeats says in the Autobiographies that he recalled Innisfree when he heard the water in the fountain. The speaker in the poem, on the other hand, hears the insistent lapping sound of lake water, a sound that is closely connected with the Tuatha da Danaan:
To this day the Tribes of the goddess Danu that are in the waters beckon to men … The people of the waters have been in all ages beautiful and changeable and lascivious, or beautiful and wise and lonely, for water is everywhere the signature of the fruitfulness of the body and of the fruitfulness of dreams.
The call felt by the speaker in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” may indeed, given the symbolic contexts of the poem, by a call from the fairy people to whom Innisfree was once a holy place, because of the Danaan Quicken tree. In his headnote to the discarded poem “The Danaan Quicken Tree”, a poem published originally in The Bookman in 1893, Yeats mentions the tree that he speaks of at greater length in his recounting of the legend of the tree in the Autobiographies . Yeats’ knowledge of Irish folklore in general, then, and his particular awareness of the connection between the Tuatha da Danaan and the lake isle of Innisfree, would argue for a close connection in his mind between the luring habits of the Tuatha da Danaan and the island itself. The peace that comes to the person who inhabits the island, then, is a peace that derives from a poetic, a spiritual grasp of the tradition and the traditional powers of the ancient fairy people to whom the island was once a sacred spot. The vegetation of the island, furthermore, is of particular importance to its sacred nature. The retreat to the lake isle of Innisfree, then, is not only a poetic retreat in pursuit of wisdom but also a retreat in search of and possibly in response to the urgings of the goddess Danu. The direct link between wisdom, Innisfree, and the Tuatha da Danaan becomes quite clear when one examines closely the detailed description that the poet provides of the habitation his speaker will build there and of the particular horticultural pursuits in which he will engage.
In the first stanza of the poem, the speaker argues that he will build himself a small cabin out of clay and wattles in a setting that has echoes of Eden, of Thoreau’s hermitage at Walden Pond, and of the sacred combe of Restif de la Bretonne’s Monsieur Nicholas . In the description of the building materials to be used for the cabin one sees not just the traditional building materials of the rural peasant but also a connection between the world of man and the world of the Tuatha da Danaan. The cabin is to be built of clay and wattles. Clay, being a material linked symbolically with man, needs no explication. The wattles, on the other hand, carry with them a symbolic association that links them with Celtic mythology and specifically with the Aes Sidhe , the Tuatha da Danaan. It was the people of the sidhe who were responsible for building the circular hill forts known as raths or Dane Raths, the basic component of which structures was wattles from the hazel tree. Robert Graves points out that, in Celtic mythology, “the hazel was the Bile Ratha , ‘the venerated tree of the rath’—the rath in which the poetic Aes Sidhe lived”. He also indicates, though, that “with the ancient Irish the tree of eloquence and wisdom was the hazel.” Hence it appears that the type of cabin that Yeats’ speaker plans to build is closely linked both to the “poetic Aes Sidhe ” and to the matters of eloquence and wisdom. Yeats’ choice of particular detail in this case directs the reader to a specific connection between the apparently simple descriptive surface and the actual symbolic depth of the poem. The connection between the Aes Sidhe and the speaker in “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is further elaborated when one considers the horticultural aspect of the Innisfree garden or grove. The “hive for the honeybee” draws in the traditional symbolism of the bee as a figure associated with sweetness and light, with culture and wisdom; but the key reference in the third line is to the “Nine bean-rows.”
Critics have puzzled for some time over the precision of detail in this reference and over the particular significance both of the number used and the bean itself. One critic explains the precise detail in terms of Yeats’ stylistic affinities at the time the poem was written:
Another poem of Yeats which seems to imitate a Pre-Raphaelite painting is ‘She Dwelt among the Sycamores,’ … Here it is the insistence upon ‘precision’ of coloring and number, and upon a microscopic focus in general which marks the tell-tale Pre-Raphaelite objective of ‘truth to nature.’ The single ‘ash-grey feather’; the ‘six feet / lapped in the lemon daffodils’; the ‘four eyes’—all these represent the practice of artistic principles which began with the seven stars of the Blessed Damozel’s crown and reached as far as the ‘nine bean rows’ of the Lake Isle.
Though Eddins may be correct about the stylistic source of the precision in the lines, he does not answer the question about the reasons for Yeats’ choice of the plant or the number of rows. Alspach suggests a reason in a somewhat facetious fashion when he states that “one clever Yeats Freudian-critic has said of the nine bean-rows of the third line of ‘The Lake Isle of Innisfree’: that undoubtedly they symbolize the nine months of pregnancy.” A deeper searching of the Celtic mythology that plays such a large part in Yeats’ poetry reveals a much more plausable reason for the use both of the bean and of the number nine. The number can be explained by examining further the reference to the wattles of the cabin. The number nine, Graves remarks, is “traditionally associated with Coll, the hazel, the tree of Wisdom …” He further comments that “The letter Coll was used as the Bardic numeral nine—because nine is the number sacred to the Muses and because the hazel fruits after nine years.” He also points out the close connection in Celtic mythology between the hazel tree, the number nine, and poetic wisdom:
The ninth tree is the hazel, in the nutting season. The nut in Celtic legend is always an emblem of concentrated wisdom: something sweet, compact and sustaining enclosed in a small hard shell. .. The Rennes Dinnshechas . .. describes a beautiful fountain called Connla’s Well, near Tipperary, over which hung the nine hazels of poetic art which produced flowers and fruit (i.e. beauty and wisdom) simultaneously. As the nuts dropped into the well they fed the salmon swimming in it, and whatever number of nuts any of them swallowed, so many bright spots appeared on its body. All the knowledge of the arts and sciences was bound up with the eating of these nuts.
In the poem Yeats has specified the number nine and has already mentioned the “wattles” for which the hazel has been traditionally prized. Since Innisfree was the place on which grew the Danaan Quicken tree, whose fruit was ‘able to endow [mortals] with more than mortal powers”, since Yeats himself states that the wisdom provided by the Tuatha da Danaan is “the wisdom of the fools of Celtic stories, that is above all the wisdom of the wise”, and since the hazel nut is connected with wisdom, it is logical to assume that Yeats’ choice of the number nine is a reflection of his awareness of its connection with the numerology of Celtic mythology in general and its connection with wisdom in particular. This argument is supported by Yeats’ use of the bean as well. Yeats’ speaker does not plant or cultivate hazel trees, but bean rows. Yet the bean, as was mentioned earlier in connection with Thoreau, is also associated with wisdom: to know beans is to be wise. In this context, it would seem that the bean, like the hazel nut something “compact and sustaining” enclosed in a seed pod, is being used as a tropological analogue for the hazel nut. When one realizes that the bean is, as well, connected with poetic wisdom and with magic, the argument gains greater force. The bean has traditionally been associated with magic and with the supernatural: “Pliny in his Natural History records the belief that the souls of the dead reside in beans. According to the Scottish poet Montgomerie (1605), witches rode on bean stalks to their sabbaths.” The bean is also as Graves further suggests, scared to the White Goddess and therefore associated with poetic wisdom. From this group of folk-lore connections, it would appear that the reason for the choice of the particular detail in the third line of the poem lies in the associations made with the numerological significance of the number nine—both in classical and Celtic mythology—and with the relationship between beans and poetic wisdom on the one hand and the hazel nut and poetic wisdom on the other. The “peace” that comes “dropping slow”, then, is the peace that comes from the wisdom gained from the bean rows. In the Autobiographies Yeats argues that he dreamt of returning to Innisfree to “live, as Thoreau lived, seeking wisdom.” In the poem under examination here the particular nature of the wisdom sought is clarified when one examines the symbolic and mythological connections and allusions of the first stanza of the poem and realizes that the wisdom that is gained in the “bee-loud glade” is a spiritual wisdom, a wisdom “above all the wisdom of the wise”, a wisdom of a poetic character that is gained through an association with the magic and the mystery surrounding the Tuatha da Danaan and the poet who answers the call of the fairy people.
Whereas the first stanza of the poem establishes the general nature of the bonne vaux or sacred combe, the second stanza delineates the benefits derived therefrom. The peace that descends on the speaker in the second stanza is not described in explicit detail, but the colouring and tonality of the stanza, as well as the presence of the linnet, suggest that it is more than a sense of physical relaxation. On a superficial level the imagery of the stanza suggests a quiet rural Irish scene, complete with linnets at evening, mist in the morning, and particular colourations in the skies. The presence of the linnet, however, suggests that the peace achieved is more than physical repose. The linnet occurs in only one other poem by Yeats, “A Prayer for my Daughter,” written some thirty years after the composition of “The Lake Isle of Innisfree.” In the “Prayer” the linnet functions as a symbol for the purity and sweetness Yeats hopes will be his daughter’s lot:
May she become a flourishing hidden tree
That all her thoughts may like the linnet be,
And have no business but dispensing round
Their magnanimities of sound …
The linnet, like the bees in the first stanza of “The Lake Isle of Innisfree,” is connected with sweetness and beauty. In the second stanza, it is the sound and the sight of the linnet’s wings that attracts the speaker, and in this case suggests an analogy of a spiritual nature, drawing on the traditional association of birds with the soul. This would suggest that the peace achieved through intercourse with the Aes Sidhe is a peace that transcends the merely physical and stands sharply in contrast with the urban, mundane images of the final stanza of the poem.
In the final stanza we are returned from the speaker’s world of reverie to the world of reality. The resolution of the poem’s first line is reiterated, but this time with an insistence not present in the somewhat nostalgic initial statement. Instead we find that now the motivation to return to Innisfree is there “Always night and day” because of the sound of lake water. “To this day the Tribes of the goddess Danu that are in the waters beckon to men …” Yet the beckoning comes not to the physical ear; instead it is heard by “the deep heart’s core.” The sound that lures the speaker back to Innisfree is less a sound that is audible to the physical ear than a prompting to the ear of the spirit. The speaker is drawn back to Innisfree by the fairy magic of the tribes of the goddess Danu. In the choice of words and the use of images in the final stanza, Yeats skillfully makes explicit a contrast both between the rural and the urban and between the physical and the spiritual that has been implicit in the first two stanzas. In reading the final stanza the reader comes to see the noumenal nature of Innisfree.
Through an examination of the precise detail and specific symbolism of “The Lake Isle of Innisfree” the reader can come to see that, for Yeats, this small island in Lough Gill, just “opposite Slish Wood”, is more than just a physical place and that the desire to return to that spot is more than simply the homesick reaction of a young man far from his native soil. When one stops seeing the speaker as the author, when one stops viewing the poem simply as a nostalgic lyric, when one looks instead at the poem as an expression of the nature of the artist and his relationship to both the physical and symbolic aspects of his nature, land, and tradition, one begins to see that the lake isle of Innisfree is more than a place; like Byzantium, Innisfree is a state of being. Like Daniel Martin’s Thorncombe, like the Burgundian valley of Monsieur Nicholas , Innisfree is another bonne vaux , a valley of abundance, a sacred combe. In that it is an island, and in that it is enchanted, it is beyond the normal world. As an island it is surrounded by the wall of water, and as a magic place it is enclosed by its superstitions. Green and fertile, it clearly is both a physical garden and a garden or nursery of the spirit. As the former site of the Danaan Quicken tree, it is haunted by the children of the goddess Danu and still exercises its haunting power on those few who will listen through the sound of the lake waters that lap its shores. It is thereby dominated not only by a sense of nostalgia but also by a sense of the magical and mysterious way in which the Aes Sidhe , through the wattles of the dwelling, through the nine bean rows, through the power that the Celtic tradition displays, still influence the life of man. For Yeats, the speaker’s return to Innisfree is a journey in search of poetic wisdom and spiritual peace, a wisdom and peace that can be realized through a poetic and spiritual grasp of the parity that exists between the legendary past of Ireland and the present day, between the tradition and the mind that the spirit of the poet who is attuned to the numinous qualities of la bonne vaux .
Source: C. Stuart Hunter, “Return to la bonne vaux : The Symbolic Significance of Innisfree,” in Modern Language Studies , Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer 1984, pp. 70–81.
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Thoreau, Henry David, Walden: An Annotated Edition , edited by Walter Harding, Houghton Mifflin, 1995.
Tindall, William York, W. B. Yeats , Columbia University Press, 1966, p. 31.
Wilson, Edmund, “W. B. Yeats,” in Alex’s Castle: A Study in the Imaginative Literature of 1870–1930 , Charles Scribner’s, 1931, pp. 26–63.
Yeats, W. B., The Autobiography of William Butler Yeats , Collier, 1967.
Alldritt, Keith, W. B. Yeats: The Man and the Milieu , Clark-son Potter Publishers, 1997.
This is a very accessible study of the ways in which Yeats carefully constructed his public image as poet, nationalist, and literary activist. Alldritt explores the ways in which Yeats’s social environment contributed to his identity.
Graves, Robert, The Common Asphodel: Collected Essays on Poetry, 1922–1949 , Hamilton, 1949, pp. 186–88.
Graves’s reading of Yeats’s poem is one of the harshest pieces of criticism written about it.
Jeffares, Norman A., W. B. Yeats: A New Biography , Farrar Straus Giroux, 1988.
This is Jeffares second biography of Yeats. His first appeared just ten years after the poet’s death. In this biography, Jeffares charts the stages of Yeats’s career, telling the story of his turbulent personal and public lives.
Poetry for Students | https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/lake-isle-innisfree | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | The Lake Isle of Innisfree | I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade .
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
" The Lake Isle of Innisfree " is a twelve-line poem comprising three quatrains , written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890. It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932.
"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival : it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics. [1] It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France . [2] The poem is featured in Irish passports . [3]
Lake Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in Ireland , near which Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism—"Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza." [4]
The twelve-line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats's earlier lyric poems. The poem expresses the speaker's longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting. He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the "lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore." On this small island, he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives, by enjoying the "purple glow" of heather at noon, the sounds of birds' wings, and, of course, the bees. He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau, the American Transcendentalist , lived at Walden Pond. During Yeats's lifetime it was—to his annoyance—one of his most popular poems, and on one occasion was recited (or sung) in his honor by two (or ten—accounts vary) thousand Boy Scouts. [5] The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body (food and shelter); the second to the needs of the spirit (peace); the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life (memory) with the physical world (pavement grey). [ citation needed ]
- Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928.
- Seattle, WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including "The Shrine/An Argument", "Isles" and "Bedouin Dress".
- American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem.
- Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats (published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza, 1986), composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa.
- Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece: a recording of it is featured on Anúna's album Invocation . [6]
- Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called " The Lake Isle ."
- Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers.
- Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album Conversations with Ghosts .
- Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album This is the Day (United Artist Records, 1974).
- "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is part of the song cycle 5 Songs on Poems by W. B. Yeats composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee.
- A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916, An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS , a song cycle, both composed by Richard B. Evans (published by Seacastle Music Company, 1995).
- A choral setting for treble voices by Canadian composer Eleanor Joanne Daley published by Oxford University Press .
- The text was set to a choral piece for SATB and hammered dulcimer , composed by Shawn Kirchner and published by Boosey & Hawkes.
- In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World (Part 2) , Dr. William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) narrates the first stanza of the poem, alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God.
- In the film Million Dollar Baby , directed by Clint Eastwood , Frankie Dunn (portrayed by Eastwood) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald ( Hilary Swank ) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken.
- In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out , Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train.
- John Ford's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man (1952) is set in "Inisfree" and clearly takes Yeats's poem as one of its principal subtexts.
- Hard rock band Sir Lord Baltimore has a song called "Lake Isle of Innersfree," presumably inspired by Yeats's poem. It appears on their 1970 LP Kingdom Come .
- In the song "The Shrine/An Argument" by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song's final lyric: "Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze." The band also mentions Innisfree in their song "Bedouin Dress" on the same album, saying frequently: "One day at Innisfree, one day that's mine there" and "Just to be at Innisfree again".
- In the song " Yeats ' Grave" by Irish band The Cranberries there is a line that says "And you sit here with me, in the Isle Innisfree".
- The poem inspired Philip Gates's "The Lake Isle" for oboe and piano.
- The folksinger, songwriter, and actor Hamilton Camp released a beautiful version called "Innisfree" on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Elektra Records .
- Composer Ola Gjeilo composed a choral song named "The Lake Isle" based on the poem. [7]
- In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter "London" and the last in the chapter "Clear Island."
- The third book in Nicolas Freeling 's Henri Castang series is Lake Isle , with explicit reference to Yeats's poem.
- J. B. Priestley closes his 1932 essay "At Thurston's" by declaring that watching a billiards match at Thurston's Hall is "as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square."
- South Korean cosmetic brand Innisfree takes its name from the poem.
- Canadian singer-songwriter Christine Fellows mentions reading Yeats to hens in the song "The Spinster's Almanac," singing "who wouldn't like to wake up on the Isle of Innisfree/ To muck about that bee-loud glade like he?"
- Scottish songwriter and musician Jackie Leven released an album titled For Peace Comes Dropping Slow (1997), Haunted Valley – reissued by Cooking Vinyl (2004). The title comes from the first line of the second quatrain.
- The song "Bedouin Dress" by the American indie folk band Fleet Foxes makes several references to Innisfree. Robin Pecknold, the band's lead singer/songwriter, sings in the 2nd verse: 'And believe me it's not easy when I look back / Everything I took I'd soon return / Just to be at Innisfree again / All of the sirens are driving me over the stern / Just to be at Innisfree again." Moreover, the song includes (and concludes) with the refrain, "One day at Innisfree / One day that's mine there." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | The Lake Isle of Innisfree | I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade .
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
" The Lake Isle of Innisfree " is a twelve-line poem comprising three quatrains , written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890. It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932.
"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival : it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics. [1] It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France . [2] The poem is featured in Irish passports . [3]
Lake Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in Ireland , near which Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism—"Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza." [4]
The twelve-line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats's earlier lyric poems. The poem expresses the speaker's longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting. He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the "lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore." On this small island, he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives, by enjoying the "purple glow" of heather at noon, the sounds of birds' wings, and, of course, the bees. He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau, the American Transcendentalist , lived at Walden Pond. During Yeats's lifetime it was—to his annoyance—one of his most popular poems, and on one occasion was recited (or sung) in his honor by two (or ten—accounts vary) thousand Boy Scouts. [5] The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body (food and shelter); the second to the needs of the spirit (peace); the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life (memory) with the physical world (pavement grey). [ citation needed ]
- Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928.
- Seattle, WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including "The Shrine/An Argument", "Isles" and "Bedouin Dress".
- American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem.
- Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats (published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza, 1986), composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa.
- Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece: a recording of it is featured on Anúna's album Invocation . [6]
- Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called " The Lake Isle ."
- Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers.
- Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album Conversations with Ghosts .
- Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album This is the Day (United Artist Records, 1974).
- "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is part of the song cycle 5 Songs on Poems by W. B. Yeats composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee.
- A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916, An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS , a song cycle, both composed by Richard B. Evans (published by Seacastle Music Company, 1995).
- A choral setting for treble voices by Canadian composer Eleanor Joanne Daley published by Oxford University Press .
- The text was set to a choral piece for SATB and hammered dulcimer , composed by Shawn Kirchner and published by Boosey & Hawkes.
- In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World (Part 2) , Dr. William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) narrates the first stanza of the poem, alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God.
- In the film Million Dollar Baby , directed by Clint Eastwood , Frankie Dunn (portrayed by Eastwood) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald ( Hilary Swank ) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken.
- In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out , Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train.
- John Ford's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man (1952) is set in "Inisfree" and clearly takes Yeats's poem as one of its principal subtexts.
- Hard rock band Sir Lord Baltimore has a song called "Lake Isle of Innersfree," presumably inspired by Yeats's poem. It appears on their 1970 LP Kingdom Come .
- In the song "The Shrine/An Argument" by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song's final lyric: "Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze." The band also mentions Innisfree in their song "Bedouin Dress" on the same album, saying frequently: "One day at Innisfree, one day that's mine there" and "Just to be at Innisfree again".
- In the song " Yeats ' Grave" by Irish band The Cranberries there is a line that says "And you sit here with me, in the Isle Innisfree".
- The poem inspired Philip Gates's "The Lake Isle" for oboe and piano.
- The folksinger, songwriter, and actor Hamilton Camp released a beautiful version called "Innisfree" on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Elektra Records .
- Composer Ola Gjeilo composed a choral song named "The Lake Isle" based on the poem. [7]
- In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter "London" and the last in the chapter "Clear Island."
- The third book in Nicolas Freeling 's Henri Castang series is Lake Isle , with explicit reference to Yeats's poem.
- J. B. Priestley closes his 1932 essay "At Thurston's" by declaring that watching a billiards match at Thurston's Hall is "as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square."
- South Korean cosmetic brand Innisfree takes its name from the poem.
- Canadian singer-songwriter Christine Fellows mentions reading Yeats to hens in the song "The Spinster's Almanac," singing "who wouldn't like to wake up on the Isle of Innisfree/ To muck about that bee-loud glade like he?"
- Scottish songwriter and musician Jackie Leven released an album titled For Peace Comes Dropping Slow (1997), Haunted Valley – reissued by Cooking Vinyl (2004). The title comes from the first line of the second quatrain.
- The song "Bedouin Dress" by the American indie folk band Fleet Foxes makes several references to Innisfree. Robin Pecknold, the band's lead singer/songwriter, sings in the 2nd verse: 'And believe me it's not easy when I look back / Everything I took I'd soon return / Just to be at Innisfree again / All of the sirens are driving me over the stern / Just to be at Innisfree again." Moreover, the song includes (and concludes) with the refrain, "One day at Innisfree / One day that's mine there." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | Lake Isle Of Innisfree: History, Tours + 2023 Info | Ah, the Lake Isle of Innisfree.
Many will have heard of Innisfree Island from the poem by W.B. Yeats, but many don’t realise that it’s actually a real place!
Well, it is, and you can visit it! Below, you’ll find info on getting to the island, the Yeats connection and more.
Table of Contents
So, getting near Innisfree Island can cause a bit of confusion, so it’s worth taking 20 seconds to read the points below, first:
The Isle of Innisfree is a small, wild, and uninhabited island less than 100 metres from the southern shore of Lough Gill in County Sligo.
The famous Irish poet W.B. Yeats wrote a 12-line poem called “The Lake Isle of Innisfree”. The poem, which was first published in 1890 was inspired by Yeats’ childhood summers which were spent in the area.
The Rose of Innisfree is a tour company with 1-hour boat tours departing from Parke’s Castle. Their tours pass by many of Lough Gill’s wonderful sights including the Lake Isle of Innisfree (info below).
The Lough Gill Drive is a 40km loop around the lake’s perimeter. The Innisfree Island is a popular spot along the way alongside other attractions like Parke’s Castle and Dooney Rock.
Innisfree Island is one of the more popular attractions in Sligo amongst visiting culture vultures. This is thanks to its part in the famous W.B. Yeats’ poem of the same name .
W.B. Yeats was a key figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and his Lake Isle poem was an attempt to create a form of Irish poetry that didn’t follow the standards set by English poetry critics.
The critically acclaimed poem is an ode to returning to nature and a peaceful life, and Yeats’ inspiration came while walking down busy Fleet Street in London when the sound of a fountain brought him back to his childhood by the lake.
The island is a far cry from your usual tourist attraction, but visitors go to take in its beauty and tranquil atmosphere whilst reflecting on the words of one of the country’s most famous poems.
The Rose of Innisfree has daily 1-hour tours that depart from Parke’s Castle at 12:30pm, with additional summer sailings from Dooley Park at 1:30pm in the summer.
Tickets cost €20 for adults, €10 for children (ages five to 16, children aged four and under go free), €18 for students/OAP, and €50 for families (prices may change).
Their 72-seater vessel is equipped for all kinds of weather, with a covered deck below, an open-air deck above, and a full bar service for drinks and snacks.
During the tour, there’s commentary about the area as well as poetry readings of some of Yeat’s best work.
One of the beauties of Innisfree Island is that it’s a short spin away from many of the best places to visit in Leitrim and Sligo.
Below, you’ll find a handful of things to see and do a stone’s throw from Innisfree.
The Creevelea Friary, founded in 1508, was one of the last abbeys built in the country before King Henry VIII dissolved all monasteries in England and Ireland. It remained in use until the 17th century, when the Franciscan monks were expelled by the Cromwellian army. The beautiful ruins are on a small hill that overlooks the River Bonet.
Parke’s Castle, on the northern shores of Lough Gill, is a beautifully restored castle with a rich past. The castle is open seasonally from late March to October, and guests can enjoy 45-minute guided tours. The north-west pigeon tower has lovely views into the courtyard below and the surrounding countryside.
Union Wood is a large mixed wood forest with two waymarked walking loops, the Oakwood Trail and the Union Rock Trail. The Oakwood trail is the easier of the two, and the 5.5km trail is a gentle walk on the edge of old oak woodland, with lovely Ox Mountain, Ballygawley Lake, and Knocknarea views.
We’ve had a lot of questions over the years asking about everything from ‘How do you get to it?’ to ‘What’s the Yeats link?’.
In the section below, we’ve popped in the most FAQs that we’ve received. If you have a question that we haven’t tackled, ask away in the comments section below.
You’ll find Inisfree Island situated in Lough Gill in County Sligo, in Ireland, not far from where Yeats spent summer holidays as a child.
If you take one of the Inisfree Island tours you’ll sail around it, and won’t actually depart onto the island itself.
Tags | https://www.theirishroadtrip.com/lake-isle-of-innisfree/ | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | Yeats' Lake Isle of Innisfree, Sligo, Ireland | The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in County Sligo , Ireland, where Yeats spent his summers as a child.
Yeats never actually lived on Innisfree. Nor does anyone else. But it does sit as a landmark of 20th Century poetry, nevertheless. Here it is, so you don't have to click.
The Lake Isle of Innisfree
By William Butler Yeats
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight's all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
Here's some more information about how you can educate yourself about Yeats and Sligo–and get a fantastic meal while you are at it.
And here are a few more images from our time in Sligo, including the grave of William Butler Yeats which bears some words from his poem, “Under Ben Bulben.”
When you’re thinking of traveling, your first stop should be our Travel Resources page , where we list all the essentials you need to make your travels easier, cheaper, safer, and more fun.
You can also help yourself get ready for your travels by reading our Get Started Planning Your Trip Now page.
We love traveling–with the right gear. We've gathered a lot of the stuff we use to make travel more pleasant and efficient all on one page. Shop our Travel Past 50 Amazon page to find our favorite gear. If you purchase something from the store, Travel Past 50, as an Amazon affiliate, may receive a small commission at no extra charge to you. Thanks.
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You can see (and buy prints) of most of our travel photos in one place on this page.
Note: This post and other posts on TravelPast50.com may contain paid or affiliate advertising links. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. | https://travelpast50.com/yeats-lake-isle-innisfree-sligo-ireland/ | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | Lake Isle of Innisfree - Lough Gill | The Lake Isle of Innisfree a beautiful island just off the south coast of Lough Gill. There is a small pier where you can board a boat to visit the island. When William Butler Yeats was in London he would walk down Fleet Street and long for the seclusion setting of the Isle of Innisfree.
The sound of the water coming from a fountain in a shop window reminded Yeats of his childhood; the Lake and on the island, and it was this inspiration that Yeats credits for the creation of the poem ‘Lake Isle of Innisfree’. | https://sligotours.ie/locations/lake-isle-of-innisfree/ | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | The Lake Isle of Innisfree | I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade .
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight's all a glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements grey,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
" The Lake Isle of Innisfree " is a twelve-line poem comprising three quatrains , written by William Butler Yeats in 1888 and first published in the National Observer in 1890. It was reprinted in The Countess Kathleen and Various Legends and Lyrics in 1892 and as an illustrated Cuala Press Broadside in 1932.
"The Lake Isle of Innisfree" exemplifies the style of the Celtic Revival : it is an attempt to create a form of poetry that was Irish in origin rather than one that adhered to the standards set by English poets and critics. [1] It received critical acclaim in the United Kingdom and France . [2] The poem is featured in Irish passports . [3]
Lake Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in Ireland , near which Yeats spent his summers as a child. Yeats describes the inspiration for the poem coming from a "sudden" memory of his childhood while walking down Fleet Street in London in 1888. He writes, "I had still the ambition, formed in Sligo in my teens, of living in imitation of Thoreau on Innisfree, a little island in Lough Gill, and when walking through Fleet Street very homesick I heard a little tinkle of water and saw a fountain in a shop-window which balanced a little ball upon its jet, and began to remember lake water. From the sudden remembrance came my poem "Innisfree," my first lyric with anything in its rhythm of my own music. I had begun to loosen rhythm as an escape from rhetoric and from that emotion of the crowd that rhetoric brings, but I only understood vaguely and occasionally that I must for my special purpose use nothing but the common syntax. A couple of years later I could not have written that first line with its conventional archaism—"Arise and go"—nor the inversion of the last stanza." [4]
The twelve-line poem is divided into three quatrains and is an example of Yeats's earlier lyric poems. The poem expresses the speaker's longing for the peace and tranquility of Innisfree while residing in an urban setting. He can escape the noise of the city and be lulled by the "lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore." On this small island, he can return to nature by growing beans and having bee hives, by enjoying the "purple glow" of heather at noon, the sounds of birds' wings, and, of course, the bees. He can even build a cabin and stay on the island much as Thoreau, the American Transcendentalist , lived at Walden Pond. During Yeats's lifetime it was—to his annoyance—one of his most popular poems, and on one occasion was recited (or sung) in his honor by two (or ten—accounts vary) thousand Boy Scouts. [5] The first quatrain speaks to the needs of the body (food and shelter); the second to the needs of the spirit (peace); the final quatrain is the meeting of the inner life (memory) with the physical world (pavement grey). [ citation needed ]
- Muriel Herbert set the poem in 1928.
- Seattle, WA band Fleet Foxes mentions the Isles of Innisfree in many other songs including "The Shrine/An Argument", "Isles" and "Bedouin Dress".
- American composer Ben Moore has also composed a setting of the poem.
- Another musical setting is featured in Branduardi canta Yeats (published by Edizioni Musicali Musiza, 1986), composed and played by Angelo Branduardi on translation of Luisa Zappa.
- Michael McGlynn of the Irish group Anúna arranged this as a choral piece: a recording of it is featured on Anúna's album Invocation . [6]
- Composer and pianist Ola Gjeilo set this text to music in a piece called " The Lake Isle ."
- Popular settings of the poem have been done by Judy Collins and the Dream Brothers.
- Australian musician Paul Kelly performs a version on his 2013 album Conversations with Ghosts .
- Shusha Guppy recorded an unaccompanied version on her album This is the Day (United Artist Records, 1974).
- "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" is part of the song cycle 5 Songs on Poems by W. B. Yeats composed by the Dutch composer Carolien Devilee.
- A musical setting of this poem is featured in DUBLIN 1916, An Irish Oratorio and YEATS SONGS , a song cycle, both composed by Richard B. Evans (published by Seacastle Music Company, 1995).
- A choral setting for treble voices by Canadian composer Eleanor Joanne Daley published by Oxford University Press .
- The text was set to a choral piece for SATB and hammered dulcimer , composed by Shawn Kirchner and published by Boosey & Hawkes.
- In the finale episode of the fourth season of the Fox science-fiction drama television series Fringe entitled Brave New World (Part 2) , Dr. William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) narrates the first stanza of the poem, alluding to his plans of collapsing the two universes into a new world where he plays God.
- In the film Million Dollar Baby , directed by Clint Eastwood , Frankie Dunn (portrayed by Eastwood) reads the first two quatrains to Margaret Fitzgerald ( Hilary Swank ) at the hospital after a fight where her neck has broken.
- In the climactic scene from the film Three And Out , Tommy recites the poem just before he gets hit by the train.
- John Ford's Academy Award winning film The Quiet Man (1952) is set in "Inisfree" and clearly takes Yeats's poem as one of its principal subtexts.
- Hard rock band Sir Lord Baltimore has a song called "Lake Isle of Innersfree," presumably inspired by Yeats's poem. It appears on their 1970 LP Kingdom Come .
- In the song "The Shrine/An Argument" by Seattle indie folk band Fleet Foxes Innisfree is mentioned in the song's final lyric: "Carry me to Innisfree like pollen on the breeze." The band also mentions Innisfree in their song "Bedouin Dress" on the same album, saying frequently: "One day at Innisfree, one day that's mine there" and "Just to be at Innisfree again".
- In the song " Yeats ' Grave" by Irish band The Cranberries there is a line that says "And you sit here with me, in the Isle Innisfree".
- The poem inspired Philip Gates's "The Lake Isle" for oboe and piano.
- The folksinger, songwriter, and actor Hamilton Camp released a beautiful version called "Innisfree" on his 1964 album Paths of Victory on Elektra Records .
- Composer Ola Gjeilo composed a choral song named "The Lake Isle" based on the poem. [7]
- In his debut novel Ghostwritten the British author David Mitchell quotes the first two quatrains in the chapter "London" and the last in the chapter "Clear Island."
- The third book in Nicolas Freeling 's Henri Castang series is Lake Isle , with explicit reference to Yeats's poem.
- J. B. Priestley closes his 1932 essay "At Thurston's" by declaring that watching a billiards match at Thurston's Hall is "as near to the Isle of Innisfree as we can get within a hundred miles of Leicester Square."
- South Korean cosmetic brand Innisfree takes its name from the poem.
- Canadian singer-songwriter Christine Fellows mentions reading Yeats to hens in the song "The Spinster's Almanac," singing "who wouldn't like to wake up on the Isle of Innisfree/ To muck about that bee-loud glade like he?"
- Scottish songwriter and musician Jackie Leven released an album titled For Peace Comes Dropping Slow (1997), Haunted Valley – reissued by Cooking Vinyl (2004). The title comes from the first line of the second quatrain.
- The song "Bedouin Dress" by the American indie folk band Fleet Foxes makes several references to Innisfree. Robin Pecknold, the band's lead singer/songwriter, sings in the 2nd verse: 'And believe me it's not easy when I look back / Everything I took I'd soon return / Just to be at Innisfree again / All of the sirens are driving me over the stern / Just to be at Innisfree again." Moreover, the song includes (and concludes) with the refrain, "One day at Innisfree / One day that's mine there." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lake_Isle_of_Innisfree | 10 |
where is the lake isle of innisfree located | Yeats' Lake Isle of Innisfree, Sligo, Ireland | The Isle of Innisfree is an uninhabited island within Lough Gill , in County Sligo , Ireland, where Yeats spent his summers as a child.
Yeats never actually lived on Innisfree. Nor does anyone else. But it does sit as a landmark of 20th Century poetry, nevertheless. Here it is, so you don't have to click.
The Lake Isle of Innisfree
By William Butler Yeats
I will arise and go now, and go to Innisfree,
And a small cabin build there, of clay and wattles made;
Nine bean rows will I have there, a hive for the honey bee,
And live alone in the bee-loud glade.
And I shall have some peace there, for peace comes dropping slow,
Dropping from the veils of the morning to where the cricket sings;
There midnight's all a-glimmer, and noon a purple glow,
And evening full of the linnet's wings.
I will arise and go now, for always night and day
I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;
While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,
I hear it in the deep heart's core.
Here's some more information about how you can educate yourself about Yeats and Sligo–and get a fantastic meal while you are at it.
And here are a few more images from our time in Sligo, including the grave of William Butler Yeats which bears some words from his poem, “Under Ben Bulben.”
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Note: This post and other posts on TravelPast50.com may contain paid or affiliate advertising links. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. | https://travelpast50.com/yeats-lake-isle-innisfree-sligo-ireland/ | 10 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Ghost Whisperer Series Finale Review: "The Children's Parade" | Last night marked the season finale of The Ghost Whisperer - and by the looks of it, the series finale. Tear.
Hopefully another station will pick up our favorite spooky show! ( Hint - Hint - ABC, Cmon! Please!? )
Finally the Shinies came back into play and we get what we've been waiting for! The ultimate battle between the light and the dark.
It was interesting to find out that the Shinies are a bunch of children. Children are known as being pure innocents so it would make sense that the Shinies were only made up of ghost children.
This also answered our question on why the Shadows were so interested in getting ghost children above anyone else. The Shadows were trying to build a bigger army to destroy the Shinies, but the Shinies are stronger and more powerful.
" The Children's Parade " really showed us what Aiden is made out of - Bravery. He knew that it was up to him to lead the battle against the Shadows to save his mother and he not only pulled it off, but gave a remarkable speech to get the Shinies together.
So now that the Shinies destroyed the Shadows - do you think that they will be able to gather their powers and come back again? Could this really be the end of the Shadows? We have a feeling that if another station decides to pick up this show, it won't be!
We were surprised that Bedford was no where to be seen throughout this episode. His storyline was crucial to the battle and yet when the chip fell - he was M.I.A. What gives? If this episode really is the series finale, it would have been nice to have him cross over into the light.
Overall, we were pretty impressed with this last episode and the fact that it ended happily with the family together and really no cliffhangers. What surprised us most is how non-creepy Aiden was. We even venture to say he was cute! Especially at the end when he told his mom he was brave like she is every day. Awe!
What did you think of the series/season finale?! Do you think this show should be saved? Leave your thoughts below!
Follow the jump to read a few of our favorite The Ghost Whisperer quotes !
Melinda: I meant what I said to you tonight - you are my hero. | permalink
Melinda: We call it a gift for a reason. | permalink
Aiden: Dad, you need me to take me to mom our something really bad is going to happen to her. | permalink
Melinda: Sometimes the impossible just takes a little bit longer. | permalink
Carl: What makes a person brave is not letting their fears stop them. | permalink
Melinda: Just unplug the drain - you're George the plumber, not George the comedian. | permalink
Melinda: I just asked you a question. Do you understand?! | permalink | https://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/05/the-ghost-whisperer-review-the-childrens-parade/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Ghost Whisperer Series Finale Review: "The Children's Parade" | Last night marked the season finale of The Ghost Whisperer - and by the looks of it, the series finale. Tear.
Hopefully another station will pick up our favorite spooky show! ( Hint - Hint - ABC, Cmon! Please!? )
Finally the Shinies came back into play and we get what we've been waiting for! The ultimate battle between the light and the dark.
It was interesting to find out that the Shinies are a bunch of children. Children are known as being pure innocents so it would make sense that the Shinies were only made up of ghost children.
This also answered our question on why the Shadows were so interested in getting ghost children above anyone else. The Shadows were trying to build a bigger army to destroy the Shinies, but the Shinies are stronger and more powerful.
" The Children's Parade " really showed us what Aiden is made out of - Bravery. He knew that it was up to him to lead the battle against the Shadows to save his mother and he not only pulled it off, but gave a remarkable speech to get the Shinies together.
So now that the Shinies destroyed the Shadows - do you think that they will be able to gather their powers and come back again? Could this really be the end of the Shadows? We have a feeling that if another station decides to pick up this show, it won't be!
We were surprised that Bedford was no where to be seen throughout this episode. His storyline was crucial to the battle and yet when the chip fell - he was M.I.A. What gives? If this episode really is the series finale, it would have been nice to have him cross over into the light.
Overall, we were pretty impressed with this last episode and the fact that it ended happily with the family together and really no cliffhangers. What surprised us most is how non-creepy Aiden was. We even venture to say he was cute! Especially at the end when he told his mom he was brave like she is every day. Awe!
What did you think of the series/season finale?! Do you think this show should be saved? Leave your thoughts below!
Follow the jump to read a few of our favorite The Ghost Whisperer quotes !
Melinda: I meant what I said to you tonight - you are my hero. | permalink
Melinda: We call it a gift for a reason. | permalink
Aiden: Dad, you need me to take me to mom our something really bad is going to happen to her. | permalink
Melinda: Sometimes the impossible just takes a little bit longer. | permalink
Carl: What makes a person brave is not letting their fears stop them. | permalink
Melinda: Just unplug the drain - you're George the plumber, not George the comedian. | permalink
Melinda: I just asked you a question. Do you understand?! | permalink | https://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/05/the-ghost-whisperer-review-the-childrens-parade/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5) | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Ghost Whisperer Series Finale Review: "The Children's Parade" | Last night marked the season finale of The Ghost Whisperer - and by the looks of it, the series finale. Tear.
Hopefully another station will pick up our favorite spooky show! ( Hint - Hint - ABC, Cmon! Please!? )
Finally the Shinies came back into play and we get what we've been waiting for! The ultimate battle between the light and the dark.
It was interesting to find out that the Shinies are a bunch of children. Children are known as being pure innocents so it would make sense that the Shinies were only made up of ghost children.
This also answered our question on why the Shadows were so interested in getting ghost children above anyone else. The Shadows were trying to build a bigger army to destroy the Shinies, but the Shinies are stronger and more powerful.
" The Children's Parade " really showed us what Aiden is made out of - Bravery. He knew that it was up to him to lead the battle against the Shadows to save his mother and he not only pulled it off, but gave a remarkable speech to get the Shinies together.
So now that the Shinies destroyed the Shadows - do you think that they will be able to gather their powers and come back again? Could this really be the end of the Shadows? We have a feeling that if another station decides to pick up this show, it won't be!
We were surprised that Bedford was no where to be seen throughout this episode. His storyline was crucial to the battle and yet when the chip fell - he was M.I.A. What gives? If this episode really is the series finale, it would have been nice to have him cross over into the light.
Overall, we were pretty impressed with this last episode and the fact that it ended happily with the family together and really no cliffhangers. What surprised us most is how non-creepy Aiden was. We even venture to say he was cute! Especially at the end when he told his mom he was brave like she is every day. Awe!
What did you think of the series/season finale?! Do you think this show should be saved? Leave your thoughts below!
Follow the jump to read a few of our favorite The Ghost Whisperer quotes !
Melinda: I meant what I said to you tonight - you are my hero. | permalink
Melinda: We call it a gift for a reason. | permalink
Aiden: Dad, you need me to take me to mom our something really bad is going to happen to her. | permalink
Melinda: Sometimes the impossible just takes a little bit longer. | permalink
Carl: What makes a person brave is not letting their fears stop them. | permalink
Melinda: Just unplug the drain - you're George the plumber, not George the comedian. | permalink
Melinda: I just asked you a question. Do you understand?! | permalink | https://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/05/the-ghost-whisperer-review-the-childrens-parade/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5) | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5)#:~:text=At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20series%2C%20Melinda%20and,Carl%20that%20he%20must%20go%20to%20Melinda%27s%20store. | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5)#:~:text=At%20the%20end%20of%20the%20series%2C%20Melinda%20and,Carl%20that%20he%20must%20go%20to%20Melinda%27s%20store. | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Children's Parade - Wikipedia | " The Children's Parade " is the series finale of the American supernatural television series Ghost Whisperer , due to its cancellation on May 18, 2010. [1] It is the 22nd and final episode of the show's fifth season , and the 107th episode overall. It originally aired on May 21, 2010 on CBS in the United States .
Melinda and Jim have told Aiden ghosts aren't real, and neither are the shadows and shinies, but he didn't stop seeing them. Melinda can no longer tell the dead from the living. Eli has trouble talking because of a toothache, but when Carl asks him why Melinda is ignoring him, Eli says he told her Aiden shouldn't see ghosts, and he reveals that he must have been possessed by the shadows when he said that, because he would never normally say such a thing, since it is the worst time for Aiden not to use his gift.
At the hospital, the ghost of a thirteen-year-old boy is leading the child ghosts of polio victims on marches to show they are not afraid of the shadows. Melinda gets taken over by the shadows, and when Carl sees Aiden talking to someone he can't see, Aiden reveals that it's a shiny- or the crossed over ghost of a child. After the Book of Changes tells Carl and Eli how to stop the shadows, Aiden must convince the shinies to help. Mel and Aiden cross over the polio victims and the boy. Mel and Jim tell Aiden they were wrong to try to get him to deny his gift.
The episode averaged 6.85 million viewers, rating of 1.6/7 and a share of 9. [3] Isabelle Carreau commented on the episode as a surprise because of the "happy ending and no cliffhangers", although there still were unfinished storylines. She also commented on how quickly the Shadows were destroyed without fulfilling the promise of an action-packed episode and an epic battle. [4]
On May 18, 2010 CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not return for a sixth season. [1] After the cancellation on May 18, 2010 it was rumored that ABC would produce a sixth season because it produced the show along with CBS . [5] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello confirmed the show's cancellation. [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children's_Parade | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | 'Ghost Whisperer': Are you ready to jump five years into the future? | Last season, Ghost Whisperer took a huge creative risk. Jim (David Conrad), the supportive husband of Melinda (Jennifer Love Hewitt) died , refused to cross over, and stepped into the body of a dying man named Sam. Melinda and viewers knew Sam was Jim, but it took Jim, whose soul suffered some sort of amnesia in its new body (which viewers still saw as Conrad's), some time to figure it out. He finally did , and the season ended with the couple learning that they were pregnant (the baby is Jim-Jim's) and that the child will be able to do "much, much more" than his mother, who can see and hear dead people.
It paid off: For the first time, when CBS talked about the show's renewal, the word "no-brainer" was used. "That conversation had never gone that way before," executive producer P.K. Simonds admits. "We were in a much stronger position, and that had everything to do with the risk that we took and the new life that we injected into the show. I think sometimes the audience forgets that they're looking at a choice: Either they watch their show take risks and sometimes frustrate or annoy them, or they find themselves in a letter writing campaign to save the show. Luckily, no one had to write any letters to save us, and that's a nice position to be in. We lost some viewers, too, and I'm very, very regretful about that. Obviously, my hope in the end is that we've gained more than we lost."
In Season 5 (premiering tonight at 8 p.m. ET on CBS), the show doubles down: After Hewitt directs her own labor scene (!), it flashes forward five years. The jump allows them to get son Aiden (Connor Gibbs) to an age where he can actually be "the key" watcher Carl said he'd be in the season 4 finale and to get Jim through medical school. He's now practicing at a hospital that will become "the centerpiece of our storytelling and the new interesting dark places we intend to go," Simonds says. Here, Simonds offers more teases for what we can expect in season 5 …
* Aiden's gifts to create drama . "It's a mystery in the first episode what those abilities may or may not be," Simonds says. "This child can see and sense things that Melinda can't, and some of those things that he sees are things that don't want to be seen and that no one in our world has seen yet. They're threatened, and when things are threatened, sometimes they take action."
* For the first time, a view of what happens after you see the light. "This is a spiritual show, not a religious show," Simonds says. "We're not trying to make any big religious statement about what happens next. But we do think that there's this metaphysical question that we've always had on the show: Melinda is able to see and communicate with spirits who are on that specific plane of existence that is beyond life but before what we've been calling the light. We've never said what happens when they leave that plane and cross over or under. What we're basically saying is that it's a little more complicated than it appears, and there's beauty but there's also darkness. If there's someone or something that lives on that next plane, what relationship do they have to the rest of us? Are they friendly or are they not? The answer is both. When they're not friendly, how much jeopardy do they pose to our characters? The answer is a lot."
* More Jim! " He will have a new and deeper involvement in what Melinda does," Simonds says. "The hospital is where a lot of the action takes place. The thing about hospitals is, a lot of people die there. Hospitals are especially haunted places. Hospitals have morgues, and this one is no exception. In fact, this is a very interesting morgue with a lot of its own mojo."
* Melinda to have more worries than your average mother: "She's the mother of someone very, very special and she has an obligation that any parent feels—you want to raise your child well and hope that they'll contribute something to world—but she has the added burden of knowing that this child could, because of his gifts, play an even greater role. She's not raising the savior, but she's raising a child who could have a huge impact in making the world safer from dark forces that most of those around them don't even know exist."
* New storylines for Delia (Camryn Manheim), Ned (Christoph Sanders), and Eli (Jamie Kennedy). "Delia has gotten her real estate business back on its feet, partnered with somebody, and opened her office which is next to Melinda's store. She's dating, not one but several guys," Simonds says. "Ned is now at Rockland University, and largely the result of growing up around Melinda, he majors in anthropology of the occult and is able to provide some occasional research into the phenomena she's up against. We finally get to meet Eli's parents under circumstances that only our characters could."
* An interesting Halloween episode. "Knowing ghosts are real does make Halloween a little more complicated for Aiden," Simonds says.
* The series' 100th episode . It's the 15th episode this season, and it too will be directed by Hewitt. "It promises to be explosive," Simonds adds. "That's all I'm going to say."
Are you psyched for Season 5 now? Or are you already frustrated and annoyed?
Photo credit: Cliff Lipson/CBS | https://ew.com/article/2009/09/25/ghost-whisperer-season-5-premiere/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | 8 Things You Didn't Know About Ghost Whisperer - Fame10 | Ghost Whisperer ran for five seasons on CBS before it was unexpectedly canceled in May 2010. Hollywood actress Jennifer Love Hewitt was the star of the supernatural drama series in the character of Melinda Gordon, a woman who is capable of communicating with ghosts and helps those who have trouble crossing over to the light. Hewitt also worked as a co-producer on the series. It’s been eight years since Ghost Whisperer was on the air — here’s a look at 8 things you probably didn’t know about the show!
Even though the show has ghosts on it all the time, they aren’t real! However, while filming Ghost Whisperer , many of the actors and production crew had weird experiences of real hauntings on set and ghosts appearing who aren’t supposed to be there which is really spooky! In an interview with Jennifer Love Hewitt, she gave some examples of what’s happened on set: “I think it’s really cool and exciting and we’ve had all kinds of things happen. My makeup artist, we took a picture of her, and she had sort of this white film over her face, and then we took a picture of her ten minutes later in another part of the thing, and there was nothing. And we had James [Van Praagh] look at it, and he said ‘Absolutely. There’s a ghost attached to her.’ We’ve had lights explode. That’s Jay Mohr’s favorite story…I’ve had them show up around me a lot on film. I think it’s exciting,” said Hewitt.
Hollywood.com Staff/Syndicated by: CBS
In June 2008, a massive fire broke out on the Universal Studios backlot destroying the “New York Street” that Ghost Whisperer primarily filmed on. What’s weird is that coincidentally the following season premiere episode of Ghost Whisperer following the fire was all about arson! “That was a total coincidence. In fact, the fire happened as they were getting ready to send out the script for that episode, which freaked us all out a bit! ‘Isn’t our first episode call ‘The Firestarter?’ It was one of those weird things,” said Hewitt.
©CBS / courtesy Everett Collection
As we now know, the seemingly successful series was canceled unexpectedly, and that was mainly due to cost and dropping viewership. In 2009, a year before the series was canceled, Hewitt talked to E! News about some of the big budget cuts the show was experiencing. “We are a special effects show, so some of our special effects stuff has had to be cut in half. We haven’t been able to do any actor raises for season five. We’ve had to cut budgets here and there. They have also been talking about actually shooting our show in HD to save money,” said Hewitt.
©CBS / Courtesy Everett Collection
The show was somewhat based on the real-life paranormal experiences of spirit communicator, Mary Ann Winkowski. She worked on Ghost Whisperer as a paid consultant for several months. While making the show, she flew to Los Angeles to demonstrate her craft to the writers and lead actress, Jennifer Love Hewitt. She was discovered through best-seller medium James Van Praagh, who also worked on the show as a co-executive producer.
Source: www.myrecalledlife.com
When Ghost Whisperer came to an end, Jennifer Love Hewitt was left with an uneasy feeling because she didn’t feel like the writers did a proper job of wrapping up the story. There were too many loose ends in the series finale and it didn’t do the show justice. “I didn’t feel the series ended the way that [Melinda] deserved for it to. We left the audience sort of hanging, and I hate that. When you’ve taken people on a journey for so long, the least you can do is give them a goodbye. For a show that was about unfinished business, we didn’t get to finish,” she said.
©CBS / Courtesy Everett Collection
World-renowned psychic, James Van Praagh, was a co-executive producer on Ghost Whisperer for all five seasons, and even though much of the show is exaggerated for entertainment, he still draws on a lot of his work and experience when creating the show. “To a point it’s entertainment. For me I got involved in this work because it was a sense of, and all my work as far as the movies I’ve done for television and for books I’ve written…it really is entertainment, that’s the medium of television. I like to use that medium to get across as best as I can, to get the word out, to get the message across about life after death; about spiritual existence if you will,” said Praagh in an interview with Movie Web.
Source: vanpraagh.com
Aside from the pilot episode, which was filmed in Old Town Orange in Orange County, Ghost Whisperer is filmed on the Universal Studios backlot in Hollywood. The town of Grandview is the same set used for the Back to the Future trilogy, the town shots in Gilmore Girls , Pretty Little Liars and The Dukes of Hazzard .
Hollywood.com Staff/Syndicated by: CBS
No one was more shocked to hear Ghost Whisperer was being canceled than Jennifer Love Hewitt. In an interview with Zap2it, she admitted that while she knew the show was coming to an end, she didn’t realize the end would be so abrupt. “For me, it was a total shock…I thought out next season would probably be the last, just because the show had been on for a really long time. It’s hard to come up with new things that will keep people intrigued, but I never thought in a million years that was going to have been our last season,” she said.
© CBS / Courtesy: Everett Collection
Katherine is the Managing Editor for Health and Parenting, but she has a soft spot for entertainment. She loves binging shows on Netflix, reality TV is a guilty pleasure, and country music is her go-to playlist. When she's not writing, she's spending time outdoors, especially with her puppy Zoey! | https://www.fame10.com/entertainment/8-things-you-didnt-know-about-ghost-whisperer/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Children's Parade - Wikipedia | " The Children's Parade " is the series finale of the American supernatural television series Ghost Whisperer , due to its cancellation on May 18, 2010. [1] It is the 22nd and final episode of the show's fifth season , and the 107th episode overall. It originally aired on May 21, 2010 on CBS in the United States .
Melinda and Jim have told Aiden ghosts aren't real, and neither are the shadows and shinies, but he didn't stop seeing them. Melinda can no longer tell the dead from the living. Eli has trouble talking because of a toothache, but when Carl asks him why Melinda is ignoring him, Eli says he told her Aiden shouldn't see ghosts, and he reveals that he must have been possessed by the shadows when he said that, because he would never normally say such a thing, since it is the worst time for Aiden not to use his gift.
At the hospital, the ghost of a thirteen-year-old boy is leading the child ghosts of polio victims on marches to show they are not afraid of the shadows. Melinda gets taken over by the shadows, and when Carl sees Aiden talking to someone he can't see, Aiden reveals that it's a shiny- or the crossed over ghost of a child. After the Book of Changes tells Carl and Eli how to stop the shadows, Aiden must convince the shinies to help. Mel and Aiden cross over the polio victims and the boy. Mel and Jim tell Aiden they were wrong to try to get him to deny his gift.
The episode averaged 6.85 million viewers, rating of 1.6/7 and a share of 9. [3] Isabelle Carreau commented on the episode as a surprise because of the "happy ending and no cliffhangers", although there still were unfinished storylines. She also commented on how quickly the Shadows were destroyed without fulfilling the promise of an action-packed episode and an epic battle. [4]
On May 18, 2010 CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not return for a sixth season. [1] After the cancellation on May 18, 2010 it was rumored that ABC would produce a sixth season because it produced the show along with CBS . [5] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello confirmed the show's cancellation. [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Children%27s_Parade | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5) | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | Ghost Whisperer (season 5) - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Ghost Whisperer|
|Season 5|
|Country of origin||United States|
|No. of episodes||22|
|Release|
|Original network||CBS|
|Original release|| September 25, 2009 – |
May 21, 2010
|Season chronology|
The fifth and final season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on September 25, 2009, concluded May 21, 2010, and consisted of 22 episodes. The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ), who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts. While trying to live as normal a life as possible—she is married and owns an antique store—Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light, or the spirit world. Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability. In addition, the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit's needs and help them. [1]
Ghost Whisperer ' s fifth and final season aired in the United States (U.S.) on Fridays at 8:00 pm ET on CBS , where it received an average of 7.78 million viewers per episode, becoming the least watched season of the series. [2]
In the fifth season, five years have elapsed since the events of the previous season, and we are introduced to Jim and Melinda's son, Aiden Lucas . We learn that he can see the "Shinies and the Shadows" , two opposing groups of ghosts that Melinda is unable to see. The Shadows are revealed to be the negative part of spirits that get left behind when they cross over, and their motives involve acquiring the Book of Changes. Melinda, Ned, and Eli, with the frequent help of Delia, work to keep the book safe from the Shadows. Throughout the season, Melinda struggles to keep Aiden safe and help him with his gift. He has frequent run-ins with the Shinies, who are presumed to be the kind group of spirits and are attracted to shiny objects. The Shadows show tremendous power throughout the season, forcing President Bedford, the president of Rockland University to blow up Delia's real estate office.
At the end of the series, Melinda and Jim try to protect Aiden by convincing him that ghosts don't exist (at the advice of Carl the Watcher, later revealed to be under the influence of the Shadows). The Shadows gradually begin to take possession of Melinda's body. Aiden is told by Carl that he must go to Melinda's store. Jim, Ned, Eli and Delia follow with him. Melinda is inside, being engulfed by the Shadows. Aiden, who has forged a friendship with one of the Shinies (previously revealed to be the ghosts of children), enlists their help. In the town square, dozens of Shinies gather, and emit a bright light. The Shinies and their light become visible to passersby in the square. Inside the store, the Shadows are trying to battle the light and fully possess Melinda, but fail on both accounts. Melinda drops to the ground and the group run in. Outside, in the residual light from the Shinies, we see the Shadows apparently being dispersed and presumable destroyed. Later that night, Aiden is in his room and Melinda and Jim enter. Melinda tells him that they should both be proud of their gift and that he was her hero that night. Aiden replies that Melinda is a hero every day, and the series closes with a shot of Melinda smiling and tearing up.
Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of "Spirit Communicator" James Van Praagh , [3] who is co- executive producer [4] and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV. [5] The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of "Spirit Communicator" Mary Ann Winkowski . [6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere. [7]
The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).
The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles. [8] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits. [9]
Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound. [10] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works. [11] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX. [12]
Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York , which is not far from Grandview-On-Hudson, west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grandview-On-Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional "Rockland University", and perhaps not coincidentally, the actual Grandview, New York is a village located in Rockland County, New York .
On May 5, 2008 it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy , ION Television , and WE TV . Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE. [13] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009. [14]
On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season. [15] On May 18, 2010, CBS cancelled the show after five seasons. [16] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010. [17] [18] It was revealed on May 19, that writers of the show were informed to not look for other jobs yet, and the producers were very optimistic that there was a good chance of Ghost Whisperer being renewed by ABC . [19] On May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for its sixth season. [20]
In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video saying, "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love." She was visibly emotional during the video and simply waved to the camera at the end of the video as she was unable to finish speaking. [21] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Whisperer_(season_5) | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | “Ghost Whisperer Season/Series Finale Recap: 5.22 “The Children’s Parade” | (S05E22) “Melinda is not here.” – Melinda to Delia
The fact I had to write “series finale” in the title of this post is scarier than the series finale itself. This season has been one of the darkest for the show and the bad guys of the season, the Shadows, seemed to be the ultimate evil. Therefore, I expected a rather dark episode that would contain one hell of a showdown to send the Shadows away.
Instead, we were treated to a way too quick and far from epic face off between the Shinies and the Shadows. What a let down! The upside of the episode? We got closure, which I didn’t expect since I thought the series Powers That Be learned too late that the show was getting canceled.
The “Melinda is not here” line we’ve seen in the teasers had me expect an action packed episode. Yes, there was action but it fell flat due to how quickly the Shinies destroyed the Shadows. The latter have been a great foe all season long. Even in this week’s episode, they showed how powerful and twisted they are when they took charge of Eli but, more importantly, of Melinda. “Melinda is not here” was scary, no?
I didn’t except the Shinies, children who crossed over, to use force and weapons to battle off the Shadows. After all, the Shinies are peaceful children. However, I expected the Shadows, who are extremely powerful evils, to fight back at least for a minute or two even if they were outnumbered. The Shadows have been fierce and twisted all season and never backed down, why now? Instead, the Shadows were quickly destroyed in thousand of pieces and went away. The End.
Another tiny letdown was that Bedford was nowhere to be seen. The Shadows used him to do their evil doings for months and now that they have to face off their sworn enemies he is not there? It would have been nice to get a quick shootout to know that Bedford was alright in the end. Maybe have him be in the town square watching the faceoff and, when the Shadows were destroyed, have him see the light and cross over to join his mother.
That said, there are some things I enjoyed about this finale. First is the fact that Aiden didn’t let go of his gift even if Melinda and Jim tried to convince him that ghosts did not exist. As Melinda and Jim told him at the end, Aiden’s gift makes him special and should be respected and used to do good. Secondly, Jim, Melinda and Aiden have a happy ending where they bond together and agree to support one another and not keep their gifts a secret to them. Together, they’ll be quite the team to help souls cross over. Of course, they will not be alone as Delia, Ned and Eli will surely still be around to help.
When CBS announced earlier this week that it was canceling the series , I expected the series finale to be filled with cliffhangers since it had been shot weeks ago with no time to wrap things up properly. I was pleasantly surprised that we got a happy ending and no cliffhangers. It does look like the shows’ Powers That Be sensed that they may get canceled and decided to offer fans some closure. Thank you.
‘Ghost Whisperer’s’ fans, there is still hope that our favorite ghostly show will not have to cross over as ABC is pondering picking up the series . If ABC decides not to pick it up, at least we got closure and all the characters are alive and well. | https://spoilerjunkie.wordpress.com/2010/05/23/ghost-whisperer-season-series-finale-recap-5-22/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Ghost Whisperer Series Finale Review: "The Children's Parade" | Last night marked the season finale of The Ghost Whisperer - and by the looks of it, the series finale. Tear.
Hopefully another station will pick up our favorite spooky show! ( Hint - Hint - ABC, Cmon! Please!? )
Finally the Shinies came back into play and we get what we've been waiting for! The ultimate battle between the light and the dark.
It was interesting to find out that the Shinies are a bunch of children. Children are known as being pure innocents so it would make sense that the Shinies were only made up of ghost children.
This also answered our question on why the Shadows were so interested in getting ghost children above anyone else. The Shadows were trying to build a bigger army to destroy the Shinies, but the Shinies are stronger and more powerful.
" The Children's Parade " really showed us what Aiden is made out of - Bravery. He knew that it was up to him to lead the battle against the Shadows to save his mother and he not only pulled it off, but gave a remarkable speech to get the Shinies together.
So now that the Shinies destroyed the Shadows - do you think that they will be able to gather their powers and come back again? Could this really be the end of the Shadows? We have a feeling that if another station decides to pick up this show, it won't be!
We were surprised that Bedford was no where to be seen throughout this episode. His storyline was crucial to the battle and yet when the chip fell - he was M.I.A. What gives? If this episode really is the series finale, it would have been nice to have him cross over into the light.
Overall, we were pretty impressed with this last episode and the fact that it ended happily with the family together and really no cliffhangers. What surprised us most is how non-creepy Aiden was. We even venture to say he was cute! Especially at the end when he told his mom he was brave like she is every day. Awe!
What did you think of the series/season finale?! Do you think this show should be saved? Leave your thoughts below!
Follow the jump to read a few of our favorite The Ghost Whisperer quotes !
Melinda: I meant what I said to you tonight - you are my hero. | permalink
Melinda: We call it a gift for a reason. | permalink
Aiden: Dad, you need me to take me to mom our something really bad is going to happen to her. | permalink
Melinda: Sometimes the impossible just takes a little bit longer. | permalink
Carl: What makes a person brave is not letting their fears stop them. | permalink
Melinda: Just unplug the drain - you're George the plumber, not George the comedian. | permalink
Melinda: I just asked you a question. Do you understand?! | permalink | https://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/05/the-ghost-whisperer-review-the-childrens-parade/ | 11 |
what happens at the end of ghost whisperer | The Ghost Whisperer Series Finale Review: "The Children's Parade" | Last night marked the season finale of The Ghost Whisperer - and by the looks of it, the series finale. Tear.
Hopefully another station will pick up our favorite spooky show! ( Hint - Hint - ABC, Cmon! Please!? )
Finally the Shinies came back into play and we get what we've been waiting for! The ultimate battle between the light and the dark.
It was interesting to find out that the Shinies are a bunch of children. Children are known as being pure innocents so it would make sense that the Shinies were only made up of ghost children.
This also answered our question on why the Shadows were so interested in getting ghost children above anyone else. The Shadows were trying to build a bigger army to destroy the Shinies, but the Shinies are stronger and more powerful.
" The Children's Parade " really showed us what Aiden is made out of - Bravery. He knew that it was up to him to lead the battle against the Shadows to save his mother and he not only pulled it off, but gave a remarkable speech to get the Shinies together.
So now that the Shinies destroyed the Shadows - do you think that they will be able to gather their powers and come back again? Could this really be the end of the Shadows? We have a feeling that if another station decides to pick up this show, it won't be!
