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⌀ | Overview
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| When to see a doctor
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⌀ | Causes
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⌀ | Coping and support
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243 |
Barrett's esophagus
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/symptoms-causes/syc-20352841
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352846
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/barretts-esophagus/doctors-departments/ddc-20352848
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Barrett's esophagus is a condition in which the flat pink lining of the swallowing tube that connects the mouth to the stomach (esophagus) becomes damaged by acid reflux, which causes the lining to thicken and become red.
Between the esophagus and the stomach is a critically important valve, the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Over time, theLESmay begin to fail, leading to acid and chemical damage of the esophagus, a condition called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).GERDis often accompanied by symptoms such as heartburn or regurgitation. In some people, thisGERDmay trigger a change in the cells lining the lower esophagus, causing Barrett's esophagus.
Barrett's esophagus is associated with an increased risk of developing esophageal cancer. Although the risk of developing esophageal cancer is small, it's important to have regular checkups with careful imaging and extensive biopsies of the esophagus to check for precancerous cells (dysplasia). If precancerous cells are discovered, they can be treated to prevent esophageal cancer.
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The development of Barrett's esophagus is most often attributed to long-standingGERD, which may include these signs and symptoms:
Frequent heartburn and regurgitation of stomach contents
Difficulty swallowing food
Less commonly, chest pain
Curiously, approximately half of the people diagnosed with Barrett's esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux. So, you should discuss your digestive health with your doctor regarding the possibility of Barrett's esophagus.
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If you've had trouble with heartburn, regurgitation and acid reflux for more than five years, then you should ask your doctor about your risk of Barrett's esophagus.
Seek immediate help if you:
Have chest pain, which may be a symptom of a heart attack
Have difficulty swallowing
Are vomiting red blood or blood that looks like coffee grounds
Are passing black, tarry or bloody stools
Are unintentionally losing weight
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The exact cause of Barrett's esophagus isn't known. While many people with Barrett's esophagus have long-standingGERD, many have no reflux symptoms, a condition often called "silent reflux."
Whether this acid reflux is accompanied byGERDsymptoms or not, stomach acid and chemicals wash back into the esophagus, damaging esophagus tissue and triggering changes to the lining of the swallowing tube, causing Barrett's esophagus.
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Factors that increase your risk of Barrett's esophagus include:
Family history.Your odds of having Barrett's esophagus increase if you have a family history of Barrett's esophagus or esophageal cancer.
Being male.Men are far more likely to develop Barrett's esophagus.
Being white.White people have a greater risk of the disease than do people of other races.
Age.Barrett's esophagus can occur at any age but is more common in adults over 50.
Chronic heartburn and acid reflux.HavingGERDthat doesn't get better when taking medications known as proton pump inhibitors or havingGERDthat requires regular medication can increase the risk of Barrett's esophagus.
Current or past smoking.
Being overweight.Body fat around your abdomen further increases your risk.
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People with Barrett's esophagus have an increased risk of esophageal cancer. The risk is small, even in people who have precancerous changes in their esophagus cells. Fortunately, most people with Barrett's esophagus will never develop esophageal cancer.
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Endoscopy is generally used to determine if you have Barrett's esophagus.
A lighted tube with a camera at the end (endoscope) is passed down your throat to check for signs of changing esophagus tissue. Normal esophagus tissue appears pale and glossy. In Barrett's esophagus, the tissue appears red and velvety.
Your doctor will remove tissue (biopsy) from your esophagus. The biopsied tissue can be examined to determine the degree of change.
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Treatment for Barrett's esophagus depends on the extent of abnormal cell growth in your esophagus and your overall health.
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Barrett's esophagus is most often diagnosed in people withGERDwho are being examined forGERDcomplications. If your doctor discovers Barrett's esophagus on an endoscopy exam, you may be referred to a doctor who treats digestive diseases (gastroenterologist).
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Lifestyle changes can ease symptoms ofGERD, which may underlie Barrett's esophagus. Consider:
Maintaining a healthy weight.
Eliminating foods and drinks that trigger your heartburn,such as chocolate, coffee, alcohol and mint.
Stopping smoking.
Raising the head of your bed.Place wooden blocks under your bed to elevate your head.
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regurgitation of stomach contents, chest pain, frequent heartburn, heartburn, difficulty swallowing food, barrett's esophagus, barrett's esophagus report little if any symptoms of acid reflux
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245 |
Swimmer's itch
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/symptoms-causes/syc-20355043
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/swimmers-itch/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355049
| null |
Swimmer's itch is a rash that can occur after you go swimming or wading outdoors. It's most common after being in freshwater lakes and ponds, but you can get it in saltwater too.
Swimmer's itch is usually caused by a reaction to tiny parasites in the water that burrow into your skin while you're swimming or wading in warm, calm water. These parasites can't survive in people, so they soon die.
Swimmer's itch usually clears on its own within a few days. In the meantime, you can control itching with medicine.
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Swimmer's itch symptoms include an itchy rash that looks like pimples or blisters. Symptoms may begin within minutes or as long as two days after swimming or wading in contaminated water.
Usually the rash affects skin that's not covered by swimsuits, wetsuits or waders. Your sensitivity to swimmer's itch can increase each time you're exposed to the parasites that cause it.
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Talk to your health care provider if you have a rash after swimming that lasts more than a week. If you notice pus at the rash site, check with your health care provider. You might be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions (dermatologist).
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Swimmer's itch is caused by an allergic reaction to parasites that burrow into your skin from warm water. These parasites are found in some animals that live near ponds and lakes, including geese, ducks and muskrats.
The parasites' eggs get into the water through the animals' waste. When the young parasites hatch, they live and grow in a type of snail that lives in shallow water. The snails then release the parasites into the water, where they can infect humans.
Swimmer's itch isn't contagious from person to person.
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Factors that can increase the risk of swimmer's itch include:
Spending time in water that's infested with certain parasites.
Forgetting to dry off with a towel after getting out of the water.
Being sensitive to the parasites that cause swimmer's itch.
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Swimmer's itch usually isn't serious, but your skin can become infected if you scratch the rash.
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Follow these tips to avoid swimmer's itch:
Choose swimming spots carefully.Avoid being in water near the shore where swimmer's itch is a known problem or where signs have been posted warning of the risk. Also avoid being in marshy areas where snails are often found.
Rinse after swimming.Rinse exposed skin with clean water right after leaving the water. Then dry the skin with a towel.
Skip the bread crumbs.Don't feed birds on piers or near swimming areas.
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Your health care provider will likely diagnose swimmer's itch by looking at your skin and talking with you about your activities and symptoms. The condition can look like poison ivy rash and other skin conditions. There are no specific tests to diagnose swimmer's itch.
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Swimmer's itch typically clears up on its own within a week. If the itching is severe, your health care provider may recommend prescription-strength lotions or creams.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary health care provider. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist in skin conditions (dermatologist).
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These tips might help reduce the itch:
Apply a corticosteroid cream or an anti-itch lotion, such as those that contain calamine.
Take an oral nonprescription antihistamine (Benadryl) or one with loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others). The latter type causes less sleepiness than does Benadryl.
Avoiding scratching the rash.
Cover affected areas with a clean, damp washcloth.
Soak in a bath sprinkled with Epsom salts, baking soda or an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno, others).
Make a paste of baking soda and water, and then apply it to the affected skin.
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rash, blisters, itch, pimples, itchy rash
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247 |
CSF leak (Cerebrospinal fluid leak)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/symptoms-causes/syc-20522246
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20522247
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/csf-leak/doctors-departments/ddc-20522248
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) surrounds the brain and spinal cord and provides a cushion to protect them from injury. There are three layers that surround the spinal cord and brain. When there is a hole or tear in the outermost layer, aCSFleak occurs. The hole or tear in this outer layer, called the dura mater, allows some of the fluid to escape.
There are two distinct types ofCSFleaks: spinalCSFleaks and cranialCSFleaks. Each type has different symptoms, causes and treatments.
A spinalCSFleak occurs anywhere in the spinal column. The most common symptom of a spinalCSFleak is a headache.
A cranialCSFleak occurs in the skull, and often causes symptoms such as clear fluid leaking from the nose or ear.
SomeCSFleaks may heal with bed rest and other conservative treatment. ManyCSFleaks need a patch to cover the hole or surgery to repair the leak.
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Symptoms vary between spinal and cranialCSFleaks.
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SpinalCSFleaks may be caused by:
A spinal tap, also called a lumbar puncture.
An epidural in the spine for pain relief, such as during labor and delivery.
An injury to the head or spine.
Bone spurs along the spine.
Irregularities of the dura mater around the nerve roots in the spine.
Irregular connections between dura mater and veins. These are referred to asCSF-venous fistulas.
Prior surgery on the spine.
CranialCSFleaks may be caused by:
A head injury.
Sinus surgery.
Increased pressure in the brain.
Malformations of the inner ear.
SometimesCSFleaks develop after very minor events:
Sneezing.
Coughing.
Straining to have a bowel movement.
Lifting heavy objects.
Falling.
Stretching.
Exercise.
When there is no surgery or procedure prior to the start of aCSFleak, it is called a spontaneousCSFleak.
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Risk factors for spinalCSFleaks include:
Having a previous surgery or procedure on or around the spine.
Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, which often also cause joint hypermobility and dislocations.
Risk factors for cranialCSFleaks include:
Having a previous surgery on or around the skull.
Obesity.
Obstructive sleep apnea.
Head trauma.
Tumor at the skull base.
Irregularities of the skull base or inner ear.
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If a cranialCSFleak is left untreated, complications may occur. Possible complications include meningitis and tension pneumocephalus, which is when air enters the spaces surrounding the brain. Untreated spinalCSFleaks may lead to subdural hematomas, or bleeding on the surface of the brain.
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SomeCSFleaks improve with bed rest alone, but most need treatment.
Treatments for spinalCSFleaks may include:
Epidural blood patch.This treatment involves taking a sample of your own blood, then injecting it into the spinal canal. The blood cells form a clot, which can create a patch to cover the area where theCSFis leaking.
Fibrin sealant.Fibrin sealant is special glue made from substances in human plasma that help with blood clotting. Used alone or mixed with your blood, it is injected into the spinal canal to cover the hole and stop theCSFleak.
Surgery.SomeCSFleaks need surgery. Surgery is performed if the other treatment options don't work and the precise site of the leak is known. There are several types of surgical treatments that repairCSFleaks. Surgery may involve repairing theCSFleak with stitches or grafts made from patches of muscle or fat.
Trans-venous embolization.This minimally invasive procedure is used only forCSF-venous fistulas.CSF-venous fistulas are irregular connections that occur in the spine and allowCSFfluid to leak into the blood vessels. Trans-venous embolization stops the leak by gluing shut the fistula from inside the affected vein.
Some cranialCSFleaks, such as those caused by trauma, may improve with conservative measures such as:
Bed rest.
Elevating the head of the bed.
Taking stool softeners to prevent straining.
Other cranialCSFleaks require surgical repair.
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After discussing your symptoms with your healthcare professional, you might receive a referral to see a doctor trained in brain and spine conditions for further evaluation. Doctors with this training include neurologists, neurosurgeons and ENTs.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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symptoms vary
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248 |
Stroke
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/symptoms-causes/syc-20350113
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350119
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stroke/doctors-departments/ddc-20350121
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An ischemic stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or reduced. This prevents brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. Another type of stroke is a hemorrhagic stroke. It occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or bursts and causes bleeding in the brain. The blood increases pressure on brain cells and damages them.
A stroke is a medical emergency. It's crucial to get medical treatment right away. Getting emergency medical help quickly can reduce brain damage and other stroke complications.
The good news is that fewer Americans die of stroke now than in the past. Effective treatments also can help prevent disability from stroke.
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If you or someone you're with may be having a stroke, pay attention to the time the symptoms began. Some treatments are most effective when given soon after a stroke begins.
Symptoms of stroke include:
Trouble speaking and understanding what others are saying.A person having a stroke may be confused, slur words or may not be able to understand speech.
Numbness, weakness or paralysis in the face, arm or leg.This often affects just one side of the body. The person can try to raise both arms over the head. If one arm begins to fall, it may be a sign of a stroke. Also, one side of the mouth may droop when trying to smile.
Problems seeing in one or both eyes.The person may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes. Or the person may see double.
Headache.A sudden, severe headache may be a symptom of a stroke. Vomiting, dizziness and a change in consciousness may occur with the headache.
Trouble walking.Someone having a stroke may stumble or lose balance or coordination.
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Seek immediate medical attentionif you notice any symptoms of a stroke, even if they seem to come and go or they disappear completely. Think "FAST" and do the following:
Face.Ask the person to smile. Does one side of the face droop?
Arms.Ask the person to raise both arms. Does one arm drift downward? Or is one arm unable to rise?
Speech.Ask the person to repeat a simple phrase. Is the person's speech slurred or different from usual?
Time.If you see any of these signs, call 911 or emergency medical help right away.
Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately. Don't wait to see if symptoms stop. Every minute counts. The longer a stroke goes untreated, the greater the potential for brain damage and disability.
If you're with someone you suspect is having a stroke, watch the person carefully while waiting for emergency assistance.
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There are two main causes of stroke. An ischemic stroke is caused by a blocked artery in the brain. A hemorrhagic stroke is caused by leaking or bursting of a blood vessel in the brain. Some people may have only a temporary disruption of blood flow to the brain, known as a transient ischemic attack (TIA). ATIAdoesn't cause lasting symptoms.
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Many factors can increase the risk of stroke. Potentially treatable stroke risk factors include:
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A stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities. Complications depend on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part is affected. Complications may include:
Loss of muscle movement, known as paralysis.You may become paralyzed on one side of the body. Or you may lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of the face or one arm.
Trouble talking or swallowing.A stroke might affect the muscles in the mouth and throat. This can make it hard to talk clearly, swallow or eat. You also may have trouble with language, including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing.
Memory loss or trouble thinking.Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have trouble thinking, reasoning, making judgments and understanding concepts.
Emotional symptoms.People who have had strokes may have more trouble controlling their emotions. Or they may develop depression.
Pain.Pain, numbness or other feelings may occur in the parts of the body affected by stroke. If a stroke causes you to lose feeling in the left arm, you may develop a tingling sensation in that arm.
Changes in behavior and self-care.People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn. They also may need help with grooming and daily chores.
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You can take steps to prevent a stroke. It's important to know your stroke risk factors and follow the advice of your healthcare professional about healthy lifestyle strategies. If you've had a stroke, these measures might help prevent another stroke. If you have had a transient ischemic attack (TIA), these steps can help lower your risk of a stroke. The follow-up care you receive in the hospital and afterward also may play a role.
Many stroke prevention strategies are the same as strategies to prevent heart disease. In general, healthy lifestyle recommendations include:
Control high blood pressure, known as hypertension.This is one of the most important things you can do to reduce your stroke risk. If you've had a stroke, lowering your blood pressure can help prevent aTIAor stroke in the future. Healthy lifestyle changes and medicines often are used to treat high blood pressure.
Lower the amount of cholesterol and saturated fat in your diet.Eating less cholesterol and fat, especially saturated fats and trans fats, may reduce buildup in the arteries. If you can't control your cholesterol through dietary changes alone, you may need a cholesterol-lowering medicine.
Quit tobacco use.Smoking raises the risk of stroke for smokers and nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke. Quitting lowers your risk of stroke.
Manage diabetes.Diet, exercise and losing weight can help you keep your blood sugar in a healthy range. If lifestyle factors aren't enough to control blood sugar, you may be prescribed diabetes medicine.
Maintain a healthy weight.Being overweight contributes to other stroke risk factors, such as high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
Eat a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.Eating five or more servings of fruits or vegetables every day may reduce the risk of stroke. The Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes olive oil, fruit, nuts, vegetables and whole grains, may be helpful.
Exercise regularly.Aerobic exercise reduces the risk of stroke in many ways. Exercise can lower blood pressure, increase the levels of good cholesterol, and improve the overall health of the blood vessels and heart. It also helps you lose weight, control diabetes and reduce stress. Gradually work up to at least 30 minutes of moderate physical activity on most or all days of the week. The American Heart association recommends getting 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity a week. Moderate intensity activities can include walking, jogging, swimming and bicycling.
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all.Drinking large amounts of alcohol increases the risk of high blood pressure, ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes. Alcohol also may interact with other medicines you're taking. However, drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol may help prevent ischemic stroke and decrease the blood's clotting tendency. A small to moderate amount is about one drink a day. Talk to your healthcare professional about what's appropriate for you.
Treat obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).OSAis a sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing for short periods several times during sleep. Your healthcare professional may recommend a sleep study if you have symptoms ofOSA. Treatment includes a device that delivers positive airway pressure through a mask to keep the airway open while you sleep.
Don't use illicit drugs.Certain illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are established risk factors for aTIAor a stroke.
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During a stroke, things move quickly once you get to the hospital. Your emergency team works to learn what type of stroke you're having. You'll likely have aCTscan or other imaging test soon after arrival. Healthcare professionals also need to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, such as a brain tumor or a drug reaction.
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Emergency treatment depends on whether you're having an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. During an ischemic stroke, blood vessels in the brain are blocked or narrowed. During a hemorrhagic stroke, there's bleeding into the brain.
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A stroke is a life-changing event that can affect your emotional well-being as much as your physical function. Some people may feel frustrated or depressed. A stroke may cause mood changes and a lower sex drive.
Maintaining your self-esteem, connections to others and interest in the world are essential parts of your recovery. Several strategies may help you and your caregivers, including:
Don't be hard on yourself.Physical and emotional recovery involves tough work and takes time. Celebrate your progress. Allow time for rest.
Join a support group.Meeting with others recovering from a stroke lets you get out and share experiences. You also can exchange information and build new friendships.
Let friends and family know what you need.People may want to help, but they may not know what to do. Let them know how they can help. You might ask that they bring over a meal and stay to eat with you and talk. Or you might ask that they attend social events or religious activities with you.
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A stroke in progress is usually diagnosed in a hospital. If you're having a stroke, your immediate care focuses on reducing brain damage. If you haven't had a stroke but you're worried about your risk, talk to your healthcare professional at your next appointment.
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coordination problems, droop, headache, weakness, vomiting, trouble understanding speech, double vision, blurred vision, trouble speaking, dizziness, numbness, paralysis, confusion, blackened vision, loss of balance, stroke, slurred words
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249 |
Earwax blockage
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/earwax-blockage/symptoms-causes/syc-20353004
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/earwax-blockage/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353007
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Earwax blockage occurs when earwax (cerumen) builds up in your ear or becomes too hard to wash away naturally.
Earwax is a helpful and natural part of your body's defenses. It cleans, coats and protects your ear canal by trapping dirt and slowing the growth of bacteria.
If earwax blockage becomes a problem, your health care provider can take simple steps to remove the wax safely.
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Signs and symptoms of earwax blockage may include:
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Earwax blockage that has no symptoms can sometimes clear on its own. However, if you have signs and symptoms of earwax blockage, talk to your health care provider.
Signs and symptoms may signal another condition.There's no way to know if you have too much earwax without having someone, usually your health care provider, look in your ears. Having signs and symptoms, such as earache or hearing loss, doesn't always mean you have wax buildup. You may have another health condition that needs attention.
Wax removal is most safely done by a health care provider.Your ear canal and eardrum are delicate and can be damaged easily. Don't try to remove earwax yourself by putting anything in your ear canal, such as a cotton swab, especially if you have had ear surgery, have a hole (perforation) in your eardrum, or are having ear pain or drainage.
Children usually have their ears checked as part of any medical exam. If needed, a health care provider can remove excess earwax from your child's ear during an office visit.
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The wax in your ears is made by glands in the skin of your outer ear canal. The wax and tiny hairs in these passages trap dust and other materials that could damage deeper parts of your ear, such as your eardrum.
In most people, a small amount of earwax regularly makes its way to the ear opening. At the opening, it's washed away or falls out as new wax replaces it. If your ears make too much wax or if earwax isn't cleared well enough, it may build up and block your ear canal.
Earwax blockages often happen when people try to get earwax out on their own by using cotton swabs or other items in their ears. This usually just pushes wax deeper into the ear, rather than removing it.
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Your health care provider can see if you have earwax blockage by looking in your ear. Your provider uses a special tool that lights and magnifies your inner ear (otoscope) to look in your ear.
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Your health care provider can remove excess wax by using a small, curved tool called a curet or by using suction techniques. Your provider can also flush out the wax using a syringe filled with warm water and saline or diluted hydrogen peroxide. Medicated ear drops may also be recommended to help soften the wax, such as carbamide peroxide (Debrox Earwax Removal Kit, Murine Ear Wax Removal System). Because these drops can irritate the delicate skin of the eardrum and ear canal, use them only as directed.
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You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider. In some rare cases, however, you may be referred to a provider with special training in ear disorders (ear, nose and throat specialist).
As you prepare for your appointment, it's a good idea to write a list of questions. Your health care provider may have questions for you as well, such as:
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Here is the list of symptoms:
hearing loss, itchiness, ear fullness, discharge, fever, odor, earache, cough
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250 |
Incompetent cervix
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/incompetent-cervix/symptoms-causes/syc-20373836
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/incompetent-cervix/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373842
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An incompetent cervix happens when weak cervical tissue causes or plays a part in a premature birth or the loss of a healthy pregnancy. An incompetent cervix also is called cervical insufficiency.
The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that opens to the vagina. Before pregnancy, it's usually closed and firm. As pregnancy goes on and you get ready to give birth, the cervix slowly changes. It softens, gets shorter and opens. If you have an incompetent cervix, it might begin to open too soon causing you to give birth too early.
An incompetent cervix can be a hard problem to diagnose and treat. If your cervix begins to open early, or if you've had cervical insufficiency in the past, you might benefit from treatment. This might include having a procedure done to close the cervix with strong sutures, called a cervical cerclage. You also may take medicine to help the incompetent cervix and have ultrasound exams to check how things are going.
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With an incompetent cervix, there may be no signs or symptoms during early pregnancy. Some women have mild discomfort or spotting before the diagnosis. Often, this occurs before 24 weeks of pregnancy.
Be on the lookout for:
A feeling of pelvic pressure.
A new backache.
Mild stomach cramps.
A change in vaginal discharge.
Light vaginal bleeding.
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Many women don't have a known risk factor. Risk factors for an incompetent cervix include:
Cervical trauma.A previous procedure or surgery on the cervix could lead to an incompetent cervix. This includes surgery to treat a cervical problem found during a Pap test. A procedure called a dilation and curettage (D&C) also could be associated with an incompetent cervix. Rarely, a cervical tear during a previous labor and delivery could be a risk factor for an incompetent cervix.
A condition you're born with.This is called a congenital condition. Certain uterine conditions might cause an incompetent cervix. Genetic problems affecting a type of protein that makes up your body's connective tissues, called collagen, might cause an incompetent cervix.
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An incompetent cervix may be risky for your pregnancy. Possible complications include:
Premature birth.
Pregnancy loss.
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You can't prevent an incompetent cervix. But there's a lot you can do to have a healthy, full-term pregnancy. For example:
Seek regular prenatal care.Regular checkups during pregnancy can help your care team monitor your health and your baby's health. Tell your doctor about any signs or problems that worry you, even if they seem silly or not important.
Eat a healthy diet.During pregnancy, you'll need more folic acid, calcium, iron and other essential nutrients. Taking a daily prenatal vitamin can help if you're not eating enough healthy foods. Prenatal vitamins can be started a few months before conception and continued throughout your pregnancy.
Gain weight wisely.Gaining the right amount of weight can support your baby's health. A weight gain of 25 to 35 pounds, or about 11 to 16 kilograms, is often the target if you are at a healthy weight before pregnancy.
Avoid risky substances.If you smoke, quit. Alcohol and illegal drugs are off-limits too. Get your doctor's OK before taking any medicines or supplements, even those available without a prescription.
If you've had an incompetent cervix during one pregnancy, you're at risk of premature birth or pregnancy loss in later pregnancies. If you're considering getting pregnant again, talk with your doctor to understand the risks and what you can do to promote a healthy pregnancy.
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An incompetent cervix can be found only during pregnancy. It can be a difficult diagnosis to make, especially during a first pregnancy.
Your doctor or other member of your care team may ask about your symptoms and medical history. Be sure to tell your care team if you've had a pregnancy loss in the second trimester of a past pregnancy or if you have a history of preterm delivery. Also tell your care team about any procedures you've had on your cervix.
Your doctor might diagnose an incompetent cervix if you have:
A history of painless widening of the cervix, known as dilation, and second trimester delivery during a past pregnancy.
Advanced cervical dilation and effacement before week 24 of pregnancy. Effacement means the cervix gets thinner and softer. Cervical dilation and effacement can happen without painful contractions. They may also happen with vaginal bleeding, infection or ruptured membranes, which is when your water breaks.
Diagnosis of an incompetent cervix during the second trimester also may include:
An ultrasound exam.During this exam, you have a thin, wandlike device, called a transducer, placed inside the vagina. This is known as a transvaginal ultrasound. The transducer puts out sound waves that get converted to pictures you can see on a screen. This type of ultrasound can be used to check the length of your cervix and to see if any tissues are sticking out of the cervix.
A pelvic exam.During a pelvic exam, your doctor checks the cervix to see if the amniotic sac can be felt through the opening. The amniotic sac is where the baby is growing. If the wall of the sac is in the cervical canal or vagina, it's called prolapsed fetal membranes, and it means that the cervix has started to open. Your doctor may also check to see if you're having any contractions and track them, if needed.
Lab tests.If you have prolapsed fetal membranes, you may need other tests to rule out an infection. In some cases, this may include taking a sample of amniotic fluid. This is called an amniocentesis. Amniocentesis can be used to check for infection in the amniotic sac and fluid.
There are no reliable tests that can be done before pregnancy to predict if you'll have an incompetent cervix. But certain tests done before pregnancy, such as an ultrasound orMRI, could help find congenital problems with the uterus that might cause an incompetent cervix.
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Treatment options or ways to manage an incompetent cervix include:
Progesterone supplementation.If you have a short cervix with no history of a preterm birth, vaginal progesterone may lower your risk of having your baby too early. This medicine comes in the form of a gel or a suppository that gets placed in the vagina each day.
Repeated ultrasounds.If you have a history of early premature birth, or a history that may increase your risk of an incompetent cervix, your doctor might closely monitor the length of your cervix. To do this, you have ultrasounds every two weeks from week 16 through week 24 of pregnancy. If your cervix begins to open or becomes shorter than a certain length, you might need a cervical cerclage.
Cervical cerclage.During this procedure, the cervix is stitched tightly closed. The stitches are taken out during the last month of pregnancy or just before delivery. You may need a cervical cerclage if you are less than 24 weeks pregnant, you have a history of early births and an ultrasound shows that your cervix is starting to open.Sometimes, cervical cerclage is done as a preventive measure before the cervix starts to open. This is known as a prophylactic cervical cerclage. You might have this type of cervical cerclage if you've had an incompetent cervix with past pregnancies. This procedure often is done before 14 weeks of pregnancy.Cervical cerclage isn't the right choice for everyone at risk of premature birth. For instance, the procedure isn't recommended if you're pregnant with twins or more. Be sure to talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits cervical cerclage may have for you.
Pessary.A device called a pessary fits inside the vagina and holds the uterus in place. A pessary may help lessen pressure on the cervix. But more research is needed to see if a pessary will work well for treating an incompetent cervix.
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It may be difficult to learn that you have an incompetent cervix. It may make you feel anxious about your pregnancy and afraid to think about the future. Ask your care team for suggestions on safe ways to relax.
Having a premature birth might make you feel that you did something to cause it. Or that you could have done more to stop it from happening. If you're struggling with these feelings, talk to your partner and loved ones, as well as your doctor. Try to focus your energy on caring for and getting to know your baby.
