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| When to see a doctor
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0 |
Atrial fibrillation
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350624
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350630
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/doctors-departments/ddc-20350632
|
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm. An irregular heart rhythm is called an arrhythmia.AFibcan lead to blood clots in the heart. The condition also increases the risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications.
During atrial fibrillation, the heart's upper chambers — called the atria — beat chaotically and irregularly. They beat out of sync with the lower heart chambers, called the ventricles. For many people,AFibmay have no symptoms. ButAFibmay cause a fast, pounding heartbeat, shortness of breath or light-headedness.
Episodes of atrial fibrillation may come and go, or they may be persistent.AFibitself usually isn't life-threatening. But it's a serious medical condition that needs proper treatment to prevent stroke.
Treatment for atrial fibrillation may include medicines, therapy to shock the heart back to a regular rhythm and procedures to block faulty heart signals.
A person with atrial fibrillation also may have a related heart rhythm problem called atrial flutter. The treatments forAFiband atrial flutter are similar.
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Symptoms ofAFibmay include:
Feelings of a fast, fluttering or pounding heartbeat, called palpitations.
Chest pain.
Dizziness.
Fatigue.
Lightheadedness.
Reduced ability to exercise.
Shortness of breath.
Weakness.
Some people with atrial fibrillation (AFib) don't notice any symptoms.
Atrial fibrillation may be:
Occasional, also called paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.AFibsymptoms come and go. The symptoms usually last for a few minutes to hours. Some people have symptoms for as long as a week. The episodes can happen repeatedly. Symptoms might go away on their own. Some people with occasionalAFibneed treatment.
Persistent.The irregular heartbeat is constant. The heart rhythm does not reset on its own. If symptoms occur, medical treatment is needed to correct the heart rhythm.
Long-standing persistent.This type ofAFibis constant and lasts longer than 12 months. Medicines or a procedure are needed to correct the irregular heartbeat.
Permanent.In this type of atrial fibrillation, the irregular heart rhythm can't be reset. Medicines are needed to control the heart rate and to prevent blood clots.
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If you have symptoms of atrial fibrillation, make an appointment for a health checkup. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases, called a cardiologist.
If you have chest pain, seek immediate medical help. Chest pain could mean that you're having a heart attack.
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To understand the causes of atrial fibrillation (AFib), it may be helpful to know how the heart typically beats.
The heart has four chambers:
The two upper chambers are called the atria.
The two lower chambers are called the ventricles.
Inside the upper right heart chamber is a group of cells called the sinus node. The sinus node makes the signals that starts each heartbeat.
The signals move across the upper heart chambers. Next, the signals arrive at a group of cells called theAVnode, where they usually slow down. The signals then go to the lower heart chambers.
In a healthy heart, this signaling process usually goes smoothly. The resting heart rate is typically 60 to 100 beats a minute.
But in atrial fibrillation, the signals in the upper chambers of the heart are chaotic. As a result, the upper chambers tremble or shake. TheAVnode is flooded with signals trying to get through to the lower heart chambers. This causes a fast and irregular heart rhythm.
In people withAFib, the heart rate may range from 100 to 175 beats a minute.
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Things that can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation (AFib) include:
Age.The risk ofAFibincreases as you grow older.
Caffeine, nicotine or illegal drug use.Caffeine, nicotine and some illegal drugs — such as amphetamines and cocaine — can cause your heart to beat faster. Use of these substances may lead to the development of more-serious arrhythmias.
Drinking too much alcohol.Drinking too much alcohol can affect the electrical signals in the heart. This can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation.
Changes in the level of body minerals.Minerals in the blood called electrolytes — such as potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium — help the heart beat. If these substances are too low or too high, irregular heartbeats may occur.
Family history.An increased risk of atrial fibrillation occurs in some families.
Heart problems or heart surgery.Coronary artery disease, heart valve disease and heart problems present at birth increase the risk ofAFib. A history of heart attack or heart surgery also makes a person more likely to get the condition.
High blood pressure.Having high blood pressure increases the risk of getting coronary artery disease. Over time, high blood pressure may cause part of the heart to become stiff and thick. This can change how heartbeat signals travel through the heart.
Obesity.People who have obesity are at higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation.
Other long-term health conditions.You may be more likely to getAFibif you have diabetes, chronic kidney disease, lung disease or sleep apnea.
Some medicines and supplements.Some prescription medicines and certain cough and cold remedies bought without a prescription can cause irregular heartbeats.
Thyroid disease.Having an overactive thyroid gland can raise the risk of irregular heartbeats.
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Blood clots are a dangerous complication of atrial fibrillation (AFib). Blood clots can lead to stroke.
The risk of stroke fromAFibincreases as you grow older. Other health conditions also may increase the risk of a stroke due toAFib. These conditions include:
High blood pressure.
Diabetes.
Heart failure.
Some types of heart valve disease.
Blood thinners are commonly prescribed to prevent blood clots and strokes in people with atrial fibrillation.
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Healthy lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of heart disease and may prevent atrial fibrillation (AFib). Here are some basic heart-healthy tips:
Control high blood pressure, high cholesterol and diabetes.
Don't smoke or use tobacco.
Eat a diet that's low in salt and saturated fat.
Exercise at least 30 minutes a day on most days of the week unless your health care team says not to.
Get good sleep. Adults should aim for 7 to 9 hours daily.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Reduce and manage stress.
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You may not know you have atrial fibrillation (AFib). The condition may be found when a health checkup is done for another reason.
To diagnoseAFib, the health care provider examines you and asks questions about your medical history and symptoms. Tests may be done to look for conditions that can cause irregular heartbeats, such as heart disease or thyroid disease.
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The goals of atrial fibrillation treatment are to reset and control the heartbeat and prevent blood clots.
Treatment depends on:
How long you've hadAFib.
Your symptoms.
The cause of the irregular heartbeat.
Atrial fibrillation treatment may involve:
Medicine.
Therapy to reset the heart rhythm, called cardioversion.
Surgery or catheter procedures.
Together, you and your health care team discuss the best treatment option for you. It's important to follow your atrial fibrillation treatment plan. IfAFibisn't well controlled, it may lead to other complications, including stroke and heart failure.
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If you have an irregular or pounding heartbeat, make an appointment for a health checkup. IfAFibis found early, treatment may be easier, and it may work better. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of provider is called a cardiologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Following a heart-healthy lifestyle can help prevent or treat conditions that can lead to atrial fibrillation (AFib). The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
Eat healthy foods.Choose plenty of fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Limit sugar, salt and saturated fats.
Exercise and stay active.Regular physical activity helps control diabetes, high cholesterol and high blood pressure — all risk factors for heart disease. Try to get 30 to 60 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. Talk to your health care team about the amount and type of exercise that's best for you.
Don't smoke.Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. If you need help quitting, talk to your health care team.
Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Talk with your care provider to set realistic goals for weight.
Control blood pressure.Get your blood pressure checked at least every two years if you're 18 and older. If you have risk factors for heart disease or are over age 40, you may need more-frequent checks. If you have high blood pressure, follow your treatment plan as directed.
Get your cholesterol checked.Ask your health care team how often you need a cholesterol test. Lifestyle changes and medicines may be recommended to control high cholesterol.
Limit alcohol.Binge drinking (having five drinks in two hours for men or four drinks for women) can increase the risk of atrial fibrillation. In some people, even lower amounts of alcohol can triggerAFib.
Practice good sleep habits.Poor sleep may increase the risk of heart disease and other chronic conditions. Adults should aim to get 7 to 9 hours of sleep daily.
It's also important to have regular health checkups. Tell your health care team if yourAFibsymptoms get worse.
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fatigue, weakness, pounding, chest pain, palpitations, atrial fibrillation, lightheadedness, dizziness, afib, shortness of breath
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1 |
Hyperhidrosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20367152
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367173
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20367288
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Hyperhidrosis (hi-pur-hi-DROE-sis) is excessive sweating that's not always related to heat or exercise. You may sweat so much that it soaks through your clothes or drips off your hands. Heavy sweating can disrupt your day and cause social anxiety and embarrassment.
Hyperhidrosis treatment usually helps. It often begins with antiperspirants. If these don't help, you may need to try different medications and therapies. In severe cases, your health care provider may suggest surgery to remove the sweat glands or to disconnect the nerves related to producing too much sweat.
Sometimes an underlying condition may be found and treated.
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The main symptom of hyperhidrosis is heavy sweating. This goes beyond the sweating from being in a hot environment, exercising, or feeling anxious or stressed. The type of hyperhidrosis that usually affects the hands, feet, underarms or face causes at least one episode a week when you're awake. And the sweating usually happens on both sides of the body.
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Sometimes excessive sweating is a sign of a serious condition.
Seek immediate medical attentionif you have heavy sweating with dizziness, pain in the chest, throat, jaw, arms, shoulders or throat, or cold skin and a rapid pulse.
See your health care provider if:
Sweating disrupts your daily routine
Sweating causes emotional distress or social withdrawal
You suddenly begin to sweat more than usual
You experience night sweats for no apparent reason
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Sweating is the body's mechanism to cool itself. The nervous system automatically triggers sweat glands when your body temperature rises. Sweating also occurs, especially on your palms, when you're nervous.
Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by faulty nerve signals that trigger eccrine sweat glands to become overactive. It usually affects the palms, soles, underarms and sometimes the face.
There is no medical cause for this type of hyperhidrosis. It can run in families.
Secondary hyperhidrosis is caused by an underlying medical condition or by taking certain medications, such as pain relievers, antidepressants, and some diabetes and hormonal medications. This type of hyperhidrosis may cause sweating all over the body. Conditions that might cause it include:
Diabetes
Menopause hot flashes
Thyroid problems
Some types of cancer
Nervous system disorders
Infections
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Risk factors for hyperhidrosis include:
Having a blood relative, such as a parent, sibling or grandparent, who sweats heavily
Taking medicines or supplements that cause sweating
Having a medical condition that causes sweating
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Complications of hyperhidrosis include:
Infections.People who sweat a lot are more prone to skin infections.
Social and emotional effects.Having clammy or dripping hands and sweat-soaked clothes can be embarrassing. Your condition may affect your pursuit of work and educational goals.
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Diagnosing hyperhidrosis may start with your health care provider asking about your medical history and symptoms. You may also need a physical exam or tests to further evaluate the cause of your symptoms.
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Treating hyperhidrosis may start with treating the condition causing it. If a cause isn't found, treatment focuses on controlling heavy sweating. If new self-care habits don't improve your symptoms, your health care provider may suggest one or more of the following treatments. Even if your sweating improves after treatment, it may recur.
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Hyperhidrosis can be the cause of discomfort and embarrassment. You may have trouble working or enjoying recreational activities because of wet hands or feet or wet stains on clothing. You might feel anxious about your symptoms and become withdrawn or self-conscious. You may be frustrated or upset by other people's reactions.
Talk about your concerns with your health care provider, a counselor or a medical social worker. Or you may find it helpful to talk with other people who have hyperhidrosis.
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You may start by seeing your primary care provider. You may then be referred to a specialist in diagnosing and treating conditions of the hair and skin (dermatologist). If your condition is not responding to treatment, you may be referred to a specialist in the nervous system (neurologist) or a surgeon.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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The following suggestions may help control sweating and body odor:
Use antiperspirant.Antiperspirants containing 6% to 20% aluminum chloride (Drysol, Xerac AC, others) can temporarily block sweat pores. This reduces the amount of sweat that reaches the skin. This type of product may help with minor hyperhidrosis. Apply it to dry skin before going to bed and wash it off when you wake.
Choose shoes and socks made of natural materials.Shoes made of natural materials, such as leather, allow your feet to breath, which helps prevent sweaty feet. Wear moisture-wicking athletic socks when you're active. In the store, you can tell which socks are moisture wicking by reading the packaging.
Keep your feet dry.Change socks or hose one or two times a day. Dry your feet each time. If you wear pantyhose, try the type with cotton soles. Use shoe insoles and foot powder to help absorb sweat. Wear sandals or go barefoot when you can. Or at least slip out of your shoes now and then.
Choose clothing to suit your activity.When you can, wear natural fabrics, such as cotton, wool and silk. These allow your skin to breathe. When you're very active, you might prefer fabrics designed to wick moisture away from your skin.
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heavy sweating, stressed, hyperhidrosis, anxious
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2 |
Bartholin's cyst
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20369976
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369981
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bartholin-cyst/doctors-departments/ddc-20369982
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The Bartholin's (BAHR-toe-linz) glands are located on each side of the vaginal opening. These glands secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina.
Sometimes the openings of these glands become obstructed, causing fluid to back up into the gland. The result is relatively painless swelling called a Bartholin's cyst. If the fluid within the cyst becomes infected, you may develop a collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue (abscess).
A Bartholin's cyst or abscess is common. Treatment of a Bartholin's cyst depends on the size of the cyst, how painful the cyst is and whether the cyst is infected.
Sometimes home treatment is all you need. In other cases, surgical drainage of the Bartholin's cyst is necessary. If an infection occurs, antibiotics may be helpful to treat the infected Bartholin's cyst.
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If you have a small, noninfected Bartholin's cyst, you may not notice it. If the cyst grows, you might feel a lump or mass near your vaginal opening. Although a cyst is usually painless, it can be tender.
A full-blown infection of a Bartholin's cyst can occur in a matter of days. If the cyst becomes infected, you may experience:
A Bartholin's cyst or abscess typically occurs on only one side of the vaginal opening.
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Call your doctor if you have a painful lump near the opening of your vagina that doesn't improve after two or three days of self-care — for instance, soaking the area in warm water (sitz bath). If the pain is severe, make an appointment with your doctor right away.
Also call your doctor promptly if you find a new lump near your vaginal opening and you're older than 40. Although rare, such a lump may be a sign of a more serious problem, such as cancer.
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Experts believe that the cause of a Bartholin's cyst is a backup of fluid. Fluid may accumulate when the opening of the gland (duct) becomes obstructed, perhaps caused by infection or injury.
A Bartholin's cyst can become infected, forming an abscess. A number of bacteria may cause the infection, including Escherichia coli (E. coli) and bacteria that cause sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia.
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A Bartholin's cyst or abscess may recur and again require treatment.
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There's no way to prevent a Bartholin's cyst. However, safer sex practices — in particular, using condoms — and good hygiene habits may help to prevent infection of a cyst and the formation of an abscess.
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To diagnose a Bartholin's cyst, your doctor may:
If cancer is a concern, your doctor may refer you to a gynecologist who specializes in cancers of the female reproductive system.
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Often a Bartholin's cyst requires no treatment — especially if the cyst causes no signs or symptoms. When needed, treatment depends on the size of the cyst, your discomfort level and whether it's infected, which can result in an abscess.
Treatment options your doctor may recommend include:
Surgical drainage.You may need surgery to drain a cyst that's infected or very large. Drainage of a cyst can be done using local anesthesia or sedation.
For the procedure, your doctor makes a small incision in the cyst, allows it to drain, and then places a small rubber tube (catheter) in the incision. The catheter stays in place for up to six weeks to keep the incision open and allow complete drainage.
Rarely, for persistent cysts that aren't effectively treated by the above procedures, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove the Bartholin's gland. Surgical removal is usually done in a hospital under general anesthesia. Surgical removal of the gland carries a greater risk of bleeding or complications after the procedure.
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Your first appointment will likely be with either your primary care provider or a doctor who specializes in conditions that affect women (gynecologist).
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abscess, pain, tender, infection, lump, mass
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3 |
Infant reflux
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-acid-reflux/symptoms-causes/syc-20351408
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/infant-acid-reflux/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351412
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Infant reflux is when a baby spits up liquid or food. It happens when stomach contents move back up from a baby's stomach into the esophagus. The esophagus is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Reflux happens in infants many times a day. If your baby is content and growing well, reflux is not a cause for concern. Sometimes called gastroesophageal reflux, also called GER, the condition becomes less common as a baby gets older. It's unusual for infant reflux to continue after age 18 months.
Rarely, infant reflux leads to weight loss or growth that lags behind that of other children of the same age and sex. These symptoms may mean that your baby has a medical issue. This issue could be an allergy, a blockage in the digestive system or gastroesophageal reflux disease, also called GERD. GERD is a form of GER that causes serious health issues.
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Most of the time, infant reflux isn't a cause for concern. It's not usual for stomach contents to have enough acid to irritate the throat or esophagus and cause symptoms.
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See a healthcare professional if a baby:
Isn't gaining weight.
Consistently spits up forcefully, causing stomach contents to shoot out of the mouth. This is called projectile vomiting.
Spits up green or yellow fluid.
Spits up blood or stomach contents that look like coffee grounds.
Refuses to feed or eat.
Has blood in the stool.
Has difficulty breathing or a cough that won't go away.
Begins spitting up at age 6 months or older.
Is very irritable after eating.
Doesn't have much energy.
Some of these symptoms may mean serious but treatable conditions. These include GERD or a blockage in the digestive tract.
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In infants, the ring of muscle between the esophagus and the stomach is not yet fully developed. This muscle is called the lower esophageal sphincter, also known as LES. When the LES is not fully developed, it allows stomach contents to flow back up into the esophagus. Over time, the LES typically matures. It opens when a baby swallows and remains tightly closed at other times, keeping stomach contents where they belong.