We were surprised that Bedford was no where to be seen throughout this episode. His storyline was crucial to the battle and yet when the chip fell - he was M.I.A. What gives? If this episode really is the series finale, it would have been nice to have him cross over into the light.
Overall, we were pretty impressed with this last episode and the fact that it ended happily with the family together and really no cliffhangers. What surprised us most is how non-creepy Aiden was. We even venture to say he was cute! Especially at the end when he told his mom he was brave like she is every day. Awe!
What did you think of the series/season finale?! Do you think this show should be saved? Leave your thoughts below!
Follow the jump to read a few of our favorite The Ghost Whisperer quotes !
Melinda: I meant what I said to you tonight - you are my hero. | permalink
Melinda: We call it a gift for a reason. | permalink
Aiden: Dad, you need me to take me to mom our something really bad is going to happen to her. | permalink
Melinda: Sometimes the impossible just takes a little bit longer. | permalink
Carl: What makes a person brave is not letting their fears stop them. | permalink
Melinda: Just unplug the drain - you're George the plumber, not George the comedian. | permalink
Melinda: I just asked you a question. Do you understand?! | permalink | https://www.tvfanatic.com/2010/05/the-ghost-whisperer-review-the-childrens-parade/ | 11 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | The Story of My Experiments with Truth | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarati : Satya Na Prayogo athva Atmakatha , lit. 'Experiments of Truth or Autobiography') is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi , covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was written in weekly installments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal Young India . [1] It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns. In 1998, the book was designated as one of the "100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities. [2]
Starting with his birth and parentage, Gandhi has given reminiscences of childhood, child marriage , relation with his wife and parents, experiences at the school, his study tour to London, efforts to be like the English gentleman, experiments in dietetics, his going to South Africa , his experiences of colour prejudice, his quest for dharma , social work in Africa, return to India, his slow and steady work for political awakening and social activities. [3] The book ends abruptly after a discussion of the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress in 1915. [4]
In the early 1920s Gandhi led several civil disobedience campaigns. Despite his intention that they be peaceful, on several occasions, incidents of violence broke out. [5] The colonial authorities charged him in 1922 with incitement, and specifically of stirring up hatred against the government, and, the result was a six-year term of imprisonment. He served only two years, being released early on the grounds of ill health. Soon after, in the winter of 1925 at 56, Gandhi began writing his autobiography, on the example set by Swami Anand . He serialized it in his own weekly Navajivan (lit. New Life ). The autobiography was completed in February 1929. [6] [4] [7]
In the book's preface, Gandhi recalled that he had actually undertaken to sketch out his autobiography as early as 1921 but had to set the work aside due to his political engagements. He took on the labour, he informs us after his fellow workers had expressed a desire that he tell them something about his background and life. Initially he refused to adopt a book format, but then agreed to write it in a serialized form with individual chapters to be published weekly. [6]
The autobiography was written and serialized over the period from 25 November 1925 to 3 February 1929 [8] in 166 installments, which appeared in Navajivan . The corresponding English translations were printed in Young India , and reprinted in Indian Opinion in South Africa, and in the American journal Unity . The Hindi translation was published almost simultaneously in the Hindi edition of Navajivan . [6] [9]
The original Gujarati version was published as the Satya Na Prayogo (lit. Experiments with Truth ), bearing the subtitle, Atmakatha (lit. The Story of a Soul ). [7] The English version, An Autobiography , bore the subtitle, Experiments with Truth . [10]
In the preface, Gandhi states: [4]
It is not my purpose to attempt a real autobiography. I simply want to tell the story of my experiments with truth, and as my life consist of nothing but experiments, it is true that the story will take the shape of an autobiography. But I shall not mind if every page of it speaks only of my experiments.
The Story of My Experiments with Truth was first published in the United States in 1948 by Public Affairs Press of Washington, D.C. [11] [12]
The introduction announces a pact he made with his readership, explaining both the circumstances behind, and the motivations for, his drafting the book. There follows a chronologically structured sequence beginning with a genealogical account of his parental background. He then explores memories of his childhood and youth, his time in South Africa, followed by a narration of the activities he engaged in after his return to India. The story stops abruptly in 1921, four years before he began to compose the autobiography. The final chapter deals with the meeting of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur and his rejection of the public acclaim he had received. [13]
The book relates how Gandhi experimented on himself as he pursued his search for truth, truth being for him a synonym for God. [4]
This section is written by Mahadev Desai who translated the book from Gujarati to English. In this preface Desai notes that the book was originally published in two volumes, the first in 1927 and second in 1929. He also mentions that the original was priced at 1 rupee and had a run of five editions by the time of the writing of his preface. 50,000 copies had been sold in Gujarati but since the English edition was expensive it prevented Indians from purchasing it. Desai notes the need to bring out a cheaper English version. He also mentions that the translation has been revised by an English scholar who did not want his name to be published. Chapters XXIX–XLIII of Part V were translated by Desai's friend and colleague Pyarelal Nayyar . [14]
The introduction is officially written by Gandhi himself mentioning how he has resumed writing his autobiography at the insistence of Jeramdas, a fellow prisoner in Yerwada Central Jail with him. He mulls over the question a friend asked him about writing an autobiography, deeming it a Western practice, something "nobody does in the east". [1] Gandhi himself agrees that his thoughts might change later in life but the purpose of his story is just to narrate his experiments with truth in life. [14] He also says that through this book he wishes to narrate his spiritual and moral experiments rather than political.
The first part narrates incidents of Gandhi's childhood, his experiments with eating meat, smoking, drinking, stealing and subsequent atonement. [15] There are two texts that had a lasting influence on Gandhi, both of which he read in childhood. He records the profound impact of the play Harishchandra and says,"I read it with intense interest...It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." [16] Another text he mentions reading that deeply affected him was Shravana Pitrabhakti Nataka , a play about Shravan 's devotion to his parents. Gandhi got married at the age of 13. [14] In his words, "It is my painful duty to have to record here my marriage at the age of thirteen...I can see no moral argument in support of such a preposterously early marriage." Another important event documented in this part is the demise of Gandhi's father Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi wrote the book to deal with his experiment for truth. His disdain for physical training at school, particularly gymnastics has also been written about in this part. [17]
The second part of the book details Gandhi's experiences in the Cape Colony during a period of tension between the different ethnic groups in the region. The Cape Colony was dominated by British South Africans , while the neighboring Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic were established by Boers , white settlers of Dutch descent who had migrated away from the Cape Colony further north in the early 19th century and established the two independent republics. Gandhi detailed the antagonistic relationships between the two Afrikaner republics and the Cape Colony along with his experiences of being racially discriminated while in Africa. Indians had been migrating to South Africa for decades to work on coffee and sugar plantations, and while they did not experience as much discrimination as the Black population did, numerous discriminatory legislation had been put into place, effectively transforming Indian migrants into second-class citizens. Gandhi repeatedly experienced the sting of humiliation during his long African sojourn. The incident at Maritzburg, where Gandhi was thrown off the train has become justly famous. When Gandhi, as a matter of principle, refused to leave the first class compartment, he was thrown off the train. [18] Later, Gandhi also had difficulty being admitted to hotels, and saw that his fellow-Indians, who were mostly manual laborers, experienced even more unjust treatment.
Very soon after his arrival, Gandhi's initial bafflement and indignation at discriminatory policies turned into a growing sense of outrage and propelled him into assuming a position as a public figure at the assembly of Transvaal Indians, where he delivered his first speech urging Indians not to accept inequality but instead to unite, work hard, learn English and observe clean living habits. Although Gandhi's legal work soon start to keep him busy, he found time to read some of Tolstoy's work, which greatly influenced his understanding of peace and justice and eventually inspired him to write to Tolstoy, setting the beginning of a prolific correspondence. Both Tolstoy and Gandhi shared a philosophy of non-violence and Tolstoy's harsh critique of human society resonated with Gandhi's outrage at racism in South Africa.
Both Tolstoy and Gandhi considered themselves followers of the Sermon on the Mount from the New Testament, in which Jesus Christ expressed the idea of complete self-denial for the sake of his fellow men. Gandhi also continued to seek moral guidance in the Bhagavad Gita, which inspired him to view his work not as self-denial at all, but as a higher form of self-fulfillment. Adopting a philosophy of selflessness even as a public man, Gandhi refused to accept any payment for his work on behalf of the Indian population, preferring to support himself with his law practice alone.
But Gandhi's personal quest to define his own philosophy with respect to religion did not rely solely on sacred texts. At the time, he also engaged in active correspondence with a highly educated and spiritual Jain from Bombay, his friend Raychandra, who was deeply religious, yet well versed in a number of topics, from Hinduism to Christianity. The more Gandhi communicated with Raychandra, the more deeply he began to appreciate Hinduism as a non violent faith and its related scriptures. Yet, such deep appreciation also gave birth to a desire to seek inner purity and illumination, without solely relying on external sources, or on the dogma within every faith. Thus, although Gandhi sought God within his own tradition, he espoused the idea that other faiths remained worthy of study and contained their own truths.
Not surprisingly, even after his work assignment concluded, Gandhi soon found a reason to remain in South Africa. This pivotal reason involved the "Indian Franchise Bill", with which the Natal legislature intended to deprive Indians of the right to vote. No opposition existed against this bill, except among some of Gandhi's friends who asked him to stay in South Africa and work with them against this new injustice against Indians, who white South Africans disparagingly called "coolies." He found that racist attitudes had become deeply entrenched, especially in the two Boer republics, where they lived in the worst urban slums and could not own property or manage agricultural land. Even in Natal, where Indians had more influence, they were not allowed to go out after 9 p.m. without a pass, while in the Cape Colony they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalk. The new bill which prohibited Indians from voting in Natal only codified existing injustice in writing.
Although a last-minute petition drive failed to the Indian Franchise Bill from passing, Gandhi remained active and organized a much larger petition, which he sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, and distributed to the press in South Africa, Britain and India. The petition raised awareness of the plight of Indians and generated discussions in all three continents to the point where both the Times of London and the Times of India published editorials in support of the Indian right to the vote. Gandhi also formed a new political organization called the Natal Indian Congress (a clear reference to the Indian National Congress), which held regular meetings and soon, after some struggles with financing, started its own library and debating society. They also issued two major pamphlets, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa , and The Indian Franchise–An Appeal , which argued in favor of eliminating discriminatory legislation targeting Indians. He was also thrown off of a train in South Africa when he didn't agree to move from his first class seat which he paid for.
Though, at first, Gandhi intended to remain in South Africa for a month, or a year at most, he ended up working in South Africa for about twenty years. After his initial assignment was over, he succeeded in growing his own practice to about twenty Indian merchants who contracted him to manage their affairs. This work allowed him to both earn a living while also finding time to devote to his mission as a public figure. During his struggle against inequality and racial discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi became known among Indians all around the world as "Mahatma," or "Great Soul."
In South Africa with the Family, the Boer War, Bombay and South Africa Again.
In 1896, Gandhi made a brief return to India and returned to his wife and children. In India, he published another pamphlet, known as the Green Pamphlet, on the plight of Indians in South Africa. For the first time, Gandhi realized that Indians had come to admire his work greatly and experienced a taste of his own popularity among the people, when he visited Madras, an Indian province, where most manual laborers had originated. Although his fellow-Indians greeted him in large crowds with applause and adulation, he sailed back to South Africa with his family in December 1896.
Gandhi had become very well known in South Africa as well, to the point where a crowd of rioters awaited him at Port Natal, determined that he should not be allowed to enter. Many of them also mistakenly believed that all the dark-skinned passenger on the ship that took Gandhi to Natal were poor Indian immigrants he had decided to bring along with him, when, in reality, these passengers were mostly returning Indian residents of Natal. Fortunately, Gandhi was able to establish a friendly relationship with numerous white South Africans so the Natal port's police superintendent and his wife escorted him to safety. After this incident, local white residents began to actually regard him with greater respect.
As Gandhi resumed his work at the Natal Indian Congress, his loyalty to the British Empire guided him to assist them in the Second Boer War , which started three years later. Because Gandhi remained a passionate pacifist, he wanted to participate in the Boer War without actually engaging in violence so he organized and led an Indian Medical Corps which served with the British Army in a number of battles, including the important Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900, a Boer victory.
During this period, Gandhi would remain supportive of the British Empire , and believed the British Constitution deserved the loyalty of all of Britain's subjects, including Indians. Gandhi saw discriminatory policies in the Cape Colony as a temporary aberration, and perceived British rule in India as being both beneficial and benevolent.
The armed conflict between the British and Boers raged on for over three years; despite the fact that Britain had occupied both the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic, thousands of Boers took to the hills to begin a guerilla campaign against the British in the countryside. Gandhi expected that the British victory would overturn discriminatory legislation in South Africa and present him with an opportunity to return to India. He wanted to attend the 1901 meeting of the Indian National Congress, whose mission was to provide a social and political forum for the Indian upper class. Founded in 1885 with aid of Briton Allan Octavian Hume , the Congress had no real political power and expressed pro-British positions. Gandhi wanted to attend its meeting nevertheless, as he was hoping to pass a resolution in support of the Indian population in South Africa. Before he left for Bombay, Gandhi promised the Natal Indian Congress that he would return to support their efforts, should they need his help.
As Gandhi attended the 1901 Indian National Congress, his hopes came true. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the most prominent Indian politicians of the time, supported the resolution for the rights of Indians in South Africa and the resolution passed. Through Gokhale, in whose house Gandhi stayed for a month, Gandhi met many political connections that would serve him later in life.
However, his promise to always aid his friends in Natal soon prompted him to return to South Africa, when he received an urgent telegram informing him that the Boers had formed a peaceful relationship with British South Africans and now held political sway in the Cape Colony as well; the telegram also informed him that this would be a severe setback in his attempt to overturn discriminatory legislation targeting Indian South Africans.
Gandhi travelled back to South Africa immediately and met with Joseph Chamberlain , Secretary of State for the Colonies, and presented him with a paper on the discriminatory policies instituted against the Indian population but Chamberlain instead rebuffed Gandhi and informed him that Indians living in South Africa would have to acceded to the will of the Afrikaners , who now were granted increased political power as a result of the formation of the Union of South Africa as a dominion .
Gandhi began to organize a fast response to this new South African political configuration. Instead of working in Natal, he now established a camp in the newly conquered Transvaal region and began helping Indians who had escaped from the war in that region, and now had to purchase overly expensive re-entry passes. He also represented poor Indians whose dwellings in a shantytown the authorities had dispossessed. Gandhi also started a new magazine, Indian Opinion, that advocated for political liberty and equal rights in South Africa. The magazine, which initially included several young women from Europe, expanded its staff around the country, increasing both Gandhi's popularity and the public support for his ideas.
At round same time, Gandhi read John Ruskin's book Unto This Last , which maintained that the life of manual labor was superior to all other ways of living. As he adopted this belief, Gandhi chose to abandon Western dress and habits, and he moved his family and staff to a Transvaal farm called the Phoenix, where he even gave renounced the use of an oil-powered engine and printed Indian Opinion by hand-wheel, and performed agriculture labor using old, manual farming equipment. He began to conceive of his public work as a mission to restore old Indian virtue and civilization, rather than fall prey to modern Western influence, which included electricity and technology.
Between 1901 and 1906, he also changed another aspect of his personal life by achieving Brahmacharya, or the voluntary abstention from sexual relations. He made this choice as part of his philosophy of selflessness and self-restraint. Finally, he also formulated his own philosophy of political protest, called Satyagraha, which literally meant "truth-force" in Sanskrit. In practice, this practice meant protesting injustice steadfastly, but in a non-violent manner.
He put this theory into practice on 8 September 1906, when, at a large gathering of the Indian community in Transvaal, he asked the whole community to take a vow of disobedience to the law, as the Transvaal government had started an effort to register every Indian child over the age of eight, which would make them an official part of the South African population.
Setting a personal example, Gandhi became the first Indian to appear before a magistrate for his refusal to register, and he was sentenced to two months in prison. He actually asked for a heavier sentence, a request, consistent with his philosophy of self-denial. After his release, Gandhi continued his campaign and thousands of Indians burned their registration cards, crossing the Transvaal-Natal border without passes. Many went to jail, including Gandhi, who went to jail again in 1908.
Gandhi did not waiver when a South African General by the name of Jan Christian Smuts promised to eliminate the registration law, but broke his word. Gandhi went all the way to London in 1909 and gathered enough support among the members of the British government to convince Smuts to eliminate the law in 1913. Yet, the Transvaal Prime Minister continued to regard Indians as second-class citizens while the Cape Colony government passed another discriminatory law making all non-Christian marriages illegal, which meant that all Indian children would be considered born out of wedlock. In addition, the government in Natal continued to impose crippling poll tax for entering Natal only upon Indians.
In response to these strikingly unjust rules, Gandhi organized a large-scale satyagraha, which involved women crossing the Natal-Transvaal border illegally. When they were arrested, five thousand Indian coal miners also went on strike and Gandhi himself led them across the Natalese border, where they expected arrest.
Although Smuts and Gandhi did not agree on many points, they had respect for each other. In 1913, Smuts relented due to the sheer number of Indians involved in protest and negotiated a settlement which provided for the legality of Indian marriages and abolished the poll tax. Further, the import of indentured laborers from India was to be phased out by 1920. In July 1914, Gandhi sailed for Britain, now admired as "Mahatma," and known throughout the world for the success of satyagraha.
Part IV. Mahatma in the Midst of World Turmoil
Gandhi was in England when World War I started and he immediately began organizing a medical corps similar to the force he had led in the Boer War, but he had also faced health problems that caused him to return to India, where he met the applauding crowds with enthusiasm once again. Indians continued to refer to him as "Mahatma" or "Great Soul," an appellation reserved only for the holiest men of Hinduism. While Gandhi accepted the love and admiration of the crowds, he also insisted that all souls were equal and did not accept the implication of religious sacredness that his new name carried.
In order to retreat into a life of humility and restraint, as his personal principles mandated, he decided to withdraw from public life for a while spending his first year in India focusing on his personal quest for purity and healing. He also lived in a communal space with untouchables, a choice which many of his financial supporters resented, because they believed that the very presence of untouchables defiled higher-caste Indians. Gandhi even considered moving to a district in Ahmedabad inhabited entirely by the untouchables when a generous Muslim merchant donated enough money to keep up his current living space for another year. By that time, Gandhi's communal life with the untouchables had become more acceptable.
Although Gandhi had withdrawn from public life, he briefly met with the British Governor of Bombay (and future Viceroy of India), Lord Willington, whom Gandhi promised to consult before he launched any political campaigns. Gandhi also felt the impact of another event, the passing of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who had become his supporter and political mentor. He stayed away from the political trend of Indian nationalism, which many of the members of the Indian National Congress embraced. Instead, he stayed busy resettling his family and the inhabitants of the Phoenix Settlement in South Africa, as well as the Tolstoy Settlement he had founded near Johannesburg. For this purpose, on 25 May 1915, he created a new settlement, which came to be known as the Satyagraha ashram ( derive from Sanskrit word "Satya" means "truth" ) near the town of Ahmedabad and close to his place of birth in the western Indian province of Gujarat. All the inhabitants of the ashram, which included one family of untouchables, swore to poverty and chastity.
After a while, Gandhi became influenced by the idea of Indian independence from the British, but he dreaded the possibility that a westernized Indian elite would replace the British colonial government. He developed a strong conviction that Indian independence should take place as a large-scale sociopolitical reform, which would remove the old plagues of extreme poverty and caste restrictions. In fact, he believed that Indians could not become worthy of self-government unless they all shared a concern for the poor.
As Gandhi resumed his public life in India in 1916, he delivered a speech at the opening of the new Hindu University in the city of Benares , where he discussed his understanding of independence and reform. He also provided specific examples of the abhorrent living conditions of the lower classes that he had observed during his travels around India and focused specifically on sanitation.
Although the Indians of the higher-castes did not readily embrace the ideas in the speech, Gandhi had now returned to public life and he felt ready to convert these ideas to actions. Facing the possibility of arrest, just like he always did in South Africa, Gandhi first spoke for the rights of impoverished indigo-cultivators in the Champaran district. His efforts eventually led to the appointment of a government commission to investigate abuses by the indigo planters.
He also interfered whenever he saw violence. When a group of Ahmedabad mill workers went on strike and became violent, he resolved to fast until they returned to peace. Though some political commentators condemned Gandhi's behavior as a form of blackmail, the fast only lasted three days before the workers and their employers negotiated an agreement. Through this situation, Gandhi discovered the fast as one of his most effective weapons in late years and set a precedent for later action as part of satyagraha.
As the First World War continued, Gandhi also became involved in recruiting men for the British Indian Army , an involvement which his followers had a difficult time accepting, after listening to his passionate speeches about resisting injustice in a non-violent manner. At this point, although Gandhi still remained loyal to Britain and enamored with the ideals of the British constitution, his desire to support an independent home rule became stronger. As time passed, Gandhi became exhausted from his long journey around the country and fell ill with dysentery . He refused conventional treatment and chose to practice his own healing methods, relying on diet and spending a long time bedridden, while in recovery in his ashram.
In the meantime, the unrest in India increased exponentially with news of the British victories over the Ottoman Empire during the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War . The prospect of the only major Muslim power in the world ceasing to exist was an unacceptable proposition to many Indian Muslims.
After the end of the war, the British colonial government decided to follow the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, which advocated the retention of various wartime restrictions in India, including curfews and measures to suppress free speech. Gandhi was still sick when these events took place and, although he could not protest actively, he felt his loyalty to the British Empire weaken significantly.
Later, when the Rowlatt Act actually became law, Gandhi proposed that the entire country observe a day of prayer, fasting, and abstention from physical labor as a peaceful protest against the injustice of the oppressive law. Gandhi's plea generated an overwhelming response as millions of Indians did not go to work on 6 April 1919.
As the entire country stood still, the British colonial government arrested Gandhi, which provoked angry crowds to fill the streets of India's cities and, much to Gandhi's dislike, violence erupted everywhere. Gandhi could not tolerate violence so he called off his campaign and asked that everyone return to their homes. He acted in accordance with his firm belief that if satyagraha could not be carried out without violence, it should not take place at all.
Unfortunately, not all protesters shared Gandhi's conviction as ardently. In Amritsar, capital of the region known as the Punjab, where the alarmed colonial authorities had deported the local Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress, the street mobs became very violent and the colonial government summoned Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer to restore order. Dyer prohibited all public meetings and instituted public whippings for Indians who confronted the police. A crowd of over ten thousand people gathered for religious purposes, and Dyer responded with bringing his troops there and opening fire without warning. Tightly packed together, the protesters had nowhere to run from the fire, even when they threw themselves down on the ground the fire was then directed on the ground, ceasing only when Dyer's troops ran out of ammunition. Hundreds died and many more were wounded.
This unfortunate occurrence became known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , it outraged the British public almost as much as Indian society. The authorities in London eventually condemned Dyer's conduct, forcing him to resign in disgrace. The effect the massacre had on Indian society became even more profound as more moderate politicians, like Gandhi, now began to wholeheartedly support the idea of Indian independence, creating an intense climate of mutual hostility. After the massacre, Gandhi eventually obtained permission to travel to Amritsar and conduct his own investigation. He produced a report months later and his work on the report motivated him to contact a number of Indian politicians, who advocated for the idea of independence from British colonial rule.
After the massacre, Gandhi attended the Muslim Conference being held in Delhi, where Indian Muslims discussed their fears that the British government would abolish the Ottoman Caliphate . Indian Muslims considered the Caliphs as heirs of Mohammed and spiritual heads of Islam. While the British government considered abolition a necessary effort to restore order after the First World War, the Muslim population of the British Empire viewed it as an unnecessary provocation. Gandhi urged them not to accept the actions of the British government. He proposed a boycott of British goods, and stated that if the British government continued to insist on the abolition of the Caliphate, Indian Muslims should take even more drastic measures of non-cooperation, involving areas such as government employment and taxes.
During the months that followed, Gandhi continued to advocate for peace and caution, however, since Britain and the Ottomans were still negotiating their peace terms. Unlike more nationalistic politicians, he also supported the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for India, as they laid the foundation for constitutional self-government. Eventually, other politicians who thought the reforms did not go far enough had to agree with Gandhi simply because his popularity and influence had become so great that the Congress could accomplish little without him.
While the British government remained determined to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate, they also continued to enforce the Rowlatt Act resolutely. Even Gandhi became less tolerant towards British colonial policies and in April 1920, he urged all Indians, Muslim and Hindu, to begin a "non-cooperation" protest against British policies by giving up their Western clothing and jobs in the colonial government. As a personal example, on 1 August, he returned the kasar-i-hind medal that he had received for providing medical service to wounded British soldiers during the Second Boer War. He also became the first president of the Home Rule League, a largely symbolic position which confirmed his position as an advocate for Indian Independence.
In September 1920, Gandhi also passed an official constitution for the Congress, which created a system of two national committees and numerous local units, all working to mobilize a spirit of non-cooperation across India. Gandhi and other volunteers traveled around India further establishing this new grass roots organization, which achieved great success. The new Governor-General of India Lord Reading, did not dare to interfere because of Gandhi's immense popularity.
By 1922, Gandhi decided that the initiative of non-cooperation had to transform into open civil disobedience, but in March 1922, Lord Reading finally ordered Gandhi's arrest after a crowd in the city of Chauri Chaura attacked and assassinated the local representatives of British colonial government. Gandhi, who had never encouraged or sanctioned this type of conduct, condemned the actions of the violent crowds and retreated into a period of fasting and prayer as a response to this violent outburst. However, the colonial government saw the event as a trigger point and a reason for his arrest.
The British colonial authorities placed Gandhi on trial for sedition and sentenced him to six years in prison, marking the first time that he faced prosecution in India. Because of Gandhi's fame, the judge, C.N. Broomfield, hesitated to impose a harsher punishment. He considered Gandhi clearly guilty as charged, despite the fact that Gandhi admitted his guilt and even went as far as requesting the heaviest possible sentence. Such willingness to accept imprisonment conformed to his philosophy of satyagraha, so Gandhi felt that his time in prison only furthered his commitment and goals. The authorities allowed him to use a spinning wheel and receive reading materials while in prison, so he felt content. He also wrote most of his autobiography while serving his sentence.
However, in Gandhi's absence, Indians returned to the jobs they had previously spurned and their every day routines. Even worse, the unity between Muslims and Hindus, which Gandhi advocated so passionately, had already begun to fall apart to the point where the threat of violence loomed large over many communities with mixed population. The campaign for Indian independence could not continue while Indians themselves suffered disunity and conflict, all the more difficult to overcome in a huge country like India, which had always suffered religious divisions, as well as divisions by language, and even caste.
Gandhi realized that the British government had lost the will and power to maintain their empire, but he always acknowledged that Indians could not rely simply on the weakening of Britain in order to achieve independence. He believed that Indians had to become morally ready for independence. He planned to contribute to such readiness through his speeches and writing, advocating humility, restraint, good sanitation, as well as an end to child marriages.
After his imprisonment ended, he resumed his personal quest for purification and truth. He ends his autobiography by admitting that he continues to experience and fight with "the dormant passion" that lie within his own soul. He felt ready to continue the long and difficult path of taming those passions and putting himself last among his fellow human beings, the only way to achieve salvation, according to him.
"That is why the worlds' praise fails to move me; indeed it very often stings me. To conquer the subtle passions is far harder than the physical conquest of the world by the force of arms,"
Gandhi writes in his "Farewell" to the readers, a suitable conclusion for an autobiography that he never intended to be an autobiography, but a tale of experiments with life, and with truth.
The autobiography is noted for its lucid, simple and idiomatic language and its transparently honest narration. [4] The autobiography itself has become a key document for interpreting Gandhi's life and ideas. [13]
In his essay " Reflections on Gandhi " (1949), George Orwell argued that the autobiography made clear Gandhi's "natural physical courage", which he saw as later confirmed by the circumstances of his assassination ; his lack of feelings of envy, inferiority, or suspiciousness, the last of which Orwell thought was common to Indian people; and his lack of racial prejudice. [19] Noting the circumstances of the book's serialisation, Orwell argues it "is not a literary masterpiece, but it is the more impressive because of the commonplaceness of much of its material." [20] Orwell found the book to indicate that Gandhi "was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman." [21]
In a 1998 interview, Gujarati writer Harivallabh Bhayani mentioned this work as the most important work, together with Govardhanram Tripathi 's Saraswatichandra , to have emerged in Gujarat in the last 50 years. [22]
Gandhi wrote in his autobiography that the three most important modern influences in his life were Leo Tolstoy 's The Kingdom of God Is Within You , John Ruskin 's Unto This Last , and the poet Shrimad Rajchandra (Raychandbhai). [23] [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | The Story of My Experiments with Truth: Study Guide | The Story of My Experiments with Truth is an autobiography by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, published in 1993. Ghandi, known as Mahatma (an honorific meaning 'Great Soul') Ghandi, relates the story of his life from childhood onwards, and how he came to formulate his theories and practice of nonviolent resistance to British rule in India. In his lifetime, Ghandi succeeded in helping India to push itself towards independence from the British Empire. Through the book, he espouses a moral message to his readers. Aside from his political beliefs and activities, Ghandi discusses his ascetic outlook on life, his vegetarianism and self-discipline, his commitment to abstinence, his ongoing spiritual development, and his time in England. All royalties earned on The Story of My Experiments with Truth go to the Navajivan Trust, a publishing house focused on spiritual and educational development, founded by Gandhi himself.
Go to BN.com to get your copy of these helpful resources. | https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/The-Story-of-My-Experiments-with-Truth/#:~:text=The%20Story%20of%20My%20Experiments%20with%20Truth%20is,of%20nonviolent%20resistance%20to%20British%20rule%20in%20India. | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | The Story of My Experiments with Truth | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarati : Satya Na Prayogo athva Atmakatha , lit. 'Experiments of Truth or Autobiography') is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi , covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was written in weekly installments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal Young India . [1] It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns. In 1998, the book was designated as one of the "100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities. [2]
Starting with his birth and parentage, Gandhi has given reminiscences of childhood, child marriage , relation with his wife and parents, experiences at the school, his study tour to London, efforts to be like the English gentleman, experiments in dietetics, his going to South Africa , his experiences of colour prejudice, his quest for dharma , social work in Africa, return to India, his slow and steady work for political awakening and social activities. [3] The book ends abruptly after a discussion of the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress in 1915. [4]
In the early 1920s Gandhi led several civil disobedience campaigns. Despite his intention that they be peaceful, on several occasions, incidents of violence broke out. [5] The colonial authorities charged him in 1922 with incitement, and specifically of stirring up hatred against the government, and, the result was a six-year term of imprisonment. He served only two years, being released early on the grounds of ill health. Soon after, in the winter of 1925 at 56, Gandhi began writing his autobiography, on the example set by Swami Anand . He serialized it in his own weekly Navajivan (lit. New Life ). The autobiography was completed in February 1929. [6] [4] [7]
In the book's preface, Gandhi recalled that he had actually undertaken to sketch out his autobiography as early as 1921 but had to set the work aside due to his political engagements. He took on the labour, he informs us after his fellow workers had expressed a desire that he tell them something about his background and life. Initially he refused to adopt a book format, but then agreed to write it in a serialized form with individual chapters to be published weekly. [6]
The autobiography was written and serialized over the period from 25 November 1925 to 3 February 1929 [8] in 166 installments, which appeared in Navajivan . The corresponding English translations were printed in Young India , and reprinted in Indian Opinion in South Africa, and in the American journal Unity . The Hindi translation was published almost simultaneously in the Hindi edition of Navajivan . [6] [9]
The original Gujarati version was published as the Satya Na Prayogo (lit. Experiments with Truth ), bearing the subtitle, Atmakatha (lit. The Story of a Soul ). [7] The English version, An Autobiography , bore the subtitle, Experiments with Truth . [10]
In the preface, Gandhi states: [4]
It is not my purpose to attempt a real autobiography. I simply want to tell the story of my experiments with truth, and as my life consist of nothing but experiments, it is true that the story will take the shape of an autobiography. But I shall not mind if every page of it speaks only of my experiments.
The Story of My Experiments with Truth was first published in the United States in 1948 by Public Affairs Press of Washington, D.C. [11] [12]
The introduction announces a pact he made with his readership, explaining both the circumstances behind, and the motivations for, his drafting the book. There follows a chronologically structured sequence beginning with a genealogical account of his parental background. He then explores memories of his childhood and youth, his time in South Africa, followed by a narration of the activities he engaged in after his return to India. The story stops abruptly in 1921, four years before he began to compose the autobiography. The final chapter deals with the meeting of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur and his rejection of the public acclaim he had received. [13]
The book relates how Gandhi experimented on himself as he pursued his search for truth, truth being for him a synonym for God. [4]
This section is written by Mahadev Desai who translated the book from Gujarati to English. In this preface Desai notes that the book was originally published in two volumes, the first in 1927 and second in 1929. He also mentions that the original was priced at 1 rupee and had a run of five editions by the time of the writing of his preface. 50,000 copies had been sold in Gujarati but since the English edition was expensive it prevented Indians from purchasing it. Desai notes the need to bring out a cheaper English version. He also mentions that the translation has been revised by an English scholar who did not want his name to be published. Chapters XXIX–XLIII of Part V were translated by Desai's friend and colleague Pyarelal Nayyar . [14]
The introduction is officially written by Gandhi himself mentioning how he has resumed writing his autobiography at the insistence of Jeramdas, a fellow prisoner in Yerwada Central Jail with him. He mulls over the question a friend asked him about writing an autobiography, deeming it a Western practice, something "nobody does in the east". [1] Gandhi himself agrees that his thoughts might change later in life but the purpose of his story is just to narrate his experiments with truth in life. [14] He also says that through this book he wishes to narrate his spiritual and moral experiments rather than political.
The first part narrates incidents of Gandhi's childhood, his experiments with eating meat, smoking, drinking, stealing and subsequent atonement. [15] There are two texts that had a lasting influence on Gandhi, both of which he read in childhood. He records the profound impact of the play Harishchandra and says,"I read it with intense interest...It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." [16] Another text he mentions reading that deeply affected him was Shravana Pitrabhakti Nataka , a play about Shravan 's devotion to his parents. Gandhi got married at the age of 13. [14] In his words, "It is my painful duty to have to record here my marriage at the age of thirteen...I can see no moral argument in support of such a preposterously early marriage." Another important event documented in this part is the demise of Gandhi's father Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi wrote the book to deal with his experiment for truth. His disdain for physical training at school, particularly gymnastics has also been written about in this part. [17]
The second part of the book details Gandhi's experiences in the Cape Colony during a period of tension between the different ethnic groups in the region. The Cape Colony was dominated by British South Africans , while the neighboring Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic were established by Boers , white settlers of Dutch descent who had migrated away from the Cape Colony further north in the early 19th century and established the two independent republics. Gandhi detailed the antagonistic relationships between the two Afrikaner republics and the Cape Colony along with his experiences of being racially discriminated while in Africa. Indians had been migrating to South Africa for decades to work on coffee and sugar plantations, and while they did not experience as much discrimination as the Black population did, numerous discriminatory legislation had been put into place, effectively transforming Indian migrants into second-class citizens. Gandhi repeatedly experienced the sting of humiliation during his long African sojourn. The incident at Maritzburg, where Gandhi was thrown off the train has become justly famous. When Gandhi, as a matter of principle, refused to leave the first class compartment, he was thrown off the train. [18] Later, Gandhi also had difficulty being admitted to hotels, and saw that his fellow-Indians, who were mostly manual laborers, experienced even more unjust treatment.
Very soon after his arrival, Gandhi's initial bafflement and indignation at discriminatory policies turned into a growing sense of outrage and propelled him into assuming a position as a public figure at the assembly of Transvaal Indians, where he delivered his first speech urging Indians not to accept inequality but instead to unite, work hard, learn English and observe clean living habits. Although Gandhi's legal work soon start to keep him busy, he found time to read some of Tolstoy's work, which greatly influenced his understanding of peace and justice and eventually inspired him to write to Tolstoy, setting the beginning of a prolific correspondence. Both Tolstoy and Gandhi shared a philosophy of non-violence and Tolstoy's harsh critique of human society resonated with Gandhi's outrage at racism in South Africa.
Both Tolstoy and Gandhi considered themselves followers of the Sermon on the Mount from the New Testament, in which Jesus Christ expressed the idea of complete self-denial for the sake of his fellow men. Gandhi also continued to seek moral guidance in the Bhagavad Gita, which inspired him to view his work not as self-denial at all, but as a higher form of self-fulfillment. Adopting a philosophy of selflessness even as a public man, Gandhi refused to accept any payment for his work on behalf of the Indian population, preferring to support himself with his law practice alone.
But Gandhi's personal quest to define his own philosophy with respect to religion did not rely solely on sacred texts. At the time, he also engaged in active correspondence with a highly educated and spiritual Jain from Bombay, his friend Raychandra, who was deeply religious, yet well versed in a number of topics, from Hinduism to Christianity. The more Gandhi communicated with Raychandra, the more deeply he began to appreciate Hinduism as a non violent faith and its related scriptures. Yet, such deep appreciation also gave birth to a desire to seek inner purity and illumination, without solely relying on external sources, or on the dogma within every faith. Thus, although Gandhi sought God within his own tradition, he espoused the idea that other faiths remained worthy of study and contained their own truths.
Not surprisingly, even after his work assignment concluded, Gandhi soon found a reason to remain in South Africa. This pivotal reason involved the "Indian Franchise Bill", with which the Natal legislature intended to deprive Indians of the right to vote. No opposition existed against this bill, except among some of Gandhi's friends who asked him to stay in South Africa and work with them against this new injustice against Indians, who white South Africans disparagingly called "coolies." He found that racist attitudes had become deeply entrenched, especially in the two Boer republics, where they lived in the worst urban slums and could not own property or manage agricultural land. Even in Natal, where Indians had more influence, they were not allowed to go out after 9 p.m. without a pass, while in the Cape Colony they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalk. The new bill which prohibited Indians from voting in Natal only codified existing injustice in writing.
Although a last-minute petition drive failed to the Indian Franchise Bill from passing, Gandhi remained active and organized a much larger petition, which he sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, and distributed to the press in South Africa, Britain and India. The petition raised awareness of the plight of Indians and generated discussions in all three continents to the point where both the Times of London and the Times of India published editorials in support of the Indian right to the vote. Gandhi also formed a new political organization called the Natal Indian Congress (a clear reference to the Indian National Congress), which held regular meetings and soon, after some struggles with financing, started its own library and debating society. They also issued two major pamphlets, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa , and The Indian Franchise–An Appeal , which argued in favor of eliminating discriminatory legislation targeting Indians. He was also thrown off of a train in South Africa when he didn't agree to move from his first class seat which he paid for.
Though, at first, Gandhi intended to remain in South Africa for a month, or a year at most, he ended up working in South Africa for about twenty years. After his initial assignment was over, he succeeded in growing his own practice to about twenty Indian merchants who contracted him to manage their affairs. This work allowed him to both earn a living while also finding time to devote to his mission as a public figure. During his struggle against inequality and racial discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi became known among Indians all around the world as "Mahatma," or "Great Soul."
In South Africa with the Family, the Boer War, Bombay and South Africa Again.
In 1896, Gandhi made a brief return to India and returned to his wife and children. In India, he published another pamphlet, known as the Green Pamphlet, on the plight of Indians in South Africa. For the first time, Gandhi realized that Indians had come to admire his work greatly and experienced a taste of his own popularity among the people, when he visited Madras, an Indian province, where most manual laborers had originated. Although his fellow-Indians greeted him in large crowds with applause and adulation, he sailed back to South Africa with his family in December 1896.
Gandhi had become very well known in South Africa as well, to the point where a crowd of rioters awaited him at Port Natal, determined that he should not be allowed to enter. Many of them also mistakenly believed that all the dark-skinned passenger on the ship that took Gandhi to Natal were poor Indian immigrants he had decided to bring along with him, when, in reality, these passengers were mostly returning Indian residents of Natal. Fortunately, Gandhi was able to establish a friendly relationship with numerous white South Africans so the Natal port's police superintendent and his wife escorted him to safety. After this incident, local white residents began to actually regard him with greater respect.
As Gandhi resumed his work at the Natal Indian Congress, his loyalty to the British Empire guided him to assist them in the Second Boer War , which started three years later. Because Gandhi remained a passionate pacifist, he wanted to participate in the Boer War without actually engaging in violence so he organized and led an Indian Medical Corps which served with the British Army in a number of battles, including the important Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900, a Boer victory.
During this period, Gandhi would remain supportive of the British Empire , and believed the British Constitution deserved the loyalty of all of Britain's subjects, including Indians. Gandhi saw discriminatory policies in the Cape Colony as a temporary aberration, and perceived British rule in India as being both beneficial and benevolent.
The armed conflict between the British and Boers raged on for over three years; despite the fact that Britain had occupied both the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic, thousands of Boers took to the hills to begin a guerilla campaign against the British in the countryside. Gandhi expected that the British victory would overturn discriminatory legislation in South Africa and present him with an opportunity to return to India. He wanted to attend the 1901 meeting of the Indian National Congress, whose mission was to provide a social and political forum for the Indian upper class. Founded in 1885 with aid of Briton Allan Octavian Hume , the Congress had no real political power and expressed pro-British positions. Gandhi wanted to attend its meeting nevertheless, as he was hoping to pass a resolution in support of the Indian population in South Africa. Before he left for Bombay, Gandhi promised the Natal Indian Congress that he would return to support their efforts, should they need his help.
As Gandhi attended the 1901 Indian National Congress, his hopes came true. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the most prominent Indian politicians of the time, supported the resolution for the rights of Indians in South Africa and the resolution passed. Through Gokhale, in whose house Gandhi stayed for a month, Gandhi met many political connections that would serve him later in life.
However, his promise to always aid his friends in Natal soon prompted him to return to South Africa, when he received an urgent telegram informing him that the Boers had formed a peaceful relationship with British South Africans and now held political sway in the Cape Colony as well; the telegram also informed him that this would be a severe setback in his attempt to overturn discriminatory legislation targeting Indian South Africans.
Gandhi travelled back to South Africa immediately and met with Joseph Chamberlain , Secretary of State for the Colonies, and presented him with a paper on the discriminatory policies instituted against the Indian population but Chamberlain instead rebuffed Gandhi and informed him that Indians living in South Africa would have to acceded to the will of the Afrikaners , who now were granted increased political power as a result of the formation of the Union of South Africa as a dominion .
Gandhi began to organize a fast response to this new South African political configuration. Instead of working in Natal, he now established a camp in the newly conquered Transvaal region and began helping Indians who had escaped from the war in that region, and now had to purchase overly expensive re-entry passes. He also represented poor Indians whose dwellings in a shantytown the authorities had dispossessed. Gandhi also started a new magazine, Indian Opinion, that advocated for political liberty and equal rights in South Africa. The magazine, which initially included several young women from Europe, expanded its staff around the country, increasing both Gandhi's popularity and the public support for his ideas.
At round same time, Gandhi read John Ruskin's book Unto This Last , which maintained that the life of manual labor was superior to all other ways of living. As he adopted this belief, Gandhi chose to abandon Western dress and habits, and he moved his family and staff to a Transvaal farm called the Phoenix, where he even gave renounced the use of an oil-powered engine and printed Indian Opinion by hand-wheel, and performed agriculture labor using old, manual farming equipment. He began to conceive of his public work as a mission to restore old Indian virtue and civilization, rather than fall prey to modern Western influence, which included electricity and technology.
Between 1901 and 1906, he also changed another aspect of his personal life by achieving Brahmacharya, or the voluntary abstention from sexual relations. He made this choice as part of his philosophy of selflessness and self-restraint. Finally, he also formulated his own philosophy of political protest, called Satyagraha, which literally meant "truth-force" in Sanskrit. In practice, this practice meant protesting injustice steadfastly, but in a non-violent manner.
He put this theory into practice on 8 September 1906, when, at a large gathering of the Indian community in Transvaal, he asked the whole community to take a vow of disobedience to the law, as the Transvaal government had started an effort to register every Indian child over the age of eight, which would make them an official part of the South African population.
Setting a personal example, Gandhi became the first Indian to appear before a magistrate for his refusal to register, and he was sentenced to two months in prison. He actually asked for a heavier sentence, a request, consistent with his philosophy of self-denial. After his release, Gandhi continued his campaign and thousands of Indians burned their registration cards, crossing the Transvaal-Natal border without passes. Many went to jail, including Gandhi, who went to jail again in 1908.
Gandhi did not waiver when a South African General by the name of Jan Christian Smuts promised to eliminate the registration law, but broke his word. Gandhi went all the way to London in 1909 and gathered enough support among the members of the British government to convince Smuts to eliminate the law in 1913. Yet, the Transvaal Prime Minister continued to regard Indians as second-class citizens while the Cape Colony government passed another discriminatory law making all non-Christian marriages illegal, which meant that all Indian children would be considered born out of wedlock. In addition, the government in Natal continued to impose crippling poll tax for entering Natal only upon Indians.
In response to these strikingly unjust rules, Gandhi organized a large-scale satyagraha, which involved women crossing the Natal-Transvaal border illegally. When they were arrested, five thousand Indian coal miners also went on strike and Gandhi himself led them across the Natalese border, where they expected arrest.
Although Smuts and Gandhi did not agree on many points, they had respect for each other. In 1913, Smuts relented due to the sheer number of Indians involved in protest and negotiated a settlement which provided for the legality of Indian marriages and abolished the poll tax. Further, the import of indentured laborers from India was to be phased out by 1920. In July 1914, Gandhi sailed for Britain, now admired as "Mahatma," and known throughout the world for the success of satyagraha.
Part IV. Mahatma in the Midst of World Turmoil
Gandhi was in England when World War I started and he immediately began organizing a medical corps similar to the force he had led in the Boer War, but he had also faced health problems that caused him to return to India, where he met the applauding crowds with enthusiasm once again. Indians continued to refer to him as "Mahatma" or "Great Soul," an appellation reserved only for the holiest men of Hinduism. While Gandhi accepted the love and admiration of the crowds, he also insisted that all souls were equal and did not accept the implication of religious sacredness that his new name carried.
In order to retreat into a life of humility and restraint, as his personal principles mandated, he decided to withdraw from public life for a while spending his first year in India focusing on his personal quest for purity and healing. He also lived in a communal space with untouchables, a choice which many of his financial supporters resented, because they believed that the very presence of untouchables defiled higher-caste Indians. Gandhi even considered moving to a district in Ahmedabad inhabited entirely by the untouchables when a generous Muslim merchant donated enough money to keep up his current living space for another year. By that time, Gandhi's communal life with the untouchables had become more acceptable.
Although Gandhi had withdrawn from public life, he briefly met with the British Governor of Bombay (and future Viceroy of India), Lord Willington, whom Gandhi promised to consult before he launched any political campaigns. Gandhi also felt the impact of another event, the passing of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who had become his supporter and political mentor. He stayed away from the political trend of Indian nationalism, which many of the members of the Indian National Congress embraced. Instead, he stayed busy resettling his family and the inhabitants of the Phoenix Settlement in South Africa, as well as the Tolstoy Settlement he had founded near Johannesburg. For this purpose, on 25 May 1915, he created a new settlement, which came to be known as the Satyagraha ashram ( derive from Sanskrit word "Satya" means "truth" ) near the town of Ahmedabad and close to his place of birth in the western Indian province of Gujarat. All the inhabitants of the ashram, which included one family of untouchables, swore to poverty and chastity.
After a while, Gandhi became influenced by the idea of Indian independence from the British, but he dreaded the possibility that a westernized Indian elite would replace the British colonial government. He developed a strong conviction that Indian independence should take place as a large-scale sociopolitical reform, which would remove the old plagues of extreme poverty and caste restrictions. In fact, he believed that Indians could not become worthy of self-government unless they all shared a concern for the poor.
As Gandhi resumed his public life in India in 1916, he delivered a speech at the opening of the new Hindu University in the city of Benares , where he discussed his understanding of independence and reform. He also provided specific examples of the abhorrent living conditions of the lower classes that he had observed during his travels around India and focused specifically on sanitation.
Although the Indians of the higher-castes did not readily embrace the ideas in the speech, Gandhi had now returned to public life and he felt ready to convert these ideas to actions. Facing the possibility of arrest, just like he always did in South Africa, Gandhi first spoke for the rights of impoverished indigo-cultivators in the Champaran district. His efforts eventually led to the appointment of a government commission to investigate abuses by the indigo planters.
He also interfered whenever he saw violence. When a group of Ahmedabad mill workers went on strike and became violent, he resolved to fast until they returned to peace. Though some political commentators condemned Gandhi's behavior as a form of blackmail, the fast only lasted three days before the workers and their employers negotiated an agreement. Through this situation, Gandhi discovered the fast as one of his most effective weapons in late years and set a precedent for later action as part of satyagraha.
As the First World War continued, Gandhi also became involved in recruiting men for the British Indian Army , an involvement which his followers had a difficult time accepting, after listening to his passionate speeches about resisting injustice in a non-violent manner. At this point, although Gandhi still remained loyal to Britain and enamored with the ideals of the British constitution, his desire to support an independent home rule became stronger. As time passed, Gandhi became exhausted from his long journey around the country and fell ill with dysentery . He refused conventional treatment and chose to practice his own healing methods, relying on diet and spending a long time bedridden, while in recovery in his ashram.
In the meantime, the unrest in India increased exponentially with news of the British victories over the Ottoman Empire during the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War . The prospect of the only major Muslim power in the world ceasing to exist was an unacceptable proposition to many Indian Muslims.
After the end of the war, the British colonial government decided to follow the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, which advocated the retention of various wartime restrictions in India, including curfews and measures to suppress free speech. Gandhi was still sick when these events took place and, although he could not protest actively, he felt his loyalty to the British Empire weaken significantly.
Later, when the Rowlatt Act actually became law, Gandhi proposed that the entire country observe a day of prayer, fasting, and abstention from physical labor as a peaceful protest against the injustice of the oppressive law. Gandhi's plea generated an overwhelming response as millions of Indians did not go to work on 6 April 1919.
As the entire country stood still, the British colonial government arrested Gandhi, which provoked angry crowds to fill the streets of India's cities and, much to Gandhi's dislike, violence erupted everywhere. Gandhi could not tolerate violence so he called off his campaign and asked that everyone return to their homes. He acted in accordance with his firm belief that if satyagraha could not be carried out without violence, it should not take place at all.
Unfortunately, not all protesters shared Gandhi's conviction as ardently. In Amritsar, capital of the region known as the Punjab, where the alarmed colonial authorities had deported the local Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress, the street mobs became very violent and the colonial government summoned Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer to restore order. Dyer prohibited all public meetings and instituted public whippings for Indians who confronted the police. A crowd of over ten thousand people gathered for religious purposes, and Dyer responded with bringing his troops there and opening fire without warning. Tightly packed together, the protesters had nowhere to run from the fire, even when they threw themselves down on the ground the fire was then directed on the ground, ceasing only when Dyer's troops ran out of ammunition. Hundreds died and many more were wounded.
This unfortunate occurrence became known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , it outraged the British public almost as much as Indian society. The authorities in London eventually condemned Dyer's conduct, forcing him to resign in disgrace. The effect the massacre had on Indian society became even more profound as more moderate politicians, like Gandhi, now began to wholeheartedly support the idea of Indian independence, creating an intense climate of mutual hostility. After the massacre, Gandhi eventually obtained permission to travel to Amritsar and conduct his own investigation. He produced a report months later and his work on the report motivated him to contact a number of Indian politicians, who advocated for the idea of independence from British colonial rule.
After the massacre, Gandhi attended the Muslim Conference being held in Delhi, where Indian Muslims discussed their fears that the British government would abolish the Ottoman Caliphate . Indian Muslims considered the Caliphs as heirs of Mohammed and spiritual heads of Islam. While the British government considered abolition a necessary effort to restore order after the First World War, the Muslim population of the British Empire viewed it as an unnecessary provocation. Gandhi urged them not to accept the actions of the British government. He proposed a boycott of British goods, and stated that if the British government continued to insist on the abolition of the Caliphate, Indian Muslims should take even more drastic measures of non-cooperation, involving areas such as government employment and taxes.
During the months that followed, Gandhi continued to advocate for peace and caution, however, since Britain and the Ottomans were still negotiating their peace terms. Unlike more nationalistic politicians, he also supported the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for India, as they laid the foundation for constitutional self-government. Eventually, other politicians who thought the reforms did not go far enough had to agree with Gandhi simply because his popularity and influence had become so great that the Congress could accomplish little without him.
While the British government remained determined to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate, they also continued to enforce the Rowlatt Act resolutely. Even Gandhi became less tolerant towards British colonial policies and in April 1920, he urged all Indians, Muslim and Hindu, to begin a "non-cooperation" protest against British policies by giving up their Western clothing and jobs in the colonial government. As a personal example, on 1 August, he returned the kasar-i-hind medal that he had received for providing medical service to wounded British soldiers during the Second Boer War. He also became the first president of the Home Rule League, a largely symbolic position which confirmed his position as an advocate for Indian Independence.
In September 1920, Gandhi also passed an official constitution for the Congress, which created a system of two national committees and numerous local units, all working to mobilize a spirit of non-cooperation across India. Gandhi and other volunteers traveled around India further establishing this new grass roots organization, which achieved great success. The new Governor-General of India Lord Reading, did not dare to interfere because of Gandhi's immense popularity.
By 1922, Gandhi decided that the initiative of non-cooperation had to transform into open civil disobedience, but in March 1922, Lord Reading finally ordered Gandhi's arrest after a crowd in the city of Chauri Chaura attacked and assassinated the local representatives of British colonial government. Gandhi, who had never encouraged or sanctioned this type of conduct, condemned the actions of the violent crowds and retreated into a period of fasting and prayer as a response to this violent outburst. However, the colonial government saw the event as a trigger point and a reason for his arrest.
The British colonial authorities placed Gandhi on trial for sedition and sentenced him to six years in prison, marking the first time that he faced prosecution in India. Because of Gandhi's fame, the judge, C.N. Broomfield, hesitated to impose a harsher punishment. He considered Gandhi clearly guilty as charged, despite the fact that Gandhi admitted his guilt and even went as far as requesting the heaviest possible sentence. Such willingness to accept imprisonment conformed to his philosophy of satyagraha, so Gandhi felt that his time in prison only furthered his commitment and goals. The authorities allowed him to use a spinning wheel and receive reading materials while in prison, so he felt content. He also wrote most of his autobiography while serving his sentence.
However, in Gandhi's absence, Indians returned to the jobs they had previously spurned and their every day routines. Even worse, the unity between Muslims and Hindus, which Gandhi advocated so passionately, had already begun to fall apart to the point where the threat of violence loomed large over many communities with mixed population. The campaign for Indian independence could not continue while Indians themselves suffered disunity and conflict, all the more difficult to overcome in a huge country like India, which had always suffered religious divisions, as well as divisions by language, and even caste.
Gandhi realized that the British government had lost the will and power to maintain their empire, but he always acknowledged that Indians could not rely simply on the weakening of Britain in order to achieve independence. He believed that Indians had to become morally ready for independence. He planned to contribute to such readiness through his speeches and writing, advocating humility, restraint, good sanitation, as well as an end to child marriages.
After his imprisonment ended, he resumed his personal quest for purification and truth. He ends his autobiography by admitting that he continues to experience and fight with "the dormant passion" that lie within his own soul. He felt ready to continue the long and difficult path of taming those passions and putting himself last among his fellow human beings, the only way to achieve salvation, according to him.
"That is why the worlds' praise fails to move me; indeed it very often stings me. To conquer the subtle passions is far harder than the physical conquest of the world by the force of arms,"
Gandhi writes in his "Farewell" to the readers, a suitable conclusion for an autobiography that he never intended to be an autobiography, but a tale of experiments with life, and with truth.
The autobiography is noted for its lucid, simple and idiomatic language and its transparently honest narration. [4] The autobiography itself has become a key document for interpreting Gandhi's life and ideas. [13]
In his essay " Reflections on Gandhi " (1949), George Orwell argued that the autobiography made clear Gandhi's "natural physical courage", which he saw as later confirmed by the circumstances of his assassination ; his lack of feelings of envy, inferiority, or suspiciousness, the last of which Orwell thought was common to Indian people; and his lack of racial prejudice. [19] Noting the circumstances of the book's serialisation, Orwell argues it "is not a literary masterpiece, but it is the more impressive because of the commonplaceness of much of its material." [20] Orwell found the book to indicate that Gandhi "was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman." [21]
In a 1998 interview, Gujarati writer Harivallabh Bhayani mentioned this work as the most important work, together with Govardhanram Tripathi 's Saraswatichandra , to have emerged in Gujarat in the last 50 years. [22]
Gandhi wrote in his autobiography that the three most important modern influences in his life were Leo Tolstoy 's The Kingdom of God Is Within You , John Ruskin 's Unto This Last , and the poet Shrimad Rajchandra (Raychandbhai). [23] [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | The Story of My Experiments with Truth | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Story of My Experiments with Truth ( Gujarati : Satya Na Prayogo athva Atmakatha , lit. 'Experiments of Truth or Autobiography') is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi , covering his life from early childhood through to 1921. It was written in weekly installments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929. Its English translation also appeared in installments in his other journal Young India . [1] It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns. In 1998, the book was designated as one of the "100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities. [2]
Starting with his birth and parentage, Gandhi has given reminiscences of childhood, child marriage , relation with his wife and parents, experiences at the school, his study tour to London, efforts to be like the English gentleman, experiments in dietetics, his going to South Africa , his experiences of colour prejudice, his quest for dharma , social work in Africa, return to India, his slow and steady work for political awakening and social activities. [3] The book ends abruptly after a discussion of the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress in 1915. [4]
In the early 1920s Gandhi led several civil disobedience campaigns. Despite his intention that they be peaceful, on several occasions, incidents of violence broke out. [5] The colonial authorities charged him in 1922 with incitement, and specifically of stirring up hatred against the government, and, the result was a six-year term of imprisonment. He served only two years, being released early on the grounds of ill health. Soon after, in the winter of 1925 at 56, Gandhi began writing his autobiography, on the example set by Swami Anand . He serialized it in his own weekly Navajivan (lit. New Life ). The autobiography was completed in February 1929. [6] [4] [7]
In the book's preface, Gandhi recalled that he had actually undertaken to sketch out his autobiography as early as 1921 but had to set the work aside due to his political engagements. He took on the labour, he informs us after his fellow workers had expressed a desire that he tell them something about his background and life. Initially he refused to adopt a book format, but then agreed to write it in a serialized form with individual chapters to be published weekly. [6]
The autobiography was written and serialized over the period from 25 November 1925 to 3 February 1929 [8] in 166 installments, which appeared in Navajivan . The corresponding English translations were printed in Young India , and reprinted in Indian Opinion in South Africa, and in the American journal Unity . The Hindi translation was published almost simultaneously in the Hindi edition of Navajivan . [6] [9]
The original Gujarati version was published as the Satya Na Prayogo (lit. Experiments with Truth ), bearing the subtitle, Atmakatha (lit. The Story of a Soul ). [7] The English version, An Autobiography , bore the subtitle, Experiments with Truth . [10]
In the preface, Gandhi states: [4]
It is not my purpose to attempt a real autobiography. I simply want to tell the story of my experiments with truth, and as my life consist of nothing but experiments, it is true that the story will take the shape of an autobiography. But I shall not mind if every page of it speaks only of my experiments.
The Story of My Experiments with Truth was first published in the United States in 1948 by Public Affairs Press of Washington, D.C. [11] [12]
The introduction announces a pact he made with his readership, explaining both the circumstances behind, and the motivations for, his drafting the book. There follows a chronologically structured sequence beginning with a genealogical account of his parental background. He then explores memories of his childhood and youth, his time in South Africa, followed by a narration of the activities he engaged in after his return to India. The story stops abruptly in 1921, four years before he began to compose the autobiography. The final chapter deals with the meeting of the Indian National Congress at Nagpur and his rejection of the public acclaim he had received. [13]
The book relates how Gandhi experimented on himself as he pursued his search for truth, truth being for him a synonym for God. [4]
This section is written by Mahadev Desai who translated the book from Gujarati to English. In this preface Desai notes that the book was originally published in two volumes, the first in 1927 and second in 1929. He also mentions that the original was priced at 1 rupee and had a run of five editions by the time of the writing of his preface. 50,000 copies had been sold in Gujarati but since the English edition was expensive it prevented Indians from purchasing it. Desai notes the need to bring out a cheaper English version. He also mentions that the translation has been revised by an English scholar who did not want his name to be published. Chapters XXIX–XLIII of Part V were translated by Desai's friend and colleague Pyarelal Nayyar . [14]
The introduction is officially written by Gandhi himself mentioning how he has resumed writing his autobiography at the insistence of Jeramdas, a fellow prisoner in Yerwada Central Jail with him. He mulls over the question a friend asked him about writing an autobiography, deeming it a Western practice, something "nobody does in the east". [1] Gandhi himself agrees that his thoughts might change later in life but the purpose of his story is just to narrate his experiments with truth in life. [14] He also says that through this book he wishes to narrate his spiritual and moral experiments rather than political.
The first part narrates incidents of Gandhi's childhood, his experiments with eating meat, smoking, drinking, stealing and subsequent atonement. [15] There are two texts that had a lasting influence on Gandhi, both of which he read in childhood. He records the profound impact of the play Harishchandra and says,"I read it with intense interest...It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." [16] Another text he mentions reading that deeply affected him was Shravana Pitrabhakti Nataka , a play about Shravan 's devotion to his parents. Gandhi got married at the age of 13. [14] In his words, "It is my painful duty to have to record here my marriage at the age of thirteen...I can see no moral argument in support of such a preposterously early marriage." Another important event documented in this part is the demise of Gandhi's father Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi wrote the book to deal with his experiment for truth. His disdain for physical training at school, particularly gymnastics has also been written about in this part. [17]
The second part of the book details Gandhi's experiences in the Cape Colony during a period of tension between the different ethnic groups in the region. The Cape Colony was dominated by British South Africans , while the neighboring Orange Free State and Transvaal Republic were established by Boers , white settlers of Dutch descent who had migrated away from the Cape Colony further north in the early 19th century and established the two independent republics. Gandhi detailed the antagonistic relationships between the two Afrikaner republics and the Cape Colony along with his experiences of being racially discriminated while in Africa. Indians had been migrating to South Africa for decades to work on coffee and sugar plantations, and while they did not experience as much discrimination as the Black population did, numerous discriminatory legislation had been put into place, effectively transforming Indian migrants into second-class citizens. Gandhi repeatedly experienced the sting of humiliation during his long African sojourn. The incident at Maritzburg, where Gandhi was thrown off the train has become justly famous. When Gandhi, as a matter of principle, refused to leave the first class compartment, he was thrown off the train. [18] Later, Gandhi also had difficulty being admitted to hotels, and saw that his fellow-Indians, who were mostly manual laborers, experienced even more unjust treatment.
Very soon after his arrival, Gandhi's initial bafflement and indignation at discriminatory policies turned into a growing sense of outrage and propelled him into assuming a position as a public figure at the assembly of Transvaal Indians, where he delivered his first speech urging Indians not to accept inequality but instead to unite, work hard, learn English and observe clean living habits. Although Gandhi's legal work soon start to keep him busy, he found time to read some of Tolstoy's work, which greatly influenced his understanding of peace and justice and eventually inspired him to write to Tolstoy, setting the beginning of a prolific correspondence. Both Tolstoy and Gandhi shared a philosophy of non-violence and Tolstoy's harsh critique of human society resonated with Gandhi's outrage at racism in South Africa.
Both Tolstoy and Gandhi considered themselves followers of the Sermon on the Mount from the New Testament, in which Jesus Christ expressed the idea of complete self-denial for the sake of his fellow men. Gandhi also continued to seek moral guidance in the Bhagavad Gita, which inspired him to view his work not as self-denial at all, but as a higher form of self-fulfillment. Adopting a philosophy of selflessness even as a public man, Gandhi refused to accept any payment for his work on behalf of the Indian population, preferring to support himself with his law practice alone.
But Gandhi's personal quest to define his own philosophy with respect to religion did not rely solely on sacred texts. At the time, he also engaged in active correspondence with a highly educated and spiritual Jain from Bombay, his friend Raychandra, who was deeply religious, yet well versed in a number of topics, from Hinduism to Christianity. The more Gandhi communicated with Raychandra, the more deeply he began to appreciate Hinduism as a non violent faith and its related scriptures. Yet, such deep appreciation also gave birth to a desire to seek inner purity and illumination, without solely relying on external sources, or on the dogma within every faith. Thus, although Gandhi sought God within his own tradition, he espoused the idea that other faiths remained worthy of study and contained their own truths.