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Tell your doctor about any risk factors you may have for an incompetent cervix. Also tell your doctor if you have any symptoms during your second trimester that might mean you have an incompetent cervix. Depending on the situation, you might need immediate medical care.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your health care provider.
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If you have an incompetent cervix, your doctor might suggest limiting sexual activity or avoiding certain other physical activities. This advice will depend on your individual situation.
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pelvic pressure, spotting, discomfort or spotting before the diagnosis., change in vaginal discharge, stomach cramps, backache, vaginal bleeding, discomfort
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251 |
Cervical spondylosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370787
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370792
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-spondylosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20370793
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Cervical spondylosis is a general term for age-related wear and tear affecting the spinal disks in your neck. As the disks dehydrate and shrink, signs of osteoarthritis develop, including bony projections along the edges of bones (bone spurs).
Cervical spondylosis is very common and worsens with age. More than 85% of people older than age 60 are affected by cervical spondylosis.
For most people, cervical spondylosis causes no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, nonsurgical treatments often are effective.
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Most people experience no symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they typically include pain and stiffness in the neck.
Sometimes, cervical spondylosis results in a narrowing of the spinal canal within the bones of the spine (the vertebrae). The spinal canal is the space inside the vertebrae that the spinal cord and the nerve roots pass through to reach the rest of the body. If the spinal cord or nerve roots become pinched, you might experience:
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Seek medical attention if you notice a sudden onset of numbness or weakness, or loss of bladder or bowel control.
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As people age, the structures that make up the backbone and neck gradually develop wear and tear. These changes can include:
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Risk factors for cervical spondylosis include:
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If cervical spondylosis severely compresses your spinal cord or nerve roots, the damage can be permanent.
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Your health care provider will likely start with a physical exam that includes:
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Treatment for cervical spondylosis depends on its severity. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, help you maintain your usual activities as much as possible, and prevent permanent injury to the spinal cord and nerves.
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You might be referred to a physical therapist or a doctor specializing in spine disorders (orthopedist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and to know what to expect.
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pain, stiffness, spondylosis
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252 |
Neck pain
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/symptoms-causes/syc-20375581
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375587
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neck-pain/doctors-departments/ddc-20375588
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Neck pain is common. Poor posture — whether from leaning over a computer or hunching over a workbench — strains neck muscles. Osteoarthritis also is a common cause of neck pain.
Rarely, neck pain can be a symptom of a more serious problem. Seek medical care for neck pain with numbness or loss of strength in the arms or hands or for pain that shoots into a shoulder or down an arm.
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Symptoms include:
Pain that's often worsened by holding the head in one place for long periods, such as when driving or working at a computer
Muscle tightness and spasms
Decreased ability to move the head
Headache
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Seek immediate care if severe neck pain results from an injury, such as a motor vehicle accident, diving accident or fall.
Contact a health care provider if neck pain:
Is severe
Persists for several days without relief
Spreads down arms or legs
Comes with headache, numbness, weakness or tingling
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Because the neck supports the weight of the head, it can be at risk of injuries and conditions that cause pain and restrict motion. Neck pain causes include:
Muscle strains.Overuse, such as too many hours hunched over a computer or a smartphone, often triggers muscle strains. Even minor things, such as reading in bed, can strain neck muscles.
Worn joints.As with other joints in the body, neck joints tend to wear with age. In response to this wear and tear, the body often forms bone spurs that can affect joint motion and cause pain.
Nerve compression.Herniated disks or bone spurs in the vertebrae of the neck can press on the nerves branching out from the spinal cord.
Injuries.Rear-end auto collisions often result in whiplash injury. This occurs when the head jerks backward and then forward, straining the soft tissues of the neck.
Diseases.Certain diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, meningitis or cancer, can cause neck pain.
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Most neck pain is associated with poor posture combined with age-related wear and tear. To help prevent neck pain, keep your head centered over your spine. Some simple changes in your daily routine may help. Consider trying to:
Use good posture.When standing and sitting, be sure your shoulders are in a straight line over your hips and your ears are directly over your shoulders. When using cell phones, tablets and other small screens, keep your head up and hold the device straight out rather than bending your neck to look down at the device.
Take frequent breaks.If you travel long distances or work long hours at your computer, get up, move around, and stretch your neck and shoulders.
Adjust your desk, chair and computerso that the monitor is at eye level. Knees should be slightly lower than hips. Use your chair's armrests.
If you smoke, quit.Smoking can increase the risk of developing neck pain.
Avoid carrying heavy bags with straps over your shoulder.The weight can strain your neck.
Sleep in a healthy position.Your head and neck should be aligned with your body. Use a small pillow under your neck. Try sleeping on your back with your thighs elevated on pillows, which will flatten your spinal muscles.
Stay active.If you don't move much, increase your activity level.
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Your health care provider will take a medical history and do an exam. The exam will include checking for tenderness, numbness and muscle weakness. And it will test how far you can move your head forward, backward and side to side.
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The most common types of mild to moderate neck pain usually respond within two or three weeks to self-care. Pain relievers and the use of heat might be all that's needed.
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You might initially contact your primary care provider about your neck pain. You then might be referred to:
A doctor who specializes in nonoperative treatment of musculoskeletal conditions (physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist)
A doctor who specializes in arthritis and other diseases that affect the joints (rheumatologist)
A doctor who specializes in treating nerve-related disorders (neurologist)
A doctor who operates on bones and joints (orthopedic surgeon)
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Besides taking pain relievers, self-care measures that might relieve neck pain include:
Alternate heat and cold.Reduce inflammation by applying cold, such as an ice pack or ice wrapped in a towel, for up to 15 minutes several times a day during the first 48 hours. After that, use heat. Try taking a warm shower or using a heating pad on the low setting.
Home exercises.Keeping the neck moving is important. Begin daily gentle stretching, including neck rolls and shoulder rolls, once the worst of the pain lessens. Gently tilt, bend and rotate the neck. Warm the neck and back with a heating pad or in the shower or bath before doing these exercises.
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pain, headache, muscle tightness, decreased ability to move, spasms
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253 |
Cystic fibrosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353700
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353706
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cystic-fibrosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353709
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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a condition passed down in families that causes damage to the lungs, digestive system and other organs in the body.
CF affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. These fluids, also called secretions, are usually thin and slippery to protect the body's internal tubes and ducts and make them smooth pathways. But in people with CF, a changed gene causes the secretions to become sticky and thick. The secretions plug up pathways, especially in the lungs and pancreas.
CF gets worse over time and needs daily care, but people with CF usually can attend school and work. They often have a better quality of life than people with CF had in past decades. Better screening and treatments mean that people with CF now may live into their mid- to late 50s or longer, and some are being diagnosed later in life.
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In the U.S., because of newborn screening, cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed within the first month of life, before symptoms develop. But people born before newborn screening became available may not be diagnosed until the symptoms of CF show up.
CF symptoms vary, depending on which organs are affected and how severe the condition is. Even in the same person, symptoms may worsen or get better at different times. Some people may not have symptoms until their teenage years or adulthood.
People who are not diagnosed until adulthood usually have milder symptoms and are more likely to have symptoms that aren't typical. These may include repeated bouts of an inflamed pancreas called pancreatitis, infertility and repeated bouts of pneumonia.
People with CF have a higher than usual level of salt in their sweat. Parents often can taste the salt when they kiss their children. Most of the other symptoms of CF affect the respiratory system and digestive system.
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If you or your child has symptoms of cystic fibrosis — or if someone in your family has CF — talk with your healthcare professional about testing for the condition. Make an appointment with a doctor who has skills and experience in treating CF.
CF requires regular follow-up with your healthcare professional, at least every three months. Call your healthcare professional if you have new or worsening symptoms, such as more mucus than usual or a change in the mucus color, lack of energy, weight loss, or severe constipation.
Get medical care right away if you're coughing up blood, have chest pain or trouble breathing, or have severe stomach pain and bloating.
Call 911 or your local emergency number or go to the emergency department at a hospital if:
You're having a hard time catching your breath or talking.
Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray.
Others notice that you're not mentally alert.
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In cystic fibrosis, a change in a gene causes problems with the protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of cells. This gene is the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. It affects the cells that make mucus, sweat and digestive juices. When the CFTR protein doesn't work as it should, the result is thick, sticky mucus in the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as extra salt in sweat.
Changes in the CFTR gene that cause CF are divided into several different groups based on the problems they cause. Different groups of gene changes affect how much CFTR protein is made and how well it works.
To have cystic fibrosis, children must get one copy of the changed CFTR gene from each parent. If children get only one copy, they won't develop CF. But they will be carriers and could pass the changed gene to their own children. People who are carriers may have no symptoms of CF or a few mild symptoms.
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Because cystic fibrosis is a condition passed down in families, family history is a risk factor.
CF occurs in all races, but it's most common in white people of Northern European ancestry. Because it's less common in people who are Black, Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American or Asian, this might lead to a much later diagnosis.
A late diagnosis may cause worse health issues. Early and effective treatment can improve your quality of life, prevent complications and help you live longer. If you're a person of color and have symptoms that could be CF, talk to your healthcare professional so that you can get tested for CF.
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Complications of cystic fibrosis can affect the respiratory, digestive and reproductive systems, as well as other organs.
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If you or your partner have close relatives with cystic fibrosis, you both may choose to have genetic testing before having children. Testing done in a lab on a sample of blood can help find out your risk of having a child with CF.
If you're already pregnant and the genetic test shows that your baby may be at risk of CF, your healthcare professional can do other tests on your unborn child.
Genetic testing isn't for everyone. Before you decide to be tested, talk with a genetic counselor about the mental health impact the test results might have.
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To diagnose cystic fibrosis, healthcare professionals typically do a physical exam, review your symptoms and do tests.
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There is no cure for cystic fibrosis, but treatment can ease symptoms, lessen complications and improve quality of life. Close monitoring and early, aggressive intervention is recommended to slow the worsening of CF over time. This can lead to a longer life.
Managing CF is complicated, so it's best to get treatment at a center with a multispecialty team of doctors and other healthcare professionals trained in CF. They can evaluate and treat your condition.
The goals of treatment include:
Preventing and controlling infections that occur in the lungs.
Removing and loosening mucus from the lungs.
Treating and preventing intestinal blockage.
Getting enough nutrition.
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If you or someone you love has cystic fibrosis, you may have strong emotions such as depression, anxiety, anger or fear. These feelings may be especially common in teens. These tips may help.
Find support.Talking openly about how you feel can help. It also may help to talk with others who have the same condition. That might mean joining a support group for yourself or finding a support group for parents of children with cystic fibrosis. Older children with CF may want to join a CF group to meet and talk with others who have the condition.
Get professional help.If you or your child is depressed or anxious, it may help to meet with a mental health professional. You can talk about feelings and ways to cope. The mental health professional may suggest medicines or other treatments too.
Spend time with friends and family.Having their support can help you manage stress and lessen anxiety. Ask your friends or family for help when you need it.
Take time to learn about cystic fibrosis.If your child has cystic fibrosis, encourage your child to learn about CF. Find out how medical care is managed for children with CF as they grow older and reach adulthood. Talk with your healthcare professional if you have questions about care.
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Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you or your child has symptoms common to cystic fibrosis. After the evaluation, you may be referred to a specialist trained in diagnosing and treating CF.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment, as well as what to expect from your healthcare professional.
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Here are some ways you can manage cystic fibrosis and lessen complications.
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repeated bouts, higher than usual level of salt in sweat, cf, pancreatitis, salt, inflamed pancreas, fibrosis, pneumonia, infertility
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254 |
Hip dysplasia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/symptoms-causes/syc-20350209
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350214
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hip-dysplasia/doctors-departments/ddc-20350215
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Hip dysplasia is the medical term for a hip socket that doesn't fully cover the ball portion of the upper thighbone. This allows the hip joint to become partially or completely dislocated. Most people with hip dysplasia are born with the condition.
Healthcare professionals will check your baby for signs of hip dysplasia shortly after birth and during well-baby visits. If hip dysplasia is diagnosed in early infancy, a soft brace can usually correct the problem.
Mild hip dysplasia might not start causing symptoms until a person is a teenager or young adult. Hip dysplasia can damage the cartilage lining the joint. It also can hurt the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear.
In older children and young adults, surgery may be needed to move the bones into the proper positions for smooth joint movement.
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Symptoms vary by age group. In infants, you might notice that one leg is longer than the other. Once a child begins walking, a limp may develop. During diaper changes, one hip may be less flexible than the other.
In teenagers and young adults, hip dysplasia can cause painful complications such as osteoarthritis or a hip labral tear. This may cause activity-related groin pain. Sometimes, there might be a sensation of instability in the hip.
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At birth, the hip joint is made of soft cartilage that gradually hardens into bone. The ball and socket need to fit together well because they act as molds for each other. If the ball isn't seated firmly into the socket, the socket will not fully form around the ball and will become too shallow.
During the final month before birth, the space within the womb can become so crowded that the ball of the hip joint moves out of its proper position. This results in a shallower socket. Factors that may reduce the amount of space in the womb include:
First pregnancy.
Large baby.
Breech presentation.
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Hip dysplasia tends to run in families and is more common in girls. The risk of hip dysplasia is also higher in babies born in the breech position and in babies who are swaddled tightly with the hips and knees straight.
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Later in life, hip dysplasia can damage the soft cartilage, called the labrum, that rims the socket portion of the hip joint. This is called a hip labral tear. Hip dysplasia can also make the joint more likely to develop osteoarthritis. This happens because of higher contact pressures over a smaller surface of the socket. Over time, this wears away the smooth cartilage on the bones that helps them glide against each other as the joint moves.
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During well-baby visits, healthcare professionals typically check for hip dysplasia by moving an infant's legs into a variety of positions that help indicate whether the hip joint fits together well. If hip dysplasia is suspected, a hip ultrasound might be ordered to check the hip joint for signs of dysplasia.
Mild cases of hip dysplasia can be difficult to diagnose and might not start causing problems until you're a young adult. If your healthcare team suspects hip dysplasia, they might suggest imaging tests, such as X-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
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Hip dysplasia treatment depends on the age of the affected person and the extent of the hip damage. Infants are usually treated with a soft brace, such as a Pavlik harness, that holds the ball portion of the joint firmly in its socket for several months. This helps the socket mold to the shape of the ball.
The brace doesn't work as well for babies older than 6 months. Instead, the healthcare professional may move the bones into the proper position and then hold them there for several months with a full-body cast. Sometimes surgery is needed to fit the joint together properly.
If the dysplasia is more serious, the position of the hip socket also can be corrected. In a periacetabular (per-e-as-uh-TAB-yoo-lur) osteotomy, the socket is repositioned in the pelvis so that it matches up better with the ball.
Hip replacement surgery might be an option for older people whose dysplasia has severely damaged their hips over time, resulting in debilitating arthritis.
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You'll probably first bring your concerns to your family healthcare professional. They might refer you to an orthopedic surgeon.
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limp, osteoarthritis, painful, painful complications such as, dysplasia, one hip may be less flexible than the other, sensation of instability in the hip, groin pain, one leg is longer than the other
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255 |
Drug addiction (substance use disorder)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/symptoms-causes/syc-20365112
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20365113
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/drug-addiction/doctors-departments/ddc-20365115
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Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine. Substances such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs. When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug despite the harm it causes.
Drug addiction can start with experimental use of a recreational drug in social situations, and, for some people, the drug use becomes more frequent. For others, particularly with opioids, drug addiction begins when they take prescribed medicines or receive them from others who have prescriptions.
The risk of addiction and how fast you become addicted varies by drug. Some drugs, such as opioid painkillers, have a higher risk and cause addiction more quickly than others.
As time passes, you may need larger doses of the drug to get high. Soon you may need the drug just to feel good. As your drug use increases, you may find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the drug. Attempts to stop drug use may cause intense cravings and make you feel physically ill. These are called withdrawal symptoms.
Help from your health care provider, family, friends, support groups or an organized treatment program can help you overcome your drug addiction and stay drug-free.
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Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors include, among others:
Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly — daily or even several times a day
Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug
Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities because of drug use
Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your life or causing you physical or psychological harm
Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the drug
Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug
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If your drug use is out of control or causing problems, get help. The sooner you seek help, the greater your chances for a long-term recovery. Talk with your health care provider or see a mental health provider, such as a doctor who specializes in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor.
Make an appointment to see a provider if:
You can't stop using a drug
You continue using the drug despite the harm it causes
Your drug use has led to unsafe behavior, such as sharing needles or unprotected sex
You think you may be having withdrawal symptoms after stopping drug use
If you're not ready to approach a health care provider or mental health professional, help lines or hotlines may be a good place to learn about treatment. You can find these lines listed on the internet or in the phone book.
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Like many mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction. The main factors are:
Environment.Environmental factors, including your family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, seem to play a role in initial drug use.
Genetics.Once you've started using a drug, the development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay or speed up the disease progression.
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People of any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug. Certain factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction:
Family history of addiction.Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves an increased risk based on genes. If you have a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with alcohol or drug addiction, you're at greater risk of developing a drug addiction.
Mental health disorder.If you have a mental health disorder such as depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic stress disorder, you're more likely to become addicted to drugs. Using drugs can become a way of coping with painful feelings, such as anxiety, depression and loneliness, and can make these problems even worse.
Peer pressure.Peer pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and misuse drugs, particularly for young people.
Lack of family involvement.Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental supervision.
Early use.Using drugs at an early age can cause changes in the developing brain and increase the likelihood of progressing to drug addiction.
Taking a highly addictive drug.Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or opioid painkillers, may result in faster development of addiction than other drugs. Smoking or injecting drugs can increase the potential for addiction. Taking drugs considered less addicting — so-called "light drugs" — can start you on a pathway of drug use and addiction.
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Drug use can have significant and damaging short-term and long-term effects. Taking some drugs can be particularly risky, especially if you take high doses or combine them with other drugs or alcohol. Here are some examples.
Methamphetamine, opiates and cocaine are highly addictive and cause multiple short-term and long-term health consequences, including psychotic behavior, seizures or death due to overdose. Opioid drugs affect the part of the brain that controls breathing, and overdose can result in death. Taking opioids with alcohol increases this risk.
GHBand flunitrazepam may cause sedation, confusion and memory loss. These so-called "date rape drugs" are known to impair the ability to resist unwanted contact and recollection of the event. At high doses, they can cause seizures, coma and death. The danger increases when these drugs are taken with alcohol.
MDMA— also known as molly or ecstasy — can interfere with the body's ability to regulate temperature. A severe spike in body temperature can result in liver, kidney or heart failure and death. Other complications can include severe dehydration, leading to seizures. Long-term,MDMAcan damage the brain.
One particular danger of club drugs is that the liquid, pill or powder forms of these drugs available on the street often contain unknown substances that can be harmful, including other illegally manufactured or pharmaceutical drugs.
Due to the toxic nature of inhalants, users may develop brain damage of different levels of severity. Sudden death can occur even after a single exposure.
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The best way to prevent an addiction to a drug is not to take the drug at all. If your health care provider prescribes a drug with the potential for addiction, use care when taking the drug and follow instructions.
Health care providers should prescribe these medicines at safe doses and amounts and monitor their use so that you're not given too great a dose or for too long a time. If you feel you need to take more than the prescribed dose of a medicine, talk to your health care provider.
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Diagnosing drug addiction (substance use disorder) requires a thorough evaluation and often includes an assessment by a psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Blood, urine or other lab tests are used to assess drug use, but they're not a diagnostic test for addiction. However, these tests may be used for monitoring treatment and recovery.
For diagnosis of a substance use disorder, most mental health professionals use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
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Although there's no cure for drug addiction, treatment options can help you overcome an addiction and stay drug-free. Your treatment depends on the drug used and any related medical or mental health disorders you may have. Long-term follow-up is important to prevent relapse.
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Overcoming an addiction and staying drug-free require a persistent effort. Learning new coping skills and knowing where to find help are essential. Taking these actions can help:
See a licensed therapist or licensed drug and alcohol counselor.Drug addiction is linked to many problems that may be helped with therapy or counseling, including other underlying mental health concerns or marriage or family problems. Seeing a psychiatrist, psychologist or licensed counselor may help you regain your peace of mind and mend your relationships.
Seek treatment for other mental health disorders.People with other mental health problems, such as depression, are more likely to become addicted to drugs. Seek immediate treatment from a qualified mental health professional if you have any signs or symptoms of mental health problems.
Join a support group.Support groups, such as Narcotics Anonymous or Alcoholics Anonymous, can be very effective in coping with addiction. Compassion, understanding and shared experiences can help you break your addiction and stay drug-free.
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It may help to get an independent perspective from someone you trust and who knows you well. You can start by discussing your substance use with your primary care provider. Or ask for a referral to a specialist in drug addiction, such as a licensed alcohol and drug counselor, or a psychiatrist or psychologist. Take a relative or friend along.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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withdrawal symptoms, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
intense urges, physical harm, drug addiction symptoms or behaviors, needing more, psychological harm, taking larger amounts
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256 |
Costochondritis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371175
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371180
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/costochondritis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371181
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Costochondritis (kos-toe-kon-DRY-tis) is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the breastbone (sternum). Pain caused by costochondritis might mimic that of a heart attack or other heart conditions.
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The pain associated with costochondritis usually:
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Costochondritis usually has no clear cause. However, costochondritis might be associated with trauma, illness or physical strain, such as severe coughing.
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Costochondritis occurs most often in women older than 40.
Tietze syndrome usually occurs in teenagers and young adults, and with equal frequency in men and women.
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During the physical exam, a health care provider will feel along your breastbone for tenderness or swelling. The provider might also move your rib cage or your arms in certain ways to try to trigger symptoms.
The pain of costochondritis can be similar to the pain associated with heart disease, lung disease, gastrointestinal problems and osteoarthritis. There is no laboratory or imaging test to confirm a diagnosis of costochondritis. But a health care provider might order certain tests, such as an electrocardiogram and chest X-ray, to rule out other conditions.
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Costochondritis usually goes away on its own, although it might last for several weeks or longer. Treatment focuses on pain relief.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the joints (rheumatologist).
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pain, costochondritis
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257 |
Child abuse
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20370867
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/doctors-departments/ddc-20370868
|
Any intentional harm or mistreatment to a child under 18 years old is considered child abuse. Child abuse takes many forms, which often occur at the same time.
In many cases, child abuse is done by someone the child knows and trusts — often a parent or other relative. If you suspect child abuse, report the abuse to the proper authorities.
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A child who's being abused may feel guilty, ashamed or confused. The child may be afraid to tell anyone about the abuse, especially if the abuser is a parent, other relative or family friend. That's why it's vital to watch for red flags, such as:
Specific signs and symptoms depend on the type of abuse and can vary. Keep in mind that warning signs are just that — warning signs. The presence of warning signs doesn't necessarily mean that a child is being abused.
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If you're concerned that your child or another child has been abused, seek help immediately. Depending on the situation, contact the child's health care provider, a local child welfare agency, the police department or a 24-hour hotline for advice. In the United States, you can get information and assistance by calling or texting the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline at 1-800-422-4453.
If the child needs immediate medical attention, call 911 or your local emergency number.
In the United States, keep in mind that health care professionals and many other people, such as teachers and social workers, are legally required to report all suspected cases of child abuse to the appropriate local child welfare agency.
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Factors that may increase a person's risk of becoming abusive include:
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Some children overcome the physical and psychological effects of child abuse, particularly those with strong social support and resiliency skills who can adapt and cope with bad experiences. For many others, however, child abuse may result in physical, behavioral, emotional or mental health issues — even years later.
Here are some examples.
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You can take important steps to protect your child from exploitation and child abuse, as well as prevent child abuse in your neighborhood or community. The goal is to provide safe, stable, nurturing relationships for children.
Here's how you can help keep children safe:
Teach your child how to stay safe online.Put the computer in a common area of your home, not the child's bedroom. Use the parental controls to restrict the types of websites your child can visit. Check your child's privacy settings on social networking sites. Consider it a red flag if your child is secretive about online activities.
Cover online ground rules, such as not sharing personal information; not responding to inappropriate, hurtful or frightening messages; and not arranging to meet an online contact in person without your permission. Tell your child to let you know if an unknown person makes contact through a social networking site. Report online harassment or inappropriate senders to your service provider and local authorities, if necessary.
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Identifying abuse or neglect can be difficult. It requires careful evaluation of the situation, including checking for physical and behavioral signs.
Factors that may be considered in determining child abuse include:
If child abuse or neglect is suspected, a report needs to be made to an appropriate local child welfare agency to further investigate the case. Early identification of child abuse can keep children safe by stopping abuse and preventing future abuse from occurring.
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Treatment can help both children and parents in abuse situations. The first priority is ensuring the safety and protection for children who have been abused. Ongoing treatment focuses on preventing future abuse and reducing the long-term psychological and physical consequences of abuse.
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If a child tells you he or she is being abused, take the situation seriously. The child's safety is most important. Here's what you can do:
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afraid, confused, guilty, ashamed
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258 |
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355349
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chlamydia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355355
| null |
Chlamydia (kluh-MID-e-uh) is a common sexually transmitted disease.
Sexually transmitted diseases are infections spread mainly by contact with genitals or bodily fluids. Also called STDs, STIs or venereal disease, sexually transmitted infections are caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites.
Chlamydia is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (truh-KOH-muh-tis) bacteria and spread through oral, vaginal or anal sex.
You might not know you have chlamydia because many people don't have symptoms, such as genital pain and discharge from the vagina or penis. Chlamydia trachomatis affects mostly young women, but it can occur in both men and women and in all age groups.
It's not difficult to treat, but if left untreated it can lead to more-serious health problems.
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Early-stage Chlamydia trachomatis infections often cause few symptoms. Even when symptoms occur, they're often mild. That makes them easy to overlook, which is why regular screening is important.
Symptoms of Chlamydia trachomatis infection can include:
Painful urination.
Vaginal discharge.
Discharge from the penis.
Painful vaginal sex.
Vaginal bleeding between periods and after sex.
Testicular pain.
Depending on a person's sexual activity, Chlamydia trachomatis can infect the eyes, throat or rectum.
Eye infections, called conjunctivitis, cause the inside of the eyelid to be red and irritated. In the throat, an infection may have no symptoms, or a person may have a sore throat. An infection in the rectum may have no symptoms or may cause rectal pain, discharge or bleeding.
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See your healthcare professional if you have a discharge from your vagina, penis or rectum, or if you have pain during urination. Also, see your healthcare team if you learn your sexual partner has chlamydia. Your healthcare professional will likely prescribe an antibiotic even if you have no symptoms.
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The Chlamydia trachomatis bacterium is most commonly spread through vaginal, oral and anal sex. It also is possible for the bacterium to spread in pregnancy, during delivery of the baby. Chlamydia can cause pneumonia or a serious eye infection in the newborn.
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People who have sex before age 25 are at higher risk of chlamydia than are older people. That's because younger people are more likely to have more than one risk factor.
Risk factors for chlamydia include:
Not using a condom or incorrect condom use.
Less use of health services to prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections.
New or multiple sex partners.
Changing sex partners before learning about a chlamydia infection.
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Chlamydia trachomatis can be associated with:
Pelvic inflammatory disease, also called PID.PID is an infection of the uterus and fallopian tubes. Severe infections might require care in the hospital. PID can damage the fallopian tubes, ovaries and uterus, including the cervix.
Infection near the testicles.A chlamydia infection can inflame the coiled tube located beside each testicle, called the epididymis. The infection can result in fever, scrotal pain and swelling.
Prostate gland infection.Rarely, the chlamydia bacteria can spread to the prostate gland. Prostatitis can cause pain during or after sex, fever and chills, painful urination, and lower back pain.
Infections in newborns.The chlamydia infection can pass from the vaginal canal to your child during delivery, causing pneumonia or a serious eye infection.
Ectopic pregnancy.This occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside of the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube. The egg needs to be removed to prevent life-threatening complications, such as a burst tube. A chlamydia infection increases this risk.
Infertility.Chlamydia infections can cause scarring and obstruction in the fallopian tubes, which might lead to infertility.