Some factors that contribute to infant reflux are common in babies and often can't be avoided. These include lying flat most of the time and being fed an almost completely liquid diet.
Sometimes, infant reflux can be caused by more-serious conditions, such as:
GERD.The reflux has enough acid to irritate and damage the lining of the esophagus.
Pyloric stenosis.A muscular valve allows food to leave the stomach and enter the small intestine as part of digestion. In pyloric stenosis, the valve thickens and becomes larger than it should. The thickened valve then traps food in the stomach and blocks it from entering the small intestine.
Food intolerance.A protein in cow's milk is the most common trigger.
Eosinophilic esophagitis.A certain type of white blood cell builds up and injures the lining of the esophagus. This white blood cell is called an eosinophil.
Sandifer syndrome.This causes tilting and rotation of the head that are not usual and movements that look like seizures. It's a rare complication of GERD.
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Infant reflux is common. But some things make it more likely that a baby will have infant reflux. These include:
Premature birth.
Lung conditions, such as cystic fibrosis.
Conditions that affect the nervous system, such as cerebral palsy.
Previous surgery on the esophagus.
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Infant reflux usually gets better on its own. It rarely causes problems for babies.
If your baby has a more serious condition such as GERD, your baby's growth may lag behind that of other children. Some research suggests that babies who have frequent episodes of spitting up might be more likely to develop GERD later in childhood.
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To diagnose infant reflux, a healthcare professional typically starts with a physical exam and asks questions about a baby's symptoms. If a baby is growing as expected and seems content, then testing usually isn't needed. In some cases, however, a healthcare professional might recommend:
Ultrasound.This imaging test can detect pyloric stenosis.
Lab tests.Blood and urine tests can help find or rule out possible causes of poor weight gain and vomiting that happens often.
Esophageal pH monitoring.To measure the acidity in a baby's esophagus, the health professional places a thin tube through the baby's nose or mouth and into the esophagus. The tube is attached to a device that monitors acidity. A baby might need to stay in the hospital while being monitored.
X-rays.These images can detect problems in the digestive tract, such as a blockage. A baby may be given a contrast liquid with a bottle before the test. This liquid is usually barium.
Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube called an endoscope to visually examine the upper digestive system. Tissue samples may be taken for analysis. For infants and children, endoscopy usually is done under general anesthesia. General anesthesia causes a sleeplike state before surgery or other medical procedures.
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For most babies, making some changes to feeding eases infant reflux until it gets better on its own.
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You may start by seeing your baby's primary healthcare team. Or you may be referred to a specialist in children's digestive diseases, called a pediatric gastroenterologist.
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To minimize reflux:
Feed your baby in an upright position.Then, hold your baby in a sitting position for 30 minutes after feeding. Gravity can help stomach contents stay where they belong. Be careful not to jostle or jiggle your baby while the food is settling.
Try smaller, more frequent feedings.Feed your baby a little bit less than usual if you're bottle-feeding, or cut back a little on nursing time.
Take time to burp your baby.Frequent burps during and after feeding can keep air from building up in your baby's stomach.
Put baby to sleep on the back.Most babies should be placed on their backs to sleep, even if they have reflux.
Keep in mind that infant reflux is usually little cause for concern. Just keep plenty of burp cloths handy as you wait for your baby's reflux to stop.
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reflux, throat, irritate the throat, irritate the esophagus
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4 |
Hidradenitis suppurativa
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352306
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352311
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hidradenitis-suppurativa/doctors-departments/ddc-20352315
|
Hidradenitis suppurativa (hi-drad-uh-NIE-tis sup-yoo-ruh-TIE-vuh), also known as acne inversa, is a condition that causes small, painful lumps to form under the skin. The lumps usually develop in areas where your skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts. The lumps heal slowly, recur, and can lead to tunnels under the skin and scarring.
Hidradenitis suppurativa tends to start after puberty, usually before age 40. It can persist for many years and worsen over time. It can affect your daily life and emotional well-being. Combined medical and surgical therapy can help manage the disease and prevent complications.
Women are three times more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa, though this ratio can differ by location around the world. Also, Black people are more likely to develop this disease than people of other races. This could be attributed to genetic factors.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa can affect one or several areas of the body. Signs and symptoms of the condition include:
Blackheads.Blackheads appear in small, pitted areas of skin, often appearing in pairs.
Painful pea-sized lumps.The condition usually starts with a single, painful lump under the skin that persists for weeks or months. More bumps may form later, usually in areas where you have more sweat and oil glands or where the skin rubs together, such as the armpits, groin, buttocks and breasts.
Leaking bumps or sores.Some bumps or sores get bigger, break open and drain pus with an odor.
Tunnels.Over time, tunnels might form under the skin, connecting the lumps. These wounds heal slowly, if at all, and drain blood and pus.
Some people with this condition experience only mild symptoms. The course of the disease is highly variable. Excess weight and being a smoker are associated with worse symptoms, but people who are thin and don't smoke can experience severe disease.
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Early diagnosis of hidradenitis suppurativa is key to effective treatment. See your dermatologist if your condition:
Is painful.
Makes it difficult to move.
Doesn't improve in a few weeks.
Returns within weeks of treatment.
Appears in several locations.
Flares often.
Your dermatologist can create a treatment plan for you.
Hidradenitis suppurativa is not just a boil, and many people with this condition also have related conditions. People with hidradenitis suppurativa benefit from a health care team with medical and surgical dermatologists at the core. Other specialists are involved as needed.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa develops when hair follicles become blocked, but why this blockage occurs isn't known. Experts think it could be connected to hormones, genetic predisposition, cigarette smoking or excess weight.
An infection or being unclean does not cause hidradenitis suppurativa, and it can't be spread to other people.
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Factors that increase your chance of developing hidradenitis suppurativa include:
Age.The risk of hidradenitis suppurativa is higher for people in their teens and 20s.
Sex.Females are more likely to develop hidradenitis suppurativa than males.
Race.Ethnicity or race might affect risk level. The condition occurs most in Black people, possibly due to genetic factors.
Family history.A tendency to develop hidradenitis suppurativa can be inherited.
Certain conditions.Hidradenitis suppurativa is more common and severe in people who are overweight. It also has an association with severe acne, arthritis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
Smoking.Smoking tobacco has been linked to hidradenitis suppurativa.
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Persistent and severe hidradenitis suppurativa can cause complications, including:
Infection.Secondary infection is possible in the affected area, but the presence of pus is common in hidradenitis suppurativa and doesn't necessarily mean infection.
Scars and skin changes.The wounds may heal but leave ropelike scars or pitted skin.
Restricted movement.Sores and scar tissue can cause limited or painful movement, especially when the disease affects the armpits or thighs.
Skin cancer.Squamous cell carcinoma has been reported with long-term hidradenitis suppurativa, particularly in people whose condition involves the perianal area. This area consists of the tissues around the anus.
Swelling in the arms, legs or genitals.The most common sites for hidradenitis suppurativa also contain many lymph nodes. Scar tissue can interfere with the lymph drainage system, which can cause the arms, legs or genitals to swell.
Psychological effects and social isolation.The location, drainage and odor of the sores can cause embarrassment and reluctance to go out in public, leading to anxiety or depression.
Lifelong pain.This pain is much worse than diseases such as psoriasis.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa can be mistaken for pimples or acne. For many people, it takes years to receive a correct diagnosis.
Your health care provider will base a diagnosis on your signs and symptoms, skin appearance, and medical history. You might be referred to a health care provider who specializes in skin conditions, also known as a dermatologist. Hidradenitis suppurativa can be difficult to diagnose and requires specialized care.
No laboratory test is available to diagnose hidradenitis suppurativa. But if pus or drainage is present, your health care provider might take a sample for lab testing.
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Treatment with medicines, surgery or both can help control symptoms and prevent complications of hidradenitis suppurativa. Talk with your health care provider about the risks and benefits of the treatment options and how to develop an approach that's right for you.
Expect to have regular follow-up visits with your dermatologist. Some people might need the comprehensive care provided by a health care team with members from multiple medical specialties.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa can be a challenge to your emotional health and well-being. Painful sores might affect your sleep, ability to move or sex life. Or the sores might drain pus with an odor, which might make you feel anxious, embarrassed, angry, self-conscious or depressed. The ongoing, persistent nature of the disease and its treatment challenges add to the burden.
Try to find support among your family and friends. The concern and understanding of other people with hidradenitis suppurativa also might be comforting. Ask for help with your mental health and coping strategies. Your health care provider can refer you to a mental health professional or provide the contact information for a support group.
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You'll likely first see your primary care provider. You might then be referred to a health care provider who specializes in diagnosing and treating skin diseases, also known as a dermatologist. Depending on the severity of your condition, your care also might involve specialists in colorectal surgery, plastic surgery or gastroenterology.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Mild hidradenitis suppurativa can sometimes be effectively controlled with self-care measures. Self-care is also an important complement to medical treatment.
These suggestions might relieve discomfort, speed healing or prevent flare-ups:
Follow a daily skin care routine.Gently wash your body with a cleanser that is not soap. It can sometimes be helpful to use an antiseptic wash such as chlorhexidine 4% or benzoyl peroxide wash when showering. Try it once a week at first and then increase use to once daily if your skin tolerates it well. Pat dry. When washing, avoid using washcloths, loofahs or other such items on affected areas, as they can irritate skin. Don't squeeze pimples and sores. And avoid shaving or using hair-removing, or depilatory, creams.
Manage your pain.Gently applying a warm compress can reduce swelling and ease pain. Ask your health care provider about an appropriate pain reliever and how to care for your wounds at home.
Try to keep or achieve a healthy weight and stay active.Not being at a healthy weight can worsen the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa. Talk with your health care team to develop a plan. Try to find activities that don't irritate your skin.
Consider altering your diet.Diets that include dairy, red meat and foods with a high glycemic index might worsen hidradenitis suppurativa symptoms. If your diet includes these foods, talk with a dietitian about the benefits of eliminating them.
Quit smoking.If you smoke, try to quit. Stopping smoking can ease the symptoms of hidradenitis suppurativa.
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pain, blackheads, sores, painful lump under the skin, tunnels, smoke, painful lumps, hidradenitis suppurativa, leaking bumps
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5 |
HIV/AIDS
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373531
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/doctors-departments/ddc-20373532
|
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), is an ongoing, also called chronic, condition. It's caused by the human immunodeficiency virus, also called HIV.HIVdamages the immune system so that the body is less able to fight infection and disease. IfHIVisn't treated, it can take years before it weakens the immune system enough to becomeAIDS. Thanks to treatment, most people in the U.S. don't getAIDS.
HIVis spread through contact with genitals, such as during sex without a condom. This type of infection is called a sexually transmitted infection, also called an STI.HIValso is spread through contact with blood, such as when people share needles or syringes. It is also possible for a person with untreatedHIVto spread the virus to a child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
There's no cure forHIV/AIDS. But medicines can control the infection and keep the disease from getting worse. Antiviral treatments forHIVhave reducedAIDSdeaths around the world. There's an ongoing effort to make ways to prevent and treatHIV/AIDSmore available in resource-poor countries.
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The symptoms ofHIVandAIDSvary depending on the person and the phase of infection.
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If you think you may have been infected withHIVor are at risk of contracting the virus, see a healthcare professional as soon as you can.
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HIVis caused by a virus. It can spread through sexual contact, shooting of illicit drugs or use of shared needles, and contact with infected blood. It also can spread from parent to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding.
HIVdestroys white blood cells called CD4 T cells. These cells play a large role in helping the body fight disease. The fewer CD4 T cells you have, the weaker your immune system becomes.
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Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can haveHIV/AIDS. However, you're at greatest risk ofHIV/AIDSif you:
Have unprotected sex.Use a new latex or polyurethane condom every time you have sex. Anal sex is riskier than is vaginal sex. Your risk ofHIVincreases if you have more than one sexual partner.
Have anSTI.ManySTIscause open sores on the genitals. These sores allowHIVto enter the body.
Inject illicit drugs.If you share needles and syringes, you can be exposed to infected blood.
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HIVinfection weakens your immune system. The infection makes you much more likely to get many infections and certain types of cancers.
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There's no vaccine to preventHIVinfection and no cure forHIV/AIDS. But you can protect yourself and others from infection.
To help prevent the spread ofHIV:
Consider preexposure prophylaxis, also called PrEP.There are twoPrEPmedicines taken by mouth, also called oral, and onePrEPmedicine given in the form of a shot, called injectable. The oral medicines are emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy). The injectable medicine is called cabotegravir (Apretude).PrEPcan reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk.PrEPcan reduce the risk of gettingHIVfrom sex by about 99% and from injecting drugs by at least 74%, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Descovy hasn't been studied in people who have sex by having a penis put into their vaginas, called receptive vaginal sex.Cabotegravir (Apretude) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approvedPrEPthat can be given as a shot to reduce the risk of sexually transmittedHIVinfection in people at very high risk. A healthcare professional gives the shot. After two once-monthly shots, Apretude is given every two months. The shot is an option in place of a dailyPrEPpill.Your healthcare professional prescribes these medicines to preventHIVonly to people who don't already haveHIVinfection. You need anHIVtest before you start taking anyPrEP. You need to take the test every three months for the pills or before each shot for as long as you takePrEP.You need to take the pills every day or closely follow the shot schedule. You still need to practice safe sex to protect against otherSTIs. If you have hepatitis B, you should see an infectious disease or liver specialist before beginningPrEPtherapy.
Use treatment as prevention, also called TasP.If you haveHIV, takingHIVmedicines can keep your partner from getting infected with the virus. If your blood tests show no virus, that means your viral load can't be detected. Then you won't transmit the virus to anyone else through sex.If you useTasP, you must take your medicines exactly as prescribed and get regular checkups.
Use post-exposure prophylaxis, also called PEP, if you've been exposed toHIV.If you think you've been exposed through sex, through needles or in the workplace, contact your healthcare professional or go to an emergency room. TakingPEPas soon as you can within the first 72 hours can greatly reduce your risk of gettingHIV. You need to take the medicine for 28 days.
Use a new condom every time you have anal or vaginal sex.Both male and female condoms are available. If you use a lubricant, make sure it's water based. Oil-based lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break.During oral sex, use a cut-open condom or a piece of medical-grade latex called a dental dam without a lubricant.
Tell your sexual partners you haveHIV.It's important to tell all your current and past sexual partners that you'reHIVpositive. They need to be tested.
Use clean needles.If you use needles to inject illicit drugs, make sure the needles are sterile. Don't share them. Use needle-exchange programs in your community. Seek help for your drug use.
If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.You can passHIVto your baby. But if you get treatment during pregnancy, you can lessen your baby's risk greatly.
Consider male circumcision.Studies show that removing the foreskin from the penis, called circumcision, can help reduce the risk of gettingHIVinfection.
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HIVcan be diagnosed through blood or saliva testing. Tests include:
Antigen-antibody tests.These tests most often use blood from a vein. Antigens are substances on theHIVvirus itself. They most often show up in the blood within a few weeks after being exposed toHIV.The immune system makes antibodies when it's exposed toHIV. It can take weeks to months for antibodies to show up in blood. You may not show a positive result on an antigen-antibody test until 2 to 6 weeks after exposure toHIV.
Antibody tests.These tests look for antibodies toHIVin blood or saliva. Most rapidHIVtests are antibody tests. This includes self-tests done at home. You may not show a positive result on an antibody test until 3 to 12 weeks after you've been exposed toHIV.
Nucleic acid tests (NATs).These tests look for the virus in your blood, called viral load. They use blood from a vein.If you might have been exposed toHIVwithin the past few weeks, your healthcare professional may suggestNAT.NATis the first test to become positive after exposure toHIV.
Talk with your healthcare professional about whichHIVtest is right for you. If any of these tests are negative, you may need a follow-up test weeks to months later to confirm the results.
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There's no cure forHIV/AIDS. Once you have the infection, your body can't get rid of it. But there are medicines that can controlHIVand prevent complications.
Everyone diagnosed withHIVshould take antiretroviral therapy medicines, also called ART. This is true no matter what stage the disease is in or what the complications are.
ARTis usually a mix of two or more medicines from several classes. This approach has the best chance of lowering the amount ofHIVin the blood. There are manyARToptions that mix more than oneHIVmedicine into a single pill, taken once daily.
Each class of medicines blocks the virus in different ways. Treatment involves mixing medicines from different classes to:
Account for medicine resistance, called viral genotype.
Keep from creating new medicine-resistant strains ofHIV.
Suppress the virus in the blood as much as possible.
Two medicines from one class, plus a third medicine from another class, are most often used.
The classes of anti-HIVmedicines include the following:
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)turn off a protein needed byHIVto make copies of itself.Examples include efavirenz, rilpivirine (Edurant) and doravirine (Pifeltro).
Nucleoside or nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)are faulty versions of the building blocks thatHIVneeds to make copies of itself.Examples include abacavir (Ziagen), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), emtricitabine (Emtriva), lamivudine (Epivir) and zidovudine (Retrovir). Retrovir is no longer suggested for routine use in the U.S. because of high rates of toxic effects.Mixes of medicines also are available, such as emtricitabine-tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Truvada) and emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Descovy).
Protease inhibitors (PIs)makeHIVprotease inactive.HIVprotease is another protein thatHIVneeds to make copies of itself.Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista) and lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra).