Not surprisingly, even after his work assignment concluded, Gandhi soon found a reason to remain in South Africa. This pivotal reason involved the "Indian Franchise Bill", with which the Natal legislature intended to deprive Indians of the right to vote. No opposition existed against this bill, except among some of Gandhi's friends who asked him to stay in South Africa and work with them against this new injustice against Indians, who white South Africans disparagingly called "coolies." He found that racist attitudes had become deeply entrenched, especially in the two Boer republics, where they lived in the worst urban slums and could not own property or manage agricultural land. Even in Natal, where Indians had more influence, they were not allowed to go out after 9 p.m. without a pass, while in the Cape Colony they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalk. The new bill which prohibited Indians from voting in Natal only codified existing injustice in writing.
Although a last-minute petition drive failed to the Indian Franchise Bill from passing, Gandhi remained active and organized a much larger petition, which he sent to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in London, and distributed to the press in South Africa, Britain and India. The petition raised awareness of the plight of Indians and generated discussions in all three continents to the point where both the Times of London and the Times of India published editorials in support of the Indian right to the vote. Gandhi also formed a new political organization called the Natal Indian Congress (a clear reference to the Indian National Congress), which held regular meetings and soon, after some struggles with financing, started its own library and debating society. They also issued two major pamphlets, An Appeal to Every Briton in South Africa , and The Indian Franchise–An Appeal , which argued in favor of eliminating discriminatory legislation targeting Indians. He was also thrown off of a train in South Africa when he didn't agree to move from his first class seat which he paid for.
Though, at first, Gandhi intended to remain in South Africa for a month, or a year at most, he ended up working in South Africa for about twenty years. After his initial assignment was over, he succeeded in growing his own practice to about twenty Indian merchants who contracted him to manage their affairs. This work allowed him to both earn a living while also finding time to devote to his mission as a public figure. During his struggle against inequality and racial discrimination in South Africa, Gandhi became known among Indians all around the world as "Mahatma," or "Great Soul."
In South Africa with the Family, the Boer War, Bombay and South Africa Again.
In 1896, Gandhi made a brief return to India and returned to his wife and children. In India, he published another pamphlet, known as the Green Pamphlet, on the plight of Indians in South Africa. For the first time, Gandhi realized that Indians had come to admire his work greatly and experienced a taste of his own popularity among the people, when he visited Madras, an Indian province, where most manual laborers had originated. Although his fellow-Indians greeted him in large crowds with applause and adulation, he sailed back to South Africa with his family in December 1896.
Gandhi had become very well known in South Africa as well, to the point where a crowd of rioters awaited him at Port Natal, determined that he should not be allowed to enter. Many of them also mistakenly believed that all the dark-skinned passenger on the ship that took Gandhi to Natal were poor Indian immigrants he had decided to bring along with him, when, in reality, these passengers were mostly returning Indian residents of Natal. Fortunately, Gandhi was able to establish a friendly relationship with numerous white South Africans so the Natal port's police superintendent and his wife escorted him to safety. After this incident, local white residents began to actually regard him with greater respect.
As Gandhi resumed his work at the Natal Indian Congress, his loyalty to the British Empire guided him to assist them in the Second Boer War , which started three years later. Because Gandhi remained a passionate pacifist, he wanted to participate in the Boer War without actually engaging in violence so he organized and led an Indian Medical Corps which served with the British Army in a number of battles, including the important Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900, a Boer victory.
During this period, Gandhi would remain supportive of the British Empire , and believed the British Constitution deserved the loyalty of all of Britain's subjects, including Indians. Gandhi saw discriminatory policies in the Cape Colony as a temporary aberration, and perceived British rule in India as being both beneficial and benevolent.
The armed conflict between the British and Boers raged on for over three years; despite the fact that Britain had occupied both the Orange Free State and the Transvaal Republic, thousands of Boers took to the hills to begin a guerilla campaign against the British in the countryside. Gandhi expected that the British victory would overturn discriminatory legislation in South Africa and present him with an opportunity to return to India. He wanted to attend the 1901 meeting of the Indian National Congress, whose mission was to provide a social and political forum for the Indian upper class. Founded in 1885 with aid of Briton Allan Octavian Hume , the Congress had no real political power and expressed pro-British positions. Gandhi wanted to attend its meeting nevertheless, as he was hoping to pass a resolution in support of the Indian population in South Africa. Before he left for Bombay, Gandhi promised the Natal Indian Congress that he would return to support their efforts, should they need his help.
As Gandhi attended the 1901 Indian National Congress, his hopes came true. Gopal Krishna Gokhale, one of the most prominent Indian politicians of the time, supported the resolution for the rights of Indians in South Africa and the resolution passed. Through Gokhale, in whose house Gandhi stayed for a month, Gandhi met many political connections that would serve him later in life.
However, his promise to always aid his friends in Natal soon prompted him to return to South Africa, when he received an urgent telegram informing him that the Boers had formed a peaceful relationship with British South Africans and now held political sway in the Cape Colony as well; the telegram also informed him that this would be a severe setback in his attempt to overturn discriminatory legislation targeting Indian South Africans.
Gandhi travelled back to South Africa immediately and met with Joseph Chamberlain , Secretary of State for the Colonies, and presented him with a paper on the discriminatory policies instituted against the Indian population but Chamberlain instead rebuffed Gandhi and informed him that Indians living in South Africa would have to acceded to the will of the Afrikaners , who now were granted increased political power as a result of the formation of the Union of South Africa as a dominion .
Gandhi began to organize a fast response to this new South African political configuration. Instead of working in Natal, he now established a camp in the newly conquered Transvaal region and began helping Indians who had escaped from the war in that region, and now had to purchase overly expensive re-entry passes. He also represented poor Indians whose dwellings in a shantytown the authorities had dispossessed. Gandhi also started a new magazine, Indian Opinion, that advocated for political liberty and equal rights in South Africa. The magazine, which initially included several young women from Europe, expanded its staff around the country, increasing both Gandhi's popularity and the public support for his ideas.
At round same time, Gandhi read John Ruskin's book Unto This Last , which maintained that the life of manual labor was superior to all other ways of living. As he adopted this belief, Gandhi chose to abandon Western dress and habits, and he moved his family and staff to a Transvaal farm called the Phoenix, where he even gave renounced the use of an oil-powered engine and printed Indian Opinion by hand-wheel, and performed agriculture labor using old, manual farming equipment. He began to conceive of his public work as a mission to restore old Indian virtue and civilization, rather than fall prey to modern Western influence, which included electricity and technology.
Between 1901 and 1906, he also changed another aspect of his personal life by achieving Brahmacharya, or the voluntary abstention from sexual relations. He made this choice as part of his philosophy of selflessness and self-restraint. Finally, he also formulated his own philosophy of political protest, called Satyagraha, which literally meant "truth-force" in Sanskrit. In practice, this practice meant protesting injustice steadfastly, but in a non-violent manner.
He put this theory into practice on 8 September 1906, when, at a large gathering of the Indian community in Transvaal, he asked the whole community to take a vow of disobedience to the law, as the Transvaal government had started an effort to register every Indian child over the age of eight, which would make them an official part of the South African population.
Setting a personal example, Gandhi became the first Indian to appear before a magistrate for his refusal to register, and he was sentenced to two months in prison. He actually asked for a heavier sentence, a request, consistent with his philosophy of self-denial. After his release, Gandhi continued his campaign and thousands of Indians burned their registration cards, crossing the Transvaal-Natal border without passes. Many went to jail, including Gandhi, who went to jail again in 1908.
Gandhi did not waiver when a South African General by the name of Jan Christian Smuts promised to eliminate the registration law, but broke his word. Gandhi went all the way to London in 1909 and gathered enough support among the members of the British government to convince Smuts to eliminate the law in 1913. Yet, the Transvaal Prime Minister continued to regard Indians as second-class citizens while the Cape Colony government passed another discriminatory law making all non-Christian marriages illegal, which meant that all Indian children would be considered born out of wedlock. In addition, the government in Natal continued to impose crippling poll tax for entering Natal only upon Indians.
In response to these strikingly unjust rules, Gandhi organized a large-scale satyagraha, which involved women crossing the Natal-Transvaal border illegally. When they were arrested, five thousand Indian coal miners also went on strike and Gandhi himself led them across the Natalese border, where they expected arrest.
Although Smuts and Gandhi did not agree on many points, they had respect for each other. In 1913, Smuts relented due to the sheer number of Indians involved in protest and negotiated a settlement which provided for the legality of Indian marriages and abolished the poll tax. Further, the import of indentured laborers from India was to be phased out by 1920. In July 1914, Gandhi sailed for Britain, now admired as "Mahatma," and known throughout the world for the success of satyagraha.
Part IV. Mahatma in the Midst of World Turmoil
Gandhi was in England when World War I started and he immediately began organizing a medical corps similar to the force he had led in the Boer War, but he had also faced health problems that caused him to return to India, where he met the applauding crowds with enthusiasm once again. Indians continued to refer to him as "Mahatma" or "Great Soul," an appellation reserved only for the holiest men of Hinduism. While Gandhi accepted the love and admiration of the crowds, he also insisted that all souls were equal and did not accept the implication of religious sacredness that his new name carried.
In order to retreat into a life of humility and restraint, as his personal principles mandated, he decided to withdraw from public life for a while spending his first year in India focusing on his personal quest for purity and healing. He also lived in a communal space with untouchables, a choice which many of his financial supporters resented, because they believed that the very presence of untouchables defiled higher-caste Indians. Gandhi even considered moving to a district in Ahmedabad inhabited entirely by the untouchables when a generous Muslim merchant donated enough money to keep up his current living space for another year. By that time, Gandhi's communal life with the untouchables had become more acceptable.
Although Gandhi had withdrawn from public life, he briefly met with the British Governor of Bombay (and future Viceroy of India), Lord Willington, whom Gandhi promised to consult before he launched any political campaigns. Gandhi also felt the impact of another event, the passing of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who had become his supporter and political mentor. He stayed away from the political trend of Indian nationalism, which many of the members of the Indian National Congress embraced. Instead, he stayed busy resettling his family and the inhabitants of the Phoenix Settlement in South Africa, as well as the Tolstoy Settlement he had founded near Johannesburg. For this purpose, on 25 May 1915, he created a new settlement, which came to be known as the Satyagraha ashram ( derive from Sanskrit word "Satya" means "truth" ) near the town of Ahmedabad and close to his place of birth in the western Indian province of Gujarat. All the inhabitants of the ashram, which included one family of untouchables, swore to poverty and chastity.
After a while, Gandhi became influenced by the idea of Indian independence from the British, but he dreaded the possibility that a westernized Indian elite would replace the British colonial government. He developed a strong conviction that Indian independence should take place as a large-scale sociopolitical reform, which would remove the old plagues of extreme poverty and caste restrictions. In fact, he believed that Indians could not become worthy of self-government unless they all shared a concern for the poor.
As Gandhi resumed his public life in India in 1916, he delivered a speech at the opening of the new Hindu University in the city of Benares , where he discussed his understanding of independence and reform. He also provided specific examples of the abhorrent living conditions of the lower classes that he had observed during his travels around India and focused specifically on sanitation.
Although the Indians of the higher-castes did not readily embrace the ideas in the speech, Gandhi had now returned to public life and he felt ready to convert these ideas to actions. Facing the possibility of arrest, just like he always did in South Africa, Gandhi first spoke for the rights of impoverished indigo-cultivators in the Champaran district. His efforts eventually led to the appointment of a government commission to investigate abuses by the indigo planters.
He also interfered whenever he saw violence. When a group of Ahmedabad mill workers went on strike and became violent, he resolved to fast until they returned to peace. Though some political commentators condemned Gandhi's behavior as a form of blackmail, the fast only lasted three days before the workers and their employers negotiated an agreement. Through this situation, Gandhi discovered the fast as one of his most effective weapons in late years and set a precedent for later action as part of satyagraha.
As the First World War continued, Gandhi also became involved in recruiting men for the British Indian Army , an involvement which his followers had a difficult time accepting, after listening to his passionate speeches about resisting injustice in a non-violent manner. At this point, although Gandhi still remained loyal to Britain and enamored with the ideals of the British constitution, his desire to support an independent home rule became stronger. As time passed, Gandhi became exhausted from his long journey around the country and fell ill with dysentery . He refused conventional treatment and chose to practice his own healing methods, relying on diet and spending a long time bedridden, while in recovery in his ashram.
In the meantime, the unrest in India increased exponentially with news of the British victories over the Ottoman Empire during the Middle Eastern theatre of the First World War . The prospect of the only major Muslim power in the world ceasing to exist was an unacceptable proposition to many Indian Muslims.
After the end of the war, the British colonial government decided to follow the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, which advocated the retention of various wartime restrictions in India, including curfews and measures to suppress free speech. Gandhi was still sick when these events took place and, although he could not protest actively, he felt his loyalty to the British Empire weaken significantly.
Later, when the Rowlatt Act actually became law, Gandhi proposed that the entire country observe a day of prayer, fasting, and abstention from physical labor as a peaceful protest against the injustice of the oppressive law. Gandhi's plea generated an overwhelming response as millions of Indians did not go to work on 6 April 1919.
As the entire country stood still, the British colonial government arrested Gandhi, which provoked angry crowds to fill the streets of India's cities and, much to Gandhi's dislike, violence erupted everywhere. Gandhi could not tolerate violence so he called off his campaign and asked that everyone return to their homes. He acted in accordance with his firm belief that if satyagraha could not be carried out without violence, it should not take place at all.
Unfortunately, not all protesters shared Gandhi's conviction as ardently. In Amritsar, capital of the region known as the Punjab, where the alarmed colonial authorities had deported the local Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress, the street mobs became very violent and the colonial government summoned Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer to restore order. Dyer prohibited all public meetings and instituted public whippings for Indians who confronted the police. A crowd of over ten thousand people gathered for religious purposes, and Dyer responded with bringing his troops there and opening fire without warning. Tightly packed together, the protesters had nowhere to run from the fire, even when they threw themselves down on the ground the fire was then directed on the ground, ceasing only when Dyer's troops ran out of ammunition. Hundreds died and many more were wounded.
This unfortunate occurrence became known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , it outraged the British public almost as much as Indian society. The authorities in London eventually condemned Dyer's conduct, forcing him to resign in disgrace. The effect the massacre had on Indian society became even more profound as more moderate politicians, like Gandhi, now began to wholeheartedly support the idea of Indian independence, creating an intense climate of mutual hostility. After the massacre, Gandhi eventually obtained permission to travel to Amritsar and conduct his own investigation. He produced a report months later and his work on the report motivated him to contact a number of Indian politicians, who advocated for the idea of independence from British colonial rule.
After the massacre, Gandhi attended the Muslim Conference being held in Delhi, where Indian Muslims discussed their fears that the British government would abolish the Ottoman Caliphate . Indian Muslims considered the Caliphs as heirs of Mohammed and spiritual heads of Islam. While the British government considered abolition a necessary effort to restore order after the First World War, the Muslim population of the British Empire viewed it as an unnecessary provocation. Gandhi urged them not to accept the actions of the British government. He proposed a boycott of British goods, and stated that if the British government continued to insist on the abolition of the Caliphate, Indian Muslims should take even more drastic measures of non-cooperation, involving areas such as government employment and taxes.
During the months that followed, Gandhi continued to advocate for peace and caution, however, since Britain and the Ottomans were still negotiating their peace terms. Unlike more nationalistic politicians, he also supported the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms for India, as they laid the foundation for constitutional self-government. Eventually, other politicians who thought the reforms did not go far enough had to agree with Gandhi simply because his popularity and influence had become so great that the Congress could accomplish little without him.
While the British government remained determined to abolish the Ottoman Caliphate, they also continued to enforce the Rowlatt Act resolutely. Even Gandhi became less tolerant towards British colonial policies and in April 1920, he urged all Indians, Muslim and Hindu, to begin a "non-cooperation" protest against British policies by giving up their Western clothing and jobs in the colonial government. As a personal example, on 1 August, he returned the kasar-i-hind medal that he had received for providing medical service to wounded British soldiers during the Second Boer War. He also became the first president of the Home Rule League, a largely symbolic position which confirmed his position as an advocate for Indian Independence.
In September 1920, Gandhi also passed an official constitution for the Congress, which created a system of two national committees and numerous local units, all working to mobilize a spirit of non-cooperation across India. Gandhi and other volunteers traveled around India further establishing this new grass roots organization, which achieved great success. The new Governor-General of India Lord Reading, did not dare to interfere because of Gandhi's immense popularity.
By 1922, Gandhi decided that the initiative of non-cooperation had to transform into open civil disobedience, but in March 1922, Lord Reading finally ordered Gandhi's arrest after a crowd in the city of Chauri Chaura attacked and assassinated the local representatives of British colonial government. Gandhi, who had never encouraged or sanctioned this type of conduct, condemned the actions of the violent crowds and retreated into a period of fasting and prayer as a response to this violent outburst. However, the colonial government saw the event as a trigger point and a reason for his arrest.
The British colonial authorities placed Gandhi on trial for sedition and sentenced him to six years in prison, marking the first time that he faced prosecution in India. Because of Gandhi's fame, the judge, C.N. Broomfield, hesitated to impose a harsher punishment. He considered Gandhi clearly guilty as charged, despite the fact that Gandhi admitted his guilt and even went as far as requesting the heaviest possible sentence. Such willingness to accept imprisonment conformed to his philosophy of satyagraha, so Gandhi felt that his time in prison only furthered his commitment and goals. The authorities allowed him to use a spinning wheel and receive reading materials while in prison, so he felt content. He also wrote most of his autobiography while serving his sentence.
However, in Gandhi's absence, Indians returned to the jobs they had previously spurned and their every day routines. Even worse, the unity between Muslims and Hindus, which Gandhi advocated so passionately, had already begun to fall apart to the point where the threat of violence loomed large over many communities with mixed population. The campaign for Indian independence could not continue while Indians themselves suffered disunity and conflict, all the more difficult to overcome in a huge country like India, which had always suffered religious divisions, as well as divisions by language, and even caste.
Gandhi realized that the British government had lost the will and power to maintain their empire, but he always acknowledged that Indians could not rely simply on the weakening of Britain in order to achieve independence. He believed that Indians had to become morally ready for independence. He planned to contribute to such readiness through his speeches and writing, advocating humility, restraint, good sanitation, as well as an end to child marriages.
After his imprisonment ended, he resumed his personal quest for purification and truth. He ends his autobiography by admitting that he continues to experience and fight with "the dormant passion" that lie within his own soul. He felt ready to continue the long and difficult path of taming those passions and putting himself last among his fellow human beings, the only way to achieve salvation, according to him.
"That is why the worlds' praise fails to move me; indeed it very often stings me. To conquer the subtle passions is far harder than the physical conquest of the world by the force of arms,"
Gandhi writes in his "Farewell" to the readers, a suitable conclusion for an autobiography that he never intended to be an autobiography, but a tale of experiments with life, and with truth.
The autobiography is noted for its lucid, simple and idiomatic language and its transparently honest narration. [4] The autobiography itself has become a key document for interpreting Gandhi's life and ideas. [13]
In his essay " Reflections on Gandhi " (1949), George Orwell argued that the autobiography made clear Gandhi's "natural physical courage", which he saw as later confirmed by the circumstances of his assassination ; his lack of feelings of envy, inferiority, or suspiciousness, the last of which Orwell thought was common to Indian people; and his lack of racial prejudice. [19] Noting the circumstances of the book's serialisation, Orwell argues it "is not a literary masterpiece, but it is the more impressive because of the commonplaceness of much of its material." [20] Orwell found the book to indicate that Gandhi "was a very shrewd, able person who could, if he had chosen, have been a brilliant success as a lawyer, an administrator or perhaps even a businessman." [21]
In a 1998 interview, Gujarati writer Harivallabh Bhayani mentioned this work as the most important work, together with Govardhanram Tripathi 's Saraswatichandra , to have emerged in Gujarat in the last 50 years. [22]
Gandhi wrote in his autobiography that the three most important modern influences in his life were Leo Tolstoy 's The Kingdom of God Is Within You , John Ruskin 's Unto This Last , and the poet Shrimad Rajchandra (Raychandbhai). [23] [24] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | [Solved] Who was the author of the book My Experiment with Truth? | The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi .
- The Story of My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mahatma Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to 1921.
- It was written in weekly instalments and published in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929.
- Its English translation also appeared in instalments in his other journal Young India.
- It was initiated at the insistence of Swami Anand and other close co-workers of Gandhi, who encouraged him to explain the background of his public campaigns.
- In 1998, the book was designated as one of the "100 Best Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a committee of global spiritual and religious authorities.
- Other Important authors and their work:-
Author Books Jawahar Lal Nehru
- Discovery of India
- Before Freedom
- Letters for a Nation
- Glimpses of world history
Moti Lal Nehru
- The voice of freedom
Swami Vivekanand
- Karma yoga
- My Master
- Raja yoga
- Jana yoga
- Bhakti yoga
- Meditation and its Methods. | https://testbook.com/question-answer/who-was-the-author-of-the-book-my-experiment-with--5fd1cf01ef54f699c80420fa | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | The Story of My Experiments with Truth | An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth Translated by (from Gujarati): Mahadev Desai General Editor: Shriman Narayan ISBN 81-7229-149-3 Printed and Published by Navajivan Mudranalaya, Ahemadabad 380014, India. | https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/autobio.htm | 12 |
who wrote the book my experiments with truth | [Solved] Who wrote the book ‘My Experiments with Truth’? | The correct answer is M.K. GandhiKey Points
- My Experiments with Truth is the autobiography of Mohandas K. Gandhi, covering his life from early childhood through to his early freedom struggles.
- It was originally written in Gujarati language and was published in weekly instalments in his journal Navjivan from 1925 to 1929.
- Its English translation also appeared in instalments in his other journal Young India. The translation was done by Mahadev Desai.
- Gandhi in 1888 went to London to study law at the University College, London which is a constituent college of the University of London.
- After that, he moved to South Africa in 1893 and stayed there for 21 years. There he worked for the rights of African people.
- After over 21 years of stay in South Africa, Gandhi returned to India on 9 January 1915 and the same day is celebrated as the Pravasi Bharatiya Divas.
- Mahatma Gandhi actively took part in freedom movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), Salt Satyagraha (1930), Quit India Movement (1942), and many more.
- He was a follower of s atyagraha and non-violence.
- He was assassinated by Nathuram Godse on 30 January 1948.
- A memorial dedicated to Mahatma Gandhi called Raj Ghat is the name of Mahatma Gandhi’s Samadhi . It is located next to the sanctity of the river Yamuna. | https://testbook.com/question-answer/who-wrote-the-book-my-experiments-with-trut--5facee0c6454214a16366433 | 12 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | Who is commander in chief of the military? A guide to the powers of a US president. | The U.S. government is divided into three branches by the Constitution – legislative, executive and judicial.
To ensure that no branch exerts too much power, the Constitution lays out a series of checks and balances. Some examples of checks on the power of the executive branch are Congress’s power to override a presidential veto and its ability to impeach the president and other executives, according to the National Center for Constitutional Studies.
Whether you’re studying civics in school, preparing for a citizenship test or just curious about the U.S. government, here’s a guide to understanding the powers of the executive branch.
How old do you need to be president? Here is what you need to know.
The Constitution establishes the president as commander in chief of the Army and the Navy . According to the National Security Act of 1947 , the president is the commander in chief of all armed forces of the United States, including the Air Force and Space Force.
Although the relationship between the president and the Coast Guard is a little more complex, the president does have power over the Coast Guard. In peacetime, the Coast Guard is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security .
The head of the executive branch is the president. This means a president is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws passed by Congress , according to the official White House website. For this reason, one of the president’s largest responsibilities is appointing Cabinet members and heads of federal agencies, to whom much of the everyday enforcement and administration process is delegated.
The president has control over more than just the military. Presidents serve an important role within the U.S., as well as serving as the nation's chief diplomat , according to the Clinton Library.
The president has the power to do all of the following , according to the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library:
- Make treaties with other nations (pending approval of the Senate)
- Veto or sign bills passed by Congress
- Represent the U.S. in conversations with foreign countries and their leaders
- Enforce laws Congress passes
- Act as commander in chief of the military
- Call on troops to protect the nation from attacks
- Suggest new laws to Congress
- Lead their political party
- Entertain guests from abroad
- Recognize foreign nations
- Grant pardons
- Nominate Cabinet members, Supreme Court justices and other federal officials
- Appoint ambassadors of the U.S.
- Speak directly with people about problems
- Represent the best interests of all the people
According to the Truman Library, the president does not have the power to:
- Make laws
- Declare war (or keep troops stationed in a foreign country for more than 60 days, as limited by the War Powers Resolution of 1973 , according to the Richard Nixon Presidential Library)
- Decide how to spend federal money
- Interpret laws
- Appoint Cabinet members or Supreme Court justices without Senate approval
According to Article II of the Constitution , the president and Vice president are elected for a term of four years.
The 22nd Amendment also states that a president can only be elected to two four-year terms, or just once if they served as president for more than two years of another president’s term.
Article II of the Constitution lays out the requirements for presidential candidates . To be eligible for the presidency, one must be thirty-five years of age or older by the time they take office, and a natural-born citizen who has lived in the United States for at least 14 years. | https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2023/02/22/commander-in-chief-military-president-explained/10427991002/ | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | General Mark A. Milley > U.S. Department of Defense > Biography | General Mark A. Milley is the 20th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the nation’s highest-ranking military officer, and the principal military advisor to the President, Secretary of Defense, and National Security Council.
Prior to becoming Chairman on October 1, 2019, General Milley served as the 39th Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army.
A native of Massachusetts, General Milley graduated from Princeton University in 1980, where he received his commission from Army ROTC.
General Milley has had multiple command and staff positions in eight divisions and Special Forces throughout the last 42 years to include command of the 1st Battalion, 506th Infantry, 2nd Infantry Division; the 2nd Brigade, 10th Mountain Division; Deputy Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault); Commanding General, 10th Mountain Division; Commanding General, III Corps; and Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces Command.
While serving as the Commanding General, III Corps, General Milley deployed as the Commanding General, International Security Assistance Force Joint Command and Deputy Commanding General, U.S. Forces Afghanistan. General Milley’s joint assignments also include the Joint Staff operations directorate and as a Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense.
General Milley’s operational deployments include the Multi-National Force and Observers, Sinai, Egypt; Operation Just Cause, Panama; Operation Uphold Democracy, Haiti; Operation Joint Endeavor, Bosnia-Herzegovina; Operation Iraqi Freedom, Iraq; and three tours during Operation Enduring Freedom, Afghanistan. He also deployed to Somalia and Colombia.
In addition to his bachelor’s degree in political science from Princeton University, General Milley has a master’s degree in international relations from Columbia University and one from the U.S. Naval War College in national security and strategic studies. He is also a graduate of the MIT Seminar XXI National Security Studies Program.
General Milley and his wife, Hollyanne, have been married for more than 36 years and have two children. | https://www.defense.gov/About/Biographies/Biography/Article/614392/general-mark-a-milley/ | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | ‘Any aggression attempts will be met…’: Army Commander's warning on LAC situation | General officer Commanding in Chief of Army's Northern Command Lt General Upendra Dwivedi
Photo : PTI
Srinagar : The Army on Tuesday said it was prepared to give an appropriate response to any adverse aggressive designs of China in the Ladakh sector, maintaining that the integrity of the country was being ensured through physical patrolling and technical means.
"On the LAC , our response to Chinese attempts to unilaterally change the status quo was a swift, undaunted and synergised action by the Indian Armed Forces," General officer Commanding in Chief of Army's Northern Command Lt General Upendra Dwivedi said at an investiture ceremony at Badami Bagh Cantonment area here.
"Any adverse aggressive designs or attempts will definitely be met with appropriate posturing of Forces and a strong intent with complete synergy among the three services," he said.
He said measures to resolve Line of Actual Control (LAC) situation at diplomatic and operational levels are also simultaneously underway.
"I assure you that the LAC in Eastern Ladakh is being dominated by physical patrolling and through technical means and our territorial integrity is being ensured," he added.
Lt Gen Dwivedi said the Northern Command is in a high state of readiness and morale to face constantly evolving threats and challenges.
"The security situation in Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh poses many challenges in terrain and operational dynamics, especially from different adversaries along the Northern and Western borders. We are committed to defending India 's sovereignty and territorial integrity while upholding the democratic traditions of the Nation.
"We are maintaining a constant vigil, monitoring all developments and will take all necessary steps to protect our National Interests," he said.
The Army commander said the Army is prepared to meet any challenges in the future and will always work for the betterment of the people of the region.
"The last two years have brought to the fore newer challenges in the wake of abrogation of Article 370, the Galwan conflict and multiple waves of COVID-19," he said.
"These challenges have only served to strengthen our resolve to be steadfast and determined in our commitment," he added. | https://www.timesnownews.com/india/any-aggression-designs-will-be-met-army-commanders-warning-on-lac-situation-article-97685177 | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | United States Armed Forces - Wikipedia | "US Forces" redirects here. For the Midnight Oil song, see US Forces (song) .
|United States Armed Forces|
|Founded||14 June 1775 [a]|
|Service branches|
|Headquarters||The Pentagon , Arlington County, Virginia|
|Leadership|
|Commander-in-Chief||President Joe Biden|
|Secretary of Defense||Lloyd Austin|
|Secretary of Homeland Security||Alejandro Mayorkas|
|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff||GEN Mark A. Milley , USA|
|Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff||ADM Christopher W. Grady , USN|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||SEAC Ramón Colón-López , USAF|
|Personnel|
|Military age||17 with parental consent, 18 for voluntary service. [b]|
|Conscription||Only males register at age 18 (conscription inactive since 1973)|
| Available for |
military service
|15 million (2021) [5] , age 18–25|
|Active personnel||1,328,000 [6] ( ranked 3rd )|
|Reserve personnel||799,500 [7]|
|Expenditures|
|Budget||$816.7 billion (2023) [8] ( ranked 1st )|
|Percent of GDP||3.47% (2022) [9]|
|Industry|
|Domestic suppliers||List|
|Foreign suppliers|| United Kingdom [10] |
Germany [10]
Israel [10]
|Annual imports||US$8.904 billion (2010–2021) [10]|
|Annual exports||US$115.5 billion (2010–2021) [10]|
|Related articles|
|History|| Military history of the United States |
List of engagements
|Ranks|| Commissioned officer |
Warrant officer
Enlisted
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency. [15] [16]
From their inception during the American Revolutionary War , the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in the history of the United States . They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War . They played a critical role in the territorial evolution of the United States , including the American Civil War . The National Security Act of 1947 , adopted following World War II , created the modern U.S. military framework. The Act established the National Military Establishment , headed by the secretary of defense; and created the United States Air Force and the National Security Council . It was amended in 1949, renaming the National Military Establishment the Department of Defense, and merged the cabinet-level Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force, into the Department of Defense.
The president of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments , acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out.
The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest military forces in terms of personnel. They draw their personnel from a large pool of professional volunteers . Although military conscription has been used in the past, it has not been used in the U.S. since 1973. The Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18–25 register with the service.
The U.S. Armed Forces are considered the world's most powerful military . [17] The military expenditure of the United States was US$877 billion in 2022, the highest in the world, accounting for 39 percent of the world's defense expenditures . [18] The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies which enables a widespread deployment of the force around the world, including around 800 military bases outside the United States . [19] The U.S. Air Force is the world's largest air force, while the U.S. Army Aviation Branch is the second largest. The U.S. Naval Air Forces is the fourth largest air arm in the world and is the largest naval aviation service, while U.S. Marine Corps Aviation is the world's seventh largest air arm. The U.S. Navy is the world's largest navy by tonnage . [20] The U.S. Coast Guard is the world's 12th largest maritime force. [21] The U.S. Space Force is the world's only active independent space force . [22]
The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the Continental Army , even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. [23] The Continental Navy , established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines , established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War . [24] [25]
These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784. [23] The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. [24] [26] All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave Congress the power to "raise and support armies", to "provide and maintain a navy" and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces", as well as the power to declare war . The President of the United States is the U.S. Armed Forces' commander-in-chief . [27]
The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the formation of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790, which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. [28] [29] The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps , which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before being recognized as an independent service in the National Security Act of 1947. [30] The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until 3 July 1952, and is now one of the eight uniformed services of the United States [31]
The United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019. It is the sixth branch of the U.S. military and the first new branch in 72 years. [32] The origin of the Space Force can be traced back to the Air Force Space Command , which was formed 1 September 1982 and was a major command of the United States Air Force. [33]
Presidential command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in Article II in the Constitution whereby the president is named as the " Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States." [34] The United States Armed Forces are split between two cabinet departments, with the Department of Defense serving as the primary cabinet department for military affairs and the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering the United States Coast Guard . [35]
The military chain of command flows from the President of the United States to the secretary of defense (for services under the Defense Department) or secretary of homeland security (for services under the Department of Homeland Security), ensuring civilian control of the military . Within the Department of Defense, the military departments ( Department of the Army , United States Department of the Navy , and Department of the Air Force ) are civilian led entities that oversee the coequal military service branches organized within each department. The military departments and services are responsible for organizing, training, and equipping forces, with the actual chain of command flowing through the unified combatant commands . [36]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff , although outside the operational chain of command, is the senior-most military body in the United States Armed Forces. It is led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , who is the military head of the armed forces and principal advisor to the president and secretary of defense on military matters. Their deputy is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Other members include the chief of staff of the Army , commandant of the Marine Corps , chief of naval operations , chief of staff of the Air Force , chief of space operations , and the chief of the National Guard Bureau . [37] The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an official member of the Joint Chiefs, but sometimes attends meetings as the one of the military service chiefs. The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman is the most senior enlisted member in the United States Armed Forces. [38]
Unified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments, with their chain of command flowing from the president, to the secretary of defense, to the commanders of the combatant commands. Each service organizes, trains, and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands. Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters – cyber to other combatant commanders. Army components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force land component , Navy components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force maritime component , and Air Force components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force air component , with the theater special operations command dual-hatted as the joint force special operations component, and Space Force component typically dual-hatted as the joint force space component. [44]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters||Subunified commands||Service components|
|U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Africa.||Kelley Barracks , Germany|
|U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in the Middle East and Central Asia.||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)||Conduct U.S. military cyber operations.||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Europe.||Patch Barracks , Germany|
|U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in the Indo-Pacific.||Camp H. M. Smith , Hawaii|
|U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in North America and homeland defense operations.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.||Doral, Florida|
|U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in outer space.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)||Develops and employs special operations forces.||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Strategic Command||Conduct strategic deterrence, nuclear operations, nuclear command, control, and communications, joint electromagnetic spectrum operations, global strike, and missile defense operations. [45]||Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska|
|U.S. Transportation Command||Conduct globally integrated mobility operations.||Scott Air Force Base , Illinois|
Combat support agencies are Department of Defense agencies that have a combat support mission, involving providing support for operating forces engaged in planning for, or conducting, military operations, including support during conflict or in the conduct of other military activities related to countering threats to U.S. national security. This mission is focused on providing support to echelons at the CCMD level and below and may not encompass the full scope of the CSA's mission. [46]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA)||Provide contract administration services for the Department of Defense. [47]||Fort Lee , Virginia|
|Defense Health Agency (DHA)||Provide and augment medical capabilities for combatant commands. [48]||Falls Church, Virginia|
|Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)||Provide, operate and assure command, control, information-sharing capabilities. [49]||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)||Provide military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners in the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition. [50]||Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters , Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling , Washington D.C.|
|Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)||Manages the end-to-end global defense supply chain. [51]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)||Identify, develop, and field solutions to counter weapons of mass destruction and emerging threats. [52]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)||Delivers geospatial intelligence to policymakers, military service members, intelligence professionals and first responders. [53]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|National Security Agency / Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)||Provides timely and accurate cryptologic support, knowledge, and assistance to the military cryptologic community. [54] Provide actionable signals intelligence and cybersecurity support to the Armed Forces. [55]||Fort Meade , Maryland|
The United States Armed Forces is composed of six coequal military service branches. Five of the branches, the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Navy , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force are organized under the Department of Defense's military departments. The United States Coast Guard is nominally under the Department of Homeland Security , but may be transferred to the Department of Defense's Department of the Navy (which is the civilian entity that oversees the coequal U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) at the direction of the president or congress. With the exception of the Coast Guard, the military services only organize, train, and equip forces. The unified combatant commands are responsible for operational control of non-service retained forces.
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency. [15] [16]
The United States Army (USA) is the United States Armed Forces' land force and is the largest and oldest service. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Army , it consists of one million soldiers across the Regular Army, Army Reserve , and Army National Guard . [56] The Army serves as the Armed Forces principal land service, responsible for conducting land warfare operations. [57]
The U.S. Army is organized under the Department of the Army , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Army and under secretary of the Army . The U.S. Army itself is led by the chief of staff of the Army and vice chief of staff of the Army , both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Army . [58]
The Army's primary responsibility is to conduct prompt and sustained land combat as part of the joint force. Army landpower focuses on destroying an enemy's armed forces, occupying its territory, and breaking the will of an adversary. [59]
The five core competencies of the Army are:
- Prompt and sustained land combat
- Combined arms operations:
- Combined arms maneuver and wide area security
- Armored and mechanized operations
- Airborne and air assault operations
- Special operations
- Set and sustain the theater for the joint force
- Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land [59]
The thirteen specified functions of the Army are:
- Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain, to include complex urban environments, in order to defeat enemy ground forces, and seize, occupy, and defend land areas. [60]
- Conduct airborne and air assault , and amphibious operations. The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. Army airborne and air assault operations are conducted by the XVIII Airborne Corps , 11th Airborne Division , 82nd Airborne Division , 101st Airborne Division , and the 173rd Airborne Brigade . [60]
- Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authorities. [60]
- Interdict enemy sea power , space power , air power , and communications through operations on and from the land. [60]
- Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns, including joint over-the-shore and intra-theater transport of time-sensitive, mission-critical personnel and materiel. This is primarily conducted through the Army Logistics Branch , including the Quartermaster Corps , Ordnance Corps , Transportation Corps , and through Army Materiel Command 's Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command . [60]
- Provide support to space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force ), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command ), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. Army space operations are conducted by Army Space and Missile Defense Command . [60]
- Conduct authorized civil works programs, to include projects for the improvement of navigation , flood control , beach erosion control , and other water resource developments in the United States, its territories, and its possessions, and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law. These are conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers . [60]
The Infantry Branch forms the core of the service's land combat power. U.S. Army infantry are generally equipped with the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun , which will be replaced by the XM7 rifle and XM250 . [61]
Infantry is a core part of the Army's Brigade Combat Teams . The most numerous variant, the Infantry Brigade Combat Team, comprise light infantry battalions who fight on foot. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 82nd Airborne Division are air assault capable, with infantry soldiers being transported by U.S. Army Aviation UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopters. [62] Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 11th Airborne Division , 82nd Airborne Division , and 173rd Airborne Brigade are capable of airborne operations, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force's transport aircraft. [63] Finally, Infantry Brigade Combat Teams assigned to the 10th Mountain Division specialized in mountain warfare . [64] Standard Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are assigned to the 25th Infantry Division , which offers additional training in jungle warfare . [65]
Armored Brigade Combat Teams comprise mechanized infantry battalions mounted in the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle . Divisions with Armored Brigade Combat Teams include the 1st Infantry Division , 3rd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 1st Armored Division , and 1st Cavalry Division . [66] Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are centered around Stryker infantry battalions operating out of the Stryker . Divisions with Stryker Brigade Combat Teams include the 2nd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 11th Airborne Division , 2nd Cavalry Regiment , and 3rd Cavalry Regiment . [67]
United States Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment are an elite special operations infantry force in United States Army Special Operations Command , specializing in air assault and airborne infiltration methods. The three primary missions of the 75th Ranger Regiment are special operations raids , forcible entry operations, such as an airfield seizure to enable the Air Force to bring in more forces, and special reconnaissance . [68] [69] As a special operations force, Army Rangers are generally better equipped than standard infantry, utilizing the FN SCAR rifle. [70]
Army Special Forces , commonly known as Green Berets after their iconic headgear, are among the most elite soldiers in the Army. Special Forces conduct unconventional warfare , enabling a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground force in a denied area, foreign internal defense , training and equipping foreign allied military forces to defend against insurgency, subversion, terrorism, and other security threats, and security force assistance , training and developing the defense capabilities of friendly and developing nations. More direct missions include counterinsurgency , direct action , and special reconnaissance in hostile, denied, or diplomatically or politically sensitive environments, to collect or verify information of strategic significance. [71] Special Forces are trained military free-fall parachuting and combat diver skillsets. [72] Army Special Forces are considered the most versatile special operations force in the entire world, operating as a multi-purpose force since 1952. [73]
The Armor Branch traces its history back to the United States Cavalry , and are responsible for tank and cavalry reconnaissance operations. [74]
The U.S. Army fields the M1 Abrams main battle tank in Armored Battalions as part of Armored Brigade Combat Teams across the 1st Armored Division , 1st Cavalry Division , 1st Infantry Division , 3rd Infantry Division , and the 4th Infantry Division . Each Armored Brigade Combat Team also possesses a cavalry squadron equipped with M2 Bradleys for scouting and security. Styker Brigade Combat Teams from the 2nd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 11th Airborne Division , 2nd Cavlary Regiment , and 3rd Cavalry Regiment have a cavalry squadron equipped with Strykers . Infantry Brigade Combat Teams from the 10th Mountain Division , 11th Airborne Division , 25th Infantry Division , 82nd Airborne Division , 101st Airborne Division , and 173rd Airborne Brigade have a cavalry squadron equipped with the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle . [75]
The Field Artillery's mission is to destroy, suppress or neutralize the enemy by cannon, rocket or missile fire. [76] Rocket systems include the M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System , which are corps-level asset found in field artillery brigades. Towed artillery includes the M119 howitzer in Infantry Brigade Combat Teams and the M777 howitzer found in both Infantry and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams. The M109 self-propelled howitzer is utilized in Armored Brigade Combat Teams. [77]
During the Cold War, Army field artillery was responsible for the service's ballistic missile programs, including the PGM-11 Redstone , which was the first large ballistic missile in the U.S. arsenal, the MGM-31 Pershing , and the Pershing II . [78] In 2023, the Army is intending to field the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon and has reestablished larger artillery formations like the 56th Artillery Command . [79] [80] [81]
The Air Defense Artillery is responsible for defending geopolitical assets and providing maneuver forces with the freedom to move on the battlefield by deterring the enemy and destroying aerial threats, missile attacks, and surveillance platforms. [82] Weapons employed by Air Defense Artillery include the FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense system , AN/TWQ-1 Avenger , for short range air defense , and the counter rocket, artillery, and mortar 20mm gun system. The Iron Dome provides air defense against rockets, artillery, mortars, missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles, while the MIM-104 Patriot is capable of defeating a wide range of threats including aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, ballistic and cruise missiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. [83]
The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense protects strategic critical assets by conducting long-range endo-and-exo-atmospheric engagements of ballistic missiles using the world's largest air-transportable X-band radar. The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense is an anti-ballistic missile system operated by Army Space and Missile Defense Command to defend the United States homeland against an intercontinental ballistic missile attack. [84] Major Air Defense Artillery units include the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command's 100th Missile Defense Brigade . [85] [86]
Air Defense Artillery has an extremely close relationship with the Air Force through its Air and Missile Defense Commands and the Space Force through Army Space and Missile Defense Command, given their shared missile defense and space roles. In 1962, Air Defense Artillery achieved the first intercept of a ballistic missile with a nuclear-tipped Nike Zeus and operated the Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon after completing a successful intercept in 1963. [87] [88]
Army Aviation, distinct from the U.S. Air Force and its predecessors, began as part of the field artillery in 1942. Small spotter planes were used to spot for artillery and naval bombardment, as well as to perform observation. These few aircraft formed the core of Army Aviation once the U.S. Air Force gained independence. In 1983, the Army created the Aviation Branch, for the first time since the Air Force's independence consolidating aviation under a single organization. [89]
The mission of Army Aviation is to find, fix and destroy any enemy through fire and maneuver and to provide combat support and combat service support in coordinated operations as an integral member of the combined arms team. [90] Major aircraft include the AH-64 Apache , which serves as the Army's attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk , and the CH-47 Chinook for troop and cargo transport. Army Aviation also flies the MQ-1C Gray Eagle drone. [91]
A specialized unit within Army Aviation, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) serves as a special operations unit and operates modified variants of the MH-60 Black Hawk, MH-47 Chinook, and the MH-6 Little Bird . [92]
Established in 2014, the Army Cyber Corps is responsible for conducting cyberspace operations , electronic warfare , and information operations. The Cyber Corps was created by merging resources from the Army Signal Corps and the Military Intelligence Corps. [93] The Signal Corps is responsible for running the U.S. Army's communications networks. [94]
The Army Signal Corps was previously responsible for operating the Army's payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM satellite through the 53rd Signal Battalion. In 2022, the Army transferred its mission to the Space Force's 53rd Space Operations Squadron , ending the Signal Corps' space mission. [95]
The U.S. Army is organized into four major Army Commands, nine Army Service Component Commands , which serve as the Army component and joint force land component commanders for the unified combatant commands , and thirteen direct reporting units. [96]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Department of the Army (HQDA)||Army service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Army .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Army Commands and reserve components|
|U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)||Provides Army land forces to unified combatant commands . [97]||Fort Bragg , North Carolina|
|U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC)||Provides technology, acquisition support, and logistics for Army land forces. [98]||Redstone Arsenal , Alabama|
|U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)||Recruits, trains, and educates Army soldiers and develops Army doctrine. [99]||Fort Eustis , Virginia|
|U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC)||Leads Army modernization efforts, including developing future force requirements, designing future force organizations, and delivering materiel capabilities. [100]||Austin, Texas|
|U.S. Army Reserve (USAR)||Oversees and maintains Army reserve forces||Fort Bragg , North Carolina|
|Army National Guard (ARNG)||Army component of the National Guard .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) serves as the U.S. Armed Forces' naval land force, responsible for executing amphibious warfare and operating in the maritime littorals in support of the U.S. Navy. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Marines , the Marine Corps consists of the Regular Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve . [101] The Marine Corps maintains a very close relationship with the U.S. Navy, its sister service in the Department of the Navy. Although the Marine Corps has previously operated as an independent land force alongside the Army, its primary purpose is to serve as part of a unified naval service alongside the Navy in the maritime domain. [102]
The U.S. Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy . The U.S. Marine Corps itself is led by the commandant of the Marine Corps and the assistant commandant of the Marine Corps , both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Marine Corps . [101]
The Marine Corps statutory mission is outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 5063 and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947 , with its three primary areas of responsibility including:
- Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns ;
- Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force ; and
- Such other duties as the President or Department of Defense may direct.
The seven specified functions of the Marine Corps are:
- Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facility subsequent joint operations. [60]
- Provide close air support for ground forces. [60]
- Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed. [60]
- Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. [60]
- Conduct amphibious operations , including engagement, crisis response , and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment. [60]
- Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of responsibility to other authorities. [60]
- Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated U.S. embassies and consulates , and perform other such duties as the president or secretary of defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primally organized. Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is responsible for supporting the Navy with Marine security operations, while the Marine Security Guard protects embassies and consulates of the United States Department of State . [60]
The combat power of the Marine Corps is centralized in the Fleet Marine Force (FMF), which itself is organized into Fleet Marine Force Atlantic , to support the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command , and Fleet Marine Force Pacific , which supports the U.S. Navy 's U.S. Pacific Fleet . [102]
The basic Marine Corps unit for conducting operations is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), which combines Marine Corps and Navy land, air, sea, and cyberspace capabilities into a single command. There are three different sized variants of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force, but each consists of a command element , ground combat element , aviation combat element , and logistics combat element . [103]
A Marine ground combat element (GCE) is centered around Marine infantry, typically armed with a M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle . [104] Unlike the Army, the Marine Corps does not train their own combat medics , relying on the Navy to provide hospital corpsman . [105] These infantry units are supported by Marine Corps combat engineers , who conduct engineer reconnaissance, obstacle system emplacement, and breaching operations, and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance teams. While the Marine Corps no longer operates its own tanks, opting to request support from the Army if needed, it maintains Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions which operates the LAV-25 amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle. Assault Amphibian Battalions operate the Assault Amphibious Vehicle and Amphibious Combat Vehicle , which enable the ground combat element to conduct amphibious landing operations. [106] Marine Corps artillery operates the M777 howitzer and the M142 HIMARS , both supporting the ground combat element and the Navy at sea by striking enemy ships. [107] [108]
The Marine aviation combat element (ACE) is the operational arm of Marine Corps Aviation , working to support the ground combat element. The F-35B Lightning II and AV-8B Harrier II are flown by off of Navy amphibious assault ships, while the F-35C Lightning II and F/A-18 Hornet are flown off of Navy carriers by Marine Corps pilots. The Marine Corps also operates the KC-130J to serve as a tanker and tactical airlift platform. The UH-1Y Venom helicopter provides the Marine Corps with light transport and attack, while the AH-1Z Viper is a dedicated attack helicopter. Medium lift squadrons fly the MV-22 Osprey , while heavy lift squadrons use the CH-53K King Stallion . The Marine Corps has also begun flying unmanned aerial vehciles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and MQ-8 Fire Scout . [109] Notably, the aviation combat element also includes Low-Altitude Air Defense Battalions, which employ the FIM-92 Stinger surface to air missile. [110]
The smallest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), which are typically forward deployed on Navy ships. Commanded by a colonel , a Marine Expeditionary Unit consist of 2,200 marines split across a battalion landing team (ground combat element), composite helicopter squadron (aviation combat element), and a combat logistics element (logistics element). Marine Expeditionary Units are supplied for 15 days. [103] Forward deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are often embarked on Navy amphibious assault ships as part of an amphibious ready group . [111]
The next sized MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), which are organized for specific missions. Commanded by a brigadier general , Marine Expeditionary Brigades consist of 4,000 to 16,000 marines across a Regimental-sized ground combat element, a Marine Aircraft Group, and a Combat Logistics Regiment. Marine Expeditionary Brigades are supplied for 30 days and offer increased firepower and airpower over the Marine Expeditionary Unit. [103]
The largest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which are primary warfighting forces for larger operations. A Marine Expeditionary Force is commanded by a lieutenant general and consist of 46,000 to 90,000 marines. Currently there are only three Marine Expeditionary Forces, each with its own Marine Division, Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Logistics Group, and Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group. Marine Expeditionary Forces are supplied for 60 days. [103] Certain elements are held at the Marine Expeditionary Force level, such as Force Reconnaissance . The MEF Information Group (MIG) also provides a number of functions, such as the intelligence battalion, radio battalion which conduct signals intelligence, electronic warfare, and cyberspace operations, communications battalion, the MEF support battalion, and the Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company . [112] [113]
While not a MAGTF, the Marine Corps has begun to reorganize some of its regiments into Marine Littoral Regiments (MRL), which are similar in size to a Marine Expeditionary Unit. A Marine Littoral Regiment is a self-deployable force, designed to be naval in nature and operate in the littoral region. A Marine Littoral Regiment consists of a littoral combat team, a littoral anti-air battalion, and a combat logistics battalion. Notably, the Marine Littoral Regiment has no aviation combat element, unlike a Marine Expeditionary Unit. [114]
Another Marine Corps element that does not function as part of the MAGTF are the Marine Raider Regiment , who function under United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command . Marine Raiders specialize in specialize in direct action, unconventional warfare, maritime interdiction, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency missions. [115]
Under Headquarters Marine Corps, the Marine Corps is organized into the Fleet Marine Force , multiple commands, and Marine Corps service components to the unified combatant commands .
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC)||Marine Corps service headquarters led by the commandant of the Marine Corps .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Fleet Marine Force|
|Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLANT) / U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM)||Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Fleet Forces Command . Also serves as United States Marine Corps Forces Command , commanding Marine Corps retained service forces and providing forces for joint, naval, and service requirements. [116]||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
|Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC)||Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Pacific Fleet . [117]||Camp H. M. Smith , Hawaii|
|Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM)||Acquisition command for all Marine Corps ground and information technology programs. [118]||Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia|
|U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve (MARFORRES)||Oversees and maintains the U.S. Marine Corps reserve forces. [119]||Marine Corps Support Facility New Orleans , Louisiana|
The United States Navy (USN) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime force. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Navy , the U.S. Navy consists of the Regular Navy and the Navy Reserve . The Navy is the United States' principal maritime service, responsible for maritime warfare operations. [120]
The U.S. Navy is organized under the Department of the Navy , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy . The U.S. Navy itself is led by the chief of naval operations and the vice chief of naval operations , both admirals who are advised by the master chief petty officer of the Navy . [120]
The five enduring functions of the Navy are: [121]
The Naval Surface Forces (NAVSURFOR) is the backbone of the U.S. Navy's combat power, conducting surface warfare operations and operating its fleet of combat surface ships. [122]
The Naval Surface Forces operates eleven nuclear powered aircraft carriers (CVN), split between the Nimitz -class and the newer Gerald R. Ford -class . Aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the U.S. Navy's combat power, forming the nucleus of its eleven carrier strike groups (CSG). Each aircraft carrier has an embarked carrier air wing from the Naval Air Forces. [123]
The Naval Surface Forces also operate 116 surface combatants . These include the Ticonderoga -class guided-missile cruisers , Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers (DDG) and Zumwalt-class stealth guided-missile destroyers . Cruisers and destroyers ofthen operate as part of a larger formations, where they serve as escorts for anti-aircraft and anti-submarine operations, but they also are able to conduct sea control and striker operations ashore with their tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also operates a complement smaller of Freedom -class and Independence -class littoral combat ships (LCS) that can be modularly reconfigured for specific mission sets. [124] [125] Having lacked a frigate since the Oliver Hazard Perry -class was decommissioned, the Navy is in the process of acquiring the new Constellation -class guided-missile frigates (FFG). [126]
Finally, the Naval Surface Forces operate 31 amphibious warfare ships to support the Fleet Marine Force and its embarked Marine Air-Ground Task Forces as part of an amphibious ready group or expeditionary strike group . This includes the America-class landing helicopter assault (LHA) ships which can carry U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II fighters and helicopters, and Wasp-class landing helicopter dock (LHD) ships, which can carry both F-35B fighters, helicopters, and landing craft. These are in addition to the San Antonio-classs amphibious transport docks (LPD), and the Whidbey Island-class and Harpers Ferry -class dock landing ships . [127] [128]
The Naval Submarine Forces (NAVSUBFOR) is often referred to as the "silent service," consisting of 68 commissioned submarines. [129]
Los Angeles -class , Seawolf -class , and Virginia -class nuclear-powered attack submarines are capable of performing sea control mission by destroying enemy submarines and surface ships, conducting surveillance and reconnaissance, performing irregular warfare, covert troop insertion, mine and anti-mine operations, and land attack missions with tomahawk cruise missiles. [130]
Ohio -class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) have the sole mission of being launch platforms for nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Each carries 20 UGM-133 Trident II SLBMs. The Navy is currently in the process of procuring the Columbia -class SSBNs to replace the Ohio -class. [131] Some Ohio -class submarines have been converted to cruise-missile submarines (SSGN), capable of carrying 154 tomahawk cruise missiles and deploying 66 special operations forces personnel, such as Navy SEALs . [132]
The Naval Air Forces (NAVAIRFOR) is the Navy's naval aviation arm, centered around the carrier air wing . The core of the carrier air wing are the Naval Air Forces strike fighter squadrons (VFA), which fly the F-35C Lightning II stealth fighter and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet . A variant of the F/A-18, the EA-18G Growler is an electronic-warfare aircraft flown by electronic attack squadrons (VAQ) off of carriers or land bases. The E-2 Hawkeye provides carriers with airborne early warning and command and control, while the C-2A Greyhound keeps carriers supplied. The CMV-22B Osprey is currently in the process of replacing the C-2 Greyhound for carrier resupply. [133]
The Naval Air Forces also operate the MH-60 Seahawk for anti-submarine warfare , anti-ship warfare , and search and rescue operations. The MH-53E is primarily used for anti-mine warfare, but can also be used for assault support. [133]
Although primally centered on carriers, the Naval Air Forces do operate a small number of land-based aircraft. These include the P-3C Orion and P-8A Poseidon , which conduct anti-submarine warfare operations and serve as maritime patrol aircraft, alongside the unmanned MQ-4C Triton . The E-6 Mercury is also flown by the Navy to communicate instructions to U.S. strategic forces. [134] [133]
Naval Expeditionary Combat Forces, sometimes known as "sand sailors" operate ashore or in the littoral regions under Navy Expeditionary Combat Command . [137] Their purpose is to clear the battlespace of hazards to the navy, secure maritime terrain, sea liens of communication, and resources, build infrastructure, awareness, logistics chains, and partnerships, and protect the Navy's fleets, facilities, and forces. [138]
Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal teams are responsible for conducting countering explosive devices that may present a hazard and also are able to clear harbors of navigational hazards, engage in underwater search and rescue, and perform limited underwater repairs on ships. [139] The Maritime Expeditionary Security Force conducts operations in the littoral regions, including harbors, rivers, bays, and on land to provide maritime security operations. These include port and harbor security. [140] The Naval Construction Force, or Seabees , are Navy engineers, able to construct facilities in support of naval operations while also providing force protection. [141]
Naval Special Warfare are maritime special operations forces under Naval Special Warfare Command . These include the United States Navy SEALs and Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen . [142]
The U.S. Navy is organized into eight navy component commands, which command operational forces and serve as joint force maritime component commands, fifteen shore commands, which support the fleets' operating forces, five systems commands, which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy, and nine type commands, which administratively manage units of a certain type.
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV)||Navy service headquarters led by the chief of naval operations .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Navy operating forces|
|U.S. Fleet Forces Command (USFF) / U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command (NAVFORNORTH)||Trains, certifies, and provides Navy forces for naval, joint, and combined operations. Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command . [143]||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
|U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Indo-Pacific Command .||Naval Station Pearl Harbor , Hawaii|
|U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Central Command .||Naval Support Activity Bahrain|
|U.S. Fleet Cyber Command (FCC) / U.S. Navy Space Command (NAVSPACE)||Navy service component to United States Cyber Command and United States Space Command||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa (NAVEUR-NAVAF)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States European Command and United States Africa Command .||Naval Support Activity Naples , Italy|
|U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command (NAVSO)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Southern Command .||Naval Station Mayport , Florida|
|U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC)||Navy service component to United States Special Operations Command .||Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , California|
|Military Sealift Command (MSC)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Transportation Command .||Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia|
|U.S. Navy Reserve (USNR)||Oversees and maintains Navy reserve forces||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the United States Armed Forces' air force. Originally established in 1947 when it gained independence from the U.S. Army, it traces its history back to through the United States Army Air Forces , United States Army Air Corps , United States Army Air Service , the Division of Military Aeronautics , Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps , to the birth of Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 1 August 1907. The U.S. Air Force serves as the principal air service, responsible for aerial warfare operations. The U.S. Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve , and Air National Guard . [144]
The five core missions of the Air Force are: [145]
The eight specified functions of the Air Force are: [146]
- Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
- Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense , to gain and maintain air superiority and air supremacy as required, to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces.
- Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack , interdiction , close air support , and prompt global strike.
- Provide timely, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations.
- Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other military service and U. S. Special Operations Command forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations , air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation .
- Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services and U.S. Special Operations Command in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and U.S. Government departments and agencies.
- Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and DoD components.
- Conduct globally integrated command and control for air and space operations.
The Combat Air Force (CAF) comprises the majority of the Air Force's combat power, consisting of its fighter , bomber , intercontinental ballistic missile , and special operations forces. [147]
The Air Force's fighter forces are led by Air Combat Command 's Fifteenth Air Force , with other fighter units under Pacific Air Forces and United States Air Forces in Europe . Air Force fighters are predominantly used to achieve air superiority and strike enemy ground and naval forces. The Air Force operates an expanding force of fifth-generation fighters . The F-22A Raptor stealth fighter is designed to replace the F-15C in air superiority operations carrying two AIM-9 Sidewinder and six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. It also has a significant air-to-ground mission, carrying two GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs, in addition to two AIM-9 and two AIM-120 missiles. [148] Ultimately, the F-22 is intended to be replaced by the sixth-generation fighter Next Generation Air Dominance program. [149] The F-22 is complemented by the more numerous F-35A Lightning II multi-role stealth fighter, which are in the process of replacing the F-16C fighters and A-10 attack aircraft in air superiority and ground attack roles, to include the nuclear strike mission . [150] [151]
The Air Force still operates an extremely sizable force of fourth-generation fighters . The F-15C Eagle is a dedicated air superiority fighter, while the F-15E Strike Eagle was modified to be a duel-role strike fighter , carrying both conventional and nuclear weapons. [152] [153] The F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle are both being replaced by the F-15EX Eagle II , which is significantly more advanced. [154] The F-16C Fighting Falcon is a multirole fighter that served as the primary Air Force fighter for decades, including as a dual-capable tactical nuclear strike fighter. [155] [156] The A-10C Thunderbolt II attack aircraft was the first Air Force fighter specifically designed for the close air support mission, operating against enemy ground forces and light naval ships with its GAU-8 Avenger gatling cannon and array of air to ground munitions. [157]
The Air Force's bomber forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command 's Eighth Air Force , executing long-range strike operations. The B-2A Spirit stealth bomber is capable of conducting both conventional and nuclear strike operations, flying through air defenses. [158] The B-1B Lancer , to contrast, is a supersonic bomber that carries only conventional munitions and serves as the backbone of the bomber force. [159] Both the B-2A Spirit and the B-1B Lancer are being replaced by the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, which can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear munitions. [160] The B-52H Stratofortress is a long-range, heavy bomber that the Air Force has flown since the 1950s and operates a variety of conventional and nuclear munitions, including the AGM-86 air-launched cruise missile . [161]
The Air Force's intercontinental ballistic missile forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Twentieth Air Force , serving as the land-component of the nuclear triad . The LGM-30G Minuteman III serves as the only ballistic missile operated by the Air Force, with 400 stationed in hardened silos. [162] The LGM-30G will be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile. [163]
The Air Force's special operations forces are organized under Air Force Special Operations Command , consisting of both special operations aviation and Air Force special tactics airmen on the ground. The AC-130J Ghostrider gunships have the primary mission of close air support and air interdiction , using cannons and precision guided munitions. [164] The MC-130J Commando II , also a variant of the C-130 Hercules, fly exfiltration and resupply operations for special operations forces, along with conducting air to air refueling for helicopters. [165] The CV-22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft used for the infiltration and exfiltration of special operations forces. [166] While not under Air Force Special Operations Command, rescue operations are supported by the HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60W Jolly Green II combat rescue aircraft. [167] The MQ-9 Reaper also serves as remotely piloted intelligence and strike aircraft, serving under Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command. [168]
Air Force Special Tactics are the ground special warfare force of the U.S. Air Force, integrating air-ground operations. Special Tactics conduct four core missions. Global access teams assess and open airfields, ranging from international airports to dirt strips, in permissive or hostile locations to facilitate the landing and operation of air forces. Precision strike teams are trained to direct aircraft and other forces to conduct kinetic and non-kinetic strikes, as well as humanitarian aid drops. Special Tactics teams also conduct personnel recovery missions, possessing significant medical and rescue experience. Finally, Special Operations Surgical Teams conduct surgery and medical operations in battlefield operations in support of special operations. [169]
The Air Force also operates a wide array of reconnaissance aircraft under Air Combat Command's Sixteenth Air Force , including the RQ-4 Global Hawk drone, U-2 Dragon Lady , and RC-135 Rivet Joint . Air Force operations are typically supported by command and control aircraft, such as the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system . The E-3 Sentry is in the process of being replaced by the E-7A Wedgetail . [170]
The Mobility Air Force (MAF) are organized under Air Mobility Command and comprise the Air Force's airlift , air refueling , and aeromedical evacuation forces. [171]
The airlift forces operate three different major aircraft. The C-5M Super Galaxy is the largest aircraft in the Air Force, serving as a strategic transport aircraft. [172] The C-17A Globemaster III is the airlift forces most flexible aircraft, conducting both strategic and tactical airlift operations. It is also capable of conducting airborne operations for the Army and aerial resupply through airdropping cargo. [173] Finally, the C-130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter, conducting both cargo airlift and supporting Army airborne operations. [174] Other major airlift platforms include the VC-25 , which serves as the personal plane of the president of the United States , better known as Air Force One . [175]
The Air Force also operates three major aerial refueling tankers. The KC-46A Pegasus is its most modern tanker, replacing the aging KC-10A Extenders . [176] The remaining tanker is the KC-135 Stratotanker , which has flown since the 1950s. [177] Tankers are also capable of conducting limited airlift operations.