Reactive arthritis.People who have Chlamydia trachomatis are at higher risk of developing reactive arthritis, also known as Reiter syndrome. This condition typically affects the joints, eyes and urethra — the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of your body.
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The surest way to prevent chlamydia infection is to abstain from sexual activities. Short of that, you can:
Use condoms.Use a male latex condom or a female polyurethane condom during each sexual contact. Condoms used properly during every sexual encounter lower but don't eliminate the risk of infection.
Limit your number of sex partners.Having multiple sex partners puts you at a high risk of contracting chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
Get regular screenings.If you're sexually active, particularly if you have multiple partners, talk with your healthcare professional about how often you should be screened for chlamydia and other sexually transmitted infections.
A medicine called doxycycline may be an option to prevent infection among people at higher risk than average of getting chlamydia. Higher risk groups include men who have sex with men and transgender women.
Taking doxycycline within 3 days of sexual activity lowers the risk of an infection with the bacteria that cause chlamydia. Your healthcare professional can prescribe doxycycline and any testing you need while taking the medicine.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends chlamydia testing for anyone with chlamydia symptoms. Regardless of symptoms, talk to your healthcare team to find out how often you should be screened for chlamydia. In general, some groups are screened more often than others, such as:
Sexually active women age 25 or younger.The rate of chlamydia infection is highest in this group, so a yearly screening test is recommended. Even if you've been tested in the past year, get tested when you have a new sex partner.
Pregnant people.Chlamydia screening may be offered during the first prenatal exam. If you have a high risk of infection, get tested again later in your pregnancy. You are at high risk if you are younger than age 25, have a new sex partner or have a sex partner who might be infected.
People at high risk.People who have new or multiple sex partners or men who have sex with men should consider more frequent chlamydia screening. Other markers of high risk are current infection with another sexually transmitted infection and possible exposure to an STI through an infected partner.
Screening and diagnosis of chlamydia is relatively simple. You may be able to use a test that's available without a prescription, sometimes called an at-home test, to see if you have chlamydia. If that test shows you have chlamydia, you'll need to see a healthcare professional to confirm the diagnosis and start treatment.
To determine whether you have chlamydia, your healthcare professional will analyze a sample of cells. Samples can be collected with:
A urine test.A sample of urine is analyzed in the laboratory for presence of this infection. This can be done for males and females.
A swab.A sample from the cervix, vagina, throat or anus is collected on a swab for testing. From the cervix, a member of your healthcare team collects a sample of the discharge from the cervix on a swab for testing. This can be done during a routine Pap test. For a swab from the vagina, either you or the healthcare professional can do the swab. For males and females, depending on sexual history, a swab may be taken from the throat or the anus.
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Chlamydia trachomatis is treated with antibiotics. You will likely need to take a medicine for seven days, or you may be given a one-time dose of a medicine.
In most cases, the infection clears up within 1 to 2 weeks after you take the antibiotic. But you can still spread the infection at first. So avoid sexual activity from when you start treatment until all your symptoms are gone.
Your sexual partner or partners from the last 60 days also need screening and treatment even if they don't have symptoms. Otherwise, the infection can be passed back and forth between sexual partners. Make sure to avoid sexual contact until all exposed partners are treated.
Having chlamydia or having been treated for it in the past doesn't prevent you from getting it again.
Three months after treatment, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends getting tested for chlamydia again. This is to make sure people haven't been reinfected with the bacteria, which can happen if sex partners aren't treated, or new sex partners have the bacteria.
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If you think you have a sexually transmitted infection, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, see a healthcare professional.
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painful urination, rectal pain, irritated eyelid, painful vaginal sex, testicular pain, conjunctivitis, chlamydia trachomatis, sore throat, chlamydia trachomatis infection, vaginal discharge, discharge, bleeding, red eyelid, infections, infection, discharge from the penis, pain, throat, chlamydia trachomatis infections, vaginal bleeding
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259 |
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355797
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355802
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-sclerosing-cholangitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355805
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Primary sclerosing (skluh-ROHS-ing) cholangitis (koh-lan-JIE-tis) is a disease of the bile ducts. Bile ducts carry the digestive liquid bile from your liver to your small intestine. In primary sclerosing cholangitis, inflammation causes scars within the bile ducts. These scars make the ducts hard and narrow and gradually cause serious liver damage. A majority of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.
In most people with primary sclerosing cholangitis, the disease progresses slowly. It can eventually lead to liver failure, repeated infections, and tumors of the bile duct or liver. A liver transplant is the only known cure for advanced primary sclerosing cholangitis, but the disease may recur in the transplanted liver in a small number of patients.
Care for primary sclerosing cholangitis focuses on monitoring liver function, managing symptoms and, when possible, doing procedures that temporarily open blocked bile ducts.
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis is often diagnosed before symptoms appear when a routine blood test or an X-ray taken for an unrelated condition shows liver abnormalities.
Early signs and symptoms often include:
Fatigue
Itching
Yellow eyes and skin (jaundice)
Abdominal pain
Many people diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis before they have symptoms continue to feel generally well for several years. But there's no reliable way to predict how quickly or slowly the disease will progress for any individual.
Signs and symptoms that may appear as the disease progresses include:
Fever
Chills
Night sweats
Enlarged liver
Enlarged spleen
Weight loss
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have severe, unexplained itching on much of your body — itching that persists no matter how much you scratch. Also see your doctor if you feel extremely tired all the time, no matter what you do.
It's particularly important to bring unexplained fatigue and itching to your doctor's attention if you have ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease, both of which are types of inflammatory bowel disease. A majority of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have one of these diseases.
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It's not clear what causes primary sclerosing cholangitis. An immune system reaction to an infection or toxin may trigger the disease in people who are genetically predisposed to it.
A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease, an umbrella term that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease don't always appear at the same time, though. In some cases, primary sclerosing cholangitis is present for years before inflammatory bowel disease occurs. If primary sclerosing cholangitis is diagnosed, it's important to look for inflammatory bowel disease because there is a greater risk of colon cancer.
Somewhat less often, people being treated for inflammatory bowel disease turn out to have primary sclerosing cholangitis as well. And rarely, people with primary sclerosing cholangitis develop inflammatory bowel disease only after having a liver transplant.
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Factors that may increase the risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis include:
Age.Primary sclerosing cholangitis can occur at any age, but it's most often diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 40.
Sex.Primary sclerosing cholangitis occurs more often in men.
Inflammatory bowel disease.A large proportion of people with primary sclerosing cholangitis also have inflammatory bowel disease.
Geographical location.People with Northern European heritage have a higher risk of primary sclerosing cholangitis.
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Complications of primary sclerosing cholangitis may include:
Liver disease and failure.Chronic inflammation of the bile ducts throughout your liver can lead to tissue scarring (cirrhosis), liver cell death and, eventually, loss of liver function.
Repeated infections.If scarring of the bile ducts slows or stops the flow of bile out of the liver, you may experience frequent infections in the bile ducts. The risk of infection is particularly high after you've had a surgical procedure to expand a badly scarred bile duct or remove a stone blocking a bile duct.
Portal hypertension.Your portal vein is the major route for blood flowing from your digestive system into your liver. Portal hypertension refers to high blood pressure in this vein.Portal hypertension can cause fluid from the liver to leak into your abdominal cavity (ascites). It can also divert blood from the portal vein to other veins, causing these veins to become swollen (varices). Varices are weak veins and tend to bleed easily, which can be life-threatening.
Thinning bones.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis may experience thinning bones (osteoporosis). Your doctor may recommend a bone density exam to test for osteoporosis every few years. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be prescribed to help prevent bone loss.
Bile duct cancer.If you have primary sclerosing cholangitis, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the bile ducts or gallbladder.
Colon cancer.People with primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of colon cancer. If you've been diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, your doctor may recommend testing for inflammatory bowel disease, even if you have no signs or symptoms, since the risk of colon cancer is elevated if you have both diseases.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis include:
Liver function blood test.A blood test to check your liver function, including levels of your liver enzymes, can give your doctor clues about your diagnosis.
MRIof your bile ducts.Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (koh-lan-jee-o-pan-cree-uh-TOG-ruh-fee) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make images of your liver and bile ducts and is the test of choice to diagnose primary sclerosing cholangitis.
X-rays of your bile ducts.A type of bile duct X-ray called endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in addition to, or instead of, anMRImay be needed. But this test is rarely used for diagnosis because of the risk of complications.To make your bile ducts visible on an X-ray, your doctor uses a flexible tube passed down your throat to inject dye into the area of your small intestine where your bile ducts empty.AnERCPis the test of choice if signs and symptoms persist despite no abnormalities on anMRI. AnERCPis often the initial test if you're unable to have anMRIbecause of a metal implant in your body.
Liver biopsy.A liver biopsy is a procedure to remove a piece of liver tissue for laboratory testing. Your doctor inserts a needle through your skin and into your liver to extract a tissue sample.A liver biopsy can help determine the extent of damage to your liver. The test is used only when the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis is still uncertain after less-invasive tests.
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Treatments for primary sclerosing cholangitis focus on managing complications and monitoring liver damage. Many medications have been studied in people with primary sclerosing cholangitis, but so far none have been found to slow or reverse the liver damage associated with this disease.
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Start by seeing your primary care doctor if you have signs or symptoms that worry you. If your doctor suspects you may have primary sclerosing cholangitis, you may be referred to a liver specialist (gastroenterologist or hepatologist).
Because appointments can be brief and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready and what to expect from your doctor.
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If you've been diagnosed with primary sclerosing cholangitis, take steps to care for your liver, such as:
Don't drink alcohol.
Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.
Use care with chemicals at home and at work.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Follow directions on all medications, both prescription and over-the-counter. Make sure your pharmacist and any doctor prescribing for you know that you have a liver disease.
Talk to your doctor about any herbs or supplements you're taking since some can be harmful to your liver.
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itching, fatigue, liver abnormalities, night sweats
enlarged liver
enlarged spleen
, night sweats, enlarged liver, chills, jaundice, yellow eyes and skin, fever, enlarged spleen, abdominal pain, primary sclerosing cholangitis, weight loss
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260 |
Huntington's disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20356117
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356122
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/huntingtons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20356125
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Huntington's disease causes nerve cells in the brain to decay over time. The disease affects a person's movements, thinking ability and mental health.
Huntington's disease is rare. It's often passed down through a changed gene from a parent.
Huntington's disease symptoms can develop at any time, but they often begin when people are in their 30s or 40s. If the disease develops before age 20, it's called juvenile Huntington's disease. When Huntington's develops early, symptoms can be different and the disease may have a faster progression.
Medicines are available to help manage the symptoms of Huntington's disease. However, treatments can't prevent the physical, mental and behavioral decline caused by the disease.
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Huntington's disease usually causes movement disorders. It also causes mental health conditions and trouble with thinking and planning. These conditions can cause a wide spectrum of symptoms. The first symptoms vary greatly from person to person. Some symptoms appear to be worse or have a greater effect on functional ability. These symptoms may change in severity throughout the course of the disease.
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See your healthcare professional if you notice changes in your movements, emotional state or mental ability. The symptoms of Huntington's disease also can be caused by a number of different conditions. Therefore, it's important to get a prompt and thorough diagnosis.
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Huntington's disease is caused by a difference in a single gene that's passed down from a parent. Huntington's disease follows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This means that a person needs only one copy of the nontypical gene to develop the disorder.
With the exception of genes on the sex chromosomes, a person inherits two copies of every gene — one copy from each parent. A parent with a nontypical gene could pass along the nontypical copy of the gene or the healthy copy. Each child in the family, therefore, has a 50 percent chance of inheriting the gene that causes the genetic condition.
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People who have a parent with Huntington's disease are at risk of having the disease themselves. Children of a parent with Huntington's have a 50 percent chance of having the gene change that causes Huntington's.
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After Huntington's disease starts, a person's ability to function gradually gets worse over time. How quickly the disease gets worse and how long it takes varies. The time from the first symptoms to death is often about 10 to 30 years. Juvenile Huntington's disease usually results in death within 10 to 15 years after symptoms develop.
The depression linked with Huntington's disease may increase the risk of suicide. Some research suggests that risk of suicide is greater before a diagnosis and also when a person loses independence.
Eventually, a person with Huntington's disease requires help with all activities of daily living and care. Late in the disease, the person will likely be confined to a bed and unable to speak. Someone with Huntington's disease is generally able to understand language and has an awareness of family and friends, though some won't recognize family members.
Common causes of death include:
Pneumonia or other infections.
Injuries related to falls.
Complications related to trouble swallowing.
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People with a known family history of Huntington's disease may be concerned about whether they may pass the Huntington gene on to their children. They might consider genetic testing and family planning options.
If an at-risk parent is considering genetic testing, it can be helpful to meet with a genetic counselor. A genetic counselor explains the potential risks of a positive test result, which may mean that the parent may develop the disease. Also, couples may need to make additional choices about whether to have children or to consider alternatives. They may decide to choose prenatal testing for the gene or in vitro fertilization with donor sperm or eggs.
Another option for couples is in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. In this process, eggs are removed from the ovaries and fertilized with the father's sperm in a laboratory. The embryos are tested for the presence of the Huntington gene. Only those testing negative for the Huntington gene are implanted in the mother's uterus.
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A preliminary diagnosis of Huntington's disease is based on your answers to questions, a general physical exam and your family medical history. Neurological tests and an evaluation of your mental health also is done.
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No treatments can alter the course of Huntington's disease. But medicines can lessen some symptoms of movement and mental health conditions. And multiple interventions can help a person adapt to changes in abilities for a certain amount of time.
The medicines you take may change over the course of the disease, depending on your overall treatment goals. Also, medicines that treat some symptoms may result in side effects that worsen other symptoms. Treatment goals are regularly reviewed and updated.
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A number of strategies may help people with Huntington's disease and their families cope.
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If you have any symptoms of Huntington's disease, you'll likely be referred to a neurologist after a visit to your healthcare professional.
A review of your symptoms, mental state, medical history and family medical history can all be important when assessing a potential neurological disorder.
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Managing Huntington's disease affects the person with the disease, family members and other in-home caregivers. As the disease gets worse, the person becomes more dependent on caregivers. Several issues need to be addressed, and the ways to cope with them changes over time.
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huntington's disease, mental health conditions, trouble with thinking, movement disorders, trouble with planning
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261 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/symptoms-causes/syc-20361940
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20361959
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gerd/doctors-departments/ddc-20362108
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease happens when stomach acid flows back up into the esophagus and causes heartburn. It's often called GERD for short. This backwash is known as acid reflux, and it can irritate the lining of the esophagus.
Many people experience acid reflux now and then. However, when acid reflux happens repeatedly over time, it can cause GERD.
Most people can manage the discomfort of GERD with lifestyle changes and medicines. And though it's uncommon, some may need surgery to help with symptoms.
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Common symptoms of GERD include:
A burning sensation in the chest, often called heartburn. Heartburn usually happens after eating and might be worse at night or while lying down.
Backwash of food or sour liquid in the throat.
Upper belly or chest pain.
Trouble swallowing, called dysphagia.
Sensation of a lump in the throat.
If you have nighttime acid reflux, you also might experience:
An ongoing cough.
Inflammation of the vocal cords, known as laryngitis.
New or worsening asthma.
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Seek medical help right away if you have chest pain, especially if you also have shortness of breath, or jaw or arm pain. These may be symptoms of a heart attack.
Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you:
Have severe or frequent GERD symptoms.
Take nonprescription medicines for heartburn more than twice a week.
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GERD is caused by frequent acid reflux or reflux of nonacidic content from the stomach.
When you swallow, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of the esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, relaxes to allow food and liquid to flow into the stomach. Then the sphincter closes again.
If the sphincter does not relax as is typical or it weakens, stomach acid can flow back into the esophagus. This constant backwash of acid irritates the lining of the esophagus, often causing it to become inflamed.
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Conditions that can increase the risk of GERD include:
Obesity.
Bulging of the top of the stomach up above the diaphragm, known as a hiatal hernia.
Pregnancy.
Connective tissue disorders, such as scleroderma.
Delayed stomach emptying.
Factors that can aggravate acid reflux include:
Smoking.
Eating large meals or eating late at night.
Eating certain foods, such as fatty or fried foods.
Drinking certain beverages, such as alcohol or coffee.
Taking certain medicines, such as aspirin.
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Over time, long-lasting inflammation in the esophagus can cause:
Inflammation of the tissue in the esophagus, known as esophagitis.Stomach acid can break down tissue in the esophagus. This can cause inflammation, bleeding and sometimes an open sore, called an ulcer. Esophagitis can cause pain and make swallowing difficult.
Narrowing of the esophagus, called an esophageal stricture.Damage to the lower esophagus from stomach acid causes scar tissue to form. The scar tissue narrows the food pathway, leading to problems with swallowing.
Precancerous changes to the esophagus, known as Barrett esophagus.Damage from acid can cause changes in the tissue lining the lower esophagus. These changes are associated with an increased risk of esophageal cancer.
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A healthcare professional might be able to diagnose GERD based on a history of symptoms and a physical examination.
To confirm a diagnosis of GERD, or to check for complications, a care professional might recommend:
Upper endoscopy.An upper endoscopy uses a tiny camera on the end of a flexible tube to visually examine the upper digestive system. The camera helps provide a view of the inside of the esophagus and stomach. Test results may not show when reflux is present, but an endoscopy may find inflammation of the esophagus or other complications.An endoscopy also can be used to collect a sample of tissue, called a biopsy, to be tested for complications such as Barrett esophagus. In some instances, if a narrowing is seen in the esophagus, it can be stretched or dilated during this procedure. This is done to improve trouble swallowing.
Ambulatory acid (pH) probe test.A monitor is placed in the esophagus to identify when, and for how long, stomach acid regurgitates there. The monitor connects to a small computer that's worn around the waist or with a strap over the shoulder.The monitor might be a thin, flexible tube, called a catheter, that's threaded through the nose into the esophagus. Or it might be a clip that's placed in the esophagus during an endoscopy. The clip passes into the stool after about two days.
X-ray of the upper digestive system.X-rays are taken after drinking a chalky liquid that coats and fills the inside lining of the digestive tract. The coating allows a healthcare professional to see a silhouette of the esophagus and stomach. This is particularly useful for people who are having trouble swallowing.Sometimes, an X-ray is done after swallowing a barium pill. This can help diagnose a narrowing of the esophagus that's interfering with swallowing.
Esophageal manometry.This test measures the rhythmic muscle contractions in the esophagus while swallowing. Esophageal manometry also measures the coordination and force exerted by the muscles of the esophagus. This is typically done in people who have trouble swallowing.
Transnasal esophagoscopy.This test is done to look for any damage in the esophagus. A thin, flexible tube with a video camera is put through the nose and moved down the throat into the esophagus. The camera sends pictures to a video screen.
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A healthcare professional is likely to recommend trying lifestyle changes and nonprescription medicines as a first line of treatment. If you don't experience relief within a few weeks, prescription medicine and additional testing may be recommended.
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You may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the digestive system, called a gastroenterologist.
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Lifestyle changes may help reduce the frequency of acid reflux. Try to:
Maintain a healthy weight.Excess pounds put pressure on the abdomen, pushing up the stomach and causing acid to reflux into the esophagus.
Stop smoking.Smoking decreases the lower esophageal sphincter's ability to function properly.
Elevate the head of your bed.If you regularly experience heartburn while trying to sleep, place wood or cement blocks under the feet at the head end of your bed. Raise the head end by 6 to 9 inches. If you can't elevate your bed, you can insert a wedge between your mattress and box spring to elevate your body from the waist up. Raising your head with additional pillows isn't effective.
Start on your left side.When you go to bed, start by lying on your left side to help make it less likely to have reflux.
Don't lie down after a meal.Wait at least three hours after eating before lying down or going to bed.
Eat food slowly and chew thoroughly.Put down your fork after every bite and pick it up again once you have chewed and swallowed that bite.
Don't consume foods and drinks that trigger reflux.Common triggers include alcohol, chocolate, caffeine, fatty foods or peppermint.
Don't wear tight-fitting clothing.Clothes that fit tightly around the waist put pressure on the abdomen and the lower esophageal sphincter.
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throat, backwash, laryngitis, chest pain, heartburn, inflammation, gerd, asthma, backwash of food, trouble swallowing, upper belly pain, ongoing cough, cough, sensation of a lump, burning sensation
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262 |
Addison's disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20350293
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350296
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/addisons-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20350298
|
Addison's disease is a rare condition that happens when the body doesn't make enough of some hormones. Another name for Addison's disease is primary adrenal insufficiency. With Addison's disease, the adrenal glands make too little of the hormone cortisol. Often, they also make too little of another hormone called aldosterone.
Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. Symptoms can start slowly. Early symptoms may include extreme tiredness, salt cravings and weight loss.
Addison's disease can affect anyone. Without treatment, it can be life-threatening. Treatment involves taking lab-made hormones to replace those that are missing.
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Addison's disease symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months. The disease may happen so slowly that people who have it might ignore the symptoms at first. Physical stress such as an illness or injury can make symptoms get worse fast.
Early symptoms of Addison's disease can affect you in various ways. Some early symptoms can cause discomfort or loss of energy, including:
Extreme tiredness, also called fatigue.
Dizziness or fainting when standing after sitting or lying down. This is due to a type of low blood pressure called postural hypotension.
Sweating due to low blood sugar, also called hypoglycemia.
Upset stomach, diarrhea or vomiting.
Pain in the stomach area, also called the abdomen.
Muscle cramps, weakness, widespread pain or joint pain.
Other early symptoms can cause changes in how you look, such as:
Body hair loss.
Areas of darkened skin, especially on scars and moles. These changes may be harder to see on Black or brown skin.
Weight loss due to less hunger.
Early Addison's disease symptoms also can affect emotions, mental health and desires. These symptoms include:
Depression.
Irritable mood.
Lower sex drive in women.
Salt craving.
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See a healthcare professional if you have common symptoms of Addison's disease, such as:
Long-lasting fatigue.
Muscle weakness.
Loss of appetite.
Darkened areas of skin.
Weight loss that doesn't happen on purpose.
Serious upset stomach, vomiting or stomach pain.
Lightheadedness or fainting with standing.
Salt cravings.
Get emergency care right away if you have any symptoms of an adrenal crisis.
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Damage to the adrenal glands causes Addison's disease. These glands sit just above the kidneys. The adrenal glands are part of the system of glands and organs that makes hormones, also called the endocrine system. The adrenal glands make hormones that affect almost every organ and tissue in the body.
The adrenal glands are made up of two layers. The inner layer, called the medulla, makes hormones such as adrenaline. Those hormones control the body's response to stress. The outer layer, called the cortex, makes a group of hormones called corticosteroids. Corticosteroids include:
Glucocorticoids.These hormones include cortisol, and they affect the body's ability to turn food into energy. They also play a role in the immune system and help the body respond to stress.
Mineralocorticoids.These hormones include aldosterone. They balance the body's sodium and potassium to keep blood pressure in a healthy range.
Androgens.In all people, the adrenal glands make small amounts of these sex hormones. They cause male sexual development. And they affect muscle mass, body hair, sex drive, and a sense of well-being in all people.
Addison's disease also is known as primary adrenal insufficiency. A related condition is called secondary adrenal insufficiency. These conditions have different causes.
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Most people who get Addison's disease don't have any factors that put them at higher risk of developing the condition. But the following may raise the risk of adrenal insufficiency:
A history of having a disease or surgery that affects the pituitary gland or the adrenal glands.
Certain genetic changes that affect the pituitary or adrenal glands. These include gene changes that cause the inherited disease congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Other autoimmune endocrine conditions, such as hypothyroidism or type 1 diabetes.
Traumatic brain injury.
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Addison's disease can lead to other health conditions called complications. These include adrenal crisis, also called addisonian crisis. If you have Addison's disease and haven't started treatment, you may develop this life-threatening complication.
Stress on the body such as injury, infection or illness can trigger adrenal crisis. Typically, the adrenal glands make two or three times the usual amount of cortisol in response to physical stress. But with adrenal insufficiency, the adrenal glands don't make enough cortisol to meet this need. And that can lead to adrenal crisis.
Adrenal crisis results in low blood pressure, low blood levels of sugar and high blood levels of potassium. This complication needs treatment right away.
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Addison's disease can't be prevented. But you can take steps to lower the risk of adrenal crisis:
Talk with your healthcare professional if you always feel tired or weak or are losing weight without trying. Ask if you should get tested for adrenal insufficiency.
If you have Addison's disease, ask your healthcare professional what to do when you're sick. You'll likely need to learn how to adjust the amount of medicine that you take. You also may need to take the medicine as a shot.
If you become very sick, go to an emergency room. This is crucial if you're vomiting and you can't take your medicine.
Some people with Addison's disease worry about serious side effects from corticosteroid medicines. But people with Addison's disease aren't likely to get the side effects of high-dose corticosteroids used to treat many other diseases. That's because the dose prescribed is much lower and only replaces the amount that's missing.
If you take corticosteroids, follow up with your healthcare professional regularly to make sure your dose is not too high.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare team takes to find out if you have Addison's disease. Your healthcare professional talks with you about your medical history and your symptoms. You might have some of the following tests that check for Addison's disease or for secondary adrenal insufficiency:
Blood test.This test can measure blood levels of sodium, potassium, cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). A blood test also can measure proteins called antibodies related to Addison's disease caused by an autoimmune disease.
ACTH stimulation test.ACTH tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. This test measures the level of cortisol in the blood before and after a shot of lab-made ACTH.
Insulin-induced hypoglycemia test.This test is done to find out if the pituitary gland is causing secondary adrenal insufficiency. The test involves checking blood sugar and cortisol levels after a shot of insulin.
Imaging tests.A CT scan of the stomach area checks the size of the adrenal glands and looks for other issues. An MRI of the pituitary gland can spot damage that may cause secondary adrenal insufficiency.
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Addison's disease treatment involves taking medicines to correct the levels of steroid hormones that the body isn't making enough of. Some treatments include corticosteroid medicines taken by mouth such as:
Hydrocortisone (Cortef), prednisone (Rayos, Prednisone Intensol) or methylprednisolone (Medrol) to replace cortisol. You take these medicines on a schedule. This helps mimic the changes in cortisol levels the body typically goes through over 24 hours.
Fludrocortisone acetate to replace aldosterone.
You'll likely need plenty of sodium in your diet. This is especially true during heavy exercise and when the weather is hot. It's also true if you have digestive troubles such as diarrhea.
Your healthcare professional may tell you to raise the dose of your medicine for a short time if your body is stressed. Such stress can come from having surgery, an infection or a minor illness. If you're vomiting and can't keep down your medicine, you may need shots of corticosteroids.
Follow these treatment recommendations as well:
Carry a medical alert card and bracelet at all times.A steroid emergency card and medical alert bracelet or tag let emergency care professionals know what kind of care you need. Also have a written action plan.
Keep extra medicine handy.It can be dangerous to miss even one day of medicine. So keep a small supply at work and take extra medicine with you when you travel.
Carry a corticosteroid medicine injection kit.The kit contains a needle, a syringe and an injectable form of corticosteroids to use in case of emergency.
Stay in contact with your healthcare professional.Your healthcare team can monitor your hormone levels. If you have trouble with your medicine, your healthcare professional may need to change the doses or when you take them.
Have yearly checkups.At least once a year, see your healthcare professional or a doctor who treats hormone conditions. Your healthcare professional may recommend yearly screening tests for autoimmune diseases.
Addisonian crisis is a medical emergency. Treatment typically includes medicines or solutions given through a vein. These include:
Corticosteroids.
Saline solution.