Integrase inhibitorsstop the action of a protein called integrase.HIVuses integrase to put its genetic material into CD4 T cells.Examples include bictegravir sodium-emtricitabine-tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (Biktarvy), raltegravir (Isentress), dolutegravir (Tivicay) and cabotegravir (Vocabria).
Entry or fusion inhibitorsblockHIV'sentry into CD4 T cells.Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). Newer medicines include ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo) and fostemsavir (Rukobia).
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Getting a diagnosis of any life-threatening illness can cause distress. The emotional, social and financial effects ofHIV/AIDScan make coping with this illness very hard for you and for those close to you.
But there are many services and resources for people withHIV. MostHIV/AIDSclinics have social workers, counselors or nurses who can help you or put you in touch with people who can help you.
They may be able to:
Arrange transportation to and from medical appointments.
Help with housing and child care.
Assist with employment and legal issues.
Provide support during financial crises.
It's important to have a support system. Many people withHIV/AIDSfind that talking with someone who knows about their disease gives them comfort.
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If you think you might have anHIVinfection, you're likely to start by seeing your family healthcare professional. You may be sent to an infectious disease specialist who focuses on treatingHIV/AIDS.
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Besides getting medical treatment, you need to take an active role in your own care. The following may help you stay healthy longer:
Eat healthy foods.Fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein help keep you strong, give you more energy and support your immune system. Eat enough calories to keep your weight stable.
Avoid raw meat, eggs and more.Foodborne illnesses can be severe in people who are infected withHIV. Cook meat until it's well done. Don't use dairy products that aren't treated for bacteria, called pasteurized. Don't eat raw eggs and raw seafood such as oysters, sushi or sashimi. Don't drink water you don't know is safe.
Get the right vaccinations.These may prevent common infections such as pneumonia, influenza,COVID-19and mpox. Your healthcare professional also may suggest other vaccinations, including those forHPV, hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Vaccines that don't have live viruses mostly are safe. But most vaccines with live viruses are not safe because of your weakened immune system.
Take care with pets.Some animals may carry parasites that can cause infections in people who areHIVpositive. Cat stool can cause toxoplasmosis, reptiles can carry salmonella, and birds can carry cryptococcus or histoplasmosis. Wash hands thoroughly after handling pets or emptying litter boxes.
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infection, none
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6 |
Acute myelogenous leukemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369109
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369115
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-myelogenous-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20369117
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Acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft matter inside bones where blood cells are made.
The word "acute" in acute myelogenous leukemia means the disease tends to get worse quickly. It's called myelogenous (my-uh-LOHJ-uh-nus) leukemia because it affects cells called the myeloid cells. These typically develop into mature blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.
AML is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults. The other type is acute lymphoblastic leukemia, also called ALL. Although AML can be diagnosed at any age, it is less common before age 45. AML also is called acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Unlike other cancers, there are no numbered stages of acute myelogenous leukemia.
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Symptoms of acute myelogenous leukemia may include:
Fever.
Pain. Common places for pain include the bones, back and stomach.
Feeling very tired.
Paleness or change in skin color.
Frequent infections.
Easy bruising.
Bleeding with no clear cause, such as in the nose or gums.
Shortness of breath.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you. Acute myelogenous leukemia symptoms are like those of many more-common conditions, such as infections. The healthcare professional may check for those causes first.
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It's often not clear what causes acute myelogenous leukemia.
Healthcare professionals know that it starts when something causes changes to the DNA inside cells in the bone marrow. The bone marrow is the spongy material inside bones. It's where blood cells are made.
The changes that lead to acute myelogenous leukemia are thought to happen in cells called myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are bone marrow cells that can turn into the blood cells that circulate through the body. Healthy myeloid cells can become:
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body.
Platelets, which help stop bleeding.
White blood cells, which help fight infections.
Every cell in the body contains DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. But when the DNA changes happen in the myeloid cells, the changes give different instructions. The myeloid cells start to make a lot of extra cells, and they don't stop.
The DNA changes cause the myeloid cells to make a lot of immature white blood cells, called myeloblasts. The myeloblasts don't work right. They can build up in the bone marrow. They can crowd out healthy blood cells. Without enough healthy blood cells, there might be low oxygen levels in the blood, easy bruising and bleeding, and frequent infections.
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Factors that may increase the risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include:
Older age.Acute myelogenous leukemia is most common in adults age 65 and older.
Prior cancer treatment.People who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy may have a greater risk of AML.
Radiation exposure.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing AML.
Dangerous chemical exposure.Certain chemicals, such as benzene, are linked to a greater risk of AML.
Smoking cigarettes.AML is linked to cigarette smoke, which contains benzene and other known cancer-causing chemicals.
Other blood disorders.People who've had another blood disorder, such as myelodysplasia, myelofibrosis, polycythemia vera or thrombocythemia, are at greater risk of AML.
Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of AML.
Family history.People with a close blood relative, such as a sibling, parent or grandparent with a blood or bone marrow disorder are at higher risk for AML.
Many people with AML have no known risk factors, and many people who have risk factors never develop the cancer.
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Acute myeloid leukemia diagnosis often begins with an exam that checks for bruising, bleeding in the mouth or gums, infection, and swollen lymph nodes. Other tests include blood and lab tests, bone marrow biopsy, lumbar puncture, and imaging.
Tests and exams to diagnose acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML, include:
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Many types of treatment exist for acute myelogenous leukemia, also called AML. Treatment depends on several factors, including the subtype of the disease, your age, your overall health, your prognosis and your preferences.
Treatment usually has two phases:
Remission induction therapy.This first phase aims to kill the leukemia cells in your blood and bone marrow. But it doesn't usually destroy all the leukemia cells. You will need further treatment to keep the disease from coming back.
Consolidation therapy.This phase also is called post-remission therapy or maintenance therapy. It aims to kill the remaining leukemia cells. Consolidation therapy is crucial to helping lower the risk of relapse.
Treatments include:
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy treats cancer with strong medicines. Most chemotherapy medicines are given through a vein. Some come in pill form. Chemotherapy is the main type of remission induction therapy. It also may be used for consolidation therapy.
People with AML usually stay in the hospital during chemotherapy treatments because the medicines kill many healthy blood cells while destroying leukemia cells. If the first chemotherapy cycle doesn't cause remission, it can be repeated.
Side effects of chemotherapy depend on the medicines you're given. Common side effects are nausea and hair loss. Serious, long-term complications may include heart disease, lung damage, fertility problems and other cancers.
Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy for cancer is a treatment that uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you. Targeted therapy may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy during induction therapy.
Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also called a bone marrow stem cell transplant, involves putting healthy bone marrow stem cells into the body. These cells replace cells hurt by chemotherapy and other treatments. A bone marrow stem cell transplant may be used for both remission induction and consolidation therapy.
Before a bone marrow transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your leukemia-producing bone marrow. Then you receive infusions of stem cells from a compatible donor. This is called an allogeneic transplant.
There is an increased risk of infection after a transplant.
Clinical trials.Some people with leukemia choose to enroll in clinical trials to try experimental treatments or new combinations of known therapies.
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Acute myelogenous leukemia is a fast-growing cancer that requires quick decision-making. The following tips and resources may help you cope:
Learn enough about acute myelogenous leukemia to make decisions about your care.The term leukemia can be confusing because it refers to a group of cancers that aren't all that alike except that they all affect the bone marrow and blood.You can waste a lot of time researching information that doesn't apply to your kind of leukemia. To avoid that, ask your doctor to write down as many details as possible about your specific disease. Then narrow your search to that disease.Look for information at your local library and on the internet. You can start your information search with the National Cancer Institute and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Lean on family, friends and others.Having a support system can help you cope. Get support from people close to you, a formal support group or others coping with cancer.
Take care of yourself.It's easy to get caught up in tests, treatments and procedures. But it's important to take care of yourself, not just the cancer. Try to make time for cooking, watching sports or other favorite activities. Get plenty of sleep, see friends, write in a journal and spend time outside if you can.
Stay active.Receiving a diagnosis of cancer doesn't mean you have to stop doing the things you enjoy. If you feel well enough to do something, do it. Check with your healthcare professional about starting any exercise program.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you. You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in blood cell diseases. This type of doctor is called a hematologist.
Appointments can be brief, and there's a lot of information to discuss. It's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready:
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pain, fever, bleeding, tired, infections, paleness, shortness of breath, bruising, acute myelogenous leukemia
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7 |
Guillain-Barre syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20362793
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20363006
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/guillain-barre-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20363037
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Guillain-Barre (gee-YAH-buh-RAY) syndrome is a condition in which the body's immune system attacks the nerves. It can cause weakness, numbness or paralysis.
Weakness and tingling in the hands and feet are usually the first symptoms. These sensations can quickly spread and may lead to paralysis. In its most serious form, Guillain-Barre syndrome is a medical emergency. Most people with the condition need treatment in a hospital.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is rare, and the exact cause is not known. But two-thirds of people have symptoms of an infection in the six weeks before Guillain-Barre symptoms begin. Infections can include a respiratory or a gastrointestinal infection, includingCOVID-19. Guillain-Barre also can be caused by the Zika virus.
There's no known cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. Several treatment options can ease symptoms and help speed recovery. Most people recover completely from Guillain-Barre syndrome, but some serious illnesses can be fatal. While recovery may take up to several years, most people are able to walk again six months after symptoms first began. Some people may have lasting effects, such as weakness, numbness or fatigue.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome often begins with tingling and weakness starting in the feet and legs and spreading to the upper body and arms. Some people notice the first symptoms in the arms or face. As Guillain-Barre syndrome progresses, muscle weakness can turn into paralysis.
Symptoms of Guillain-Barre syndrome may include:
A pins and needles feeling in the fingers, toes, ankles or wrists.
Weakness in the legs that spreads to the upper body.
Unsteady walk or not being able to walk or climb stairs.
Trouble with facial movements, including speaking, chewing or swallowing.
Double vision or inability to move the eyes.
Severe pain that may feel achy, shooting or cramplike and may be worse at night.
Trouble with bladder control or bowel function.
Rapid heart rate.
Low or high blood pressure.
Trouble breathing.
People with Guillain-Barre syndrome usually experience their most significant weakness within two weeks after symptoms begin.
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Call your healthcare professional if you have mild tingling in your toes or fingers that doesn't seem to be spreading or getting worse. Seek emergency medical help if you have any of these serious symptoms:
Tingling that started in your feet or toes and is now moving up your body.
Tingling or weakness that's spreading quickly.
Trouble catching your breath or shortness of breath when lying flat.
Choking on saliva.
Guillain-Barre syndrome is a serious condition that requires immediate hospitalization because it can worsen quickly. The sooner treatment is started, the better the chance of a complete recovery.
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The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome isn't known. It usually appears days or weeks after a respiratory or digestive tract infection. Rarely, recent surgery or vaccination can trigger Guillain-Barre syndrome.
In Guillain-Barre syndrome, your immune system — which usually attacks only invading organisms — begins attacking the nerves. InAIDP, the nerves' protective covering, known as the myelin sheath, is damaged. The damage prevents nerves from transmitting signals to your brain, causing weakness, numbness or paralysis.
Guillain-Barre syndrome may be triggered by:
Most commonly, an infection with campylobacter, a type of bacteria often found in undercooked poultry.
Influenza virus.
Cytomegalovirus.
Epstein-Barr virus.
Zika virus.
Hepatitis A, B, C and E.
HIV, the virus that causesAIDS.
Mycoplasma pneumonia.
Surgery.
Trauma.
Hodgkin lymphoma.
Rarely, influenza vaccinations or childhood vaccinations.
COVID-19virus.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome can affect all age groups, but the risk increases as you age. It's also slightly more common in males than females.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome affects your nerves. Because nerves control your movements and body functions, people with Guillain-Barre syndrome may experience:
Trouble breathing.Weakness or paralysis can spread to the muscles that control your breathing. This can potentially be fatal. Up to 22% of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome need temporary help from a machine to breathe within the first week when they're hospitalized for treatment.
Residual numbness or other sensations.Most people with Guillain-Barre syndrome recover completely or have only minor, residual weakness, numbness or tingling.
Heart and blood pressure problems.Blood pressure fluctuations and irregular heart rhythms are common side effects of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Pain.One-third of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome experience nerve pain, which may be eased with medicine.
Trouble with bowel and bladder function.Sluggish bowel function and urine retention may result from Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Blood clots.People who are not mobile due to Guillain-Barre syndrome are at risk of developing blood clots. Until you're able to walk independently, you may need to take blood thinners and wear support stockings to improve blood flow.
Pressure sores.You may be at risk of developing bedsores, also known as pressure sores, if you're not able to move. Changing your position often may help avoid this problem.
Relapse.A small percentage of people with Guillain-Barre syndrome have a relapse. A relapse can cause muscle weakness even years after symptoms ended.
When early symptoms are worse, the risk of serious long-term complications goes up. Rarely, death may occur from complications such as respiratory distress syndrome and heart attacks.
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Guillain-Barre syndrome can be hard to diagnose in its earliest stages. Its symptoms are similar to those of other conditions and may vary from person to person.
Your healthcare professional starts with a medical history and thorough physical exam.
Your healthcare professional may then recommend:
Spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture.A small amount of fluid is withdrawn from the spinal canal in your lower back. The fluid is tested for a type of change that commonly occurs in people who have Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Electromyography.Thin-needle electrodes are inserted into the muscles to measure nerve activity.
Nerve conduction studies.Electrodes are taped to the skin above your nerves. A small shock is passed through the nerve to measure the speed of nerve signals.
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There's no cure for Guillain-Barre syndrome. But two types of treatments can speed recovery and reduce symptoms:
Plasma exchange, also known as plasmapheresis.Plasma is the liquid portion of part of your blood. In a plasma exchange, plasma is removed and separated from your blood cells. The blood cells are then put back into your body, which makes more plasma to replace what was removed. Plasmapheresis may work by ridding plasma of certain antibodies that contribute to the immune system's attack on the peripheral nerves.
Immunoglobulin therapy.Immunoglobulin containing healthy antibodies from blood donors is given through a vein. High doses of immunoglobulin can block the damaging antibodies that may contribute to Guillain-Barre syndrome.
These treatments are equally effective. Mixing them or using one after the other is no more effective than using either method alone.
You are also likely to be given medicine to:
Relieve pain, which can be severe.
Prevent blood clots, which can develop if you're not mobile.
People with Guillain-Barre syndrome need physical help and therapy before and during recovery. Your care may include:
Movement of your arms and legs by caregivers before recovery, to help keep your muscles flexible and strong.
Physical therapy during recovery to help you cope with fatigue and regain strength and proper movement.
Training with adaptive devices, such as a wheelchair or braces, to give you mobility and self-care skills.
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A diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome can be emotionally hard. Although most people eventually recover fully, the condition is generally painful and requires hospitalization and months of rehabilitation. People with Guillain-Barre syndrome must adjust to limited mobility and fatigue.
To manage the stress of recovery from Guillain-Barre syndrome, consider these suggestions:
Maintain a strong support system of friends and family.
Contact a support group, for yourself or for family members.
Discuss your feelings and concerns with a counselor.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system, known as a neurologist.
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pain, unsteady walk, achy, low blood pressure, weakness, severe pain, double vision, trouble breathing, rapid heart rate, tingling, muscle weakness, paralysis, high blood pressure, guillain-barre syndrome, tingling and weakness, pins and needles feeling, trouble with bladder control, trouble with facial movements
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8 |
Acute kidney injury
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20369048
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369053
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20369054
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Acute kidney injury happens when the kidneys suddenly can't filter waste products from the blood. When the kidneys can't filter wastes, harmful levels of wastes may build up. The blood's chemical makeup may get out of balance.
Acute kidney injury used to be called acute kidney failure. Acute kidney injury is most common in people who are in the hospital, mostly in people who need intensive care.
Acute kidney injury ranges from mild to severe. If severe, ongoing and not treated, it can be fatal. But it also can be reversed. People in otherwise good health may get back typical or nearly typical use of their kidneys.
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Symptoms of acute kidney injury may include:
Less urine output.
Fluid buildup, which can cause shortness of breath and swelling in the legs, ankles or feet.
Tiredness.
Confusion or fogginess.
Nausea.
Pain in the belly or in the side below the rib cage.
Weakness.
Irregular heartbeat.
Itching.
Loss of appetite.
Chest pain or pressure.
Seizures or coma in severe cases.
Sometimes acute kidney injury causes no symptoms. Then it may be found through lab tests done for something else.
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See your healthcare professional right away or seek emergency care if you have symptoms of acute kidney injury.
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Acute kidney injury can happen when:
You have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys.
You have damage to your kidneys.
Your kidneys' urine drainage tubes, called ureters, get blocked.
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Acute kidney injury almost always is linked to another medical condition or event. Conditions that can increase your risk of acute kidney injury include:
Ongoing kidney disease, also called chronic kidney disease.
Older age, but it does happen to children.
Being in the hospital, most often for a serious condition that needs intensive care.
Blockages in the blood vessels in your arms or legs, called peripheral artery disease.
Diabetes, especially if it's not controlled.
High blood pressure.
Heart failure.
Liver diseases.
Certain cancers and their treatments.
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Complications of acute kidney injury may include:
Fluid buildup.A buildup of fluid in your lungs can cause shortness of breath.