The U.S. Air Force is organized into nine major commands, which conduct the majority of the service's organize, train, and equip functions and command forces attached to the combatant commands as joint force air component commands. [178]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Air Force (HAF)||Air Force service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Air Force .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Major Commands and Air National Guard|
|Air Combat Command (ACC)||Primary provider of combat air forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Combat Command operates fighter, reconnaissance, battle-management, and electronic-combat aircraft. [179]||Joint Base Langley-Eustis , Virginia|
|Air Education and Training Command (AETC)||Recruits, trains, and educates airmen and develops Air Force doctrine. [180]||Joint Base San Antonio , Texas|
|Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC)||Operates the Air Force strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile forces. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Strategic Command . [181]||Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana|
|Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)||Manages installation and mission support, discovery and development, test and evaluation, and life cycle management services and sustainment for every major Air Force weapon system. [182]||Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio|
|Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)||Manages Air Force reserve forces.||Robins Air Force Base , Georgia|
|Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)||Organizes, trains, and equips air commandos. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Special Operations Command . [183]||Hurlburt Field , Florida|
|Air Mobility Command (AMC)||Primary provider of air mobility forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Transportation Command . [184]||Scott Air Force Base , Illinois|
|Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)||Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command .||Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam , Hawaii|
|United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)||Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States European Command and United States Africa Command .||Ramstein Air Base , Germany|
|Air National Guard (ANG)||Air Force component of the National Guard .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
The United States Space Force (USSF) is the United States Armed Forces' space force and is the newest military branch. Originally established in 2019, it traces its history through Air Force Space Command and the Western Development Division to 1954. The United States Space Force is the principal space service, responsible for space warfare operations. [185] The U.S. Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force, not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force.
The U.S. Space Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force . The U.S. Space Force itself is led by the chief of space operations and vice chief of space operations , both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Space Force . [186]
The five core competencies of the Space Force are: [187]
The Space Force's combat power is centered around Space Delta 3, which conducts space electromagnetic warfare and Space Delta 9, which conducts orbital warfare . [188]
Combat power projection operations ensure freedom of action in space for the U.S. and its allies and denies an adversary freedom of action in space. These are divided into offensive and defensive space operations. Defensive operations preserve and protect U.S. and allied space capabilities, which are further sub-divided into active and passive actions. Offensive operations target a U.S. adversary's space and counterspace capabilities, achieving space superiority. [187]
Orbital warfare forces conduct protect and defend operations and providing U.S. national decision authorities with response options to deter and, when necessary, defeat orbital threats, while space electromagnetic warfare forces conduct offensive and defensive space control operations, and Space Force cyber forces conduct defensive cyber operations to protect space assets. [189] [190]
Although the U.S. Space Force is not a cyber force , it does conduct extensive cyber operations under Space Delta 6. The primary focus of Space Force cyber operations is defending U.S. Space Force networks and ensuring the operations of its spacecraft, which are controlled remotely from ground stations. [191] All space operations units have cyber squadrons assigned to defend them and is incorporating offensive cyber operations. [192] [193] [194]
Additionally, Space Delta 6 is responsible for managing the Satellite Control Network , a global network of antennas used to communicate with the service's spacecraft. The 22nd Space Operations Squadron is responsible for overall operations, with the 21st Space Operations Squadron and 23rd Space Operations Squadron managing the ground station sites at Vandenberg Space Force Base , New Boston Space Force Station , Kaena Point Space Force Station , Diego Garcia, Guam, Greenland, and the United Kingdom. [195]
The Space Force's Space Delta 2 operates the United States Space Surveillance Network , tracking 47,000 objects in space as of 2022. [196] [197] Space domain awareness encompasses the identification, characterization, and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations. [187]
Space Delta 2 sensors include the AN/FPS-85 phased array radar at Eglin Air Force Base and the Space Fence radar at Kwajalein Atoll operated by the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron , and a global network of three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance telescopes operated by the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron . [198] [199] [200]
The 18th Space Defense Squadron , collocated with the Combined Space Operations Center , executes command and control of the Space Surveillance Network and manages the Space Catalog of all objects in Earth orbit. The 19th Space Defense Squadron focuses on objects further in cislunar space , beyond geosynchronous orbit , with a specific focus on supporting NASA 's Artemis program and other human spaceflight operations. [201]
The Space Force's Space Delta 4 uses orbital spacecraft and ground-based radars to conduct theater and strategic missile warning for the United States and its international partners. [202] This includes the network of Upgraded Early Warning Radars at Beale Air Force Base , Clear Space Force Station , Cape Cod Space Force Station , Pituffik Space Base , and RAF Fylingdales , along with the AN/FPQ-16 PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station . [203] [204] Currently the Space Force is working with the Missile Defense Agency to acquire the Long Range Discrimination Radar at Clear Space Force Station in Alaska. These ground-based radars also contribute to the Space Surveillance Network. [205]
Space-based missile warning systems include the Defense Support Program and Space-Based Infrared System (SIBRS) spacecraft, which use infrared sensors to conduct missile defense and missile warning. SIBRS also has a battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission. [206] The Defense Support Program spacecraft are also capable of detecting nuclear detonations, in addition to space and missile launches. [207]
The Space Force's Space Delta 8 is the operator of the Global Positioning System and the military's array of communications spacecraft. [208]
The Global Positioning System is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron , providing positioning, navigation, and timing information for civilian and military users across the entire world. [209] The Space Force's GPS system has become an integral element of the global information infrastructure, being used in virtually all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, aviation, marine transportation, surveying and mapping, and transit navigation. It's timing signal is used to synchronize global communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks. [210] The Global Positioning System also has a secondary mission of carrying nuclear detonation detection sensors . [211]
Military satellite communication systems include the Fleet Satellite Communications System , UHF Follow-On satellite , and Mobile User Objective System , operated by the 10th Space Operations Squadron and inherited from the U.S. Navy. [212] The payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are operated by the 53rd Space Operations Squadron , a role inherited from the U.S. Army. [213] Finally, spacecraft operations for the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are conducted by the 4th Space Operations Squadron , in addition to the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites, which both additionally support command and control of strategic nuclear forces. [214] [215]
The Space Force doesn't just manage military space launches, but also supports NASA and commercial space launches. [217] Major space launch vehicles flown or scheduled to fly off of Space Force launch ranges include NASA 's Space Launch System , SpaceX 's Starship , Falcon Heavy , and Falcon 9 , and United Launch Alliance 's Vulcan , which will replace the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy . Currently vehicles for the National Security Space Launch program include the Vulcan, Atlas V, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9 rockets. [218]
An experimental program Air Force Research Laboratory vanguard program that the Space Force leads, Rocket Cargo , is exploring using rockets to supplement naval and air transport to rapidly deliver supplies to forces across the Earth. [219] Current contenders include the SpaceX Starship rocket. [220]
The Space Force is organized into three field commands and multiple component field commands, which serve as joint force space component commands for the unified combatant commands. [221]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Space Force (HSF)||Space Force service headquarters led by the chief of space operations .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Field commands|
|Space Operations Command (SpOC)||The Space Force's operations field command, conducting space operations, cyberspace operations, and intelligence operations. Space Force component to United States Space Command . [222]||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|Space Systems Command (SSC)||Conducts research, development, acquisitions, and sustainment of Space Force systems and conducts space launch operations.||Los Angeles Air Force Base , California|
|Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM)||Conducts Space Force training, education, doctrine development, and test.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|Space Force Element, National Reconnaissance Office (SFELM NRO)||Space Force component for the National Reconnaissance Office . [223]||Chantilly, Virginia|
|U.S. Space Forces Indo-Pacific (USSPACEFOR-INDOPAC)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command . [224]||Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam , Hawaii|
|U.S. Space Forces Central (USSPACEFOR-CENT)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Central Command .||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Space Forces Korea (USSPACEFOR-KOR)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Forces Korea .||Osan Air Base , South Korea|
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime security , maritime search and rescue , and maritime law enforcement force. It was first established in 1790 as the United States Revenue-Marine , and consists of the Regular Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve .
Although it is always one of the six military branches, the Coast Guard is organized under the Department of Homeland Security under the leadership of the secretary of Homeland Security and the deputy secretary of Homeland Security . During time of war, the U.S. Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of the Navy [225] The Coast Guard itself is led by the commandant of the Coast Guard and vice commandant of the Coast Guard , both admirals advised by the master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard . [226]
The Coast Guard has six major operational mission programs, through which it executes its 11 statutory missions: [227]
- Maritime law enforcement
- Maritime response
- Maritime prevention
- Maritime transport system management
- Maritime security operations
- Defense operations
Maritime law enforcement operations focus on protecting the United States maritime borders and assuring its maritime sovereignty. The Coast Guard conduct operations to suppress violations of U.S. law at sea, including counter-illegal migration and transnational organized crime operations. Codified mission executed under the maritime law enforcement program include drug interdiction, migrant interdiction, living marine resources, and other law enforcement. [227]
Maritime response operations see the Coast Guard conducting search and rescue operations and rescuing mariners, responding to maritime disasters. Codified missions include search and rescue and marine environmental protection (response activities). [227]
Maritime prevention operations prevent marine casualties and property losses, minimize security risks, and protect the marine environment. The Coast Guard does so by developing and enforcing federal regulations, conducting safety and security inspections, and analyzing port security risk assessments. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security, marine safety, and marine environmental protection (protection activities). [227]
Maritime transport system management ensures a safe, secure, and environmentally sound waterways system. Codified missions include maintaining aides to navigation and ice operations. [227]
Maritime security operations includes activities to detect, deter, prevent, and disrupt terrorist attacks, and other criminal acts in the U.S. maritime domain. It includes the execution of antiterrorism, response, and select recovery operations. This mission performs the operational element of the Coast Guard's Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security mission and complements our Maritime Response and Prevention efforts. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security (response activities). [227]
Coast Guard Defense Operations deploys the Coast Guard globally under the Department of Defense's unified combatant commands, where they operate under the joint force maritime component commands. Codified missions include defense readiness. [227]
The U.S. Coast Guard is organized into two area commands that cover the entire globe. [228]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Coast Guard Headquarters (USCG HQ)||Coast Guard service headquarters led by the commandant of the Coast Guard .||Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington D.C.|
|Operating forces|
|Coast Guard Atlantic Area (LANTAREA)||Conducts Coast Guard operations east of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.||Coast Guard Station Portsmouth, Virginia|
|Coast Guard Pacific Area (PACAREA)||Conducts Coast Guard operations west of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Indo-Pacific region.||Coast Guard Base Alameda , California|
|Coast Guard Cyber Command (CGCYBER)||Conduct Coast Guard cyber operations and collaborate with United States Cyber Command . [229]||Washington D.C.|
|U.S. Coast Guard Reserve (USCGR)||Oversees and maintains Coast Guard reserve forces||Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington D.C.|
The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 established the topline defense budget as $857.9 billion, with the Department of Defense receiving $816.7 billion and the Department of Energy 's national security programs receiving $30.3 billion, an 8% increase from Fiscal Year 2022. [231] [232]
The Department of the Air Force 's budget, unlike the Department of the Army or Department of the Navy has a sizable portion of "pass-through." This is money that is not controlled or used by the Air Force, but is instead passed to other Department of Defense agencies and can be up to 17% of the department's budget, giving the impression that it is the most funded military department, but is actually the least funded. [233]
|Accout||U.S. dollars (billions)|
|Procurement|
163
|Research, Development, Test, & Evaluation|
139
|Operations & Maintenance|
279
|Military Personnel & Health|
210
|Military Construction|
19
|Defense-related Nuclear Programs|
30
|Service||U.S. dollars (billions)|
|Army [235]|
185.5
|Marine Corps [236]|
53.2
|Navy [237]|
202.6
|Air Force [238]|
185.1
|Space Force [239]|
30
|Coast Guard [240]|
13.45
|Defense-wide [241]|
141.3
The Army's modernization efforts, led by Army Futures Command are centralized into six priorities. Each priority is led by a Cross Functional Team.
Long Range Precision Fires is the land service's top modernization priority, focusing on rebuilding its Field Artillery Branch in response to longer range Russian and Chinese artillery systems. The Extended Range Cannon Artillery program is developing a cannon artillery piece that can accurately fire at targets 70 kilometers away, an increase from the 30 kilometer distance of current cannon artillery. The Precision Strike Missile is a surface-to-surface guided missile intended to be fired from the current M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and M142 HIMARS , replacing their current missiles and doubling the rate of fire. The Army is also working with the Missile Defense Agency , U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force to develop a common hypersonic glide body, which the Army will employ as part of the mobile ground launched Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon program. Finally, the Army is working to modify the U.S. Navy's RIM-174 Standard ERAM and UGM-109 Tomahawk land attack cruise missile for ground launch to provide the Army with mid-range artillery capability. [242]
The Next Generation Combat Vehicle program is developing a family of fighting vehicles for the Armor Branch to increase firepower, speed, and survivability. The Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle is intended to replace the M2 Bradley , while the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle will replace the M113 armored personnel carriers , which have been used since the Vietnam War. The three variants of the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle are the general purpose, mission command, and medical treatment. The Mobile Protected Firepower is designed to be a light tank for Infantry Brigade Combat Teams . Finally, the Robotic Combat Vehicles are intended to come in light, medium, and heavy variants that will serve as scouts and escorts for crewed combat vehicles. [243]
The Future Vertical Lift program is intended to replace the current helicopter fleet flown by the Army Aviation Branch . The Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft is intended to replace the UH-60 Black Hawk and the Marine Corps UH-1Y Venom , with the Army selecting the Bell V-280 Valor tiltrotor aircraft as the winner. [244] The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft is intended to replace the AH-64 Apache in the attack and reconnaissance role. [245]
The Army is working to modernize its communication networks for the Army Signal Corps , including developing a Unified Network consisting of an integrated tactical network, an integrated enterprise network, and unified network enabling capabilities. Other sub-efforts include developing a common operating environment, ensuring the network is interoperable with the other services and allied countries, and increasing the mobility and reducing the signature of its command posts . Efforts also include modernizing Global Positioning System technology to provide assured positioning, navigation, and timing, and working with the United States Intelligence Community and commercial space companies to increase the Army's access to space based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. [246]
Recognizing that that United States is unlikely to have uncontested air superiority , the Army is undergoing a mass revitalization of its air and missile defense enterprise through the Air Defense Artillery Branch . The first layer of defense is the Ballistic Low-Altitude Drone Engagement, which will be mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station and is designed to engage small unmanned aerial vehicle . The second layer is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, which will intercept small drones and munitions. The third and fourth layers comprise the Maneuver Air Defense Technology and Next-Generation Fires Radar, which will be integrated into short range air defense systems. The fifth layer puts a High-Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator onto a Medium Tactical Vehicle , while the sixth layer encompasses the Low-Cost Extended-Range Air Defense to supplement the MIM-104 Patriot missiles. [247]
Finally, the Army is looking to improve the equipment of its soldiers in the Infantry Branch , for the Next Generation Squad Weapon , the Integrated Visual Augmentation System , and the Synthetic Training Environment. [248] In 2022, the Army selected the SIG Sauer 's XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun to replace the M4 carbine and the M249 light machine gun through the Next Generation Squad Weapon program. [249]
The Marine Corps modernization is being executed under the aegis of Force Design 2030 , which is intended to return the service to its naval and amphibious roots and serve as a "stand-in" force, within contested areas of the maritime littorals. [250] As part of this effort, the Marine Corps has begun establishing naval-focused Marine Littoral Regiments, consisting of a Littoral Combat Team, Littoral Anti-Air Battalion, and a Combat Logistics Battalion. The Littoral Combat Team is organized around an infantry battalion with an anti-ship missile battery, focused on conducting sea denial operations in support of the Navy. [251]
The Marine Corps is in the process of acquiring the Amphibious Combat Vehicle , which is slated to replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle . The Amphibious Combat Vehicle is intended to support the Marines during amphibious assaults and once they have reached shore. The Marine Corps has also adopted the Naval Strike Missile which is fielded from modified Joint Light Tactical Vehicle as part of the Marines' artillery battalions. The concept is that small mobile units of marines would move around different islands and shorelines with these weapons to fire on adversary ships. [252]
Marine Corps aviation is also in the process of acquiring the CH-53K King Stallion helicopter for heavy lift, replacing the current CH-53E Super Stallion in the role. The Marine Corps is also looking to replace its UH-1Y Venom helicopters through the Future Vertical Lift program and is in the process of acquiring a significant number of unmanned aerial vehicles , such as the MQ-9 Reaper . [253]
Like the Marine Corps, the Navy is in the process of overhauling and modernizing its fleet with a renewed focus. While the Navy is continuing to purchase Arleigh Burke -class destroyers , it is embarking on the DDG(X) program of guided missile destroyers to replace it and the Ticonderoga -class cruisers . The DDG(X) will include directed energy weapons and potentially hypersonic weapons. [254]
The Constellation -class frigate will be the first frigates in the U.S. Navy since the Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates were retired. The Constellation -class frigates are based on the Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates and will replace the littoral combat ships . [255]
The Navy is starting development on the SSN(X) attack submarines, intended to replace the Virginia -class and Seawolf -class submarines . The Columbia -class submarines will begin replacing the Ohio -class ballistic missile submarines. The acquisition of the Columbia -class submarines is the first priority of the Navy. [256] [257]
With Naval Aviation, the service is continuing to procure additional Gerald R. Ford -class aircraft carriers and F-35C Lightning II stealth fighters. Ultimately, the F/A-XX program is intended to produce a sixth-generation fighter to replace the legacy F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as part of the Carrier Air Wing and is using the Future Vertical Lift program to replace its fleet of SH-60 Seahawk helicopters. [258] [259]
The service is also investing heavily in unmanned platforms, such as unmanned surface vehicles , using the Ghost Fleet Overlord to test the concept. It is also fielding unmanned aerial vehicles , such as the land-based MQ-4C Triton for maritime patrol and the carrier-based MQ-25A Stingray for aerial refueling , replacing the F/A-18F in the role. [260]
The B-21 Raider stealth bomber is the first new Air Force bomber since the B-2A Spirit . The B-21 will replace the B-2 and the B-1B Lancer , flying alongside the B-52 Stratofortress . [261] The development of the B-21 Raider was led by the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office . The service is also along in developing the LGM-35 Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile to replace the LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs . [262]
The U.S. Air Force is also in the process of developing the Next Generation Air Dominance program, which will produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the F-22 Raptor . The service is also procuring the fourth generation F-15EX Eagle II to replace the aging F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle . It is also procuring the T-7A Red Hawk trainer jet to replace the 1950s-era T-38 Talon . [263]
While not an aircraft, the Air Force is investing in developing the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile to replace or supplement that AIM-120 AMRAAM for its fighter forces. It is also procuring the AGM-181 Long Range Stand Off Weapon to replace the AGM-86 ALCM as a nuclear air launched cruise missile for the B-21 Raider and the B-52 Stratofortress. The air service is also investing in hypersonic weapons, with the AGM-183 Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon , the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept , and the Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile in development. [264]
While a new service, the U.S. Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts. The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites, one in the United States, one in the Indo-Pacific, and one in Europe. [265]
Oracle, a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force, will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness – tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon. The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations, using a wide-field sensor and a more sensitive narrow field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region. Oracle will directly support NASA 's Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations. [266]
Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force, Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project , which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space-based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base . Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation, radio frequency forming, and radio frequency beam beaming. Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power – space-based solar power would move these supply lines to space, where they are unable to be easily attacked. Much how GPS started as a military program and was opened to civilian use, Space Force provided space-based solar power could transition to common use as well. [267] Other space-based power beaming demonstrators include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime (SPIRRAL) and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment (SPINDLE) experiments. [268]
The Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3), building on the Space Force's Global Positioning System constellation, is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military, civil, and commercial users. NTS-3 is a Vanguard program, which mark potentially game changing technologies. [269]
The Space Force's Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program, which is focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe. If proven viable, the Space Force's Space Systems Command is responsible for transitioning it to a program of record. United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability, rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world. [270]
The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military by active personnel, after the Chinese's People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces , consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019. [271]
While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service. [272] Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020. [273]
As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer , warrant officer or enlisted , to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans . Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade . [274] Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority, while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank. [275]
Total number of authorized personnel in FY23. [276]
|Component||Total||Active||Reserve||National Guard|
|U.S. Army||954,000||452,000||177,000||325,000|
|U.S. Marine Corps||210,000||177,000||33,000|
|U.S. Navy||411,000||354,000||57,000|
|U.S. Air Force||503,744||325,344||70,000||108,400|
|U.S. Space Force||8,600||8,600|
|U.S. Coast Guard||49,500||41,700||7,800|
|2,136,844||1,358,644||344,800||433,400|
Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories: officers , warrant officers , and enlisted personnel. Officers are the leadership of the military, holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate . Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments, serving as specialist in certain military technologies and capabilities. Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2, they gain a commission from the president of the United States. Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical-level leaders until they become senior non-commissioned officers or senior petty officers. Military ranks across the services can be compared by U.S. Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code. [277]
|NATO code||OF-10||OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-6||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||OF-1||OF(D)||Student officer|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special grade||O-10||O-9||O-8||O-7||O-6||O-5||O-4||O-3||O-2||O-1||Officer candidate / Cadet|
| United States Army [278] ||Various|
|General of the Army||General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer candidate|
| United States Marine Corps [279] |
(Various insignia)
|General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant|| Midshipman / officer candidate |
| United States Navy [280] |
(Various insignia)
|Fleet admiral||Admiral||Vice admiral||Rear admiral|| Rear admiral |
(lower half)
|Captain||Commander||Lieutenant commander||Lieutenant|| Lieutenant |
(junior grade)
|Ensign|| Midshipman / officer candidate |
| United States Air Force [280] ||( Various insignia )|
|General of the Air Force||General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer trainee|
| United States Space Force [280] ||( Various insignia )|
|General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer trainee|
| United States Coast Guard [280] ||Various|
|Admiral||Vice admiral||Rear admiral|| Rear admiral |
(lower half)
|Captain||Commander||Lieutenant commander||Lieutenant|| Lieutenant |
(junior grade)
|Ensign|| Cadet / officer candidate |
|NATO code||OF-10||OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-6||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||OF-1||OF(D)||Student officer|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special grade||O-10||O-9||O-8||O-7||O-6||O-5||O-4||O-3||O-2||O-1||Officer candidate / Cadet|
Officers represent the top 18% of the armed forces, serving in leadership and command roles. [281] Officers are divided into three categories: [277]
- O-1 to O-3: Company grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or junior officers in the Navy and the Coast Guard.
- O-4 to O-6: Field grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or mid-grade officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
- O-7 to O-10: General officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor's degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioning from civilian life into a specific specialty, such as a medical professional, lawyer, chaplain, or cyber specialist. [282] [283]
Officers are commissioned through the United States service academies , Reserve Officer Training Corps programs, and the Officer Candidate and Officer Training Schools . During a time of war, officers may be promoted to five-star ranks , with general of the Army , fleet admiral , and general of the Air Force the only five-star ranks currently authorized. [284]
|NATO rank||WO-5||WO-4||WO-3||WO-2||WO-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||W-5||W-4||W-3||W-2||W-1|
| United States Army |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant officer 1 |
| United States Marine Corps |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant Officer 1 |
| United States Navy |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant officer 1 |
| U.S. Coast Guard |
|Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|
|NATO rank||WO-5||WO-4||WO-3||WO-2||WO-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||W-5||W-4||W-3||W-2||W-1|
Warrant officers are specialists, accounting for only 8% of the officer corps. [281] Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest-ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the president upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force or Space Force. [277]
Warrant officers are typically non-commissioned officers before being selected, with the exception of the Army Aviation where any enlisted grade can apply for a warrant. Army Warrant officers attend the Army Warrant Officer Candidate School . [285]
|NATO code||OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special||E-9||E-8||E-7||E-6||E-5||E-4||E-3||E-2||E-1|
| United States Army [278] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Sergeant Major of the Army||Command sergeant major||Sergeant major||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Sergeant first class||Staff sergeant||Sergeant||Corporal||Specialist||Private first class||Private||Private|
| United States Marine Corps [279] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps||Sergeant major||Master gunnery sergeant||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Gunnery sergeant||Staff sergeant||Sergeant||Corporal||Lance corporal||Private first class|| Private |
| United States Navy [280] |
Pending Approval
|No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy||Fleet/force master chief petty officer||Command master chief petty officer||Master chief petty officer||Command senior chief petty officer||Senior chief petty officer||Chief petty officer||Petty officer first class||Petty officer second class||Petty officer third class||Seaman||Seaman apprentice|| Seaman recruit |
| United States Air Force [280] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force||Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau||Command Chief Master Sergeant||First sergeant||Chief master sergeant||First sergeant||Senior master sergeant||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Technical sergeant||Staff sergeant||Senior airman||Airman first class||Airman|| Airman basic |
| United States Space Force [286] ||Insignia pending|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force||Chief master sergeant||Senior master sergeant||Master sergeant||Technical sergeant||Sergeant||Specialist 4||Specialist 3||Specialist 2|| Specialist 1 |
| U.S. Coast Guard |
|Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard||Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Reserve||Command master chief petty officer||Master chief petty officer||Senior chief petty officer||Chief petty officer||Petty officer first class||Petty officer second class||Petty officer third class||Seaman||Seaman apprentice||Seaman recruit|
|NATO code||OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special||E-9||E-8||E-7||E-6||E-5||E-4||E-3||E-2||E-1|
Enlisted personnel consists of 82% of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical leaders. [281] Enlisted personnel are divided into three categories:
- E-1 to E-3/4: Junior enlisted personnel are usually in initial training or at their first assignment. E-1 to E-3 in the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard, and E-1 to E-4 in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force. In the Army, specialist (E-4) are considered to be junior enlisted, while corporals (E-4) are non-commissioned officers.
- E-4/5 to E-6: Non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. In the Air Force and Space Force, E-5 is the first non-commissioned officer rank. Non-commissioned officers and petty officers are responsible for tactical leadership.
- E-7 to E-9: Senior non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. Serve as senior enlisted advisors to officers.
The rank of senior enlisted advisor is the highest rank in each service, serving as the primary advisors to their service secretary and service chief on enlisted matters. Prior to entering their service, enlisted personnel must complete their service's basic training . In the Army, after completing Basic Combat Training recruits then go to advanced individual training for their military occupational specialty . In the Marine Corps, after completing Recruit Training , marines attend the School of Infantry , going to the Infantry Training Battalion for infantry marines, with non-infantry marines completing Marine Combat Training before advancing to technical training for their military occupational specialty . In the Navy, after completing Recruit Training , sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating . In the Air Force and Space Force, recruits complete combined Basic Military Training before going to technical training for their Air Force Specialty Codes . In the Coast Guard, after completing Recruit Training , sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating .
All branches of the U.S. military enlisted women during World War II. The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established by the Army in 1942. Also formed during this time were the Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), the Navy's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, and the Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARS). [287] Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and in Normandy. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II, and 16 were killed on duty. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations, and commendations.
After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Harry S. Truman , allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . During the Vietnam War , 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974 [288] and female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units. [289] [290]
In 1974, the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement, [291] but at least two retired as captains. [292] The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict. [293]
In 1991, women were permitted to fly military aircraft. Since 1994, women can serve on U.S. combat ships. [294] In 2010, the ban on women serving on submarines was lifted. [295]
On 3 December 2015, U.S. defense secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat positions would become available to women. [296] This gave women access to the roughly 10% of military jobs which were previously closed off due to their combat nature. [297] These restrictions were due in part to studies which stated that mixed gender units are less capable in combat. [298] The decision gave military services time until January 2016 to provide plans on how they will enforce the policy change. [299] Many women believe this will allow for them to improve their positions in the military, since most high-ranking officers start in combat positions. Since women are now available to work in any position in the military, female entry into the draft has been proposed. [300]
No woman has ever become a Navy SEAL . [301] [302] However, in July 2021, the first woman graduated from the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) training program to become a Special Warfare Combatant craft Crewman (SWCC). The SWCC directly supports the SEALs and other commando units, and are experts in covert insertion and extraction special operation tactics. [303] [304]
Despite concerns of a gender gap, all personnel, both men and women, at the same rank and time of service are compensated the same rate across all branches. [305] On 1 June 2022, ADM Linda L. Fagan assumed command of the U.S. Coast Guard thus becoming the not only the first woman to serve as Commandant of the Coast Guard but also the first woman in American history to serve as a service chief in the U.S. Military. [306]
A study conducted by the RAND Corporation also suggests that women who make the military their career see an improved rate of promotion, as they climb through the military ranks at a faster rate. [307]
As per the DoD's report on sexual assault within the U.S. Army for the fiscal year of 2019, 7,825 cases of sexual assault had been reported with the service members either victims or subjects of the assault. There has been a 3% increase in the number of cases as compared to the 2018 report. [308] [309]
As of 2021, there are 231,741 women in the military, representing 17.3% of the total active duty force. Since 2017, the percentage of women in active duty service has increased by 1.1%. [310]
Under Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. [311] Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, and placement of soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, guardians, and coast guardsmen in formation.
- United States Army
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
- United States Air Force
- United States Space Force
- United States Coast Guard
- Army National Guard
- United States Army Reserve
- United States Marine Corps Reserve
- United States Navy Reserve
- Air National Guard
- United States Air Force Reserve
- United States Coast Guard Reserve
- Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine , Civil Air Patrol , and Coast Guard Auxiliary , as in the preceding order.
While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps, [312] the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" until 27 November 1775. [313] The Marine Corps was established by an act of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then– chief of naval operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such. [312]
The Coast Guard is normally situated after the Space Force, however if it is moved to the Department of the Navy, then its place in the order of precedence changes to being situated after the Navy and before the Air Force. [312] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | Commander in Chief powers | Article II Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution , the Commander in Chief clause, states that "[t]he President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States."
The questions of whether and to what extent the President has the authority to use the military absent a Congressional declaration of war have proven to be sources of conflict and debate throughout American history. Some scholars believe the Commander in Chief Clause confers expansive powers on the President, but others argue that even if that is the case, the Constitution does not define precisely the extent of those powers. These scholars tend to construe the Clause narrowly, asserting that the Founders gave the President the title to preserve civilian supremacy over the military, not to provide additional powers outside of a Congressional authorization or declaration of war.
After the Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon Administrations spent nearly a decade committing U.S. troops to Southeast Asia without Congressional approval, in 1973 Congress responded by passing the War Powers Resolution . The Resolution sought to halt the erosion of Congress's ability to participate in war-making decisions, an aim furthered by the Resolution's requirement that the President communicate to Congress the commitment of troops within 48 hours. Further, the statute requires the President to remove all troops after 60 days if Congress has not granted an extension.
Presidents have typically considered the War Powers Resolution to be unconstitutional, and so they have tended not to follow it. This unwillingness has never been challenged by another actor (congress, civilians, etc), so the Supreme Court has never decided on the issue. (This is because the legislative branch is reactionary, meaning the Supreme Court could not get involved unless a suit is brought and makes its way up to the court). In one way, the resolution takes an unprecedented action by allowing the President to unilaterally put American troops into conflict. Although the act imposes a check on the President (by imposing a limit for the amount of time the troops can be deployed without Congressional consent), the act has not appeared to pose any practical checks on Presidential actions.
Further, even though the War Powers Act exists, Congress is still largely deferential toward the President with regard to military authorization. For example in 1995, regarding the sending of US troops into Bosnia, Bob Dole (the Republican Senate Majority Leader) said that President Clinton (a Democrat) had “the authority and the power under the Constitution to do what he feels should be done regardless of what Congress does.”
The terrorist attacks of September 2001 created new complications for the separation of powers within the war powers sphere. After September 11, the United States Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force against Terrorists (AUMF). While the AUMF did not officially declare war, the legislation provided the President with more authority upon which to exercise his constitutional powers as Commander in Chief. As the U.S. Supreme Court explained in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , Presidential Commander in Chief powers increase when Congressional intent supports the actions taken by the Commander in Chief. The AUMF served as that expression of Congressional intent.
President George W. Bush, his cabinet, and his military advisers determined that the al-Qaeda terrorist network had financed and perpetrated the September 11 attacks. They also determined that the Taliban, a group in control of the Afghanistan government, had permitted al Qaeda to operate and train its members within Afghanistan's borders. Thus, the President used military force to invade the country to destroy the al-Qaeda network and topple the Taliban.
During the conflict, the U.S. military rounded up alleged members of the Taliban and others fighting against U.S. forces. The military then placed these "detainees" at a U.S. base located at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba at the direction of the Bush Administration, which believed that the base fell outside the jurisdiction of U.S. federal courts. Consequently, the Bush Administration and military believed that the detainees could not avail themselves of habeas corpus and certain other protections guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution .
The military held many of these prisoners at the Guantanamo base for years without bringing formal charges against them. Prisoners obtained legal counsel in the U.S. to file habeas corpus petitions in U.S. federal court . A series of cases then came before the U.S. Supreme Court dealing with the constitutionality of the prisoners' detentions at Guantanamo.
In 2004 Rasul v. Bush became the first case in which the Supreme Court directly discussed the Bush Administration's Guantanamo detention policies. The Court held that 28 U.S.C. § 2241 permits federal district courts to hear habeas corpus petitions by aliens held within territory over which the United States exercises "plenary and exclusive jurisdiction." This holding included Guantanamo detainees. The Court then instructed the district courts to hear the petitions.
After the Bush Administration responded to Rasul by permitting detainees to bring their petitions before military tribunals, the Supreme Court again addressed the matter in 2006 when they decided Hamdan v. Rumsfeld . The Court in Hamdan held that the President lacks constitutional authority under the Commander-in-Chief Clause to try detainees in military tribunals. The tribunals also violated the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Conventions . Furthermore, the Court rebuked the government's arguments that the AUMF expanded Presidential authority.
Congress responded by passing the Detainee Treatment Act , which provides that "no court, court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider . . . an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by . . . an alien detained . . . at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba." In 2008, an Algerian citizen challenged the constitutionality of this statute in Boumediene v. Bush . The Court held that a Congressional suspension of habeas corpus requires an explicit suspension of the writ and that merely stripping the federal courts of jurisdiction does not actually suspend the writ. The Court also stated that the detainees lacked proper procedural safeguards to ensure they obtained fair trials and the ability to ascertain the nature of the charges against them.
Post- Boumediene , the Supreme Court has continued to uphold the constitutionality of the Detainee Treatment Act. In 2014 the Supreme Court refused two separate appeals for certiorari which related to the Detainee Treatment Act.
- In the first appeal, the Supreme Court refused to hear a case in which a Syrian man sought to sue the United States over his alleged torture at Guantanamo.
- In the second appeal, the Supreme Court blocked the release of images purported to show evidence of a Saudi man's mistreatment by Guantanamo officials.
- The Supreme Court deferred to the lower appeals courts , which found that due to the Detainee Treatment Act, "courts do not have the authority to hear lawsuits like the one[s] filed [here]." | https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/commander_in_chief_powers | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | Who is commander in chief of the military? A guide to the powers of a US president. | The U.S. government is divided into three branches by the Constitution – legislative, executive and judicial.
To ensure that no branch exerts too much power, the Constitution lays out a series of checks and balances. Some examples of checks on the power of the executive branch are Congress’s power to override a presidential veto and its ability to impeach the president and other executives, according to the National Center for Constitutional Studies.
Whether you’re studying civics in school, preparing for a citizenship test or just curious about the U.S. government, here’s a guide to understanding the powers of the executive branch.
How old do you need to be president? Here is what you need to know.
The Constitution establishes the president as commander in chief of the Army and the Navy . According to the National Security Act of 1947 , the president is the commander in chief of all armed forces of the United States, including the Air Force and Space Force.
Although the relationship between the president and the Coast Guard is a little more complex, the president does have power over the Coast Guard. In peacetime, the Coast Guard is overseen by the Department of Homeland Security .
The head of the executive branch is the president. This means a president is responsible for implementing and enforcing the laws passed by Congress , according to the official White House website. For this reason, one of the president’s largest responsibilities is appointing Cabinet members and heads of federal agencies, to whom much of the everyday enforcement and administration process is delegated.
The president has control over more than just the military. Presidents serve an important role within the U.S., as well as serving as the nation's chief diplomat , according to the Clinton Library.
The president has the power to do all of the following , according to the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library:
- Make treaties with other nations (pending approval of the Senate)
- Veto or sign bills passed by Congress
- Represent the U.S. in conversations with foreign countries and their leaders
- Enforce laws Congress passes
- Act as commander in chief of the military
- Call on troops to protect the nation from attacks
- Suggest new laws to Congress
- Lead their political party
- Entertain guests from abroad
- Recognize foreign nations
- Grant pardons
- Nominate Cabinet members, Supreme Court justices and other federal officials
- Appoint ambassadors of the U.S.
- Speak directly with people about problems
- Represent the best interests of all the people
According to the Truman Library, the president does not have the power to:
- Make laws
- Declare war (or keep troops stationed in a foreign country for more than 60 days, as limited by the War Powers Resolution of 1973 , according to the Richard Nixon Presidential Library)
- Decide how to spend federal money
- Interpret laws
- Appoint Cabinet members or Supreme Court justices without Senate approval
According to Article II of the Constitution , the president and Vice president are elected for a term of four years.
The 22nd Amendment also states that a president can only be elected to two four-year terms, or just once if they served as president for more than two years of another president’s term.
Article II of the Constitution lays out the requirements for presidential candidates . To be eligible for the presidency, one must be thirty-five years of age or older by the time they take office, and a natural-born citizen who has lived in the United States for at least 14 years. | https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2023/02/22/commander-in-chief-military-president-explained/10427991002/ | 13 |
commander in chief of the us armed forces | United States Armed Forces - Wikipedia | "US Forces" redirects here. For the Midnight Oil song, see US Forces (song) .
|United States Armed Forces|
|Founded||14 June 1775 [a]|
|Service branches|
|Headquarters||The Pentagon , Arlington County, Virginia|
|Leadership|
|Commander-in-Chief||President Joe Biden|
|Secretary of Defense||Lloyd Austin|
|Secretary of Homeland Security||Alejandro Mayorkas|
|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff||GEN Mark A. Milley , USA|
|Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff||ADM Christopher W. Grady , USN|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||SEAC Ramón Colón-López , USAF|
|Personnel|
|Military age||17 with parental consent, 18 for voluntary service. [b]|
|Conscription||Only males register at age 18 (conscription inactive since 1973)|
| Available for |
military service
|15 million (2021) [5] , age 18–25|
|Active personnel||1,328,000 [6] ( ranked 3rd )|
|Reserve personnel||799,500 [7]|
|Expenditures|
|Budget||$816.7 billion (2023) [8] ( ranked 1st )|
|Percent of GDP||3.47% (2022) [9]|
|Industry|
|Domestic suppliers||List|
|Foreign suppliers|| United Kingdom [10] |
Germany [10]
Israel [10]
|Annual imports||US$8.904 billion (2010–2021) [10]|
|Annual exports||US$115.5 billion (2010–2021) [10]|
|Related articles|
|History|| Military history of the United States |
List of engagements
|Ranks|| Commissioned officer |
Warrant officer
Enlisted
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency. [15] [16]
From their inception during the American Revolutionary War , the U.S. Armed Forces have played a decisive role in the history of the United States . They helped forge a sense of national unity and identity through victories in the First Barbary War and the Second Barbary War . They played a critical role in the territorial evolution of the United States , including the American Civil War . The National Security Act of 1947 , adopted following World War II , created the modern U.S. military framework. The Act established the National Military Establishment , headed by the secretary of defense; and created the United States Air Force and the National Security Council . It was amended in 1949, renaming the National Military Establishment the Department of Defense, and merged the cabinet-level Department of the Army, Department of the Navy, and Department of the Air Force, into the Department of Defense.
The president of the United States is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and forms military policy with the Department of Defense (DoD) and Department of Homeland Security (DHS), both federal executive departments , acting as the principal organs by which military policy is carried out.
The U.S. Armed Forces are one of the largest military forces in terms of personnel. They draw their personnel from a large pool of professional volunteers . Although military conscription has been used in the past, it has not been used in the U.S. since 1973. The Selective Service System retains the power to conscript males, and requires that all male citizens and residents residing in the U.S. between the ages of 18–25 register with the service.
The U.S. Armed Forces are considered the world's most powerful military . [17] The military expenditure of the United States was US$877 billion in 2022, the highest in the world, accounting for 39 percent of the world's defense expenditures . [18] The U.S. Armed Forces has significant capabilities in both defense and power projection due to its large budget, resulting in advanced and powerful technologies which enables a widespread deployment of the force around the world, including around 800 military bases outside the United States . [19] The U.S. Air Force is the world's largest air force, while the U.S. Army Aviation Branch is the second largest. The U.S. Naval Air Forces is the fourth largest air arm in the world and is the largest naval aviation service, while U.S. Marine Corps Aviation is the world's seventh largest air arm. The U.S. Navy is the world's largest navy by tonnage . [20] The U.S. Coast Guard is the world's 12th largest maritime force. [21] The U.S. Space Force is the world's only active independent space force . [22]
The history of the U.S. Armed Forces dates back to 14 June 1775, with the creation of the Continental Army , even before the Declaration of Independence marked the establishment of the United States. [23] The Continental Navy , established on 13 October 1775, and Continental Marines , established on 10 November 1775, were created in close succession by the Second Continental Congress in order to defend the new nation against the British Empire in the American Revolutionary War . [24] [25]
These forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War. The Congress of the Confederation created the current United States Army on 3 June 1784. [23] The United States Congress created the current United States Navy on 27 March 1794 and the current United States Marine Corps on 11 July 1798. [24] [26] All three services trace their origins to their respective Continental predecessors. The 1787 adoption of the Constitution gave Congress the power to "raise and support armies", to "provide and maintain a navy" and to "make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces", as well as the power to declare war . The President of the United States is the U.S. Armed Forces' commander-in-chief . [27]
The United States Coast Guard traces its origin to the formation of the Revenue Cutter Service on 4 August 1790, which merged with the United States Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915 to establish the Coast Guard. [28] [29] The United States Air Force was established as an independent service on 18 September 1947; it traces its origin to the formation of the Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps , which was formed 1 August 1907 and was part of the Army Air Forces before being recognized as an independent service in the National Security Act of 1947. [30] The United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps was formerly considered to be a branch of the United States Armed Forces from 29 July 1945 until 3 July 1952, and is now one of the eight uniformed services of the United States [31]
The United States Space Force was established as an independent service on 20 December 2019. It is the sixth branch of the U.S. military and the first new branch in 72 years. [32] The origin of the Space Force can be traced back to the Air Force Space Command , which was formed 1 September 1982 and was a major command of the United States Air Force. [33]
Presidential command over the U.S. Armed Forces is established in Article II in the Constitution whereby the president is named as the " Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States." [34] The United States Armed Forces are split between two cabinet departments, with the Department of Defense serving as the primary cabinet department for military affairs and the Department of Homeland Security responsible for administering the United States Coast Guard . [35]
The military chain of command flows from the President of the United States to the secretary of defense (for services under the Defense Department) or secretary of homeland security (for services under the Department of Homeland Security), ensuring civilian control of the military . Within the Department of Defense, the military departments ( Department of the Army , United States Department of the Navy , and Department of the Air Force ) are civilian led entities that oversee the coequal military service branches organized within each department. The military departments and services are responsible for organizing, training, and equipping forces, with the actual chain of command flowing through the unified combatant commands . [36]
The Joint Chiefs of Staff , although outside the operational chain of command, is the senior-most military body in the United States Armed Forces. It is led by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , who is the military head of the armed forces and principal advisor to the president and secretary of defense on military matters. Their deputy is the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Other members include the chief of staff of the Army , commandant of the Marine Corps , chief of naval operations , chief of staff of the Air Force , chief of space operations , and the chief of the National Guard Bureau . [37] The commandant of the Coast Guard is not an official member of the Joint Chiefs, but sometimes attends meetings as the one of the military service chiefs. The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman is the most senior enlisted member in the United States Armed Forces. [38]
Unified combatant commands are joint military commands consisting of forces from multiple military departments, with their chain of command flowing from the president, to the secretary of defense, to the commanders of the combatant commands. Each service organizes, trains, and equips forces that are then presented to the unified combatant commands through service component commands. Special Operations Command and Cyber Command also present theater special operations commands or joint force headquarters – cyber to other combatant commanders. Army components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force land component , Navy components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force maritime component , and Air Force components are typically dual-hatted as the joint force air component , with the theater special operations command dual-hatted as the joint force special operations component, and Space Force component typically dual-hatted as the joint force space component. [44]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters||Subunified commands||Service components|
|U.S. Africa Command (USAFRICOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Africa.||Kelley Barracks , Germany|
|U.S. Central Command (USCENTCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in the Middle East and Central Asia.||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)||Conduct U.S. military cyber operations.||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|U.S. European Command (USEUCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Europe.||Patch Barracks , Germany|
|U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in the Indo-Pacific.||Camp H. M. Smith , Hawaii|
|U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in North America and homeland defense operations.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|U.S. Southern Command (USSOUTHCOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.||Doral, Florida|
|U.S. Space Command (USSPACECOM)||Conducts U.S. military operations in outer space.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM)||Develops and employs special operations forces.||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Strategic Command||Conduct strategic deterrence, nuclear operations, nuclear command, control, and communications, joint electromagnetic spectrum operations, global strike, and missile defense operations. [45]||Offutt Air Force Base , Nebraska|
|U.S. Transportation Command||Conduct globally integrated mobility operations.||Scott Air Force Base , Illinois|
Combat support agencies are Department of Defense agencies that have a combat support mission, involving providing support for operating forces engaged in planning for, or conducting, military operations, including support during conflict or in the conduct of other military activities related to countering threats to U.S. national security. This mission is focused on providing support to echelons at the CCMD level and below and may not encompass the full scope of the CSA's mission. [46]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA)||Provide contract administration services for the Department of Defense. [47]||Fort Lee , Virginia|
|Defense Health Agency (DHA)||Provide and augment medical capabilities for combatant commands. [48]||Falls Church, Virginia|
|Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)||Provide, operate and assure command, control, information-sharing capabilities. [49]||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA)||Provide military intelligence to warfighters, defense policymakers and force planners in the Department of Defense and Intelligence Community, in support of U.S. military planning and operations and weapon systems acquisition. [50]||Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters , Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling , Washington D.C.|
|Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)||Manages the end-to-end global defense supply chain. [51]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)||Identify, develop, and field solutions to counter weapons of mass destruction and emerging threats. [52]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)||Delivers geospatial intelligence to policymakers, military service members, intelligence professionals and first responders. [53]||Fort Belvoir , Virginia|
|National Security Agency / Central Security Service (NSA/CSS)||Provides timely and accurate cryptologic support, knowledge, and assistance to the military cryptologic community. [54] Provide actionable signals intelligence and cybersecurity support to the Armed Forces. [55]||Fort Meade , Maryland|
The United States Armed Forces is composed of six coequal military service branches. Five of the branches, the United States Army , United States Marine Corps , United States Navy , United States Air Force , and United States Space Force are organized under the Department of Defense's military departments. The United States Coast Guard is nominally under the Department of Homeland Security , but may be transferred to the Department of Defense's Department of the Navy (which is the civilian entity that oversees the coequal U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy) at the direction of the president or congress. With the exception of the Coast Guard, the military services only organize, train, and equip forces. The unified combatant commands are responsible for operational control of non-service retained forces.
Each of the different military services is assigned a role and domain. The U.S. Army conducts land operations, while the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct maritime operations, with the Marine Corps specializing in amphibious and maritime littoral operations in support of the Navy. The U.S. Air Force conducts air operations, while the U.S. Space Force conducts space operations. The U.S. Coast Guard is unique in that it is a military branch specializing in maritime operations and also a law enforcement agency. [15] [16]
The United States Army (USA) is the United States Armed Forces' land force and is the largest and oldest service. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Army , it consists of one million soldiers across the Regular Army, Army Reserve , and Army National Guard . [56] The Army serves as the Armed Forces principal land service, responsible for conducting land warfare operations. [57]
The U.S. Army is organized under the Department of the Army , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Army and under secretary of the Army . The U.S. Army itself is led by the chief of staff of the Army and vice chief of staff of the Army , both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Army . [58]
The Army's primary responsibility is to conduct prompt and sustained land combat as part of the joint force. Army landpower focuses on destroying an enemy's armed forces, occupying its territory, and breaking the will of an adversary. [59]
The five core competencies of the Army are:
- Prompt and sustained land combat
- Combined arms operations:
- Combined arms maneuver and wide area security
- Armored and mechanized operations
- Airborne and air assault operations
- Special operations
- Set and sustain the theater for the joint force
- Integrate national, multinational, and joint power on land [59]
The thirteen specified functions of the Army are:
- Conduct prompt and sustained combined arms combat operations on land in all environments and types of terrain, to include complex urban environments, in order to defeat enemy ground forces, and seize, occupy, and defend land areas. [60]
- Conduct airborne and air assault , and amphibious operations. The Army has primary responsibility for the development of airborne doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures. Army airborne and air assault operations are conducted by the XVIII Airborne Corps , 11th Airborne Division , 82nd Airborne Division , 101st Airborne Division , and the 173rd Airborne Brigade . [60]
- Occupy territories abroad and provide for the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authorities. [60]
- Interdict enemy sea power , space power , air power , and communications through operations on and from the land. [60]
- Provide logistics to joint operations and campaigns, including joint over-the-shore and intra-theater transport of time-sensitive, mission-critical personnel and materiel. This is primarily conducted through the Army Logistics Branch , including the Quartermaster Corps , Ordnance Corps , Transportation Corps , and through Army Materiel Command 's Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command . [60]
- Provide support to space operations to enhance joint campaigns, in coordination with the other military services (primarily the United States Space Force ), combatant commands (primarily United States Space Command ), and other U.S. government departments and agencies. Army space operations are conducted by Army Space and Missile Defense Command . [60]
- Conduct authorized civil works programs, to include projects for the improvement of navigation , flood control , beach erosion control , and other water resource developments in the United States, its territories, and its possessions, and conduct other civil activities prescribed by law. These are conducted by the Army Corps of Engineers . [60]
The Infantry Branch forms the core of the service's land combat power. U.S. Army infantry are generally equipped with the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun , which will be replaced by the XM7 rifle and XM250 . [61]
Infantry is a core part of the Army's Brigade Combat Teams . The most numerous variant, the Infantry Brigade Combat Team, comprise light infantry battalions who fight on foot. Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 82nd Airborne Division are air assault capable, with infantry soldiers being transported by U.S. Army Aviation UH-60 Black Hawk and CH-47 Chinook helicopters. [62] Infantry Brigade Combat Teams of the 11th Airborne Division , 82nd Airborne Division , and 173rd Airborne Brigade are capable of airborne operations, in cooperation with the U.S. Air Force's transport aircraft. [63] Finally, Infantry Brigade Combat Teams assigned to the 10th Mountain Division specialized in mountain warfare . [64] Standard Infantry Brigade Combat Teams are assigned to the 25th Infantry Division , which offers additional training in jungle warfare . [65]
Armored Brigade Combat Teams comprise mechanized infantry battalions mounted in the M2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicle . Divisions with Armored Brigade Combat Teams include the 1st Infantry Division , 3rd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 1st Armored Division , and 1st Cavalry Division . [66] Stryker Brigade Combat Teams are centered around Stryker infantry battalions operating out of the Stryker . Divisions with Stryker Brigade Combat Teams include the 2nd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 11th Airborne Division , 2nd Cavalry Regiment , and 3rd Cavalry Regiment . [67]
United States Army Rangers with the 75th Ranger Regiment are an elite special operations infantry force in United States Army Special Operations Command , specializing in air assault and airborne infiltration methods. The three primary missions of the 75th Ranger Regiment are special operations raids , forcible entry operations, such as an airfield seizure to enable the Air Force to bring in more forces, and special reconnaissance . [68] [69] As a special operations force, Army Rangers are generally better equipped than standard infantry, utilizing the FN SCAR rifle. [70]
Army Special Forces , commonly known as Green Berets after their iconic headgear, are among the most elite soldiers in the Army. Special Forces conduct unconventional warfare , enabling a resistance movement or insurgency to coerce, disrupt, or overthrow a government or occupying power by operating through or with an underground force in a denied area, foreign internal defense , training and equipping foreign allied military forces to defend against insurgency, subversion, terrorism, and other security threats, and security force assistance , training and developing the defense capabilities of friendly and developing nations. More direct missions include counterinsurgency , direct action , and special reconnaissance in hostile, denied, or diplomatically or politically sensitive environments, to collect or verify information of strategic significance. [71] Special Forces are trained military free-fall parachuting and combat diver skillsets. [72] Army Special Forces are considered the most versatile special operations force in the entire world, operating as a multi-purpose force since 1952. [73]
The Armor Branch traces its history back to the United States Cavalry , and are responsible for tank and cavalry reconnaissance operations. [74]
The U.S. Army fields the M1 Abrams main battle tank in Armored Battalions as part of Armored Brigade Combat Teams across the 1st Armored Division , 1st Cavalry Division , 1st Infantry Division , 3rd Infantry Division , and the 4th Infantry Division . Each Armored Brigade Combat Team also possesses a cavalry squadron equipped with M2 Bradleys for scouting and security. Styker Brigade Combat Teams from the 2nd Infantry Division , 4th Infantry Division , 11th Airborne Division , 2nd Cavlary Regiment , and 3rd Cavalry Regiment have a cavalry squadron equipped with Strykers . Infantry Brigade Combat Teams from the 10th Mountain Division , 11th Airborne Division , 25th Infantry Division , 82nd Airborne Division , 101st Airborne Division , and 173rd Airborne Brigade have a cavalry squadron equipped with the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle . [75]
The Field Artillery's mission is to destroy, suppress or neutralize the enemy by cannon, rocket or missile fire. [76] Rocket systems include the M142 HIMARS and M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System , which are corps-level asset found in field artillery brigades. Towed artillery includes the M119 howitzer in Infantry Brigade Combat Teams and the M777 howitzer found in both Infantry and Stryker Brigade Combat Teams. The M109 self-propelled howitzer is utilized in Armored Brigade Combat Teams. [77]
During the Cold War, Army field artillery was responsible for the service's ballistic missile programs, including the PGM-11 Redstone , which was the first large ballistic missile in the U.S. arsenal, the MGM-31 Pershing , and the Pershing II . [78] In 2023, the Army is intending to field the Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon and has reestablished larger artillery formations like the 56th Artillery Command . [79] [80] [81]
The Air Defense Artillery is responsible for defending geopolitical assets and providing maneuver forces with the freedom to move on the battlefield by deterring the enemy and destroying aerial threats, missile attacks, and surveillance platforms. [82] Weapons employed by Air Defense Artillery include the FIM-92 Stinger man-portable air-defense system , AN/TWQ-1 Avenger , for short range air defense , and the counter rocket, artillery, and mortar 20mm gun system. The Iron Dome provides air defense against rockets, artillery, mortars, missiles, and unmanned aerial vehicles, while the MIM-104 Patriot is capable of defeating a wide range of threats including aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, ballistic and cruise missiles, and Weapons of Mass Destruction. [83]
The Terminal High Altitude Area Defense protects strategic critical assets by conducting long-range endo-and-exo-atmospheric engagements of ballistic missiles using the world's largest air-transportable X-band radar. The Ground-Based Midcourse Defense is an anti-ballistic missile system operated by Army Space and Missile Defense Command to defend the United States homeland against an intercontinental ballistic missile attack. [84] Major Air Defense Artillery units include the 32nd Army Air and Missile Defense Command and Army Space and Missile Defense Command's 100th Missile Defense Brigade . [85] [86]
Air Defense Artillery has an extremely close relationship with the Air Force through its Air and Missile Defense Commands and the Space Force through Army Space and Missile Defense Command, given their shared missile defense and space roles. In 1962, Air Defense Artillery achieved the first intercept of a ballistic missile with a nuclear-tipped Nike Zeus and operated the Nike Zeus as an anti-satellite weapon after completing a successful intercept in 1963. [87] [88]
Army Aviation, distinct from the U.S. Air Force and its predecessors, began as part of the field artillery in 1942. Small spotter planes were used to spot for artillery and naval bombardment, as well as to perform observation. These few aircraft formed the core of Army Aviation once the U.S. Air Force gained independence. In 1983, the Army created the Aviation Branch, for the first time since the Air Force's independence consolidating aviation under a single organization. [89]
The mission of Army Aviation is to find, fix and destroy any enemy through fire and maneuver and to provide combat support and combat service support in coordinated operations as an integral member of the combined arms team. [90] Major aircraft include the AH-64 Apache , which serves as the Army's attack helicopter, the UH-60 Black Hawk , and the CH-47 Chinook for troop and cargo transport. Army Aviation also flies the MQ-1C Gray Eagle drone. [91]
A specialized unit within Army Aviation, the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) serves as a special operations unit and operates modified variants of the MH-60 Black Hawk, MH-47 Chinook, and the MH-6 Little Bird . [92]
Established in 2014, the Army Cyber Corps is responsible for conducting cyberspace operations , electronic warfare , and information operations. The Cyber Corps was created by merging resources from the Army Signal Corps and the Military Intelligence Corps. [93] The Signal Corps is responsible for running the U.S. Army's communications networks. [94]
The Army Signal Corps was previously responsible for operating the Army's payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM satellite through the 53rd Signal Battalion. In 2022, the Army transferred its mission to the Space Force's 53rd Space Operations Squadron , ending the Signal Corps' space mission. [95]
The U.S. Army is organized into four major Army Commands, nine Army Service Component Commands , which serve as the Army component and joint force land component commanders for the unified combatant commands , and thirteen direct reporting units. [96]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Department of the Army (HQDA)||Army service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Army .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Army Commands and reserve components|
|U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)||Provides Army land forces to unified combatant commands . [97]||Fort Bragg , North Carolina|
|U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC)||Provides technology, acquisition support, and logistics for Army land forces. [98]||Redstone Arsenal , Alabama|
|U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC)||Recruits, trains, and educates Army soldiers and develops Army doctrine. [99]||Fort Eustis , Virginia|
|U.S. Army Futures Command (AFC)||Leads Army modernization efforts, including developing future force requirements, designing future force organizations, and delivering materiel capabilities. [100]||Austin, Texas|
|U.S. Army Reserve (USAR)||Oversees and maintains Army reserve forces||Fort Bragg , North Carolina|
|Army National Guard (ARNG)||Army component of the National Guard .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
The United States Marine Corps (USMC) serves as the U.S. Armed Forces' naval land force, responsible for executing amphibious warfare and operating in the maritime littorals in support of the U.S. Navy. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Marines , the Marine Corps consists of the Regular Marine Corps and the Marine Corps Reserve . [101] The Marine Corps maintains a very close relationship with the U.S. Navy, its sister service in the Department of the Navy. Although the Marine Corps has previously operated as an independent land force alongside the Army, its primary purpose is to serve as part of a unified naval service alongside the Navy in the maritime domain. [102]
The U.S. Marine Corps is organized under the Department of the Navy , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy . The U.S. Marine Corps itself is led by the commandant of the Marine Corps and the assistant commandant of the Marine Corps , both generals who are advised by the sergeant major of the Marine Corps . [101]
The Marine Corps statutory mission is outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 5063 and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947 , with its three primary areas of responsibility including:
- Seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support naval campaigns ;
- Development of tactics, technique, and equipment used by amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force ; and
- Such other duties as the President or Department of Defense may direct.
The seven specified functions of the Marine Corps are:
- Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facility subsequent joint operations. [60]
- Provide close air support for ground forces. [60]
- Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed. [60]
- Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments. [60]
- Conduct amphibious operations , including engagement, crisis response , and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment. [60]
- Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of responsibility to other authorities. [60]
- Provide security detachments and units for service on armed vessels of the Navy, provide protection of naval property at naval stations and bases, provide security at designated U.S. embassies and consulates , and perform other such duties as the president or secretary of defense may direct. These additional duties may not detract from or interfere with the operations for which the Marine Corps is primally organized. Marine Corps Security Force Regiment is responsible for supporting the Navy with Marine security operations, while the Marine Security Guard protects embassies and consulates of the United States Department of State . [60]
The combat power of the Marine Corps is centralized in the Fleet Marine Force (FMF), which itself is organized into Fleet Marine Force Atlantic , to support the U.S. Navy's Fleet Forces Command , and Fleet Marine Force Pacific , which supports the U.S. Navy 's U.S. Pacific Fleet . [102]
The basic Marine Corps unit for conducting operations is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), which combines Marine Corps and Navy land, air, sea, and cyberspace capabilities into a single command. There are three different sized variants of a Marine Air-Ground Task Force, but each consists of a command element , ground combat element , aviation combat element , and logistics combat element . [103]
A Marine ground combat element (GCE) is centered around Marine infantry, typically armed with a M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle . [104] Unlike the Army, the Marine Corps does not train their own combat medics , relying on the Navy to provide hospital corpsman . [105] These infantry units are supported by Marine Corps combat engineers , who conduct engineer reconnaissance, obstacle system emplacement, and breaching operations, and Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance teams. While the Marine Corps no longer operates its own tanks, opting to request support from the Army if needed, it maintains Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions which operates the LAV-25 amphibious armored reconnaissance vehicle. Assault Amphibian Battalions operate the Assault Amphibious Vehicle and Amphibious Combat Vehicle , which enable the ground combat element to conduct amphibious landing operations. [106] Marine Corps artillery operates the M777 howitzer and the M142 HIMARS , both supporting the ground combat element and the Navy at sea by striking enemy ships. [107] [108]
The Marine aviation combat element (ACE) is the operational arm of Marine Corps Aviation , working to support the ground combat element. The F-35B Lightning II and AV-8B Harrier II are flown by off of Navy amphibious assault ships, while the F-35C Lightning II and F/A-18 Hornet are flown off of Navy carriers by Marine Corps pilots. The Marine Corps also operates the KC-130J to serve as a tanker and tactical airlift platform. The UH-1Y Venom helicopter provides the Marine Corps with light transport and attack, while the AH-1Z Viper is a dedicated attack helicopter. Medium lift squadrons fly the MV-22 Osprey , while heavy lift squadrons use the CH-53K King Stallion . The Marine Corps has also begun flying unmanned aerial vehciles, such as the MQ-9 Reaper and MQ-8 Fire Scout . [109] Notably, the aviation combat element also includes Low-Altitude Air Defense Battalions, which employ the FIM-92 Stinger surface to air missile. [110]
The smallest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), which are typically forward deployed on Navy ships. Commanded by a colonel , a Marine Expeditionary Unit consist of 2,200 marines split across a battalion landing team (ground combat element), composite helicopter squadron (aviation combat element), and a combat logistics element (logistics element). Marine Expeditionary Units are supplied for 15 days. [103] Forward deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are often embarked on Navy amphibious assault ships as part of an amphibious ready group . [111]
The next sized MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), which are organized for specific missions. Commanded by a brigadier general , Marine Expeditionary Brigades consist of 4,000 to 16,000 marines across a Regimental-sized ground combat element, a Marine Aircraft Group, and a Combat Logistics Regiment. Marine Expeditionary Brigades are supplied for 30 days and offer increased firepower and airpower over the Marine Expeditionary Unit. [103]
The largest MAGTF is the Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which are primary warfighting forces for larger operations. A Marine Expeditionary Force is commanded by a lieutenant general and consist of 46,000 to 90,000 marines. Currently there are only three Marine Expeditionary Forces, each with its own Marine Division, Marine Aircraft Wing, Marine Logistics Group, and Marine Expeditionary Force Information Group. Marine Expeditionary Forces are supplied for 60 days. [103] Certain elements are held at the Marine Expeditionary Force level, such as Force Reconnaissance . The MEF Information Group (MIG) also provides a number of functions, such as the intelligence battalion, radio battalion which conduct signals intelligence, electronic warfare, and cyberspace operations, communications battalion, the MEF support battalion, and the Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company . [112] [113]
While not a MAGTF, the Marine Corps has begun to reorganize some of its regiments into Marine Littoral Regiments (MRL), which are similar in size to a Marine Expeditionary Unit. A Marine Littoral Regiment is a self-deployable force, designed to be naval in nature and operate in the littoral region. A Marine Littoral Regiment consists of a littoral combat team, a littoral anti-air battalion, and a combat logistics battalion. Notably, the Marine Littoral Regiment has no aviation combat element, unlike a Marine Expeditionary Unit. [114]
Another Marine Corps element that does not function as part of the MAGTF are the Marine Raider Regiment , who function under United States Marine Forces Special Operations Command . Marine Raiders specialize in specialize in direct action, unconventional warfare, maritime interdiction, special reconnaissance, foreign internal defense, counterterrorism, and counterinsurgency missions. [115]
Under Headquarters Marine Corps, the Marine Corps is organized into the Fleet Marine Force , multiple commands, and Marine Corps service components to the unified combatant commands .