Sugar.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary healthcare professional. Then, you might be referred to a doctor called an endocrinologist who treats conditions related to hormones.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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addison's disease, upset stomach, joint pain, illness, scars, dizziness, lower sex drive, hypoglycemia, weight loss, discomfort or loss, widespread pain, salt craving, tiredness, fatigue, sweating, hair loss, diarrhea, vomiting, fainting, body hair loss, depression, addison's disease symptoms also can affect emotions, mental health and desires., extreme tiredness, pain, weakness, addison's disease symptoms usually happen slowly, often over months., hypotension, muscle cramps, irritable mood
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263 |
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20350830
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350835
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-exertional-compartment-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20350837
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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an exercise-induced muscle and nerve condition that causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in the affected muscles of the legs or arms. Anyone can develop the condition, but it's more common in young adult runners and athletes who participate in activities that involve repetitive impact.
Chronic exertional compartment syndrome may respond to nonsurgical treatment and activity modification. If nonsurgical treatment doesn't help, your doctor might recommend surgery. Surgery is successful for many people and might allow you to return to your sport.
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Your limbs have specific areas of muscle (compartments). Your lower leg, for example, has four compartments. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome often occurs in the same compartment of an affected limb on both sides of the body, usually the lower leg.
Signs and symptoms can include:
Pain caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome typically follows this pattern:
Taking a complete break from exercise or performing only low-impact activity might relieve your symptoms, but relief is usually only temporary. Once you take up running again, for instance, those familiar symptoms usually come back.
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If you have recurring unusual pain, swelling, weakness, loss of sensation or soreness while exercising or participating in sports activities, talk to your doctor.
Sometimes chronic exertional compartment syndrome is mistaken for shin splints, a more common cause of leg pain in young people who do a lot of vigorous weight-bearing activity, such as running. If you think you have shin splints and the pain doesn't get better with self-care, talk to your doctor.
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The cause of chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't completely understood. When you exercise, your muscles expand in volume. If you have chronic exertional compartment syndrome, the tissue that encases the affected muscle (fascia) doesn't expand with the muscle, causing pressure and pain in a compartment of the affected limb.
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Certain factors increase your risk of developing chronic exertional compartment syndrome, including:
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Chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't a life-threatening condition and usually doesn't cause lasting damage if you get appropriate treatment. However, pain, weakness or numbness associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome may prevent you from continuing to exercise or practice your sport at the same level of intensity.
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Other exercise-related problems are more common than chronic exertional compartment syndrome, so your doctor may first try to rule out other causes — such as shin splints or stress fractures — before moving on to more specialized testing.
Results of physical exams for chronic exertional compartment syndrome are often normal. Your doctor might prefer to examine you after you've exercised to the point of bringing on symptoms. Your doctor may notice a muscle bulge, tenderness or tension in the affected area.
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Options to treat chronic exertional compartment syndrome include both nonsurgical and surgical methods. However, nonsurgical measures are typically successful only if you stop or greatly reduce the activity that caused the condition.
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your family doctor. He or she may refer you to a doctor who specializes in sports medicine or orthopedic surgery.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pain, chronic exertional compartment syndrome
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264 |
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360510
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20360773
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Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a complicated disorder.
It causes extreme fatigue that lasts for at least six months. Symptoms worsen with physical or mental activity but don't fully improve with rest.
The cause ofME/CFSis unknown, although there are many theories. Experts believe it might be triggered by a combination of factors.
There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis. You may need a variety of medical tests to rule out other health problems that have similar symptoms. Treatment for the condition focuses on easing symptoms.
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Symptoms ofME/CFScan vary from person to person, and the severity of symptoms can fluctuate from day to day. In addition to fatigue, symptoms may include:
Extreme exhaustion after physical or mental exercise.
Problems with memory or thinking skills.
Dizziness that worsens with moving from lying down or sitting to standing.
Muscle or joint pain.
Unrefreshing sleep.
Some people with this condition have headaches, sore throats, and tender lymph nodes in the neck or armpits. People with the condition also may become extra sensitive to light, sound, smells, food and medicines.
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Fatigue can be a symptom of many illnesses. In general, see your doctor if you have persistent or excessive fatigue.
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The cause of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is still unknown. A combination of factors may be involved, including:
Genetics.ME/CFSappears to run in some families, so some people may be born with a higher likelihood of developing the disorder.
Infections.Some people developME/CFSsymptoms after getting better from a viral or bacterial infection.
Physical or emotional trauma.Some people report that they experienced an injury, surgery or significant emotional stress shortly before their symptoms began.
Problems with energy usage.Some people withME/CFShave problems converting the body's fuel, primarily fats and sugars, into energy.
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Factors that may increase your risk ofME/CFSinclude:
Age.ME/CFScan occur at any age, but it most commonly affects young to middle-aged adults.
Sex.Women are diagnosed withME/CFSmuch more often than men, but it may be that women are simply more likely to report their symptoms to a doctor.
Other medical problems.People who have a history of other complex medical problems, such as fibromyalgia or postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, may be more likely to developME/CFS.
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Symptoms ofME/CFScan come and go, and often are triggered by physical activity or emotional stress. This can make it difficult for people to maintain a regular work schedule or to even take care of themselves at home.
Many people may be too weak to get out of bed at different points during their illness. Some may need to use a wheelchair.
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There's no single test to confirm a diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Symptoms can mimic those of many other health problems, including:
Sleep disorders.Fatigue can be caused by sleep disorders. A sleep study can determine if your rest is being disturbed by disorders such as obstructive sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome or insomnia.
Other medical problems.Fatigue is a common symptom in several medical conditions, such as anemia, diabetes and underactive thyroid. Lab tests can check your blood for evidence of some of the top suspects.
Mental health issues.Fatigue is also a symptom of a variety of mental health problems, such as depression and anxiety. A counselor can help determine if one of these problems is causing your fatigue.
It's also common for people who haveME/CFSto also have other health problems at the same time, such as sleep disorders, irritable bowel syndrome or fibromyalgia.
In fact, there are so many overlapping symptoms between this condition and fibromyalgia that some researchers consider the two disorders to be different aspects of the same disease.
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There is no cure for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Treatment focuses on symptom relief. The most disruptive or disabling symptoms should be addressed first.
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The experience ofME/CFSvaries from person to person. Emotional support and counseling may help you and your loved ones deal with the uncertainties and restrictions of this disorder.
Talking with a counselor can help build coping skills to deal with chronic illness, address limitations at work or school, and improve family dynamics. It also can be helpful if you are dealing with symptoms of depression.
You may find it helpful to join a support group and meet other people with your condition. Support groups aren't for everyone, and you may find that a support group adds to your stress rather than relieves it. Experiment and use your own judgment to determine what's best for you.
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If you have signs and symptoms ofME/CFS, you're likely to start by seeing your family's health care professional.
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pain, joint pain, fatigue, problems with thinking skills, sore throats, unrefreshing sleep, dizziness, extreme exhaustion, problems with memory, tender lymph nodes, muscle pain, headaches
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265 |
Chronic kidney disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20354521
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354527
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-kidney-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20354530
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Chronic kidney disease, also called chronic kidney failure, involves a gradual loss of kidney function. Your kidneys filter wastes and excess fluids from your blood, which are then removed in your urine. Advanced chronic kidney disease can cause dangerous levels of fluid, electrolytes and wastes to build up in your body.
In the early stages of chronic kidney disease, you might have few signs or symptoms. You might not realize that you have kidney disease until the condition is advanced.
Treatment for chronic kidney disease focuses on slowing the progression of kidney damage, usually by controlling the cause. But, even controlling the cause might not keep kidney damage from progressing. Chronic kidney disease can progress to end-stage kidney failure, which is fatal without artificial filtering (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
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Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:
Nausea
Vomiting
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and weakness
Sleep problems
Urinating more or less
Decreased mental sharpness
Muscle cramps
Swelling of feet and ankles
Dry, itchy skin
High blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to control
Shortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungs
Chest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart
Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you have signs or symptoms of kidney disease. Early detection might help prevent kidney disease from progressing to kidney failure.
If you have a medical condition that increases your risk of kidney disease, your doctor may monitor your blood pressure and kidney function with urine and blood tests during office visits. Ask your doctor whether these tests are necessary for you.
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Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years.
Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:
Type 1 or type 2 diabetes
High blood pressure
Glomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)
Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structures
Polycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseases
Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancers
Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneys
Recurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)
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Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:
Diabetes
High blood pressure
Heart (cardiovascular) disease
Smoking
Obesity
Being Black, Native American or Asian American
Family history of kidney disease
Abnormal kidney structure
Older age
Frequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys
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Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include:
Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)
A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's function and can be life-threatening
Anemia
Heart disease
Weak bones and an increased risk of bone fractures
Decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertility
Damage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizures
Decreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infection
Pericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)
Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetus
Irreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival
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To reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:
Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications.When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage.
Maintain a healthy weight.If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss.
Don't smoke.Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop.
Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help.If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage.
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As a first step toward diagnosis of kidney disease, your doctor discusses your personal and family history with you. Among other things, your doctor might ask questions about whether you've been diagnosed with high blood pressure, if you've taken a medication that might affect kidney function, if you've noticed changes in your urinary habits and whether you have family members who have kidney disease.
Next, your doctor performs a physical exam, checking for signs of problems with your heart or blood vessels, and conducts a neurological exam.
For kidney disease diagnosis, you might also need certain tests and procedures to determine how severe your kidney disease is (stage). Tests might include:
Blood tests.Kidney function tests look for the level of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood.
Urine tests.Analyzing a sample of your urine can reveal abnormalities that point to chronic kidney failure and help identify the cause of chronic kidney disease.
Imaging tests.Your doctor might use ultrasound to assess your kidneys' structure and size. Other imaging tests might be used in some cases.
Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing.Your doctor might recommend a kidney biopsy, which involves removing a sample of kidney tissue. Kidney biopsy is often done with local anesthesia using a long, thin needle that's inserted through your skin and into your kidney. The biopsy sample is sent to a lab for testing to help determine what's causing your kidney problem.
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Depending on the cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Often, though, chronic kidney disease has no cure.
Treatment usually consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you might need treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
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Receiving a diagnosis of chronic kidney disease can be worrisome. To help you cope with your feelings, consider:
Connecting with other people who have kidney disease.They can understand what you're feeling and offer unique support. Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. Or contact organizations such as the American Association of Kidney Patients, the National Kidney Foundation or the American Kidney Fund for groups in your area.
Maintaining your normal routine, when possible.Try to keep doing the activities you enjoy and continue working, if your condition allows. This can help you cope with feelings of sadness or loss that you might have.
Being active most days of the week.With your doctor's advice, aim for at least 30 minutes of physical activity most days of the week. This can help you cope with fatigue and stress.
Talking with someone you trust.You might have a friend or family member who is a good listener. Or you may find it helpful to talk with a faith leader or someone else you trust. Ask your doctor for a referral to a social worker or counselor.
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary care doctor. If lab tests reveal that you have kidney damage, you might be referred to a doctor who specializes in kidney problems (nephrologist).
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As part of your treatment for chronic kidney disease, your doctor might recommend a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask your doctor for a referral to a registered dietitian who can analyze your diet and suggest ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, dietary recommendations might include the following:
Avoid products with added salt.Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
Choose lower potassium foods.High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes. Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure.
Limit the amount of protein you eat.Your registered dietitian will estimate how many grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals.
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nausea, swelling of feet and ankles, nausea
vomiting
loss of appetite
, itchy, kidney disease, shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of kidney function, loss of appetite, vomiting, kidney damage, itchy skin, weakness, chest pain, chronic kidney disease, sleep problems, decreased mental sharpness, urinating more or less, muscle cramps, dry skin, hypertension
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266 |
Hashimoto's disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351855
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351860
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hashimotos-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351861
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Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck just below the Adam's apple. The thyroid produces hormones that help regulate many functions in the body.
An autoimmune disorder is an illness caused by the immune system attacking healthy tissues. In Hashimoto's disease, immune-system cells lead to the death of the thyroid's hormone-producing cells. The disease usually results in a decline in hormone production (hypothyroidism).
Although anyone can develop Hashimoto's disease, it's most common among middle-aged women. The primary treatment is thyroid hormone replacement.
Hashimoto's disease is also known as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.
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Hashimoto's disease progresses slowly over the years. You may not notice signs or symptoms of the disease. Eventually, the decline in thyroid hormone production can result in any of the following:
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Signs and symptoms of Hashimoto's disease vary widely and are not specific to the disorder. Because these symptoms could result from any number of disorders, it's important to see your health care provider as soon as possible for a timely and accurate diagnosis.
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Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder. The immune system creates antibodies that attack thyroid cells as if they were bacteria, viruses or some other foreign body. The immune system wrongly enlists disease-fighting agents that damage cells and lead to cell death.
What causes the immune system to attack thyroid cells is not clear. The onset of disease may be related to:
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The following factors are associated with an increased risk of Hashimoto's disease:
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Thyroid hormones are essential for the healthy function of many body systems. Therefore, when Hashimoto's disease and hypothyroidism are left untreated, many complications can occur. These include:
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A number of conditions may lead to the signs and symptoms of Hashimoto's disease. If you're experiencing any of these symptoms, your health care provider will conduct a thorough physical exam, review your medical history and ask questions about your symptoms.
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Most people with Hashimoto's disease take medication to treat hypothyroidism. If you have mild hypothyroidism, you may have no treatment but get regular thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tests to monitor thyroid hormone levels.
| null |
You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider, but you may be referred to a specialist in hormone disorders (endocrinologist).
Be prepared to answer the following questions:
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hashimoto's disease, none
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267 |
COPD
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/symptoms-causes/syc-20353679
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353685
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/copd/doctors-departments/ddc-20353688
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an ongoing lung condition caused by damage to the lungs. The damage results in swelling and irritation, also called inflammation, inside the airways that limit airflow into and out of the lungs. This limited airflow is known as obstruction. Symptoms include trouble breathing, a daily cough that brings up mucus and a tight, whistling sound in the lungs called wheezing.
COPD is most often caused by long-term exposure to irritating smoke, fumes, dust or chemicals. The most common cause is cigarette smoke.
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common types of COPD. These two conditions usually occur together and can vary in severity among people with COPD.
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the tubes that bring air into the lungs. These tubes are called bronchi. The inflammation prevents good airflow into and out of the lungs and makes extra mucus. In emphysema, the small air sacs of the lungs, called alveoli, are damaged. The damaged alveoli can't pass enough oxygen into the bloodstream.
Although COPD is a condition that can get worse over time, COPD is treatable. With proper management, most people with COPD can control symptoms and improve their quality of life. Proper management also can lower the risk of other conditions linked to COPD, such as heart disease and lung cancer.
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COPD symptoms often don't appear until a lot of lung damage has occurred. Symptoms usually worsen over time, especially if smoking or other irritating exposure continues.
Symptoms of COPD may include:
Trouble catching your breath, especially during physical activities.
Wheezing or whistling sounds when breathing.
Ongoing cough that may bring up a lot of mucus. The mucus may be clear, white, yellow or greenish.
Chest tightness or heaviness.
Lack of energy or feeling very tired.
Frequent lung infections.
Losing weight without meaning to. This may happen as the condition worsens.
Swelling in ankles, feet or legs.
People with COPD also are likely to have times when their symptoms become worse than the usual day-to-day variation. This time of worsening symptoms is called an exacerbation (eg-zas-er-bay-shun). Exacerbations can last for several days to weeks. They can be caused by triggers such as smells, cold air, air pollution, colds or infections. Symptoms may include:
Working harder than usual to breathe or having trouble breathing.
Chest tightness.
Coughing more often.
More mucus or changes in mucus color or thickness.
Fever.
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Talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional if your symptoms don't get better with treatment or if symptoms get worse. Also talk with your healthcare professional if you notice symptoms of an infection, such as fever or a change in the mucus you cough up.
In the U.S., call 911 or your local emergency number for help or go to the emergency department at a hospital right away if you can't catch your breath, your lips or fingernail beds are blue, you have a fast heartbeat, or you feel foggy and have trouble concentrating.
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The main cause of COPD in developed countries is tobacco smoking. In the developing world, COPD often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes that don't have good airflow. Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the workplace is another cause of COPD.
Not all people who have smoked for a long time have COPD symptoms, but they may still have lung damage, so their lungs don't work as well as they used to. Some people who smoke get less common lung conditions that may be diagnosed as COPD until a more thorough exam shows a different diagnosis.
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Risk factors for COPD include:
Tobacco smoke.The biggest risk factor for COPD is long-term cigarette smoking. The more years you smoke and the more packs you smoke, the greater your risk. Pipe, cigar and marijuana smoking also may raise your risk. People who breathe in large amounts of secondhand smoke are at risk of COPD too.
Asthma.Asthma is a condition in which the airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. Asthma may be a risk factor for developing COPD. The mix of asthma and smoking raises the risk of COPD even more.
Workplace exposure.Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, smoke, vapors and dusts in the workplace can irritate and cause swelling in the lungs. This can raise the risk of COPD.
Fumes from burning fuel.In the developing world, people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in homes with poor airflow are at higher risk of COPD.
Genetics.AAT deficiency caused by a gene change passed down in families is the cause of COPD in some people. This genetic form of emphysema is not common. Other genetic factors may make certain people who smoke more likely to get COPD.
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COPD can cause many complications, including:
Respiratory infections.People with COPD are more likely to have colds, the flu and pneumonia. Any respiratory infection can make it much harder to breathe and could cause more damage to lung tissue.
Heart problems.For reasons that aren't fully understood, COPD can raise the risk of heart disease, including heart attack.
Lung cancer.People with COPD have a higher risk of getting lung cancer.
High blood pressure in lung arteries.COPD may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to the lungs. This condition is called pulmonary hypertension.
Anxiety and depression.Difficulty breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And having a serious medical condition such as COPD can sometimes cause anxiety and depression.
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Unlike some other medical conditions, COPD often has a clear cause and a clear way to prevent it. Most of the time, COPD is directly linked to cigarette smoking. The best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke. If you smoke and have COPD, stopping now can slow how fast the condition worsens.
If you've smoked for a long time, quitting can be hard, especially if you've tried quitting once, twice or many times before. But keep trying to quit. It's critical to find a stop-smoking program that can help you quit for good. It's your best chance for lessening damage to your lungs. Talk with your healthcare professional about options that might work best for you.
Workplace exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts is another risk factor for COPD. If you work with these types of lung irritants, talk with your supervisor about the best ways to protect yourself. This may include wearing equipment that prevents you from breathing in these substances.
Here are some steps you can take to help prevent complications linked with COPD:
Quit smoking to help lower your risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
Get an annual flu vaccination and vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia to lower your risk of or prevent some infections. Also talk with your doctor or other healthcare professional about when you need the COVID-19 vaccine and the RSV vaccine.
Talk with your healthcare professional or a mental health professional if you feel sad or hopeless or think that you may have depression.
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Often COPD can be hard to diagnose because symptoms can be the same as those of other lung conditions. Many people who have COPD may not be diagnosed until the disease is advanced.
To diagnose your condition, your healthcare professional reviews your symptoms and asks about your family and medical history and any exposure you've had to lung irritants — especially cigarette smoke. Your healthcare professional does a physical exam that includes listening to your lungs. You also may have some of these tests to diagnose your condition: pulmonary function tests, lab tests and imaging.
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Treatment is based on how severe your symptoms are and whether you often have bouts when symptoms get worse. These bouts are called exacerbations. Effective therapy can control symptoms, slow how fast the condition worsens, lower the risk of complications and improve your ability to lead an active life.
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Living with COPD can be a challenge — especially when it becomes severe and is harder to catch your breath. You may have to give up some activities you used to enjoy. Your family and friends may find they need to adjust to some of these changes too.
It can help to share your feelings with your family, friends, healthcare professional or mental health professional. You may benefit from counseling or medicine if you feel depressed or overwhelmed. Think about joining a support group for people with COPD.
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If your primary healthcare professional thinks that you have COPD, you'll likely be referred to a doctor who specializes in lung conditions, called a pulmonologist.
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If you have COPD, you can take steps to feel better and slow the damage to your lungs:
Control your breathing.Talk with your healthcare professional or respiratory therapist about methods for breathing more efficiently throughout the day. Also talk about positions that make breathing easier; ways to conserve your energy, such as sitting for tasks when possible; and ways to relax when you have trouble catching your breath.
Clear your airways.With COPD, mucus tends to collect in air passages and can be hard to clear. Removing mucus with controlled coughing, drinking plenty of water and using a humidifier may help.
Get regular physical activity.It may seem difficult to be active when you have trouble breathing. But regular physical activity and exercise can improve your overall strength and endurance and strengthen the muscles you use to breathe. Talk with your healthcare professional about which activities are best for you.
Eat healthy foods.Eating healthy foods can help you keep your strength. If you're underweight, your healthcare professional may recommend nutritional supplements. If you're overweight, losing weight can greatly help your breathing, especially during physical activities.
Avoid smoke and poor-quality air.In addition to quitting smoking, it's important to avoid places where others smoke. Secondhand smoke may add to lung damage. Air pollution also can irritate your lungs, so check daily air quality forecasts before going out. Identify what may trigger bouts of worsening symptoms so you can avoid them as much as possible.
See your healthcare professional regularly.Keep your appointment schedule, even if you're feeling fine. It's important to regularly monitor your lung function. And be sure to get your annual flu vaccine in the fall to help prevent infections that can worsen your COPD. Ask your healthcare professional about when to get the pneumococcal vaccine, COVID-19 vaccine and RSV vaccine. Call your healthcare professional if your symptoms get worse or you notice symptoms of infection.
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swelling, coughing, copd, feeling tired, lung infections, ongoing cough, colds, wheezing, exacerbations, losing weight, cough, lack of energy, infections, frequent lung infections, working harder to breathe, whistling sounds, trouble breathing, fever, chest tightness, trouble catching your breath, heaviness
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269 |
Chronic sinusitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351661
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351667
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-sinusitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351669
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Chronic sinusitis causes the spaces inside the nose and head, called sinuses, to become inflamed and swollen. The condition lasts 12 weeks or longer, even with treatment.
This common condition keeps mucus from draining. It makes the nose stuffy. Breathing through the nose might be hard. The area around the eyes might feel swollen or tender.
Infection, growths in the sinuses, called nasal polyps, and swelling of the lining of the sinuses might all be part of chronic sinusitis. Chronic sinusitis is also called chronic rhinosinusitis. The condition affects adults and children.
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Common symptoms of chronic sinusitis include:
Thick, discolored mucus from the nose, known as a runny nose.
Mucus down the back of the throat, known as postnasal drip.
Blocked or stuffy nose, known as congestion. This makes it hard to breathe through the nose.
Pain, tenderness and swelling around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead.
Reduced sense of smell and taste.
Other symptoms can include:
Ear pain.
Headache.
Aching in the teeth.
Cough.
Sore throat.
Bad breath.
Tiredness.
Chronic sinusitis and acute sinusitis have similar symptoms. But acute sinusitis is a short-lived infection of the sinuses often linked to a cold.
The symptoms of chronic sinusitis last at least 12 weeks. There might be many bouts of acute sinusitis before it becomes chronic sinusitis. Fever isn't common with chronic sinusitis. But fever might be part of acute sinusitis.
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Repeated sinusitis, and if the condition doesn't get better with treatment.
Sinusitis symptoms that last more than 10 days.
See a health care provider right away ifyou have symptoms that could mean a serious infection:
Fever.
Swelling or redness around the eyes.
Bad headache.
Forehead swelling.
Confusion.
Double vision or other vision changes.
Stiff neck.
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The cause of chronic sinusitis usually is not known. Some medical conditions, including cystic fibrosis, can cause chronic sinusitis in children and teens.
Some conditions can make chronic sinusitis worse. These include:
A common coldor other infection that affects the sinuses. Viruses or bacteria can cause these infections.
A problem inside the nose,such as a deviated nasal septum, nasal polyps or tumors.
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The following factors raise the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
A dental infection.
A fungal infection.
Regularly being around cigarette smoke or other pollutants.
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Serious complications of chronic sinusitis are rare. They can include:
Vision problems.If a sinus infection spreads to an eye socket, it can reduce vision or possibly cause blindness.
Infections.It's not common. But a serious sinus infection can spread to the membranes and fluid around the brain and spinal cord. The infection is called meningitis. Other serious infections can spread to the bones, called osteomyelitis, or to skin, called cellulitis.
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Take these steps to lower the risk of getting chronic sinusitis:
Protect your health.Try to stay away from people who have colds or other infections. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially before meals.
Manage allergies.Work with your health care provider to keep symptoms under control. Stay away from things you're allergic to when possible.
Avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air.Tobacco smoke and other pollutants can irritate the lungs and inside the nose, called the nasal passages.
Use a humidifier.If the air in your home is dry, adding moisture to the air with a humidifier may help prevent sinusitis. Be sure the humidifier stays clean and free of mold with regular, complete cleaning.
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A health care provider might ask about symptoms and do an exam. The exam might include feeling for tenderness in the nose and face and looking inside the nose.
Other ways to diagnose chronic sinusitis and rule out other conditions include:
Nasal endoscopy.A health care provider inserts a thin, flexible tube, known as an endoscope, into the nose. A light on the tube allows a care provider to see inside the sinuses.
Imaging tests.CT or MRI scans can show details of the sinuses and nasal area. These images might pinpoint the cause of chronic sinusitis.
Nasal and sinus samples.Lab tests aren't often used to diagnose chronic sinusitis. But, if the condition doesn't get better with treatment or gets worse, tissue samples from the nose or sinuses might help find the cause.
An allergy test.If allergies might be causing chronic sinusitis, an allergy skin test might show the cause.
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Treatments for chronic sinusitis include:
Nasal corticosteroids.These nasal sprays help prevent and treat swelling. Some are available without a prescription. Examples include fluticasone (Flonase Allergy Relief, Xhance), budesonide (Rhinocort Allergy), mometasone (Nasonex 24HR Allergy) and beclomethasone (Beconase AQ, Qnasl, others).
Saline nasal rinses.Use a specially designed squeeze bottle (NeilMed Sinus Rinse, others) or neti pot. This home remedy, called nasal lavage, can help clear sinuses. Saline nasal sprays also are available.
Corticosteroids shots or pills.These medicines ease severe sinusitis, especially for those who have nasal polyps. The shots and pills can cause serious side effects when used long term. So they're used only to treat severe symptoms.
Allergy medicines.Using allergy medicines might lessen allergy symptoms of sinusitis caused by allergies.
Aspirin desensitization treatment.This is for people who react to aspirin and the reaction causes sinusitis and nasal polyps. Under medical supervision, people receive larger and larger doses of aspirin to increase their ability to take it.
Medicine to treat nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis.If you have nasal polyps and chronic sinusitis, a shot of dupilumab (Dupixent), omalizumab (Xolair) or mepolizumab (Nucala) might reduce the size of the nasal polyps and lessen stuffiness.
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You'll likely see your primary care provider for symptoms of sinusitis. If you've had many bouts of acute sinusitis or you have symptoms of chronic sinusitis, your provider might refer you to an allergist or an ear, nose and throat specialist.
Here's information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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These self-help steps can help ease sinusitis symptoms:
Rest.Rest helps the body fight infection and speed recovery.
Drink fluids.Keep drinking plenty of fluids.
Use a warm compress.A warm compress on the nose and forehead might help ease pressure in the sinuses.
Keep sinuses moist.Put a towel over your head while breathing in the vapor from a bowl of hot water. Or take a hot shower, breathing in the warm, moist air. This will help ease pain and help mucus drain.
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headache, swelling, sinusitis, postnasal drip, bad breath, runny nose, acute sinusitis, tiredness, reduced sense of smell, congestion, aching, sore throat, tenderness, cough, postnasal, chronic sinusitis, ear pain, infection, pain, throat, fever, mucus, reduced sense of taste
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270 |
Vulvodynia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353423
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353427
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vulvodynia/doctors-departments/ddc-20353430
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Vulvodynia (vul-voe-DIN-e-uh) is a type of long-term pain or discomfort around the outer part of the female genitals, called the vulva. It lasts at least three months and has no clear cause. The pain, burning or irritation linked with vulvodynia can make you so uncomfortable that sitting for a long time or having sex becomes unthinkable. The condition can last for months to years.