Chest pain.The lining that covers your heart, called the pericardium, can get inflamed. This can cause chest pain.
Muscle weakness.This can result from the body's fluids and minerals in the blood called electrolytes being out of balance.
Permanent kidney damage.Sometimes, acute kidney injury causes lifelong loss of the use of the kidneys, called end-stage renal disease. People with end-stage renal disease need either lifelong treatments to remove waste from the body, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant to survive.
Death.Acute kidney injury can cause the kidneys to stop working.
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You might cut your risk of acute kidney injury by taking care of your kidneys. Try to:
Get treated quickly for bad infections.
Work with your healthcare team to manage kidney and other ongoing conditions.Kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure increases your risk of acute kidney injury. If you have one of these, do what your healthcare team tells you to manage your condition.If you have risk factors for kidney disease, check with your healthcare team to be sure that prescription medicines you take are safe for your kidneys.
Read labels when taking pain medicines available without a prescription.Do what the label says when taking medicines such as aspirin, acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Taking too much of these medicines may increase your risk of kidney injury. This is especially true if you already have kidney disease, diabetes or high blood pressure.
Live a healthy lifestyle.Be active and eat a healthy, balanced diet. If you drink alcohol, drink only in moderation.
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You might have the following tests to diagnose acute kidney injury:
Blood tests.A sample of your blood may show fast-rising levels of urea and creatinine. This helps show how your kidneys are working.
Urine output measures.Measuring how much urine you pass in 24 hours may help find the cause of your kidney failure.
Urine tests.A sample of your urine may show something that suggests a condition that might explain kidney failure. This is called urinalysis.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests such as ultrasound and CT scans can show your kidneys.
Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing.Your healthcare professional may suggest removing a small sample of your kidney tissue for lab testing. This is called a biopsy. A needle put through your skin and into your kidney removes the sample.
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Treatment for acute kidney injury most often means a hospital stay. Most people with acute kidney injury are already in the hospital. How long you'll stay in the hospital depends on the reason for your acute kidney injury and how quickly your kidneys recover.
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Most people are in a hospital when they get acute kidney injury. If you aren't in the hospital and have symptoms of kidney failure, make an appointment with your family healthcare professional right away. You may be referred to a specialist in kidney disease, called a nephrologist.
Before your appointment, write down questions. Consider asking:
What's the most likely cause of my symptoms?
Have my kidneys stopped working? What could have caused my kidney failure?
What tests do I need?
What are my treatment choices, and what are the risks?
Do I need to go to the hospital?
Will my kidneys recover or will I need dialysis?
I have other health conditions. How can I best manage these conditions together?
Do I need to eat a special diet? If so, can you refer me to a dietitian to help me plan what to eat?
Do you have printed materials about acute kidney injury that I can have? What websites do you suggest?
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During your recovery from acute kidney injury, a special diet can help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Your healthcare team may send you to a dietitian. A dietitian can look at what you eat and suggest ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
Your dietitian may suggest that you:
Choose foods lower in potassium.These include apples, peaches, carrots, green beans and white bread and white rice. Eat them instead of foods higher in potassium. These include potatoes, bananas, tomatoes, oranges, beans and nuts.
Don't eat foods with added salt.This includes many packaged foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
Limit phosphorus.Phosphorus is a mineral found in foods, such as dark-colored sodas, milk, oatmeal and bran cereals. Too much phosphorus in your blood can weaken your bones and cause your skin to itch.
As your kidneys get better, you may no longer need a special diet. But healthy eating still is important.
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nausea, less urine output, swelling, pain in the side, shortness of breath, acute kidney injury, fogginess, tiredness, loss of appetite, itching, pain in the belly, loss of appetite., coma, fluid buildup, seizures, pain, weakness, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, confusion
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9 |
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20369077
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369083
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/doctors-departments/ddc-20369085
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made.
The word "acute" in acute lymphocytic leukemia comes from the fact that the disease progresses rapidly and creates immature blood cells, rather than mature ones. The word "lymphocytic" in acute lymphocytic leukemia refers to the white blood cells called lymphocytes, whichALLaffects. Acute lymphocytic leukemia is also known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is the most common type of cancer in children, and treatments result in a good chance for a cure. Acute lymphocytic leukemia can also occur in adults, though the chance of a cure is greatly reduced.
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Signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia may include:
Bleeding from the gums
Bone pain
Fever
Frequent infections
Frequent or severe nosebleeds
Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck, armpits, abdomen or groin
Pale skin
Shortness of breath
Weakness, fatigue or a general decrease in energy
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Make an appointment with your doctor or your child's doctor if you notice any persistent signs and symptoms that concern you.
Many signs and symptoms of acute lymphocytic leukemia mimic those of the flu. However, flu signs and symptoms eventually improve. If signs and symptoms don't improve as expected, make an appointment with your doctor.
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Acute lymphocytic leukemia occurs when a bone marrow cell develops changes (mutations) in its genetic material or DNA. A cell's DNA contains the instructions that tell a cell what to do. Normally, the DNA tells the cell to grow at a set rate and to die at a set time. In acute lymphocytic leukemia, the mutations tell the bone marrow cell to continue growing and dividing.
When this happens, blood cell production becomes out of control. The bone marrow produces immature cells that develop into leukemic white blood cells called lymphoblasts. These abnormal cells are unable to function properly, and they can build up and crowd out healthy cells.
It's not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Factors that may increase the risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia include:
Previous cancer treatment.Children and adults who've had certain types of chemotherapy and radiation therapy for other kinds of cancer may have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Exposure to radiation.People exposed to very high levels of radiation, such as survivors of a nuclear reactor accident, have an increased risk of developing acute lymphocytic leukemia.
Genetic disorders.Certain genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose acute lymphocytic leukemia include:
Blood tests.Blood tests may reveal too many or too few white blood cells, not enough red blood cells, and not enough platelets. A blood test may also show the presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in the bone marrow.
Bone marrow test.During bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, a needle is used to remove a sample of bone marrow from the hipbone or breastbone. The sample is sent to a lab for testing to look for leukemia cells.Doctors in the lab will classify blood cells into specific types based on their size, shape, and other genetic or molecular features. They also look for certain changes in the cancer cells and determine whether the leukemia cells began from B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. This information helps your doctor develop a treatment plan.
Imaging tests.Imaging tests such as an X-ray, a computerized tomography (CT) scan or an ultrasound scan may help determine whether cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord or other parts of the body.
Spinal fluid test.A lumbar puncture test, also called a spinal tap, may be used to collect a sample of spinal fluid — the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The sample is tested to see whether cancer cells have spread to the spinal fluid.
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In general, treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia falls into separate phases:
Induction therapy.The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill most of the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow and to restore normal blood cell production.
Consolidation therapy.Also called post-remission therapy, this phase of treatment is aimed at destroying any remaining leukemia in the body.
Maintenance therapy.The third phase of treatment prevents leukemia cells from regrowing. The treatments used in this stage are usually given at much lower doses over a long period of time, often years.
Preventive treatment to the spinal cord.During each phase of therapy, people with acute lymphocytic leukemia may receive additional treatment to kill leukemia cells located in the central nervous system. In this type of treatment, chemotherapy drugs are often injected directly into the fluid that covers the spinal cord.
Depending on your situation, the phases of treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia can span two to three years.
Treatments may include:
Chemotherapy.Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to kill cancer cells, is typically used as an induction therapy for children and adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Chemotherapy drugs can also be used in the consolidation and maintenance phases.
Targeted therapy.Targeted drug treatments focus on specific abnormalities present within cancer cells. By blocking these abnormalities, targeted drug treatments can cause cancer cells to die. Your leukemia cells will be tested to see if targeted therapy may be helpful for you. Targeted therapy can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy for induction therapy, consolidation therapy or maintenance therapy.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses high-powered beams, such as X-rays or protons, to kill cancer cells. If the cancer cells have spread to the central nervous system, your doctor may recommend radiation therapy.
Bone marrow transplant.A bone marrow transplant, also known as a stem cell transplant, may be used as consolidation therapy or for treating relapse if it occurs. This procedure allows someone with leukemia to reestablish healthy bone marrow by replacing leukemic bone marrow with leukemia-free marrow from a healthy person.A bone marrow transplant begins with high doses of chemotherapy or radiation to destroy any leukemia-producing bone marrow. The marrow is then replaced by bone marrow from a compatible donor (allogeneic transplant).
Engineering immune cells to fight leukemia.A specialized treatment called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy takes your body's germ-fighting T cells, engineers them to fight cancer and infuses them back into your body.CAR-T cell therapy might be an option for children and young adults. It might be used for consolidation therapy or for treating relapse.
Clinical trials.Clinical trials are experiments to test new cancer treatments and new ways of using existing treatments. While clinical trials give you or your child a chance to try the latest cancer treatment, the benefits and risks of the treatment may be uncertain. Discuss the benefits and risks of clinical trials with your doctor.
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Treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia can be a long road. Treatment often lasts two to three years, although the first months are the most intense.
During maintenance phases, children can usually live a relatively normal life and go back to school. And adults may be able to continue working. To help you cope, try to:
Learn enough about leukemia to feel comfortable making treatment decisions.Ask your doctor to write down as much information about your specific disease as possible. Then narrow your search for information accordingly.Write down questions you want to ask your doctor before each appointment, and look for information in your local library and on the internet. Good sources include the National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, and the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society.
Lean on your whole health care team.At major medical centers and pediatric cancer centers, your health care team may include psychologists, psychiatrists, recreation therapists, child-life workers, teachers, dietitians, chaplains and social workers. These professionals can help with a whole host of issues, including explaining procedures to children, finding financial assistance and arranging for housing during treatment. Don't hesitate to rely on their expertise.
Explore programs for children with cancer.Major medical centers and nonprofit groups offer numerous activities and services specifically for children with cancer and their families. Examples include summer camps, support groups for siblings and wish-granting programs. Ask your health care team about programs in your area.
Help family and friends understand your situation.Set up a free, personalized webpage at the nonprofit website CaringBridge. This allows you to tell the whole family about appointments, treatments, setbacks and reasons to celebrate — without the stress of calling everyone every time there's something new to report.
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Make an appointment with your family doctor if you or your child has signs and symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects acute lymphocytic leukemia, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating diseases and conditions of the blood and bone marrow (hematologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from the doctor.
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pain, frequent infections, fatigue, weakness, nosebleeds, fever, frequent or severe nosebleeds, acute lymphocytic leukemia, infections, pale skin, bone pain, bleeding from the gums, shortness of breath, shortness of breath
weakness, lumps
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14 |
Radiation sickness
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377061
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Radiation sickness is damage to the body caused by a large dose of radiation often received over a short time. This is called acute radiation sickness. The amount of radiation absorbed by the body, called the absorbed dose, determines how bad the illness will be.
Radiation sickness also is called acute radiation syndrome or radiation poisoning. Radiation sickness is not caused by common medical imaging tests that use low-dose radiation, such as X-rays, CT scans and nuclear medicine scans.
Although radiation sickness is serious and often fatal, it's rare. Since the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, during World War II, most cases of radiation sickness have occurred after nuclear industrial accidents, such as the 1986 fire that damaged the nuclear power plant at Chernobyl, Ukraine.
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The severity of radiation sickness symptoms depends on how much radiation you've absorbed. How much you absorb depends on the strength of the radiated energy, the time of your exposures, and the distance between you and the source of radiation.
Symptoms also are affected by the type of exposure, such as total or partial body. The severity of radiation sickness also depends on how sensitive the affected tissue is. For instance, the gastrointestinal system and bone marrow are highly sensitive to radiation.
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An accident or attack that causes radiation sickness would lead to a lot of attention and public concern. If such an event happens, listen to radio, television or online reports to learn about emergency instructions for your area.
If you know you've been overexposed to radiation, seek emergency medical care.
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Radiation sickness is caused by being exposed to a high dose of radiation. Radiation is the energy released from atoms as either a wave or a tiny particle of matter.
Radiation sickness happens when high-energy radiation damages or destroys certain cells in the body. Areas of the body most at risk of being affected by high-energy radiation are the bone marrow cells and the lining of the intestinal tract.
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Being exposed to a source of high-dose radiation increases the risk of radiation sickness. Sources of high-dose radiation include:
An accident at a nuclear industrial facility.
An attack on a nuclear industrial facility.
A small radioactive device going off.
An explosive device that sends out radioactive material. This is called a dirty bomb.
A nuclear weapon going off.
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Having radiation sickness can contribute to both short-term and long-term mental health problems, such as grief, fear and anxiety about:
Experiencing a radioactive accident or attack.
Mourning friends or family who haven't survived.
Dealing with the uncertainty of a mysterious and potentially fatal illness.
Worrying about the eventual risk of cancer due to radiation exposure.
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In the event of a radiation emergency, listen to the radio or watch television to hear what protective actions local, state and federal authorities recommend. Those actions depend on the situation, but you will be told to either stay in place or evacuate your area.
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When a person has experienced known or probable exposure to a high dose of radiation from an accident or attack, medical personnel take a number of steps to determine the absorbed radiation dose. This information is essential for determining how serious the illness is likely to be, which treatments to use and whether a person is likely to survive.
Information important for determining an absorbed dose includes:
Known exposure.Details about distance from the source of radiation and duration of exposure can help provide a rough estimate of the severity of radiation sickness.
Vomiting and other symptoms.The time between radiation exposure and when vomiting starts is a fairly accurate screening tool to estimate absorbed radiation dose. The shorter the time before vomiting starts, the higher the dose. The severity and timing of other symptoms also may help medical personnel determine the absorbed dose.
Blood tests.Frequent blood tests over several days enable medical personnel to look for drops in disease-fighting white blood cells and unusual changes in the DNA of blood cells. These factors indicate the degree of bone marrow damage, which is determined by the level of an absorbed dose.
Dosimeter.A device called a dosimeter can measure the absorbed dose of radiation but only if it was exposed to the same radiation event as the affected person.
Survey meter.A device such as a Geiger counter can be used to test people to see where in the body radioactive particles are located.
Type of radiation.A part of the larger emergency response to a radioactive accident or attack would include identifying the type of radiation exposure. This information would guide some decisions for treating people with radiation sickness.
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The treatment goals for radiation sickness are to prevent further radioactive contamination; treat life-threatening injuries, such as from burns and trauma; reduce symptoms; and manage pain.
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exposures, radiation sickness
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17 |
ARDS
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/symptoms-causes/syc-20355576
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355581
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ards/doctors-departments/ddc-20355584
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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurs when lung swelling causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs in the lungs. These air sacs, called alveoli, have a protective membrane, but lung swelling damages that membrane. The fluid leaking into the air sacs keeps the lungs from filling with enough air. This means less oxygen reaches the bloodstream, so the body's organs don't get the oxygen they need to work properly.
ARDS usually occurs in people who are already critically ill or have major injuries. People usually are severely short of breath — the main symptom of ARDS — within a few hours to a few days after the injury or infection that caused ARDS.
Many people who get ARDS don't survive. The risk of death gets higher with age and how severe the illness is. Of the people who survive ARDS, some fully recover. But others have lasting lung damage.
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The seriousness of ARDS symptoms can vary depending on what's causing them and whether there is underlying heart or lung disease. Symptoms include:
Severe shortness of breath.
Labored and rapid breathing that is not usual.
Cough.
Chest discomfort.
Fast heart rate.
Confusion and extreme tiredness.
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ARDS usually follows a major illness or injury, and most people who have ARDS are already in a hospital. But if you have symptoms of ARDS and are not in a medical facility, go to the nearest emergency department right away or call 911 or your local emergency number for help.
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Causes of ARDS include:
Sepsis.The most common cause of ARDS is sepsis, a serious and widespread infection of the bloodstream.
Severe pneumonia.Severe cases of pneumonia usually affect all five lobes of the lungs.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).People who have severe COVID-19 may get ARDS. Because COVID-19 mainly affects the respiratory system, it can cause lung injury and swelling that can lead to COVID-19-related ARDS.
Head, chest or other major injury.Accidents, such as falls or car crashes, can damage the lungs or the portion of the brain that controls breathing.
Breathing in harmful substances.Breathing in a lot of smoke or chemical fumes can lead to ARDS, as can breathing in vomit. Breathing in water in cases of near-drownings also can cause ARDS.
Other conditions and treatments.Swelling of the pancreas (pancreatitis), massive blood transfusions and severe burns can lead to ARDS.
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Most people who get ARDS already are in a hospital for another condition. Many are critically ill. People are especially at risk if they have an infection, such as sepsis or pneumonia. They're also at higher risk if they have COVID-19, especially if they also have metabolic syndrome.
People who have alcohol use disorder or who use recreational drugs or smoke ― lifestyle habits that can harm the lungs ― are at higher risk of getting ARDS. Having a history of alcohol, drug or tobacco use also raises the risk of ARDS.
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ARDS can cause other medical problems while in the hospital, including:
Blood clots.Lying still in the hospital while you're on a ventilator can make it more likely that you'll get blood clots, particularly in the deep veins in your legs. If a clot forms in your leg, a portion of it can break off and travel to one or both of your lungs, where it can block blood flow. This is called a pulmonary embolism.