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC)||Marine Corps service headquarters led by the commandant of the Marine Corps .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Fleet Marine Force|
|Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic (FMFLANT) / U.S. Marine Corps Forces Command (MARFORCOM)||Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Fleet Forces Command . Also serves as United States Marine Corps Forces Command , commanding Marine Corps retained service forces and providing forces for joint, naval, and service requirements. [116]||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
|Fleet Marine Force, Pacific (FMFPAC)||Provides Marine Corps forces in support of the U.S. Navy's United States Pacific Fleet . [117]||Camp H. M. Smith , Hawaii|
|Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM)||Acquisition command for all Marine Corps ground and information technology programs. [118]||Marine Corps Base Quantico , Virginia|
|U.S. Marine Corps Forces Reserve (MARFORRES)||Oversees and maintains the U.S. Marine Corps reserve forces. [119]||Marine Corps Support Facility New Orleans , Louisiana|
The United States Navy (USN) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime force. Originally established in 1775 as the Continental Navy , the U.S. Navy consists of the Regular Navy and the Navy Reserve . The Navy is the United States' principal maritime service, responsible for maritime warfare operations. [120]
The U.S. Navy is organized under the Department of the Navy , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Navy and the under secretary of the Navy . The U.S. Navy itself is led by the chief of naval operations and the vice chief of naval operations , both admirals who are advised by the master chief petty officer of the Navy . [120]
The five enduring functions of the Navy are: [121]
The Naval Surface Forces (NAVSURFOR) is the backbone of the U.S. Navy's combat power, conducting surface warfare operations and operating its fleet of combat surface ships. [122]
The Naval Surface Forces operates eleven nuclear powered aircraft carriers (CVN), split between the Nimitz -class and the newer Gerald R. Ford -class . Aircraft carriers are the centerpiece of the U.S. Navy's combat power, forming the nucleus of its eleven carrier strike groups (CSG). Each aircraft carrier has an embarked carrier air wing from the Naval Air Forces. [123]
The Naval Surface Forces also operate 116 surface combatants . These include the Ticonderoga -class guided-missile cruisers , Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyers (DDG) and Zumwalt-class stealth guided-missile destroyers . Cruisers and destroyers ofthen operate as part of a larger formations, where they serve as escorts for anti-aircraft and anti-submarine operations, but they also are able to conduct sea control and striker operations ashore with their tomahawk cruise missiles. The Navy also operates a complement smaller of Freedom -class and Independence -class littoral combat ships (LCS) that can be modularly reconfigured for specific mission sets. [124] [125] Having lacked a frigate since the Oliver Hazard Perry -class was decommissioned, the Navy is in the process of acquiring the new Constellation -class guided-missile frigates (FFG). [126]
Finally, the Naval Surface Forces operate 31 amphibious warfare ships to support the Fleet Marine Force and its embarked Marine Air-Ground Task Forces as part of an amphibious ready group or expeditionary strike group . This includes the America-class landing helicopter assault (LHA) ships which can carry U.S. Marine Corps F-35B Lightning II fighters and helicopters, and Wasp-class landing helicopter dock (LHD) ships, which can carry both F-35B fighters, helicopters, and landing craft. These are in addition to the San Antonio-classs amphibious transport docks (LPD), and the Whidbey Island-class and Harpers Ferry -class dock landing ships . [127] [128]
The Naval Submarine Forces (NAVSUBFOR) is often referred to as the "silent service," consisting of 68 commissioned submarines. [129]
Los Angeles -class , Seawolf -class , and Virginia -class nuclear-powered attack submarines are capable of performing sea control mission by destroying enemy submarines and surface ships, conducting surveillance and reconnaissance, performing irregular warfare, covert troop insertion, mine and anti-mine operations, and land attack missions with tomahawk cruise missiles. [130]
Ohio -class nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) have the sole mission of being launch platforms for nuclear submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM). Each carries 20 UGM-133 Trident II SLBMs. The Navy is currently in the process of procuring the Columbia -class SSBNs to replace the Ohio -class. [131] Some Ohio -class submarines have been converted to cruise-missile submarines (SSGN), capable of carrying 154 tomahawk cruise missiles and deploying 66 special operations forces personnel, such as Navy SEALs . [132]
The Naval Air Forces (NAVAIRFOR) is the Navy's naval aviation arm, centered around the carrier air wing . The core of the carrier air wing are the Naval Air Forces strike fighter squadrons (VFA), which fly the F-35C Lightning II stealth fighter and the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet . A variant of the F/A-18, the EA-18G Growler is an electronic-warfare aircraft flown by electronic attack squadrons (VAQ) off of carriers or land bases. The E-2 Hawkeye provides carriers with airborne early warning and command and control, while the C-2A Greyhound keeps carriers supplied. The CMV-22B Osprey is currently in the process of replacing the C-2 Greyhound for carrier resupply. [133]
The Naval Air Forces also operate the MH-60 Seahawk for anti-submarine warfare , anti-ship warfare , and search and rescue operations. The MH-53E is primarily used for anti-mine warfare, but can also be used for assault support. [133]
Although primally centered on carriers, the Naval Air Forces do operate a small number of land-based aircraft. These include the P-3C Orion and P-8A Poseidon , which conduct anti-submarine warfare operations and serve as maritime patrol aircraft, alongside the unmanned MQ-4C Triton . The E-6 Mercury is also flown by the Navy to communicate instructions to U.S. strategic forces. [134] [133]
Naval Expeditionary Combat Forces, sometimes known as "sand sailors" operate ashore or in the littoral regions under Navy Expeditionary Combat Command . [137] Their purpose is to clear the battlespace of hazards to the navy, secure maritime terrain, sea liens of communication, and resources, build infrastructure, awareness, logistics chains, and partnerships, and protect the Navy's fleets, facilities, and forces. [138]
Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal teams are responsible for conducting countering explosive devices that may present a hazard and also are able to clear harbors of navigational hazards, engage in underwater search and rescue, and perform limited underwater repairs on ships. [139] The Maritime Expeditionary Security Force conducts operations in the littoral regions, including harbors, rivers, bays, and on land to provide maritime security operations. These include port and harbor security. [140] The Naval Construction Force, or Seabees , are Navy engineers, able to construct facilities in support of naval operations while also providing force protection. [141]
Naval Special Warfare are maritime special operations forces under Naval Special Warfare Command . These include the United States Navy SEALs and Special warfare combatant-craft crewmen . [142]
The U.S. Navy is organized into eight navy component commands, which command operational forces and serve as joint force maritime component commands, fifteen shore commands, which support the fleets' operating forces, five systems commands, which oversee the technical requirements of the Navy, and nine type commands, which administratively manage units of a certain type.
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV)||Navy service headquarters led by the chief of naval operations .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Navy operating forces|
|U.S. Fleet Forces Command (USFF) / U.S. Naval Forces Northern Command (NAVFORNORTH)||Trains, certifies, and provides Navy forces for naval, joint, and combined operations. Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Northern Command and United States Strategic Command . [143]||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
|U.S. Pacific Fleet (PACFLT)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Indo-Pacific Command .||Naval Station Pearl Harbor , Hawaii|
|U.S. Naval Forces Central Command (NAVCENT)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Central Command .||Naval Support Activity Bahrain|
|U.S. Fleet Cyber Command (FCC) / U.S. Navy Space Command (NAVSPACE)||Navy service component to United States Cyber Command and United States Space Command||Fort Meade , Maryland|
|U.S. Naval Forces Europe and Africa (NAVEUR-NAVAF)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States European Command and United States Africa Command .||Naval Support Activity Naples , Italy|
|U.S. Naval Forces Southern Command (NAVSO)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Southern Command .||Naval Station Mayport , Florida|
|U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command (USNSWC)||Navy service component to United States Special Operations Command .||Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , California|
|Military Sealift Command (MSC)||Navy service component and joint force maritime component command to United States Transportation Command .||Naval Station Norfolk , Virginia|
|U.S. Navy Reserve (USNR)||Oversees and maintains Navy reserve forces||Naval Support Activity Hampton Roads , Virginia|
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the United States Armed Forces' air force. Originally established in 1947 when it gained independence from the U.S. Army, it traces its history back to through the United States Army Air Forces , United States Army Air Corps , United States Army Air Service , the Division of Military Aeronautics , Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps , to the birth of Aeronautical Division, U.S. Signal Corps on 1 August 1907. The U.S. Air Force serves as the principal air service, responsible for aerial warfare operations. The U.S. Air Force is composed of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve , and Air National Guard . [144]
The five core missions of the Air Force are: [145]
The eight specified functions of the Air Force are: [146]
- Conduct nuclear operations in support of strategic deterrence, to include providing and maintaining nuclear surety and capabilities.
- Conduct offensive and defensive operations, to include appropriate air and missile defense , to gain and maintain air superiority and air supremacy as required, to enable the conduct of operations by U.S. and allied land, sea, air, space, and special operations forces.
- Conduct global precision attack, to include strategic attack , interdiction , close air support , and prompt global strike.
- Provide timely, globally integrated intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capability and capacity from forward deployed locations and globally distributed centers to support world-wide operations.
- Provide rapid global mobility to employ and sustain organic air and space forces and other military service and U. S. Special Operations Command forces, as directed, to include airlift forces for airborne operations , air logistical support, tanker forces for in-flight refueling, and assets for aeromedical evacuation .
- Provide agile combat support to enhance the air and space campaign and the deployment, employment, sustainment, and redeployment of air and space forces and other forces operating within the air and space domains, to include joint air and space bases, and for the Armed Forces other than which is organic to the individual military services and U.S. Special Operations Command in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and U.S. Government departments and agencies.
- Conduct global personnel recovery operations including theater-wide combat and civil search and rescue in coordination with the other military services, combatant commands, and DoD components.
- Conduct globally integrated command and control for air and space operations.
The Combat Air Force (CAF) comprises the majority of the Air Force's combat power, consisting of its fighter , bomber , intercontinental ballistic missile , and special operations forces. [147]
The Air Force's fighter forces are led by Air Combat Command 's Fifteenth Air Force , with other fighter units under Pacific Air Forces and United States Air Forces in Europe . Air Force fighters are predominantly used to achieve air superiority and strike enemy ground and naval forces. The Air Force operates an expanding force of fifth-generation fighters . The F-22A Raptor stealth fighter is designed to replace the F-15C in air superiority operations carrying two AIM-9 Sidewinder and six AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles. It also has a significant air-to-ground mission, carrying two GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munition bombs, in addition to two AIM-9 and two AIM-120 missiles. [148] Ultimately, the F-22 is intended to be replaced by the sixth-generation fighter Next Generation Air Dominance program. [149] The F-22 is complemented by the more numerous F-35A Lightning II multi-role stealth fighter, which are in the process of replacing the F-16C fighters and A-10 attack aircraft in air superiority and ground attack roles, to include the nuclear strike mission . [150] [151]
The Air Force still operates an extremely sizable force of fourth-generation fighters . The F-15C Eagle is a dedicated air superiority fighter, while the F-15E Strike Eagle was modified to be a duel-role strike fighter , carrying both conventional and nuclear weapons. [152] [153] The F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle are both being replaced by the F-15EX Eagle II , which is significantly more advanced. [154] The F-16C Fighting Falcon is a multirole fighter that served as the primary Air Force fighter for decades, including as a dual-capable tactical nuclear strike fighter. [155] [156] The A-10C Thunderbolt II attack aircraft was the first Air Force fighter specifically designed for the close air support mission, operating against enemy ground forces and light naval ships with its GAU-8 Avenger gatling cannon and array of air to ground munitions. [157]
The Air Force's bomber forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command 's Eighth Air Force , executing long-range strike operations. The B-2A Spirit stealth bomber is capable of conducting both conventional and nuclear strike operations, flying through air defenses. [158] The B-1B Lancer , to contrast, is a supersonic bomber that carries only conventional munitions and serves as the backbone of the bomber force. [159] Both the B-2A Spirit and the B-1B Lancer are being replaced by the B-21 Raider stealth bomber, which can be equipped with both conventional and nuclear munitions. [160] The B-52H Stratofortress is a long-range, heavy bomber that the Air Force has flown since the 1950s and operates a variety of conventional and nuclear munitions, including the AGM-86 air-launched cruise missile . [161]
The Air Force's intercontinental ballistic missile forces are organized under Air Force Global Strike Command's Twentieth Air Force , serving as the land-component of the nuclear triad . The LGM-30G Minuteman III serves as the only ballistic missile operated by the Air Force, with 400 stationed in hardened silos. [162] The LGM-30G will be replaced by the LGM-35A Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile. [163]
The Air Force's special operations forces are organized under Air Force Special Operations Command , consisting of both special operations aviation and Air Force special tactics airmen on the ground. The AC-130J Ghostrider gunships have the primary mission of close air support and air interdiction , using cannons and precision guided munitions. [164] The MC-130J Commando II , also a variant of the C-130 Hercules, fly exfiltration and resupply operations for special operations forces, along with conducting air to air refueling for helicopters. [165] The CV-22 Osprey is a tiltrotor aircraft used for the infiltration and exfiltration of special operations forces. [166] While not under Air Force Special Operations Command, rescue operations are supported by the HC-130J Combat King II and HH-60W Jolly Green II combat rescue aircraft. [167] The MQ-9 Reaper also serves as remotely piloted intelligence and strike aircraft, serving under Air Force Special Operations Command and Air Combat Command. [168]
Air Force Special Tactics are the ground special warfare force of the U.S. Air Force, integrating air-ground operations. Special Tactics conduct four core missions. Global access teams assess and open airfields, ranging from international airports to dirt strips, in permissive or hostile locations to facilitate the landing and operation of air forces. Precision strike teams are trained to direct aircraft and other forces to conduct kinetic and non-kinetic strikes, as well as humanitarian aid drops. Special Tactics teams also conduct personnel recovery missions, possessing significant medical and rescue experience. Finally, Special Operations Surgical Teams conduct surgery and medical operations in battlefield operations in support of special operations. [169]
The Air Force also operates a wide array of reconnaissance aircraft under Air Combat Command's Sixteenth Air Force , including the RQ-4 Global Hawk drone, U-2 Dragon Lady , and RC-135 Rivet Joint . Air Force operations are typically supported by command and control aircraft, such as the E-3 Sentry airborne warning and control system . The E-3 Sentry is in the process of being replaced by the E-7A Wedgetail . [170]
The Mobility Air Force (MAF) are organized under Air Mobility Command and comprise the Air Force's airlift , air refueling , and aeromedical evacuation forces. [171]
The airlift forces operate three different major aircraft. The C-5M Super Galaxy is the largest aircraft in the Air Force, serving as a strategic transport aircraft. [172] The C-17A Globemaster III is the airlift forces most flexible aircraft, conducting both strategic and tactical airlift operations. It is also capable of conducting airborne operations for the Army and aerial resupply through airdropping cargo. [173] Finally, the C-130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter, conducting both cargo airlift and supporting Army airborne operations. [174] Other major airlift platforms include the VC-25 , which serves as the personal plane of the president of the United States , better known as Air Force One . [175]
The Air Force also operates three major aerial refueling tankers. The KC-46A Pegasus is its most modern tanker, replacing the aging KC-10A Extenders . [176] The remaining tanker is the KC-135 Stratotanker , which has flown since the 1950s. [177] Tankers are also capable of conducting limited airlift operations.
The U.S. Air Force is organized into nine major commands, which conduct the majority of the service's organize, train, and equip functions and command forces attached to the combatant commands as joint force air component commands. [178]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Air Force (HAF)||Air Force service headquarters led by the chief of staff of the Air Force .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Major Commands and Air National Guard|
|Air Combat Command (ACC)||Primary provider of combat air forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Combat Command operates fighter, reconnaissance, battle-management, and electronic-combat aircraft. [179]||Joint Base Langley-Eustis , Virginia|
|Air Education and Training Command (AETC)||Recruits, trains, and educates airmen and develops Air Force doctrine. [180]||Joint Base San Antonio , Texas|
|Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC)||Operates the Air Force strategic bomber and intercontinental ballistic missile forces. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Strategic Command . [181]||Barksdale Air Force Base , Louisiana|
|Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)||Manages installation and mission support, discovery and development, test and evaluation, and life cycle management services and sustainment for every major Air Force weapon system. [182]||Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Ohio|
|Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC)||Manages Air Force reserve forces.||Robins Air Force Base , Georgia|
|Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)||Organizes, trains, and equips air commandos. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Special Operations Command . [183]||Hurlburt Field , Florida|
|Air Mobility Command (AMC)||Primary provider of air mobility forces to the unified combatant commands. Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Transportation Command . [184]||Scott Air Force Base , Illinois|
|Pacific Air Forces (PACAF)||Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command .||Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam , Hawaii|
|United States Air Forces in Europe - Air Forces Africa (USAFE-AFAFRICA)||Air Force component and joint force air component command for United States European Command and United States Africa Command .||Ramstein Air Base , Germany|
|Air National Guard (ANG)||Air Force component of the National Guard .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
The United States Space Force (USSF) is the United States Armed Forces' space force and is the newest military branch. Originally established in 2019, it traces its history through Air Force Space Command and the Western Development Division to 1954. The United States Space Force is the principal space service, responsible for space warfare operations. [185] The U.S. Space Force is composed of the Regular Space Force, not yet having organized a reserve component outside of the Air Force.
The U.S. Space Force is organized under the Department of the Air Force , which is a military department under the leadership of the secretary of the Air Force and under secretary of the Air Force . The U.S. Space Force itself is led by the chief of space operations and vice chief of space operations , both generals who are advised by the chief master sergeant of the Space Force . [186]
The five core competencies of the Space Force are: [187]
The Space Force's combat power is centered around Space Delta 3, which conducts space electromagnetic warfare and Space Delta 9, which conducts orbital warfare . [188]
Combat power projection operations ensure freedom of action in space for the U.S. and its allies and denies an adversary freedom of action in space. These are divided into offensive and defensive space operations. Defensive operations preserve and protect U.S. and allied space capabilities, which are further sub-divided into active and passive actions. Offensive operations target a U.S. adversary's space and counterspace capabilities, achieving space superiority. [187]
Orbital warfare forces conduct protect and defend operations and providing U.S. national decision authorities with response options to deter and, when necessary, defeat orbital threats, while space electromagnetic warfare forces conduct offensive and defensive space control operations, and Space Force cyber forces conduct defensive cyber operations to protect space assets. [189] [190]
Although the U.S. Space Force is not a cyber force , it does conduct extensive cyber operations under Space Delta 6. The primary focus of Space Force cyber operations is defending U.S. Space Force networks and ensuring the operations of its spacecraft, which are controlled remotely from ground stations. [191] All space operations units have cyber squadrons assigned to defend them and is incorporating offensive cyber operations. [192] [193] [194]
Additionally, Space Delta 6 is responsible for managing the Satellite Control Network , a global network of antennas used to communicate with the service's spacecraft. The 22nd Space Operations Squadron is responsible for overall operations, with the 21st Space Operations Squadron and 23rd Space Operations Squadron managing the ground station sites at Vandenberg Space Force Base , New Boston Space Force Station , Kaena Point Space Force Station , Diego Garcia, Guam, Greenland, and the United Kingdom. [195]
The Space Force's Space Delta 2 operates the United States Space Surveillance Network , tracking 47,000 objects in space as of 2022. [196] [197] Space domain awareness encompasses the identification, characterization, and understanding of any factor associated with the space domain that could affect space operations. [187]
Space Delta 2 sensors include the AN/FPS-85 phased array radar at Eglin Air Force Base and the Space Fence radar at Kwajalein Atoll operated by the 20th Space Surveillance Squadron , and a global network of three Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance telescopes operated by the 15th Space Surveillance Squadron . [198] [199] [200]
The 18th Space Defense Squadron , collocated with the Combined Space Operations Center , executes command and control of the Space Surveillance Network and manages the Space Catalog of all objects in Earth orbit. The 19th Space Defense Squadron focuses on objects further in cislunar space , beyond geosynchronous orbit , with a specific focus on supporting NASA 's Artemis program and other human spaceflight operations. [201]
The Space Force's Space Delta 4 uses orbital spacecraft and ground-based radars to conduct theater and strategic missile warning for the United States and its international partners. [202] This includes the network of Upgraded Early Warning Radars at Beale Air Force Base , Clear Space Force Station , Cape Cod Space Force Station , Pituffik Space Base , and RAF Fylingdales , along with the AN/FPQ-16 PARCS radar at Cavalier Space Force Station . [203] [204] Currently the Space Force is working with the Missile Defense Agency to acquire the Long Range Discrimination Radar at Clear Space Force Station in Alaska. These ground-based radars also contribute to the Space Surveillance Network. [205]
Space-based missile warning systems include the Defense Support Program and Space-Based Infrared System (SIBRS) spacecraft, which use infrared sensors to conduct missile defense and missile warning. SIBRS also has a battlespace awareness and technical intelligence mission. [206] The Defense Support Program spacecraft are also capable of detecting nuclear detonations, in addition to space and missile launches. [207]
The Space Force's Space Delta 8 is the operator of the Global Positioning System and the military's array of communications spacecraft. [208]
The Global Positioning System is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron , providing positioning, navigation, and timing information for civilian and military users across the entire world. [209] The Space Force's GPS system has become an integral element of the global information infrastructure, being used in virtually all sectors of the economy, including agriculture, aviation, marine transportation, surveying and mapping, and transit navigation. It's timing signal is used to synchronize global communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks. [210] The Global Positioning System also has a secondary mission of carrying nuclear detonation detection sensors . [211]
Military satellite communication systems include the Fleet Satellite Communications System , UHF Follow-On satellite , and Mobile User Objective System , operated by the 10th Space Operations Squadron and inherited from the U.S. Navy. [212] The payloads on the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are operated by the 53rd Space Operations Squadron , a role inherited from the U.S. Army. [213] Finally, spacecraft operations for the Wideband Global SATCOM and Defense Satellite Communications System are conducted by the 4th Space Operations Squadron , in addition to the Milstar and Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites, which both additionally support command and control of strategic nuclear forces. [214] [215]
The Space Force doesn't just manage military space launches, but also supports NASA and commercial space launches. [217] Major space launch vehicles flown or scheduled to fly off of Space Force launch ranges include NASA 's Space Launch System , SpaceX 's Starship , Falcon Heavy , and Falcon 9 , and United Launch Alliance 's Vulcan , which will replace the Atlas V and Delta IV Heavy . Currently vehicles for the National Security Space Launch program include the Vulcan, Atlas V, Falcon Heavy, and Falcon 9 rockets. [218]
An experimental program Air Force Research Laboratory vanguard program that the Space Force leads, Rocket Cargo , is exploring using rockets to supplement naval and air transport to rapidly deliver supplies to forces across the Earth. [219] Current contenders include the SpaceX Starship rocket. [220]
The Space Force is organized into three field commands and multiple component field commands, which serve as joint force space component commands for the unified combatant commands. [221]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Headquarters Space Force (HSF)||Space Force service headquarters led by the chief of space operations .||The Pentagon , Virginia|
|Field commands|
|Space Operations Command (SpOC)||The Space Force's operations field command, conducting space operations, cyberspace operations, and intelligence operations. Space Force component to United States Space Command . [222]||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|Space Systems Command (SSC)||Conducts research, development, acquisitions, and sustainment of Space Force systems and conducts space launch operations.||Los Angeles Air Force Base , California|
|Space Training and Readiness Command (STARCOM)||Conducts Space Force training, education, doctrine development, and test.||Peterson Space Force Base , Colorado|
|Space Force Element, National Reconnaissance Office (SFELM NRO)||Space Force component for the National Reconnaissance Office . [223]||Chantilly, Virginia|
|U.S. Space Forces Indo-Pacific (USSPACEFOR-INDOPAC)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Indo-Pacific Command . [224]||Joint Base Pearl Harbor–Hickam , Hawaii|
|U.S. Space Forces Central (USSPACEFOR-CENT)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Central Command .||MacDill Air Force Base , Florida|
|U.S. Space Forces Korea (USSPACEFOR-KOR)||Space Force component and joint force space component command for United States Forces Korea .||Osan Air Base , South Korea|
The United States Coast Guard (USCG) is the United States Armed Forces' maritime security , maritime search and rescue , and maritime law enforcement force. It was first established in 1790 as the United States Revenue-Marine , and consists of the Regular Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Reserve .
Although it is always one of the six military branches, the Coast Guard is organized under the Department of Homeland Security under the leadership of the secretary of Homeland Security and the deputy secretary of Homeland Security . During time of war, the U.S. Coast Guard can be transferred to the Department of the Navy [225] The Coast Guard itself is led by the commandant of the Coast Guard and vice commandant of the Coast Guard , both admirals advised by the master chief petty officer of the Coast Guard . [226]
The Coast Guard has six major operational mission programs, through which it executes its 11 statutory missions: [227]
- Maritime law enforcement
- Maritime response
- Maritime prevention
- Maritime transport system management
- Maritime security operations
- Defense operations
Maritime law enforcement operations focus on protecting the United States maritime borders and assuring its maritime sovereignty. The Coast Guard conduct operations to suppress violations of U.S. law at sea, including counter-illegal migration and transnational organized crime operations. Codified mission executed under the maritime law enforcement program include drug interdiction, migrant interdiction, living marine resources, and other law enforcement. [227]
Maritime response operations see the Coast Guard conducting search and rescue operations and rescuing mariners, responding to maritime disasters. Codified missions include search and rescue and marine environmental protection (response activities). [227]
Maritime prevention operations prevent marine casualties and property losses, minimize security risks, and protect the marine environment. The Coast Guard does so by developing and enforcing federal regulations, conducting safety and security inspections, and analyzing port security risk assessments. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security, marine safety, and marine environmental protection (protection activities). [227]
Maritime transport system management ensures a safe, secure, and environmentally sound waterways system. Codified missions include maintaining aides to navigation and ice operations. [227]
Maritime security operations includes activities to detect, deter, prevent, and disrupt terrorist attacks, and other criminal acts in the U.S. maritime domain. It includes the execution of antiterrorism, response, and select recovery operations. This mission performs the operational element of the Coast Guard's Ports, Waterways, and Coastal Security mission and complements our Maritime Response and Prevention efforts. Codified missions include ports, waterways, and coastal security (response activities). [227]
Coast Guard Defense Operations deploys the Coast Guard globally under the Department of Defense's unified combatant commands, where they operate under the joint force maritime component commands. Codified missions include defense readiness. [227]
The U.S. Coast Guard is organized into two area commands that cover the entire globe. [228]
|Name||Mission||Headquarters|
|Coast Guard Headquarters (USCG HQ)||Coast Guard service headquarters led by the commandant of the Coast Guard .||Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington D.C.|
|Operating forces|
|Coast Guard Atlantic Area (LANTAREA)||Conducts Coast Guard operations east of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East.||Coast Guard Station Portsmouth, Virginia|
|Coast Guard Pacific Area (PACAREA)||Conducts Coast Guard operations west of the Rocky Mountains, to include the Indo-Pacific region.||Coast Guard Base Alameda , California|
|Coast Guard Cyber Command (CGCYBER)||Conduct Coast Guard cyber operations and collaborate with United States Cyber Command . [229]||Washington D.C.|
|U.S. Coast Guard Reserve (USCGR)||Oversees and maintains Coast Guard reserve forces||Douglas A. Munro Coast Guard Headquarters Building , Washington D.C.|
The James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 established the topline defense budget as $857.9 billion, with the Department of Defense receiving $816.7 billion and the Department of Energy 's national security programs receiving $30.3 billion, an 8% increase from Fiscal Year 2022. [231] [232]
The Department of the Air Force 's budget, unlike the Department of the Army or Department of the Navy has a sizable portion of "pass-through." This is money that is not controlled or used by the Air Force, but is instead passed to other Department of Defense agencies and can be up to 17% of the department's budget, giving the impression that it is the most funded military department, but is actually the least funded. [233]
|Accout||U.S. dollars (billions)|
|Procurement|
163
|Research, Development, Test, & Evaluation|
139
|Operations & Maintenance|
279
|Military Personnel & Health|
210
|Military Construction|
19
|Defense-related Nuclear Programs|
30
|Service||U.S. dollars (billions)|
|Army [235]|
185.5
|Marine Corps [236]|
53.2
|Navy [237]|
202.6
|Air Force [238]|
185.1
|Space Force [239]|
30
|Coast Guard [240]|
13.45
|Defense-wide [241]|
141.3
The Army's modernization efforts, led by Army Futures Command are centralized into six priorities. Each priority is led by a Cross Functional Team.
Long Range Precision Fires is the land service's top modernization priority, focusing on rebuilding its Field Artillery Branch in response to longer range Russian and Chinese artillery systems. The Extended Range Cannon Artillery program is developing a cannon artillery piece that can accurately fire at targets 70 kilometers away, an increase from the 30 kilometer distance of current cannon artillery. The Precision Strike Missile is a surface-to-surface guided missile intended to be fired from the current M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System and M142 HIMARS , replacing their current missiles and doubling the rate of fire. The Army is also working with the Missile Defense Agency , U.S. Navy, and U.S. Air Force to develop a common hypersonic glide body, which the Army will employ as part of the mobile ground launched Long-Range Hypersonic Weapon program. Finally, the Army is working to modify the U.S. Navy's RIM-174 Standard ERAM and UGM-109 Tomahawk land attack cruise missile for ground launch to provide the Army with mid-range artillery capability. [242]
The Next Generation Combat Vehicle program is developing a family of fighting vehicles for the Armor Branch to increase firepower, speed, and survivability. The Optionally Manned Fighting Vehicle is intended to replace the M2 Bradley , while the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle will replace the M113 armored personnel carriers , which have been used since the Vietnam War. The three variants of the Armored Multi-Purpose Vehicle are the general purpose, mission command, and medical treatment. The Mobile Protected Firepower is designed to be a light tank for Infantry Brigade Combat Teams . Finally, the Robotic Combat Vehicles are intended to come in light, medium, and heavy variants that will serve as scouts and escorts for crewed combat vehicles. [243]
The Future Vertical Lift program is intended to replace the current helicopter fleet flown by the Army Aviation Branch . The Future Long-Range Assault Aircraft is intended to replace the UH-60 Black Hawk and the Marine Corps UH-1Y Venom , with the Army selecting the Bell V-280 Valor tiltrotor aircraft as the winner. [244] The Future Attack Reconnaissance Aircraft is intended to replace the AH-64 Apache in the attack and reconnaissance role. [245]
The Army is working to modernize its communication networks for the Army Signal Corps , including developing a Unified Network consisting of an integrated tactical network, an integrated enterprise network, and unified network enabling capabilities. Other sub-efforts include developing a common operating environment, ensuring the network is interoperable with the other services and allied countries, and increasing the mobility and reducing the signature of its command posts . Efforts also include modernizing Global Positioning System technology to provide assured positioning, navigation, and timing, and working with the United States Intelligence Community and commercial space companies to increase the Army's access to space based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities. [246]
Recognizing that that United States is unlikely to have uncontested air superiority , the Army is undergoing a mass revitalization of its air and missile defense enterprise through the Air Defense Artillery Branch . The first layer of defense is the Ballistic Low-Altitude Drone Engagement, which will be mounted on the Common Remotely Operated Weapon Station and is designed to engage small unmanned aerial vehicle . The second layer is the Multi-Mission High Energy Laser, which will intercept small drones and munitions. The third and fourth layers comprise the Maneuver Air Defense Technology and Next-Generation Fires Radar, which will be integrated into short range air defense systems. The fifth layer puts a High-Energy Laser Tactical Vehicle Demonstrator onto a Medium Tactical Vehicle , while the sixth layer encompasses the Low-Cost Extended-Range Air Defense to supplement the MIM-104 Patriot missiles. [247]
Finally, the Army is looking to improve the equipment of its soldiers in the Infantry Branch , for the Next Generation Squad Weapon , the Integrated Visual Augmentation System , and the Synthetic Training Environment. [248] In 2022, the Army selected the SIG Sauer 's XM7 rifle and XM250 light machine gun to replace the M4 carbine and the M249 light machine gun through the Next Generation Squad Weapon program. [249]
The Marine Corps modernization is being executed under the aegis of Force Design 2030 , which is intended to return the service to its naval and amphibious roots and serve as a "stand-in" force, within contested areas of the maritime littorals. [250] As part of this effort, the Marine Corps has begun establishing naval-focused Marine Littoral Regiments, consisting of a Littoral Combat Team, Littoral Anti-Air Battalion, and a Combat Logistics Battalion. The Littoral Combat Team is organized around an infantry battalion with an anti-ship missile battery, focused on conducting sea denial operations in support of the Navy. [251]
The Marine Corps is in the process of acquiring the Amphibious Combat Vehicle , which is slated to replace the aging Assault Amphibious Vehicle . The Amphibious Combat Vehicle is intended to support the Marines during amphibious assaults and once they have reached shore. The Marine Corps has also adopted the Naval Strike Missile which is fielded from modified Joint Light Tactical Vehicle as part of the Marines' artillery battalions. The concept is that small mobile units of marines would move around different islands and shorelines with these weapons to fire on adversary ships. [252]
Marine Corps aviation is also in the process of acquiring the CH-53K King Stallion helicopter for heavy lift, replacing the current CH-53E Super Stallion in the role. The Marine Corps is also looking to replace its UH-1Y Venom helicopters through the Future Vertical Lift program and is in the process of acquiring a significant number of unmanned aerial vehicles , such as the MQ-9 Reaper . [253]
Like the Marine Corps, the Navy is in the process of overhauling and modernizing its fleet with a renewed focus. While the Navy is continuing to purchase Arleigh Burke -class destroyers , it is embarking on the DDG(X) program of guided missile destroyers to replace it and the Ticonderoga -class cruisers . The DDG(X) will include directed energy weapons and potentially hypersonic weapons. [254]
The Constellation -class frigate will be the first frigates in the U.S. Navy since the Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates were retired. The Constellation -class frigates are based on the Italian FREMM multipurpose frigates and will replace the littoral combat ships . [255]
The Navy is starting development on the SSN(X) attack submarines, intended to replace the Virginia -class and Seawolf -class submarines . The Columbia -class submarines will begin replacing the Ohio -class ballistic missile submarines. The acquisition of the Columbia -class submarines is the first priority of the Navy. [256] [257]
With Naval Aviation, the service is continuing to procure additional Gerald R. Ford -class aircraft carriers and F-35C Lightning II stealth fighters. Ultimately, the F/A-XX program is intended to produce a sixth-generation fighter to replace the legacy F/A-18E/F Super Hornets as part of the Carrier Air Wing and is using the Future Vertical Lift program to replace its fleet of SH-60 Seahawk helicopters. [258] [259]
The service is also investing heavily in unmanned platforms, such as unmanned surface vehicles , using the Ghost Fleet Overlord to test the concept. It is also fielding unmanned aerial vehicles , such as the land-based MQ-4C Triton for maritime patrol and the carrier-based MQ-25A Stingray for aerial refueling , replacing the F/A-18F in the role. [260]
The B-21 Raider stealth bomber is the first new Air Force bomber since the B-2A Spirit . The B-21 will replace the B-2 and the B-1B Lancer , flying alongside the B-52 Stratofortress . [261] The development of the B-21 Raider was led by the Department of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office . The service is also along in developing the LGM-35 Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile to replace the LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs . [262]
The U.S. Air Force is also in the process of developing the Next Generation Air Dominance program, which will produce a sixth generation fighter to replace the F-22 Raptor . The service is also procuring the fourth generation F-15EX Eagle II to replace the aging F-15C Eagle and F-15E Strike Eagle . It is also procuring the T-7A Red Hawk trainer jet to replace the 1950s-era T-38 Talon . [263]
While not an aircraft, the Air Force is investing in developing the AIM-260 Joint Advanced Tactical Missile to replace or supplement that AIM-120 AMRAAM for its fighter forces. It is also procuring the AGM-181 Long Range Stand Off Weapon to replace the AGM-86 ALCM as a nuclear air launched cruise missile for the B-21 Raider and the B-52 Stratofortress. The air service is also investing in hypersonic weapons, with the AGM-183 Air-Launched Rapid Response Weapon , the Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept , and the Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile in development. [264]
While a new service, the U.S. Space Force is undergoing intensive modernization efforts. The Deep Space Advanced Radar Capability (DARC) is intended to track objects in geosynchronous orbit with three sites, one in the United States, one in the Indo-Pacific, and one in Europe. [265]
Oracle, a spacecraft developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory for the Space Force, will demonstrate technologies that the space service needs for cislunar domain awareness – tracking objects outside of geosynchronous orbit and between Earth and the Moon. The spacecraft itself will launch to an area of gravitational stability between the Earth and the Moon to conduct operations, using a wide-field sensor and a more sensitive narrow field sensor to discover and maintain custody of objects operating in this region. Oracle will directly support NASA 's Artemis program as it returns to the Moon and track potentially hazardous near-Earth objects in support of planetary defense operations. [266]
Also an Air Force Research Laboratory program for the Space Force, Arachne is the keystone experiment in the Space Solar Power Incremental Demonstrations and Research Project , which aims to prove and mature essential technologies for a prototype space-based solar power transmission system capable of powering a forward operating base . Arachne will specifically demonstrate and mature technologies related to more efficient energy generation, radio frequency forming, and radio frequency beam beaming. Current forward operation bases rely on significant logistics convoys to transport fuel for power – space-based solar power would move these supply lines to space, where they are unable to be easily attacked. Much how GPS started as a military program and was opened to civilian use, Space Force provided space-based solar power could transition to common use as well. [267] Other space-based power beaming demonstrators include the Space Power InfraRed Regulation and Analysis of Lifetime (SPIRRAL) and Space Power INcremental DepLoyable Experiment (SPINDLE) experiments. [268]
The Navigation Technology Satellite-3 (NTS-3), building on the Space Force's Global Positioning System constellation, is an Air Force Research Laboratory spacecraft that will operate in geosynchronous orbit to test advanced techniques and technologies to detect and mitigate interference to positioning, navigation, and timing capabilities and increase system resiliency for military, civil, and commercial users. NTS-3 is a Vanguard program, which mark potentially game changing technologies. [269]
The Space Force's Rocket Cargo program is another Air Force Research Laboratory Vanguard program, which is focused on leasing space launch services to quickly transport military materiel to ports across the globe. If proven viable, the Space Force's Space Systems Command is responsible for transitioning it to a program of record. United States Transportation Command would be the primary user of this capability, rapidly launching up to 100 tons of cargo anywhere in the world. [270]
The U.S. Armed Forces is the world's third largest military by active personnel, after the Chinese's People's Liberation Army and the Indian Armed Forces , consisting of 1,359,685 servicemembers in the regular armed forces with an additional 799,845 servicemembers in the reserves as of 28 February 2019. [271]
While the United States Armed Forces is an all-volunteer military, conscription through the Selective Service System can be enacted at the president's request and Congress' approval, with all males ages 18 through 25 who are living in the United States are required to register with the Selective Service. [272] Although the constitutionality of registering only males for Selective Service was challenged by federal district court in 2019, its legality was upheld by a federal appeals court in 2020. [273]
As in most militaries, members of the U.S. Armed Forces hold a rank, either that of officer , warrant officer or enlisted , to determine seniority and eligibility for promotion. Those who have served are known as veterans . Rank names may be different between services, but they are matched to each other by their corresponding paygrade . [274] Officers who hold the same rank or paygrade are distinguished by their date of rank to determine seniority, while officers who serve in certain positions of office of importance set by law, outrank all other officers in active duty of the same rank and paygrade, regardless of their date of rank. [275]
Total number of authorized personnel in FY23. [276]
|Component||Total||Active||Reserve||National Guard|
|U.S. Army||954,000||452,000||177,000||325,000|
|U.S. Marine Corps||210,000||177,000||33,000|
|U.S. Navy||411,000||354,000||57,000|
|U.S. Air Force||503,744||325,344||70,000||108,400|
|U.S. Space Force||8,600||8,600|
|U.S. Coast Guard||49,500||41,700||7,800|
|2,136,844||1,358,644||344,800||433,400|
Rank in the United States Armed Forces is split into three distinct categories: officers , warrant officers , and enlisted personnel. Officers are the leadership of the military, holding commissions from the president of the United States and confirmed to their rank by the Senate . Warrant officers hold a warrant from the secretaries of the military departments, serving as specialist in certain military technologies and capabilities. Upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2, they gain a commission from the president of the United States. Enlisted personnel constitute the majority of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical-level leaders until they become senior non-commissioned officers or senior petty officers. Military ranks across the services can be compared by U.S. Uniformed Services pay grade or NATO rank code. [277]
|NATO code||OF-10||OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-6||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||OF-1||OF(D)||Student officer|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special grade||O-10||O-9||O-8||O-7||O-6||O-5||O-4||O-3||O-2||O-1||Officer candidate / Cadet|
| United States Army [278] ||Various|
|General of the Army||General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer candidate|
| United States Marine Corps [279] |
(Various insignia)
|General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant|| Midshipman / officer candidate |
| United States Navy [280] |
(Various insignia)
|Fleet admiral||Admiral||Vice admiral||Rear admiral|| Rear admiral |
(lower half)
|Captain||Commander||Lieutenant commander||Lieutenant|| Lieutenant |
(junior grade)
|Ensign|| Midshipman / officer candidate |
| United States Air Force [280] ||( Various insignia )|
|General of the Air Force||General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer trainee|
| United States Space Force [280] ||( Various insignia )|
|General||Lieutenant general||Major general||Brigadier general||Colonel||Lieutenant colonel||Major||Captain||First lieutenant||Second lieutenant||Cadet / Officer trainee|
| United States Coast Guard [280] ||Various|
|Admiral||Vice admiral||Rear admiral|| Rear admiral |
(lower half)
|Captain||Commander||Lieutenant commander||Lieutenant|| Lieutenant |
(junior grade)
|Ensign|| Cadet / officer candidate |
|NATO code||OF-10||OF-9||OF-8||OF-7||OF-6||OF-5||OF-4||OF-3||OF-2||OF-1||OF(D)||Student officer|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special grade||O-10||O-9||O-8||O-7||O-6||O-5||O-4||O-3||O-2||O-1||Officer candidate / Cadet|
Officers represent the top 18% of the armed forces, serving in leadership and command roles. [281] Officers are divided into three categories: [277]
- O-1 to O-3: Company grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or junior officers in the Navy and the Coast Guard.
- O-4 to O-6: Field grade officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or mid-grade officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
- O-7 to O-10: General officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force or flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard.
Officers are typically commissioned as second lieutenants or ensigns with a bachelor's degree after several years of training and education or directly commissioning from civilian life into a specific specialty, such as a medical professional, lawyer, chaplain, or cyber specialist. [282] [283]
Officers are commissioned through the United States service academies , Reserve Officer Training Corps programs, and the Officer Candidate and Officer Training Schools . During a time of war, officers may be promoted to five-star ranks , with general of the Army , fleet admiral , and general of the Air Force the only five-star ranks currently authorized. [284]
|NATO rank||WO-5||WO-4||WO-3||WO-2||WO-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||W-5||W-4||W-3||W-2||W-1|
| United States Army |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant officer 1 |
| United States Marine Corps |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant Officer 1 |
| United States Navy |
|Chief warrant officer 5||Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|| Warrant officer 1 |
| U.S. Coast Guard |
|Chief warrant officer 4||Chief warrant officer 3||Chief warrant officer 2|
|NATO rank||WO-5||WO-4||WO-3||WO-2||WO-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||W-5||W-4||W-3||W-2||W-1|
Warrant officers are specialists, accounting for only 8% of the officer corps. [281] Warrant officers hold warrants from their service secretary and are specialists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. The lowest-ranking warrant officers serve under a warrant, but they receive commissions from the president upon promotion to chief warrant officer 2. They derive their authority from the same source as commissioned officers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned officers, who are generalists. There are no warrant officers in the Air Force or Space Force. [277]
Warrant officers are typically non-commissioned officers before being selected, with the exception of the Army Aviation where any enlisted grade can apply for a warrant. Army Warrant officers attend the Army Warrant Officer Candidate School . [285]
|NATO code||OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special||E-9||E-8||E-7||E-6||E-5||E-4||E-3||E-2||E-1|
| United States Army [278] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Sergeant Major of the Army||Command sergeant major||Sergeant major||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Sergeant first class||Staff sergeant||Sergeant||Corporal||Specialist||Private first class||Private||Private|
| United States Marine Corps [279] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps||Sergeant major||Master gunnery sergeant||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Gunnery sergeant||Staff sergeant||Sergeant||Corporal||Lance corporal||Private first class|| Private |
| United States Navy [280] |
Pending Approval
|No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy||Fleet/force master chief petty officer||Command master chief petty officer||Master chief petty officer||Command senior chief petty officer||Senior chief petty officer||Chief petty officer||Petty officer first class||Petty officer second class||Petty officer third class||Seaman||Seaman apprentice|| Seaman recruit |
| United States Air Force [280] ||No insignia|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force||Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau||Command Chief Master Sergeant||First sergeant||Chief master sergeant||First sergeant||Senior master sergeant||First sergeant||Master sergeant||Technical sergeant||Staff sergeant||Senior airman||Airman first class||Airman|| Airman basic |
| United States Space Force [286] ||Insignia pending|
|Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman||Chief Master Sergeant of the Space Force||Chief master sergeant||Senior master sergeant||Master sergeant||Technical sergeant||Sergeant||Specialist 4||Specialist 3||Specialist 2|| Specialist 1 |
| U.S. Coast Guard |
|Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard||Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Reserve||Command master chief petty officer||Master chief petty officer||Senior chief petty officer||Chief petty officer||Petty officer first class||Petty officer second class||Petty officer third class||Seaman||Seaman apprentice||Seaman recruit|
|NATO code||OR-9||OR-8||OR-7||OR-6||OR-5||OR-4||OR-3||OR-2||OR-1|
|Uniformed services pay grade||Special||E-9||E-8||E-7||E-6||E-5||E-4||E-3||E-2||E-1|
Enlisted personnel consists of 82% of the armed forces, serving as specialists and tactical leaders. [281] Enlisted personnel are divided into three categories:
- E-1 to E-3/4: Junior enlisted personnel are usually in initial training or at their first assignment. E-1 to E-3 in the Marine Corps, Navy, and Coast Guard, and E-1 to E-4 in the Army, Air Force, and Space Force. In the Army, specialist (E-4) are considered to be junior enlisted, while corporals (E-4) are non-commissioned officers.
- E-4/5 to E-6: Non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. In the Air Force and Space Force, E-5 is the first non-commissioned officer rank. Non-commissioned officers and petty officers are responsible for tactical leadership.
- E-7 to E-9: Senior non-commissioned officers in the Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force and chief petty officers in the Navy and Coast Guard. Serve as senior enlisted advisors to officers.
The rank of senior enlisted advisor is the highest rank in each service, serving as the primary advisors to their service secretary and service chief on enlisted matters. Prior to entering their service, enlisted personnel must complete their service's basic training . In the Army, after completing Basic Combat Training recruits then go to advanced individual training for their military occupational specialty . In the Marine Corps, after completing Recruit Training , marines attend the School of Infantry , going to the Infantry Training Battalion for infantry marines, with non-infantry marines completing Marine Combat Training before advancing to technical training for their military occupational specialty . In the Navy, after completing Recruit Training , sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating . In the Air Force and Space Force, recruits complete combined Basic Military Training before going to technical training for their Air Force Specialty Codes . In the Coast Guard, after completing Recruit Training , sailors advance to their "A" schools to complete training for their rating .
All branches of the U.S. military enlisted women during World War II. The Woman's Army Auxiliary Corps was established by the Army in 1942. Also formed during this time were the Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs), the Navy's Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Services (WAVES), the Marine Corps Women's Reserve, and the Coast Guard Women's Reserve (SPARS). [287] Women saw combat during World War II, first as nurses in the Pearl Harbor attacks on 7 December 1941. In 1944, WACs arrived in the Pacific and in Normandy. During the war, 67 Army nurses and 16 Navy nurses were captured and spent three years as Japanese prisoners of war. There were 350,000 American women who served during World War II, and 16 were killed on duty. In total, they gained over 1,500 medals, citations, and commendations.
After World War II, demobilization led to the vast majority of serving women being returned to civilian life. Law 625, The Women's Armed Services Act of 1948, was signed by President Harry S. Truman , allowing women to serve in the U.S. Armed Forces in fully integrated units during peace time, with only the WAC remaining a separate female unit. During the Korean War of 1950–1953, many women served in the Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals . During the Vietnam War , 600 women served in the country as part of the Air Force, along with 500 members of the WAC and over 6,000 medical personnel and support staff. The Ordnance Corps began accepting female missile technicians in 1974 [288] and female crewmembers and officers were accepted into Field Artillery missile units. [289] [290]
In 1974, the first six women naval aviators earned their wings as Navy pilots. The congressionally mandated prohibition on women in combat places limitations on the pilots' advancement, [291] but at least two retired as captains. [292] The 1991 Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the U.S. Armed Forces to come to the attention of the world media; there are many reports of women engaging enemy forces during the conflict. [293]
In 1991, women were permitted to fly military aircraft. Since 1994, women can serve on U.S. combat ships. [294] In 2010, the ban on women serving on submarines was lifted. [295]
On 3 December 2015, U.S. defense secretary Ashton Carter announced that all military combat positions would become available to women. [296] This gave women access to the roughly 10% of military jobs which were previously closed off due to their combat nature. [297] These restrictions were due in part to studies which stated that mixed gender units are less capable in combat. [298] The decision gave military services time until January 2016 to provide plans on how they will enforce the policy change. [299] Many women believe this will allow for them to improve their positions in the military, since most high-ranking officers start in combat positions. Since women are now available to work in any position in the military, female entry into the draft has been proposed. [300]
No woman has ever become a Navy SEAL . [301] [302] However, in July 2021, the first woman graduated from the Naval Special Warfare (NSW) training program to become a Special Warfare Combatant craft Crewman (SWCC). The SWCC directly supports the SEALs and other commando units, and are experts in covert insertion and extraction special operation tactics. [303] [304]
Despite concerns of a gender gap, all personnel, both men and women, at the same rank and time of service are compensated the same rate across all branches. [305] On 1 June 2022, ADM Linda L. Fagan assumed command of the U.S. Coast Guard thus becoming the not only the first woman to serve as Commandant of the Coast Guard but also the first woman in American history to serve as a service chief in the U.S. Military. [306]
A study conducted by the RAND Corporation also suggests that women who make the military their career see an improved rate of promotion, as they climb through the military ranks at a faster rate. [307]
As per the DoD's report on sexual assault within the U.S. Army for the fiscal year of 2019, 7,825 cases of sexual assault had been reported with the service members either victims or subjects of the assault. There has been a 3% increase in the number of cases as compared to the 2018 report. [308] [309]
As of 2021, there are 231,741 women in the military, representing 17.3% of the total active duty force. Since 2017, the percentage of women in active duty service has increased by 1.1%. [310]
Under Department of Defense regulation, the various components of the U.S. Armed Forces have a set order of seniority. [311] Examples of the use of this system include the display of service flags, and placement of soldiers, marines, sailors, airmen, guardians, and coast guardsmen in formation.
- United States Army
- United States Marine Corps
- United States Navy
- United States Air Force
- United States Space Force
- United States Coast Guard
- Army National Guard
- United States Army Reserve
- United States Marine Corps Reserve
- United States Navy Reserve
- Air National Guard
- United States Air Force Reserve
- United States Coast Guard Reserve
- Other training and auxiliary organizations of the Army, Marine Corps, Merchant Marine , Civil Air Patrol , and Coast Guard Auxiliary , as in the preceding order.
While the U.S. Navy is older than the Marine Corps, [312] the Marine Corps takes precedence due to previous inconsistencies in the Navy's birth date. The Marine Corps has recognized its observed birth date on a more consistent basis. The Second Continental Congress is considered to have established the Navy on 13 October 1775 by authorizing the purchase of ships, but did not actually pass the "Rules for the Regulation of the Navy of the United Colonies" until 27 November 1775. [313] The Marine Corps was established by an act of the Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775. The Navy did not officially recognize 13 October 1775 as its birth date until 1972, when then– chief of naval operations Admiral Elmo Zumwalt authorized it to be observed as such. [312]
The Coast Guard is normally situated after the Space Force, however if it is moved to the Department of the Navy, then its place in the order of precedence changes to being situated after the Navy and before the Air Force. [312] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces | 13 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | The Story of... 'I Can See Clearly Now' by Johnny Nash | 7 October 2020, 10:39 | Updated: 15 October 2020, 20:27
By Tom Eames
'I Can See Clearly Now' by Johnny Nash is one of the world's most recognisable reggae songs, and is guaranteed to put a smile on your face.
With Johnny Nash passing away at the age of 80 in October 2020, let's take a look back at the meaning and making of a classic song.
Who wrote 'I Can See Clearly Now'?
Johnny Nash - I Can See Clearly Now
Johnny Nash wrote and produced the song for his 1972 album of the same name.
This was actually his 11th album, but arguably his breakthrough song that got him noticed around the world.
Born in Texas, he began recording music in the 1950s and was originally marketed as an easy listening artist to rival Johnny Mathis.
In 1965, he and his manager moved to Jamaica.
A year later, Neville Willoughby took Nash to a Rastafarian party, where Bob Marley & The Wailing Wailers were performing. Members Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, and Rita Marley introduced Nash to the local music scene, and Nash signed them to an exclusive publishing contract with Cayman Music for J$50 a week.
After a couple of hits in the late 1960s with rocksteady tracks including 'Hold Me Tight', Nash scored his first massive hit with the reggae-inspired 'I Can See Clearly Now' in 1972.
What inspired the song and what is the meaning behind it?
Nash wrote and composed the original version, and later recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc.
The arrangements and style were both heavily influenced by reggae, and he drew strong influence from the time he worked with Bob Marley in the 1960s.
The song is about hope and courage for people who have experienced adversity in their lives, but have later overcome it.
How did it perform in the charts?
'I Can See Clearly Now' reached number one in America, selling over a million copies.
It also reached number 5 in the UK.
Who else has covered it?
Jimmy Cliff - I Can See Clearly Now (Official Video)
Reggae legend Jimmy Cliff covered the song for the Cool Runnings film soundtrack, which went to number 18 in the US and 23 in the UK in 1994.
Ray Charles also covered the song in 1978, while the Hothouse Flowers' 1990 cover was used in the first episode of Amazon's The Grand Tour, resulting in a resurgence in popularity.
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who sings the song i can see clearly now | Song of the Day for November 4: I Can See Clearly Now by Johnny Nash | Not only is today’s Song of the Day the first reggae tune to reach number one in the United States, it is the only Song of the Day ever to be used for a Windex commercial.
“I Can See Clearly Now” soared to number one on November 4, 1972 and stayed there for four weeks. Johnny Nash wrote and sang the song backed by the Fabulous Five.
Nash was known as an R&B singer until his voyage into reggae. In his early years, he was marketed as a competitor of Johnny Mathis. He first charted in 1958 with a cover of Doris Day’s “A Very Special Love.” In 1965, he had a top five R&B hit with "Let's Move and Groove Together.”
That song led to a concert tour in Jamaica where he discovered reggae. He then moved to Jamaica and created his own record label, signing Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh to recording contracts.
Jimmy Cliff covered our Song of the Day for the movie “Cool Runnings” in 1993. It reached number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100.
A little bit of extra trivia. Eric Clapton’s “I Shot the Sheriff” was the second reggae-influenced song to hit the top spot in 1974. The third was “The Tide Is High,” by Blondie in 1981.
Song of the Day is the creation of Sheldon Zoldan, former editor of The News-Press in Fort Myers, and special to WGCU. | https://news.wgcu.org/2022-11-04/song-of-the-day-for-november-4-i-can-see-clearly-now-by-johnny-nash | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | Song: I Can See Clearly Now written by Johnny Nash | This composition was licensed with the help of SecondHandSongs on November 19, 2020 for a Filipino drama film. A sync license was granted for all media in perpetuity use in worldwide.
This composition was licensed with the help of SecondHandSongs on February 8, 2021 for a commercial for a government contractor. A sync license was granted for 2 weeks broadcast/TV and internet use in USA. | https://secondhandsongs.com/work/12992/all | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now (Johnny Nash album) | (1969)
(1972)
(1973)
|Review scores|
|Source||Rating|
|Christgau's Record Guide||B [1]|
|The Rolling Stone Album Guide||[2]|
I Can See Clearly Now is an album by the American singer Johnny Nash , released in 1972. The album includes two of his biggest hit singles, the title track (" I Can See Clearly Now ") and "Stir It Up." "I Can See Clearly Now" hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972. Nash's backing band for the album was the Jamaican reggae group Fabulous Five Inc.
All tracks composed and arranged by Johnny Nash; except where indicated | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now_(Johnny_Nash_album) | 14 |
who sings the song i can see clearly now | I Can See Clearly Now | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(1972)
(1972)
" I Can See Clearly Now " is a song written and recorded by American singer Johnny Nash . It was the lead single from his album I Can See Clearly Now and achieved success in the United States and the United Kingdom when it was released in 1972, reaching number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and Cash Box charts. It also reached number one in Canada and South Africa. The song has been covered by many artists throughout the years, including a hit version by Lee Towers that reached no. 19 in the Dutch Top 40 in 1982, and another recorded by Jimmy Cliff for the motion picture soundtrack of Cool Runnings that peaked at no. 18 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in 1993.
After Nash wrote and composed the original version, he recorded it in London with members of the Fabulous Five Inc. , [1] and produced it himself. The song's arrangements and style are both heavily laced with reggae influences, as Nash had earlier collaborated with Bob Marley [2] and his approach drew strongly from Marley's reggae style.
After making modest chart advances for a month, the RIAA -certified gold single unexpectedly took only two weeks to vault from No. 20 to No. 5 to No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 on November 4, 1972, remaining atop this chart for four weeks, and also spent the same four weeks atop the adult contemporary chart. [3]
|Chart (1972–1973)|| Peak |
position
|Australia ( KMR ) [4]||3|
|Canada RPM Top Singles||1|
|Canada RPM Adult Contemporary [5]||6|
|Irish Singles Chart [6]||9|
|New Zealand ( Listener ) [7]||5|
|South Africa ( Springbok ) [8]||1|
|UK Singles Chart [9]||5|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [10]||1|
|US Billboard Bestselling Soul Singles [11]||38|
|US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks [11]||1|
|Chart (1989)|| Peak |
position
|UK Singles Chart [12]||54|
|Chart (1972)||Rank|
|Australia [4]||46|
|Canada [13]||55|
|UK [14]||39|
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100 [15]||47|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|United Kingdom ( BPI ) [16]||Gold||400,000|
|United States ( RIAA ) [17]||Gold||1,000,000 ^|
^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.
Jamaican reggae singer Jimmy Cliff recorded a cover of the song for the 1993 movie Cool Runnings . [18] It was released as a single in 1993, reaching No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 . It was Cliff's first single to make the Hot 100 in 25 years and is his highest-charting single in the United States. The song reached No. 1 in France, Iceland, and New Zealand. The music video for this version was directed by Academy Award nominated film director, Scott Hamilton Kennedy . [19]
Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Cliff manages to breathe freshness into this oft-covered pop nugget. His laid-back vocal is matched by a relatively faithful arrangement (except for the delicate reggae flavors). Already amassing praise at adult formats, track is a good bet for eventual top 40 success." [20]
|Chart (1994)||Position|
|Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) [38]||81|
|France (SNEP) [39]||11|
|Iceland (Íslenski Listinn Topp 40) [40]||7|
|New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) [41]||14|
|US Billboard Hot 100 [42]||66|
|Region||Certification||Certified units /sales|
|France ( SNEP ) [43]||Gold||250,000 *|
|New Zealand ( RMNZ ) [44]||Platinum||10,000 *|
* Sales figures based on certification alone.
- A version by Ray Charles was included on his 1977 album True to Life and in 2021 on the compilation box set True Genius . [45] [46]
- Irish band Hothouse Flowers released their version as the second single from their album Home in 1990. It reached No. 5 in Ireland, [47] No. 22 in Australia [48] and No. 23 in the UK. [49]
- Buffalo Rose and R&B singer INEZ released their cover version as a single in 2021, later named one of the best songs of the year by WYEP-FM . [50]
- A version by Lee Towers reached the top Dutch top 40, charting at No. 19, and was recorded on his 1982 album New York .
- Viola Wills recorded a dance/hi-NRG version, released as a single-only in 1993.
- The French singer Claude François also recorded a version of this song called "Toi et le soleil". [51] [52] Singers of musical Belles belles belles covered the Claude François' song.
- Willie Nelson also made a version, included in the album Stardust (Willie Nelson Album) (1999 version)
- ^ Stephen Nye. "The Fabulous Five" . Trojan Records . Retrieved June 7, 2018 .
- ^ Campbell, Howard (February 3, 2012). "Bob Marley: the American connection" . The Jamaica Observer . Archived from the original on August 31, 2018 . Retrieved August 30, 2018 .
- ^ Whitburn, Joel (1996). The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits, 6th Edition (Billboard Publications).
- ^ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Can_See_Clearly_Now | 14 |
where does the ps in a letter go | Where Does PS Go In a Business Letter? - PostGrid | Most of us are familiar with Postscript or PS messages from personal letters, postcards, and even emails. You often see a PS message at the bottom of a Christmas or birthday card you receive. However, no rule says you can’t use PS messages in your business communications.
Many businesses are smartly using the PS at the end of a letter to connect better with their customers. However, most companies are still unsure how or why they need to use PS in a business letter.
Hence, we have created a complete guide that can cover the following:
- What does PS mean in a business letter?
- Where you should ideally place the PS message.
- How to punctuate and format the ps in your business mail?
- Five reasons why you should use PS at the end of a letter.
PS, short for postscript, is derived from the Latin word postscriptum. And what does it mean? Well, postscriptum translates to “written after,” and that alone should tell you what you need to know about PS.
The PS is like an afterthought or additional information that you can add to a letter even after writing it. A few years ago, people depended solely on handwritten or typed notes. They could not press the “backspace” button when they made an error or forgot to mention an important detail.
Back then, people had no choice but to use the PS if they failed to mention it in the original letter. And even though we later moved on to digital texts, which you could easily edit however you wanted, the practice of PS remained.
The PS message usually includes personalized details that the recipient of the letter finds amusing. It can be clever, witty, argumentative, or even a friendly reminder to the recipient.
When writing PS in a business letter, most companies are filled with questions.
“Is it okay to include a PS in a business (official) letter?”
“What details should we include in the PS?”
“Should I put the PS before or after a signature? ”
And so on.
Getting answers to these questions is essential to use PS in a business letter for business communication. Here in this blog, we will explain every detail you need to know about using PS in your business letters.
The positioning of the PS in a letter is always at the end of the letter. It is the same for personal and business letters. Therefore, there shouldn’t be any confusion regarding the position of the PS in a business letter.
When we say that the PS goes at the end of your business letter, we mean the very end. You can’t write the PS right after you finish the body of the letter. Every time you write a letter, you have to close it, put your signature and title to make it look more professional and complete. Furthermore, since it is a business letter, you will also need to put the company’s name at the end.
After doing all this, you can finally add the PS to your business letter. Please take a look at the example we have provided below. It will help you understand where PS goes in a business letter.
Yours Faithfully,
Cormoran Strike, Assistant Manager
JKR Electronics Store
P.S. or PS We are providing an additional discount of 15% to our loyal customers such as yourself.
One of the main concerns companies have about using PS in their business mail is its punctuation and format. Once again, the companies are filled with questions like:
“Should I use all uppercase letters for the PS?”
“Should the abbreviation be written PS or just PS?”
“Should I use any trailing punctuations for the PS?”
Therefore, it must be surprising to you that there are no solid answers to such questions. However, you could find some answers if you were to get some help from the Cambridge Dictionary. But, the Cambridge Dictionary uses British English to suggest the ideal format for the PS.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “PS” is the correct format to use in a letter. However, the Cambridge Dictionary adds that according to American English, the accurate format for writing a PS message is “P.S.”. Therefore, if you were to listen to the Cambridge Dictionary, you could use either “P.S.” or “PS” depending on where your audience is from.
But wait…There’s more!
We know it’s more common to see the PS written with periods after each letter. Even the Cambridge Dictionary says so. However, the Chicago Manual of Style advises using the “PS” format without any periods separating the letters.
The final decision on which PS format is best for your business is entirely dependent on your target audience. Since the PS format doesn’t fit into any specific category, companies can use either of the two formats discussed above.