If you have symptoms of vulvodynia, don't let embarrassment or a lack of visible signs stop you from talking with your gynecologist or another healthcare professional. Treatments can ease your discomfort. And your care team might be able to find a cause for your pain. So, it's key to get a medical exam.
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The main vulvodynia symptom is pain in the vulva, which includes the opening of the vagina. The pain often is described as:
Burning.
Irritation.
Stinging.
Rawness.
Soreness.
Sharp or knife-like pain.
You also may feel aching, throbbing and swelling.
How often the symptoms happen and where exactly they're felt varies from person to person. Your pain might be constant, or it may come and go. It might flare up only when the vulva is touched. You might feel the pain throughout your entire vulva. This is called generalized vulvodynia. Or the pain may flare up in a certain area, such as the tissue surrounding the opening of the vagina, called the vestibule. This is known as localized vulvodynia, and it's more common than the generalized kind.
The tissue of the vulva might look slightly inflamed or swollen. More often, your vulva doesn't look different than usual.
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If you have pain in your vulva, talk with your gynecologist or another member of your healthcare team. If you don't have a gynecologist, you might be referred to one. A healthcare professional needs to find out if your pain has a treatable cause that's different from vulvodynia, such as:
An active infection from yeast or bacteria.
A sexually transmitted disease such as herpes.
An inflammatory skin condition.
Vulvar growths.
Genitourinary syndrome of menopause.
Some people who don't realize they have vulvodynia try to ease their symptoms by using yeast infection treatments without a prescription. But it's key to get a checkup, so a member of your healthcare team can give you an exam and recommend the right treatment for you.
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Experts don't know what causes vulvodynia. Factors that might play a role include:
Injury to or irritation of the nerves of the vulva.
Past infections of the vagina.
Painful swelling called inflammation that affects the vulva.
Some genetic conditions.
Allergies.
Hormonal changes.
Muscle spasm or weakness in the pelvic floor, which supports the uterus, bladder and bowel.
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Without treatment, vulvodynia can affect mental health, relationships and other aspects of your life.
The condition is linked with anxiety and depression. It's also tied to less sexual desire, arousal and enjoyment. Fear of having painful sex can cause spasms in the muscles around the vagina, a condition called vaginismus. Intimacy issues such as these lead many people with vulvodynia to say they feel shame, lower self-esteem, negative about body image and lacking as a sexual partner.
The pain and other symptoms of vulvodynia might make it harder to keep up with work. You may feel less social too. And you may have trouble getting quality sleep.
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With vulvodynia, your gynecologist or another member of your care team likely will ask you questions about your medical and sexual history. You'll also be asked if you've had any surgeries.
You also might have a:
Pelvic exam.Your outer genitals and vagina are checked for signs of an infection or other causes of your symptoms. A sample of cells from your vagina might be taken to test for an infection caused by yeast or bacteria. Your health care professional also might insert a gloved finger into your vagina to check the pelvic floor muscles for tenderness.
Cotton swab test.A moistened cotton swab is used to gently check for specific areas of pain in your vulva. If a painful area is found, you'll likely be asked what it feels like and how much it hurts.
Biopsy.If the skin of the vulva looks different than usual, your doctor or gynecologist might remove a small sample of tissue for a lab to check.
Blood test.This may be done to check your levels of hormones such as estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
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Vulvodynia treatments focus on relieving symptoms. No one treatment works in every case. For many people, a mix of treatments works best. It can take time to find the right combination. It also can take months to get relief.
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You might find it helpful to talk with other people who have vulvodynia. You can share information, talk about your experiences and feel less alone. If you don't want to join a support group, a member of your care team might be able to recommend a counselor in your area who has experience helping people with vulvodynia.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care doctor. In some cases, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the female reproductive tract, called a gynecologist.
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Simple self-care steps may help you manage vulvodynia symptoms.
Some tips for work are:
Get comfortable.If you sit a lot during the day, use a foam rubber-donut cushion.
Try to stand more.This takes pressure off the areas around your vulva.
Tips for exercise include:
Limit high-intensity exercises,such as running. These create friction that can irritate the vulva.
Use a frozen gel pack after exercise.Wrap it in a towel and put in on your vulva for up to 15 minutes to ease any symptoms.
Limit activities that put pressure on your vulva,such as biking or horseback riding.
Tips for bathing and swimming include:
Wash gently.Scrubbing the affected area harshly or washing too often can make irritation worse. Instead, use plain lukewarm or cool water to gently clean your vulva with your hand. Then pat the area dry. After you bathe, put on a preservative-free emollient, such as plain petroleum jelly. This creates a protective barrier.
Stay away from products that can irritate the vulva.Don't use bubble bath, feminine hygiene products, or perfumed creams or soaps.
Soak in a sitz bath.Two to three times a day, sit in lukewarm or cool water with Epsom salts or colloidal oatmeal for 5 to 10 minutes. This may help relieve burning and irritation.
Stay out of hot tubs and hot baths.Spending time in hot water can cause discomfort and itching.
Swim in pools that don't have a lot of chlorine.This pool disinfectant keeps the water clean, but too much can be irritating.
Some hygiene tips are:
Don't use deodorant tampons or pads.The deodorant can be irritating. Instead, use pads and tampons that are 100% cotton.
Use toilet paper that is soft, white and unscented.
Urinate before your bladder feels full.Then rinse your vulva with water and pat dry.
Some tips for clothing and laundry are:
Wear loose-fitting clothes.Tight clothing limits airflow to your vulva, which can be irritating to the area. Wear 100% cotton underwear instead of nylon underwear. Try sleeping without underwear at night. Also make sure to wear loose pants and skirts. Choose thigh-high or knee-high hose instead of pantyhose.
After a workout, take off exercise clothes right away.Remove a wet bathing suit after you swim too.
Use laundry detergents made for sensitive skin.And don't use fabric softener on underwear.
If your washing machine has a double- or extra-rinse cycle,use it on clothes that come in contact with your vulva. This helps rinse off detergent.
If you're sexually active:
Use a water-based lubricant.Put it on before you have sex. Don't use products that contain alcohol, dyes, perfume, flavor, or warming or cooling ingredients.
Choose your birth control with care.Keep in mind that spermicide or contraceptive creams may be irritating. Talk with your doctor or other member of your care team about a form of birth control that won't irritate your vulva.
Urinate after sex.This can lower your chances of getting an infection. After you urinate, rinse your vulva with cool water and pat dry.
Try cold compresses or gel packs to ease burning.Wrap them in a towel and place them on your vulva for 15 minutes at a time.
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pain, swelling, throbbing, soreness, vulva, aching, burning, vulvodynia, irritation, stinging, rawness, sharp pain
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271 |
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20371226
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371230
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20371231
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob (KROITS-felt YAH-kobe) disease, also known as CJD, is a rare brain disorder that leads to dementia. It belongs to a group of human and animal diseases known as prion disorders. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. But Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually gets worse much faster and leads to death.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) received public attention in the 1990s when some people in the United Kingdom became sick with a form of the disease. They developed variant CJ, known as vCJD, after eating meat from diseased cattle. However, most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease haven't been linked to eating beef.
All types ofCJDare serious but are very rare. About 1 to 2 cases ofCJDare diagnosed per million people around the world each year. The disease most often affects older adults.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is marked by changes in mental abilities. Symptoms get worse quickly, usually within several weeks to a few months. Early symptoms include:
Death usually occurs within a year. People with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually die of medical issues associated with the disease. They might include having trouble swallowing, falls, heart issues, lung failure, or pneumonia or other infections.
In people with variantCJD, changes in mental abilities may be more apparent in the beginning of the disease. In many cases, dementia develops later in the illness. Symptoms of dementia include the loss of the ability to think, reason and remember.
VariantCJDaffects people at a younger age thanCJD. VariantCJDappears to last 12 to 14 months.
Another rare form of prion disease is called variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). It can mimic other forms of dementia. It causes changes in mental abilities and problems with speech and thinking. The course of the disease is longer than other prion diseases — about 24 months.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and related conditions appear to be caused by changes to a type of protein called a prion. These proteins are typically produced in the body. But when they encounter infectious prions, they fold and become another shape that's not typical. They can spread and affect processes in the body.
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Most cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease occur for unknown reasons. So risk factors can't be identified. But a few factors seem to be associated with different kinds ofCJD.
Exposure to contaminated tissue.People who've received infected human growth hormone may be at risk of iatrogenicCJD. Receiving a transplant of tissue that covers the brain, called dura mater, from someone withCJDalso can put a person at risk of iatrogenicCJD.
The risk of gettingvCJDfrom eating contaminated beef is very low. In countries that have implemented effective public health measures, the risk is virtually nonexistent. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease that affects deer, elk, reindeer and moose. It has been found in some areas of North America. To date, no documented cases of chronic wasting disease (CWD) have caused disease in humans.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has serious effects on the brain and body. The disease usually progresses quickly. Over time, people withCJDwithdraw from friends and family. They also lose the ability to care for themselves. Many slip into a coma. The disease is always fatal.
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There's no known way to prevent sporadicCJD. If you have a family history of neurological disease, you may benefit from talking with a genetics counselor. A counselor can help you sort through your risks.
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A brain biopsy or an exam of brain tissue after death, known as an autopsy, is the gold standard to confirm the presence of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, known as CJD. But health care providers often can make an accurate diagnosis before death. They base a diagnosis on your medical and personal history, a neurological exam, and certain diagnostic tests.
A neurological exam may point to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) if you're experiencing:
In addition, health care providers commonly use these tests to help detectCJD:
Spinal fluid tests.Spinal fluid surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord. In a test called a lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, a small amount of spinal fluid is taken for testing. This test can rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms toCJD. It also can detect levels of proteins that may point toCJDor variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).
A newer test called real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) can detect the presence of the prion proteins that causeCJD. This test can diagnoseCJDbefore death, unlike an autopsy.
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No effective treatment exists for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or any of its variants. Many medicines have been tested and haven't shown benefits. Health care providers focus on relieving pain and other symptoms and on making people with these diseases as comfortable as possible.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call for an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a brain specialist, known as a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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thinking, dementia, lung failure, reason, heart issues, pneumonia, infections, falls, problems with speech, death, prion disease, trouble swallowing, loss of ability to think, creutzfeldt-jakob disease, remember
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274 |
Depression (major depressive disorder)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356013
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20356017
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Depression is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. Also called major depressive disorder or clinical depression, it affects how you feel, think and behave and can lead to a variety of emotional and physical problems. You may have trouble doing normal day-to-day activities, and sometimes you may feel as if life isn't worth living.
More than just a bout of the blues, depression isn't a weakness and you can't simply "snap out" of it. Depression may require long-term treatment. But don't get discouraged. Most people with depression feel better with medication, psychotherapy or both.
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Although depression may occur only once during your life, people typically have multiple episodes. During these episodes, symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:
Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports
Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches
For many people with depression, symptoms usually are severe enough to cause noticeable problems in day-to-day activities, such as work, school, social activities or relationships with others. Some people may feel generally miserable or unhappy without really knowing why.
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If you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, talk to a friend or loved one, any health care professional, a faith leader, or someone else you trust.
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It's not known exactly what causes depression. As with many mental disorders, a variety of factors may be involved, such as:
Biological differences.People with depression appear to have physical changes in their brains. The significance of these changes is still uncertain, but may eventually help pinpoint causes.
Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that likely play a role in depression. Recent research indicates that changes in the function and effect of these neurotransmitters and how they interact with neurocircuits involved in maintaining mood stability may play a significant role in depression and its treatment.
Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression. Hormone changes can result with pregnancy and during the weeks or months after delivery (postpartum) and from thyroid problems, menopause or a number of other conditions.
Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives also have this condition. Researchers are trying to find genes that may be involved in causing depression.
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Depression often begins in the teens, 20s or 30s, but it can happen at any age. More women than men are diagnosed with depression, but this may be due in part because women are more likely to seek treatment.
Factors that seem to increase the risk of developing or triggering depression include:
Certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem and being too dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
Traumatic or stressful events, such as physical or sexual abuse, the death or loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or financial problems
Blood relatives with a history of depression, bipolar disorder, alcoholism or suicide
Being lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender, or having variations in the development of genital organs that aren't clearly male or female (intersex) in an unsupportive situation
History of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder, eating disorders or post-traumatic stress disorder
Abuse of alcohol or recreational drugs
Serious or chronic illness, including cancer, stroke, chronic pain or heart disease
Certain medications, such as some high blood pressure medications or sleeping pills (talk to your doctor before stopping any medication)
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Depression is a serious disorder that can take a terrible toll on you and your family. Depression often gets worse if it isn't treated, resulting in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your life.
Examples of complications associated with depression include:
Excess weight or obesity, which can lead to heart disease and diabetes
Pain or physical illness
Alcohol or drug misuse
Anxiety, panic disorder or social phobia
Family conflicts, relationship difficulties, and work or school problems
Social isolation
Suicidal feelings, suicide attempts or suicide
Self-mutilation, such as cutting
Premature death from medical conditions
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There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help.
Take steps to control stress,to increase your resilience and boost your self-esteem.
Reach out to family and friends,especially in times of crisis, to help you weather rough spells.
Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening.
Consider getting long-term maintenance treatmentto help prevent a relapse of symptoms.
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Your doctor may determine a diagnosis of depression based on:
Physical exam.Your doctor may do a physical exam and ask questions about your health. In some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
Lab tests.For example, your doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test your thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
Psychiatric evaluation.Your mental health professional asks about your symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may be asked to fill out a questionnaire to help answer these questions.
DSM-5.Your mental health professional may use the criteria for depression listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
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Medications and psychotherapy are effective for most people with depression. Your primary care doctor or psychiatrist can prescribe medications to relieve symptoms. However, many people with depression also benefit from seeing a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health professional.
If you have severe depression, you may need a hospital stay, or you may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until your symptoms improve.
Here's a closer look at depression treatment options.
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Talk with your doctor or therapist about improving your coping skills, and try these tips:
Simplify your life.Cut back on obligations when possible, and set reasonable goals for yourself. Give yourself permission to do less when you feel down.
Write in a journal.Journaling, as part of your treatment, may improve mood by allowing you to express pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
Read reputable self-help books and websites.Your doctor or therapist may be able to recommend books or websites to read.
Locate helpful groups.Many organizations, such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) and the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance, offer education, support groups, counseling and other resources to help with depression. Employee assistance programs and religious groups also may offer help for mental health concerns.
Don't become isolated.Try to participate in social activities, and get together with family or friends regularly. Support groups for people with depression can help you connect to others facing similar challenges and share experiences.
Learn ways to relax and manage your stress.Examples include meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga and tai chi.
Structure your time.Plan your day. You may find it helps to make a list of daily tasks, use sticky notes as reminders or use a planner to stay organized.
Don't make important decisions when you're down.Avoid decision-making when you're feeling depressed, since you may not be thinking clearly.
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You may see your primary care doctor, or your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Depression generally isn't a disorder that you can treat on your own. But in addition to professional treatment, these self-care steps can help:
Stick to your treatment plan.Don't skip psychotherapy sessions or appointments. Even if you're feeling well, don't skip your medications. If you stop, depression symptoms may come back, and you could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms. Recognize that it will take time to feel better.
Learn about depression.Education about your condition can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. Encourage your family to learn about depression to help them understand and support you.
Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your doctor or therapist to learn what might trigger your depression symptoms. Make a plan so that you know what to do if your symptoms get worse. Contact your doctor or therapist if you notice any changes in symptoms or how you feel. Ask relatives or friends to help watch for warning signs.
Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.It may seem like alcohol or drugs lessen depression symptoms, but in the long run they generally worsen symptoms and make depression harder to treat. Talk with your doctor or therapist if you need help with alcohol or substance use.
Take care of yourself.Eat healthy, be physically active and get plenty of sleep. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or another activity that you enjoy. Sleeping well is important for both your physical and mental well-being. If you're having trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor about what you can do.
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pleasure, guilt, restlessness, unexplained physical problems, weight loss, speaking, thoughts of death, headaches, body movements, tiredness, anxiety, self-blame, concentrating, making decisions, death, hopelessness, sleep disturbances, weight gain, angry outbursts, slowed thinking, sadness, agitation, remembering, lack of energy, depression, reduced appetite and weight loss, frustration, irritability, pain, emptiness, increased cravings, tearfulness, reduced appetite, back pain, trouble thinking, feelings of worthlessness, insomnia, suicidal thoughts, loss of interest
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276 |
C. difficile infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/symptoms-causes/syc-20351691
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351697
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/c-difficile/doctors-departments/ddc-20351699
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Clostridioides difficile (klos-TRID-e-oi-deez dif-uh-SEEL) is a bacterium that causes an infection of the colon, the longest part of the large intestine. Symptoms can range from diarrhea to life-threatening damage to the colon. The bacterium is often called C. difficile or C. diff.
Illness from C. difficile often occurs after using antibiotic medicines. It mostly affects older adults in hospitals or in long-term care settings. People not in care settings or hospitals also can get C. difficile infection. Some strains of the bacterium that can cause serious infections are more likely to affect younger people.
The bacterium used to be called Clostridium (klos-TRID-e-um) difficile.
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Symptoms often begin within 5 to 10 days after starting an antibiotic. But symptoms can occur as soon as the first day or up to three months later.
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Some people have loose stools during or shortly after antibiotic therapy. This may be caused by C. difficile infection. Make a health care appointment if you have:
Three or more watery stools a day.
Symptoms lasting more than two days.
A new fever.
Severe belly pain or cramping.
Blood in your stool.
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C. difficile bacteria enter the body through the mouth. They can begin reproducing in the small intestine. When they reach the part of the large intestine, called the colon, the bacteria can release toxins that damage tissues. These toxins destroy cells and cause watery diarrhea.
Outside the colon, the bacteria aren't active. They can live for a long time in places such as:
Human or animal feces.
Surfaces in a room.
Unwashed hands.
Soil.
Water.
Food, including meat.
When bacteria once again find their way into a person's digestive system, they become active again and cause infection. Because C. difficile can live outside the body, the bacteria spread easily. Not washing hands or cleaning well make it easy to spread the bacteria.
Some people carry C. difficile bacteria in their intestines but never get sick from it. These people are carriers of the bacteria. They can spread infections without being sick.
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People who have no known risk factors have gotten sick from C. difficile. But certain factors increase the risk.
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Complications of C. difficile infection include:
Loss of fluids, called dehydration.Severe diarrhea can lead to a serious loss of fluids and minerals called electrolytes. This makes it hard for the body to work as it should. It can cause blood pressure to drop so low as to be dangerous.
Kidney failure.In some cases, dehydration can occur so quickly that the kidneys stop working, called kidney failure.
Toxic megacolon.In this rare condition, the colon can't get rid of gas and stool. This causes it to enlarge, called megacolon. Untreated, the colon can burst.Bacteria also may enter the bloodstream. Toxic megacolon may be fatal. It needs emergency surgery.
A hole in the large intestine, called bowel perforation.This rare condition results from damage to the lining of the colon or occurs after toxic megacolon. Bacteria spilling from the colon into the hollow space in the middle of the body, called the abdominal cavity, can lead to a life-threatening infection called peritonitis.
Death.Serious C. difficile infection can quickly become fatal if not treated promptly. Rarely, death can occur with mild to moderate infection.
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To protect against C. difficile, don't take antibiotics unless you need them. Sometimes, you may get a prescription for antibiotics to treat conditions not caused by bacteria, such as viral illnesses. Antibiotics don't help infections caused by viruses.
If you need an antibiotic, ask if you can get a prescription for a medicine that you take for a shorter time or is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics target a limited number of bacteria types. They're less likely to affect healthy bacteria.
To help prevent the spread of C. difficile, hospitals and other health care settings follow strict rules to control infections. If you have a loved one in a hospital or nursing home, follow the rules. Ask questions if you see caregivers or other people not following the rules.
Measures to prevent C. difficile include:
Hand-washing.Health care workers should make sure their hands are clean before and after treating each person in their care. For a C. difficile outbreak, using soap and warm water is better for cleaning hands. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers don't destroy C. difficile spores.Visitors to health care facilities also should wash their hands with soap and warm water before and after leaving rooms or using the bathroom.
Contact precautions.People who are hospitalized with C. difficile infection have a private room or share a room with someone who has the same illness. Hospital staff and visitors wear disposable gloves and isolation gowns while in the room.
Thorough cleaning.In any health care setting, all surfaces should be carefully disinfected with a product that has chlorine bleach. C. difficile spores can survive cleaning products that don't have bleach.
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A diagnosis of C. difficile infection is based on having:
Diarrhea.
Other symptoms of C. difficile infection.
C. difficile in a stool sample.
People who have regular, formed stools should not be tested for C. difficile infection. Some people get C. difficile infection without having taken antibiotics. So recent use of antibiotics is not needed for making a diagnosis of C. difficile infection.
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Treatments are used only for symptoms of infection. People who carry the bacteria but aren't sick don't get treated.
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Supportive treatment for diarrhea includes:
Plenty of fluids.Choose fluids that have water, salt and sugar, such as diluted fruit juice, soft drinks and broths.
Good nutrition.For watery diarrhea, eat starchy foods, such as potatoes, noodles, rice, wheat and oatmeal. Other good choices are saltine crackers, bananas, soup and boiled vegetables. If you aren't hungry, you may need a liquid diet at first. After the diarrhea clears up, you might have trouble digesting milk and milk-based products for a while.
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symptoms
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278 |
Valley fever
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378765
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/doctors-departments/ddc-20378766
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Valley fever is a fungal infection caused by coccidioides (kok-sid-e-OY-deze) organisms. It can cause signs and symptoms such as a fever, cough and tiredness.
Two coccidioides fungi species cause valley fever. These fungi are commonly found in soil in specific regions. The fungi's spores can be stirred into the air by anything that disrupts the soil, such as farming, construction and wind.
People can then breathe the fungi into their lungs. The fungi can cause valley fever, also known as acute coccidioidomycosis (kok-sid-e-oy-doh-my-KOH-sis). Mild cases of valley fever usually resolve on their own. In more-severe cases, doctors treat the infection with antifungal medications.
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Valley fever is the initial form of coccidioidomycosis infection. This initial, acute illness can develop into a more serious disease, including chronic and disseminated coccidioidomycosis.
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Seek medical care if you are over 60, have a weakened immune system, are pregnant, or are of Filipino or African heritage, and you develop the signs and symptoms of valley fever, especially if you:
Be sure to tell your doctor if you've traveled to a place where valley fever is common and you have symptoms.
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Valley fever is caused by a person inhaling spores of certain fungi. The fungi that cause valley fever — Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii — live in the soil in parts of Arizona, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, California, Texas and Washington. It's named after the San Joaquin Valley in California. The fungi can also often be found in northern Mexico and Central and South America.
Like many other fungi, coccidioides species have a complex life cycle. In the soil, they grow as a mold with long filaments that break off into airborne spores when the soil is disturbed. A person can then inhale the spores.
The spores are extremely small and can be carried far by the wind. Once inside the lungs, the spores reproduce, continuing the disease cycle.
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Risk factors for valley fever include:
Environmental exposure.Anyone who inhales the spores that cause valley fever is at risk of infection. People who live in areas where the fungi are common — especially those who spend a lot of time outdoors — have a greater risk.
Also, people who have jobs that expose them to dust are most at risk — construction, road and agricultural workers, ranchers, archaeologists, and military personnel on field exercises.
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Some people, especially pregnant women, people with weakened immune systems — such as those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS— and those of Filipino or African heritage are at risk of developing a more severe form of coccidioidomycosis.
Complications of coccidioidomycosis may include:
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There is no vaccine to prevent valley fever.
If you live in or visit areas where valley fever is common, take common-sense precautions, especially during the dry season following a rainy season when the chance of infection is highest.
Consider these tips:
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To diagnose valley fever, your doctor may evaluate your medical history and review your signs and symptoms. Valley fever is difficult to diagnose based on the signs and symptoms, because symptoms are usually vague and similar to those that occur in other illnesses. Even a chest X-ray can't help doctors see the difference between valley fever and other forms of lung infection such as pneumonia.
To diagnose valley fever, doctors may order one or more of the following tests:
If doctors think you may have pneumonia due to valley fever, they may also order imaging tests, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or chest X-ray.
If needed, doctors may remove a sample of tissue from the lungs for testing.
In some cases, doctors may do a skin test to find out if you've had valley fever in the past and have developed immunity.
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Valley fever usually involves supportive care and sometimes medications.
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Make an appointment with your doctor if you develop signs or symptoms of valley fever and are in or have recently returned from a region where this condition is common.
Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.
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coccidioidomycosis infection, acute illness, fever, initial, coccidioidomycosis
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279 |
Cold urticaria
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/symptoms-causes/syc-20371046
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371051
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cold-urticaria/doctors-departments/ddc-20371052
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Cold urticaria (ur-tih-KAR-e-uh) is a reaction that appears within minutes after skin is exposed to the cold. Itchy welts, also called hives, arise on affected skin.
Symptoms in people with cold urticaria can range from minor to serious. For some people with this condition, swimming in cold water could lead to low blood pressure, fainting or shock.
Cold urticaria occurs most often in young adults. If you think you have this condition, check in with your healthcare team. Treatment usually includes steps to keep cold urticaria from happening, such as taking antihistamines and staying away from cold air and water.
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Cold urticaria symptoms may include:
Serious responses may include:
Cold urticaria symptoms begin soon after the skin is exposed to a sudden drop in air temperature or cold water. Damp and windy conditions may cause symptoms to flare up. Each bout of symptoms may last for about two hours.
The worst reactions generally occur when all of the skin is exposed to cold, such as when swimming in cold water. These reactions could lead to fainting and drowning.
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If you have skin reactions after being exposed to the cold, see your healthcare professional. Even if the reactions are mild, your healthcare professional will want to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.
Seek emergency care if your whole body is affected or you find it hard to breathe after suddenly being exposed to the cold.
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No one knows what causes cold urticaria. You could have sensitive skin cells due to a virus or an illness or from a trait passed down in your genes. In the most common forms of this condition, cold causes the release of histamine and other chemicals into the blood. These chemicals cause itching, and they sometimes affect the whole body.
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You're more likely to have cold urticaria if:
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The main possible complication of cold urticaria is a serious response that occurs after large areas of skin are exposed to the cold, such as when swimming in cold water.
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These tips may help stop cold urticaria from happening:
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An ice cube is placed on your skin for five minutes to diagnose cold urticaria. If you have cold urticaria, a raised bump, also called a hive, will form a few minutes after the ice cube is taken away. This is called the ice cube or cold contact test.
In some cases, another condition, such as an infection or cancer, causes cold urticaria. This condition affects your immune system. If your healthcare professional thinks you have another condition that could be causing cold urticaria, you may need other tests.
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In some people, cold urticaria goes away on its own after weeks or months. In others, it lasts longer. While there is no cure for the condition, treatment and taking steps to avoid cold urticaria can help.
Your healthcare professional may recommend that you try to keep symptoms from happening or reduce those symptoms using home remedies. These remedies include antihistamines available without a prescription and staying away from the cold. If these treatments don't help, you may need prescription medicine.
Medicines used to treat cold urticaria include:
If you have cold urticaria because of another condition, you may need medicines or treatments for that condition as well. If you have a history of responses that affect your whole body, your healthcare professional may prescribe an epinephrine autoinjector (EpiPen, Auvi-Q, others) that you'll need to carry with you.
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You'll probably see your primary care professional first. You also may need to see a healthcare professional who specializes in skin diseases, known as a dermatologist. Or you may need to see an allergy specialist, called an allergist-immunologist.