Collapsed lung, also called pneumothorax.In most people with ARDS, a breathing machine called a ventilator brings more oxygen into the body and forces fluid out of the lungs. But the pressure and air volume of the ventilator can force gas to go through a small hole in the very outside of a lung and cause that lung to collapse.
Infections.A ventilator attaches to a tube inserted in your windpipe. This makes it much easier for germs to infect and injure your lungs.
Scarred and damaged lungs, known as pulmonary fibrosis.Scarring and thickening of the tissue between the air sacs in the lungs can occur within a few weeks of the start of ARDS. This makes your lungs stiffer, and it's even harder for oxygen to flow from the air sacs into your bloodstream.
Stress ulcers.Extra acid that your stomach makes because of serious illness or injury can irritate the stomach lining and lead to ulcers.
Thanks to better treatments, more people are surviving ARDS. But many survivors end up with potentially serious and sometimes lasting effects:
Breathing problems.After having ARDS, many people get most of their lung function back within several months to several years, but others may have breathing problems for the rest of their lives. Even people who do well usually have shortness of breath and fatigue and may need extra oxygen at home for a few months.
Depression.Most ARDS survivors also report going through a period of depression, which can be treated.
Problems with memory and thinking clearly.Sedatives and low levels of oxygen in the blood can lead to memory loss and learning problems after ARDS. In some people, the effects may get better over time. But in others, the damage may last for the rest of their lives.
Tiredness and muscle weakness.Being in the hospital and on a ventilator can cause your muscles to weaken. You also may feel very tired after treatment.
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There's no specific test for ARDS. Healthcare professionals base the diagnosis on physical exams, chest X-rays and oxygen levels. It's also important to rule out other diseases and conditions, such as certain heart problems that can lead to similar symptoms.
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The first goal in treating ARDS is to improve the levels of oxygen in your blood. Without oxygen, your organs can't work properly.
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Recovery from ARDS can take time, and you're likely to need plenty of support. Although everyone's recovery is different, being aware of common challenges that others with the condition have had can help.
Consider these tips:
Ask for help.Be sure you have help with everyday tasks until you know what you can manage on your own. This is particularly important when you come home from the hospital.
Join a support group.There are support groups for people with lifelong lung problems. Discover what's available in your community or online and consider joining others with similar experiences.
Seek professional help.If you have symptoms of depression, such as hopelessness and loss of interest in your usual activities, tell your healthcare professional or contact a mental health professional. Depression is common in people who have had ARDS, and treatment can help.
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If you're recovering from ARDS, these suggestions can help protect your lungs:
Quit smoking.If you smoke, seek help to quit. Also, stay away from secondhand smoke whenever you can.
Get vaccinated.Getting the flu, also called influenza, shot every year, as well as the pneumonia vaccine as often as recommended, can lower your risk of lung infections.
Attend pulmonary rehabilitation.Many medical centers now offer pulmonary rehabilitation programs that include exercise training, education and counseling to help you learn how to get back to your usual activities and get to your ideal weight.
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tiredness, rapid breathing, labored, labored breathing, chest discomfort, fast heart rate, extreme tiredness, confusion, ards, cough, shortness of breath
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18 |
Acute sinusitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351671
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351677
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-sinusitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351680
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Acute sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose, known as sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. Acute sinusitis makes it hard for the sinuses to drain. Mucus builds up.
Acute sinusitis can make it hard to breathe through the nose. The area around the eyes and the face might feel swollen. There might be throbbing face pain or a headache.
The common cold is the usual cause of acute sinusitis. Most often, the condition clears up within a week to 10 days unless there's also an infection caused by bacteria, called a bacterial infection. Home remedies might be all that's needed to treat acute sinusitis. Sinusitis that lasts more than 12 weeks even with medical treatment is called chronic sinusitis.
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Acute sinusitis symptoms often include:
Thick, yellow or greenish mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose, or down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
Pain, tenderness, swelling and pressure around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead that gets worse when bending over.
Other signs and symptoms include:
Ear pressure.
Headache.
Aching in the teeth.
Changed sense of smell.
Cough.
Bad breath.
Tiredness.
Fever.
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Most people with acute sinusitis don't need to see a health care provider.
Contact your health care providerif you have any of the following:
Symptoms that last more than a week.
Symptoms that get worse after seeming to get better.
A fever that lasts.
A history of repeated or chronic sinusitis.
See a health care provider immediatelyif you have symptoms that might mean a serious infection:
Pain, swelling or redness around the eyes.
High fever.
Confusion.
Double vision or other vision changes.
Stiff neck.
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Acute sinusitis is an infection caused by a virus. The common cold is most often the cause. Sometimes, sinuses that are blocked for a time might get a bacterial infection.
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The following can raise the risk of getting sinusitis:
Hay fever or another allergythat affects the sinuses.
A common coldthat affects the sinuses.
A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.
A medical conditionsuch as cystic fibrosis or an immune system disorder such as HIV/AIDS.
Being around smoke,either from smoking or being around others who smoke, known as secondhand smoke.
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Acute sinusitis doesn't often cause complications. Complications that might happen include:
Chronic sinusitis.Acute sinusitis can be a flare-up of a long-term problem known as chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis lasts longer than 12 weeks.
Meningitis.This infection affects the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord.
Other infections.It's not common. But an infection can spread to the bones, known as osteomyelitis, or to skin, known as cellulitis.
Vision problems.If the infection spreads to the eye socket, it can reduce vision or cause blindness.
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Take these steps to help lower your risk of getting acute sinusitis:
Stay well.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, such as before meals.
Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control.
Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate lungs and inside the nose, known as nasal passages.
Use a machine that adds moisture to the air, known as a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.
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A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose.
Other ways to diagnose acute sinusitis and rule out other conditions include:
Nasal endoscopy.A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows the provider to see inside the sinuses.
Imaging studies.A CT scan can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. It's not usually used for simple acute sinusitis. But imaging studies might help rule out other causes.
Nasal and sinus samples.Lab tests aren't often used to diagnose acute sinusitis. But if the condition doesn't get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.
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Most cases of acute sinusitis get better on their own. Self-care is usually all that's needed to ease symptoms.
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Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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These steps can help relieve sinusitis symptoms:
Rest.Rest helps the body fight infection and speed recovery.
Drink fluids.Keep drinking plenty of fluids.
Use a warm compress.A warm compress on the nose and forehead might help lessen pressure in the sinuses.
Keep sinuses moist.Breathing in the steam from a bowl of hot water with a towel over the head might help. Or take a hot shower, breathing in the warm, moist air. This will help ease pain and help mucus drain.
Rinse the inside of the nose.Use a specially designed squeeze bottle (Sinus Rinse, others) or neti pot. This home remedy, called nasal lavage, can help clear sinuses.
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pain, cough, throat, headache, postnasal, swelling, tiredness, congestion, pressure, fever, ear pressure, aching, postnasal drip, acute sinusitis symptoms, bad breath, tenderness, runny nose, changed sense of smell
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19 |
Autoimmune epilepsy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20576892
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576912
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-epilepsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20576934
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Autoimmune epilepsy is a type of epilepsy where seizures are caused by the immune system mistakenly attacking brain cells. It can occur with conditions that affect the immune system, especially autoimmune encephalitis.
Autoimmune epilepsy also is known as autoimmune associated epilepsy and acute symptomatic seizures secondary to autoimmune encephalitis.
The immune system protects the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. Antibodies are proteins that are part of the immune system. In autoimmune epilepsy, antibodies mistakenly target receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and seizures.
Antiseizure medicines usually don't do enough to manage seizures in people with autoimmune epilepsy. Instead, immunotherapy medicines help reduce the immune response on the brain.
When immunotherapy is started early, it can reduce inflammation and improve seizures. For some people, treatment can stop seizures completely. For others, seizures may continue after treatment.
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Symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy may begin after an illness with a fever. Seizures come on suddenly and are serious. The types of seizures that may occur include:
Focal seizures.These are the most common type of seizure in autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes focal seizures cause a change or loss of awareness. The seizures may cause the person to stare and not respond to the environment. Other types of focal seizures don't cause a change in awareness. These seizures cause different symptoms depending on which part of the brain causes them. Focal seizures may cause one part of the body to shake. Or they may cause a feeling that his has happened before, known as déjà vu. Focal seizures also may cause nausea or vision symptoms, such as flashing lights.
Faciobrachial dystonic seizures.These seizures cause muscle contractions on one side of the face and in an arm, both on the same side of the body.
Symptoms related to seizures include:
Seizures that happen several times a day.
Seizures that don't go away with antiseizure medicines.
Seizures that last more than five minutes or that occur close together without the person regaining consciousness, known as status epilepticus.
Autoimmune epilepsy symptoms also may include:
Memory loss and trouble with thinking.
Personality and behavior changes.
Involuntary movements or clumsy movements.
Irregular eye movements.
Changes in heart rate, blood pressure and other automatic functions.
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Get emergency medical care if you or someone you are with has a seizure that lasts more than five minutes or if seizures occur one after another with a loss of consciousness. Also seek emergency medical care for high fevers or trouble breathing.
See your healthcare professional right away if you have had a seizure for the first time or if you have other symptoms of autoimmune epilepsy.
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Autoimmune epilepsy is caused by the immune system attacking brain cells and leading to seizures. Antibodies are part of the immune system. They usually protect the body from viruses and infections. But in autoimmune conditions, the immune system attacks healthy cells. More recently, research has concluded that epilepsy can be an autoimmune disease.
Autoimmune epilepsy causes may include:
Autoimmune encephalitis.Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis causes a variety of symptoms, including seizures. It is the most common cause of autoimmune epilepsy. Certain types of autoimmune encephalitis are commonly linked to autoimmune epilepsy and are associated with antibodies that target NMDA-receptors, LGI1, CASPR2 and GAD65.
Rasmussen syndrome.In this condition, immune cells known as T cells cause inflammation and brain damage that lead to seizures. People with autoimmune epilepsy due to Rasmussen syndrome may continue to have seizures after treatment.
Cancer.Sometimes tumors trigger the immune system to attack healthy brain cells, known as paraneoplastic syndrome. This can lead to epilepsy.
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The risk of autoimmune epilepsy is low, but it can occur in both adults and children. Risk factors include:
Having another autoimmune disease. These may include rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis or lupus.
Having a history of cancer.
Having a parent, sibling or child with an autoimmune disease.
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Autoimmune epilepsy complications can include serious seizures that last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus. They need emergency medical attention.
Sometimes autoimmune epilepsy can lead to seizures that don't stop with treatment.
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You may not be able to prevent autoimmune epilepsy. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis triggered by cancers, which can be a cause of epilepsy. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if you should get screened for certain cancers.
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An autoimmune epilepsy diagnosis begins with a physical exam and a review of your symptoms.
Testings for autoimmune epilepsy includes lab tests, brain imaging and testing the electrical activity in the brain.
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Autoimmune epilepsy treatment differs from the treatment used for other types of epilepsy. Healthcare professionals use immunotherapy to reduce the immune system activity and treat seizures.
If cancer is the cause of autoimmune epilepsy, treating the cancer is an important part of treatment.
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If your symptoms are serious, you might need emergency medical care.
If your symptoms are less serious, you may start by seeing your healthcare professional. Or you may be referred right away to a doctor who specializes in nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist.
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nausea, autoimmune epilepsy symptoms, involuntary movements, autoimmune epilepsy, seizure, memory loss, stare, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
fever, muscle contractions, status epilepticus, vision symptoms, clumsy movements, faciobrachial dystonic seizures, nausea or vision symptoms, antiseizure, blood pressure, seizures, behavior changes, shaking, trouble with thinking, loss of awareness, personality changes, fever, irregular eye movements, flashing lights, changes in heart rate
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20 |
Alcohol use disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20369243
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369250
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alcohol-use-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20369252
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Alcohol use disorder is a pattern of alcohol use that involves problems controlling your drinking, being preoccupied with alcohol or continuing to use alcohol even when it causes problems. This disorder also involves having to drink more to get the same effect or having withdrawal symptoms when you rapidly decrease or stop drinking. Alcohol use disorder includes a level of drinking that's sometimes called alcoholism.
Unhealthy alcohol use includes any alcohol use that puts your health or safety at risk or causes other alcohol-related problems. It also includes binge drinking — a pattern of drinking where a male has five or more drinks within two hours or a female has at least four drinks within two hours. Binge drinking causes significant health and safety risks.
If your pattern of drinking results in repeated significant distress and problems functioning in your daily life, you likely have alcohol use disorder. It can range from mild to severe. However, even a mild disorder can escalate and lead to serious problems, so early treatment is important.
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Alcohol use disorder can be mild, moderate or severe, based on the number of symptoms you experience. Signs and symptoms may include:
Being unable to limit the amount of alcohol you drink
Wanting to cut down on how much you drink or making unsuccessful attempts to do so
Spending a lot of time drinking, getting alcohol or recovering from alcohol use
Feeling a strong craving or urge to drink alcohol
Failing to fulfill major obligations at work, school or home due to repeated alcohol use
Continuing to drink alcohol even though you know it's causing physical, social, work or relationship problems
Giving up or reducing social and work activities and hobbies to use alcohol
Using alcohol in situations where it's not safe, such as when driving or swimming
Developing a tolerance to alcohol so you need more to feel its effect or you have a reduced effect from the same amount
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms — such as nausea, sweating and shaking — when you don't drink, or drinking to avoid these symptoms
Alcohol use disorder can include periods of being drunk (alcohol intoxication) and symptoms of withdrawal.
Alcohol intoxicationresults as the amount of alcohol in your bloodstream increases. The higher the blood alcohol concentration is, the more likely you are to have bad effects. Alcohol intoxication causes behavior problems and mental changes. These may include inappropriate behavior, unstable moods, poor judgment, slurred speech, problems with attention or memory, and poor coordination. You can also have periods called "blackouts," where you don't remember events. Very high blood alcohol levels can lead to coma, permanent brain damage or even death.
Alcohol withdrawalcan occur when alcohol use has been heavy and prolonged and is then stopped or greatly reduced. It can occur within several hours to 4 to 5 days later. Signs and symptoms include sweating, rapid heartbeat, hand tremors, problems sleeping, nausea and vomiting, hallucinations, restlessness and agitation, anxiety, and occasionally seizures. Symptoms can be severe enough to impair your ability to function at work or in social situations.
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If you feel that you sometimes drink too much alcohol, or your drinking is causing problems, or if your family is concerned about your drinking, talk with your health care provider. Other ways to get help include talking with a mental health professional or seeking help from a support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous or a similar type of self-help group.
Because denial is common, you may feel like you don't have a problem with drinking. You might not recognize how much you drink or how many problems in your life are related to alcohol use. Listen to relatives, friends or co-workers when they ask you to examine your drinking habits or to seek help. Consider talking with someone who has had a problem with drinking but has stopped.
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Genetic, psychological, social and environmental factors can impact how drinking alcohol affects your body and behavior. Theories suggest that for certain people drinking has a different and stronger impact that can lead to alcohol use disorder.
Over time, drinking too much alcohol may change the normal function of the areas of your brain associated with the experience of pleasure, judgment and the ability to exercise control over your behavior. This may result in craving alcohol to try to restore good feelings or reduce negative ones.
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Alcohol use may begin in the teens, but alcohol use disorder occurs more frequently in the 20s and 30s, though it can start at any age.
Risk factors for alcohol use disorder include:
Steady drinking over time.Drinking too much on a regular basis for an extended period or binge drinking on a regular basis can lead to alcohol-related problems or alcohol use disorder.
Starting at an early age.People who begin drinking — especially binge drinking — at an early age are at a higher risk of alcohol use disorder.
Family history.The risk of alcohol use disorder is higher for people who have a parent or other close relative who has problems with alcohol. This may be influenced by genetic factors.
Depression and other mental health problems.It's common for people with a mental health disorder such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder to have problems with alcohol or other substances.
History of trauma.People with a history of emotional trauma or other trauma are at increased risk of alcohol use disorder.
Having bariatric surgery.Some research studies indicate that having bariatric surgery may increase the risk of developing alcohol use disorder or of relapsing after recovering from alcohol use disorder.
Social and cultural factors.Having friends or a close partner who drinks regularly could increase your risk of alcohol use disorder. The glamorous way that drinking is sometimes portrayed in the media also may send the message that it's OK to drink too much. For young people, the influence of parents, peers and other role models can impact risk.
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Alcohol depresses your central nervous system. In some people, the initial reaction may feel like an increase in energy. But as you continue to drink, you become drowsy and have less control over your actions.
Too much alcohol affects your speech, muscle coordination and vital centers of your brain. A heavy drinking binge may even cause a life-threatening coma or death. This is of particular concern when you're taking certain medications that also depress the brain's function.
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Early intervention can prevent alcohol-related problems in teens. If you have a teenager, be alert to signs and symptoms that may indicate a problem with alcohol:
Loss of interest in activities and hobbies and in personal appearance
Red eyes, slurred speech, problems with coordination and memory lapses
Difficulties or changes in relationships with friends, such as joining a new crowd
Declining grades and problems in school
Frequent mood changes and defensive behavior
You can help prevent teenage alcohol use:
Set a good example with your own alcohol use.
Talk openly with your child, spend quality time together and become actively involved in your child's life.
Let your child know what behavior you expect — and what the consequences will be for not following the rules.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. If your provider suspects that you have a problem with alcohol, you may be referred to a mental health provider.