However, a general rule of thumb about the PS format is that you capitalize the letters P and S. You can choose whether or not to use the periods in between the letters of the PS. Finally, it is you who needs to ensure that no trailing punctuations are left in the PS format.
You might have noticed that the message you include is a PS that can easily fit in the body of the letter. Yet, we still insist on using the PS message in our letters. But, why is it so important to use a PS message in a business letter? Well, the PS at the end of a letter is used to grab the reader’s attention.
Did you notice how the PS in the letter example we provided above calls the recipient a “loyal customer”? It indicates that the offer is exclusive to a specific group and that the others who receive it may not get that PS.
If that’s not good enough, here are five solid reasons you should use a PS in a business letter.
Companies always have a core goal in mind every time they make a business communication. And by always, we mean ALWAYS. For example, let’s say that you are routinely responding to your customer queries.
In this case, you are trying to ensure quality customer service to engage prospects and retain the already existing customers. It also means that you get to convert them again at a later stage. Therefore, you can slide in a business proposition in the mail regardless of the subject of the mail.
PS lets you pitch a sale or a special discount to your customers without compromising the body of the mail.
The PS at the end of a letter can be an effective CTA or Call to Action. Consider the example we provided earlier, for instance. Here, you can print a small QR code near the PS so that the customer can conveniently access the discount you offered them. Furthermore, it makes your CTA effortlessly stand out from the rest of the mail.
Your mail doesn’t necessarily have to sell something to the customer every time. Even then, you can use the PS at the end of a letter to form a connection with the customer. You can try boosting the reach of your social media channels by saying something simple in your PS like “Follow our Facebook page to get the latest discounts and offers!”
At the end of the letter, the PS can include some unique thoughts that can make the customer think or smile. You can try having something funny or even add some trivia that can genuinely interest the reader. Although including a humorous quote or trivia may seem insignificant, it can make a memorable experience for the reader.
You can use the PS in your business letter for promotional purposes. Interestingly, you can change the PS in your regular communications with the customer and pitch the relevant offers or promotions. The PS doesn’t have to be remotely connected to the body of the mail. Hence, you can pitch any promotions to your customers without a second thought. Also, PS at the end of letters is ideal for promoting sales and limited-period offers.
PS at the end of a letter can do more for promoting and growing your business than you might think. However, to do that, you must be willing to put effort into optimizing it. The details we discussed above don’t only explain where does PS goes in a business letter.
It explains the different ways PS in a business letter can help grow your engagements. One abundantly clear thing is that businesses need to learn how to use PS effectively. It can become much easier to optimize your PS message using an automated direct mail tool like PostGrid .
You can use PostGrid’s advanced system to create custom templates for your direct mail. It means you can use PostGrid’s system to print several direct mail pieces with PS messages in the best and the most streamlined ways possible.
You can even print QR codes corresponding to the PS message and make it an actionable CTA using PostGrid. Furthermore, you can also use the same system to verify your customer’s address and deliver the mail directly via USPS.
Start transforming and automating your offline communications with PostGrid | https://www.postgrid.com/postscript-ps-in-business-letter/ | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | Where Does PS Go In a Business Letter? - PostGrid | Most of us are familiar with Postscript or PS messages from personal letters, postcards, and even emails. You often see a PS message at the bottom of a Christmas or birthday card you receive. However, no rule says you can’t use PS messages in your business communications.
Many businesses are smartly using the PS at the end of a letter to connect better with their customers. However, most companies are still unsure how or why they need to use PS in a business letter.
Hence, we have created a complete guide that can cover the following:
- What does PS mean in a business letter?
- Where you should ideally place the PS message.
- How to punctuate and format the ps in your business mail?
- Five reasons why you should use PS at the end of a letter.
PS, short for postscript, is derived from the Latin word postscriptum. And what does it mean? Well, postscriptum translates to “written after,” and that alone should tell you what you need to know about PS.
The PS is like an afterthought or additional information that you can add to a letter even after writing it. A few years ago, people depended solely on handwritten or typed notes. They could not press the “backspace” button when they made an error or forgot to mention an important detail.
Back then, people had no choice but to use the PS if they failed to mention it in the original letter. And even though we later moved on to digital texts, which you could easily edit however you wanted, the practice of PS remained.
The PS message usually includes personalized details that the recipient of the letter finds amusing. It can be clever, witty, argumentative, or even a friendly reminder to the recipient.
When writing PS in a business letter, most companies are filled with questions.
“Is it okay to include a PS in a business (official) letter?”
“What details should we include in the PS?”
“Should I put the PS before or after a signature? ”
And so on.
Getting answers to these questions is essential to use PS in a business letter for business communication. Here in this blog, we will explain every detail you need to know about using PS in your business letters.
The positioning of the PS in a letter is always at the end of the letter. It is the same for personal and business letters. Therefore, there shouldn’t be any confusion regarding the position of the PS in a business letter.
When we say that the PS goes at the end of your business letter, we mean the very end. You can’t write the PS right after you finish the body of the letter. Every time you write a letter, you have to close it, put your signature and title to make it look more professional and complete. Furthermore, since it is a business letter, you will also need to put the company’s name at the end.
After doing all this, you can finally add the PS to your business letter. Please take a look at the example we have provided below. It will help you understand where PS goes in a business letter.
Yours Faithfully,
Cormoran Strike, Assistant Manager
JKR Electronics Store
P.S. or PS We are providing an additional discount of 15% to our loyal customers such as yourself.
One of the main concerns companies have about using PS in their business mail is its punctuation and format. Once again, the companies are filled with questions like:
“Should I use all uppercase letters for the PS?”
“Should the abbreviation be written PS or just PS?”
“Should I use any trailing punctuations for the PS?”
Therefore, it must be surprising to you that there are no solid answers to such questions. However, you could find some answers if you were to get some help from the Cambridge Dictionary. But, the Cambridge Dictionary uses British English to suggest the ideal format for the PS.
According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “PS” is the correct format to use in a letter. However, the Cambridge Dictionary adds that according to American English, the accurate format for writing a PS message is “P.S.”. Therefore, if you were to listen to the Cambridge Dictionary, you could use either “P.S.” or “PS” depending on where your audience is from.
But wait…There’s more!
We know it’s more common to see the PS written with periods after each letter. Even the Cambridge Dictionary says so. However, the Chicago Manual of Style advises using the “PS” format without any periods separating the letters.
The final decision on which PS format is best for your business is entirely dependent on your target audience. Since the PS format doesn’t fit into any specific category, companies can use either of the two formats discussed above.
However, a general rule of thumb about the PS format is that you capitalize the letters P and S. You can choose whether or not to use the periods in between the letters of the PS. Finally, it is you who needs to ensure that no trailing punctuations are left in the PS format.
You might have noticed that the message you include is a PS that can easily fit in the body of the letter. Yet, we still insist on using the PS message in our letters. But, why is it so important to use a PS message in a business letter? Well, the PS at the end of a letter is used to grab the reader’s attention.
Did you notice how the PS in the letter example we provided above calls the recipient a “loyal customer”? It indicates that the offer is exclusive to a specific group and that the others who receive it may not get that PS.
If that’s not good enough, here are five solid reasons you should use a PS in a business letter.
Companies always have a core goal in mind every time they make a business communication. And by always, we mean ALWAYS. For example, let’s say that you are routinely responding to your customer queries.
In this case, you are trying to ensure quality customer service to engage prospects and retain the already existing customers. It also means that you get to convert them again at a later stage. Therefore, you can slide in a business proposition in the mail regardless of the subject of the mail.
PS lets you pitch a sale or a special discount to your customers without compromising the body of the mail.
The PS at the end of a letter can be an effective CTA or Call to Action. Consider the example we provided earlier, for instance. Here, you can print a small QR code near the PS so that the customer can conveniently access the discount you offered them. Furthermore, it makes your CTA effortlessly stand out from the rest of the mail.
Your mail doesn’t necessarily have to sell something to the customer every time. Even then, you can use the PS at the end of a letter to form a connection with the customer. You can try boosting the reach of your social media channels by saying something simple in your PS like “Follow our Facebook page to get the latest discounts and offers!”
At the end of the letter, the PS can include some unique thoughts that can make the customer think or smile. You can try having something funny or even add some trivia that can genuinely interest the reader. Although including a humorous quote or trivia may seem insignificant, it can make a memorable experience for the reader.
You can use the PS in your business letter for promotional purposes. Interestingly, you can change the PS in your regular communications with the customer and pitch the relevant offers or promotions. The PS doesn’t have to be remotely connected to the body of the mail. Hence, you can pitch any promotions to your customers without a second thought. Also, PS at the end of letters is ideal for promoting sales and limited-period offers.
PS at the end of a letter can do more for promoting and growing your business than you might think. However, to do that, you must be willing to put effort into optimizing it. The details we discussed above don’t only explain where does PS goes in a business letter.
It explains the different ways PS in a business letter can help grow your engagements. One abundantly clear thing is that businesses need to learn how to use PS effectively. It can become much easier to optimize your PS message using an automated direct mail tool like PostGrid .
You can use PostGrid’s advanced system to create custom templates for your direct mail. It means you can use PostGrid’s system to print several direct mail pieces with PS messages in the best and the most streamlined ways possible.
You can even print QR codes corresponding to the PS message and make it an actionable CTA using PostGrid. Furthermore, you can also use the same system to verify your customer’s address and deliver the mail directly via USPS.
Start transforming and automating your offline communications with PostGrid | https://www.postgrid.com/postscript-ps-in-business-letter/ | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | What Does PS Mean: How to use it like a pro in Your Emails– INK Blog | What Does PS Mean? Main Takeaways :
INK will make sure your text is free of grammar mistakes
0/200
- PS is an abbreviation of the Latin term postscriptum , which translates to written after .
- Both PS or P.S. are correct.
- The postscript dates back to an age when letters were handwritten or typed out on a typewriter.
- PS still appears in modern correspondence like emails , and online chats.
- You can express multiple afterthoughts by using PPS , PPPS , and so on.
PS stands for postscriptum . This is Latin for written after . Post means “after” and scriptum means “written.” Traditionally, the abbreviation PS comes after the main body and signature in a written letter. It’s reserved for an afterthought or additional information not included in the main body of the letter. Back when people wrote letters by hand or typed them on a typewriter, backspace was not an option. If you forgot to mention something in your letter, you had two options: rewrite the letter to include your thought or add is after your signature using PS .
By including a postscript at the end of written correspondence , a letter writer created a place to add missing information or afterthoughts. It served an essential role in letters.
For one, it helped minimize time-consuming do-overs. What’s more, it helped keep correspondence neat and easy to read.
PS may have ancient roots, but it’s still relevant in today’s increasingly digital world.
No doubt you’ve seen a PS in action. From informal chats to direct marketing campaigns , almost any kind of correspondence can use this small statement.
Once in a while, you might also hear people use it in verbal communication to add extra emphasis to a thought or statement.
PS is an abbreviation of the Latin term postscriptum , which translates to written after . Commonly referred to as a postscript , it serves as an addendum to a letter
Use PS to add something you forgot to mention in the main body of any correspondence. This includes letters or emails . Place the letters PS immediately below your signature line. Next, place the line or lines of text you want to add right next to the PS. For digital correspondence like Whatsapp messages or Tweets, it’s common to add your PS using a new message. This helps show extra emphasis. You can write PS with or without periods after each letter.
Dear Charlotte,
I’m sorry we never got to have lunch before I left. My flight time was moved unexpectedly, and I had to grab a cab and go. I didn’t even have time to make a phone call. I hope you’ll forgive me.
Sincerely,
Doug
P.S. You won the bet fair and square, and I still owe you a fancy dinner!
Capitalizing both letters is the correct way to go. However, there’s an on-going debate among grammarians on whether to use periods or not.
The bottom line is that there isn’t a hard-and-fast rule. Additionally, proper usage may vary depending on which style guide you follow.
For instance, the Cambridge Dictionary suggests that common usage differs depending on your country of origin:
- British English leans toward PS
- American English tends to prefer P.S.
Another source of debate is trailing punctuation:
- Many believe the PS should be free from additional punctuation .
- Others typically include a colon to separate the letters from the statement or question that follows.
PS Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
P.S . Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
PS: Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
P.S.: Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
The coming of the digital age meant that the PS had to evolve or risk becoming obsolete.
Now, computers and word processors help us effortlessly edit and reprint documents. This all but eliminated the need for a postscript . And, made it almost as ancient as it’s Latin name.
Unlike Latin, the PS stayed alive. It evolved to become more of a stylistic choice.
The modern PS is a way to add an extra touch to correspondence, including emails. It’s outgrown being just a tool for missed information or afterthoughts.
A postscript lets you reiterate an important point that’s already been addressed in the letter. This helps create emphasis where it’s most needed.
This is partially because the PS creates a visual break from the rest of the letter. It helps highlight a single point, both visually and thematically.
P.S. I really meant what I said about wanting you to come and stay with us for a few weeks.
Postscripts can be used to add a smart, funny, or sweet touch to a letter. This use helps leave the reader with something to savor.
P.S. The roses wilted as soon as you left. It was like they missed you as much as I do.
You may have a fantastic thought you want to include in your letter. But, what if it isn’t relevant to the rest of your correspondence?
In this case, using a PS is ideal.
P.S. I know this is entirely off-topic, but Molly wanted to thank you for taking care of her goldfish.
Have the last word in an argument with a firm PS . A postscript can let you effectively punctuate an argument with a final line or two. Make yourself as clear as possible.
P.S. Seriously, don’t even try to pull a stunt like that again!
The PS is an effective tool for sharing a parting thought or takeaway. Really sell it using a PS this way.
P.S. This could all be over if you just say yes. Think about it.
Since it can be used to convey the deepest of sentiments, it’s no surprise that the postscript has a timeless connection to love letters. A true love letter just isn’t complete without a touching PS.
P.S. I love you more.
In direct mail campaigns, the PS is often used as a marketing strategy . Use it to promote special offers, share testimonials, or deliver a call to action.
In a world where people often skim large chunks of content, many will stop to read the PS . The fact that it is separate from the rest of the letter creates a clean and visible break. This helps highlight the information.
P.S. For one day only, we’re offering 20% off your first order.
The PS also makes regular appearances in social media chats (otherwise known as instant messaging ). These fast-moving, real-time conversations can lead participants to forget to share information. The PS gives them a way to add it back in.
Just as the postscript represents an afterthought in traditional letter writing , it plays a similar role in this more modern form of communication.
It lets chatters throw out an idea or information after the main conversation has moved on.
This isn’t a thing for older people, either. PS is popping up in Gen Z threads on Twitter, Snapchat, and WhatsApp.
Joana: See you at the party on Friday?
Rechelle: Definitely.
Joana: Nice! Starts around 8.
Rechelle: I’ll swing by then.
Joana: P.S. Don’t forget to bring an appetizer. It’s a potluck!
Let’s face it. Sometimes a single afterthought just isn’t enough. In fact, sometimes one afterthought leads to another, which leads to another, which leads to… a compound PS.
Thankfully, you aren’t limited to a single postscript . Here’s how to share multiple afterthoughts in your correspondence:
- Place the letters PPS (aka post-post-scriptum ) or PSS (aka post-super-scriptum ) on the line below your initial PS to add a thought or information
- Place the letters PPPS (post-post-post-scriptum ) below the PPS or PSS to add another line for afterthoughts.
- Continue adding PS to the front of the abbreviation as many times as necessary to express your thoughts.
P.S. Postscripts are so much fun!
P.P.S. I’m going to write another one just because I can.
P.P.P.S. Here’s a third!
P.P.P.P.S. Should I keep going?
Many letter writers believe that the postscript is quaint and should be obsolete. Maybe it should fade away alongside handwritten letters, typewriters, and Latin.
Others consider it as much a part of correspondence as a greeting, closing, or signature.
Regardless of popular opinion, the PS can still be found everywhere, from chat boxes and marketing emails to epistolary novels .
The point of language is to communicate how we feel and the ideas we have. If the postscript is a tool that helps you do that, go for it. Conversely, if it seems too stuffy for your personal style, no worries.
By knowing how and when to use this traditional correspondence add-on, you add yet another literary tool to your content creation repertoire. Bring charm, emphasis, and personality to any type of correspondence. | https://blog.inkforall.com/what-does-ps-mean | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | What Does PS Mean: How to use it like a pro in Your Emails– INK Blog | What Does PS Mean? Main Takeaways :
INK will make sure your text is free of grammar mistakes
0/200
- PS is an abbreviation of the Latin term postscriptum , which translates to written after .
- Both PS or P.S. are correct.
- The postscript dates back to an age when letters were handwritten or typed out on a typewriter.
- PS still appears in modern correspondence like emails , and online chats.
- You can express multiple afterthoughts by using PPS , PPPS , and so on.
PS stands for postscriptum . This is Latin for written after . Post means “after” and scriptum means “written.” Traditionally, the abbreviation PS comes after the main body and signature in a written letter. It’s reserved for an afterthought or additional information not included in the main body of the letter. Back when people wrote letters by hand or typed them on a typewriter, backspace was not an option. If you forgot to mention something in your letter, you had two options: rewrite the letter to include your thought or add is after your signature using PS .
By including a postscript at the end of written correspondence , a letter writer created a place to add missing information or afterthoughts. It served an essential role in letters.
For one, it helped minimize time-consuming do-overs. What’s more, it helped keep correspondence neat and easy to read.
PS may have ancient roots, but it’s still relevant in today’s increasingly digital world.
No doubt you’ve seen a PS in action. From informal chats to direct marketing campaigns , almost any kind of correspondence can use this small statement.
Once in a while, you might also hear people use it in verbal communication to add extra emphasis to a thought or statement.
PS is an abbreviation of the Latin term postscriptum , which translates to written after . Commonly referred to as a postscript , it serves as an addendum to a letter
Use PS to add something you forgot to mention in the main body of any correspondence. This includes letters or emails . Place the letters PS immediately below your signature line. Next, place the line or lines of text you want to add right next to the PS. For digital correspondence like Whatsapp messages or Tweets, it’s common to add your PS using a new message. This helps show extra emphasis. You can write PS with or without periods after each letter.
Dear Charlotte,
I’m sorry we never got to have lunch before I left. My flight time was moved unexpectedly, and I had to grab a cab and go. I didn’t even have time to make a phone call. I hope you’ll forgive me.
Sincerely,
Doug
P.S. You won the bet fair and square, and I still owe you a fancy dinner!
Capitalizing both letters is the correct way to go. However, there’s an on-going debate among grammarians on whether to use periods or not.
The bottom line is that there isn’t a hard-and-fast rule. Additionally, proper usage may vary depending on which style guide you follow.
For instance, the Cambridge Dictionary suggests that common usage differs depending on your country of origin:
- British English leans toward PS
- American English tends to prefer P.S.
Another source of debate is trailing punctuation:
- Many believe the PS should be free from additional punctuation .
- Others typically include a colon to separate the letters from the statement or question that follows.
PS Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
P.S . Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
PS: Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
P.S.: Please don’t eat the last piece of cake.
The coming of the digital age meant that the PS had to evolve or risk becoming obsolete.
Now, computers and word processors help us effortlessly edit and reprint documents. This all but eliminated the need for a postscript . And, made it almost as ancient as it’s Latin name.
Unlike Latin, the PS stayed alive. It evolved to become more of a stylistic choice.
The modern PS is a way to add an extra touch to correspondence, including emails. It’s outgrown being just a tool for missed information or afterthoughts.
A postscript lets you reiterate an important point that’s already been addressed in the letter. This helps create emphasis where it’s most needed.
This is partially because the PS creates a visual break from the rest of the letter. It helps highlight a single point, both visually and thematically.
P.S. I really meant what I said about wanting you to come and stay with us for a few weeks.
Postscripts can be used to add a smart, funny, or sweet touch to a letter. This use helps leave the reader with something to savor.
P.S. The roses wilted as soon as you left. It was like they missed you as much as I do.
You may have a fantastic thought you want to include in your letter. But, what if it isn’t relevant to the rest of your correspondence?
In this case, using a PS is ideal.
P.S. I know this is entirely off-topic, but Molly wanted to thank you for taking care of her goldfish.
Have the last word in an argument with a firm PS . A postscript can let you effectively punctuate an argument with a final line or two. Make yourself as clear as possible.
P.S. Seriously, don’t even try to pull a stunt like that again!
The PS is an effective tool for sharing a parting thought or takeaway. Really sell it using a PS this way.
P.S. This could all be over if you just say yes. Think about it.
Since it can be used to convey the deepest of sentiments, it’s no surprise that the postscript has a timeless connection to love letters. A true love letter just isn’t complete without a touching PS.
P.S. I love you more.
In direct mail campaigns, the PS is often used as a marketing strategy . Use it to promote special offers, share testimonials, or deliver a call to action.
In a world where people often skim large chunks of content, many will stop to read the PS . The fact that it is separate from the rest of the letter creates a clean and visible break. This helps highlight the information.
P.S. For one day only, we’re offering 20% off your first order.
The PS also makes regular appearances in social media chats (otherwise known as instant messaging ). These fast-moving, real-time conversations can lead participants to forget to share information. The PS gives them a way to add it back in.
Just as the postscript represents an afterthought in traditional letter writing , it plays a similar role in this more modern form of communication.
It lets chatters throw out an idea or information after the main conversation has moved on.
This isn’t a thing for older people, either. PS is popping up in Gen Z threads on Twitter, Snapchat, and WhatsApp.
Joana: See you at the party on Friday?
Rechelle: Definitely.
Joana: Nice! Starts around 8.
Rechelle: I’ll swing by then.
Joana: P.S. Don’t forget to bring an appetizer. It’s a potluck!
Let’s face it. Sometimes a single afterthought just isn’t enough. In fact, sometimes one afterthought leads to another, which leads to another, which leads to… a compound PS.
Thankfully, you aren’t limited to a single postscript . Here’s how to share multiple afterthoughts in your correspondence:
- Place the letters PPS (aka post-post-scriptum ) or PSS (aka post-super-scriptum ) on the line below your initial PS to add a thought or information
- Place the letters PPPS (post-post-post-scriptum ) below the PPS or PSS to add another line for afterthoughts.
- Continue adding PS to the front of the abbreviation as many times as necessary to express your thoughts.
P.S. Postscripts are so much fun!
P.P.S. I’m going to write another one just because I can.
P.P.P.S. Here’s a third!
P.P.P.P.S. Should I keep going?
Many letter writers believe that the postscript is quaint and should be obsolete. Maybe it should fade away alongside handwritten letters, typewriters, and Latin.
Others consider it as much a part of correspondence as a greeting, closing, or signature.
Regardless of popular opinion, the PS can still be found everywhere, from chat boxes and marketing emails to epistolary novels .
The point of language is to communicate how we feel and the ideas we have. If the postscript is a tool that helps you do that, go for it. Conversely, if it seems too stuffy for your personal style, no worries.
By knowing how and when to use this traditional correspondence add-on, you add yet another literary tool to your content creation repertoire. Bring charm, emphasis, and personality to any type of correspondence. | https://blog.inkforall.com/what-does-ps-mean | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | What “PS” Means and How to Use It Correctly in Your Email | In the days before email, Paul McCartney famously sang, “PS I love you” on The Beatles’ 1963 album, Please Please Me . But what does PS mean and how do we use it in modern communication?
PS stands for postscript. It comes from the Latin postscriptum , which literally means “written after.” A postscript is an additional thought added to letters (and sometimes other documents) that comes after it has been completed.
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In the days of handwritten and typed letters , we often found ourselves remembering something we wanted to include only after we’d signed off. That’s where a PS came in handy. It’s also often used for effect to add a clever or funny afterthought. It can be added for emphasis, or even as an argumentative “So there!” It’s a tool still used in direct and email marketing, which we’ll talk about in a moment.
The P.S. is the most charming part of a letter. It’s the wink you give as you walk away.
—Shaun Usher, author of Letters of Note , for The Wall Street Journal
Should PS be capitalized ? How is it abbreviated ; with ( P.S. ) or without ( PS ) periods ? Should you use any trailing punctuation? Surprisingly, there are no hard and fast answers to these questions.
The Cambridge Dictionary suggests that PS is the proper format in British English.
PS Don’t forget to let the cat in before you go to bed.
The Cambridge Dictionary also says that P.S. (with periods after each letter) is the American English format. Indeed, you’ll often find it abbreviated as such in the US. But The Chicago Manual of Style favors PS , without the periods.
The verdict? Usage varies, and PS doesn’t factor into most style guides. The safest bet is to capitalize the P and S (use periods after each letter if that’s your preference), and leave out any trailing punctuation.
PS once saved us from having to edit or rewrite an entire letter just to include an important afterthought. But email allows us to go back and edit before sending. Technically, we could avoid the use of PS altogether in electronic communication. But should we?
Not really. PS is still useful for effect, and it’s a great way to get a specific point noticed. Although the Internet has made us a culture of skimmers rather than people who read things like email word-for-word, we tend to notice what’s at the beginning and end of a text. Can you think of a time when you didn’t read the PS in an email you cared enough about to open?
Here’s a tip: People wonder—does the PS come before or after the signature? Since a postscript is an addition that comes after a letter is completed, it should always follow the signature.
Including a PS has long been a direct mail marketing strategy. Statistics once showed that as many as 79 percent of people who opened a direct mail letter would read the PS first. Although times have changed, email marketers still swear by it as a way to reiterate a call to action, create FOMO, provide some sort of bonus information or offer, or even share a testimonial.
To demonstrate just how effective a PS can be, here are some examples from letters written by famous and notable people. (Read more at Letters of Note.)
John Lennon
We opened this article with The Beatles, so let’s return to that theme for a moment. Here’s a letter John Lennon famously wrote to a groupie who dissed Yoko Ono. This PS isn’t exactly an I love you.
Yoko’s been an artist before you were ever a groupie. Why don’t you open your box and dig ‘Mind Train’ on [Yoko/Plastic Ono band album] ‘Fly’? Your prejudices can’t be that deep.
Love,
John Lennon
P.S. You might have an aging problem. Me? I wouldn’t go back one day!
Ronald Reagan
This excerpt comes from a letter Ronald Reagan penned to his son, Michael, in 1971, shortly after Michael was married.
. . . Mike, you know better than many what an unhappy home is and what it can do to others. Now you have a chance to make it come out the way it should. There is no greater happiness for a man than approaching a door at the end of a day knowing someone on the other side of that door is waiting for the sound of his footsteps.
Love,
Dad
P.S. You’ll never get in trouble if you say “I love you” at least once a day.
Philip K. Dick
In 1973, four years before it was published, Philip K. Dick sent his agent, Scott Meredith, an outline of his novel A Scanner Darkly . This cover letter includes an enthusiastic PS.
Dear Scott:
Here is the outline for my proposed new novel. A SCANNER DARKLY, which I told you about. It’s a good long outline, running well over sixty pages. I guess you can’t sell it to any publisher until I write a bunch of sample chapters, but anyhow this is what I’ll be working on for quite some time.
If you’d like to show it—for example to Doubleday—that would of course be fine with me. Otherwise, hang onto this outline while I continue from my carbon.
Let me know what you think of it, and meanwhile I’ll keep you posted as to how I’m coming with the novel itself.
Cordially,
Philip K. Dick
P.S. I swear, Scott, this is shaping up to be the greatest novel ever written. Or at least the greatest novel I’ve ever written, anyhow.
Richard Feynman
Influential American physicist Richard Feynman (a 1965 Nobel Prize winner) lost his wife and high school sweetheart, Arline, when she died of tuberculosis at age 25. In October 1946, sixteen months after Arline’s death, he wrote her a tender love letter, which remained in a sealed envelope until after his death in 1988.
. . . I know you will assure me that I am foolish and that you want me to have full happiness and don’t want to be in my way. I’ll bet you are surprised that I don’t even have a girlfriend (except you, sweetheart) after two years. But you can’t help it, darling, nor can I — I don’t understand it, for I have met many girls and very nice ones and I don’t want to remain alone — but in two or three meetings they all seem ashes. You only are left to me. You are real.
My darling wife, I do adore you.
I love my wife. My wife is dead.
Rich.
PS Please excuse my not mailing this — but I don’t know your new address. | https://www.grammarly.com/blog/what-does-ps-mean/ | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | P.S. Meaning: What It Is and How to Use It | Mailchimp | What does P.S. mean and how should you use it in letters and emails? Find out now.
When you are writing an email , it is important for you to strike the right voice and tone . Regardless of whether you are sending an email to a friend or trying to gather new customers , you need to make the right impression. You might format a sales email differently than you format newsletters , but regardless, you might include PS.
A lot of people associate a PS meaning in a letter with the end of the email; however, just because you have reached the end of your email or letter doesn't mean you need to add PS in the last paragraph. There are very specific situations where it should be used.
What does PS mean, and when should you use it? Learn more about the meaning of PS below, and make sure you format your emails and letters properly.
So, what does PS stand for? This is an abbreviation that stands for postscript. It comes from the Latin word postscriptum. When translated, this word means “written after.” Therefore, it should come as no surprise that anything that follows the PS comes after the rest of the letter is already done. For example, if you are writing a handwritten letter to a friend, you might put a PS on the back of the letter, indicating that there is more information that might not be directly related to the rest of the letter you have sent.
There are also situations where you might add PS to the bottom of an email. For example, if you have an email focusing on one topic, and you want to let the reader know that there might be another email coming that will address a different topic, you may add PS as a transition to the next email. There are different ways that people use PS, and it is important for you to make sure you use it properly. That way, you communicate the right message to the reader, and you make a good impression on your target audience. This can be useful regardless of whether you are sending an email to a friend or sending a letter to potential new customers.
The purpose of PS is that you are indicating to the reader that there is additional information that is not directly related to other information that was included in other parts of the letter. There is a tendency for people to put PS at the bottom of just about every single email or letter that they write. Or, on the other hand, people may not use it at all.
Of course, neither approach is completely correct, and if you decide to use PS, you need to make sure that you do so properly. You need to place these initials at the bottom of the letter after you have signed your name. Then, you use the PS to signal that you are adding a short remark to the message that did not fit in with the rest of the document, letter, or email.
Furthermore, if you find that the remark or message you are including after the PS is as long as the rest of the letter, you probably need to send another letter. You do not want the additional remark to be longer than the rest of the letter.
If you keep these key points in mind, you should be off to a good start regarding your PS.
If you decide to add an addendum to your email or letter, you need to make sure you format it properly. When you try to add your P.S., there are a few important steps to follow. They include:
- Place the postscript after your signature. You need to sign your name before moving into your PS.
- Next, make sure you format it properly. There are two different ways to format it. You can either use PS, which is more common in the United Kingdom, or P.S., which is more common in the United States. When you are actually adding it to your letter, you do not need to add a comma after it. Neither the United Kingdom version nor the United States version is considered better, but you need to be consistent.
- If you have another message to add after the initial PS, this is called PPS. Of course, you can also format it as P.P.S., if you prefer. This is a sign that you have another remark to add after a PS. This is highly unusual, and you should not get in the habit of doing so. It may frustrate your reader. It needs to be reserved for light-hearted personal messages with family members and friends, and it should not be used in a professional setting.
- Once you have formatted your PS properly, you need to keep the message brief. If you have a very long PS message, it is a sign that you did not plan it out, and your reader might get frustrated. If you have something long to include, you need to include it in the rest of the message or in another letter that you will send later.
Once you have followed these steps, your PS should be done, and your email or letter should be ready to send. Do not forget to proofread the message to catch any spelling or grammar issues you might have overlooked before.
There are two different proper punctuations of PS. Neither is better than the other. In general, if you are sending a letter to or from the United Kingdom, the most common punctuation is PS. If you are sending an email or letter to or from the United States, the most common punctuation is P.S.
You do not necessarily need to wrestle with what punctuation you want to use, but it is important to be consistent. If you switch up the punctuation on your readers from letter to letter, they are going to get confused. Furthermore, you should never try to mix the punctuation. You should either include two periods or none at all. Finally, you should not add a comma after the PS, either. This is considered grammatically incorrect. You need to produce a professional finished product, so make sure you follow the right grammar.
Clearly, P.S. is something that is relatively common in emails and letters, but you need to make sure you use it properly. There is never a second chance to make a first impression, and if you do not use your postscript properly, your readers are going to end up frustrated.
If you follow these tips, you should make proper use of this addendum. It might also be helpful to take a look at a few examples in action. A few examples of proper use of P.S. include:
If you are sending an email to your customers to let them know about new products and services you offer, you might want to include a P.S. at the bottom of the message. It might read something like:
P.S. Click here if you would like to learn more about our new line of products to see special offers, discounts, and deals we might be running.
Even though this might not have been related to the rest of the email, this is a good way to get your target market to swing by your website to see what new products you might offer. It also sounds a bit more informal, friendly, and humanizes your business.
If you have sent an email to your customer talking about a special sale you might be running, you have probably already grabbed their attention. On the other hand, you might need to throw in something special to sweeten the deal. In that case, the P.S. might read something like this:
P.S. In addition to the special sale we are running, you can enjoy free shipping on all of our products for the next few hours only!
This is a great way to use a postscript to sweeten the deal a bit, convincing people to take advantage of your special offer.
You may also want to use P.S. to strengthen a specific point in an email you might send to your colleagues. For example, if you have sent a long email to your business partner, you may be concerned that they might overlook the most important part. If you are communicating with one of your colleagues about business strategy, you may want to include something like this:
P.S. I really think that if we were due to our overhead costs, we can focus on what is most important to our marketing strategy.
This is a great way to draw attention to the most important part of the letter you have just sent to your business partner.
You may even want to use a P.S. to add a personal touch to a message you are sending to a customer, colleague, or even a superior. For example, if you are sending an update about an order to any of the people above, you may want to include the following P.S.:
P.S. With the weather beginning to warm up outside, I hope you get an opportunity to take advantage of the sunshine this weekend!
This is probably not related to anything you have just discussed, but it may still help you get your point across by showing that you care about the recipient.
Finally, you may even want to include a P.S. to congratulate someone on something special that has just happened. For example, you might be sending a routine email to a client reminding them about a business meeting that you have coming up. Then, you might want to include a P.S., such as:
P.S. I recently heard that you got promoted at work, congratulations! You definitely deserve it!
You can use this to build a stronger relationship with the recipient by showing that you are paying attention to what is happening in their lives. Of course, these are just a few of the many ways you can use P.S. It is a versatile option, and you need to think carefully about how you can put it to use in your emails or newsletters. Not every message requires it, but it still has its place.
No! Even though you need to think carefully about how you use it, it can be very beneficial as you try to run an effective marketing campaign for your business. Even though a lot of people use it when they communicate with their friends and family members, you can also use it to maximize your value in the business world. Some of the ways you can use it include:
If you send a long, carefully formatted email to your target market, they are probably going to overlook a lot of it. They have seen it before, they know what matters to them, and their eyes may glaze over as they read it from top to bottom. On the other hand, if you want to entice your readers to pay attention, think carefully, and explore the offer more, you may want to include something at the bottom of the email after a P.S.
You can also increase the conversion rate of your email marketing campaign if you include a P.S. Your reader is much more likely to see the P.S., and they are less likely to think it has been robotically generated. If you include a link in this portion of the email, they will be more likely to click on it, which will increase your conversion rate.
Even though you should use your P.S. to discuss things that may not have fit with the rest of the letter or email, you can also use this area to emphasize the most important part of the message. This is particularly important if the messages are there long, and if you are concerned that your reader may have overlooked some of it. If there is a critical point you want your reader to recall, you can restate it in the P.S. portion of the message, making them more likely to remember it.
Do not forget that you can also use this portion of the message to include an unrelated note. If there is something else you want to communicate to the reader, but you did not find a good location to do so in the body of the message, you can simply add a P.S. to the bottom of the email.
Sometimes, you don't want to come across as a robot. One of the easiest ways to do so is to introduce a bit of personality into the email using the PS section. You might use this to add a personal touch, strengthen your relationship with your family members, friends, colleagues, or clients. Think carefully about how you can use this section to introduce personality to your letter or email.
Ultimately, these are just a few of the most important points you need to keep in mind if you are looking to get the most out of your letters or emails. You need to use PS appropriately and professionally. Make sure it is formatted properly, think carefully about what you want to include, and make sure it isn't too long.
Furthermore, you can use this portion of your message to enhance the value of your email marketing campaigns. If you want to maximize the value of your email marketing campaign, put the right tools at your disposal. For example, you may want to use MailChimp, and its myriad of tools, to help you maximize your conversion rate, keep the attention of your target market, and drive revenue growth. It can be an effective tool that will help you stay one step ahead of the competition.
By signing up, you are agreeing that we can use your email address to market to you. You can unsubscribe from marketing emails at any time by using the link in our emails. For more information, please review our privacy statement . | https://mailchimp.com/resources/what-does-ps-mean/ | 15 |
where does the ps in a letter go | How to Add a P.S. to a Business Letter | Bizfluent | by Barbara Bean-Mellinger
Published on 4 Jun 2019
A generation ago, no one even considered adding a postscript, or P.S., to a business letter. "Postscript" means "after the writing" and was used only in casual correspondence between family and good friends, such as when the writer has finished the letter and then thinks to add, "The kids say hello to your kids!"
In business correspondence, if the writer thought to add something else, he would go back and add it into the body of the letter, rewriting as necessary. Today, a P.S. is often purposely added to business letters, and the use of a P.S. in formal emails and direct mail adds a personal touch or calls attention to an idea and prompts the reader to take action.
A P.S. always goes at the end of the letter, after the closing, signature and title of the letter writer and the name of the company (unless the letter will be printed on letterhead).
Example of a postscript in a business letter :
Sincerely,Sam Spade, DetectiveSS Detective Agency
P.S. For my best customers like you, my services are discounted an additional 20 percent today only!
Of course, Spade could easily have included the information that's in the P.S. in the body of the letter instead, but purposely putting it in a P.S. will attract attention . He added "for my best customers" to make it seem as if it's only for a select few, and others won't get that P.S., whether or not that's accurate. Adding "today only" makes the offer urgent. Spade will remove the P.S. from future letters when the offer is no longer valid.
The term "formal email" is a bit of a misnomer since email is a much more casual method of communication than sending a letter. Therefore, it's almost always appropriate to add a P.S. to an email. The P.S. should be in the same position as the example for adding a P.S. to a business letter that you print out and mail.
It might not be appropriate to add a P.S. to an email about a serious subject , such as a legal matter or writing/responding to a complaint letter. You'll need to use your judgment as to whether it's a good fit or seems out of place. It's possible to write a serious P.S., though, such as:
P.S. I truly hope we can solve this issue because I enjoy working with you and would like to continue to do so.
Since the purpose of direct mail is to sell products, services or ideas, most direct mail pieces include postscripts. A P.S. gives the writer one more chance to make her pitch. Direct mail is a busy format that usually includes underlining and highlighting key phrases and important points, even when the subject is serious, so a P.S. is expected and necessary because it stands out from the rest of the mailer.
Example of a direct mail P.S.:
P.S. Don't delay! We have less than 200 remaining of the most popular styles and colors! Call today!
It's common for direct mail to include lots of highlighting, italics and underlining as well as a P.S., and people expect to see one. So, take advantage of that and be sure to add a P.S. for your most compelling add-on thought. In general, always make sure to match the tone of any P.S. you use to the tone of the rest of your letter, email or direct mail. It should stand out by its position at the end and not because it seems awkward.
Brought to you by Techwalla | https://bizfluent.com/how-8091649-add-ps-business-letter.html | 15 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Compression Headache: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment | What is a compression headache?
A compression headache is a type of headache that starts when you wear something tight across your forehead or scalp. Hats, goggles, and headbands are common culprits. These headaches are sometimes referred to as external compression headaches since they involve pressure from something outside your body.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms of a compression headache, why they happen, and what you can do for relief.
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A compression headache feels like intense pressure coupled with moderate pain. You’ll feel the most pain in the part of your head that’s under pressure. If you’re wearing goggles, for example, you might feel pain across the front of your forehead or near your temples.
The pain tends to increase the longer you wear the compressing object.
Compression headaches are often easy to recognize because they usually start within an hour of putting something on your head.
Other signs of a compression headache include:
- pain that’s steady, not pulsing
- not having any other symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness
- pain that goes away within an hour of removing the source of pressure
Compression headaches can turn into migraines in people who are already prone to getting migraines . Symptoms of a migraine include:
- throbbing pain on one or both sides of your head
- sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes touch
- nausea, vomiting
- blurred vision
A compression headache starts when a tight object placed on or around your head puts pressure on nerves under your skin. The trigeminal nerve and occipital nerves are often affected. These are cranial nerves that send signals from your brain to your face and the back of your head.
Anything that presses on your forehead or scalp can cause a compression headache, including these types of headgear:
- football, hockey, or baseball helmets
- police or military helmets
- hard hats used for construction
- swim or protective goggles
- headbands
- tight hats
While everyday objects can cause compression headaches, such headaches aren’t actually that common. Only about
of people get them.
- are female
- get migraines
In addition, some people are just more sensitive than others to pressure on their head.
Generally, you don’t need to see a doctor for compression headaches. The pain usually goes away once you remove the source of pressure.
However, if you find that the pain keeps coming back, even when you’re not wearing anything on your head, make an appointment with your doctor. They may ask you some of the following questions during your appointment:
- When did the headaches start?
- How long have you been having them?
- What were you doing when they started?
- Were you wearing anything on your head when they started? What were you wearing?
- Where is the pain located?
- What does it feel like?
- How long does the pain last?
- What makes the pain worse? What makes it better?
- What other symptoms, if any, do you have?
Based on your answers, they may do some of the following tests to rule out any underlying causes of your headaches: | https://www.healthline.com/health/compression-headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Surprising Headache and Migraine Triggers | 1 /19
Anything (or anyone) that boosts your stress level can make you more vulnerable to tension headaches or migraines. Doctors don't know exactly how it happens. Many things may be involved, including certain nerves in the brain that relay pain messages and may be extra sensitive. Changes within the brain itself may also be involved in migraine headaches.
2 /19
Temperature changes can make a migraine more likely. Whether it's a heat wave or a cold snap, the change can trigger a headache. Sunny, hot days can do that, too. Rain or changes in barometric pressure also may lead to headaches. While you can't change the weather, you can wear sunglasses on a bright day, stay hydrated, and avoid the midday sun.
3 /19
Strong smells, even nice ones, trigger migraines in many people. Why this happens is unclear. The most common offenders are paint, perfume, and certain types of flowers.
4 /19
Ouch! How you wear your hair can take a toll on your head. A too-tight ponytail may strain the connective tissue in the scalp, leading to a hairdo headache. Headbands, braids, and tight-fitting hats can do that, too. If this is the cause of your headache, you’ll usually get fast relief if you let your hair down.
5 /19
Strenuous activity can sometimes lead to headaches. Examples include jogger's headache and even a sex headache. These types of headaches are most common in people who are likely to get migraines. Call 911 if you get a severe headache suddenly after doing something that's physically hard, or if it's your first headache of this kind and you also get vomiting, double vision, or a rigid neck.
6 /19
Slouching builds up pressure in the head and neck muscles. Do you hunch your shoulders, use a chair with no lower-back support, or stare at a monitor that is too low or too high? If you have frequent tension headaches, changing these things could help.
7 /19
A migraine trigger for some people is aged cheese, including blue cheese, cheddar, Parmesan, and Swiss. The problem may be a substance called tyramine. The longer a food ages, the more tyramine it has.
8 /19
Tyramine is also in red wine and other alcoholic drinks. Other ingredients in wine can contribute to headaches as well. Because alcohol boosts blood flow to the brain, the effects may be even more intense. Try sipping sparkling water or another non
- alcoholic drink.
9 /19
Cold cuts and other processed meats often contain tyramine and food additives such as nitrites, which may trigger headaches in some people. If you think this could be a trigger for you, try taking these foods out of your diet for a while to see if it makes a difference.
10 /19
Hunger headaches aren’t always obvious. If you don’t eat, your head could start to ache before you realize you’re hungry. The trouble is likely a dip in blood sugar. But don’t try to cure a hunger headache with a candy bar. Sweets cause blood sugar to spike and then drop even lower.
11 /19
Smoking may trigger headaches, and not just for the person holding the cigarette. Secondhand smoke contains nicotine, which causes blood vessels in the brain to narrow. Giving up cigarettes or staying away from secondhand smoke helps a lot if you get cluster headaches. These are extremely painful headaches that happen on one side of your head. They can also cause eye and nose symptoms.
12 /19
If you get a lot of headaches, too much caffeine may be why. In moderation, caffeine often helps. It's in many headache medications. But chain-chugging coffee or sodas can cause headaches. If you want to stop using caffeine, ease off gradually. Quitting suddenly can make things worse: Caffeine withdrawal is another headache trigger.
13 /19
By doing this, you may be able to stop headaches before they start. The best way is to keep a headache diary. Every day, note the foods you eat, stressful events, weather changes, and physical activity. Whenever you have a headache, jot down the time it starts and stops. This will help you find patterns so you can avoid your triggers. There are also phone apps you can use to identify your triggers.
14 /19
Many people find that if they cut stress, they can manage migraines or tension headaches better. You can't control everything, but you can change how you respond to the things that concern you. Look into classes or read a book on stress management, meditation, or massage. Anything healthy that helps you relax, problem-solve, and recharge is good to try.
15 /19
Exercise is a powerful stress reliever. You can do anything you like. Walking is a great choice. When you walk, the swinging motion of your arms tends to relax the muscles in your neck and shoulders. Breaking up those knots gets at the root of some headaches.
16 /19
No more hunger headaches! Eating good-for-you meals throughout the day (with smaller portions, so you don’t eat too much) will keep your blood sugar on an even keel. Try to pair a protein with a complex carbohydrate, such as peanut butter on whole-grain bread or a chicken breast with brown rice. Also, sip enough fluids, since dehydration can also give you a headache.
17 /19
If you get tension headaches, physical therapy will help relax your neck muscles and give you new habits that lead to better posture.
You might also want to look into acupuncture. It’s not a proven fix, but it could be something to try if other treatments haven’t helped.
Also, a type of counseling called behavioral therapy could help you manage stress, which can worsen or bring on headaches.
18 /19
Over-the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen work well against many types of headaches. But using these medicines daily, or nearly every day, can bring on medication overuse headaches or rebound headaches -- headache pain that returns as soon as the pills have worn off. For frequent or severe headaches, ask your doctor what would help.
19 /19
If you get a new headache that is unusually severe or lasts longer than usual, see a doctor. Tell her if your headache pattern changes, such as if they happen more often or if you have new triggers. Call 911 if you have a severe, sudden headache (out of the blue or after an accident or head injury), or if you also have vision changes, trouble talking, movement problems, confusion, seizure, a fever, or a stiff neck.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/ss/slideshow-headache-triggers | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Surprising Headache and Migraine Triggers | 1 /19
Anything (or anyone) that boosts your stress level can make you more vulnerable to tension headaches or migraines. Doctors don't know exactly how it happens. Many things may be involved, including certain nerves in the brain that relay pain messages and may be extra sensitive. Changes within the brain itself may also be involved in migraine headaches.
2 /19
Temperature changes can make a migraine more likely. Whether it's a heat wave or a cold snap, the change can trigger a headache. Sunny, hot days can do that, too. Rain or changes in barometric pressure also may lead to headaches. While you can't change the weather, you can wear sunglasses on a bright day, stay hydrated, and avoid the midday sun.
3 /19
Strong smells, even nice ones, trigger migraines in many people. Why this happens is unclear. The most common offenders are paint, perfume, and certain types of flowers.
4 /19
Ouch! How you wear your hair can take a toll on your head. A too-tight ponytail may strain the connective tissue in the scalp, leading to a hairdo headache. Headbands, braids, and tight-fitting hats can do that, too. If this is the cause of your headache, you’ll usually get fast relief if you let your hair down.
5 /19
Strenuous activity can sometimes lead to headaches. Examples include jogger's headache and even a sex headache. These types of headaches are most common in people who are likely to get migraines. Call 911 if you get a severe headache suddenly after doing something that's physically hard, or if it's your first headache of this kind and you also get vomiting, double vision, or a rigid neck.
6 /19
Slouching builds up pressure in the head and neck muscles. Do you hunch your shoulders, use a chair with no lower-back support, or stare at a monitor that is too low or too high? If you have frequent tension headaches, changing these things could help.
7 /19
A migraine trigger for some people is aged cheese, including blue cheese, cheddar, Parmesan, and Swiss. The problem may be a substance called tyramine. The longer a food ages, the more tyramine it has.
8 /19
Tyramine is also in red wine and other alcoholic drinks. Other ingredients in wine can contribute to headaches as well. Because alcohol boosts blood flow to the brain, the effects may be even more intense. Try sipping sparkling water or another non
- alcoholic drink.
9 /19
Cold cuts and other processed meats often contain tyramine and food additives such as nitrites, which may trigger headaches in some people. If you think this could be a trigger for you, try taking these foods out of your diet for a while to see if it makes a difference.
10 /19
Hunger headaches aren’t always obvious. If you don’t eat, your head could start to ache before you realize you’re hungry. The trouble is likely a dip in blood sugar. But don’t try to cure a hunger headache with a candy bar. Sweets cause blood sugar to spike and then drop even lower.
11 /19
Smoking may trigger headaches, and not just for the person holding the cigarette. Secondhand smoke contains nicotine, which causes blood vessels in the brain to narrow. Giving up cigarettes or staying away from secondhand smoke helps a lot if you get cluster headaches. These are extremely painful headaches that happen on one side of your head. They can also cause eye and nose symptoms.
12 /19
If you get a lot of headaches, too much caffeine may be why. In moderation, caffeine often helps. It's in many headache medications. But chain-chugging coffee or sodas can cause headaches. If you want to stop using caffeine, ease off gradually. Quitting suddenly can make things worse: Caffeine withdrawal is another headache trigger.
13 /19
By doing this, you may be able to stop headaches before they start. The best way is to keep a headache diary. Every day, note the foods you eat, stressful events, weather changes, and physical activity. Whenever you have a headache, jot down the time it starts and stops. This will help you find patterns so you can avoid your triggers. There are also phone apps you can use to identify your triggers.
14 /19
Many people find that if they cut stress, they can manage migraines or tension headaches better. You can't control everything, but you can change how you respond to the things that concern you. Look into classes or read a book on stress management, meditation, or massage. Anything healthy that helps you relax, problem-solve, and recharge is good to try.
15 /19
Exercise is a powerful stress reliever. You can do anything you like. Walking is a great choice. When you walk, the swinging motion of your arms tends to relax the muscles in your neck and shoulders. Breaking up those knots gets at the root of some headaches.
16 /19
No more hunger headaches! Eating good-for-you meals throughout the day (with smaller portions, so you don’t eat too much) will keep your blood sugar on an even keel. Try to pair a protein with a complex carbohydrate, such as peanut butter on whole-grain bread or a chicken breast with brown rice. Also, sip enough fluids, since dehydration can also give you a headache.
17 /19
If you get tension headaches, physical therapy will help relax your neck muscles and give you new habits that lead to better posture.
You might also want to look into acupuncture. It’s not a proven fix, but it could be something to try if other treatments haven’t helped.
Also, a type of counseling called behavioral therapy could help you manage stress, which can worsen or bring on headaches.
18 /19
Over-the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen work well against many types of headaches. But using these medicines daily, or nearly every day, can bring on medication overuse headaches or rebound headaches -- headache pain that returns as soon as the pills have worn off. For frequent or severe headaches, ask your doctor what would help.
19 /19
If you get a new headache that is unusually severe or lasts longer than usual, see a doctor. Tell her if your headache pattern changes, such as if they happen more often or if you have new triggers. Call 911 if you have a severe, sudden headache (out of the blue or after an accident or head injury), or if you also have vision changes, trouble talking, movement problems, confusion, seizure, a fever, or a stiff neck.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/ss/slideshow-headache-triggers | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Surprising Headache and Migraine Triggers | 1 /19
Anything (or anyone) that boosts your stress level can make you more vulnerable to tension headaches or migraines. Doctors don't know exactly how it happens. Many things may be involved, including certain nerves in the brain that relay pain messages and may be extra sensitive. Changes within the brain itself may also be involved in migraine headaches.
2 /19
Temperature changes can make a migraine more likely. Whether it's a heat wave or a cold snap, the change can trigger a headache. Sunny, hot days can do that, too. Rain or changes in barometric pressure also may lead to headaches. While you can't change the weather, you can wear sunglasses on a bright day, stay hydrated, and avoid the midday sun.
3 /19
Strong smells, even nice ones, trigger migraines in many people. Why this happens is unclear. The most common offenders are paint, perfume, and certain types of flowers.
4 /19
Ouch! How you wear your hair can take a toll on your head. A too-tight ponytail may strain the connective tissue in the scalp, leading to a hairdo headache. Headbands, braids, and tight-fitting hats can do that, too. If this is the cause of your headache, you’ll usually get fast relief if you let your hair down.
5 /19
Strenuous activity can sometimes lead to headaches. Examples include jogger's headache and even a sex headache. These types of headaches are most common in people who are likely to get migraines. Call 911 if you get a severe headache suddenly after doing something that's physically hard, or if it's your first headache of this kind and you also get vomiting, double vision, or a rigid neck.
6 /19
Slouching builds up pressure in the head and neck muscles. Do you hunch your shoulders, use a chair with no lower-back support, or stare at a monitor that is too low or too high? If you have frequent tension headaches, changing these things could help.
7 /19
A migraine trigger for some people is aged cheese, including blue cheese, cheddar, Parmesan, and Swiss. The problem may be a substance called tyramine. The longer a food ages, the more tyramine it has.
8 /19
Tyramine is also in red wine and other alcoholic drinks. Other ingredients in wine can contribute to headaches as well. Because alcohol boosts blood flow to the brain, the effects may be even more intense. Try sipping sparkling water or another non
- alcoholic drink.
9 /19
Cold cuts and other processed meats often contain tyramine and food additives such as nitrites, which may trigger headaches in some people. If you think this could be a trigger for you, try taking these foods out of your diet for a while to see if it makes a difference.
10 /19
Hunger headaches aren’t always obvious. If you don’t eat, your head could start to ache before you realize you’re hungry. The trouble is likely a dip in blood sugar. But don’t try to cure a hunger headache with a candy bar. Sweets cause blood sugar to spike and then drop even lower.
11 /19
Smoking may trigger headaches, and not just for the person holding the cigarette. Secondhand smoke contains nicotine, which causes blood vessels in the brain to narrow. Giving up cigarettes or staying away from secondhand smoke helps a lot if you get cluster headaches. These are extremely painful headaches that happen on one side of your head. They can also cause eye and nose symptoms.
12 /19
If you get a lot of headaches, too much caffeine may be why. In moderation, caffeine often helps. It's in many headache medications. But chain-chugging coffee or sodas can cause headaches. If you want to stop using caffeine, ease off gradually. Quitting suddenly can make things worse: Caffeine withdrawal is another headache trigger.
13 /19
By doing this, you may be able to stop headaches before they start. The best way is to keep a headache diary. Every day, note the foods you eat, stressful events, weather changes, and physical activity. Whenever you have a headache, jot down the time it starts and stops. This will help you find patterns so you can avoid your triggers. There are also phone apps you can use to identify your triggers.
14 /19
Many people find that if they cut stress, they can manage migraines or tension headaches better. You can't control everything, but you can change how you respond to the things that concern you. Look into classes or read a book on stress management, meditation, or massage. Anything healthy that helps you relax, problem-solve, and recharge is good to try.
15 /19
Exercise is a powerful stress reliever. You can do anything you like. Walking is a great choice. When you walk, the swinging motion of your arms tends to relax the muscles in your neck and shoulders. Breaking up those knots gets at the root of some headaches.
16 /19
No more hunger headaches! Eating good-for-you meals throughout the day (with smaller portions, so you don’t eat too much) will keep your blood sugar on an even keel. Try to pair a protein with a complex carbohydrate, such as peanut butter on whole-grain bread or a chicken breast with brown rice. Also, sip enough fluids, since dehydration can also give you a headache.
17 /19
If you get tension headaches, physical therapy will help relax your neck muscles and give you new habits that lead to better posture.
You might also want to look into acupuncture. It’s not a proven fix, but it could be something to try if other treatments haven’t helped.
Also, a type of counseling called behavioral therapy could help you manage stress, which can worsen or bring on headaches.
18 /19
Over-the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen work well against many types of headaches. But using these medicines daily, or nearly every day, can bring on medication overuse headaches or rebound headaches -- headache pain that returns as soon as the pills have worn off. For frequent or severe headaches, ask your doctor what would help.
19 /19
If you get a new headache that is unusually severe or lasts longer than usual, see a doctor. Tell her if your headache pattern changes, such as if they happen more often or if you have new triggers. Call 911 if you have a severe, sudden headache (out of the blue or after an accident or head injury), or if you also have vision changes, trouble talking, movement problems, confusion, seizure, a fever, or a stiff neck.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/ss/slideshow-headache-triggers | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Compression Headache: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment | What is a compression headache?
A compression headache is a type of headache that starts when you wear something tight across your forehead or scalp. Hats, goggles, and headbands are common culprits. These headaches are sometimes referred to as external compression headaches since they involve pressure from something outside your body.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms of a compression headache, why they happen, and what you can do for relief.
HEALTHLINE NEWSLETTER
Stay ahead of migraine. Sign up for our newsletter.
Get the latest news on meds and treatments, plus diet and stress management tips to help manage triggers delivered straight to your inbox - once a week!
Your privacy is important to us
A compression headache feels like intense pressure coupled with moderate pain. You’ll feel the most pain in the part of your head that’s under pressure. If you’re wearing goggles, for example, you might feel pain across the front of your forehead or near your temples.
The pain tends to increase the longer you wear the compressing object.
Compression headaches are often easy to recognize because they usually start within an hour of putting something on your head.
Other signs of a compression headache include:
- pain that’s steady, not pulsing
- not having any other symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness
- pain that goes away within an hour of removing the source of pressure
Compression headaches can turn into migraines in people who are already prone to getting migraines . Symptoms of a migraine include:
- throbbing pain on one or both sides of your head
- sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes touch
- nausea, vomiting
- blurred vision
A compression headache starts when a tight object placed on or around your head puts pressure on nerves under your skin. The trigeminal nerve and occipital nerves are often affected. These are cranial nerves that send signals from your brain to your face and the back of your head.
Anything that presses on your forehead or scalp can cause a compression headache, including these types of headgear:
- football, hockey, or baseball helmets
- police or military helmets
- hard hats used for construction
- swim or protective goggles
- headbands
- tight hats
While everyday objects can cause compression headaches, such headaches aren’t actually that common. Only about
of people get them.
- are female
- get migraines
In addition, some people are just more sensitive than others to pressure on their head.
Generally, you don’t need to see a doctor for compression headaches. The pain usually goes away once you remove the source of pressure.
However, if you find that the pain keeps coming back, even when you’re not wearing anything on your head, make an appointment with your doctor. They may ask you some of the following questions during your appointment:
- When did the headaches start?
- How long have you been having them?
- What were you doing when they started?
- Were you wearing anything on your head when they started? What were you wearing?
- Where is the pain located?
- What does it feel like?
- How long does the pain last?
- What makes the pain worse? What makes it better?
- What other symptoms, if any, do you have?
Based on your answers, they may do some of the following tests to rule out any underlying causes of your headaches: | https://www.healthline.com/health/compression-headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | External compression headache - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|External compression headache|
|A photo of motorcyle helmets , a type of headwear that can cause external-compression headaches if worn tightly for long periods|
|Specialty||Neurology|
External compression headache is caused by any type of headwear . This includes headwear that places pressure on the head — including tight hats, helmets , headbands , wigs and other artificial hair accessories, headphones and goggles . It is not known why some people are more sensitive than others to this type of pressure. External compression headaches can affect anyone who uses headwear. The headaches are more common among people who have migraines . It is believed to affect about four percent of the population. It is also referred to as "swim goggle headache".
These headaches can be brought on by such innocuous sources as wearing a halter top (presses against the neck), earplugs (presses against the jaw and inner ear), or wearing even a tiny hair clip (compresses the scalp). There is no known preventive treatment except to avoid the offending trigger. However, once symptoms arise and the trigger is removed, triptan-type migraine treatment is effective. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_compression_headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | External compression headache - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|External compression headache|
|A photo of motorcyle helmets , a type of headwear that can cause external-compression headaches if worn tightly for long periods|
|Specialty||Neurology|
External compression headache is caused by any type of headwear . This includes headwear that places pressure on the head — including tight hats, helmets , headbands , wigs and other artificial hair accessories, headphones and goggles . It is not known why some people are more sensitive than others to this type of pressure. External compression headaches can affect anyone who uses headwear. The headaches are more common among people who have migraines . It is believed to affect about four percent of the population. It is also referred to as "swim goggle headache".
These headaches can be brought on by such innocuous sources as wearing a halter top (presses against the neck), earplugs (presses against the jaw and inner ear), or wearing even a tiny hair clip (compresses the scalp). There is no known preventive treatment except to avoid the offending trigger. However, once symptoms arise and the trigger is removed, triptan-type migraine treatment is effective. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_compression_headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | External compression headache - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|External compression headache|
|A photo of motorcyle helmets , a type of headwear that can cause external-compression headaches if worn tightly for long periods|
|Specialty||Neurology|
External compression headache is caused by any type of headwear . This includes headwear that places pressure on the head — including tight hats, helmets , headbands , wigs and other artificial hair accessories, headphones and goggles . It is not known why some people are more sensitive than others to this type of pressure. External compression headaches can affect anyone who uses headwear. The headaches are more common among people who have migraines . It is believed to affect about four percent of the population. It is also referred to as "swim goggle headache".
These headaches can be brought on by such innocuous sources as wearing a halter top (presses against the neck), earplugs (presses against the jaw and inner ear), or wearing even a tiny hair clip (compresses the scalp). There is no known preventive treatment except to avoid the offending trigger. However, once symptoms arise and the trigger is removed, triptan-type migraine treatment is effective. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_compression_headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Surprising Headache and Migraine Triggers | 1 /19
Anything (or anyone) that boosts your stress level can make you more vulnerable to tension headaches or migraines. Doctors don't know exactly how it happens. Many things may be involved, including certain nerves in the brain that relay pain messages and may be extra sensitive. Changes within the brain itself may also be involved in migraine headaches.
2 /19
Temperature changes can make a migraine more likely. Whether it's a heat wave or a cold snap, the change can trigger a headache. Sunny, hot days can do that, too. Rain or changes in barometric pressure also may lead to headaches. While you can't change the weather, you can wear sunglasses on a bright day, stay hydrated, and avoid the midday sun.
3 /19
Strong smells, even nice ones, trigger migraines in many people. Why this happens is unclear. The most common offenders are paint, perfume, and certain types of flowers.
4 /19
Ouch! How you wear your hair can take a toll on your head. A too-tight ponytail may strain the connective tissue in the scalp, leading to a hairdo headache. Headbands, braids, and tight-fitting hats can do that, too. If this is the cause of your headache, you’ll usually get fast relief if you let your hair down.
5 /19
Strenuous activity can sometimes lead to headaches. Examples include jogger's headache and even a sex headache. These types of headaches are most common in people who are likely to get migraines. Call 911 if you get a severe headache suddenly after doing something that's physically hard, or if it's your first headache of this kind and you also get vomiting, double vision, or a rigid neck.
6 /19
Slouching builds up pressure in the head and neck muscles. Do you hunch your shoulders, use a chair with no lower-back support, or stare at a monitor that is too low or too high? If you have frequent tension headaches, changing these things could help.
7 /19
A migraine trigger for some people is aged cheese, including blue cheese, cheddar, Parmesan, and Swiss. The problem may be a substance called tyramine. The longer a food ages, the more tyramine it has.
8 /19
Tyramine is also in red wine and other alcoholic drinks. Other ingredients in wine can contribute to headaches as well. Because alcohol boosts blood flow to the brain, the effects may be even more intense. Try sipping sparkling water or another non
- alcoholic drink.
9 /19
Cold cuts and other processed meats often contain tyramine and food additives such as nitrites, which may trigger headaches in some people. If you think this could be a trigger for you, try taking these foods out of your diet for a while to see if it makes a difference.
10 /19
Hunger headaches aren’t always obvious. If you don’t eat, your head could start to ache before you realize you’re hungry. The trouble is likely a dip in blood sugar. But don’t try to cure a hunger headache with a candy bar. Sweets cause blood sugar to spike and then drop even lower.
11 /19
Smoking may trigger headaches, and not just for the person holding the cigarette. Secondhand smoke contains nicotine, which causes blood vessels in the brain to narrow. Giving up cigarettes or staying away from secondhand smoke helps a lot if you get cluster headaches. These are extremely painful headaches that happen on one side of your head. They can also cause eye and nose symptoms.