Preparing a list of questions for your healthcare professional will help you make the most of your time together. For cold urticaria, some questions to ask include:
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fainting, symptoms last, urticaria, reactions
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280 |
Hypothermia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352682
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352688
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothermia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352689
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Hypothermia is a condition that occurs when core body temperature drops below 95 degrees Fahrenheit (35 degrees Celsius). It is a medical emergency. In hypothermia (hi-poe-THUR-me-uh), the body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Regular body temperature is around 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit (37 degrees Celsius).
When body temperature drops, the heart, nervous system and other organs can't work as well as they usually do. Left untreated, hypothermia can cause the heart and respiratory system to fail and eventually can lead to death.
Common causes of hypothermia include exposure to cold weather or immersion in cold water. Treatment for hypothermia includes methods to warm the body back to a regular temperature.
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When the temperature starts to drop, the body can start to shiver. Shivering is the body's attempt to warm itself. It is an automatic defense against cold temperature.
Symptoms of hypothermia include:
Shivering.
Slurred speech or mumbling.
Slow, shallow breathing.
Weak pulse.
Clumsiness or lack of coordination.
Drowsiness or very low energy.
Confusion or memory loss.
Loss of consciousness.
In infants, bright red, cold skin.
People with hypothermia usually aren't aware of their condition. The symptoms often begin gradually. Also, the confused thinking associated with hypothermia prevents self-awareness. The confused thinking also can lead to risk-taking behavior.
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Call 911 or your local emergency numberif you suspect someone has hypothermia.
While waiting for emergency help to arrive, gently move the person inside if possible. Jarring movements can trigger dangerous irregular heartbeats. Carefully remove any wet clothing and replace it with warm, dry coats or blankets.
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Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it produces it. The most common causes of hypothermia are exposure to cold-weather conditions or cold water. But prolonged exposure to any environment colder than the body can lead to hypothermia if a person isn't dressed properly or can't control the conditions.
Specific conditions leading to hypothermia include:
Wearing clothes that aren't warm enough for weather conditions.
Staying out in the cold too long.
Being unable to get out of wet clothes or move to a warm, dry location.
Falling into the water, such as in a boating accident.
Living in a house that's too cold, either from poor heating or too much air conditioning.
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Risk factors for hypothermia include:
Exhaustion.Fatigue reduces a person's ability to tolerate cold.
Older age.The body's ability to regulate temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. And some older adults may not be able to tell someone when they are cold or to move to a warm location if they do feel cold.
Very young age.Children lose heat faster than adults do. Children also may ignore the cold because they're having too much fun to think about it. They may not have the judgment to dress properly in cold weather or to get out of the cold when they should.
Mental conditions.People with a mental illness, dementia or other conditions that interfere with judgment may not dress properly for the weather or understand the risk of cold weather. People with dementia may wander from home or get lost easily, making them more likely to be stranded outside in cold or wet weather.
Alcohol and drug use.Alcohol may make the body feel warm inside, but it causes blood vessels to expand. As a result, the surface of the skin loses heat more rapidly. Alcohol also reduces the body's natural shivering response.In addition, the use of alcohol or recreational drugs can affect judgment about the need to get inside or wear warm clothes in cold-weather conditions. A person who is intoxicated and passes out in cold weather is likely to develop hypothermia.
Certain medical conditions.Some health disorders affect the body's ability to regulate body temperature. Examples include an underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism; poor nutrition or anorexia nervosa; diabetes; stroke; severe arthritis; Parkinson's disease; trauma; and spinal cord injuries.
Medicines.Some drugs can change the body's ability to regulate its temperature. Examples include certain antidepressants, antipsychotics, narcotic pain medicines and sedatives.
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People who develop hypothermia because of exposure to cold weather or cold water are also vulnerable to other cold-related injuries, including:
Frostbite, which is when skin and underlying tissues become frozen.
Gangrene, which is when body tissue decays and dies because blood flow is blocked.
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The diagnosis of hypothermia usually is clear based on a person's symptoms. The conditions in which the person with hypothermia became ill or was found also often make the diagnosis clear. Blood tests can help confirm hypothermia and its severity.
A diagnosis may not be clear, however, if the symptoms are mild. For example, hypothermia may not be considered when an older person who is indoors has symptoms of confusion, lack of coordination and speech problems.
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Seek immediate medical attention for anyone who appears to have hypothermia. Until medical help is available, follow these first-aid guidelines for hypothermia.
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weak pulse, cold skin, shallow breathing, shivering, clumsiness, shiver, drowsiness, slurred speech, bright red skin, confusion, memory loss, hypothermia, low energy, loss of consciousness
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281 |
Common cold
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/symptoms-causes/syc-20351605
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-cold/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351611
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The common cold is an illness affecting your nose and throat. Most often, it's harmless, but it might not feel that way. Germs called viruses cause a common cold.
Often, adults may have two or three colds each year. Infants and young children may have colds more often.
Most people recover from a common cold in 7 to 10 days. Symptoms might last longer in people who smoke. Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. If symptoms don't get better or if they get worse, see your health care provider.
Illnesses of the nose and throat caused by germs are called upper respiratory tract infections.
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Most often, common cold symptoms start 1 to 3 days after someone is exposed to a cold virus. Symptoms vary. They can include:
Runny or stuffy nose.
Sore or scratchy throat.
Cough.
Sneezing.
Generally feeling unwell.
Slight body aches or a mild headache.
Low-grade fever.
The mucus from your nose may start out clear and become thicker and yellow or green. This change is normal. Most often, it doesn't mean that you have a bacterial illness.
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For adults.Most often, you don't need medical care for a common cold. But see your health care provider if you have:
Symptoms that get worse or do not get better.
Fever greater than 101.3 degrees Fahrenheit (38.5 degrees Celsius) that lasts more than three days.
Fever returning after a fever-free period.
Shortness of breath.
Wheezing.
Intense sore throat, headache or sinus pain.
For children.Most children with a common cold don't need to see a health care provider. Get medical care right away if your child has any of the following:
Fever of 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) in newborns up to 12 weeks.
Rising fever or fever lasting more than two days in a child of any age.
More-intense symptoms, such as headache, throat pain or cough.
Trouble with breathing or wheezing.
Ear pain.
Fussiness or drowsiness that isn't typical.
No interest in eating.
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Many viruses can cause a common cold. Rhinoviruses are the most common cause.
A cold virus enters the body through the mouth, eyes or nose. The virus can spread by:
Droplets in the air when someone who is sick coughs, sneezes or talks.
Hand-to-hand contact with someone who has a cold.
Sharing objects with the virus on them, such as dishes, towels, toys or telephones.
Touching your eyes, nose or mouth after contact with the virus.
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These factors can increase the chances of getting a cold:
Age.Infants and young children have a greater risk of colds than other people, especially if they spend time in child care settings.
Weakened immune system.Having a long-term illness or weakened immune system increases your risk.
Time of year.Both children and adults are more likely to get colds in fall and winter.
Smoking.Smoking or being around secondhand smoke increases the risk of catching a cold.
Exposure.Being in crowds, such as at school or on an airplane, increases the chance of getting a cold.
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These conditions can occur along with your cold:
Middle ear infection.This is the swelling and build-up of fluids in the space behind the eardrum. It may be caused by a virus or bacteria. Typical signs and symptoms include earaches or the return of a fever following a common cold.
Asthma.A cold can trigger wheezing, even in people who don't have asthma. For people with asthma, a cold can make it worse.
Sinusitis.In adults or children, a common cold that lasts a while can lead to swelling and pain in the sinuses. These are air-filled spaces in the skull above the eyes and around the nose. A virus or bacteria may cause sinusitis.
Other illnesses.A common cold can lead to illnesses of the lungs, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. People with asthma or weakened immune systems have an increased risk of these conditions.
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There's no vaccine for the common cold. You can take these steps to slow the spread of the virus and prevent illness:
Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water aren't available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol. Teach your children the importance of hand-washing. Try not to touch your eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands.
Clean and disinfect.Clean and disinfect surfaces that are touched often. These include doorknobs, light switches, electronics, and kitchen and bathroom countertops. This is especially important when someone in your family has a cold. Wash children's toys often.
Cover your cough.Sneeze and cough into tissues. Throw away used tissues right away, and then wash your hands. If you don't have a tissue, sneeze or cough into the bend of your elbow, and then wash your hands.
Don't share.Don't share drinking glasses or silverware with other family members.
Stay away from people with colds.Avoid close contact with anyone who has a cold. Stay out of crowds when possible. Try not to touch your eyes, nose and mouth when you're in crowds.
Review your child care center's policies.Look for a child care setting with good hygiene practices and clear policies about keeping sick children at home.
Take care of yourself.Eat well, exercise and get plenty of sleep to help you stay healthy.
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You usually don't need medical care for a common cold. But if symptoms get worse or don't go away, see your health care provider.
Most people with a common cold can be diagnosed by their symptoms. Your care provider may take a nasal or throat swab to rule out other illnesses. A chest X-ray may be ordered to rule out a lung illness.
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There's no cure for the common cold. Most cases of the common cold get better without treatment within 7 to 10 days. But a cough may last a few more days.
The best thing you can do is take care of yourself while your body heals. Care tips include:
Rest.
Drink plenty of liquids.
Humidify the air.
Use saline nasal rinses.
Antibiotics do not treat cold viruses. They are used to treat illnesses caused by bacteria.
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If you or your child has cold symptoms that don't go away or get worse, make an appointment with your health care provider. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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To make yourself as comfortable as possible when you have a cold, try these tips:
Drink plenty of fluids.Water, juice, clear broth or warm lemon water are good choices. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, which can increase fluid loss.
Sip warm liquids.Chicken soup, tea, warm apple juice or other warm liquids can soothe a sore throat and loosen a stuffy nose. Honey may help coughs in adults and children who are older than age 1. Try it in hot tea. Do not give honey to children younger than 1 year old because of the risk of an illness called infant botulism.
Rest.Rest as much as possible. Stay home from work or school if you have a fever or a bad cough. Do not go out if you are drowsy after taking medicine.
Adjust your room's temperature and humidity.Keep your room warm, but not overheated. If the air is dry, a cool-mist humidifier can help with stuffiness and coughing. Clean your humidifier as directed to prevent the growth of bacteria and molds.
Use a saltwater gargle.A saltwater gargle of 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon (1250 to 2500 milligrams) of table salt in 4 to 8 fluid ounces (120 to 240 milliliters) of warm water can help soothe a sore throat. Gargle the solution and then spit it out. Most children younger than 6 years aren't able to gargle properly.
Try other throat soothers.Use ice chips, lozenges or hard candy to soothe a sore throat. Use caution when giving lozenges or hard candy to children because they can choke on them. Don't give lozenges or hard candy to children younger than 6 years.
Try saline nasal drops or sprays.Saline nasal drops or sprays can keep nasal passages moist and loosen mucus.
Use a suction bulb for younger children.In infants and younger children, apply saline nasal drops, wait for a short period and then use a suction bulb to draw mucus out of each nostril. Insert the bulb syringe about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (6 to 12 millimeters).
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bacterial illness, cough, throat, headache, scratchy throat, mild headache, fever, feeling unwell, low-grade fever, body aches, sneezing, sore, sore throat, runny nose, stuffy nose, aches
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282 |
Ischemic colitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20374001
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374005
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ischemic-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20374006
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Ischemic colitis happens when blood flow to part of the large intestine, called the colon, is temporarily reduced. When blood flow slows down, cells in the colon don't get enough oxygen, which may result in damage and swelling of the colon's tissues. Causes of reduced blood flow may include narrowing of the blood vessels supplying the colon or low blood pressure. Ischemic colitis is also called colonic ischemia.
Any part of the colon can be affected, but ischemic colitis most commonly causes pain on the left side of the belly area.
Ischemic colitis can be hard to diagnose because it can easily be confused with other digestive problems. You may need medicine to treat ischemic colitis or prevent infection. Or you may need surgery if your colon has been damaged. Most often, however, ischemic colitis heals on its own.
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Symptoms of ischemic colitis can include:
Pain, tenderness or cramping in the belly, which can happen suddenly or happen over time.
Bright red or maroon blood in the stool or, at times, passage of blood alone without stool.
A feeling of urgency to move the bowels.
Diarrhea.
Nausea.
The risk of serious complications is higher when symptoms happen on the right side of the belly. This is less commonly seen compared with left-sided colitis. People with right-sided colitis tend to have more underlying medical conditions, such as high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation and kidney disease. They more often have to undergo surgery and also have a higher risk of death.
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Seek immediate medical care if you have sudden, severe pain in your belly area. Pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still or find a comfortable position is a medical emergency.
Contact a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you, such as bloody diarrhea. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications.
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The exact cause of decreased blood flow to the colon isn't always clear. But several factors can increase the risk of ischemic colitis:
Buildup of fatty deposits on the walls of an artery, also called atherosclerosis.
Low blood pressure, also called hypotension, associated with dehydration, heart failure, surgery, trauma or shock.
Bowel obstruction caused by a hernia, scar tissue or a tumor.
Surgery involving the heart or blood vessels, or the digestive or gynecological systems.
Medical conditions that affect the blood, including lupus, sickle cell anemia or inflammation of the blood vessels, a condition known as vasculitis.
Cocaine or methamphetamine use.
Colon cancer, which is rare.
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Risk factors for ischemic colitis include:
Age.The condition happens mostly in adults older than age 60. Ischemic colitis that happens in a young adult may be a sign of a blood-clotting issue. It also may be due to inflammation of the blood vessels, also known as vasculitis.
Sex.Ischemic colitis is more common in women.
Clotting problems.Conditions that affect the way the blood clots, such as factor V Leiden or sickle cell disease, may increase the risk of ischemic colitis.
High cholesterol,which can lead to atherosclerosis.
Reduced blood flow,due to heart failure, low blood pressure or shock. Blood flow also can be affected by certain conditions, including diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis.
Previous abdominal surgery.Scar tissue that forms after surgery may cause reduced blood flow.
Heavy exercise,such as marathon running, which can lead to reduced blood flow to the colon.
Surgeryinvolving the heart, digestive or gynecological systems.
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Ischemic colitis usually gets better on its own within 2 to 3 days. In more-serious cases, complications can include:
Tissue death,also called gangrene, resulting from diminished blood flow.
Hole formation,also known as perforation, in the intestine or persistent bleeding.
Bowel obstruction,also called ischemic stricture.
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Since the cause of ischemic colitis isn't always clear, there's no certain way to prevent the disorder. Most people who have ischemic colitis recover quickly and may never have another episode.
To prevent recurrent episodes of ischemic colitis, some healthcare professionals recommend stopping any medicine that might cause the condition. Making sure to stay hydrated, especially when doing vigorous outdoor activities, is also important. This is especially true for those living in warm climates. A test for clotting problems may be recommended as well, especially if no other cause for ischemic colitis is apparent.
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Ischemic colitis can often be confused with other conditions because their symptoms overlap, especially inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Based on symptoms, a healthcare professional may recommend these imaging tests:
AbdominalCTscans,to provide images of the colon that can be helpful in ruling out other disorders, such asIBD.
Colonoscopy.This test, which provides detailed images of the colon, can be helpful in diagnosing ischemic colitis. Colonoscopy also can be used to check for cancer, and to see how well a treatment worked. A tissue sample, called a biopsy, may be collected to help make a diagnosis.
Stool analysis,to rule out infection as a cause of symptoms.
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Treatment for ischemic colitis depends on the severity of the condition.
Symptoms often diminish in 2 to 3 days in mild cases. A healthcare professional may recommend:
Antibiotics, to prevent infections.
Intravenous fluids, if the person is dehydrated.
Treatment for any underlying medical condition, such as congestive heart failure or an irregular heartbeat.
Not taking medicines that constrict the blood vessels, such as migraine or hormone medicines, and some heart medicines.
Bowel rest, which may involve temporarily getting nutrients from a feeding tube.
A care professional also may schedule follow-up colonoscopies to monitor healing and look for complications.
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Go to the emergency room if you have bad stomach pain that makes you so uncomfortable that you can't sit still. You may be referred for immediate surgery to diagnose and treat your condition.
If your symptoms are mild and happen only occasionally, call your healthcare team for an appointment. After the first evaluation, you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist, or a surgeon who specializes in blood vessel disorders, called a vascular surgeon.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment, and what to expect.
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pain, nausea, urgency to move the bowels, diarrhea, passage of blood, atrial fibrillation, cramping, left-sided colitis, death, bright red blood in the stool, tenderness, right-sided colitis, ischemic colitis
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283 |
Microscopic colitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351478
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351483
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/microscopic-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20351485
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Microscopic colitis is swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the large intestine. This large intestine is also called the colon. Microscopic colitis causes symptoms of watery diarrhea.
The condition gets its name from needing to look at colon tissue under a microscope to diagnose it. The tissue appears typical on exam with a colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy.
There are two subtypes of microscopic colitis:
Collagenous colitis, in which a thick layer of protein called collagen grows in colon tissue.
Lymphocytic colitis, in which white blood cells called lymphocytes increase in colon tissue.
Researchers believe collagenous (kuh-LAYJ-uh-nus) colitis and lymphocytic colitis may be forms of the same condition. Symptoms, testing and treatment are the same for both subtypes.
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Symptoms of microscopic colitis include:
Watery diarrhea.
Belly pain, cramps or bloating.
Weight loss.
Nausea.
Not being able to control bowel movements, called fecal incontinence.
The body not having enough water, called dehydration.
The symptoms of microscopic colitis can come and go. At times, symptoms improve on their own.
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If you have watery diarrhea that lasts more than a few days, contact your healthcare professional to diagnose and treat your condition.
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It's not clear what causes the swelling and irritation, called inflammation, of the colon found in microscopic colitis. Researchers believe that the causes may include:
Medicinesthat can inflame the lining of the colon.
Bile acidnot absorbed as it should be that inflames the lining of the colon.
Bacteriathat make toxins or viruses that interact with the lining of the colon.
Autoimmune diseaselinked to microscopic colitis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease or psoriasis. Autoimmune disease happens when the body's immune system attacks healthy tissues.
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Risk factors for microscopic colitis include:
Age.Microscopic colitis is most common in people older than age 50.
Sex.Women are more likely to have microscopic colitis than are men. Some studies suggest a link between post-menopausal hormone therapy and microscopic colitis.
Autoimmune disease.People with microscopic colitis sometimes also have an autoimmune disorder, such as celiac disease, thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes or psoriasis.
Genetic link.Research suggests that there may be a link between microscopic colitis and a family history of irritable bowel syndrome.
Smoking.Recent research studies have shown a link between tobacco smoking and microscopic colitis, mostly in people ages 16 to 44.
Some research studies show a link between using certain medicines that may increase the risk of microscopic colitis. But not all studies agree.
Medicines that may be linked to the condition include:
Pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve).
Proton pump inhibitors including lansoprazole (Prevacid), esomeprazole (Nexium), pantoprazole (Protonix), rabeprazole (Aciphex), omeprazole (Prilosec) and dexlansoprazole (Dexilant).
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as sertraline (Zoloft).
Acarbose.
Flutamide.
Ranitidine.
Carbamazepine (Carbatrol, Tegretol, others).
Clozapine (Clozaril, Versacloz).
Entacapone (Comtan).
Paroxetine (Paxil).
Simvastatin (Flolipid, Zocor).
Topiramate (Topamax, Qsymia, others).
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There are minimal complications for most people once microscopic colitis is successfully treated. The condition does not increase the risk of colon cancer.
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A complete medical history, physical exam and testing can help tell whether other conditions, such as celiac disease, may be causing diarrhea. Your healthcare professional also will ask about medicines you take.
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Microscopic colitis may get better on its own. But when symptoms are severe or don't go away, you may need treatment to relieve them. Healthcare professionals most often start with the simplest treatments that are least likely to cause side effects.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Changes to your diet may help relieve the diarrhea of microscopic colitis. Try to:
Drink plenty of fluids.Water is best, but fluids with added sodium and potassium, called electrolytes, may help as well. Try drinking broth or watered-down fruit juice. Don't drink beverages that are high in sugar or sorbitol or contain alcohol or caffeine, such as coffee, tea and colas. These can make symptoms worse.
Choose soft, easy-to-digest foods.These include applesauce, bananas, melons and rice. Don't eat high-fiber foods such as beans and nuts. Eat only well-cooked vegetables. If you think your symptoms are getting better, slowly add high-fiber foods back to your diet. Talk to your healthcare professional about how long to continue this type of diet.
Eat several small meals rather than a few large meals.Spacing meals throughout the day may ease diarrhea.
Avoid irritating foods.Stay away from spicy, fatty or fried foods and any other foods that make your symptoms worse.
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colitis, nausea, fecal incontinence, watery diarrhea, bloating, belly pain, cramps, weight loss, dehydration
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285 |
Ulcerative colitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20353326
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353331
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ulcerative-colitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20353334
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Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and sores, called ulcers, in part of the digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) affects the innermost lining of the large intestine, called the colon, and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than coming on suddenly.
Ulcerative colitis can weaken the body and can sometimes lead to life-threatening complications. While it has no known cure, treatment can greatly reduce and relieve symptoms of the disease. It also may bring about long-term remission.
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Ulcerative colitis symptoms can vary, depending on how serious the inflammation is and where it happens. Symptoms may include:
Diarrhea, often with blood or pus.
Rectal bleeding — passing a small amount of blood with stool.
Belly pain and cramping.
Rectal pain.
Urgency to pass stool.
Not being able to pass stool despite urgency.
Weight loss.
Fatigue.
Fever.
In children, failure to grow.
About half of the people with ulcerative colitis have mild to moderate symptoms. The course of ulcerative colitis may vary, with some people having long periods of remission.
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See a healthcare professional if you notice a lasting change in your bowel habits or if you have symptoms such as:
Belly pain.
Blood in the stool.
Ongoing diarrhea that doesn't respond to nonprescription medicines.
Diarrhea that awakens you from sleep.
An unexplained fever lasting more than a day or two.
Although ulcerative colitis usually isn't fatal, it's a serious disease that, in some cases, may cause life-threatening complications.
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The exact cause of ulcerative colitis isn't known. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now healthcare professionals know that these factors may worsen but don't cause ulcerative colitis. Possible causes may include:
Immune system issue.One possible cause is an immune system malfunction. When the immune system tries to fight off an invading virus or bacterium, an irregular immune response causes the immune system to attack the cells in the digestive tract too.
Genetic traits.Several genetic markers have been associated with ulcerative colitis. Heredity also seems to play a role in that the condition is more common in people who have family members with the disease.
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Ulcerative colitis affects about the same number of women and men. Risk factors may include:
Age.Ulcerative colitis usually begins before the age of 30. But it can occur at any age, and some people may not develop the disease until after age 60.
Race or ethnicity.Although white people have the highest risk of the disease, ulcerative colitis can happen in any race. The risk is even higher for those of Ashkenazi Jewish descent.
Family history.You're at higher risk if you have a close relative, such as a parent, sibling or child, with the disease.
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Possible complications of ulcerative colitis include:
Severe bleeding.
A hole in the colon, known as a perforated colon.
Severe dehydration.
Loss of red blood cells, known as anemia.
Bone loss, called osteoporosis.
Inflammation of the skin, joints and eyes.
An increased risk of colon cancer.
A rapidly swelling colon, called toxic megacolon.
Increased risk of blood clots in veins and arteries.
Delayed growth and development in children.
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Endoscopic procedures with tissue biopsy are the only way to definitively diagnose ulcerative colitis. Other types of tests can help rule out complications or other forms of inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease.
To help confirm a diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, one or more of the following tests and procedures may be recommended:
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Ulcerative colitis treatment usually involves either drug therapy or surgery.
Several categories of medicines may be effective in treating ulcerative colitis. The type you take depends on the severity of your condition. The medicines that work well for some people may not work for others, so it may take time to find a medicine that helps you.
In addition, because some medicines have serious side effects, you need to weigh the benefits and risks of any treatment.
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Symptoms of ulcerative colitis may first prompt you to visit your primary healthcare professional. Your healthcare professional may recommend that you see a specialist who treats digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist.
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of information to discuss, it's a good idea to be well prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your appointment.
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Sometimes you may feel helpless when facing ulcerative colitis. But changes in your diet and lifestyle may help control your symptoms and lengthen the time between flare-ups.
There's no firm evidence that what you eat actually causes inflammatory bowel disease. But certain foods and beverages can worsen your symptoms, especially during a flare-up.
It can be helpful to keep a food diary to keep track of what you're eating, as well as how you feel. If you discover that some foods are causing your symptoms to flare, you can try removing them from your diet.
Here are some general dietary suggestions that may help you manage your condition:
Limit dairy products.Many people with inflammatory bowel disease find that problems such as diarrhea, belly pain and gas improve by limiting or removing dairy products. You may be lactose intolerant — that is, your body can't digest the milk sugar, called lactose, in dairy foods. Using an enzyme product such as Lactaid may help as well.
Eat small meals.You may find that you feel better eating five or six small meals a day rather than two or three larger ones.
Drink plenty of liquids.Try to drink plenty of liquids daily. Water is best. Alcohol and beverages that contain caffeine stimulate your intestines and can make diarrhea worse, while carbonated drinks frequently produce gas.
Talk to a dietitian.If you begin to lose weight or your diet becomes very limited, talk to a registered dietitian.
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pain, ulcerative colitis, rectal pain, fatigue, diarrhea, belly pain, fever, ulcerative colitis symptoms, bleeding, cramping, urgency to pass stool, inability to pass stool, weight loss, inflammation, rectal bleeding
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286 |
Atelectasis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20369684
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369688
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atelectasis/doctors-departments/ddc-20369689
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Atelectasis (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is the collapse of a lung or part of a lung, also known as a lobe. It happens when tiny air sacs within the lung, called alveoli, lose air.
Atelectasis is one of the most common breathing complications after surgery. It's also a possible complication of other respiratory problems, including cystic fibrosis, lung tumors, chest injuries, fluid in the lung and respiratory weakness. You may develop atelectasis if you breathe in a foreign object.
This condition can make breathing hard, particularly if you already have lung disease. Treatment depends on what's causing the collapse and how severe it is.
The definition of atelectasis is broader than pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks). Pneumothorax is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing part or all of a lung to collapse. Pneumothorax is one of several causes of atelectasis.
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There may be no clear signs of atelectasis. If you have any signs, they may include:
Having a hard time breathing.
Rapid, weak breathing.
Wheezing.
Coughing.
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Always get medical attention right away if you have a hard time breathing. Other conditions besides atelectasis can make it hard to breathe, so it's important to get the right diagnosis and treatment. If your breathing suddenly becomes difficult, get emergency medical help.
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A blocked airway can cause atelectasis. This is called obstructive atelectasis. Pressure from outside the lung also can cause atelectasis. This is called nonobstructive atelectasis.
General anesthesia — which brings on a sleeplike state with the use of medicines before a procedure or surgery — is a common cause of atelectasis. It changes your regular pattern of breathing and affects the exchange of lung gases. This can cause the air sacs in your lungs to lose air. Nearly everyone who has major surgery has some amount of atelectasis. It often occurs after heart bypass surgery.
When a blocked airway causes atelectasis, it may be due to:
Mucus plug.A mucus plug is a buildup of sputum or phlegm in your airways. It commonly occurs during and after surgery because you can't cough. Drugs given during surgery make you breathe less deeply. So mucus that usually would move out of your lungs may build up in your airways. Suctioning the lungs during surgery helps clear them. But sometimes mucus still builds up. Mucus plugs also are common in children, people with cystic fibrosis and during severe asthma attacks.
Foreign body.Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object into their lungs, such as a peanut or part of a small toy.
Tumor inside the airway.A growth, which may or may not be cancer, can narrow or block the airway.
Possible causes of atelectasis due to pressure from outside the lung include:
Injury.Chest trauma, such as from a fall or car accident, can cause you to avoid taking deep breaths due to pain. This can lead to the squeezing of your lungs.
Pleural effusion.This condition involves the buildup of fluid in the space between the lining of your lungs and the inside of your chest wall.
Pneumonia.Various types of pneumonia, which is a lung infection, can cause atelectasis.