To assess your problem with alcohol, your provider will likely:
Ask you some questions related to your drinking habits.The provider may ask for permission to speak with family members or friends. However, confidentiality laws prevent your provider from giving out any information about you without your consent.
Perform a physical exam.Your health care provider may do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. There are many physical signs that indicate complications of alcohol use.
Suggest lab tests and imaging tests.While there are no specific tests to diagnose alcohol use disorder, certain patterns of lab test results may strongly suggest it. And you may need tests to identify health problems that may be linked to your alcohol use. Damage to your organs may be seen on tests.
Complete a psychological evaluation.This evaluation includes questions about your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked to complete a questionnaire to help answer these questions.
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Treatment for alcohol use disorder can vary, depending on your needs. Treatment may involve a brief intervention, individual or group counseling, an outpatient program, or a residential inpatient stay. Working to stop alcohol use to improve quality of life is the main treatment goal.
Treatment for alcohol use disorder may include:
Detox and withdrawal.Treatment may begin with a program of detoxification — withdrawal that's medically managed. Sometimes called detox, this generally takes 2 to 7 days. You may need to take sedating medications to prevent withdrawal symptoms. Detox is usually done at an inpatient treatment center or a hospital.
Learning new skills and making a treatment plan.This process usually involves alcohol treatment specialists. It may include goal setting, behavior change techniques, use of self-help manuals, counseling and follow-up care at a treatment center.
Psychological counseling.Counseling and therapy for groups and individuals help you better understand your problem with alcohol and support recovery from the psychological aspects of alcohol use. You may benefit from couples or family therapy — family support can be an important part of the recovery process.
Oral medications.A drug called disulfiram may help prevent you from drinking, although it won't cure alcohol use disorder or remove the urge to drink. If you drink alcohol while taking disulfiram, the drug produces a physical reaction that may include flushing, nausea, vomiting and headaches.Naltrexone, a drug that blocks the good feelings alcohol causes, may prevent heavy drinking and reduce the urge to drink. Acamprosate may help you combat alcohol cravings once you stop drinking. Unlike disulfiram, naltrexone and acamprosate don't make you feel sick after taking a drink.
Injected medication.Vivitrol, a version of the drug naltrexone, is injected once a month by a health care professional. Although similar medication can be taken in pill form, the injectable version of the drug may be easier for people recovering from alcohol use disorder to use consistently.
Continuing support.Aftercare programs and support groups help people recovering from alcohol use disorder to stop drinking, manage relapses and cope with necessary lifestyle changes. This may include medical or psychological care or attending a support group.
Treatment for psychological problems.Alcohol use disorder commonly occurs along with other mental health disorders. If you have depression, anxiety or another mental health condition, you may need talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications or other treatment.
Medical treatment for health conditions.Many alcohol-related health problems improve significantly once you stop drinking. But some health conditions may warrant continued treatment and follow-up care.
Spiritual practice.People who are involved with some type of regular spiritual practice may find it easier to maintain recovery from alcohol use disorder or other addictions. For many people, gaining greater insight into their spiritual side is a key element in recovery.
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Many people with alcohol problems and their family members find that participating in support groups is an essential part of coping with the disease, preventing or dealing with relapses, and staying sober. Your health care provider or counselor can suggest a support group. These groups are also often listed on the web.
Here are a few examples:
Alcoholics Anonymous.Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help group for people recovering from alcoholism. AA offers a sober peer group and is built around 12 steps as an effective model for achieving total abstinence.
Women for Sobriety.Women for Sobriety is a nonprofit organization offering a self-help group program for women who want to overcome alcoholism and other addictions. It focuses on developing coping skills related to emotional and spiritual growth, self-esteem, and a healthy lifestyle.
Al-Anon and Alateen.Al-Anon is designed for people who are affected by someone else's alcoholism. Alateen groups are available for teenage children of those with alcoholism. In sharing their stories, family members gain a greater understanding of how the disease affects the entire family.
Celebrate Recovery.Celebrate Recovery is a Christ-centered, 12-step recovery program for people struggling with addiction.
SMART Recovery.SMART Recovery offers mutual support meetings for people seeking science-based, self-empowered addiction recovery.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect from your health care provider or mental health provider.
Consider your drinking habits. Take an honest look at how often and how much you drink. Be prepared to discuss any problems that alcohol may be causing. You may want to take a family member or friend along, if possible.
Before your appointment, make a list of:
Any symptoms you've had,including any that may seem unrelated to your drinking
Key personal information,including any major stresses or recent life changes
All medications,vitamins, herbs or other supplements that you're taking and their dosages
Questions to askyour provider
Some questions to ask include:
Do you think I drink too much or show signs of problem drinking?
Do you think I need to cut back or quit drinking?
Do you think alcohol could be causing or worsening my other health problems?
What's the best course of action?
What are the alternatives to the approach that you're suggesting?
Do I need any medical tests for underlying physical problems?
Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can have? What websites do you recommend?
Would it be helpful for me to meet with a professional experienced in alcohol treatment?
Don't hesitate to ask any other questions.
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As part of your recovery, you'll need to focus on changing your habits and making different lifestyle choices. These strategies may help:
Consider your social situation.Make it clear to your friends and family that you're not drinking alcohol. Develop a support system of friends and family who can support your recovery. You may need to distance yourself from friends and social situations that impair your recovery.
Develop healthy habits.For example, good sleep, regular physical activity, managing stress more effectively and eating well all can make it easier for you to recover from alcohol use disorder.
Do things that don't involve alcohol.You may find that many of your activities involve drinking. Replace them with hobbies or activities that are not centered around alcohol.
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poor judgment, nausea, brain damage, restlessness, blackouts, disorder, problems sleeping, inappropriate behavior, unstable moods, nausea, sweating, anxiety, slurred speech, alcohol, death, sweating, hand tremors, agitation, vomiting, coma, rapid heartbeat, poor coordination, seizures, shaking, problems with attention or memory, alcohol intoxication, hallucinations, tremors
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21 |
Compulsive gambling
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-gambling/symptoms-causes/syc-20355178
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/compulsive-gambling/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355184
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Compulsive gambling, also called gambling disorder, is the uncontrollable urge to keep gambling despite the toll it takes on your life. Gambling means that you're willing to risk something you value in the hope of getting something of even greater value.
Gambling can stimulate the brain's reward system much like drugs or alcohol can, leading to addiction. If you have a problem with compulsive gambling, you may continually chase bets that lead to losses, use up savings and create debt. You may hide your behavior and even turn to theft or fraud to support your addiction.
Compulsive gambling is a serious condition that can destroy lives. Although treating compulsive gambling can be challenging, many people who struggle with compulsive gambling have found help through professional treatment.
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Signs and symptoms of compulsive gambling (gambling disorder) can include:
Most casual gamblers stop when losing or set a limit on how much they're willing to lose. But people with a compulsive gambling problem are compelled to keep playing to recover their money — a pattern that becomes increasingly destructive over time. Some people may turn to theft or fraud to get gambling money.
Some people with a compulsive gambling problem may have periods of remission — a length of time where they gamble less or not at all. But without treatment, the remission usually isn't permanent.
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Exactly what causes someone to gamble compulsively isn't well understood. Like many problems, compulsive gambling may result from a combination of biological, genetic and environmental factors.
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Although most people who play cards or wager never develop a gambling problem, certain factors are more often associated with compulsive gambling:
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Compulsive gambling can have profound and long-lasting consequences for your life, such as:
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Although there's no proven way to prevent a gambling problem, educational programs that target individuals and groups at increased risk may be helpful.
If you have risk factors for compulsive gambling, consider avoiding gambling in any form, people who gamble and places where gambling occurs. Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problem to help prevent gambling from becoming worse.
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If you recognize that you may have a problem with gambling, talk with your health care provider about an evaluation or seek help from a mental health professional.
To evaluate your problem with gambling, your health care provider or mental health provider will likely:
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Treating compulsive gambling can be challenging. That's partly because most people have a hard time admitting they have a problem. Yet a major part of treatment is working on acknowledging that you're a compulsive gambler.
If your family or your employer pressured you into therapy, you may find yourself resisting treatment. But treating a gambling problem can help you regain a sense of control — and possibly help heal damaged relationships or finances.
Treatment for compulsive gambling may include these approaches:
Treatment for compulsive gambling may involve an outpatient program, inpatient program or a residential treatment program, depending on your needs and resources. Self-help treatments such as structured internet-based programs and telephone visits with a mental health professional may be an option for some people.
Treatment for substance misuse, depression, anxiety or any other mental health issue may be part of your treatment plan for compulsive gambling.
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These recovery skills may help you to resist the urges of compulsive gambling
Family members of people with a compulsive gambling problem may benefit from counseling, even if the gambler is unwilling to participate in therapy.
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If you've decided to seek help for compulsive gambling, you've taken an important first step.
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gambling disorder, losing, theft, fraud
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22 |
Nicotine dependence
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/symptoms-causes/syc-20351584
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351590
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/nicotine-dependence/doctors-departments/ddc-20351594
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Nicotine dependence happens when your body craves nicotine and you can't stop using it. Nicotine is the chemical in smoked tobacco that causes the urge to smoke. The chemical brings on pleasant feelings, but these effects are short-lived. So you have another cigarette, cigar or pipe bowl.
The more you use smoked tobacco, the more nicotine you need to feel good. When you try to stop, you go through mental and physical changes that aren't pleasant. These are symptoms of nicotine withdrawal.
For some people, using any amount of smoked tobacco can quickly lead to nicotine dependence. But no matter how long you've used nicotine, stopping can improve your health. It isn't easy, but you can break your dependence on nicotine. There are treatment options. Ask your healthcare professional for help.
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Symptoms of nicotine dependence can include the following:
You can't stop smoking.You've made one or more serious attempts to stop without long-term success.
You smoke within 30 minutes of waking up.The sooner you start smoking after waking and the more cigarettes you smoke during the day, the more dependent on nicotine you are.
You have nicotine withdrawal symptoms when you try to stop.Your attempts at stopping have caused physical and mood-related symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can include strong cravings, anxiety, irritable mood, restlessness, trouble focusing or sleeping, depression, frustration, anger, increased hunger, and constipation.
You keep smoking despite health conditions.Even though you've developed health conditions linked to smoking, you haven't been able to stop.
You give up social activities.You may stop going to smoke-free restaurants or stop socializing with family or friends because you can't smoke in these situations.
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Talk with your healthcare professional if you've tried to stop smoking but haven't been able to stop for good. Most people who smoke make many attempts to stop smoking before they're able to quit long-term.
A treatment plan that includes medicine and counseling with a tobacco treatment specialist can boost your chances of success. Ask your healthcare team for a treatment plan that works for you. Or ask where to get help with stopping smoking.
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Nicotine is the chemical in tobacco that keeps you smoking tobacco. Nicotine reaches the brain within seconds of taking a puff. In the brain, nicotine increases the release of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These brain chemicals help control mood and behavior.
When you're using nicotine, the reward center in your brain releases a neurotransmitter called dopamine. Dopamine causes feelings of pleasure and improved mood.
The more you smoke, the more nicotine you need to feel good. Nicotine quickly becomes part of your daily routine and affects your habits and feelings.
Common situations that trigger the urge to smoke include:
Drinking coffee or taking breaks at work.
Talking on the phone.
Drinking alcohol.
Driving your car.
Spending time with friends.
To overcome your nicotine dependence, you need to become aware of your triggers and make a plan for dealing with them.
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Anyone who smokes or uses other forms of tobacco is at risk of becoming dependent. Factors that influence who is likely to use tobacco include:
Age.Most people begin smoking during childhood or the teen years. The younger you are when you begin smoking, the greater the chance of nicotine dependence.
Genetics.The genes passed from parents to children may play a role in the chance of a person becoming dependent on nicotine.
Parents and peers.Children who grow up with parents who smoke are more likely to smoke. Children with friends who smoke also are more likely to try it.
Depression or anxiety.Some people who have mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety try to get relief by smoking. But smoking cigarettes doesn't help relieve symptoms of these conditions.
Substance use.People who use alcohol and illicit drugs are more likely to smoke.
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Tobacco smoke has hundreds of harmful chemicals in it. At least 69 of those chemicals can cause cancer. Even "all-natural" or herbal cigarettes have harmful chemicals.
People who smoke cigarettes are much more likely to develop and die of certain diseases than are people who don't smoke. But smoking can cause many different health issues, including:
Lung cancer and lung disease.Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer deaths in countries such as the United States. Smoking also causes lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Smoking makes asthma worse too.
Other cancers.Smoking raises the risk of many types of cancer. Some examples include cancer of the mouth, throat, also called the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, bladder, pancreas, kidney and cervix and some types of leukemia. Overall, smoking causes 30% of all cancer deaths in the United States.
Heart and blood vessel conditions.Smoking raises the risk of dying of heart and blood vessel diseases including heart attack and stroke. If you have a heart or blood vessel disease, smoking makes it worse.
Diabetes.Smoking raises the risk of type 2 diabetes. If you have diabetes, smoking can lead to other health concerns such as kidney disease and eye conditions.
Eye conditions.Smoking can raise the risk of serious eye issues such as cataracts and loss of eyesight from macular degeneration.
Infertility.Smoking can make it harder to start a pregnancy.
Complications during pregnancy.Pregnant people who smoke have a higher risk of miscarriages and preterm deliveries. Their babies have a higher risk of having medical conditions present at birth and lower birth weights.
Cold, flu and other illnesses.People who smoke are more prone to respiratory infections such as colds, the flu and bronchitis.
Tooth and gum disease.Smoking is linked to a higher risk of gum disease and tooth loss.
Smoking also poses health risks to those around you. Partners of people who smoke have a higher risk of lung cancer and heart disease compared with people who don't live with someone who smokes. Children whose parents smoke are more likely to get bronchitis, pneumonia, ear infections and colds. And if a child has asthma, secondhand smoke can make it worse.
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The best way to prevent nicotine dependence is to not start using tobacco.
The best way to keep children from smoking is to not smoke yourself. Children whose parents do not smoke or who successfully quit smoking are much less likely to take up smoking.
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Your healthcare professional may ask you questions or have you fill out a questionnaire to see how dependent you are on nicotine. Knowing your degree of dependence helps your healthcare professional figure out the right treatment plan for you. The more cigarettes you smoke each day and the sooner you smoke after waking up, the more dependent you are.
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Like most people who smoke, you've probably made at least one serious attempt to stop. But it's rare to stop smoking on your first attempt — especially if you try to do it without help. You're much more likely to be able to stop smoking if you use medicines and counseling. Both of these treatments work, especially if you use them together.
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Social support is key to leading a stable and solid smoke-free life. Ask your family, friends and co-workers to support and encourage you. Be direct and let them know what would help you most.
Also think about trying these resources:
Support groups.Support groups offer coaching and support from others trying to quit. You can often attend at little or no cost. For example, in the United States, Nicotine Anonymous groups can be found in many locations.
Telephone counseling.Quit lines offer convenient access to trained counselors. In the U.S., call800-QUIT-NOW(800-784-8669) to connect directly to your state's quit line.
Text messaging and mobile apps.Services can send reminders and tips to your mobile phone.
Web-based programs.Sites such as BecomeAnEX provide free personalized support, interactive guides and tools, and discussion groups to help you quit.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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anger, constipation, increased hunger, strong cravings, anxiety, trouble sleeping, nicotine, restlessness, depression, smoke, trouble focusing, frustration, irritable mood
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23 |
Mesenteric lymphadenitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesenteric-lymphadenitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353799
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mesenteric-lymphadenitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353803
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Lymphadenitis is a condition in which the small round or bean-shaped clusters of cells, called lymph nodes, become swollen and inflamed. The swelling can affect the lymph nodes in the membrane that connects the bowel to the wall around the stomach area, called the mesentery. Then the condition is called mesenteric lymphadenitis (mez-un-TER-ik lim-fad-uh-NIE-tis).
An infection in the intestines, such as a virus, is the usual cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis. Also called mesenteric adenitis, the condition mainly affects children and teens.
Mesenteric lymphadenitis can act like appendicitis or a condition in which part of the intestine slides into another part of the intestine, called intussusception. Unlike appendicitis or intussusception, mesenteric lymphadenitis usually clears up on its own.
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Possible symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
Pain in the stomach area, often on the lower right side, but the pain can be more spread out.
General tenderness of the stomach area.
Fever.
Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes.
Depending on what's causing the condition, symptoms also might include:
Diarrhea.
Nausea and vomiting.
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Pain in the stomach area is common in children and teens. So it can be hard to know when to seek medical advice.
Call a healthcare professional right away for a child who has:
Sudden, severe pain in the stomach area.
Stomach area pain with fever.
Stomach area pain with diarrhea or vomiting.
Tenderness to touch of the stomach area.
Bloody or maroon-colored stool.
Also, call a healthcare provider for a child who has pain in the stomach area that doesn't get better in a short time and who also:
Has a change in bowel habits.
Has a loss of appetite.
Is not able to sleep.
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The most common cause of mesenteric lymphadenitis is a viral infection, such as gastroenteritis. Gastroenteritis is often called stomach flu. This infection causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the thin tissue that attaches the intestine to the back of the wall around the stomach area, called mesentery.
Other causes of mesenteric lymphadenitis include bacterial infection, inflammatory bowel disease and lymphoma.