12 /19
If you get a lot of headaches, too much caffeine may be why. In moderation, caffeine often helps. It's in many headache medications. But chain-chugging coffee or sodas can cause headaches. If you want to stop using caffeine, ease off gradually. Quitting suddenly can make things worse: Caffeine withdrawal is another headache trigger.
13 /19
By doing this, you may be able to stop headaches before they start. The best way is to keep a headache diary. Every day, note the foods you eat, stressful events, weather changes, and physical activity. Whenever you have a headache, jot down the time it starts and stops. This will help you find patterns so you can avoid your triggers. There are also phone apps you can use to identify your triggers.
14 /19
Many people find that if they cut stress, they can manage migraines or tension headaches better. You can't control everything, but you can change how you respond to the things that concern you. Look into classes or read a book on stress management, meditation, or massage. Anything healthy that helps you relax, problem-solve, and recharge is good to try.
15 /19
Exercise is a powerful stress reliever. You can do anything you like. Walking is a great choice. When you walk, the swinging motion of your arms tends to relax the muscles in your neck and shoulders. Breaking up those knots gets at the root of some headaches.
16 /19
No more hunger headaches! Eating good-for-you meals throughout the day (with smaller portions, so you don’t eat too much) will keep your blood sugar on an even keel. Try to pair a protein with a complex carbohydrate, such as peanut butter on whole-grain bread or a chicken breast with brown rice. Also, sip enough fluids, since dehydration can also give you a headache.
17 /19
If you get tension headaches, physical therapy will help relax your neck muscles and give you new habits that lead to better posture.
You might also want to look into acupuncture. It’s not a proven fix, but it could be something to try if other treatments haven’t helped.
Also, a type of counseling called behavioral therapy could help you manage stress, which can worsen or bring on headaches.
18 /19
Over-the counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen work well against many types of headaches. But using these medicines daily, or nearly every day, can bring on medication overuse headaches or rebound headaches -- headache pain that returns as soon as the pills have worn off. For frequent or severe headaches, ask your doctor what would help.
19 /19
If you get a new headache that is unusually severe or lasts longer than usual, see a doctor. Tell her if your headache pattern changes, such as if they happen more often or if you have new triggers. Call 911 if you have a severe, sudden headache (out of the blue or after an accident or head injury), or if you also have vision changes, trouble talking, movement problems, confusion, seizure, a fever, or a stiff neck.
Share | https://www.webmd.com/migraines-headaches/ss/slideshow-headache-triggers | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Compression Headache: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment | What is a compression headache?
A compression headache is a type of headache that starts when you wear something tight across your forehead or scalp. Hats, goggles, and headbands are common culprits. These headaches are sometimes referred to as external compression headaches since they involve pressure from something outside your body.
Read on to learn more about the symptoms of a compression headache, why they happen, and what you can do for relief.
HEALTHLINE NEWSLETTER
Stay ahead of migraine. Sign up for our newsletter.
Get the latest news on meds and treatments, plus diet and stress management tips to help manage triggers delivered straight to your inbox - once a week!
Your privacy is important to us
A compression headache feels like intense pressure coupled with moderate pain. You’ll feel the most pain in the part of your head that’s under pressure. If you’re wearing goggles, for example, you might feel pain across the front of your forehead or near your temples.
The pain tends to increase the longer you wear the compressing object.
Compression headaches are often easy to recognize because they usually start within an hour of putting something on your head.
Other signs of a compression headache include:
- pain that’s steady, not pulsing
- not having any other symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness
- pain that goes away within an hour of removing the source of pressure
Compression headaches can turn into migraines in people who are already prone to getting migraines . Symptoms of a migraine include:
- throbbing pain on one or both sides of your head
- sensitivity to light, sound, and sometimes touch
- nausea, vomiting
- blurred vision
A compression headache starts when a tight object placed on or around your head puts pressure on nerves under your skin. The trigeminal nerve and occipital nerves are often affected. These are cranial nerves that send signals from your brain to your face and the back of your head.
Anything that presses on your forehead or scalp can cause a compression headache, including these types of headgear:
- football, hockey, or baseball helmets
- police or military helmets
- hard hats used for construction
- swim or protective goggles
- headbands
- tight hats
While everyday objects can cause compression headaches, such headaches aren’t actually that common. Only about
of people get them.
- are female
- get migraines
In addition, some people are just more sensitive than others to pressure on their head.
Generally, you don’t need to see a doctor for compression headaches. The pain usually goes away once you remove the source of pressure.
However, if you find that the pain keeps coming back, even when you’re not wearing anything on your head, make an appointment with your doctor. They may ask you some of the following questions during your appointment:
- When did the headaches start?
- How long have you been having them?
- What were you doing when they started?
- Were you wearing anything on your head when they started? What were you wearing?
- Where is the pain located?
- What does it feel like?
- How long does the pain last?
- What makes the pain worse? What makes it better?
- What other symptoms, if any, do you have?
Based on your answers, they may do some of the following tests to rule out any underlying causes of your headaches: | https://www.healthline.com/health/compression-headache | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Why Do Hats Give me Headaches? 9 Tips to Avoid Headaches after Wearing Hats! - Hats Info | Hats can add great value to your personality and are super convenient headgear. Many people feel severe headaches after wearing hats for a long period. If your hat fits snugly on your head , it puts a lot of pressure on the nerves, contributing to pain and discomfort afterward. If you are facing the same issue and wearing hats has become a task for you, then you are not alone. Many people face the same problem while wearing hats.
Table of Contents
Do you feel pain in your head after wearing hats and go like Why Do Hats Give me Heachaches? Don’t worry! In this article, we will explain why headache happens after wearing hats. Alongside the reasons, you will also find some tricks to avoid the pain.
Many reasons can cause headaches after wearing a hat, and the size of the hat outweighs all.
You might not be aware of this term before. If you get a headache after wearing hats and don’t realize where it comes from. This information might help you!
Headaches can be caused due to many clinical reasons. The headache you feel while wearing hats falls in the category of Compression Headache. This headache happens when certain pressure gets on your head outside your body. The main factors creating this headache are snug and heavy headgear, including hats, headbands, goggles, etc.
These are some of the reasons behind the pain and discomfort you experience while wearing hats;
Getting the right size of hat is important. A hat that is too tight for your head can create a lot of tension. Not just tight caps cause stress in the nerves of your head, resulting in extreme pain. Alongside putting pressure on your scalp, such tight hats can cause tingling, numbness, and pain that can last for hours. Generally, this is low-intensity pain that results in compression headaches. This pain ideally goes away by taking certain medications or painkillers.
However, it can worsen if you keep wearing a tight hat even after feeling the pain.
One of the reasons you feel head pain is that you either wear a hat on your wet hair or a sweaty hat/headband. Both conditions cause sinus headaches which can lead to intense migraines. Sinus headache is a condition that occurs when you cover your wet hair with a towel for too long, or you get to bed right after showering.
Not just this, if you get sweat during hot weather conditions, you should not be wearing a hat. Sinus headaches can be tough and might ruin your whole day.
So, if you wear a hat on wet hair or keep wearing it even if it gets sweaty , the headache comes from here.
Your choice of styling your hair while wearing a hat plays a great role in causing headaches. If you tie your hair in a ponytail under a hat, it irritates your nerves beneath. Some people can tie their hair tightly as it starts hurting the moment after.
Doing a tight ponytail, bun, or braids and then putting a hat on them; both conditions damage your hair follicle. Excessive pulling of your hair irritates the strand and makes your roots weak and fragile. It can lead to extreme hair fall as well.
One of the reasons for having a headache can be Allodynia. It’s a condition that causes a type of neuropathic pain. People who have this condition are sensitive to touch. Even the slightest thing, like brushing hair, can trigger the pain.
So, if you feel a headache by wearing a hat that is not even tight, you may have Allodynia that you are unaware of.
Many people have an allergy to materials like synthetic fibers or polyester. Since many hats are made from such materials, allergic reactions have become very common. Such materials can trigger the allergy by causing immense tingling, burning sensation, and pain. You should always wear hats made from hypoallergenic materials like cotton or wool if you are allergic to other materials.
These are the reasons that lead to severe headaches after wearing a hat.
You can prevent headaches by choosing the right hat and following some tips.
- Give your head some rest by taking off the hat from your head for a while. Let your hair breathe. Do not constantly wear a hat throughout the day.
- Choose the right hat size . Do not wear a hat that is too tight. Know your accurate hat size. You can also measure your hat size from our hat calculator.
- Do not wear a hat during extremely hot weather. It can create a lot of sweat and discomfort.
- Avoid wearing a hat on wet hair; it can cause sinus headaches.
- If your hat or sweatband gets wet with excessive sweat, remove it.
- Be careful while choosing the hat material. Ideally, it should be cotton or wool.
- If you are allergic to synthetic fiber and polyester, do not wear hats made from such material.
- If you have a history of Allodynia, you should not wear hats more often.
- Avoid doing tight hairstyles under a hat; it damages the hair follicles.
Hats can be a great fashion accessory, but they can also turn into real discomfort and pain. If you are tired of the headaches caused by wearing hats, then this article will have surely helped you. Why Do Hats Give me Headache is no more a concern for you. Follow these tips, enjoy a pain-free experience, and rock the day with your favorite hat! | https://hatsinfo.com/why-do-hats-give-me-headaches/ | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Why Hats Can Give You a Headache - 5 Reasons - Hat Realm | If you suffer from frequent headaches and aren’t sure why, it’s possible that something as simple as a hat or a cap could be the main culprit. You may not even be aware of the pressure a hat can put on your head. But, why would wearing hats give you a headache?
Here are 5 reasons why hats can give you a headache:
- Hats can trigger allodynia.
- Tightly worn hats can add pressure to your scalp.
- Hats can pull hair and irritate the follicles.
- Moist or wet hats can lead to sinus pain.
- Certain hat materials can cause allergic reactions.
This article will discuss how wearing hats can lead to headaches and what you can do to prevent them.
It may feel a little silly to get a headache because of a hat. However, there are several potential reasons why wearing certain hats, or hats altogether, may trigger headaches and discomfort. If you find yourself suffering from headaches due to wearing hats, it might be time to seek out medical assistance or rethink your favorite accessory.
Let’s break down some of the reasons why you could experience headaches due to wearing hats.
- Hats Can Trigger Allodynia
While you may have never felt any discomfort from other headgear, a seemingly harmless hat can sometimes trigger headaches. Your skin may become sensitive to being covered completely and you may feel a headache coming on.
Mostly, when you get a headache from wearing a hat, the hat isn’t always to blame. A previous injury that may have gone unnoticed, a medical disorder, or even a pressed, pinched nerve can lead to mild or severe headaches.
- Tightly Worn Hats Can Add Pressure to Your Scalp
Hats that are too tight can often cause tingling, numbness, and pain, which can last hours if you don’t take the right course of action.
Known as external compression headaches, these occur when added pressure to your head triggers the pain receptors from your face to your brain, causing headaches. People with these headaches usually experience a moderate level of constant pain that typically goes away with pain medication and treatment.
However, the pain can become worse overtime if you persist in keeping the hat as tight as it was.
- Hats Can Pull Hair and Irritate the Follicles
Also known as a ponytail headache , hats can cause this type of headache if you keep your hair pulled back and in the same position for long periods of time.
Keep in mind, hair does not contain nerves. But your scalp and follicles underneath it does. Pulling on your scalp can disturb those nerves and cause headaches, which can become full-on migraines if you do not give your scalp some rest.
A word of advice would be to not use your hat as a hair-styling accessory, otherwise it will affect your hair strength and increase the risk of headaches.
- Moist or Wet Hats Can Lead to Sinus Pain
If you’ve ever experienced a sinus headache because of wet hair or a wet towel kept on for too long, you can imagine how bad a wet hat can be.
Wearing a sweaty hat for too long or keeping your wet hair covered with a hat can also lead to headaches and sinus pain, which can then evolve into migraines. The best thing here is to keep your hair dry and to not wear a hat if you get sweaty or if your hair is wet, otherwise it will trigger a headache.
- Certain Hat Materials Can Cause Allergic Reactions
Hats are typically made of cotton or wool, which are hypoallergenic. But, you’ll also find that many hats on the market are made from synthetic fibers, such as polyester, and therein lies the problem.
Allergic reactions to polyester and other synthetic fibers are quite common. So, while you think you’re wearing a simple hat, the fabric can actually be triggering an allergy, and one of the symptoms can include a headache.
You can prevent headaches by wearing hats less frequently, or not at all. For aesthetic purposes, there are plenty of hair accessories that may give you a look you desire. If you wear hats for functionality, an umbrella may serve the same purpose, only in a more extensive area.
Or, you can prevent headaches by only wearing hats properly. Get a hat that fits your head circumference. If you have scalp sensitivity , leave your head as is and don’t disturb your skin with any accessories or headwear. Any wrong fabric or even liquids used to wash those fabrics could end up triggering your scalp. | https://www.hatrealm.com/why-hats-can-give-you-a-headache-5-reasons/ | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | 5 Ways Hats Cause Headaches (Real Causes) | Hats are produced in all shapes and sizes, and because of this they all fit differently on different people.
If you are someone that suffers from headaches and wonder if a hat is the cause then it is time to examine the type and style that you have.
Another big issue is how do you have your hair whilst wearing a hat?
Wearing your hair in a pony tail will make your hat feel tighter, so not a smart idea while wearing a hat. This tightness may affect your head and cause your headache during the day.
In this article we are going to through in detail about hats and what you can do to stop headaches from occurring in your life. Stick around if you want to know the answers!
Table Of Contents
The simple answer you can receive a headache from wearing a hat and there are three ways this can happen as below-
Hats are way too tight for your head
If you buy a hat that is not the correct size, this will pull on your scalp which will cause the pressure to turn into a compression headache. This type of headache will be constant and will not go away until you stop wearing the hat. (this is the most common reason)
Allodynia
Allodynia is felt by any light touch to the skin, and this includes by wearing a hat. Anyone that suffers from this will experience a headache from the fabric touching your head and is considered or felt like a migraine.
Damage to the hair follicle
Depending on how you wear your hair, this may affect the hair follicles in your scalp. If you pull your hair back into a ponytail for instance, and then wear a hat, this is not the best idea.
The nerves under your scalp will become irritated when a hat or hair being pulled too tight, causing the headaches.
Wet Hair Under Hat
Having wet hair or a wet hat band can cause headaches in some people. This is normally related to a sinus headache, which is similar to someone who has wet hair and goes to bed with their hair wet.
The best thing to do is to dry your hair first before putting any hat on to avoid this from happening.
Allergic Reactions
Hats are made with many different fabrics and this includes straw, wool, tweed, cotton and felt. If a person has any allergic reaction to any of these fabrics this would also cause a headache in this person.
In the world there are about 50 different types of hats out there that people wear. Below are a list of the main types and whether they will be likely to give you a headache or not.
Size and the wrong fit is normally the culprit for a headache whilst wearing a hat. If this is your problem, we will have a solution for this for you.
Fedora: This hat is usually made in Felt/Leather or Cotton/straw fabrics. This type of hat normally has a band inside. If it is a leather band inside the brim this can make the hat very tight. A cotton band inside the hat is softer on your scalp. If this type of hat is too tight with the size or band, you will need to have it stretched to fit your head size.
Baseball Cap: As there are two type of baseball cap, if it is one that has a adjustable strap then this can be adjusted to fit your head. The other type that is a straight back cap then this may be too tight for your head.
This type will need to either be replaced with a bigger size (if too tight) or stretched with a hat stretcher to fit comfortably. Or if it is adjustable then just adjust the back to make the hat bigger in size.
Trilby: Trilby’s are normally made from cotton/straw, leather or felt fabrics. The hat normally has a cotton or leather band inside. The band inside can make the hat tight around your head especially if it is leather. If this is the case you will need to have this hat stretched or look for a bigger size.
Pork Pie: Is normally made from Straw, Cotton, Leather or Felt fabrics. Like Fedoras or Trilbys they can also have either a leather or cotton band inside the hat. If your pork pie is tight because of the band then you may have to have it stretched or go a bigger size.
Flat Cap: Are made in many fabrics that include cotton, leather, straw, felt or tweed. Some flat caps have an adjustable back and others are a fitted back. A flat cap with a adjustable back can be adjusted to make the whole cap larger.
If the cap doesn’t have a adjustable back, then the cap will need to be stretched larger or purchase larger size.
Beanie: Any beanie will feel tight when you first buy one. It will stretch out over time as the fabrics are normally cotton or wool. If you are finding it too tight you will need to stretch it with your hands or on a milliners block or hat stretcher.
Cloche: Cloches are made in either felt or wool. This type of hat is pulled very low down on your head. If the size is too small, it may feel uncomfortable for you.
Some wool cloches will stretch naturally, but any felt ones you will need to make sure the size is not too small to be comfortable.
Please Note: All hats can be adjusted to the correct size. If you purchase a hat that is too small then it is best to always buy a bigger size in the beginning. Or there are online hat stretchers that you can buy on Amazon.
Beanie’s are made usually from wool or acrylic materials and are usually only made in one size which makes them different from other styles of hats.
Beanie’s are very tight to begin with and this type of hat needs to be worn in. This can sometimes take a full week of wearing a beanie in before it stretches and becomes more comfortable for you to wear.
If after wearing it in for a week and you still think it is unbearable than perhaps a different sort of hat that is not as “hugging” over your scalp like a fedora in a larger or adjustable size.
If you are prone to headaches and are worried about wearing a beanie, the best thing to do with a brand-new beanie is to stretch it manually with either a milliners hat block or a hat stretcher
Stretch it manually with either a milliners hat block or a hat stretcher OR Wear it in yourself, or get a family or friend to wear it in for you.
A hatband is placed inside a hat by a milliner to catch any sweat that comes off your body when it gets hot. This is designed to stop any sweat actually ruining the actual hat, so the sweat just goes into the hat band and not into the fabric.
In some people when a hat gets wet or has sweat inside a hat. This wetness can cause headaches. If you notice that this is happening to you it is probably best to try and not wear a hat in any hot weather as this is what makes people sweat. | https://stylegoto.com/5-ways-hats-cause-headaches/ | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Hats and Hairstyles - Cause For Headaches? | With spring just about here, many people are pulling baseball caps and visors out of the closet and wearing them outside in an effort to shield their faces from the sun. While protecting the skin from the sun’s rays is important, keep in mind that hats or visors that feel tight around the head can also cause headache in some people. If the hat fits a little too snugly, it may be pressing on some nerves and consequently causing a headache for the wearer. By simply taking the hat or visor off, most people see their headaches resolve quickly.
Hair extensions, and weaving hairstyles have become popular with many people. The tubes and clips, as well as tightly woven braiding used in creating these fashion statements can contribute to headache as well.
So, while enjoying your summer hats and styles, be mindful that some of them may bring on head pain. | https://chicagoheadacheclinic.com/hats-visors-hair-extensions-cause-for-headaches/ | 16 |
can a tight hat give you a headache | Tension headache - Symptoms and causes | A tension-type headache (TTH) is generally a mild to moderate pain that's often described as feeling like a tight band around the head. A tension-type headache is the most common type of headache, yet its causes aren't well understood.
Treatments for tension-type headaches are available. Managing a tension-type headache is often a balance between practicing healthy habits, finding effective nondrug treatments and using medications appropriately.
Signs and symptoms of a tension-type headache include:
- Dull, aching head pain
- Sensation of tightness or pressure across the forehead or on the sides and back of the head
- Tenderness in the scalp, neck and shoulder muscles
Tension-type headaches are divided into two main categories — episodic and chronic.
Episodic tension-type headaches can last from 30 minutes to a week. Frequent episodic tension-type headaches occur less than 15 days a month for at least three months. Frequent episodic tension-type headaches may become chronic.
This type of tension-type headache lasts hours and may be continuous. If your headaches occur 15 or more days a month for at least three months, they're considered chronic.
Tension-type headaches can be difficult to distinguish from migraines. Plus, if you have frequent episodic tension-type headaches, you can also have migraines.
Unlike some forms of migraine, tension-type headaches usually aren't associated with visual disturbances, nausea or vomiting. Although physical activity typically aggravates migraine pain, it doesn't make tension-type headache pain worse. An increased sensitivity to either light or sound can occur with a tension-type headache, but this symptom isn't common.
If tension-type headaches disrupt your life or you need to take medication for your headaches more than twice a week, see your doctor.
Even if you have a history of headaches, see your doctor if the pattern changes or your headaches suddenly feel different. Occasionally, headaches may indicate a serious medical condition, such as a brain tumor or rupture of a weakened blood vessel (aneurysm).
If you have any of these signs or symptoms, seek emergency care:
- Abrupt, severe headache
- Headache with a fever, stiff neck, mental confusion, seizures, double vision, weakness, numbness or speaking difficulties
- Headache after a head injury, especially if the headache gets worse
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The cause of tension-type headaches is not known. Experts used to think tension-type headaches stemmed from muscle contractions in the face, neck and scalp, perhaps as a result of heightened emotions, tension or stress. But research suggests that muscle contraction isn't the cause.
The most common theory supports a heightened sensitivity to pain in people who have tension-type headaches. Increased muscle tenderness, a common symptom of tension-type headaches, may result from a sensitized pain system.
Stress is the most commonly reported trigger for tension-type headaches.
Because tension-type headaches are so common, their effect on job productivity and overall quality of life is considerable, particularly if they're chronic. The frequent pain may render you unable to attend activities. You might need to stay home from work, or if you do go to your job, your ability to function may be impaired.
In addition to regular exercise, techniques such as biofeedback training and relaxation therapy can help reduce stress.
- Biofeedback training. This technique teaches you to control certain body responses that help reduce pain. During a biofeedback session, you're connected to devices that monitor and give you feedback on body functions such as muscle tension, heart rate and blood pressure. You then learn how to reduce muscle tension and slow your heart rate and breathing yourself.
- Cognitive behavioral therapy. This type of talk therapy may help you learn to manage stress and may help reduce the frequency and severity of your headaches.
- Other relaxation techniques. Anything that helps you relax, including deep breathing, yoga, meditation and progressive muscle relaxation, may help your headaches. You can learn relaxation techniques in classes or at home using books, videos or apps.
Using medications in conjunction with stress management techniques may be more effective than either treatment alone in reducing your tension-type headaches.
Additionally, living a healthy lifestyle may help prevent headaches:
- Get enough, but not too much, sleep.
- Don't smoke.
- Exercise regularly.
- Eat regular, balanced meals.
- Drink plenty of water.
- Limit alcohol, caffeine and sugar. | https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/tension-headache/symptoms-causes/syc-20353977 | 16 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | Exhibits - The Leonardo | The Leonardo’s exhibits are immersive experiences that inspire visitors. Both educational and fun, our exhibits are designed around fascinating subjects from the perspectives of science, technology, engineering, art and math. With interactives and self-guided activities, we invite every visitor to explore for themselves, because we believe that is the only way the human mind grows.
The Leonardo believes that learning goes beyond seeing. That is why we have several “make spaces” for our visitors to apply knowledge into action. Whether it is art, engineering, or even more technical pursuits, we have a destination area that should get your creative juices flowing. | https://theleonardo.org/exhibits/ | 17 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | The Leonardo (Salt Lake City) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
|Established||October 8, 2011|
|Location||Salt Lake City , Utah|
|Type||Museum: Interactive, Science & Art|
|Visitors||~175,000 annually, over 1,000,000 since est.|
|Website|| www |
The Leonardo, located in downtown Salt Lake City , Utah , United States is a science and art museum where visitors can explore the ways that science, technology, art, and creativity connect. The museum opened its doors on October 8, 2011. [1]
The educational philosophy of the museum is inspired by the Renaissance figure Leonardo da Vinci because of his willingness to follow his curiosity and his general belief that the arts and sciences were a part of the same enterprise. The museum is founded on the idea that Leonardo's approach is even more relevant today, as it has become harder to synthesize the incredible amount of information available to us in the modern age.
The Leonardo is run by a board of directors and an internal staff. [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leonardo_(Salt_Lake_City)#:~:text=The%20Leonardo%2C%20located%20in%20downtown%20Salt%20Lake%20City%2C,sciences%20were%20a%20part%20of%20the%20same%20enterprise. | 17 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | The Leonardo Home - The Leonardo | Join us for the best immersive exhibition in Salt Lake City
Van Gogh 360’ brings together over 300 of the artist’s most popular works in a dynamic and truly engaging digital art experience that is not to be missed. | https://theleonardo.org/ | 17 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | The Leonardo Museum (Salt Lake City) | Complete Guide & Things to Do There | The Leonardo Museum is one of the best things to do with kids in Salt Lake City, Utah . Located in Library Square, this museum combines art, science, and creativity. It was inspired by Leonardo Da Vinci because he believed that art and science were of the same entity. Not only are there ever-changing exhibits , which means you can go multiple times for new experiences, but they hold youth programs, special events, and more. Before planning your trip, check out our guide of things to do there and easy tips!
Table of Contents
The Leonardo Museum opened its doors in October 2011. Since then, it’s been a wonderful exhibit that is often visited during field trips and special events. But even if you aren’t going with your child’s school, this is a great place to visit. Their philosophy is that science, creativity, art, and technology can combine for world-renowned exhibits. And, they’re successful. They change out their exhibits, have fun trivia nights, and even cater to those who have special sensory needs on Mondays, making it a museum that’s friendly for all.
The Leonardo Museum is located at 209 E 500 S, Salt Lake City, UT 84111 . It is in downtown Salt Lake City right in the heart of the city. You can find it on the corner of Library Square . It is a modern building that is often lit up with different colors, but during the day, it’s all concrete.
If you’re coming from south of Salt Lake City, take I-15 North until you hit the 600 South exit in salt Lake City. Then, head east toward the mountains, turning left of 200 East.
If you’re coming from north of Salt Lake City, take I-15 South until you get to the 400 South exit. Then, head east, turning right onto 200 East.
Click here to get a map with directions wherever you’re located!
Sunday 10 AM – 5 PM
Monday 10 AM – 5 PM
Tuesday 10 AM – 5 PM
Wednesday 10 AM – 5 PM
Thursday 10 AM – 5 PM
Friday 10 AM – 5 PM
Saturday 10 AM – 5 PM
The one downside of the Leonardo Museum is figuring out parking. If you’re looking for free parking, that’s only available on the weekends with the free 2-hour meter parking. If it’s not a weekend, you’ll have to pay the meter parking . Library Square also has underground parking that you can pay for by the hour.
When it comes to ticket prices for the Leonardo Museum, it varies depending on the exhibits and activities that you’re going to. The Leonardo Museum has general exhibits called Flights, Mines to Vines, Alive, Perception, and the Innovation Showcase. This also includes daily special events. Some of these are:
- Easy Experiments
- Pilot in Training
- Leonardo Museum Tour
- Pop Up Camps
- And more
However, the Leonardo Museum also has special exhibits that change throughout the year . These are traveling exhibits seen at some of the top museums in the country. Some of these exhibits are Pompeii, which includes real artifacts from the Pompeii disaster. These get changed about every six months, and the exhibit is always fresh and new.
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General Admission tickets:
Adults (16-64) $12.95
Kids (3-15) $8.95
Kids under 3 Free
Seniors (65+) $9.95
Student & Military $9.95
Special Exhibits (also includes general admission activities)
Adults (16-64) $25.00
Kids (3-15) $20.00
Kids under 3 Free
Seniors (65+) $22.00
Student & Military $22.00
You may think that there are not enough fun things to do at the Leonardo Museum, but that couldn’t be further from the truth! You’ll be able to spend hours at the many exhibits and fun activities that are provided there.
The Flight exhibit is one of the most popular general admission exhibits at the Leonardo museum. This explores the history of human flight, from first flight to today’s airplanes and space flights. There are plenty of interactive exhibits , like hopping in a huge aircraft, doing a flight simulation, or going into the Tunnel of Dreams. Then, you can do the pilot in training course too.
Many don’t think about the impact of landmines, but in this exhibit, it’s unavoidable. Partnered with human rights activists, this exhibit explores how to reclaim the spaces that are ruined from landmines of the past wars. You can plant your own seed of peace after looking at the many things being done around the world today.
Science combined with human emotions and feelings, this exhibit at the Leonardo Museum explores the main components that make us human and how it affects us all. You can test your abilities, read all about the brain, and the poetry of life.
Did you know that your mind leaves things out? By isolating different senses, this exhibit teaches an important lesson about how your mind can manipulate your surroundings . This exhibit is perfect for adults or teens, but younger kids may like the tactile boxes where they can feel different things in boxes.
This exhibit explores all the amazing things that have been invented in Utah. From the frisbee to amazing women inventors, you’ll get a look into Utah’s history and see just how interesting it is. This spans from thousands of years back to today, so there’s a lot to look at.
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Every few months, they switch out their special exhibit. Until June 2020, the exhibit is Pompeii. Because these exhibits are so popular, you should expect to have fairly long lines and wait times. It’s always a new and exciting activity!
There are also special activities that the Leonardo Museum hosts, including:
- Sensory Mondays: The first Monday of every month, the museum is free to those with special sensory processing delays. The museum will be transformed to accommodate sensory specialities.
- Trivia Night: Ages 13+ can enjoy trivia the second Friday of each month. Play by yourself or with a group!
- Tech Take Apart: Once a month in the summer, they hold tech take apart. This is where all ages can explore taking apart pieces of tech, like printers and more.
- Make and Take: Every Saturday, visitors can make a small experiment or craft and take it home with them.
- Little Leo Mondays: Once a month, they hold a special event for preschool-aged children to explore STEAM activities.
If you get hungry and are looking for restaurants near the Leonardo museum, you’re in luck! There are plenty of quick bites nearby. The Leonardo Museum actually has a restaurant inside the museum called Salt Bistro . It has very good reviews and is mostly sandwiches and quick bites. If you’re looking for something closeby after the museum, there’s the delicious Mexican restaurant Taco Taco . Or a modern, sit down restaurant serving up mouth-watering Italian dishes is Cannella’s . You can’t go wrong with any of these places!
- Go on the weekend to get free 2-hour parking
- Explore the many general exhibits
- Don’t miss out on the fun activities that are scheduled each day
- If you’re doing the special exhibit, plan for long wait times
- Grab a quick bite afterward for a fun day in downtown Salt Lake City!
If you’re looking for fun things to do in Salt Lake City, the Leonardo Museum is one you’ll have to visit. Whether you’re going with your family or for date night, there’s something for everyone at this museum. And if you’re in the process of moving to Salt Lake City, we’d love to do the heavy lifting for you! Wasatch Moving Co. is the best Salt Lake City moving company, so give us a call for a free quote!
Jared Beckstead is the owner and operator of the three branches servicing the entire Wasatch Front. Established in 2014, Wasatch Moving Company has performed more than 10,000 Residential and Commercial moves. With quality customer care, we look forward to delivering an honest service at a fair price!
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All Fields Are Required | https://wasatchmovingco.com/blog/leonardo-museum-complete-guide/ | 17 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | The Leonardo (Salt Lake City) | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
|Established||October 8, 2011|
|Location||Salt Lake City , Utah|
|Type||Museum: Interactive, Science & Art|
|Visitors||~175,000 annually, over 1,000,000 since est.|
|Website|| www |
The Leonardo, located in downtown Salt Lake City , Utah , United States is a science and art museum where visitors can explore the ways that science, technology, art, and creativity connect. The museum opened its doors on October 8, 2011. [1]
The educational philosophy of the museum is inspired by the Renaissance figure Leonardo da Vinci because of his willingness to follow his curiosity and his general belief that the arts and sciences were a part of the same enterprise. The museum is founded on the idea that Leonardo's approach is even more relevant today, as it has become harder to synthesize the incredible amount of information available to us in the modern age.
The Leonardo is run by a board of directors and an internal staff. [1] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leonardo_(Salt_Lake_City) | 17 |
what is the leonardo in salt lake city | The Leonardo Museum of Creativity and Innovation | We live in a rapidly-changing, highly connected world that asks each citizen to be more curious, more informed and more engaged. The Leonardo seeks to reflect and respond to this new world by creating an innovative, dynamic space that builds fluency and knowledge, ignites the creative imagination of visitors of all ages, and inspires them to see and act in new and powerful ways. Connect Pass includes one general admission ticket. Private Event Rentals available.
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- Must start using within 90 days of purchase
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- Must start using within 90 days of purchase
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- Valid for one year after first use
- Valid for 365 Days starting on purchase date
- Instant delivery for easy access
- Mobile and print-at-home options
- Valid for 72 hours after first use
- Must start using within 90 days of purchase
- Instant delivery for easy access
- Mobile and print-at-home options
- Valid for 24 hours after first use
- Must start using within 90 days of purchase
- Instant delivery for easy access
- Mobile and print-at-home options | https://www.visitsaltlake.com/listing/the-leonardo-museum-of-creativity-and-innovation/54927/ | 17 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George H. Gallup, Founder | 1901-1984 | George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion -- which evolved into Gallup -- in 1935. His legacy of integrity and independence has made Gallup among the most famous and trusted brand names in the world.
Throughout his life, Dr. Gallup remained committed to learning and reporting "the will of the people." Gallup today employs more than 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world to provide analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems by knowing more than any other organization about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students, and citizens.
Born in Jefferson, Iowa, on Nov. 18, Dr. Gallup has been consistently recognized as one of the world's greatest Americans, including awards from Life (1990) as one of The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20 th century and Atlantic (2006) as one of The 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time.
Dr. Gallup earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, and his doctorate, at the University of Iowa, and taught college courses in journalism at Drake University, Northwestern University, and Columbia University -- conducting the first national survey of magazines to find out which ads attracted the most attention.
In 1932, Dr. Gallup joined advertising firm Young & Rubicam in New York as head of its marketing and copy research departments, establishing the first nationwide radio audience measurement using a technique he originated. Later, he developed the impact method, a recall procedure now widely used to measure television and print advertising effectiveness, and in the 1940s pioneered a research program for Hollywood movie studios that culminated in forecasts of box office receipts.
While at Young & Rubicam, Dr. Gallup began his work in the field of public opinion and election forecasting. He was inspired in part by the desire to help his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, win election and then re-election twice as Iowa's first female secretary of state.
Dr. Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of Gallup, in Princeton, N.J., in 1935. To ensure his independence and objectivity, Dr. Gallup resolved that he would undertake no polling that was paid for or sponsored in any way by special-interest groups such as the Republican and Democratic parties -- a principle Gallup upholds to this day.
Dr. Gallup's initial breakthrough occurred in 1936, when he correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency -- directly contradicting The Literary Digest , the poll of record at the time. With national newspaper syndication of the "The Gallup Poll" and almost daily references in the press, "Gallup" soon became a household word.
The topics covered by The Gallup Poll during Dr. Gallup's lifetime closely reflected the turbulent events of this period. He sought the public's views on reform in education, in the criminal justice system, and in politics, including a better way of seeking out the ablest men and women for high political office.
Dr. Gallup never tired of saying that there were billions of ways to live a life and that each one should be studied. Among his most ambitious projects was a global survey conducted in 1976 to determine the quality of life in all areas of the world, a study that sampled populations embracing two-thirds of the world's population. And in the late 1970s, he conducted an international values study that dealt with the social, moral, and religious attitudes of the peoples of most major European countries, including the Eastern bloc, and around the world. Today, Gallup's World Poll of more than 160 countries, which are home to 98% of the world's population, continues this noble mission.
For more information about Dr. Gallup, visit The Gallup House.
Today, Gallup employs over 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world committed to providing analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems -- by knowing more about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organization. | https://www.gallup.com/corporate/178136/george-gallup.aspx | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George H. Gallup, Founder | 1901-1984 | George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion -- which evolved into Gallup -- in 1935. His legacy of integrity and independence has made Gallup among the most famous and trusted brand names in the world.
Throughout his life, Dr. Gallup remained committed to learning and reporting "the will of the people." Gallup today employs more than 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world to provide analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems by knowing more than any other organization about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students, and citizens.
Born in Jefferson, Iowa, on Nov. 18, Dr. Gallup has been consistently recognized as one of the world's greatest Americans, including awards from Life (1990) as one of The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20 th century and Atlantic (2006) as one of The 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time.
Dr. Gallup earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, and his doctorate, at the University of Iowa, and taught college courses in journalism at Drake University, Northwestern University, and Columbia University -- conducting the first national survey of magazines to find out which ads attracted the most attention.
In 1932, Dr. Gallup joined advertising firm Young & Rubicam in New York as head of its marketing and copy research departments, establishing the first nationwide radio audience measurement using a technique he originated. Later, he developed the impact method, a recall procedure now widely used to measure television and print advertising effectiveness, and in the 1940s pioneered a research program for Hollywood movie studios that culminated in forecasts of box office receipts.
While at Young & Rubicam, Dr. Gallup began his work in the field of public opinion and election forecasting. He was inspired in part by the desire to help his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, win election and then re-election twice as Iowa's first female secretary of state.
Dr. Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of Gallup, in Princeton, N.J., in 1935. To ensure his independence and objectivity, Dr. Gallup resolved that he would undertake no polling that was paid for or sponsored in any way by special-interest groups such as the Republican and Democratic parties -- a principle Gallup upholds to this day.
Dr. Gallup's initial breakthrough occurred in 1936, when he correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency -- directly contradicting The Literary Digest , the poll of record at the time. With national newspaper syndication of the "The Gallup Poll" and almost daily references in the press, "Gallup" soon became a household word.
The topics covered by The Gallup Poll during Dr. Gallup's lifetime closely reflected the turbulent events of this period. He sought the public's views on reform in education, in the criminal justice system, and in politics, including a better way of seeking out the ablest men and women for high political office.
Dr. Gallup never tired of saying that there were billions of ways to live a life and that each one should be studied. Among his most ambitious projects was a global survey conducted in 1976 to determine the quality of life in all areas of the world, a study that sampled populations embracing two-thirds of the world's population. And in the late 1970s, he conducted an international values study that dealt with the social, moral, and religious attitudes of the peoples of most major European countries, including the Eastern bloc, and around the world. Today, Gallup's World Poll of more than 160 countries, which are home to 98% of the world's population, continues this noble mission.
For more information about Dr. Gallup, visit The Gallup House.
Today, Gallup employs over 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world committed to providing analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems -- by knowing more about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organization. | https://www.gallup.com/corporate/178136/george-gallup.aspx | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George H. Gallup, Founder | 1901-1984 | George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion -- which evolved into Gallup -- in 1935. His legacy of integrity and independence has made Gallup among the most famous and trusted brand names in the world.
Throughout his life, Dr. Gallup remained committed to learning and reporting "the will of the people." Gallup today employs more than 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world to provide analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems by knowing more than any other organization about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students, and citizens.
Born in Jefferson, Iowa, on Nov. 18, Dr. Gallup has been consistently recognized as one of the world's greatest Americans, including awards from Life (1990) as one of The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20 th century and Atlantic (2006) as one of The 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time.
Dr. Gallup earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, and his doctorate, at the University of Iowa, and taught college courses in journalism at Drake University, Northwestern University, and Columbia University -- conducting the first national survey of magazines to find out which ads attracted the most attention.
In 1932, Dr. Gallup joined advertising firm Young & Rubicam in New York as head of its marketing and copy research departments, establishing the first nationwide radio audience measurement using a technique he originated. Later, he developed the impact method, a recall procedure now widely used to measure television and print advertising effectiveness, and in the 1940s pioneered a research program for Hollywood movie studios that culminated in forecasts of box office receipts.
While at Young & Rubicam, Dr. Gallup began his work in the field of public opinion and election forecasting. He was inspired in part by the desire to help his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, win election and then re-election twice as Iowa's first female secretary of state.
Dr. Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of Gallup, in Princeton, N.J., in 1935. To ensure his independence and objectivity, Dr. Gallup resolved that he would undertake no polling that was paid for or sponsored in any way by special-interest groups such as the Republican and Democratic parties -- a principle Gallup upholds to this day.
Dr. Gallup's initial breakthrough occurred in 1936, when he correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency -- directly contradicting The Literary Digest , the poll of record at the time. With national newspaper syndication of the "The Gallup Poll" and almost daily references in the press, "Gallup" soon became a household word.
The topics covered by The Gallup Poll during Dr. Gallup's lifetime closely reflected the turbulent events of this period. He sought the public's views on reform in education, in the criminal justice system, and in politics, including a better way of seeking out the ablest men and women for high political office.
Dr. Gallup never tired of saying that there were billions of ways to live a life and that each one should be studied. Among his most ambitious projects was a global survey conducted in 1976 to determine the quality of life in all areas of the world, a study that sampled populations embracing two-thirds of the world's population. And in the late 1970s, he conducted an international values study that dealt with the social, moral, and religious attitudes of the peoples of most major European countries, including the Eastern bloc, and around the world. Today, Gallup's World Poll of more than 160 countries, which are home to 98% of the world's population, continues this noble mission.
For more information about Dr. Gallup, visit The Gallup House.
Today, Gallup employs over 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world committed to providing analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems -- by knowing more about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organization. | https://www.gallup.com/corporate/178136/george-gallup.aspx | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research | George Gallup (1901-1984) was an American pioneer in the field of public opinion. The polling organization he founded became synonymous with public opinion research.
A native of Iowa, George Gallup studied journalism as an undergraduate at the University of Iowa. He later attained his Ph.D. there with a thesis titled “An Objective Method for Determining Reader Interest in the Content of a Newspaper”. After teaching journalism at Iowa, Drake, and Northwestern universities, George joined Young and Rubicam, the largest advertising agency in the country, at 31. As the Director of Research, George developed several methods to measure nationwide radio audience as well as advertising effectiveness. In 1932, George correctly predicted, in the first scientific political survey ever conducted, that his mother-in-law would win Secretary of State in Iowa. This triumph led him to establish the American Institute of Public Opinion in 1935, a polling organization that conducted the Gallup Poll, a weekly survey.
Gallup’s breakthrough moment was the 1936 presidential election. His organization correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would win the Depression Era election while The Literary Digest, an influential national magazine, incorrectly predicted Alf Landon would win. By systematically sampling the public to success, Gallup quickly gained credibility, rising to the top of the new field of public opinion.
Yet twelve years later, Gallup’s organization suffered its heaviest defeat when it incorrectly predicted that Thomas Dewey would comfortably win the 1948 election over Harry Truman. George Gallup believed that this error was due to ending their polling three weeks prior to the election and learned from his mistakes. By 1958 George grouped the multiple polling operations he had started, including American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll) and British Institute of Public Opinion, into The Gallup Organization, which still operates today.
George Gallup worked closely with Elmo Roper on establishing the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. His generosity in archiving his data at the new institution ensured that the collection would be central to any study of the history of public opinion in the future.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, Gallup led the growing polling industry in an expansive growth of both size and content. By 1975, it was estimated that 1 in 9 Americans over the age of 19 had been surveyed. The Gallup Poll’s findings had become a national commodity for the news media. Some of the survey questions Gallup designed, such as “What is the most important problem facing the country?” had become staple polling questions and provided essential data on trends in American opinion. During this time, George also led the Gallup Poll in expanding their questions to get America’s pulse on more than just policy issues. Surveys on consumer preferences, religious beliefs, and political ideology became an integral part of Gallup’s work to lead the industry with the most comprehensive survey data.
As George gained a reputation for being one of America’s leading pollsters, he attracted the attention of many politicians. During the 1960s, JFK, George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller and other consulted with Gallup on their presidential campaigns.
Gallup’s organization conducted private polls to give candidates insight into their chance of success and the issues America wanted them to focus on. However, this relationship soon came under criticism, with some charging that Gallup’s organization was using these private polls to influence candidates. Gallup responded by suggesting that if politicians pay attention to poll results they are simply acclimating themselves with the views of the American public, not being intentionally influenced by pollsters. Nonetheless, The Gallup Organization ceased conducting private polls for politicians and has since stressed the nonpartisan nature of their work.
In the years since, Gallup’s polls have had a significant impact in both the public and private sphere. Gallup Polls have given politicians data on public support of policy measures, helped corporations decide how to best market their products, and provided sociologists with insight into what America does with its leisure time.
Serving as the Chairman of the Board of the Gallup Organization until his death in 1984, George always sought to capture America’s opinion on a wide range of topics because he believed that many of the problems we faced in society could aided and solved by understanding the attitudes and opinions of the American individual. As a leader of the public opinion industry, George pioneered the concept that today’s opinion is tomorrow’s decision.
The Gallup data collection is part of the Roper Center archive. | http://ropercenter.cornell.edu/pioneers-polling/george-gallup | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | Roper Center for Public Opinion Research | George Gallup (1901-1984) was an American pioneer in the field of public opinion. The polling organization he founded became synonymous with public opinion research.
A native of Iowa, George Gallup studied journalism as an undergraduate at the University of Iowa. He later attained his Ph.D. there with a thesis titled “An Objective Method for Determining Reader Interest in the Content of a Newspaper”. After teaching journalism at Iowa, Drake, and Northwestern universities, George joined Young and Rubicam, the largest advertising agency in the country, at 31. As the Director of Research, George developed several methods to measure nationwide radio audience as well as advertising effectiveness. In 1932, George correctly predicted, in the first scientific political survey ever conducted, that his mother-in-law would win Secretary of State in Iowa. This triumph led him to establish the American Institute of Public Opinion in 1935, a polling organization that conducted the Gallup Poll, a weekly survey.
Gallup’s breakthrough moment was the 1936 presidential election. His organization correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would win the Depression Era election while The Literary Digest, an influential national magazine, incorrectly predicted Alf Landon would win. By systematically sampling the public to success, Gallup quickly gained credibility, rising to the top of the new field of public opinion.
Yet twelve years later, Gallup’s organization suffered its heaviest defeat when it incorrectly predicted that Thomas Dewey would comfortably win the 1948 election over Harry Truman. George Gallup believed that this error was due to ending their polling three weeks prior to the election and learned from his mistakes. By 1958 George grouped the multiple polling operations he had started, including American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll) and British Institute of Public Opinion, into The Gallup Organization, which still operates today.
George Gallup worked closely with Elmo Roper on establishing the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research. His generosity in archiving his data at the new institution ensured that the collection would be central to any study of the history of public opinion in the future.
Through the 1960s and 1970s, Gallup led the growing polling industry in an expansive growth of both size and content. By 1975, it was estimated that 1 in 9 Americans over the age of 19 had been surveyed. The Gallup Poll’s findings had become a national commodity for the news media. Some of the survey questions Gallup designed, such as “What is the most important problem facing the country?” had become staple polling questions and provided essential data on trends in American opinion. During this time, George also led the Gallup Poll in expanding their questions to get America’s pulse on more than just policy issues. Surveys on consumer preferences, religious beliefs, and political ideology became an integral part of Gallup’s work to lead the industry with the most comprehensive survey data.
As George gained a reputation for being one of America’s leading pollsters, he attracted the attention of many politicians. During the 1960s, JFK, George Romney, Nelson Rockefeller and other consulted with Gallup on their presidential campaigns.
Gallup’s organization conducted private polls to give candidates insight into their chance of success and the issues America wanted them to focus on. However, this relationship soon came under criticism, with some charging that Gallup’s organization was using these private polls to influence candidates. Gallup responded by suggesting that if politicians pay attention to poll results they are simply acclimating themselves with the views of the American public, not being intentionally influenced by pollsters. Nonetheless, The Gallup Organization ceased conducting private polls for politicians and has since stressed the nonpartisan nature of their work.
In the years since, Gallup’s polls have had a significant impact in both the public and private sphere. Gallup Polls have given politicians data on public support of policy measures, helped corporations decide how to best market their products, and provided sociologists with insight into what America does with its leisure time.
Serving as the Chairman of the Board of the Gallup Organization until his death in 1984, George always sought to capture America’s opinion on a wide range of topics because he believed that many of the problems we faced in society could aided and solved by understanding the attitudes and opinions of the American individual. As a leader of the public opinion industry, George pioneered the concept that today’s opinion is tomorrow’s decision.
The Gallup data collection is part of the Roper Center archive. | http://ropercenter.cornell.edu/pioneers-polling/george-gallup | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George H. Gallup, Founder | 1901-1984 | George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion -- which evolved into Gallup -- in 1935. His legacy of integrity and independence has made Gallup among the most famous and trusted brand names in the world.
Throughout his life, Dr. Gallup remained committed to learning and reporting "the will of the people." Gallup today employs more than 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world to provide analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems by knowing more than any other organization about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students, and citizens.
Born in Jefferson, Iowa, on Nov. 18, Dr. Gallup has been consistently recognized as one of the world's greatest Americans, including awards from Life (1990) as one of The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20 th century and Atlantic (2006) as one of The 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time.
Dr. Gallup earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, and his doctorate, at the University of Iowa, and taught college courses in journalism at Drake University, Northwestern University, and Columbia University -- conducting the first national survey of magazines to find out which ads attracted the most attention.
In 1932, Dr. Gallup joined advertising firm Young & Rubicam in New York as head of its marketing and copy research departments, establishing the first nationwide radio audience measurement using a technique he originated. Later, he developed the impact method, a recall procedure now widely used to measure television and print advertising effectiveness, and in the 1940s pioneered a research program for Hollywood movie studios that culminated in forecasts of box office receipts.
While at Young & Rubicam, Dr. Gallup began his work in the field of public opinion and election forecasting. He was inspired in part by the desire to help his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, win election and then re-election twice as Iowa's first female secretary of state.
Dr. Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of Gallup, in Princeton, N.J., in 1935. To ensure his independence and objectivity, Dr. Gallup resolved that he would undertake no polling that was paid for or sponsored in any way by special-interest groups such as the Republican and Democratic parties -- a principle Gallup upholds to this day.
Dr. Gallup's initial breakthrough occurred in 1936, when he correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency -- directly contradicting The Literary Digest , the poll of record at the time. With national newspaper syndication of the "The Gallup Poll" and almost daily references in the press, "Gallup" soon became a household word.
The topics covered by The Gallup Poll during Dr. Gallup's lifetime closely reflected the turbulent events of this period. He sought the public's views on reform in education, in the criminal justice system, and in politics, including a better way of seeking out the ablest men and women for high political office.
Dr. Gallup never tired of saying that there were billions of ways to live a life and that each one should be studied. Among his most ambitious projects was a global survey conducted in 1976 to determine the quality of life in all areas of the world, a study that sampled populations embracing two-thirds of the world's population. And in the late 1970s, he conducted an international values study that dealt with the social, moral, and religious attitudes of the peoples of most major European countries, including the Eastern bloc, and around the world. Today, Gallup's World Poll of more than 160 countries, which are home to 98% of the world's population, continues this noble mission.
For more information about Dr. Gallup, visit The Gallup House.
Today, Gallup employs over 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world committed to providing analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems -- by knowing more about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organization. | https://www.gallup.com/corporate/178136/george-gallup.aspx | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George Gallup - Wikipedia | For his son, see George Gallup Jr.
George Gallup
|Born|
George Horace Gallup
November 18, 1901
Jefferson, Iowa , United States
|Died|| July 26, 1984 (aged 82) |
|Alma mater||University of Iowa|
|Occupation||Statistician|
|Known for||Gallup poll|
George Horace Gallup (November 18, 1901 – July 26, 1984) was an American pioneer of survey sampling techniques and inventor of the Gallup poll , a successful statistical method of survey sampling for measuring public opinion .
Gallup was born in Jefferson, Iowa , the son of Nettie Quella (Davenport) and George Henry Gallup, a dairy farmer. As a teen, George Jr., known then as "Ted", would deliver milk and used his salary to start a newspaper at the high school, where he also played football. His higher education took place at the University of Iowa , where he was a football player, a member of the Iowa Beta chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity, and editor of The Daily Iowan , an independent newspaper which serves the university campus. He earned his B.A. in 1923, his M.A. in 1925 and his Ph.D. in 1928. [1]
He then moved to Des Moines, Iowa , where he served as head of the Department of Journalism at Drake University until 1931. That year, he moved to Evanston, Illinois , as a professor of journalism and advertising at Northwestern University . The next year, he moved to New York City to join the advertising agency of Young and Rubicam as director of research (later serving as vice president from 1937 to 1947). He was also a professor of journalism at Columbia University , but he had to give up this position shortly after he formed his own polling company, the American Institute of Public Opinion (Gallup Poll), in 1935. [2]
Gallup is often credited as the developer of public polling. In 1932, Gallup did some polling for his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller , a candidate who was a long shot from winning a position as Iowa Secretary of State . With the Democratic landslide of that year, she won a stunning victory, furthering Gallup's interest in politics. [3]
In 1936, his new organization achieved national recognition by correctly predicting, from the replies of only 50,000 respondents, that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alf Landon in the U.S. Presidential election. This was in direct contradiction to the widely-respected Literary Digest magazine whose poll based on over two million returned questionnaires predicted that Landon would be the winner. Not only did Gallup get the election right, he correctly predicted the results of the Literary Digest poll, as well as using a random sample smaller than theirs but chosen to match it.
Twelve years later, his organization had its moment of greatest ignominy, when it predicted that Thomas Dewey would defeat Harry S. Truman in the 1948 election , by between 5% and 15%; Truman won the election by 4.5%. Gallup believed the error was mostly due to his decision to end polling three weeks before Election Day, thus failing to account for Truman's comeback.
In 1947, he launched the Gallup International Association , an international association of polling organizations. [4] With friends-cum-rivals Elmo Roper and Archibald Crossley , he was instrumental in the establishment of the Market Research Council, the National Council on Public Polls, and the American Association for Public Opinion Research . [5] In 1948, with Claude E. Robinson , he founded Gallup & Robinson , an advertising research company.
In 1958, Gallup grouped all of his polling operations under what became The Gallup Organization .
Gallup died in 1984 of a heart attack at his summer home in Tschingel ob Gunten , a village in the Bernese Oberland of Switzerland . He was buried in Princeton Cemetery . His wife died in 1988, and their son, writer and pollster George Gallup Jr. , died in 2011. [6] | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gallup | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | American Institute of Public Opinion Records | Dates: 1945-1952
The records of the American Institute of Public Opinion consist of press releases summarizing the results of Gallup Polls from 1945 to 1952. These public opinion surveys dealt with a wide variety of topics, including the popularity of President Harry S. Truman and his policies, the appointment of women as ambassadors, and the likelihood of a Third World War.
Size: Less than one-half of one linear foot (about 600 pages).
Access: Open.
Copyright: The library has received no donation of copyright interest in this collection.
Processed by: C. Warren Ohrvall (1972)
Updated by: Anna Rodriguez-Cotter (2002) as part of the Truman Library Internship Program .
Supervising Archivists: Carol Briley and Randy Sowell.
The American Institute of Public Opinion was founded by Dr. George Gallup in 1935. The stated purpose of this organization was "impartially to measure and report public opinion on political and social issues of the day without regard to the rightness or wisdom of the views expressed."
The institute conducted "Gallup polls" on a wide variety of issues. The results of these national surveys were then distributed to subscribing newspapers in the form of press releases.
The records of the American Institute of Public Opinion consist of press releases dating from May 11, 1945 to November 12, 1952. These press releases, which are arranged chronologically in a single series, present the results of Gallup polls conducted during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. Their author was Dr. George Gallup, the founder and director of the Institute, who used the press releases to summarize and interpret the results of his polls for American newspaper readers.
Gallup's national surveys reflected wide fluctuations in Mr. Truman's popularity, from an 87 percent approval rating in July 1945 to a 23 percent rating in December 1951. In many of the polls, Truman was matched against other actual or potential candidates for president in the 1948 and 1952 elections. In his press release of November 1, 1948, Gallup confidently predicted that Governor Thomas E. Dewey would win the next day's presidential election by a substantial margin. Truman's upset victory led to an investigation of the Institute's polling procedures, and in subsequent press releases Gallup sought to explain what had gone wrong, and suggested various improvements.
Other polls measured the extent of public support for such Truman administration initiatives as the Marshall Plan, aid to Greece, civil rights legislation, federal aid to education, national health insurance, and the appointment of a U.S. diplomatic representative to the Vatican. Gallup's pollsters also asked respondents to identify the person they most admired, and what they liked most and least about President Truman. Additional surveys dealt with the danger of a Third World War, how the Korean War should be funded, and whether women should be appointed as ambassadors. Results were sometimes broken down by gender, region of the country, and profession. A few Gallup polls dealing with issues of international importance were taken in European countries.
More information about public opinion polls and the 1948 campaign can be found at the Truman Library in the papers of Clark M. Clifford and in the records of the Democratic National Committee.
Container Nos.
Series
1
| PUBLIC OPINION NEWS SERVICE RELEASES, 1945 - 1952 |
Press releases summarizing Gallup Poll results on major issues during the Truman administration. Arranged chronologically.
PUBLIC OPINION NEWS SERVICE RELEASES, 1945-1952
Box 1 | https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/personal-papers/american-institute-public-opinion-records | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | American Institute of Public Opinion | American survey corporation | American survey corporation
…first questions asked by the American Institute of Public Opinion, later to be called the Gallup Poll, was “Are Federal expenditures for relief and recovery too great, too little, or about right?” To this, 60 percent of the sample replied that they were too great, only 9 percent thought they…
…Switzerland), American public-opinion statistician whose Gallup Poll became almost synonymous with public-opinion surveys. Gallup helped to advance the public’s trust in survey research in 1936 when he, Elmo Roper, and Archibald Crossley, acting independently but using similar sampling methods, accurately forecast the victory of Franklin D. Roosevelt over Alfred M.
Written and fact-checked by The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
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measurement , the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena. Measurement is fundamental to the sciences; to engineering , construction, and other technical fields; and to almost all everyday activities. For that reason the elements, conditions, limitations , and theoretical foundations of measurement have been much studied. See also measurement system for a comparison of different systems and the history of their development.
Measurements may be made by unaided human senses, in which case they are often called estimates, or, more commonly, by the use of instruments, which may range in complexity from simple rules for measuring lengths to highly sophisticated systems designed to detect and measure quantities entirely beyond the capabilities of the senses, such as radio waves from a distant star or the magnetic moment of a subatomic particle . (See instrumentation .)
Measurement begins with a definition of the quantity that is to be measured, and it always involves a comparison with some known quantity of the same kind. If the object or quantity to be measured is not accessible for direct comparison, it is converted or “transduced” into an analogous measurement signal. Since measurement always involves some interaction between the object and the observer or observing instrument, there is always an exchange of energy, which, although in everyday applications is negligible, can become considerable in some types of measurement and thereby limit accuracy.
In general, measuring systems comprise a number of functional elements. One element is required to discriminate the object and sense its dimensions or frequency. This information is then transmitted throughout the system by physical signals. If the object is itself active, such as water flow, it may power the signal; if passive, it must trigger the signal by interaction either with an energetic probe, such as a light source or X-ray tube , or with a carrier signal. Eventually the physical signal is compared with a reference signal of known quantity that has been subdivided or multiplied to suit the range of measurement required. The reference signal is derived from objects of known quantity by a process called calibration. The comparison may be an analog process in which signals in a continuous dimension are brought to equality. An alternative comparison process is quantization by counting, i.e., dividing the signal into parts of equal and known size and adding up the number of parts.
Other functions of measurement systems facilitate the basic process described above. Amplification ensures that the physical signal is strong enough to complete the measurement. In order to reduce degradation of the measurement as it progresses through the system, the signal may be converted to coded or digital form. Magnification, enlarging the measurement signal without increasing its power, is often necessary to match the output of one element of the system with the input of another, such as matching the size of the readout meter with the discerning power of the human eye .
One important type of measurement is the analysis of resonance , or the frequency of variation within a physical system. This is determined by harmonic analysis , commonly exhibited in the sorting of signals by a radio receiver. Computation is another important measurement process, in which measurement signals are manipulated mathematically, typically by some form of analog or digital computer . Computers may also provide a control function in monitoring system performance.
Measuring systems may also include devices for transmitting signals over great distances (see telemetry ). All measuring systems, even highly automated ones, include some method of displaying the signal to an observer. Visual display systems may comprise a calibrated chart and a pointer, an integrated display on a cathode-ray tube , or a digital readout. Measurement systems often include elements for recording. A common type utilizes a writing stylus that records measurements on a moving chart. Electrical recorders may include feedback reading devices for greater accuracy.
The actual performance of measuring instruments is affected by numerous external and internal factors. Among external factors are noise and interference, both of which tend to mask or distort the measurement signal. Internal factors include linearity, resolution, precision , and accuracy, all of which are characteristic of a given instrument or system, and dynamic response, drift, and hysteresis , which are effects produced in the process of measurement itself. The general question of error in measurement raises the topic of measurement theory.
Measurement theory is the study of how numbers are assigned to objects and phenomena, and its concerns include the kinds of things that can be measured, how different measures relate to each other, and the problem of error in the measurement process. Any general theory of measurement must come to grips with three basic problems: error; representation, which is the justification of number assignment; and uniqueness, which is the degree to which the kind of representation chosen approaches being the only one possible for the object or phenomenon in question.
Various systems of axioms , or basic rules and assumptions, have been formulated as a basis for measurement theory. Some of the most important types of axioms include axioms of order, axioms of extension, axioms of difference, axioms of conjointness, and axioms of geometry . Axioms of order ensure that the order imposed on objects by the assignment of numbers is the same order attained in actual observation or measurement. Axioms of extension deal with the representation of such attributes as time duration, length, and mass, which can be combined, or concatenated, for multiple objects exhibiting the attribute in question. Axioms of difference govern the measuring of intervals. Axioms of conjointness postulate that attributes that cannot be measured empirically (for example, loudness, intelligence, or hunger) can be measured by observing the way their component dimensions change in relation to each other. Axioms of geometry govern the representation of dimensionally complex attributes by pairs of numbers, triples of numbers, or even n -tuples of numbers.
The problem of error is one of the central concerns of measurement theory. At one time it was believed that errors of measurement could eventually be eliminated through the refinement of scientific principles and equipment. This belief is no longer held by most scientists, and almost all physical measurements reported today are accompanied by some indication of the limitation of accuracy or the probable degree of error. Among the various types of error that must be taken into account are errors of observation (which include instrumental errors, personal errors, systematic errors, and random errors), errors of sampling, and direct and indirect errors (in which one erroneous measurement is used in computing other measurements).
Measurement theory dates back to the 4th century bc , when a theory of magnitudes developed by the Greek mathematicians Eudoxus of Cnidus and Thaeatetus was included in Euclid ’s Elements . The first systematic work on observational error was produced by the English mathematician Thomas Simpson in 1757, but the fundamental work on error theory was done by two 18th-century French astronomers, Joseph-Louis Lagrange and Pierre-Simon Laplace . The first attempt to incorporate measurement theory into the social sciences also occurred in the 18th century, when Jeremy Bentham , a British utilitarian moralist, attempted to create a theory for the measurement of value. Modern axiomatic theories of measurement derive from the work of two German scientists, Hermann von Helmholtz and Otto Hölder, and contemporary work on the application of measurement theory to psychology and economics derives in large part from the work of Oskar Morgenstern and John von Neumann .
Since most social theories are speculative in nature, attempts to establish standard measuring sequences or techniques for them have met with limited success. Some of the problems involved in social measurement include the lack of universally accepted theoretical frameworks and thus of quantifiable measures, sampling errors, problems associated with the intrusion of the measurer on the object being measured, and the subjective nature of the information received from human subjects. Economics is probably the social science that has had the most success in adopting measurement theories, primarily because many economic variables (like price and quantity) can be measured easily and objectively. Demography has successfully employed measurement techniques as well, particularly in the area of mortality tables.
This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn .
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who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | George H. Gallup, Founder | 1901-1984 | George Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion -- which evolved into Gallup -- in 1935. His legacy of integrity and independence has made Gallup among the most famous and trusted brand names in the world.
Throughout his life, Dr. Gallup remained committed to learning and reporting "the will of the people." Gallup today employs more than 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world to provide analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems by knowing more than any other organization about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students, and citizens.
Born in Jefferson, Iowa, on Nov. 18, Dr. Gallup has been consistently recognized as one of the world's greatest Americans, including awards from Life (1990) as one of The 100 Most Important Americans of the 20 th century and Atlantic (2006) as one of The 100 Most Influential Americans of All Time.
Dr. Gallup earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, and his doctorate, at the University of Iowa, and taught college courses in journalism at Drake University, Northwestern University, and Columbia University -- conducting the first national survey of magazines to find out which ads attracted the most attention.
In 1932, Dr. Gallup joined advertising firm Young & Rubicam in New York as head of its marketing and copy research departments, establishing the first nationwide radio audience measurement using a technique he originated. Later, he developed the impact method, a recall procedure now widely used to measure television and print advertising effectiveness, and in the 1940s pioneered a research program for Hollywood movie studios that culminated in forecasts of box office receipts.