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Any infection that causes inflammation and swelling in the lymph nodes in the tissue that attaches the bowel to the abdominal wall increases the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis.
Conditions that raise the risk of mesenteric lymphadenitis include:
Viral or bacterial gastroenteritis.
Inflammatory bowel disease.
Lymphoma.
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Diagnosing mesenteric lymphadenitis involves taking a medical history and doing an exam. Tests might include:
Blood tests.Certain blood tests can help show if there's an infection and what type of infection it is.
Imaging studies.An ultrasound of the stomach area is often used to diagnose mesenteric lymphadenitis. ACTscan of the stomach area also might be used.
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Mild cases of mesenteric lymphadenitis and those caused by a virus usually go away on their own. Full recovery can take four weeks or more.
For treatment of fever or pain, consider giving your child infants' or children's over-the-counter fever and pain medications such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, others). They're safer than aspirin.
Use caution when giving aspirin to children or teenagers. Though aspirin is approved for use in children older than age 3, children and teenagers recovering from chickenpox or flu-like symptoms should never take aspirin. This is because aspirin has been linked to Reye's syndrome, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition, in such children.
Antibiotics might be prescribed for a moderate to severe bacterial infection.
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If your child has symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis, make an appointment with a healthcare professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
|
For symptoms of mesenteric lymphadenitis, have your child:
Get plenty of rest.Enough rest can help your child recover.
Drink fluids.Liquids help prevent loss of body fluids, called dehydration, from fever, vomiting and diarrhea.
Apply moist heat.A warm, moist washcloth applied to the stomach area can help ease discomfort.
Eat a liquid diet in small amounts.For example, eat broth or chicken noodle soup.
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pain, nausea, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, vomiting, fever, mesenteric lymphadenitis, pain in the stomach area, general tenderness, tenderness
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24 |
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350889
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350895
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adhd/doctors-departments/ddc-20350899
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, also called ADHD, is a long-term condition that affects millions of children. It often continues into adulthood. ADHD includes a mix of ongoing problems. These can include having a hard time paying attention, being hyperactive and being impulsive.
Children with ADHD also may have low self-esteem and troubled relationships and do poorly in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. Some people never completely outgrow their ADHD symptoms but they can learn strategies to be successful.
While treatment won't cure ADHD, it can help a great deal with symptoms. Besides giving education about ADHD, treatment can involve medicines and behavior therapies. Early diagnosis and treatment can make a big difference in results.
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The main features of ADHD include not paying attention and being hyperactive and impulsive. ADHD symptoms usually start before age 12. In some children, they can be seen as early as 3 years of age. ADHD symptoms can be mild, moderate or severe. Symptoms need to be seen in two or more settings, such as at home and at school. The symptoms cause problems with development and daily life and may continue into adulthood.
ADHD occurs more often in boys than in girls. Behaviors can be different in boys and girls. For example, boys may be more hyperactive and girls may tend to quietly not pay attention.
There are three types of ADHD:
Predominately inattentive.In this type, most symptoms fall under inattention. This means having trouble focusing and staying on a task. It also includes trouble getting and staying organized.
Predominately hyperactive and impulsive.In this type, most symptoms involve being hyperactive and impulsive. Hyperactive means being too active and having too much energy. It may include disruptive behavior. Being impulsive means acting without thinking ahead about the results or effects of behavior.
Combined.This type is a mix of inattentive symptoms and hyperactive and impulsive symptoms. The person meets the criteria for both predominately inattentive and predominately hyperactive and impulsive types of ADHD.
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If you're concerned that your child shows signs of ADHD, see your pediatrician or family healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional can do a medical evaluation to check for other causes of your child's symptoms. Then if needed, your child may be referred to a specialist, such as a developmental-behavioral pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist or pediatric neurologist.
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While the exact cause of ADHD is not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development of ADHD include genetics, the environment or central nervous system conditions at key moments in development.
|
Risk factors for ADHD may include:
Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with ADHD or another mental health condition.
Being around environmental toxins such as lead, which is found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings.
Being born to a parent who used recreational drugs, alcohol or tobacco during pregnancy.
Being born too early, also called premature birth.
Although many people seem to believe that sugar causes hyperactivity, there's no proof of this. Many issues in childhood can lead to trouble paying attention, but that's not the same as ADHD.
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ADHD can make life hard for children. Children with ADHD:
Often have trouble in the classroom, which can lead to failing grades and being judged by other children and adults.
Tend to have more accidents and injuries of all kinds than do children who don't have ADHD.
Tend to have poor self-esteem.
Are more likely to have trouble interacting with and being accepted by peers and adults.
Are at higher risk of alcohol and drug misuse and other behavior that can cause problems with the law.
Have a higher risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide.
Have sleep disorders.
|
To help lower your child's risk of ADHD:
During pregnancy,avoid anything that could harm your baby's development before birth. For example, don't drink alcohol, use drugs or smoke cigarettes.
Protect your child from exposure to pollutants and toxins,including cigarette smoke and lead paint.
Limit screen time.Although still not proved, it may be a good idea for young children to limit TV, video games and other screen time.
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In general, a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is made if the core symptoms of ADHD start early in life — before age 12 — and create major problems at home and at school on an ongoing basis.
There's no specific test for ADHD. An evaluation can help find out whether symptoms are related to ADHD or another problem. Making a diagnosis will likely include:
A medical exam.This can help rule out other possible causes of symptoms.
Information gathering.This includes reviewing any current medical conditions, personal and family medical history, and school records.
Interviews or surveys.These may include information from family members, teachers or other people who know your child well, such as caregivers, babysitters and coaches. This information can show how your child behaves in different situations.
ADHD rating scales.These help collect and evaluate information about your child.
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Standard treatments for ADHD in children include medicines, behavior therapy, counseling and education services. These treatments can lessen many of the symptoms of ADHD, but they don't cure it. Treatment also can help prevent some complications caused by ADHD. It may take some time to find what works best for your child.
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Caring for a child with ADHD can be challenging for the whole family. Caregivers may be distressed by their child's behavior as well as by the way other people respond. The stress of dealing with ADHD can lead to conflict in a marriage or partnership. These problems can be made worse by the financial burden that ADHD can place on families.
Siblings of a child with ADHD also may have a hard time. They can be affected by a sibling who is demanding or aggressive. They also may get less attention because the child with ADHD requires so much of a parent's time.
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You're likely to start by taking your child to a pediatrician or family healthcare professional. Depending on the results of the evaluation, your healthcare professional may refer you to a specialist, such as a developmental-behavioral pediatrician, psychologist, psychiatrist or pediatric neurologist.
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Because ADHD is complex and each person with ADHD is different, it's hard to make recommendations that work for every child. But some of the following suggestions may help create an environment in which your child can succeed.
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having too much energy, disruptive behavior, trouble getting and staying organized, acting without thinking ahead, staying on a task, inattentive symptoms, trouble focusing, predominately hyperactive, adhd, hyperactive, being too active
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25 |
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350883
| null |
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health disorder that includes a combination of persistent problems, such as difficulty paying attention, hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. AdultADHDcan lead to unstable relationships, poor work or school performance, low self-esteem, and other problems.
Though it's called adultADHD, symptoms start in early childhood and continue into adulthood. In some cases,ADHDis not recognized or diagnosed until the person is an adult. AdultADHDsymptoms may not be as clear asADHDsymptoms in children. In adults, hyperactivity may decrease, but struggles with impulsiveness, restlessness and difficulty paying attention may continue.
Treatment for adultADHDis similar to treatment for childhoodADHD. AdultADHDtreatment includes medications, psychological counseling (psychotherapy) and treatment for any mental health conditions that occur along withADHD.
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Some people withADHDhave fewer symptoms as they age, but some adults continue to have major symptoms that interfere with daily functioning. In adults, the main features ofADHDmay include difficulty paying attention, impulsiveness and restlessness. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.
Many adults withADHDaren't aware they have it — they just know that everyday tasks can be a challenge. Adults withADHDmay find it difficult to focus and prioritize, leading to missed deadlines and forgotten meetings or social plans. The inability to control impulses can range from impatience waiting in line or driving in traffic to mood swings and outbursts of anger.
AdultADHDsymptoms may include:
Impulsiveness
Disorganization and problems prioritizing
Poor time management skills
Problems focusing on a task
Trouble multitasking
Excessive activity or restlessness
Poor planning
Low frustration tolerance
Frequent mood swings
Problems following through and completing tasks
Hot temper
Trouble coping with stress
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If any of the symptoms listed above continually disrupt your life, talk to your doctor about whether you might haveADHD.
Different types of health care professionals may diagnose and supervise treatment forADHD. Seek a provider who has training and experience in caring for adults withADHD.
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While the exact cause ofADHDis not clear, research efforts continue. Factors that may be involved in the development ofADHDinclude:
Genetics.ADHDcan run in families, and studies indicate that genes may play a role.
Environment.Certain environmental factors also may increase risk, such as lead exposure as a child.
Problems during development.Problems with the central nervous system at key moments in development may play a role.
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Risk ofADHDmay increase if:
You have blood relatives, such as a parent or sibling, withADHDor another mental health disorder
Your mother smoked, drank alcohol or used drugs during pregnancy
As a child, you were exposed to environmental toxins — such as lead, found mainly in paint and pipes in older buildings
You were born prematurely
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ADHDcan make life difficult for you.ADHDhas been linked to:
Poor school or work performance
Unemployment
Financial problems
Trouble with the law
Alcohol or other substance misuse
Frequent car accidents or other accidents
Unstable relationships
Poor physical and mental health
Poor self-image
Suicide attempts
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Signs and symptoms ofADHDin adults can be hard to spot. However, core symptoms start early in life — before age 12 — and continue into adulthood, creating major problems.
No single test can confirm the diagnosis. Making the diagnosis will likely include:
Physical exam,to help rule out other possible causes for your symptoms
Information gathering,such as asking you questions about any current medical issues, personal and family medical history, and the history of your symptoms
ADHDrating scales or psychological teststo help collect and evaluate information about your symptoms
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Standard treatments forADHDin adults typically involve medication, education, skills training and psychological counseling. A combination of these is often the most effective treatment. These treatments can help manage many symptoms ofADHD, but they don't cure it. It may take some time to determine what works best for you.
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While treatment can make a big difference withADHD, taking other steps can help you understandADHDand learn to manage it. Some resources that may help you are listed below. Ask your health care team for more advice on resources.
Support groups.Support groups allow you to meet other people withADHDso that you can share experiences, information and coping strategies. These groups are available in person in many communities and also online.
Social support.Involve your spouse, close relatives and friends in yourADHDtreatment. You may feel reluctant to let people know you haveADHD, but letting others know what's going on can help them understand you better and improve your relationships.
Co-workers, supervisors and teachers.ADHDcan make work and school a challenge. You may feel embarrassed telling your boss or professor that you haveADHD, but most likely he or she will be willing to make small accommodations to help you succeed. Ask for what you need to improve your performance, such as more in-depth explanations or more time on certain tasks.
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You're likely to start by first talking to your primary care provider. Depending on the results of the initial evaluation, he or she may refer you to a specialist, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist or other mental health professional.
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BecauseADHDis a complex disorder and each person is unique, it's hard to make recommendations for all adults who haveADHD. But some of these suggestions may help:
Make a list of tasksto accomplish each day. Prioritize the items. Make sure you're not trying to do too much.
Break down tasksinto smaller, more manageable steps. Consider using checklists.
Use sticky padsto write notes to yourself. Put them on the fridge, on the bathroom mirror, in the car or in other places where you'll see the reminders.
Keep an appointment bookor electronic calendar to track appointments and deadlines.
Carry a notebook or electronic device with youso that you can note ideas or things you'll need to remember.
Take time to set up systems to file and organize information,both on your electronic devices and for paper documents. Get in the habit of using these systems consistently.
Follow a routinethat's consistent from day to day and keep items, such as your keys and your wallet, in the same place.
Ask for helpfrom family members or other loved ones.
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anger, poor time management, frequent mood swings, difficulty focusing, disorganization, trouble multitasking, low frustration tolerance, outbursts, outbursts of anger, restlessness, trouble coping with stress, poor planning, difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, hot temper, impulsiveness, impatience, mood swings
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26 |
Frozen shoulder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/symptoms-causes/syc-20372684
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372690
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frozen-shoulder/doctors-departments/ddc-20372691
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Frozen shoulder, also called adhesive capsulitis, involves stiffness and pain in the shoulder joint. Signs and symptoms typically begin slowly, then get worse. Over time, symptoms get better, usually within 1 to 3 years.
Having to keep a shoulder still for a long period increases the risk of developing frozen shoulder. This might happen after having surgery or breaking an arm.
Treatment for frozen shoulder involves range-of-motion exercises. Sometimes treatment involves corticosteroids and numbing medications injected into the joint. Rarely, arthroscopic surgery is needed to loosen the joint capsule so that it can move more freely.
It's unusual for frozen shoulder to recur in the same shoulder. But some people can develop it in the other shoulder, usually within five years.
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Frozen shoulder typically develops slowly in three stages.
Freezing stage.Any movement of the shoulder causes pain, and the shoulder's ability to move becomes limited. This stage lasts from 2 to 9 months.
Frozen stage.Pain might lessen during this stage. However, the shoulder becomes stiffer. Using it becomes more difficult. This stage lasts from 4 to 12 months.
Thawing stage.The shoulder's ability to move begins to improve. This stage lasts from 5 to 24 months.
For some people, the pain worsens at night, sometimes disrupting sleep.
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The shoulder joint is enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. Frozen shoulder occurs when this capsule thickens and tightens around the shoulder joint, restricting its movement.
It's unclear why this happens to some people. But it's more likely to happen after keeping a shoulder still for a long period, such as after surgery or an arm fracture.
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Certain factors may increase the risk of developing frozen shoulder.
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One of the most common causes of frozen shoulder is not moving a shoulder while recovering from a shoulder injury, broken arm or stroke. If you've had an injury that makes it difficult to move your shoulder, talk to your health care provider about exercises that can help you maintain your ability to move your shoulder joint.
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During the physical exam, a health care provider might ask you to move your arm in certain ways. This is to check for pain and see how far you can move your arm (active range of motion). Then you might be asked to relax your muscles while the provider moves your arm (passive range of motion). Frozen shoulder affects both active and passive range of motion.
Frozen shoulder can usually be diagnosed from signs and symptoms alone. But imaging tests — such as X-rays, ultrasound or MRI — can rule out other problems.
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Most frozen shoulder treatment involves controlling shoulder pain and preserving as much range of motion in the shoulder as possible.
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You might first see your primary care provider. In some cases, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating bones and muscles (orthopedist or physiatrist).
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Continue to use the shoulder and arm as much as possible given your pain and range-of-motion limits. Applying heat or cold to your shoulder can help relieve pain.
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pain, limited movement, stiffness, worsened at night, difficulty using, disrupting sleep
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27 |
Childhood schizophrenia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354483
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/childhood-schizophrenia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354489
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Childhood schizophrenia is an uncommon but severe mental disorder in which children and teenagers interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking (cognitive), behavior or emotions. It may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior that impairs your child's ability to function.
Childhood schizophrenia is essentially the same as schizophrenia in adults, but it starts early in life — generally in the teenage years — and has a profound impact on a child's behavior and development. With childhood schizophrenia, the early age of onset presents special challenges for diagnosis, treatment, education, and emotional and social development.
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition that requires lifelong treatment. Identifying and starting treatment for childhood schizophrenia as early as possible may significantly improve your child's long-term outcome.
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Schizophrenia involves a range of problems with thinking, behavior or emotions. Signs and symptoms may vary, but usually involve delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function. The effect can be disabling.
In most people with schizophrenia, symptoms generally start in the mid- to late 20s, though it can start later, up to the mid-30s. Schizophrenia is considered early onset when it starts before the age of 18. Onset of schizophrenia in children younger than age 13 is extremely rare.
Symptoms can vary in type and severity over time, with periods of worsening and remission of symptoms. Some symptoms may always be present. Schizophrenia can be difficult to recognize in the early phases.
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It can be difficult to know how to handle vague behavioral changes in your child. You may be afraid of rushing to conclusions that label your child with a mental illness. Your child's teacher or other school staff may alert you to changes in your child's behavior.
Seek medical care as soon as possible if you have concerns about your child's behavior or development.
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It's not known what causes childhood schizophrenia, but it's thought that it develops in the same way as adult schizophrenia does. Researchers believe that a combination of genetics, brain chemistry and environment contributes to development of the disorder. It's not clear why schizophrenia starts so early in life for some and not for others.
Problems with certain naturally occurring brain chemicals, including neurotransmitters called dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Neuroimaging studies show differences in the brain structure and central nervous system of people with schizophrenia. While researchers aren't certain about the significance of these changes, they indicate that schizophrenia is a brain disease.
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Although the precise cause of schizophrenia isn't known, certain factors seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering schizophrenia, including:
Having a family history of schizophrenia
Increased immune system activation, such as from inflammation
Older age of the father
Some pregnancy and birth complications, such as malnutrition or exposure to toxins or viruses that may impact brain development
Taking mind-altering (psychoactive) drugs during teen years
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Left untreated, childhood schizophrenia can result in severe emotional, behavioral and health problems. Complications associated with schizophrenia may occur in childhood or later, such as:
Suicide, suicide attempts and thoughts of suicide
Self-injury
Anxiety disorders, panic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
Depression
Abuse of alcohol or other drugs, including nicotine
Family conflicts
Inability to live independently, attend school or work
Social isolation
Health and medical problems
Being victimized
Legal and financial problems, and homelessness
Aggressive behavior, although uncommon
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Early identification and treatment may help get symptoms of childhood schizophrenia under control before serious complications develop. Early treatment is also crucial in helping limit psychotic episodes, which can be extremely frightening to a child and his or her parents. Ongoing treatment can help improve your child's long-term outlook.
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Diagnosis of childhood schizophrenia involves ruling out other mental health disorders and determining that symptoms aren't due to alcohol or drug use, medication or a medical condition. The process of diagnosis may involve:
Physical exam.This may be done to help rule out other problems that could be causing symptoms and to check for any related complications.
Tests and screenings.These may include tests that help rule out conditions with similar symptoms, and screening for alcohol and drugs. The doctor may also request imaging studies, such as an MRI or CT scan.
Psychiatric evaluation.This includes observing appearance and demeanor, asking about thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns, including any thoughts of self-harm or harming others, evaluating ability to think and function at an age-appropriate level, and assessing mood, anxiety and possible psychotic symptoms. This also includes a discussion of family and personal history.
Diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.Your doctor or mental health professional may use the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
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Schizophrenia in children requires lifelong treatment, even during periods when symptoms seem to go away. Treatment is a particular challenge for children with schizophrenia.
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Coping with childhood schizophrenia can be challenging. Medications can have unwanted side effects, and you, your child and your whole family may feel angry or resentful about having to manage a condition that requires lifelong treatment. To help cope with childhood schizophrenia:
Learn about the condition.Education about schizophrenia can empower you and your child and motivate him or her to stick to the treatment plan. Education can help friends and family understand the condition and be more compassionate with your child.
Join a support group.Support groups for people with schizophrenia can help you reach out to other families facing similar challenges. You may want to seek out separate groups for you and for your child so that you each have a safe outlet.
Get professional help.If you as a parent or guardian feel overwhelmed and distressed by your child's condition, consider seeking help for yourself from a mental health professional.
Stay focused on goals.Dealing with childhood schizophrenia is an ongoing process. Stay motivated as a family by keeping treatment goals in mind.
Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways your whole family can channel energy or frustration, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
Make healthy lifestyle choices.Maintaining a regular schedule that includes sufficient sleep, healthy eating and regular physical activity is important to mental health.
Take time as individuals.Although managing childhood schizophrenia is a family affair, both children and parents need their own time to cope and unwind. Create opportunities for healthy alone time.
Begin future planning.Ask about social service assistance. Most individuals with schizophrenia require some form of daily living support. Many communities have programs to help people with schizophrenia with jobs, affordable housing, transportation, self-help groups, other daily activities and crisis situations. A case manager or someone on the treatment team can help find resources.
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You're likely to start by first having your child see his or her pediatrician or family doctor. In some cases, you may be referred immediately to a specialist, such as a pediatric psychiatrist or other mental health professional who's an expert in schizophrenia.
In rare cases where safety is an issue, your child may require an emergency evaluation in the emergency room and possibly admission for psychiatric care in a hospital.
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Although childhood schizophrenia requires professional treatment, it's critical to be an active participant in your child's care. Here are ways to get the most out of the treatment plan.
Follow directions for medications.Try to make sure that your child takes medications as prescribed, even if he or she is feeling well and has no current symptoms. If medications are stopped or taken infrequently, the symptoms are likely to come back and your doctor will have a hard time knowing what the best and safest dose is.
Check first before taking other medications.Contact the doctor who's treating your child for schizophrenia before your child takes medications prescribed by another doctor or before taking any over-the-counter medications, vitamins, minerals, herbs or other supplements. These can interact with schizophrenia medications.
Pay attention to warning signs.You and your child may have identified things that may trigger symptoms, cause a relapse or prevent your child from carrying out daily activities. Make a plan so that you know what to do if symptoms return. Contact your child's doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms, to prevent the situation from worsening.
Make physical activity and healthy eating a priority.Some medications for schizophrenia are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and high cholesterol in children. Work with your child's doctor to make a nutrition and physical activity plan for your child that will help manage weight and benefit heart health.
Avoid alcohol, recreational drugs and nicotine.Alcohol, recreational drugs and nicotine can worsen schizophrenia symptoms or interfere with antipsychotic medications. Talk to your child about avoiding drugs and alcohol and not smoking. If necessary, get appropriate treatment for a substance use problem.
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delusions, hallucinations, schizophrenia, disorganized speech
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28 |
Benign adrenal tumors
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/symptoms-causes/syc-20356190
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20567035
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/benign-adrenal-tumors/doctors-departments/ddc-20356192
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Benign adrenal tumors are masses that aren't cancer. They form in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are part of the endocrine system. These glands make hormones that send messages to nearly every organ and tissue in the body.
There are two adrenal glands, one above each kidney. Each gland has two types of tissue: the cortex and the medulla. Benign adrenal tumors that grow in the cortex are called adrenal adenomas. Those that grow in the medulla are called pheochromocytomas (fee-o-kroe-moe-sy-TOE-muhs).
Most benign adrenal tumors cause no symptoms and don't need treatment. But sometimes these tumors make high levels of some hormones that can cause problems. Hormones from the cortex control metabolism, blood pressure and certain body features, such as hair growth. Hormones from the medulla control the body's response to stress.
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Symptoms depend on whether the tumor makes hormones, what hormone it makes and how much it makes. But many benign adrenal gland tumors don't cause symptoms because they don't make hormones.
The most common type of benign adrenal tumor, called adenoma, comes from the adrenal cortex. This type of tumor might cause symptoms such as:
Weight gain.
Easy bruising.
High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
Diabetes.
Depressed mood.
Tiredness.
Muscle weakness or cramping.
A type of benign adrenal tumor from the medulla is called pheochromocytoma. It might cause the following symptoms:
High blood pressure, also called hypertension.
Fast heartbeat.
Sweating.
Tremors.
Headache.
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The cause of benign adrenal tumors often is not known.
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The following might raise the risk of developing a benign adrenal tumor:
A family history of benign adrenal tumors.
Certain syndromes passed through families, called genetic syndromes, that make benign adrenal tumors more likely.
A history of having an adrenal tumor surgically removed.
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Benign adrenal tumors often are found by chance on imaging that's done for another reason. A healthcare professional then looks at how likely the tumor is to be cancer and whether it's making too much hormone.
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Benign adrenal tumors often don't need treatment. Treatment depends on how likely the tumor is to become cancer. Treatment also might depend on whether the tumor is making hormones, the type of hormone it makes and how much it's making.
Treatment for small benign adrenal tumors that aren't making hormones might involve watching the tumor. There might be repeat imaging tests 3 to 6 months after diagnosis, and then every one or two years. Watching also might involve testing hormones every year for five years.
If the tumor is getting bigger or causing symptoms, the symptoms might be treated with medicines. Medicines also might be used to treat symptoms such as high blood pressure before surgery.
Surgery to remove the adrenal gland, called adrenalectomy, might be used to treat a benign adrenal tumor. The surgery may be done laparoscopically if the tumor is small and not likely to be cancer.
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You might start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Or you might be sent to a specialist in the endocrine system, called an endocrinologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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hypertension, headache, adrenal gland tumors, muscle weakness, tiredness, cramping, sweating, weight gain, tumor, depressed mood, diabetes, pheochromocytoma, adrenal tumor, adenoma, easy bruising, fast heartbeat, tremors, high blood pressure, bruising
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29 |
Autoimmune encephalitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20576380
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576406
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autoimmune-encephalitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20576425
|
Autoimmune encephalitis (en-sef-uh-LIE-tis) is a group of conditions that causes swelling in the brain. This happens because the immune system mistakenly attacks brain cells. Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary but may include memory loss, changes in thinking, changes in behavior and seizures.
Autoimmune encephalitis is different from encephalitis caused by viral or bacterial infections, known as infectious encephalitis. Infectious encephalitis isn't caused by an immune reaction, and it's treated with different medicines. Research has found that the number of people with autoimmune encephalitis is comparable to the number of people with infectious encephalitis.
Experts don't know what causes autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE. For some people, AE is triggered by certain cancers or infections. Autoimmune encephalitis also may be triggered by medicines. People with an autoimmune disease or a family history of autoimmune disease may be more likely to get AE. Healthcare professionals use several tests to diagnose autoimmune encephalitis.
Without treatment, autoimmune encephalitis can cause serious complications, including death. But treatments can lead to recovery. Many people with AE make a full recovery, but some can have lasting symptoms.
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Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can vary from person to person. But symptoms can occur in a pattern that is predictable depending on the type of autoimmune encephalitis. Many people have a headache, fever and other symptoms of an infection followed by:
Psychiatric symptoms that may include anxiety, panic attacks, changes in behavior, agitation, hallucinations, delusions and trouble organizing thoughts.
Trouble with memory.
Trouble with language, such as talking less or repeating words or phrases.
Movements that are not voluntary.
Seizures.
Changes in consciousness.
Less sleep at the beginning of the disease followed by excess sleep during recovery.
Sometimes AE causes serious seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus. These seizures last more than five minutes or occur one after another while the person is not conscious.
Autoimmune encephalitis symptoms can get worse over time. This disease course is known as progressive. Symptoms also might alternate between getting better and getting worse. This course is known as relapsing-remitting. These are similar to the disease courses people experience with multiple sclerosis.
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Get emergency medical care if you or someone you're with has serious symptoms of AE. This includes having seizures that last more than five minutes or that happen one after another with a loss of consciousness. Also seek emergency medical care for high fevers or trouble breathing.
See your healthcare professional right away if you have any other symptoms of autoimmune encephalitis. AE can become serious quickly if not treated.
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Autoimmune encephalitis causes are not known. Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, happens when the immune system mistakenly attacks heathy brain cells.
Antibodies are part of the immune system. They help protect the body from viruses, bacteria and other substances that can cause illnesses. But in autoimmune encephalitis, the antibodies target and attack certain receptors in the brain. This leads to swelling in the brain, also known as inflammation, and other symptoms.
AE may be triggered by:
Certain cancers. When this happens, it's known as paraneoplastic AE.
Infections, such as from the herpes simplex virus.
Certain medicines, such as monoclonal antibodies and medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
Autoimmune encephalitis is more likely to occur in people who have an autoimmune disease or who have a strong family history of autoimmune disease.
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Risk factors for autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, include:
Having had AE in the past, especially if it wasn't treated.
Having had herpes simplex virus encephalitis.
Taking monoclonal antibodies or medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.
Having a tumor, especially small-cell lung cancer.
Researchers are studying whether certain genes may be related to autoimmune encephalitis.
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Serious autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can lead to complications such as:
Seizures that need emergency care, known as status epilepticus.The immune system's attack on the brain during AE can lead to seizures and a condition called autoimmune epilepsy. Sometimes the seizures may last more than five minutes or occur one after another. The person isn't conscious in between the seizures. These serious seizures are known as status epilepticus.
Not enough air entering the lungs, known as respiratory failure.People with respiratory failure may need treatment with a machine that helps them breathe, known as mechanical ventilation.
Trouble with heart rate and blood pressure.AE can affect heart rate, blood pressure, digestion and urination. These are known as autonomic functions.
Fevers.People with AE may have high fevers.
Another possible complication is that the condition may come back after recovery. This is known as a relapse. A relapse is more likely in people who had anti-LGI1 limbic encephalitis or anti-CASPR2 associated encephalitis.
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Autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can't always be prevented. But getting cancer screenings can help your healthcare professional find tumors and treat them early. This could prevent autoimmune encephalitis that is triggered by cancers. Talk with your healthcare professional about your cancer risk and if cancer screening is recommended.
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Autoimmune encephalitis diagnosis involves a review of your symptoms, a physical exam and several tests. It's important to get an accurate diagnosis because autoimmune encephalitis, also known as AE, can be mistaken for other diseases.
Experts have created autoimmune encephalitis criteria to help healthcare professionals diagnose people with AE. Healthcare professionals look for patterns of symptoms that signal AE. They also test for signs that antibodies are attacking receptors in the brain to cause AE.
Tests also help rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as infections or other autoimmune conditions.
Sometimes people are incorrectly diagnosed with autoimmune encephalitis. It's important for healthcare professionals to consider all potential conditions when making a diagnosis.
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Autoimmune encephalitis treatment focuses on the immune system, which is mistakenly attacking brain cells. If a tumor is causing autoimmune encephalitis, the first step is to diagnose and treat the tumor.
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Autoimmune encephalitis can cause serious symptoms that need emergency medical care. Your healthcare team includes specialists, including doctors who specialize in the brain and nervous system, known as neurologists.
If your symptoms aren't as serious, you might start by seeing your regular healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may refer you to a neurologist or another specialist. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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headache, panic, multiple sclerosis, trouble with language, excess sleep, autoimmune encephalitis symptoms, changes in consciousness, anxiety, movements that are not voluntary, status epilepticus, changes in behavior, less sleep, agitation, trouble with memory, panic attacks, delusions, infection, trouble organizing thoughts, seizures, autoimmune encephalitis, fever, hallucinations
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30 |
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-flaccid-myelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20493046
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-flaccid-myelitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20493060
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Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a rare but serious condition that affects the spinal cord. It can cause sudden weakness in the arms or legs, loss of muscle tone, and loss of reflexes. The condition mainly affects young children.
Most children have a mild respiratory illness or fever caused by a viral infection about one to four weeks before developing symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis.
If you or your child develops symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis, seek immediate medical care. Symptoms can progress rapidly. Hospitalization is needed and sometimes a ventilator is required for breathing support.
Since experts began tracking acute flaccid myelitis following initial clusters in 2014, outbreaks in the United States have occurred in 2016 and 2018. Outbreaks tend to occur between August and November.
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The most common signs and symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis include:
Other possible signs and symptoms include:
Uncommon symptoms might include:
Severe symptoms involve respiratory failure, due to the muscles involved in breathing becoming weak. It's also possible to experience life-threatening body temperature changes and blood pressure instability.
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If you or your child has any of the signs or symptoms listed above, seek medical care as soon as possible.
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Acute flaccid myelitis might be caused by an infection with a type of virus known as an enterovirus. Respiratory illnesses and fever from enteroviruses are common — especially in children. Most people recover. It's not clear why some people with an enterovirus infection develop acute flaccid myelitis.
In the United States many viruses, including enteroviruses, circulate between August and November. This is when acute flaccid myelitis outbreaks tend to occur.
The symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis can look similar to those of the viral disease polio. But none of the acute flaccid myelitis cases in the United States have been caused by poliovirus.
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Acute flaccid myelitis mainly affects young children.
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Muscle weakness caused by acute flaccid myelitis can continue for months to years.
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There's no specific way to prevent acute flaccid myelitis. However, preventing a viral infection can help reduce the risk of developing acute flaccid myelitis.
Take these steps to help protect yourself or your child from getting or spreading a viral infection:
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To diagnose acute flaccid myelitis, the doctor starts with a thorough medical history and physical exam. The doctor might recommend:
Acute flaccid myelitis can be hard to diagnose because it shares many of the same symptoms as other neurological diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. These tests can help distinguish acute flaccid myelitis from other conditions.
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Currently, there is no specific treatment for acute flaccid myelitis. Treatment is aimed at managing symptoms.
A doctor who specializes in treating brain and spinal cord illnesses (neurologist) might recommend physical or occupational therapy to help with arm or leg weakness. If physical therapy is started during the initial phase of the illness, it might improve long-term recovery.
The doctor might also recommend treatment with immunoglobulin that contains healthy antibodies from healthy donors, drugs that lower inflammation in the body (corticosteroids) or antiviral drugs. Or the doctor might recommend a treatment that removes and replaces blood plasma (plasma exchange). However, it's not clear whether these treatments have any benefits.
Sometimes nerve and muscle transfer surgeries are done to improve limb function.
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If you have symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis, seek immediate medical care.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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weak muscles, acute flaccid myelitis, life-threatening body temperature changes, breathing difficulty, respiratory failure, blood pressure instability
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in Data Studio
Disease Symptoms & Treatment Dataset
This dataset contains structured information about 687 diseases and their associated details.
It is intended for research, educational, and prototyping purposes in healthcare-related ML/NLP tasks.
Contents
Each row corresponds to one disease, with 17 columns:
disease— Name of the diseasemain_link— Reference linkDiagnosis_treatment_link— Link to diagnosis/treatment pageDoctors_departments_link— Relevant medical departments/doctorsOverview— General description of the diseaseSymptoms— Common symptomsWhen to see a doctor— Guidance for urgent careCauses— Main causes of the diseaseRisk factorsComplicationsPreventionDiagnosisTreatmentCoping and supportPreparing for your appointmentLifestyle and home remediesupdated— Timestamp or last update
Potential Uses
- Symptom → Disease matching (text classification)
- Healthcare chatbots or assistants
- Information retrieval / Q&A systems
- Educational tools for medical students
⚠️ Disclaimer: This dataset is for research and educational purposes only.
It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Citation
If you use this dataset in your work, please cite it as: https://www.mayoclinic.org/
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