While at Young & Rubicam, Dr. Gallup began his work in the field of public opinion and election forecasting. He was inspired in part by the desire to help his mother-in-law, Ola Babcock Miller, win election and then re-election twice as Iowa's first female secretary of state.
Dr. Gallup founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of Gallup, in Princeton, N.J., in 1935. To ensure his independence and objectivity, Dr. Gallup resolved that he would undertake no polling that was paid for or sponsored in any way by special-interest groups such as the Republican and Democratic parties -- a principle Gallup upholds to this day.
Dr. Gallup's initial breakthrough occurred in 1936, when he correctly predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency -- directly contradicting The Literary Digest , the poll of record at the time. With national newspaper syndication of the "The Gallup Poll" and almost daily references in the press, "Gallup" soon became a household word.
The topics covered by The Gallup Poll during Dr. Gallup's lifetime closely reflected the turbulent events of this period. He sought the public's views on reform in education, in the criminal justice system, and in politics, including a better way of seeking out the ablest men and women for high political office.
Dr. Gallup never tired of saying that there were billions of ways to live a life and that each one should be studied. Among his most ambitious projects was a global survey conducted in 1976 to determine the quality of life in all areas of the world, a study that sampled populations embracing two-thirds of the world's population. And in the late 1970s, he conducted an international values study that dealt with the social, moral, and religious attitudes of the peoples of most major European countries, including the Eastern bloc, and around the world. Today, Gallup's World Poll of more than 160 countries, which are home to 98% of the world's population, continues this noble mission.
For more information about Dr. Gallup, visit The Gallup House.
Today, Gallup employs over 2,000 professionals in 30 offices around the world committed to providing analytics and advice to help leaders and organizations solve their most pressing problems -- by knowing more about "the will" of 7 billion employees, customers, students and citizens than any other organization. | https://www.gallup.com/corporate/178136/george-gallup.aspx | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | Measuring Public Opinion [ushistory.org] | George Gallup could be considered the "father of American polling." In 1935 he founded the American Institute for Public Opinion. His Gallup Organization continues to track America's opinions today.
It all started in 1932 when his mother-in-law ran for public office in Iowa. She was running against a popular incumbent , and everyone except him thought her candidacy was a lost cause. He polled her constituency, told her she could win, and gave her some advice. Hers was only the first of many elections he was to predict correctly.
His name was George Gallup — the founder of modern polling .
Since then, polling organizations have proliferated, so that they now play a vital role in American politics. They are able to measure public opinion so accurately because they have carefully developed some very precise methods.
For all the attention paid to them, public opinion polls often miss the mark. The most famous example was the 1948 presidential election, when pollsters predicted a landslide victory for Thomas E. Dewey. Instead, Harry Truman defeated Dewey by more than two million popular and 114 electoral votes.
Polls generally start when someone wants a political question answered. For example, a candidate may wonder, "How many people in my district know who I am and what I do?" Polls can give some answers, which can help him or her plan a campaign for office. Or a newspaper may want to know, "How do people in this country feel about big tobacco companies?" The publisher can commission a poll, and a reporter can base a story on the research findings. The pollsters then follow several important steps in gathering accurate statistics :
- Questions must be carefully and objectively worded .
For example, consider a question such as, "How much do you resent the deceptiveness of big tobacco companies?" You could hardly expect an accurate answer. Sometimes the slightest shift in the wording of a question can bring very different results.
- The sample must be randomly selected.
First, pollsters determine the universe, or the entire group whose attitudes they wish to measure. Since it is generally impossible to question everyone, they must use random sampling , a method of selection that gives each potential member of the universe the same chance of being selected. For example, if the universe is 30% urban, 40% Mexican American, and 50% male, so should the sample be.
- Respondents must be contacted in a cost efficient way.
However, accuracy cannot be sacrificed to efficiency. For example, a straw poll that asks television viewers to call in their opinions is generally not very accurate. After all, the people that call in usually feel very strongly about the issue. And some of them call in more than once. Telephone polls are probably used most commonly today, partly because of the capability of random-digit dialing.
Should politicians monitor the polls? Candidates have been criticized for "waffling" — shifting their positions based on the results of public opinion polls . But if a politicians is supposed to represent the true will of the people, shouldn't public opinion be highly regarded. Americans have different opinions about whether a leader is expected to use his or her own judgment or reflect the viewpoints of his or her constituency.
Poll results must be carefully and accurately compiled and reported. This is not always an easy task, especially for tracking polls that are measuring changing public opinion. A good example is an election poll . Statistics that are a week old are not usually very reliable when trying to predict a close presidential race.
Polls can never be completely accurate because a sample cannot replicate the universe exactly. Pollsters allow for this slight chance of inaccuracy with a margin of error . Standard samples of about 1,000 to 1,500 individuals can usually represent a universe of millions of people with only a small amount of error. A typical margin of error — a measure of the accuracy of a public opinion poll — is about 3%. In a poll that says that 52% of the respondents favor Janet Smith for Mayor, somewhere between 49% (-3) and 55% (+3) of the voters actually do support her. You can see how predicting a close election can be very difficult.
Given the challenges of accurate polling of public opinion, it is amazing that polls that follow the right steps almost always make the right predictions. They've come a long way since George Gallup helped his mother-in-law win her election in 1932.
The Gallup Organization
Drop by this site to have a look at what a random sampling of a few hundred Americans think about all sorts of issues. The Gallup Organization provides public opinion data of all kinds, including polls on business and social topics, in addition to its political polls. You may also want to check out their "How Gallup Polls Are Conducted" page to see exactly how their information is gathered.
Drop by this site to have a look at what a random sampling of a few hundred Americans think about all sorts of issues. The Gallup Organization provides public opinion data of all kinds, including polls on business and social topics, in addition to its political polls. You may also want to check out their "How Gallup Polls Are Conducted" page to see exactly how their information is gathered.
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Designing Surveys and Questionnaires
The design at this page is nothing to shout about, but there is some very good info here if you look! Scroll down for a table full of links to short explanations of many of the terms used in the public opinion business, as well as some links to tips on how to design a comprehensive, well-balanced survey.
The design at this page is nothing to shout about, but there is some very good info here if you look! Scroll down for a table full of links to short explanations of many of the terms used in the public opinion business, as well as some links to tips on how to design a comprehensive, well-balanced survey.
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The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research
The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the University of Connecticut heralds itself as the place "Where thinking people go to learn what people are thinking." Though many of the services here are for subscribers only, you can still access the Roper Center Survey Archive, along with free access to JPOLL, the only comprehensive database of Japanese public opinion around!
The Roper Center for Public Opinion Research at the University of Connecticut heralds itself as the place "Where thinking people go to learn what people are thinking." Though many of the services here are for subscribers only, you can still access the Roper Center Survey Archive, along with free access to JPOLL, the only comprehensive database of Japanese public opinion around!
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NORC — The National Opinion Research Center
The National Opinion Research Center is headquartered at the University of Chicago and provides what it calls "survey research in the public interest." One of its current projects is the General Social Survey, which has been taking place on a yearly basis since 1972. Visit their "studies" page for a long list of the projects taken on by this organization and the methods used.
The National Opinion Research Center is headquartered at the University of Chicago and provides what it calls "survey research in the public interest." One of its current projects is the General Social Survey, which has been taking place on a yearly basis since 1972. Visit their "studies" page for a long list of the projects taken on by this organization and the methods used.
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The 1948 Campaign
While public opinion polls can sometimes be helpful, it is best to take them with a grain of salt. This was the lesson learned from the 1948 presidential election, which pitted Republican Thomas E. Dewey and a few third-party candidates against Harry Truman. While the polls showed a landslide was on the way for Dewey, Truman came out the winner. This incredible resource, chock full of photos, speeches, and articles from the 1948 campaign, comes to you from Project Whistlestop.
While public opinion polls can sometimes be helpful, it is best to take them with a grain of salt. This was the lesson learned from the 1948 presidential election, which pitted Republican Thomas E. Dewey and a few third-party candidates against Harry Truman. While the polls showed a landslide was on the way for Dewey, Truman came out the winner. This incredible resource, chock full of photos, speeches, and articles from the 1948 campaign, comes to you from Project Whistlestop.
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Public Opinion Quarterly
This academic journal from The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania contains scholarly articles on all things public opinion. Recent articles address topics such as "Political Talk Radio and Public Opinion," and trends in the polls. Be sure to bring some salt, though — the writing could use a little flavoring.
This academic journal from The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania contains scholarly articles on all things public opinion. Recent articles address topics such as "Political Talk Radio and Public Opinion," and trends in the polls. Be sure to bring some salt, though — the writing could use a little flavoring.
Report broken link | https://www.ushistory.org/gov/4c.asp | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC OPINION—SURVEYS, 1935–38 | Public Opinion Quarterly , Volume 2, Issue 3, July 1938, Pages 373–398, https://doi.org/10.1086/265204
Published:
01 July 1938
During the last three years the American Institute of Public Opinion, a commercial research organization of which Dr. Gallup is director and Dr. Robinson associate director, has conducted continuous nationwide surveys of opinion on current political and social issues. Recently it has also conducted periodic polls in England through its affiliate, the British Institute of Public Opinion. This is the first inclusive compilation of these surveys ever published, and as such constitutes a unique record of the state and trends of public opinion from October 1935 to May 15, 1938.
For the benefit of readers unfamiliar with the sampling technique employed, a short statement on method, abstracted by the Institute from its booklet “The New Science of Public Opinion Measurement,” is given below.
Issue Section:Articles | https://academic.oup.com/poq/article/2/3/373/1929807 | 18 |
who founded the american institute of public opinion in 1935 | Gallup, Inc. - Wikipedia | Gallup, Inc. is an American analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. Starting in the 1980s, Gallup transitioned its business to focus on providing analytics and management consulting to organizations globally. [10] In addition to its analytics, management consulting, and Gallup Poll, the company also offers educational consulting, the CliftonStrengths assessment and associated products, and business and management books published by its Gallup Press unit.
Gallup is a private, employee-owned company based in Washington, D.C. [3] [11] Its headquarters is located at The Gallup Building. [4] It maintains between 30 and 40 offices globally, including offices at the Gallup Riverfront Campus in Omaha, Nebraska, and has about 2,000 employees. [12] [6] [13] Jon Clifton is Gallup's CEO. [14]
Gallup, Inc. has no affiliation with Gallup International , sometimes referred to as Gallup International Association or GIA. [15] [16] Gallup has sued Gallup International and other organizations for the unauthorized use of the Gallup name. [16] [17] [18]
George Gallup (1901–1984) founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in Princeton, New Jersey , in 1935. [19] [20] Gallup attempted to make his company's polls fair by sampling demographics representative of each state's voters. [21] Gallup also refused to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the Republican and Democratic parties, a position the company has continued to hold. [19] [22]
In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency in direct contradiction to the popular The Literary Digest ; this event popularized the company and made it a leader in American polling. [22] [23] In 1938, Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry. [24]
By 1948, Gallup's company established polling organizations in a dozen other countries [25] and Gallup's polls were syndicated in newspapers in the U.S. and abroad. [26] The modern Gallup Organization formed in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization. [27]
George Gallup died in 1984. Four years later, his family sold the firm for an undisclosed price to Selection Research, Incorporated (SRI), a research firm in Omaha, Nebraska . [28] [10] The family's involvement with the business continued; sons George Gallup Jr. and Alec Gallup kept their positions as co-chairmen and directors. [11] George Gallup Jr. (1930–2011) established the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement. [28] SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist Don Clifton , focused on market research and personnel selection; it pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews. [29] Acquiring the Gallup name gave SRI more credibility and higher response rates. [11]
Following its sale to SRI, Gallup repositioned itself as a research and management consulting company that works with businesses to identify and address issues with employees and their customers. [3] Gallup continues to conduct and report on public polls. [8] [7] While the Gallup Poll generates relatively smaller portion of revenue for the company, it helps the company maintain visibility. [19] [10]
In the 1990s, Gallup developed a set of 12 questions it called Q12 (also known as 12: The Elements of Great Managing ) to help businesses gauge employee engagement, [30] it entered partnerships to conduct polls for USA Today and CNN , [31] and launched its Clifton StrengthsFinder online assessment tool. [7] In 1999, Gallup analysts wrote First, Break All the Rules , a bestselling book on management. [32] Fortune Small Business wrote that the success of the book bolstered Gallup's consulting business. [33]
In 2012, Gallup incorrectly predicted that Mitt Romney would win the 2012 U.S. presidential election . [34] Following the results of the election, Gallup spent six months reviewing its methodology. [34] The company concluded that its methodology was flawed as it made too few phone calls in Eastern and Pacific time zones, overestimated the white vote, and relied on listed landline phones that skewed the sample to an older demographic. [34]
In July 2013, the United States Department of Justice and Gallup reached a $10.5 million settlement based upon allegations that the company violated the False Claims Act and the Procurement Integrity Act. [35] [36] [37] The complaint alleged that Gallup overstated its labor hours in proposals to the U.S. Mint and State Department for contracts and task orders to be awarded without competition. [35] [36] The Department of Justice alleged that the agencies awarded contracts and task orders at falsely inflated prices. [35] The settlement also resolved allegations that Gallup engaged in improper employment negotiations with a then- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) official, Timothy Cannon, for work and funding. [36] [37] Michael Lindley, a former Gallup employee, originally made the allegations against Gallup under the False Claims Act. [37] Lindley received nearly $2 million of the settlement. [37] Under the settlement, there was no prosecution and no determination of liability. [35]
Gallup decided not to conduct horse-race polling of the 2016 U.S. presidential election to help Gallup focus on its consulting business. [38] [39] Gallup officials said polling could still be accurate during the election, but the company decided to reallocate resources. [40] Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport told The Washington Post said Gallup felt polling the public on issues was a better use of resources. [41]
The Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls . Gallup Poll results, analysis, and videos are published daily in the form of data-driven news. Conducting polls brings the company financial losses of about $10 million a year, but gives Gallup company the visibility of a well-known brand, which helps promote its corporate research. [10]
Historically, the Gallup Poll has measured and tracked the public's attitudes concerning political , social , and economic issues, including sensitive or controversial subjects.
Gallup Daily tracking is made up of two surveys: the Gallup U.S. Daily political and economic survey and the Gallup–Healthways Well-Being Index. For both surveys, Gallup conducts 500 interviews across the U.S. per day, 350 days out of the year, with 70% on cellphones and 30% on landlines. [42] [43] [44] Gallup Daily tracking methodology relies on live interviewers, dual-frame random-digit-dial sampling (which includes landline as well as cellular telephone phone sampling to reach those in cell phone-only households), and uses a multi-call design to reach respondents not contacted on the initial attempt.
The population of the U.S. that relied only on cell phones was 34% in 2012. [45]
The findings from Gallup's U.S. surveys are based on the organization's standard national telephone samples, consisting of list-assisted random-digit-dial (RDD) telephone samples using a proportionate, stratified sampling design. A computer randomly generates the phone numbers Gallup calls from all working phone exchanges (the first three numbers of your local phone number) and not-listed phone numbers; thus, Gallup is as likely to call unlisted phone numbers as well as listed phone numbers.
Within each contacted household reached via landline, an interview is sought with an adult 18 years of age or older living in the household who will have the next birthday. Gallup does not use the same respondent selection procedure when making calls to cell phones because they are typically associated with one individual rather than shared among several members of a household. Gallup Daily tracking includes Spanish-language interviews for Spanish-speaking respondents and interviews in Alaska and Hawaii.
When respondents to be interviewed are selected at random, every adult has an equal probability of falling into the sample. The typical sample size for a Gallup poll, either a traditional stand-alone poll or one night's interviewing from Gallup's Daily tracking, is 1,000 national adults with a margin of error of ±4 percentage points. Gallup's Daily tracking process now allows Gallup analysts to aggregate larger groups of interviews for more detailed subgroup analysis. But the accuracy of the estimates derived only marginally improves with larger sample sizes.
After Gallup collects and processes survey data, each respondent is assigned a weight so that the demographic characteristics of the total weighted sample of respondents match the latest estimates of the demographic characteristics of the adult population available from the U.S. Census Bureau. Gallup weights data to census estimates for gender, race, age, educational attainment, and region. [46]
The data are weighted daily by number of adults in the household and the respondents' reliance on cell phones, to adjust for any disproportion in selection probabilities. The data are then weighted to compensate for nonrandom nonresponse, using targets from the U.S. Census Bureau for age, region, gender, education, Hispanic ethnicity, and race. The resulting sample represents an estimated 95% of all U.S. households. [47] [48]
From 1936 to 2008, Gallup Polls correctly predicted the winner of the presidential election with the notable exceptions of the 1948 Thomas Dewey – Harry S. Truman election , [ citation needed ] where nearly all pollsters predicted a Dewey victory (which also led to the infamous Dewey Defeats Truman headline [ according to whom? ] ), and 1976 , when they inaccurately projected a slim victory by Gerald Ford over Jimmy Carter . [ citation needed ] For the 2008 U.S. presidential election, Gallup correctly predicted the winner, but was rated 17th out of 23 polling organizations in terms of the precision of its pre-election polls relative to the final results. [49]
In 2012, Gallup's final election survey had Mitt Romney at 49% and Barack Obama at 48%, compared to the final election results showing Obama with 51.1% to Romney's 47.2%. [50] Poll analyst Nate Silver found that Gallup's results were the least accurate of the 23 major polling firms Silver analyzed, having the highest incorrect average of being 7.2 points away from the final result. [51] Frank Newport, the editor-in-chief of Gallup, responded to the criticism by stating that Gallup simply makes an estimate of the national popular vote rather than predicting the winner and that their final poll was within the statistical margin of error. Newport also criticized analysts such as Silver who aggregate and analyze other people's polls, stating that "It's much easier, cheaper, and mostly less risky to focus on aggregating and analyzing others' polls." [52]
In 2012, poll analyst Mark Blumenthal criticized Gallup for a slight but routine under-weighting of black and Hispanic Americans that led to an approximately 2% shift of support away from Barack Obama . At the same time, Blumenthal commended Gallup for its "admirable commitment to transparency" and suggested that other polling firms disclose their raw data and methodologies. [53]
In 2013, the accuracy of Gallup polling on religious faith was questioned. [54] Gallup's polling on religiosity in the U.S. has produced results somewhat different [55] [56] from other studies on religious issues, including a 2012 study by the Pew Research Center , which found that those who lack a religious affiliation were a fast-growing demographic group in the U.S. [57]
In 2016, The Wall Street Journal published a comparison of Gallup's survey-based measurement of unemployment with the same estimate from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from 2010 to 2016. The numbers almost exactly match and the trend is highly correlated, despite a larger sample size from the BLS, suggesting Gallup design and weighting methods generate estimates consistent with government agencies. [58]
In 2005, Gallup began its World Poll, which continually surveys citizens in 160 countries, representing more than 98% of the world's adult population. The Gallup World Poll consists of more than 100 global questions as well as region-specific items. It includes the following global indexes: law and order, food and shelter, institutions and infrastructure, good jobs, wellbeing, and brain gain. Gallup also works with organizations, cities, governments, and countries to create custom items and indexes to gather information on specific topics of interest. [59] [ non-primary source needed ]
Gallup interviews approximately 1,000 residents per country. The target population is the entire civilian, non-institutionalized population, aged 15 and older. Gallup asks each respondent the survey questions in his or her own language to produce statistically comparable results. Gallup uses telephone surveys in countries where telephone coverage represents at least 80% of the population. Where telephone penetration is less than 80%, Gallup uses face-to-face interviewing. [59] [60]
Gallup is known for its Gallup Poll, but the bulk of the firm's business and revenue is derived from its other research and management consulting services, which include an employee engagement survey called Q12, and a personality assessment called CliftonStrengths . [10] [61] [62] The Q12 employee engagement survey asks employees 12 questions about their workplace, coworkers, and management, to measure engagement and help managers and organizations improve productivity. [61] CliftonStrengths, formerly called StrengthsFinder, is an online personality-assessment tool that focuses on 34 themes that make up the user's personality; Gallup uses the tool as part of its consulting. [62] [63] For K–12 education, Gallup consults and trains schools and school systems to focus on strengths and increase engagement. [64] [65] The company administers the Gallup Student Poll in the U.S., which measures success based on hope, engagement, and well-being. [64]
For more than 15 years, Gallup has recognized organizations with the Gallup Exceptional Workplace Award. [66] This award is reserved for organizations that meet standards set by the Q12 employee engagement survey, which includes analysis of more than 2.7 million workers across 100,000+ teams.
Gallup's in-house publishing division, Gallup Press, has published approximately 30 books on business and personal well-being-related themes. [67] Titles include: First, Break All the Rules: What the World's Greatest Managers Do Differently ; [32] How Full Is Your Bucket? , written by Gallup senior scientist Tom Rath [68] and his grandfather, Don Clifton , [69] founder of SRI; [70] and Now, Discover Your Strengths , updated to a new version called StrengthsFinder 2.0 in 2007, [71] which is among Amazon 's 20 bestselling books of all-time as of 2017. [72]
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- Cantril, Hadley. Gauging Public Opinion (1944) online .
- Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds. Public Opinion, 1935–1946 (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls online
- Converse, Jean M. Survey Research in the United States: Roots and Emergence 1890–1960 (1987)
- Gallup, George, ed. The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971 (3 vol 1972), compilation of reports on thousands of Gallup polls.
- Gallup, George. Public Opinion in a Democracy (1939),
- Gallup, George. The Sophisticated Poll Watcher's Guide (1972)
- Moore, David W. The Superpollsters: How They Measure and Manipulate Public Opinion in America (1995) online edition
- Roll Jr., Charles W. and Albert H. Cantril; Polls: Their Use and Misuse in Politics (1972) online edition | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup,_Inc. | 18 |
where does the weather channel get its information | Where does the Weather Channel get its data? – Sage-Advices | The Weather Channel licenses its weather data from IBM. As of September 2018, the Weather Channel was received by approximately 79.128 million households that subscribe to a pay television service throughout the United States.
Observational data collected by doppler radar, radiosondes, weather satellites, buoys and other instruments are fed into computerized NWS numerical forecast models. The models use equations, along with new and past weather data, to provide forecast guidance to our meteorologists.
How do weather stations get data?
Weather instruments collect data from all over the world at thousands of weather stations (Figure below). Many are on land, but some float in the oceans on buoys. Weather stations collect data on land and sea. Weather balloons, satellites, and radar collect data in the atmosphere.
Denver
The network’s studio facilities, along with its headquarters and master control facilities are located in the Denver suburb of Centennial, Colorado.
The Blackstone Group
NBCUniversalThe Weather Company
The Weather Channel/Parent organizations
What is the most reliable weather source?
AccuWeather is Most Accurate Source of Weather Forecasts and Warnings in the World, Recognized in New Proof of Performance Results.
weather stations in the United States measure weather conditions many times every day. Each station measures weather conditions such as temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction, amount of cloud cover, and precipitation. The National Weather Service uses the data to make weather maps. clouds and rain.
How do I find the weather station nearest to me? You can find your nearest weather station by following these simple steps: Visit the https://www.visualcrossing.com/weather-history free weather dashboard. Enter your full address into the location box.
Where does AccuWeather get its data?
AccuWeather’s forecasts and warning services are based on weather information derived from numerous sources, including weather observations and data gathered by the National Weather Service and meteorological organizations outside the United States, and from information provided by non-meteorological organizations such …
Centennial, CO
WeatherNation TV/Headquarters
Joel Myers
AccuWeather Inc. is an American media company that provides commercial weather forecasting services worldwide. AccuWeather was founded in 1962 by Joel N….AccuWeather.
|Type||Private|
|Founded||1963|
|Founder||Joel Myers|
|Headquarters||State College, Pennsylvania , U.S.|
|Key people||Joel Myers (CEO)|
How often do Weather Forecasts predict the weather?
If you want to know what the weather will be like within the next week, a weather forecast can give you a really good idea of what to expect. A seven-day forecast can accurately predict the weather about 80 percent of the time and a five-day forecast can accurately predict the weather approximately 90 percent of the time.
Outlook for Tuesday to Thursday: Rain or showers, perhaps heavy, but also some dry and bright spells. Many regions dry on Wednesday and Thursday with sunny spells, although rain affecting the far northwest later.
Deep space satellite: NOAA’s Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) orbits one million miles from Earth. It provides space weather alerts and forecasts while also monitoring the amounts of solar energy absorbed by Earth every day. DSCOVR also makes observations about ozone and aerosols in Earth’s atmosphere.
How are computer models used to make weather forecasts?
Meteorologists use computer programs called weather models to make forecasts. Since we can’t collect data from the future, models have to use estimates and assumptions to predict future weather. The atmosphere is changing all the time, so those estimates are less reliable the further you get into the future. | https://sage-advices.com/where-does-the-weather-channel-get-its-data/ | 19 |
where does the weather channel get its information | The Weather Channel - Wikipedia | From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the Australian Weather Channel that formerly went by the same name as the U.S. channel, see Sky News Weather Channel . For the half-parent company of the Weather Channel partially owned by IBM, see The Weather Company .
|Country||United States|
|Broadcast area||United States (including Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands) and The Bahamas [1]|
|Headquarters||Atlanta , Georgia , U.S.|
|Programming|
|Language(s)||English and Spanish|
|Picture format|
|Ownership|
|Owner|| Entertainment Studios |
IBM
|Parent||Weather Group Television, LLC|
|Sister channels|
|History|
|Launched||May 2, 1982|
|Links|
|Website|| weather |
|Availability|
|Streaming media|
|Official service|| www |
(requires subscription or trial to access content)
|Service(s)||Frndly TV , FuboTV , YouTube TV , Hulu with Live TV|
The Weather Channel ( TWC ) is an American pay television channel owned by Weather Group, LLC, a subsidiary of Allen Media Group and The Weather Co. [2] [3] The channel's headquarters are in Atlanta . Launched on May 2, 1982, the channel broadcasts weather forecasts and weather-related news and analysis, along with documentaries and entertainment programming related to weather. A sister network, Weatherscan , was a digital cable and satellite service that offered 24-hour automated local forecasts and radar imagery. Weatherscan was officially shut down on December 9, 2022. [4] The Weather Channel also produces outsourced weathercasts, notably for CBS News and RFD-TV . [5] [6]
The Weather Channel was a subsidiary of the Weather Company until the latter was partially bought by IBM in 2016. [7] [8] The Weather Channel licenses its weather data from IBM, and as a result, the Weather Channel is now a joint venture between the two. [9]
The Weather Channel was founded on July 18, 1980, [10] by television meteorologist John Coleman (who had served as a chief meteorologist at ABC owned-and-operated station WLS-TV in Chicago and as a forecaster for Good Morning America ) and Frank Batten , then-president of the channel's original owner Landmark Communications (now Landmark Media Enterprises ). The channel launched at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on May 2, 1982. [11] Originally, regional and local information was obtained from the National Weather Service for broadcast. Since 2002, all forecasting has been done on-site in Atlanta. [12]
On January 3, 2008, Landmark Communications put the Weather Channel and its assets up for sale. [13] On July 6, 2008, NBC Universal , Bain Capital , and Blackstone Group agreed to jointly purchase the Weather Channel from Landmark, making it the channel's first ownership change in 26 years. [14] The sale was finalized on September 12, 2008.
NBC Universal also owned NBC Weather Plus , a rival service which was carried by and featured content from the NBC television network's local network affiliates ; that service announced its discontinuation three months later. Over-the-air digital subchannels carrying Weather Plus have since switched to the similarly formatted The Local AccuWeather Channel , kept the Weather Plus engine, or switched affiliations to other networks such as This TV or the Retro Television Network ; some have shut down entirely.
From November 2008 to February 2009, the Weather Channel laid off seven long-time on-camera meteorologists: Kristina Abernathy, Eboni Deon , Kristin Dodd, Rich Johnson, Cheryl Lemke, Mark Mancuso and Dave Schwartz (Schwartz would return to TWC in April 2014, [15] [16] but died of cancer on July 30, 2016). With the exception of Deon, all had been on the air for more than ten years, and three of them had been employed by the network for more than twenty years.
In July 2010, the Weather Channel terminated Bill Keneely, the last of the original on-camera meteorologists who appeared on the network's first broadcasts in 1982. In December of that year, the network also laid off on-camera meteorologist Nicole Mitchell , who later would file a lawsuit against the Weather Channel in 2012, alleging that she had been terminated because the channel's new owners disapproved of the time required by her simultaneous duties as a Captain in the U.S. Air Force Reserve as one of the " Hurricane Hunters " team; [17] such reserve duties are protected by U.S. law (Mitchell later served as the chief meteorologist at Al Jazeera America , which for a time also employed Eboni Deon).
Inevitably, the merger of NBC on-air meteorologists began in May 2009. Former NBC Weather Plus meteorologist Todd Santos joined the Weather Channel on May 2 of that year. Al Roker of NBC's Today began hosting a one-hour morning program called Wake Up With Al , alongside meteorologist Stephanie Abrams later in the summer.
However, for New York City-based forecasting operations (those utilized for forecasts on MSNBC and CNBC , for instance), the former NBC Weather Plus forecasting, radar and graphics systems remain in place, with banners changed to fit the Weather Channel's graphics scheme. On September 10, 2009, the Weather Channel co-founder Frank Batten died. [18] [19]
In January 2012, David Kenny took over as chief executive officer of the Weather Channel, replacing former AOL executive Mike Kelly, who had been appointed as the company's CEO in the summer of 2009. Although all operations, sales support and marketing and the bulk of employees are located in the headquarters in Atlanta, Kenny declined to move there, and continues to live in Boston as a remote worker . [20]
Later in 2012, the Weather Channel's holding company changed its name from The Weather Channel Companies to The Weather Company . [8] The company also purchased competing weather service and website Weather Underground the same year. On March 10, 2015, Verizon FiOS dropped the Weather Channel and WeatherScan for their rival AccuWeather .
On September 9, 2015, the channel announced a phased overhaul of its programming schedule during 2016, in which the channel would gradually shift its focus back towards a forecast-based lineup. The channel cancelled Wake Up with Al , citing high production costs in New York City compared to Atlanta. It announced that AMHQ would be refocused on weather, eliminating lifestyle segments, with Stephanie Abrams becoming host and original host Sam Champion as a contributor for its prime time schedule starting November 2.
The network also announced it would no longer greenlight original long-form programming, and expanded live forecast programming on its schedule throughout 2016 after all remaining long-form programs already in development concluded their runs. In a memo sent out to network staff by Weather Company CEO David Kenny, it explained its refocus on weather-based programs was done so that "our most passionate fans come to us for the weather and the science behind the weather, not our original shows." Around 50 TWC employees–including production, engineering, and financial staff–were laid off, and the television channel's budget was reduced to shift resources to the company's Internet and mobile properties. [21] [22] [23] [24]
The channel's original format was similar to that of a news and information cable network. Since the creation of the series Atmospheres in 2000 and Storm Stories in 2003, the Weather Channel had seen a gradual transition toward a mix of weather forecasting and weather-related entertainment programming that paralleled the launch of sister network Weatherscan , the evolution of the always-on "L" bar/weather ticker, the development of weather.com and popular branded mobile phone applications, and the increased viewing and interest in documentary programs on the topic of weather.
In November 2013, the channel introduced a new initiative of "weather all the time" in response to the criticism. All original programming–which was rebranded under the tagline Natural Drama – now had direct relevance to weather-related subjects, and the network emphasized its promise to interrupt original programming either regionally or nationally during major weather events. In addition, the Weather Channel extended the display of its lower display line (which was revamped with a new graphics package) to commercial breaks and through entire broadcasts of its original programs. [25]
In August 2015, reports surfaced that the Weather Company's owners were considering a sale of all or part of the venture, having hired Morgan Stanley and PJT Partners to explore their options. [26] On October 28, 2015, it was announced that IBM would acquire most of the Weather Company's assets, including weather.com, Weather Underground, the related mobile applications, and their underlying data platforms, for an undisclosed amount. [27]
IBM planned to leverage its Watson technology as part of the acquisition, foreseeing its use for weather analytics and predictions. The deal, which closed the following January, [7] does not include the Weather Channel itself, which remained owned by the Bain/Blackstone/NBCUniversal consortium, and entered into a long-term licensing agreement with IBM for use of its weather data and "The Weather Channel" name and branding. [27] [28] [29]
In August 2016, reports surfaced that Sinclair Broadcast Group had expressed interest in acquiring ownership of the Weather Channel. [30]
On March 22, 2018, Byron Allen 's Entertainment Studios announced its acquisition of the Weather Channel's television assets from the NBCUniversal/Bain/Blackstone partnership. The actual value is undisclosed, but was reported to be around $300 million. The channel's non-television assets , which were separately sold to IBM two years prior, were not included in the sale. [2] [3]
In the early morning of April 18, 2019, the Weather Channel was temporarily unable to air live programming due to what they called a "malicious software attack" on their network. [31] Previously taped shows were aired while engineers worked with backup equipment, and live programming returned to normal within a few hours (at the time, AMHQ ). As of May 2019, the investigation into the malware attack was still active.
In May 2022, on The Weather Channel's 40th birthday, it launched a new direct-to-consumer subscription-based app. [32]
Over the years, attempts to broadcast international versions of TWC–apart from the Australian version of the Weather Channel (now Sky News Weather Channel )–have failed. TWC operates websites that provide localized forecasts in Brazil , France , Germany , India , Latin America and the United Kingdom , but some of these sites may not have developed since 2003. The Weather Channel shares radar imagery and forecasts with the Weather Network in Canada, particularly for the Weather Channel's Canadian forecasts.
- A U.K. version of the Weather Channel operated from September 1, 1996, to January 30, 1998, when it was shut down due to low viewership. On satellite, it broadcast for five hours each day, from 6am until 11am. It shared channel space with Sky Movies Gold / Sky Box Office 2 , The Racing Channel and Galavision . On cable, it was generally on air for 24 hours but it was only carried by some companies as others chose to carry rival service The Weather Network which also launched in the UK in 1996. Both were designed for cable as it had local weather information for specific regions.
- TWC formerly operated the Weather Channel Latin America , a Spanish-language network serving Mexico , Puerto Rico and South America . This network launched in 1996 and an accompanying Brazilian Portuguese -language feed launched in 1998. It ceased operations on December 20, 2002, due to budget cuts. The channel's three original on-camera weather presenters were Paola Elorza, Sal Morales, and Mari Carmen Ramos; all three left the channel within a year of its launch and respectively went on to work for Univision in Miami, Telemundo in Los Angeles, and CNN International in Atlanta.
As of September 2018, the Weather Channel was received by approximately 79.128 million households that subscribe to a pay television service throughout the United States. [33] Americans regard the Weather Channel as the most trustworthy media organization, according to a 2022 poll by The Economist and YouGov . [34]
TWC also maintains content partnerships with a number of local U.S. radio stations to provide local forecasts, using announcers separate from the meteorologists seen on the television channel. For some affiliates, the Weather Channel provides a limited amount of live coverage during local severe weather events (with the Georgia-based announcers connected via ISDN ). Distribution of TWC radio content is currently handled by Westwood One .
Similarly, the Weather Channel also provides weather reports for a number of newspapers around the United States. This included a half-page national forecast for USA Today , for which TWC provided content until September 2012, when rival AccuWeather replaced the Weather Channel as the paper's forecast provider. [50]
On March 28, 2022, TWC announced a content partnership with CBS News , under which it will provide weather reports on CBS Mornings , the CBS Evening News , and the CBS News streaming network , as well as collaborate on investigative journalism relating to weather and climate. [6]
On May 2, 2022, The Weather Channel en Español launched on Local Now as TWC celebrates their 40th anniversary. TWC en Español has 24/7 coverage. Milmar Ramírez, Henry Golac, Jessica Fernández, Lorena Lim, Albert Martínez, and Abel Hernández leads the team. [51]
TWC provided numerous customized forecasts for online users through its website, weather.com, including home and garden, and event planning forecasts. Third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb rated the site as the 146th and 244th most visited website in the world respectively, as of July 2015. [52] [53] SimilarWeb rates the site as the second most visited weather website globally, attracting more than 126 million visitors per month. [53] [54]
It also provided WAP access for mobile phone users, desktop widgets for quick reference by computer users, and customized weather feeds for individual websites. Cell phone customers could also receive local forecasts from TWC sent to their mobile handsets via SMS by sending a text message with their ZIP code to 42278 (which spells "4cast"). The Weather Channel also provided weather forecasts for other online services including Yahoo! . [55]
In addition, The Weather Channel maintained apps for the iPhone , iPad , Android , Apple TV , Kindle Fire , and Windows mobile and tablet platforms. TWC formerly maintained two versions of its mobile applications: a free version that incorporates advertising and a pay version called "TWC Max" that does not feature advertising, the latter was discontinued in favor of an all ad-supported model on January 6, 2014 . Aside from location-based weather forecast information, the apps provided radar maps, and tropical and seasonal updates, as well as social media related functions that track weather-related Twitter messages and allow users to send Facebook friends severe weather alerts. The channel also disseminated severe weather information, and photos and videos submitted by meteorologists and viewers, on its Twitter feed ( @TWCBreaking , which also served as a hashtag usable for posts).
In July 2012, the Weather Company (former owner of the Weather Channel) purchased competing weather website Weather Underground . While the Weather Channel already had success with its own mobile apps, it planned to use Weather Underground's large network of digital forecasting and tracking websites to bolster its digital growth. Weather Underground operates separately from the Weather Channel and continues to provide its own forecasts, though its website incorporates some weather news and video content from TWC. [56]
The website weather.com and most of the Weather Channel's digital assets were sold to IBM in January 2016. [7] The Weather Channel as a television operation now uses weloveweather.tv Archived October 19, 2020, at the Wayback Machine .
Weather forecast programming made up TWC's entire schedule prior to its incorporation of weather-related original programming – referred in network promotional materials and press releases as "long-form programming"–in 2000 (with few breakaways from its forecast programs prior to then, outside of educational program The Weather Classroom , an original program produced as part of the cable television industry's Cable in the Classroom initiative). The number of hours devoted to TWC's in-studio forecast programs have steadily eroded since then. The network's live studio programs are aired regularly from 6:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekdays and from 6:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time on weekends and holidays. America's Morning Headquarters airs weekdays between 6:00 a.m. and noon Eastern Time, followed by Pattrn, which airs from noon to 1:00 p.m. Eastern, Weather Underground , which airs from 1:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern followed by the network's drivetime program, Storm Center , which airs from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. Eastern. On weekends, America's Weekend Headquarters from 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., followed by Weekend Recharge from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m.
The Weather Channel also broadcast original weather-related documentary/entertainment series and specials . These programs ran throughout the rest of the schedule. During severe weather events affecting portions of the United States, the Weather Channel may preempt original programming in favor of airing extended coverage under the umbrella title Weather Center Live (which changes the color of the word "LIVE" from blue to red) to provide long-form coverage and analysis until its aftermath; in some events, the on-air graphics (including Lower Display Line) can go black-and-red (similar to colors that WCL uses); pre-emptions vary between local (isolated to viewers in the region affected by a particular weather event) and nationwide, depending upon the impact of the weather phenomenon/story and if a local provider utilizes a later model WeatherStar unit that allows the use of dual feeds that can substitute programming with long-form weather coverage in a given area. TWC normally utilizes a different music theme for these events, dubbed "Storm Alert Mode", used for both WCL and LOT8's.
In a move that caused controversy with many longtime viewers, the Weather Channel began airing weather-related movies on Friday nights on October 30, 2009. The first feature to be broadcast by the channel was the 2000 film The Perfect Storm . [57]
After December 2009, these weekly movies were discontinued for the time being in favor of running Weather Center , which already aired throughout primetime during the rest of the work week. Despite the controversy, the Friday night film block resumed on March 26, 2010, under the title "Flick and a Forecast," co-hosted by the Weather Channel meteorologist Jen Carfagno and MSNBC contributor Touré , with the documentary Into Thin Air: Deaths on Everest . During the broadcasts, the Lower Display Line that normally appears on TWC shows to provide local weather information (with breakaways during forecast and most long-form programs only for commercial breaks) was removed, appearing only a few times each hour during the film as a substitute for the standard "Local on the 8s" segments, with a translucent TWC logo bug appearing at other times during the film when the LDL was not on-screen.
While the films shown within the "Flick and a Forecast" block were weather-related in some form, some films featured (such as Misery and Deep Blue Sea ) had only a minimal tie to weather. On May 31, 2010, NewsBlues reported the Weather Channel's decision to cancel the movie block, due in part to viewer criticism of movies being shown on what is intended as a news and information channel, as well as a snafu that occurred during an April 2010 tornado outbreak that led to a scheduled movie being aired instead of wall-to-wall severe weather coverage. The "Flick and a Forecast" presentations were then replaced by an additional hour of Weather Center and a two-hour block of long-form original programs.
|Name||Position||Time|
|Stephanie Abrams||America's Morning Headquarters & Pattrn||Weekdays 6 am-9 am, 12-1 pm|
|Mike Bettes||Weather Underground||Weekdays 1-5 pm|
|Chris Bruin||Fill-In|
|Jim Cantore||America's Morning Headquarters||Weekdays 6-9 am|
|Jen Carfagno||America's Morning Headquarters||Weekdays 9am-12 pm|
|Kelly Cass||America's Weekend Headquarters||Weekends 6-9 am|
|Lynette Charles||Freelance|
|Felicia Combs||Fill-In|
|Mark Elliot||Freelance|
|Paul Goodloe||Weekend Recharge||Weekends 9 am-1 pm|
|Jacqui Jeras||Storm Center||Weekdays 5-8 pm|
|Tyler Mauldin||Freelance|
|Molly McCollum||Weekend Recharge||Weekends 9 am-1 pm|
|Samantha Mohr||Freelance|
|Jeff Morrow||Freelance|
|Dr. Rick Knabb||Weather Underground, Storm Center, & Hurricane Expert||Weekdays 1-5 pm & 5-8 pm|
|Dr. Greg Postel||Weekend Recharge||Weekends 9 am-1 pm|
|Ray Stagich||Freelance|
|Jordan Steele||America's Morning Headquarters & Pattrn||Weekdays 6 am-9 am, 12-1 pm|
|Alex Wallace||America's Morning Headquarters||Weekdays 9 am-12 pm|
|Chris Warren||Storm Center||Weekdays 5-8 pm|
|Alex Wilson||Weather Underground||Weekdays 1-5 pm|
|Reynolds Wolf||America's Weekend Headquarters||Weekends 6-9 am|
- Dave Malkoff : Field / Feature reporter (2012–2023)
- Carl Parker: On-Camera Meteorologist, Climate reporter, Storm specialist special coverage (1999–present)
- Mike Seidel : On-Camera Meteorologist, Field Meteorologist (1992–present)
- John Coleman : Founder of the Weather Channel; deceased
- John Hope : Meteorologist/hurricane expert 1982-2002; deceased
The Weather Channel's first and most recognized logo was a blue rectangular box with rounded edges that debuted with the Weather Channel's first broadcast on May 2, 1982. This logo was revised in 1996, with the corners becoming less rounded and the logo becoming slightly flat. The weather.com URL text was permanently added underneath the logo in 1999. On August 15, 2005, the logo was overhauled again; the logo became a straight-edged square with no white trim on the edge and "The Weather Channel" text became oriented in title-case and left-justified, similar to its Canadian sister channel the Weather Network . A 25th-anniversary logo used in 2007 featured a white square edged in blue connected to the current logo with the text "25 YEARS" inside it in blue.
When NBCUniversal acquired the network in 2008, the network has participated in the "Green is Universal" campaign, which occurs twice a year, usually during April and November. The network's logo changes to a shade of green as part of the campaign promoting environmental conservation. Since 2014, the network has utilized a red-colored version of the logo during hurricane coverage; the red logo has also appeared during severe tornado outbreaks.
May 2, 1982–October 1996
October 1996–August 15, 2005
August 15, 2005–present
"Green is Universal" Earth Week logo
The Weather Channel HD logo, 2008–present
- 1982–1983 : We Take the Weather Seriously, But Not Ourselves
- 1983–1984 : The Cable Television Network for America's Lifestyle
- 1984–1986 : Weatherproofing America
- 1986–1991 : You Need Us, the Weather Channel, for Everything You Do
- 1991–1996 : Weather You Can Always Turn To
- 1996–1998 : No Place on Earth Has Better Weather
- 1998–2001 : Keeping You Ahead of the Storm
- 2001–2005 : Live By It
- 2005–2008 : Bringing Weather to Life
- June 2–late 2008 : The Weather Has Never Looked Better
- 2009–early 2010 : The Sounds of Weather. Hear It, See It, Live It
- 2013–2020 : It's Amazing Out There
- 2015–2016 : Where You Get Your Weather Matters
- 2017–2018 : Trust In Us To Be There
- 2019-present: America's Most Trusted TV News Network (Current promotional campaign)
- 2020–present : Get Into The Out There
On May 20, 2010, Dish Network announced that it was dropping the Weather Channel at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time that day in favor of its own similar weather information channel, the Weather Cast . The carriage dispute was over the rates that the Weather Channel asked Dish Network to pay: from 11¢ per subscriber per month [60] to 12¢, [61] a 9% increase, totaling $140,000 per month. The dispute was also over the Weather Channel's programming format shifting from an information-based channel to an entertainment-based service. [62] The Weather Channel said in a statement, "Dish has chosen to be the first distributor to drop the Weather Channel rather than pay the standard industry rates others in the industry have already agreed to pay", [61] and encouraged Dish Network customers to switch to other pay television providers. Dave Shull, senior vice president for programming for Dish Network said the Weather Channel's fees were harder for the satellite provider to justify paying as more people receive weather information through the internet and mobile services: "They're looking for bid increases when I feel like there's a real migration to the Web, and it's difficult to really justify those rate increases at this time." [63]
On May 24, 2010, the Weather Channel announced that it had reached a new multi-year carriage agreement with Dish Network, [64] the financial terms of which were not disclosed. Despite the earlier announcement that the Weather Channel would be dropped, the channel was never officially removed from Dish Network. The Weather Cast ceased operations in anticipation of the launch of a Weatherscan -based service announced as part of the agreement that would provide local weather information for Dish Network customers. The proposed movie scheduled for the Friday after the deal was struck (May 28), Gorillas in the Mist , was dropped in favor of a six-hour marathon of Tornado Road .
DirecTV removed the Weather Channel from its lineup on January 14, 2014, after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement; [65] as a result, DirecTV became the first major pay television provider to drop the channel in its history. [66] Two weeks before the channel's carriage agreement was set to expire on December 31 (after which the deadline for a new carriage deal was extended by two weeks), the satellite provider began carrying WeatherNation TV (the successor to the Weather Cast and owned by WeatherNation, LLC) on channel 361 on December 16, 2013–placing the channel next to the Weather Channel's slot on channel 362; [67] WeatherNation replaced the Weather Channel on channel 362–while still being carried on channel 361–when TWC was pulled. [66] [68]
The Weather Channel's chief executive officer David Kenny stated that it offered DirecTV the best rate for its programming (according to SNL Kagan, the Weather Channel's average carriage fee at the time was 13¢ per subscriber), and blasted the satellite provider's removal of the channel by stating that it was putting profits ahead of public safety. [65] Representatives for DirecTV stated that it added WeatherNation TV in response to subscriber complaints regarding the number of reality programs on the Weather Channel, which it estimated had amounted to 40% of its daily schedule [66] [68] (WeatherNation TV, which outside of its carriage by DirecTV is primarily carried on broadcast television stations as a main channel affiliation or a digital multicast service , does not run programming outside of forecasts with the only interruption in its weather coverage coming from affiliates that carry children's programs to fulfill FCC educational programming requirements; however, WeatherNation has been criticized for its very limited amount of live programming, which TWC does provide, especially during significant weather events [69] ). DirecTV stated that weather information is also available through broadcast television stations carried as part of its local channel tier, as well as the provider's designated emergency channels. [68] The Weather Channel fought back by airing commercials encouraging people to not subscribe to DirecTV by parodying the provider's popular "Get Rid of Cable" ad campaign.
On April 8, 2014, the Weather Channel and DirecTV both settled on a new agreement (TWC decided to alter its programming lineup by trimming the amount of reality programming on weekdays in half, restricting them to its nighttime schedule, in response to complaints from DirecTV subscribers), with the provider restoring the channel on channel 362 the following day. Access to local weather content using the red button feature did not return until May 2, 2014. [70]
Verizon FiOS dropped the Weather Channel and its sister network Weatherscan from its lineup on March 10, 2015, after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement. The services have respectively been replaced by the AccuWeather Network (which launched on March 10) and a widget provided by FiOS featuring forecast content provided by WeatherBug . No public announcement was made regarding the removal until over 12 hours after TWC and Weatherscan were pulled. [71] [72] [73] The Weather Channel offered a less expensive deal to Verizon FiOS, which rejected the offer. Verizon cited the Weather Channel's frequent use of scare tactics, naming of winter storms and the wide availability of the internet and mobile apps for consumers to access weather content any time of day as the reason for dropping TWC and its services. [74] [75] It is unknown if Frontier FiOS customers in clusters formerly served by Verizon are affected, including (as of April 1, 2016) the recently acquired clusters from California, Texas, and Florida.
A representative for the network said in a statement, "We were disappointed when, without warning late yesterday, March 9, Verizon FiOS dropped the Weather Channel from their lineup while our companies continued to be in active conversations regarding a contract renewal. FiOS customers have enjoyed a bundle of services from the Weather Channel including the network, Weatherscan, On-Demand, a Weather Widget and streaming on mobile devices. During a winter with record-breaking storms and severe weather, the Weather Channel responded with non-stop live coverage, including the ongoing presence of our crews reporting live from hard-hit communities within the Verizon FiOS footprint. This coverage resulted in the Weather Channel being the only major cable network to grow in February."
The Weather Channel had earlier signed renewal agreements with major providers that are members of the National Cable Television Cooperative (NCTC), including Time Warner Cable and Cox Communications . However, representatives for the channel claimed to be shocked that "Verizon FiOS would deny their subscribers access to the best live weather coverage and expertise that only the Weather Channel can provide." While Verizon claimed it was a long-term business decision (instead of a carriage dispute) that it made, the Weather Channel launched a campaign, originally urging viewers to contact FiOS about restoring the cable channel and its services. But, seeing that Verizon is not planning on bringing the channel and its services back in the near future, the Weather Channel now urges its viewers to switch providers. [76]
After a four-year absence and with the channel under ownership of Entertainment Studios, Verizon FiOS inked a new agreement to bring the Weather Channel back to its lineups on June 24, 2019. [77] The channel has not yet returned to channel lineups within Frontier FiOS's customer footprint.
In the fall of 2012, the Weather Channel began to assign names to major winter storm systems. The channel stated the decision to start naming notable winter storms came as a way to more easily spread knowledge and raise awareness. By naming winter storms, TWC stated that the public would find it easier to follow storm information, social media will be able to refer to and discuss the storm, and people will have an easier time referring to the storm after it occurs. However, critics of the Weather Channel insist it is a way to further hype winter weather, especially on the heavily populated East Coast . Critics contend that (south of Boston), many other areas of the United States actually experience much more frequent and intense winter weather than the East Coast, but does not have as large of a media market. [78]
The first winter storm to be named by TWC was a nor'easter that hit the East Coast of the United States in November 2012 , which was named after the Greek goddess Athena . During the 2012–13 season, the Weather Channel named 27 winter storms ( Athena , Brutus, Caesar, Draco , Euclid , Freyr, Gandolf, Helen, Iago, Jove, Khan, Luna, Magnus, Nemo , Orko, Plato, Q, Rocky , Saturn , Triton, Ukko , Virgil, Walda, Xerxes, Yogi, Zeus and Achilles). [79] During the 2013–14 season, the Weather Channel named 26 winter storms (Atlas, Boreas, Cleon, Dion, Electra, Falco, Gemini, Hercules, Ion, Janus, Kronos, Leon, Maximus, Nika, Orion, Pax , Seneca, Titan, Ulysses, Vulcan, Wiley, Xenia, Yona, and Zephyr). Multiple factors are taken into consideration when deciding whether to name a winter storm. This includes, but is not limited to, predicted snowfall and other precipitation, wind speeds, and the timing of the storm. [78]
The Weather Channel has provided the criteria behind their decisions to name certain storms, in particular Athena, [80] Brutus, [81] Gandolf, [82] Iago, [83] Khan, [84] Luna, [85] Magnus, [86] Nemo, [87] Saturn, [88] and Virgil. [89]
In response, the National Weather Service announced on November 7, 2012, that it would not recognize the Weather Channel's names for winter storms, stating in a press release that it "does not use the name of winter storms in its products." [90] [91] [92] Some commentators have suggested that naming winter storms may give them undue importance in the public eye by drawing parallels to official names given to tropical storms , which are significantly more severe and devastating than winter storms, by the National Weather Service. [93] References to the names are generally limited on TWC-provided forecasts seen on NBC's news programs . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Channel | 19 |
where does the weather channel get its information | IBM’s The Weather Company Is World’s Most Accurate Forecaster, New Study Says | The Weather Channel | IBM and its subsidiary The Weather Company continue to be the overall most accurate weather forecast providers worldwide, according to a new study.
The Weather Company includes weather.com and other digital properties of The Weather Channel.
Company officials cited investments in artificial intelligence technology and advanced forecasting as key to helping people and businesses make more informed weather decisions.
“A forecast is most helpful when it comes from a recognized, trusted source, and the pursuit of accuracy is at the foundation of what we seek to provide to help customers, consumers and marketers to make important decisions every day,” said Sheri Bachstein, chief executive officer of The Weather Company and general manager of IBM Watson Advertising. “The study is evidence of how IBM is helping advance the science of weather forecasting through continued innovations in AI, data and cloud computing."
The report , released Thursday, was conducted by weather forecast monitoring and assessment company ForecastWatch and commissioned by IBM.
The study looked at about 140 million forecasts from 17 different weather providers from 2017 to 2021 in more than 1,400 locations around the globe. The forecasts were analyzed and ranked based on 84 different accuracy metrics covering precipitation, temperature, cloud cover and wind forecast variables.
The report noted that "The Weather Channel recorded the most first-place finishes globally for every year and every time period."
The Weather Company forecasts are created by IBM and distributed via the IBM Cloud across The Weather Channel app and weather.com , Weather Underground app and wunderground.com, as well as weather products for IBM enterprise clients.
Overall, the ForecastWatch analysis determined The Weather Company was the provider whose forecasts were the most accurate globally when aggregated across all geographic regions compared and time periods covered.
The results also showed that The Weather Company was 3.5 times more likely to be the most accurate of any other provider studied, and the gap widened between The Weather Company and the next best overall provider during every year of the study.
The report pointed out the importance of weather forecasts for planning purposes, safety and financial reasons in an era of record-setting billion-dollar disasters .
"This causes people and businesses to look to weather forecasts – and their accuracy – more than ever to try to mitigate losses by preparing for what is coming," the authors wrote.
The Weather Company’s primary journalistic mission is to report on breaking weather news, the environment and the importance of science to our lives. This story does not necessarily represent the position of our parent company, IBM. | https://weather.com/news/news/2021-07-28-ibm-weather-company-forecast-accuracy | 19 |
where does the weather channel get its information | Accuracy of three major weather forecasting services | Published on June 21, 2014 by Dr. Randal S. Olson
accuracy meteorologist nate silver prediction rainfall weather forecast
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For the past month, I've been slowly working my way through Nate Silver's book, The Signal and the Noise . It's really a great read, but if you're a regular reader on this blog, I'd imagine you've already read it. This book is loaded with all kinds of great examples of where predictive analytics succeeds and fails, and I decided to highlight his weather forecasting example because of how surprising it was to me.
For those who aren't in the know: Most of the weather forecasts out there for the U.S. are originally based on data from the U.S. National Weather Service , a government-run agency tasked with measuring and predicting everything related to weather across all of North America. Commercial companies like The Weather Channel then build off of those data and forecasts and try to produce a "better" forecast -- a fairly lucky position to be in, if you consider that the NWS does a good portion of the heavy lifting for them.
We all rely on these weather forecasts to plan our day-to-day activities. For example, before planning a summer grill out over the weekend, we'll check our favorite weather web site to see whether it's going to rain. Of course, we're always left to wonder: Just how accurate are these forecasts? Plotted below is the accuracy of three major weather forecasting services. Note that a perfect forecast means that, e.g., the service forecasted a 20% chance of rain for 40 days of the year, and exactly 8 (20%) of those days actually had rain.
There's some pretty startling trends here. For one, The Weather Service is pretty accurate for the most part, and that's because they consistently try to provide the most accurate forecasts possible. They pride themselves on the fact that if you go to Weather.gov and it says there's a 60% chance of rain, there really is a 60% chance of rain that day.
With the advantage of having The Weather Service's forecasts and data as a starting point, it's perhaps unsurprising that The Weather Channel manages to be slightly more accurate in their forecasts. The only major inaccuracy they have, which is surprisingly consistent, is in the lower and higher probabilities of raining: Weather.com often forecasts that there's a higher probability of raining than there really is.
This phenomenon is commonly known as a wet bias , where weather forecasters will err toward predicting more rain than there really is. After all, we all take notice when forecasters say there won't be rain and it ends up raining (= ruined grill out!); but when they predict rain and it ends up not raining, we'll shrug it off and count ourselves lucky.
The worst part of this graph is the performance of local TV meteorologists . These guys consistently over-predict rain so much that it's difficult to place much confidence in their forecasts at all. As Silver notes:
TV weathermen they aren't bothering to make accurate forecasts because they figure the public won't believe them anyway. But the public shouldn't believe them, because the forecasts aren't accurate.
Even worse, some meteorologists have admitted that they purposely fudge their rain forecasts to improve ratings . What's a better way to keep you tuning in every day than to make you think it's raining all the time, and they're the only ones saving you from soaking your favorite outfit?
For me, the big lesson learned from this chapter in Silver's book is that I'll be tuning in to Weather.gov for my weather forecasts from now on. Most notably because, as Silver puts it:
The further you get from the government's original data, and the more consumer facing the forecasts, the worse this bias becomes. Forecasts "add value" by subtracting accuracy. | https://randalolson.com/2014/06/21/accuracy-of-three-major-weather-forecasting-services/ | 19 |
where does the weather channel get its information | Where do weather forecasters get their data? | Meteorology, like every other science, relies on careful and precise measurement of its subject. Weather observations are critical to both weather forecasters and computer models that predict the weather. These measurements are made at the ground level as well as in the atmosphere.
An important resource for weather observations near the ground is the Automated Surface Observing System, or ASOS (pronounced “A-sauce”).
There are about 2,000 ASOS stations located at airports across the country, and the instruments are maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses the Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System (MADIS) to collect and distribute weather observations from NOAA and non-NOAA organizations.
Meteorologists monitor the atmosphere above the surface by using a radio-equipped meteorological instrument package carried aloft by a helium-filled “weather balloon.”
These devices are launched twice a day by NOAA by over 100 locations across North America, the Pacific islands and the Caribbean. Radiosondes provide upper-air data that are essential for weather forecasts and research.
Weather observations of the upper atmosphere are also made by commercial aircraft flying passengers around the world and distributed to the National Weather Service to use in its computer models.
Satellites and radar systems provide a huge volume of observations.
Radar is used to track precipitating weather systems and are very valuable for short-term forecasts. Satellites track weather systems and make important observations for global weather prediction models.
Privately owned personal weather stations are also an important part of many private forecasting companies. Trained volunteers provide observations about precipitation and threatening weather conditions. | https://wxguys.ssec.wisc.edu/2014/02/10/where-do-weather-forecasters-get-their-data/ | 19 |
who played the judge in the good place | Maya Rudolph | Maya Rudolph is an actress. She portrays the Judge, Gen , in The Good Place .
She first appears in Chapter 25: The Burrito , but her casting was not announced in advance, so that it would come as a surprise to viewers watching the episode as broadcast. | https://thegoodplace.fandom.com/wiki/Maya_Rudolph | 20 |
who played the judge in the good place | Maya Rudolph | Maya Rudolph is an actress. She portrays the Judge, Gen , in The Good Place .
She first appears in Chapter 25: The Burrito , but her casting was not announced in advance, so that it would come as a surprise to viewers watching the episode as broadcast. | https://thegoodplace.fandom.com/wiki/Maya_Rudolph | 20 |
who played the judge in the good place | Who Plays The Judge On ‘The Good Place’? Prepare To Be Surprised In The Best Way | Colleen Hayes/NBC
The Good Place (co-executive producer Aisha Muharrar) is off to see the Wizard. Well, they're off to see a judge, more like, who will hopefully send them to the real torture-free afterlife. In the "Rhonda, Diana, Jake and Trent" episode, the humans make it through the Bad Place portal to get one step closer to the big reveal. Who plays the judge on The Good Place ? The casting is likely to blow your mind faster and more effectively than a molotov cocktail.
UPDATE : The judge is played by Maya Rudolph. So this list isn't 100 percent wrong.
EARLIER : “You’re in for a very big treat," said Jameela Jamil, who plays Tahani, in an interview with Vulture . “I’m not allowed to say who it is, but you’re going to sh*t your pants. Sorry, shirt your pants."
Jamil did actually provide a vague clue as to the mystery actor's identity. "It’s funny," she says in the same interview, "because I asked D’Arcy [Carden, who plays Janet] the week before, ‘Who would you most like to work with in the world?’ And she said someone’s name, and then a week later we found out that person would be joining the cast. Now I think D’Arcy’s a witch. I’m not even overhyping it; it’s so insane.”
So it's someone famous, but at the same time not someone so famous that Tahani would name-drop them. That might be an important line to toe. We do live in an age where Meryl Streep joins the cast of Big Little Lies ( director: Andrea Arnold, Season 2 ) and Helen Mirren has an HBO series, so all bets are off. So putting that, and what we know about D'Arcy Carden and who she might want to work with most in the world, here are some options.
A natural assumption is that Carden would most want to work a comedy legend like Poehler — who as the star of creator Mike Schur's Parks and Recreation (writer: Katie Dippold, 31 episodes) has a built-in connection. It's always fun when writers cast the heroes of old shows as villains in new shows, too.
However. Carden is a veteran performer at the Upright Citizen's Brigade (of which Poehler is a founding member) and also appears on Broad City (creators: Ilana Glazer and Abbi Jacobson) that Poehler executive produces. So the two of them working more closely together would be awesome, but maybe not to an aspirational degree.
The Good Place (producer: Megan Amram) has many parallels to Lost (writer: Elizabeth Sarnoff, 19 episodes) and it would be fitting to have someone from the J.J. Abrams series show up in this mysterious role. However, there aren't a lot of comic actors, or even frankly a lot of megastars that are Lost (editor: Mary Jo Markey, eight episodes) alums.
Only one springs to mind — Janney, who appeared in one Season 7 episode as Jacob and the Man in Black's mother. She would be a hoot, and Carden is a West Wing fan .
It's not particularly clever, but you can't have an NBC comedy — or an NBC adjacent comedy like The Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (creator: Tina Fey) — without a Hamm cameo, it seems.
Another homage that the series has made, particular this season, is to The Wizard of Oz (co-screenplay credit: Florence Ryerson). While most everyone involved in the 1939 film is no longer with us, Judy Garland's daughter is not only alive but literally kicking and no stranger to television comedy. It would be a bit of a stretch for a Wizard of Oz (editor: Blanche Sewell) reference, but who wouldn't want to work with Liza?!
Not only does it kind of track that the ultimate judge would be one of the ladies from The View (director: Ashley S. Gorman), but Goldberg is no stranger to other-worldly comedy.
Or another Saturday Night Live (director: Beth McCarthy-Miller, 218 episodes) cast member from decades past — like Molly Shannon, Cheri Oteri, Laraine Newman, or even Maya Rudolph.
True fans know that Carden is a huge One Direction fan, and one of the people she would most want to work with is Harry Styles. She talks about it on an episode of the podcast "Don't Get Me Started" where she is the guest. If you scroll through Carden's likes on Twitter , she's hit the heart on a few theories suggesting Harry is the one.
However, truer fans know that Carden technically already has worked with the boys. She and fellow 1D super fan Brandon Scott Jones were extras in a Saturday Night Live digital short starring Paul Rudd . This could be another Poehler situation and/or a red herring.
Got any other guesses for this surprise on high? Schur did manage to snag Bill Murray for the Parks and Recreation (director: Nicole Holofcener, four episodes) series finale, after all. Whoever the judge ends up being, lets hope the gang manages to keep their chill long enough to plead their case. | https://www.bustle.com/p/who-plays-the-judge-on-the-good-place-prepare-to-be-surprised-in-the-best-way-8022119 | 20 |
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