Pneumothorax.This is when air leaks into the space between your lungs and chest wall, causing some or all of a lung to collapse.
Scarring of lung tissue.Injury, lung disease or surgery could cause scarring.
Tumor.A large tumor can press against the lung and force air out of it.
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Factors that make you more likely to get atelectasis include:
Any condition that makes it hard to swallow.
Needing to stay in bed over a long time and not having enough changes of position.
Lung disease, such as asthma, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis.
Recent surgery in the stomach area or chest.
Recent general anesthesia.
Weak breathing muscles due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition.
Medicines that may cause weak breathing.
Pain or injury that may make it painful to cough or cause weak breathing, including stomach pain or a broken rib.
Smoking.
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A small area of atelectasis, especially in adults, usually can be treated. These complications may come from atelectasis:
Low blood oxygen (hypoxemia).Atelectasis makes it harder for your lungs to get oxygen to the air sacs.
Pneumonia.Your risk of pneumonia continues until the atelectasis goes away. Mucus in a collapsed lung may lead to infection.
Respiratory failure.Loss of a lobe or a whole lung, especially in an infant or someone with lung disease, can be life-threatening.
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Atelectasis in children is often caused by a blockage in the airway. To lower the risk of atelectasis, keep small objects out of the reach of children.
In adults, atelectasis most commonly occurs after major surgery. If you're scheduled for surgery, talk with your doctor about ways to lower your risk. Some research shows that certain breathing exercises and muscle training may lower the risk of atelectasis after some surgeries.
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A doctor's examination and plain chest X-ray may be all that's needed to diagnose atelectasis. But other tests may be done to confirm the source of symptoms or figure out the type or severity of atelectasis.
These tests include:
CT scan.A CT may be better than an X-ray at finding the cause and type of atelectasis.
Oximetry.This simple test uses a small device placed on one of your fingers to measure your blood oxygen level. It helps in finding out how severe the atelectasis is.
Chest ultrasound.This test uses sound waves to create detailed images of structures inside your chest. A small, hand-held device is pressed against your chest and moved as needed to capture the images. It can find the causes of atelectasis, such as pneumothorax, where air leaks into the space between the lungs and chest wall, and pleural effusion, where fluid builds up around the lungs.
Bronchoscopy.During this test, a flexible, lighted tube is placed down your throat. It allows your doctor to see what may be causing a blockage. Possible causes include a mucus plug, tumor or foreign body. This test also may be used to take out blockages.
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Treatment of atelectasis depends on the cause. Mild atelectasis may go away without treatment. Sometimes, medicines are used to loosen and thin mucus. If the condition is due to a blockage, you may need surgery or other treatments.
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Unless you need emergency care, you're likely to first see your family doctor. But in some cases, when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred right away to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in lung conditions.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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wheezing, rapid breathing, coughing, weak breathing, hard time breathing, atelectasis
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287 |
Pneumothorax
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/symptoms-causes/syc-20350367
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350372
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumothorax/doctors-departments/ddc-20350373
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A pneumothorax (noo-moe-THOR-aks) is a collapsed lung. A pneumothorax occurs when air leaks into the space between your lung and chest wall. This air pushes on the outside of your lung and makes it collapse. A pneumothorax can be a complete lung collapse or a collapse of only a portion of the lung.
A pneumothorax can be caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury, certain medical procedures, or damage from underlying lung disease. Or it may occur for no obvious reason. Symptoms usually include sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. On some occasions, a collapsed lung can be a life-threatening event.
Treatment for a pneumothorax usually involves inserting a needle or chest tube between the ribs to remove the excess air. However, a small pneumothorax may heal on its own.
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The main symptoms of a pneumothorax are sudden chest pain and shortness of breath. Severity of symptoms may depend on how much of the lung is collapsed.
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Symptoms of a pneumothorax can be caused by a variety of health problems, and some can be life-threatening, so seek medical attention. If your chest pain is severe or breathing becomes increasingly difficult, get immediate emergency care.
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A pneumothorax can be caused by:
Chest injury.Any blunt or penetrating injury to your chest can cause lung collapse. Some injuries may happen during physical assaults or car crashes, while others may inadvertently occur during medical procedures that involve the insertion of a needle into the chest.
Lung disease.Damaged lung tissue is more likely to collapse. Lung damage can be caused by many types of underlying diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, lung cancer or pneumonia. Cystic lung diseases, such as lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Birt-Hogg-Dube syndrome, cause round, thin-walled air sacs in the lung tissue that can rupture, resulting in pneumothorax.
Ruptured air blisters.Small air blisters (blebs) can develop on the top of the lungs. These air blisters sometimes burst — allowing air to leak into the space that surrounds the lungs.
Mechanical ventilation.A severe type of pneumothorax can occur in people who need mechanical assistance to breathe. The ventilator can create an imbalance of air pressure within the chest. The lung may collapse completely.
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In general, men are far more likely to have a pneumothorax than women are. The type of pneumothorax caused by ruptured air blisters is most likely to occur in people between 20 and 40 years old, especially if the person is very tall and underweight.
Underlying lung disease or mechanical ventilation can be a cause or a risk factor for a pneumothorax. Other risk factors include:
Smoking.The risk increases with the length of time and the number of cigarettes smoked, even without emphysema.
Genetics.Certain types of pneumothorax appear to run in families.
Previous pneumothorax.Anyone who has had one pneumothorax is at increased risk of another.
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Potential complications vary, depending on the size and severity of the pneumothorax as well as the cause and treatment. Sometimes air may continue to leak if the opening in the lung won't close or pneumothorax may recur.
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A pneumothorax is generally diagnosed using a chest X-ray. In some cases, a computerized tomography (CT) scan may be needed to provide more-detailed images. Ultrasound imaging also may be used to identify a pneumothorax.
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The goal in treating a pneumothorax is to relieve the pressure on your lung, allowing it to re-expand. Depending on the cause of the pneumothorax, a second goal may be to prevent recurrences. The methods for achieving these goals depend on the severity of the lung collapse and sometimes on your overall health.
Treatment options may include observation, needle aspiration, chest tube insertion, nonsurgical repair or surgery. You may receive supplemental oxygen therapy to speed air reabsorption and lung expansion.
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pneumothorax, chest pain, shortness of breath
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291 |
Complicated grief
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complicated-grief/symptoms-causes/syc-20360374
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/complicated-grief/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20360389
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Losing a loved one is one of the most distressing and, unfortunately, common experiences people face. Most people experiencing normal grief and bereavement have a period of sorrow, numbness, and even guilt and anger. Gradually these feelings ease, and it's possible to accept loss and move forward.
For some people, feelings of loss are debilitating and don't improve even after time passes. This is known as complicated grief, sometimes called persistent complex bereavement disorder. In complicated grief, painful emotions are so long lasting and severe that you have trouble recovering from the loss and resuming your own life.
Different people follow different paths through the grieving experience. The order and timing of these phases may vary from person to person:
Accepting the reality of your loss
Allowing yourself to experience the pain of your loss
Adjusting to a new reality in which the deceased is no longer present
Having other relationships
These differences are normal. But if you're unable to move through these stages more than a year after the death of a loved one, you may have complicated grief. If so, seek treatment. It can help you come to terms with your loss and reclaim a sense of acceptance and peace.
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During the first few months after a loss, many signs and symptoms of normal grief are the same as those of complicated grief. However, while normal grief symptoms gradually start to fade over time, those of complicated grief linger or get worse. Complicated grief is like being in an ongoing, heightened state of mourning that keeps you from healing.
Signs and symptoms of complicated grief may include:
Intense sorrow, pain and rumination over the loss of your loved one
Focus on little else but your loved one's death
Extreme focus on reminders of the loved one or excessive avoidance of reminders
Intense and persistent longing or pining for the deceased
Problems accepting the death
Numbness or detachment
Bitterness about your loss
Feeling that life holds no meaning or purpose
Lack of trust in others
Inability to enjoy life or think back on positive experiences with your loved one
Complicated grief also may be indicated if you continue to:
Have trouble carrying out normal routines
Isolate from others and withdraw from social activities
Experience depression, deep sadness, guilt or self-blame
Believe that you did something wrong or could have prevented the death
Feel life isn't worth living without your loved one
Wish you had died along with your loved one
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Contact your doctor or a mental health professional if you have intense grief and problems functioning that don't improve at least one year after the passing of your loved one.
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It's not known what causes complicated grief. As with many mental health disorders, it may involve your environment, your personality, inherited traits and your body's natural chemical makeup.
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Complicated grief occurs more often in females and with older age. Factors that may increase the risk of developing complicated grief include:
An unexpected or violent death, such as death from a car accident, or the murder or suicide of a loved one
Death of a child
Close or dependent relationship to the deceased person
Social isolation or loss of a support system or friendships
Past history of depression, separation anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse or neglect
Other major life stressors, such as major financial hardships
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Complicated grief can affect you physically, mentally and socially. Without appropriate treatment, complications may include:
Depression
Suicidal thoughts or behaviors
Anxiety, including PTSD
Significant sleep disturbances
Increased risk of physical illness, such as heart disease, cancer or high blood pressure
Long-term difficulty with daily living, relationships or work activities
Alcohol, nicotine use or substance misuse
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It's not clear how to prevent complicated grief. Getting counseling soon after a loss may help, especially for people at increased risk of developing complicated grief. In addition, caregivers providing end-of-life care for a loved one may benefit from counseling and support to help prepare for death and its emotional aftermath.
Talking.Talking about your grief and allowing yourself to cry also can help prevent you from getting stuck in your sadness. As painful as it is, trust that in most cases, your pain will start to lift if you allow yourself to feel it.
Support.Family members, friends, social support groups and your faith community are all good options to help you work through your grief. You may be able to find a support group focused on a particular type of loss, such as the death of a spouse or a child. Ask your doctor to recommend local resources.
Bereavement counseling.Through early counseling after a loss, you can explore emotions surrounding your loss and learn healthy coping skills. This may help prevent negative thoughts and beliefs from gaining such a strong hold that they're difficult to overcome.
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Grieving is a highly individual process for each person, and determining when normal grief becomes complicated grief can be difficult. There's currently no consensus among mental health experts about how much time must pass before complicated grief can be diagnosed.
Complicated grief may be considered when the intensity of grief has not decreased in the months after your loved one's death. Some mental health professionals diagnose complicated grief when grieving continues to be intense, persistent and debilitating beyond 12 months.
There are many similarities between complicated grief and major depression, but there are also distinct differences. In some cases, clinical depression and complicated grief occur together. Getting the correct diagnosis is essential for appropriate treatment, so a comprehensive medical and psychological exam is often done.
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Your doctor or mental health professional considers your particular symptoms and circumstances in determining what treatment is likely to work best for you.
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Although it's important to get professional treatment for complicated grief, these strategies also may help you cope:
Stick to your treatment plan.Attend therapy appointments as scheduled and practice skills learned in therapy. If needed, take medications as directed.
Practice stress management.Learn how to better manage stress. Unmanaged stress can lead to depression, overeating, or other unhealthy thoughts and behaviors.
Take care of yourself.Get enough rest, eat a healthy diet and take time to relax. Exercise regularly. Physical activity can help relieve stress, depression and anxiety. Don't turn to alcohol or recreational drugs for relief.
Reach out to your faith community.If you follow religious practices or traditions, you may gain comfort from rituals or guidance from a spiritual leader.
Socialize.Stay connected with people you enjoy being around. They can offer support, a shoulder to cry on or shared laughter to give you a little boost.
Plan ahead for special dates or anniversaries.Holidays, anniversaries and special occasions can trigger painful reminders of your loved one. Find new ways to celebrate, positively reminisce or acknowledge your loved one that provide you comfort and hope.
Learn new skills.If you were highly dependent on your loved one, for example, to handle the cooking or finances, try to master these tasks yourself. Ask family, friends or professionals for guidance, if necessary. Seek out community classes and resources, too.
Join a support group.You may not be ready to join a support group immediately after your loss, but over time you may find shared experiences comforting and you may form meaningful new relationships.
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You may start by contacting your doctor. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health professional who can help diagnose your symptoms and provide a treatment plan.
You may want to ask a trusted family member or friend to be present for your appointment, if possible, to help you remember key information.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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trouble carrying out routines, intense longing, guilt, rumination, inability to enjoy, wish to die, bitterness, self-blame, pining, intense sorrow, numbness, death, detachment, isolation, lack of trust, depression, pain, deep sadness, problems accepting
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292 |
Hoarding disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20356056
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20356062
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hoarding-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20356064
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Hoarding disorder is an ongoing difficulty throwing away or parting with possessions because you believe that you need to save them. You may experience distress at the thought of getting rid of the items. You gradually keep or gather a huge number of items, regardless of their actual value.
Hoarding often creates extremely cramped living conditions with only narrow pathways winding through stacks of clutter. Countertops, sinks, stoves, desks, stairways and all other surfaces are usually piled with stuff. You may not be able to use some areas for their intended purpose. For example, you may not be able to cook in the kitchen. When there's no more room inside your home, the clutter may spread to the garage, vehicles, yard and other storage areas.
Hoarding ranges from mild to severe. In some cases, hoarding may not have much impact on your life, while in other cases it seriously affects your daily functioning.
People with hoarding disorder may not see it as a problem, so getting them to take part in treatment can be challenging. But intensive treatment can help you understand how your beliefs and behaviors can be changed so that you can live a safer, more enjoyable life.
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The first symptoms of hoarding disorder often appear during the teenage to early adult years. You may get and save too many items, gradually build up clutter in living spaces, and have difficulty getting rid of things.
As you grow older, you may continue getting and holding onto things that you may never use and don't have space for. By middle age, the clutter can become overwhelming as symptoms become more severe and increasingly difficult to treat.
Problems with hoarding gradually develop over time and tend to be a private behavior. You may avoid having family, friends or repair workers in your home. Often, major clutter has developed by the time it reaches the attention of others.
Symptoms of hoarding disorder may include:
Getting and keeping too many items that you may not have a need for right now and don't have space for.
Ongoing difficulty throwing out or parting with your things, regardless of their actual value.
Feeling a need to save these items and being upset by the thought of getting rid of them.
Building up clutter to the point where you can't use rooms.
Trying to be perfect and avoiding or delaying decisions.
Problems with planning and organizing.
Getting too many items and refusing to part with them results in:
Disorganized piles or stacks of items, such as newspapers, clothes, paperwork, books or sentimental items.
Items that crowd and clutter your walking spaces and living areas. Rooms can't be used for the intended purpose, such as not being able to sleep in your bed.
Buildup of food or trash to large, unsanitary levels.
Distress or problems functioning or keeping yourself, others and pets safe in your home.
Conflict with others who try to reduce or remove clutter from your home.
Relationship issues, avoiding social activities and employment problems.
Difficulty organizing items and sometimes losing important items in the clutter.
With hoarding disorder, items are usually saved because:
You believe these items are unique or that you'll need them at some point in the future.
You feel emotionally connected to items that remind you of happier times or represent beloved people or pets.
You feel safe and comforted when surrounded by things.
You don't want to waste anything.
Hoarding disorder is different from collecting. People who have collections, such as stamps or model cars, carefully search out specific items, organize them and display their collections. Collections can be large, but they aren't usually cluttered. Also, they don't cause the distress and problems functioning that are part of hoarding disorder.
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If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, talk with a health care provider or a mental health provider with expertise in diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder as soon as possible. Some communities have agencies that help with hoarding problems. Check with the local or county government for resources in your area.
As hard as it might be, if your loved one's hoarding disorder threatens health or safety, you may need to contact local authorities, such as police, fire, public health, child or elder protective services, or animal welfare agencies.
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It's not clear what causes hoarding disorder. Genetics, brain function and stressful life events are being studied as possible causes.
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Hoarding usually starts around ages 15 to 19. It tends to get worse with age. Hoarding is more common in older adults than in younger adults.
Risk factors include:
Personality.Many people who have hoarding disorder have a behavior style that includes trouble making decisions and problems with attention, organization and problem-solving.
Family history.There is a strong association between having a family member who has hoarding disorder and having the disorder yourself.
Stressful life events.Some people develop hoarding disorder after experiencing a stressful life event that they had difficulty coping with, such as the death of a loved one, divorce or losing possessions in a fire.
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Hoarding disorder can cause a variety of complications, including:
Increased risk of falls.
Injury or being trapped by shifting or falling items.
Family conflicts.
Loneliness and social isolation.
Conditions that aren't clean and can be a health risk.
A fire hazard.
Poor work performance.
Legal issues, such as eviction.
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Because little is understood about what causes hoarding disorder, there's no known way to prevent it. However, as with many mental health conditions, getting treatment at the first sign of a problem may help prevent hoarding from getting worse. This is especially important because by the time clutter becomes a noticeable problem, hoarding likely has been going on for a while.
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People often don't seek treatment for hoarding disorder, but rather for other issues, such as depression, anxiety or relationship problems. To help diagnose hoarding disorder, it's best to see a mental health provider who has expertise in diagnosing and treating the condition. You'll have a mental health exam that includes questions about emotional well-being. You'll likely be asked about your beliefs and behaviors related to getting and saving items and the impact clutter may have on your quality of life.
Your mental health provider may ask your permission to talk with relatives and friends. Pictures and videos of your living spaces and storage areas affected by clutter are often helpful. You also may be asked questions to find out if you have symptoms of other mental health conditions.
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Treatment of hoarding disorder can be challenging but effective if you keep working on learning new skills. Some people don't recognize the negative impact of hoarding on their lives or don't believe they need treatment. This is especially true if the possessions or animals offer comfort. If these possessions or animals are taken away, people will often react with frustration and anger. They may quickly collect more to help satisfy emotional needs.
The main treatment for hoarding disorder is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), a skills-based approach to therapy. You learn how to better manage beliefs and behaviors that are linked to keeping the clutter. Your provider also may prescribe medicines, especially if you have anxiety or depression along with hoarding disorder.
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If you or a loved one has symptoms of hoarding disorder, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating hoarding disorder.
Because some people with hoarding disorder symptoms don't recognize that their behavior is a problem, you as a friend or family member may experience more distress over the hoarding than your loved one does. If this is the case, you may want to first meet alone with a mental health provider with expertise in treating hoarding disorder. A provider can offer support and help on how to encourage your loved one to seek help.
To consider the possibility of seeking treatment, your loved one will likely need reassurance that no one is going to go into their house and start throwing things out.
Here's some information to help prepare for the first appointment and what to expect from the mental health provider.
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In addition to professional treatment, here are some steps you can take to help care for yourself:
Follow your treatment plan.It's hard work, and it's common to have some setbacks over time. But treatment can help you feel better about yourself, improve your desire to change and reduce your hoarding. Have a daily schedule to work on reducing your clutter. Do this during times of the day when you have the most energy.
Accept assistance.Local resources, professional organizers and loved ones can work with you to make decisions about how best to organize and unclutter your home and to stay safe and healthy. It may take time to get back to a safe home environment. Help is often needed to stay organized around the home.
Reach out to others.Hoarding can lead to isolation and loneliness, which in turn can lead to more hoarding. If you don't want visitors in your house, try to get out to visit friends and family. Joining a support group for people with hoarding disorder can let you know that you are not alone. These groups can help you learn about your behavior and available resources.
Try to keep yourself clean and neat.If you have possessions piled in your tub or shower, resolve to move them so that you can bathe or shower.
Make sure you're getting proper nutrition.If you can't use your stove or reach your refrigerator, you may not be eating properly. Try to clear those areas so that you can prepare healthy meals.
Look out for yourself.Remind yourself that you don't have to live in chaos and distress — that you deserve better. Focus on your goals and what you can gain by reducing clutter in your home.
Take small steps.With a professional's help, you can tackle one area at a time. Small and consistent wins like this can lead to big wins.
Do what's best for your pets.If the number of pets you have has grown beyond your ability to care for them properly, remind yourself that they deserve to live healthy and happy lives. That's not possible if you can't provide them with proper nutrition, clean living conditions and veterinary care.
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relationship issues, clutter, problems functioning, disorganized piles, crowded walking spaces, hoarding disorder, difficulty organizing, hoarding, Here are the extracted medical symptoms:
difficulty getting rid, unsanitary levels, difficulty throwing out, distress, losing important items, upset, building up clutter, conflict, feeling a need to save
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293 |
Binge-eating disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353627
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353633
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/binge-eating-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20353637
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Binge-eating disorder is a serious condition. It always involves feeling like you're not able to stop eating. It also often involves eating much larger than usual amounts of food.
Almost everyone overeats on occasion, such as having seconds or thirds of a holiday meal. But regularly feeling that eating is out of control and eating an unusually large amount of food may be symptoms of binge-eating disorder.
People who have binge-eating disorder often feel embarrassed or ashamed about eating binges. People with the disorder often go through periods of trying to restrict or severely cut back on their eating as a result. But this instead may increase urges to eat and lead to a cycle of ongoing binge eating. Treatment for binge-eating disorder can help people feel more in control and balanced with their eating.
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If you have binge-eating disorder, you may be overweight or obese, or you may be at a healthy weight. Most people with binge-eating disorder feel upset about their body size or shape no matter what the number on the scale is.
Symptoms of binge-eating disorder vary but can include:
Feeling that you don't have control over your eating behavior, for example, you can't stop once you start.
Often eating much larger than usual amounts of food in a specific amount of time, such as over a two-hour period.
Eating even when you're full or not hungry.
Eating very fast during eating binges.
Eating until you're uncomfortably full.
Often eating alone or in secret.
Feeling depressed, disgusted, ashamed, guilty or upset about your eating.
A person with bulimia nervosa, another eating disorder, may binge and then vomit, use laxatives or exercise excessively to get rid of extra calories. This is not the case with binge-eating disorder. If you have binge-eating disorder, you may try to diet or eat less food at mealtimes to compensate. But restricting your diet may simply lead to more binge eating.
How much eating binges affect your mood and ability to function in daily life gives an idea of how serious the condition is for you. Binge-eating disorder can vary over time. The condition may be short-lived, may go away and come back, or may continue for years if left untreated.
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If you have any symptoms of binge-eating disorder, get medical help as soon as possible. Talk with your healthcare professional or a mental health professional about your symptoms and feelings.
If you're embarrassed by your eating and are worried about talking to your healthcare professional, start by talking with someone you trust about what you're going through. A friend, family member, teacher or faith leader can encourage and support you in taking the first steps to successful treatment of binge-eating disorder.
Talking with a professional with specialty training in eating disorders or reaching out to an organization specializing in eating disorders might be a good place to find support from someone who understands what you're going through.
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The causes of binge-eating disorder are not known. But certain genes, how your body works, long-term dieting and the presence of other mental health conditions increase your risk.
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Binge-eating disorder is more common in women than in men. People of any age can have binge-eating disorder, but it often begins in the late teens or early 20s.
Factors that can raise your risk of having binge-eating disorder include:
Family history.You're much more likely to have an eating disorder if your parents or siblings have — or had — an eating disorder. This may point to genes passed down in your family that increase the risk of having an eating disorder.
Dieting.Many people with binge-eating disorder have a history of dieting. Dieting or limiting calories throughout the day may trigger an urge to binge eat.
Mental health conditions.Many people who have binge-eating disorder feel negatively about themselves and their skills and accomplishments. Triggers for bingeing can include stress, poor body self-image and certain foods. Certain situations also can be triggers, for example, being at a party, having downtime or driving in your car.
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Mental health conditions and physical problems can happen from binge eating. Complications from binge-eating disorder may include:
Not feeling comfortable or able to enjoy your life.
Problems functioning at work, in your personal life or in social situations.
Isolating or feeling isolated from others socially.
Weight gain.
Medical conditions related to weight gain. These may include joint problems, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), poor nutrition and some sleep-related breathing disorders.
Mental health conditions that are often linked with binge-eating disorder include:
Depression.
Anxiety.
Substance use disorders.
Suicidal thoughts and behavior.
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If you have a child with binge-eating behaviors:
Model body acceptance,regardless of body shape or size. Make it clear that dieting or restricting food is not healthy unless there's a diagnosed food allergy.
Talk with your child's healthcare professional about any concerns.The healthcare professional may be in a good position to identify early symptoms of an eating disorder and help get expert treatment right away. The professional also can recommend helpful resources you can use to support your child.
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To diagnose binge-eating disorder, your healthcare professional may recommend a mental health evaluation. This includes talking about your feelings and eating habits with a mental health professional. Look for a mental health professional with expertise in treating eating disorders.
Your healthcare professional also may want you to have other tests to check for health problems that can be caused by binge-eating disorder. These may include high cholesterol, high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes,GERD, poor nutrition, electrolyte imbalances and some sleep-related breathing disorders. Tests may include:
A physical exam. With your permission, the exam may include getting your weight.
Blood and urine tests.
A visit with a sleep disorder specialist.
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The goal for treatment of binge-eating disorder is to have healthy, regular eating habits. Because binge eating often involves shame, poor body self-image and other negative emotions, treatment also addresses these and related mental health conditions, such as depression. By getting help for binge eating, you can learn how to feel more in control of your eating.
Treatment of binge-eating disorder may be done by a team of specialists. The team can include doctors and other healthcare professionals, mental health professionals, and dietitians, all with experience in eating disorders.
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Living with an eating disorder can be difficult. Here are some tips to help you cope:
Treat yourself with care.Living with and treating an eating disorder is very hard. Often other people don't understand what you're going through. Be kind to yourself, even if you're not successful with the treatment plan right away. Try to find communities where people are able to support your efforts.
Identify situations that may trigger problem eating behavior.Identifying these triggers can help you develop a plan of action to deal with them.
Look for positive role models.Find role models who don't accidentally add to your body dissatisfaction and pressure to eat in unhealthy ways. Remind yourself that the models, actors and influencers showcased in the media or on social media often don't represent healthy, realistic bodies.
Look for a trusted relative or friend.Find someone you can talk with about what's going on.
Find healthy ways to take care of yourself.Do something just for fun or to relax, such as yoga, meditation or a walk.
Consider writing in a journal about your feelings and behaviors.Journaling can make you more aware of your feelings and actions, and how they're related.
Visit trusted internet sites.Examples of organizations that offer support for people affected by eating disorders include the National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA). Families Empowered And Supporting Treatment for Eating Disorders (F.E.A.S.T.) offers support to families.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. Think about asking a family member or friend to go with you. Someone who goes with you can help you remember key points and, with your permission, give extra information about your situation.
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Along with getting professional help, you can take these self-care steps as part of your treatment plan:
Stay with your treatment.Don't skip therapy sessions. If you have a meal plan, do your best to stay with it. Don't let setbacks keep you from continuing treatment.
Stay away from dieting.Trying to diet can trigger more binge eating, leading to a vicious cycle that's hard to break.
Eat regularly.For example, eat every 2 to 3 hours to try to break the restrict-then-binge cycle.
Plan ahead for triggering situations.Being around certain foods can trigger eating binges for some people. Plan what to do when you're around foods that are tempting.
Get the right nutrients.Just because you may be eating a lot during binges doesn't mean you're eating the kinds of food that have all the nutrients you need. Ask your healthcare professional if you need to adjust your diet to get essential vitamins and minerals.
Stay connected.Don't isolate yourself from caring family members and friends who want to see you get healthy. Surround yourself with people who have your best interests at heart.
Get active.Ask your healthcare professional what kind of physical activity is best for you.
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depressed, guilty, ashamed, feeling depressed, binge-eating disorder, vomit, feeling upset, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder, eating even when full or not hungry, eating much larger than usual amounts of food, eating very fast, eating alone or in secret, eating binges, disgusted, eating until uncomfortably full
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294 |
Kleptomania
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kleptomania/symptoms-causes/syc-20364732
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kleptomania/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20364753
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Kleptomania (klep-toe-MAY-nee-uh) is a mental health disorder that involves repeatedly being unable to resist urges to steal items that you generally don't really need. Often the items stolen have little value and you could afford to buy them. Kleptomania is rare but can be a serious condition. It can cause much emotional pain to you and your loved ones — and even legal problems — if not treated.
Kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder — a disorder that involves problems with emotional or behavioral self-control. If you have an impulse control disorder, you have difficulty resisting the temptation or powerful urge to perform an act that's excessive or harmful to you or someone else.
Many people with kleptomania live lives of secret shame because they're afraid to seek mental health treatment. Although there's no cure for kleptomania, treatment with medicine or skill-building therapy that focuses on dealing with urges may help to end the cycle of compulsive stealing.
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Kleptomania symptoms may include:
Inability to resist powerful urges to steal items that you don't need
Feeling increased tension, anxiety or arousal leading up to the theft
Feeling pleasure, relief or satisfaction while stealing
Feeling terrible guilt, remorse, self-loathing, shame or fear of arrest after the theft
Return of the urges and a repetition of the kleptomania cycle
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If you can't stop shoplifting or stealing, seek medical advice. Many people who may have kleptomania don't want to seek treatment because they're afraid they'll be arrested or jailed. However, a mental health provider usually doesn't report your thefts to authorities.
Some people seek medical help because they're afraid they'll get caught and have legal problems. Or they've already been arrested, and they're legally required to seek treatment.
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The causes of kleptomania are not known. Several theories suggest that changes in the brain may be at the root of kleptomania, and that learned patterns of stealing items strengthens the problem over time. More research is needed to better understand these possible causes, but kleptomania may be linked to:
Problems with a naturally occurring brain chemical called serotonin.Serotonin, a neurotransmitter, helps regulate moods and emotions. Low levels of serotonin are common in people prone to impulsive behaviors.
Addictive disorders.Stealing may cause the release of dopamine — another neurotransmitter. Dopamine causes pleasurable feelings, and some people seek this rewarding feeling again and again.
The brain's opioid system.Urges are regulated by the brain's opioid system. An imbalance in this system could make it harder to resist urges.
Learned habit.Urges are very uncomfortable. Responding to these urges by stealing causes a temporary decrease in distress and relief from these urges. This creates a strong habit that becomes hard to break.
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Kleptomania is not common. But some cases of kleptomania may never be diagnosed. Some people never seek treatment. Other people are jailed after repeated thefts.
Kleptomania often begins during the teen years or in young adulthood, but it can start later. About two-thirds of people with known kleptomania are female.
Kleptomania risk factors may include:
Family history.Having a blood relative, such as a parent or sibling, with kleptomania or addictive disorders may increase the risk of kleptomania.
Having another mental illness.People with kleptomania often have another mental health disorder, such as anxiety, depression or a substance use disorder.
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Left untreated, kleptomania can result in severe emotional, family, work, legal and financial problems. For example, you know stealing is wrong but you feel powerless to resist the impulse. As a result, you may be filled with guilt, shame, self-loathing and humiliation. And you may be arrested for stealing. You may otherwise lead a law-abiding life and be confused and upset by your compulsive stealing.
Other complications and conditions associated with kleptomania may include:
Other impulse-control disorders, such as compulsive gambling or shopping
Alcohol or other substance misuse
Personality disorders
Eating disorders
Depression
Bipolar disorder
Anxiety disorders
Suicidal thoughts and behaviors
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Because the causes of kleptomania aren't clear, it's not yet known how to prevent it with any certainty. Getting treatment as soon as compulsive stealing begins may help prevent kleptomania from becoming worse and prevent some of the negative consequences.
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Kleptomania is diagnosed based on your symptoms. When you decide to seek treatment for symptoms of possible kleptomania, you may have both a physical exam and psychological evaluation. The physical exam can determine if there are any medical causes triggering your symptoms.
Because kleptomania is a type of impulse control disorder, to help pinpoint a diagnosis, your mental health provider may:
Ask questions about your impulses and how they make you feel
Review a list of situations to ask if these situations trigger your kleptomania episodes
Discuss problems you have had because of this behavior
Have you fill out questionnaires or self-assessments
Use the guidelines in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association
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Although fear, humiliation or embarrassment may make it hard for you to seek treatment for kleptomania, it's important to get help. Kleptomania is difficult to overcome on your own. Without treatment, kleptomania will likely be an ongoing, long-term condition.
Treatment for kleptomania typically involves medicines and psychotherapy, or both, sometimes along with self-help groups. However, there's no standard kleptomania treatment, and researchers are still trying to understand what may work best. You may have to try several types of treatment to find what works well for you.
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You can take steps to care for yourself with healthy coping skills while getting professional treatment:
Follow your treatment plan.Take medicines as directed and attend scheduled therapy sessions. Remember, it's hard work and you may have occasional setbacks.
Educate yourself.Learn about kleptomania so that you can better understand risk factors, treatments and triggering events.
Identify your triggers.Identify situations, thoughts and feelings that may trigger urges to steal so you can take steps to manage them.
Get treatment for substance misuse or other mental health problems.Your substance use, depression, anxiety and stress can lead to a cycle of emotional pain and unhealthy behavior.
Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to rechannel your urges to steal or shoplift through exercise and recreational activities.
Learn relaxation and stress management.Try stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga or tai chi.
Stay focused on your goal.Recovery from kleptomania can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your recovery goals in mind. Remind yourself that you can work to repair damaged relationships and financial and legal problems.
Be honest with loved ones.You might initially need help with controlling your urges when in higher-risk situations, such as shopping. Let your loved ones know about your struggles and consider using the "buddy system" for a period of time while you're learning more ways to manage your urges.
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If you struggle with an irresistible urge to steal, talk to your health care provider. Be honest with your provider about your symptoms. Having that discussion can be scary, but trust that your provider is interested in caring for your health, not in judging you. You may be referred to a mental health provider, such as a psychiatrist or psychologist, with experience diagnosing and treating kleptomania.
You may want to take a trusted family member or friend along to help remember the details. Also, someone who has known you for a long time may be able to ask questions or share information with the mental health provider that you don't remember to bring up.
Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your provider.
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arousal, pleasure, arrest, anxiety, fear, increased tension, relief, inability to resist, guilt, terrible guilt, self-loathing, satisfaction, remorse, shame, kleptomania
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295 |
Genital warts
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/symptoms-causes/syc-20355234
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355240
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/genital-warts/doctors-departments/ddc-20355241
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Genital warts are one of the most common types of sexually transmitted infections. The virus that causes the warts is called human papillomavirus (HPV). There are various types ofHPV. And nearly all sexually active people will become infected with at least one type at some point.
Genital warts affect the moist tissues of the genital area. They can look like small, skin-colored bumps. The bumps may resemble cauliflower. Often, the warts are too small to be seen with your eyes.
Some strains of genitalHPVcan cause genital warts. Others can cause cancer. Vaccines can help protect against certain strains of genitalHPV.
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Genital warts can grow on the:
Vulva.
Walls of the vagina.
Area between the outer part of the genitals and the anus.
Anal canal.
Cervix.
Tip or shaft of the penis.
Scrotum.
Anus.
Genital warts also can form in the mouth or throat of a person who has had oral sex with an infected person.
The symptoms of genital warts include:
Small swellings in the genital area that may be skin-colored or a different color.
A cauliflower-like shape caused by a few warts close together.
Itching or discomfort in your genital area.
Bleeding with sex.
Genital warts can be so small and flat that you can't see them. But rarely, they can multiply into large clusters in someone with a weakened immune system.
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See a health care professional if you or your partner gets bumps or warts in the genital area.
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The human papillomavirus (HPV) causes warts. There are more than 40 strains ofHPVthat affect the genital area.
Genital warts almost always are spread through sexual contact. Even if your warts are too small to be seen, you could spread the infection to your sexual partner.
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Most people who are sexually active get infected with genitalHPVat some time. Factors that can raise your risk of infection include:
Not getting theHPVvaccine.
Having sex without a condom or with more than one partner.
Having had another sexually transmitted infection.
Having sex with a partner whose sexual history you don't know.
Becoming sexually active at a young age.
Having a weakened immune system, such as fromHIVor medicines from an organ transplant.
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AnHPVinfection can lead to health problems such as:
Cancer.Cervical cancer has been closely linked with genitalHPVinfection. Certain types ofHPValso are linked with cancers of the vulva, anus, penis, and mouth and throat.HPVinfection doesn't always lead to cancer. But it's important for women to have regular Pap tests, which check for cancer of the cervix. Pap tests are key for those who've been infected with higher-risk types ofHPV.
Problems during pregnancy.Rarely during pregnancy, warts can become larger. This makes it hard to urinate. Warts on the vaginal wall can hinder the stretching of vaginal tissues during childbirth. Large warts on the vulva or in the vagina can bleed when stretched during delivery.Very rarely, a baby born to a pregnant person with genital warts get warts in the throat. The baby might need surgery to keep the airway from being blocked.
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Get theHPVvaccine to help prevent genital warts. And if you have sex, limit your number of partners. It's safest to have sex with just one partner who only has sex with you. It's also a good idea to use a condom every time you have sex. But this won't fully protect you from genital warts. That's becauseHPVcan infect parts of the body that the condom doesn't cover.
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Health care professionals often can find genital warts during a physical exam. Sometimes, a small piece of tissue needs to be removed and checked by a lab. This is called a biopsy.
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If your warts don't cause discomfort, you might not need treatment. But medicine or surgery can help you clear an outbreak if you have itching, burning and pain. Treatment also can help if you're concerned about spreading the infection.
Warts often return after treatment though. And there is no treatment for the virus itself.
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You'll likely start by seeing your health care professional.
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throat, bleeding, skin-colored, small swellings, itching, discomfort
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297 |
Hirschsprung's disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20351556
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351561
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hirschsprungs-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20351563
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Hirschsprung's (HIRSH-sproongz) disease is a condition that affects the large intestine (colon) and causes problems with passing stool. The condition is present at birth (congenital) as a result of missing nerve cells in the muscles of the baby's colon. Without these nerve cells stimulating gut muscles to help move contents through the colon, the contents can back up and cause blockages in the bowel.
A newborn who has Hirschsprung's disease usually can't have a bowel movement in the days after birth. In mild cases, the condition might not be detected until later in childhood. Uncommonly, Hirschsprung's disease is first diagnosed in adults.
Surgery to bypass or remove the diseased part of the colon is the treatment.
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Signs and symptoms of Hirschsprung's disease vary with the severity of the condition. Usually signs and symptoms appear shortly after birth, but sometimes they're not apparent until later in life.
Typically, the most obvious sign is a newborn's failure to have a bowel movement within 48 hours after birth.
Other signs and symptoms in newborns may include:
In older children, signs and symptoms can include:
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It's not clear what causes Hirschsprung's disease. It sometimes occurs in families and might, in some cases, be associated with a genetic mutation.
Hirschsprung's disease occurs when nerve cells in the colon don't form completely. Nerves in the colon control the muscle contractions that move food through the bowels. Without the contractions, stool stays in the large intestine.
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Factors that may increase the risk of Hirschsprung's disease include:
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Children who have Hirschsprung's disease are prone to a serious intestinal infection called enterocolitis. Enterocolitis can be life-threatening and requires immediate treatment.
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Your child's doctor will perform an exam and ask questions about your child's bowel movements. He or she might recommend one or more of the following tests to diagnose or rule out Hirschsprung's disease:
Abdominal X-ray using a contrast dye.Barium or another contrast dye is placed into the bowel through a special tube inserted in the rectum. The barium fills and coats the lining of the bowel, creating a clear silhouette of the colon and rectum.
The X-ray will often show a clear contrast between the narrow section of bowel without nerves and the normal but often swollen section of bowel behind it.
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For most people, Hirschsprung's disease is treated with surgery to bypass or remove the part of the colon that's lacking nerve cells. There are two ways this can be done: a pull-through surgery or an ostomy surgery.
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Hirschsprung's disease is often diagnosed in the hospital shortly after birth, or signs of the disease show up later. If your child has signs or symptoms that worry you, particularly constipation and a swollen abdomen, talk to your doctor.
You might be referred to a digestive disorders specialist (gastroenterologist) or to the emergency department if your child's symptoms are severe.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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bowel movement, hirschsprung's disease, failure to have a bowel movement
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298 |
Craniosynostosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354513
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354517
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/craniosynostosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20354519
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Craniosynostosis (kray-nee-o-sin-os-TOE-sis) is a disorder present at birth in which one or more of the fibrous joints between the bones of your baby's skull (cranial sutures) close prematurely (fuse), before your baby's brain is fully formed. Brain growth continues, giving the head a misshapen appearance.
Usually, during infancy the sutures remain flexible, allowing a baby's skull to expand as the brain grows. In the front of the skull, the sutures meet in the large soft spot (fontanel) on top of the head. The anterior fontanel is the soft spot felt just behind a baby's forehead. The next largest fontanel is at the back (posterior). Each side of the skull has a tiny fontanel.
Craniosynostosis usually involves premature fusion of a single cranial suture, but it can involve more than one of the sutures in a baby's skull (multiple suture craniosynostosis). In rare cases, craniosynostosis is caused by certain genetic syndromes (syndromic craniosynostosis).
Treating craniosynostosis involves surgery to correct the shape of the head and allow for brain growth. Early diagnosis and treatment allow your baby's brain adequate space to grow and develop.
Although neurological damage can occur in severe cases, most children develop as expected in their ability to think and reason (cognitive development) and have good cosmetic results after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key.
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The signs of craniosynostosis are usually noticeable at birth, but they become more apparent during the first few months of your baby's life. Signs and severity depend on how many sutures are fused and when in brain development the fusion occurs. Signs and symptoms can include:
A misshapen skull, with the shape depending on which of the sutures are affected
Development of a raised, hard ridge along affected sutures, with a change in the shape of the head that's not typical
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Your health care provider will routinely monitor your child's head growth at well-child visits. Talk to your pediatrician if you have concerns about your baby's head growth or shape.
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Often the cause of craniosynostosis is not known, but sometimes it's related to genetic disorders.
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosisis the most common type of craniosynostosis. Its cause is unknown, although it's thought to be a combination of genes and environmental factors.
Syndromic craniosynostosisis caused by certain genetic syndromes, such as Apert syndrome, Pfeiffer syndrome or Crouzon syndrome, which can affect a baby's skull development. These syndromes usually also include other physical features and health problems.
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If untreated, craniosynostosis may cause, for example:
Permanently misshapen head and face
Poor self-esteem and social isolation
The risk of increased pressure inside the skull (intracranial pressure) from simple craniosynostosis is small if the suture and head shape are fixed surgically. But babies with an underlying syndrome may develop increased intracranial pressure if their skulls don't expand enough to make room for their growing brains.
If untreated, increased intracranial pressure can cause:
Developmental delays
Cognitive impairment
Blindness
Seizures
Headaches
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Craniosynostosis requires evaluation by specialists, such as a pediatric neurosurgeon or a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Diagnosis of craniosynostosis may include:
Physical exam.Your health care provider feels your baby's head for features such as suture ridges and looks for facial differences such as unbalanced features.
Imaging studies.A computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of your baby's skull can show whether any sutures have fused. Cranial ultrasound imaging may be used. Fused sutures can be identified by their absence — because they're invisible once fused — or by a ridging of the suture line. A laser scan and photographs also may be used to make precise measurements of the skull shape.
Genetic testing.If your health care provider suspects an underlying genetic syndrome, genetic testing may help identify the syndrome.
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Mild cases of craniosynostosis may not need treatment. Your health care provider may recommend a specially molded helmet to help reshape your baby's head if the cranial sutures are open and the head is misshapen. In this situation, the molded helmet can assist your baby's brain growth and correct the shape of the skull.
However, for most babies, surgery is the primary treatment. The type and timing of surgery depends on the type of craniosynostosis and whether there's an underlying genetic syndrome. Sometimes more than one surgery is required.
The purpose of surgery is to correct the head shape, reduce or prevent pressure on the brain, create room for the brain to grow properly, and improve your baby's appearance. This involves a process of planning and surgery.
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When you learn that your baby has craniosynostosis, you may experience a range of emotions. You may not know what to expect. Information and support can help.
Consider these steps to prepare yourself and to care for your baby:
Find a team of trusted professionals.You'll need to make important decisions about your baby's care. Medical centers with craniofacial specialty teams can offer you information about the disorder, coordinate your baby's care among specialists, help you evaluate options and provide treatment.
Seek out other families.Talking to people who are dealing with similar challenges can provide you with information and emotional support. Ask your health care provider about support groups in your community. If a group isn't for you, maybe your provider can put you in touch with a family who has dealt with craniosynostosis. Or you may be able to find group or individual support online.
Expect a bright future.Most children have appropriate cognitive development and good cosmetic results after surgery. Early diagnosis and treatment are key. When needed, early intervention services offer help with developmental delays or intellectual disabilities.
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In some cases, your baby's pediatrician may suspect craniosynostosis at a routine well-baby visit. In other cases, you may make an appointment because you have concerns about your baby's head growth. Your health care provider can refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment. If possible, bring a family member or friend with you. A trusted companion can help you remember information and provide emotional support.
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craniosynostosis, change in the shape of the head, hard ridge, raised, misshapen skull
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299 |
Heart failure
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/symptoms-causes/syc-20373142
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20373148
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-failure/doctors-departments/ddc-20373150
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Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. When this happens, blood often backs up and fluid can build up in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.
Some heart conditions slowly leave the heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump blood properly. These conditions include narrowed arteries in the heart and high blood pressure.
Proper treatment may improve the symptoms of heart failure and may help some people live longer. Lifestyle changes can improve quality of life. Try to lose weight, exercise, use less salt and manage stress.
But heart failure can be life-threatening. People with heart failure may have severe symptoms. Some may need a heart transplant or a device to help the heart pump blood.
Heart failure also may be called congestive heart failure.
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If you have heart failure, your heart can't supply enough blood to meet your body's needs.
Symptoms may develop slowly. Sometimes, heart failure symptoms start suddenly. Heart failure symptoms may include:
Shortness of breath with activity or when lying down.
Fatigue and weakness.
Swelling in the legs, ankles and feet.
Rapid or irregular heartbeat.
Reduced ability to exercise.
Wheezing.
A cough that doesn't go away or a cough that brings up white or pink mucus with spots of blood.
Swelling of the belly area.
Very rapid weight gain from fluid buildup.
Nausea and lack of appetite.
Difficulty concentrating or decreased alertness.
Chest pain if heart failure is caused by a heart attack.
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See your healthcare professional if you think you might have symptoms of heart failure. Call 911 or emergency medical help if you have any of the following:
Chest pain.
Fainting or severe weakness.
Rapid or irregular heartbeat with shortness of breath, chest pain or fainting.
Sudden, severe shortness of breath and coughing up white or pink, foamy mucus.
These symptoms may be due to heart failure. But there are many other possible causes. Don't try to diagnose yourself.
At the emergency room, healthcare professionals do tests to learn if your symptoms are due to heart failure or something else.
Call your healthcare professional right away if you have heart failure and:
Your symptoms suddenly get worse.
You develop a new symptom.
You gain 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) or more within a few days.
Such changes could mean that existing heart failure is getting worse or that treatment isn't working.
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Heart failure can be caused by a weakened, damaged or stiff heart.
If the heart is damaged or weakened, the heart chambers may stretch and get bigger. The heart can't pump out the needed amount of blood.
If the main pumping chambers of the heart, called the ventricles, are stiff, they can't fill with enough blood between beats.
The heart muscle can be damaged by certain infections, heavy alcohol use, recreational drug use and some chemotherapy medicines. Your genes also can play a role.
Any of the following conditions also can damage or weaken the heart and cause heart failure.
Coronary artery disease and heart attack.Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of heart failure. The disease results from the buildup of fatty deposits in the arteries. The deposits narrow the arteries. This reduces blood flow and can lead to heart attack.A heart attack occurs suddenly when an artery feeding the heart becomes completely blocked. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean that the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
High blood pressure.Also called hypertension, this condition forces the heart to work harder than it should to pump blood through the body. Over time, the extra work can make the heart muscle too stiff or too weak to properly pump blood.
Heart valve disease.The valves of the heart keep blood flowing the right way. If a valve isn't working properly, the heart must work harder to pump blood. This can weaken the heart over time. Treating some types of heart valve disease may reverse heart failure.
Inflammation of the heart muscle, also called myocarditis.Myocarditis is most commonly caused by a virus, including the COVID-19 virus, and can lead to left-sided heart failure.
A heart condition that you're born with, also called a congenital heart defect.If the heart and its chambers or valves haven't formed correctly, the other parts of the heart have to work harder to pump blood. This may lead to heart failure.
Irregular heart rhythms, called arrhythmias.Irregular heart rhythms may cause the heart to beat too fast, creating extra work for the heart. A slow heartbeat also may lead to heart failure. Treating an irregular heart rhythm may reverse heart failure in some people.
Other diseases.Some long-term diseases may contribute to chronic heart failure. Examples are diabetes, HIV infection, an overactive or underactive thyroid, or a buildup of iron or protein.
Causes of sudden heart failure also include:
Allergic reactions.
Any illness that affects the whole body.
Blood clots in the lungs.
Severe infections.
Use of certain medicines.
Viruses that attack the heart muscle.
Heart failure usually begins with the lower left heart chamber, called the left ventricle. This is the heart's main pumping chamber. But heart failure also can affect the right side. The lower right heart chamber is called the right ventricle. Sometimes heart failure affects both sides of the heart.
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Diseases and conditions that increase the risk of heart failure include:
Coronary artery disease.Narrowed arteries may limit the heart's supply of oxygen-rich blood, resulting in weakened heart muscle.
Heart attack.A heart attack is a form of coronary artery disease that occurs suddenly. Damage to the heart muscle from a heart attack may mean the heart can no longer pump as well as it should.
Heart valve disease.Having a heart valve that doesn't work properly raises the risk of heart failure.
High blood pressure.The heart works harder than it has to when blood pressure is high.
Irregular heartbeats.Irregular heartbeats, especially if they are very frequent and fast, can weaken the heart muscle and cause heart failure.
Congenital heart disease.Some people who develop heart failure were born with changes in the structure or function of their heart.
Diabetes.Having diabetes increases the risk of high blood pressure and coronary artery disease.
Sleep apnea.This inability to breathe properly during sleep results in low blood-oxygen levels and an increased risk of irregular heartbeats. These things can lead to a weakened heart.
Obesity.People who have obesity have a higher risk of developing heart failure.
Viral infections.Some viral infections can damage to the heart muscle.
Medicines that may increase the risk of heart failure include:
Some diabetes medicines.The diabetes medicines rosiglitazone (Avandia) and pioglitazone (Actos) have been found to increase the risk of heart failure in some people. Don't stop taking these medicines without first talking to your healthcare professional.
Some other medicines.Other medicines that may lead to heart failure or heart conditions include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and some medicines used to treat high blood pressure, cancer, blood conditions, irregular heartbeats, nervous system diseases, mental health conditions, lung and urinary conditions, and infections.
Other risk factors for heart failure include:
Aging.The heart's ability to work decreases with age, even in healthy people.
Alcohol use.Drinking too much alcohol may weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure.
Smoking or using tobacco.If you smoke, quit. Using tobacco increases the risk of heart disease and heart failure.
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If you have heart failure, it's important to have regular health checkups, even if symptoms improve. Your healthcare professional can examine you and run tests to check for complications.
Complications of heart failure depend on your age, overall health and the severity of heart disease. They may include:
Kidney damage or failure.Heart failure can reduce the blood flow to the kidneys. Untreated, this can cause kidney failure. Kidney damage from heart failure can require dialysis for treatment.
Other heart changes.Heart failure can cause changes in the heart's size and function. These changes may damage heart valves and cause irregular heartbeats.
Liver damage.Heart failure can cause fluid buildup that puts too much pressure on the liver. This fluid backup can lead to scarring, which makes it more difficult for the liver to work properly.
Sudden cardiac death.If the heart is weak, there is a risk of dying suddenly due to a dangerous irregular heart rhythm.
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One way to prevent heart failure is to treat and control the conditions that can cause it. These conditions include coronary artery disease, high blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
Some of the same lifestyle changes used to manage heart failure also may help prevent it. Try these heart-healthy tips:
Don't smoke.
Get plenty of exercise.
Eat healthy foods.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Reduce and manage stress.
Take medicines as directed.
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To diagnose heart failure, your healthcare professional examines you and asks questions about your symptoms and medical history. Your care professional checks to see if you have risk factors for heart failure, such as high blood pressure, coronary artery disease or diabetes.
Your care professional listens to your lungs and heart with a device called a stethoscope. A whooshing sound called a murmur may be heard when listening to your heart. Your care professional may look at the veins in your neck and check for swelling in your legs and belly.
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Treatment of heart failure may depend on the cause. Treatment often includes lifestyle changes and medicines. If another health condition is causing the heart to fail, treating it may reverse heart failure.
Some people with heart failure need surgery to open blocked arteries or to place a device to help the heart work better.
With treatment, symptoms of heart failure may improve.
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Managing heart failure requires open communication between you and your healthcare professional. Be honest about any challenges concerning your diet, lifestyle and medicine use. Pay attention to your body and how you feel. Tell your care professional when you're feeling better or worse. This helps your healthcare professional know what treatment works best for you.
These steps may help you manage heart failure:
Take medicines as directed.If side effects or costs are a concern, ask your care professional about options. Don't stop taking your medicines without first talking to a care professional. Also, go to all scheduled health appointments. If you miss one, ask your healthcare professional how and when to reschedule.
Use caution with other medicines and supplements.Some medicines available without a prescription to treat pain and swelling can make heart failure worse. They include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Some diet pills and supplements also may be unsafe if you take medicines for heart failure. Always tell your healthcare professional about all the medicines you take, including those bought without a prescription.
Weigh yourself daily.Do this when you first wake up, after breakfast and after peeing. Write your weight down in a notebook. Bring the notes to your medical checkups. An increase in weight can be a sign of fluid buildup.
Check your blood pressure at home.Write down your numbers and bring them with you to your health checkups. Doing so helps your care professional know if treatment is working or if your condition is getting worse. Home blood pressure monitors are available at local stores and pharmacies.
Know how to contact your healthcare professional.Keep your care professional's phone number, the hospital's phone number, and directions to the hospital or clinic on hand. You'll want easy access to this information if you have health questions or if you need to go to the hospital.
Ask for help.Sticking to treatment and lifestyle changes may be challenging. It may help to ask your friends and family to help you meet your goals.
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If are worried about your heart failure risk, make an appointment with your healthcare professional. You may be referred to a doctor trained in heart diseases. This type of doctor is called a cardiologist. If heart failure is found early, treatment may be easier and more effective.
Appointments can be brief. Because there's often a lot to discuss, it's a good idea to be prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready.
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Some people with heart failure may be told to take omega-3 fatty acid supplements. Some research shows that the supplements may help reduce the need for hospital stays.
Making certain lifestyle changes often improve heart failure symptoms. They may even stop the condition from getting worse.
The following changes are recommended to improve heart health:
Don't smoke.Smoking damages the blood vessels and raises blood pressure. It lowers blood oxygen levels and speeds up the heartbeat. Quitting is the best way to reduce the risk of heart disease. If you need help quitting, talk with your care professional. You can't be considered for a heart transplant if you continue to smoke. Also avoid secondhand smoke.
Check your legs, ankles and feet for swelling.Do this every day. Call your healthcare professional if the swelling worsens.
Weigh yourself.Ask your healthcare professional how often you should do this. Weight gain may mean your body is holding onto fluid. You may need a change in treatment. Call your care professional if you gain 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms) or more within a few days.
Manage weight.Being overweight increases the risk of heart disease. Ask your healthcare professional what weight is best for you. Even losing a small amount of weight can help improve heart health.
Eat a healthy diet.Aim to eat a diet that includes fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and lean proteins. Limit saturated or trans fats.
Limit salt.Too much salt, also called sodium, can make the body hold onto water. This is called water retention. It makes the heart work harder. Symptoms include shortness of breath and swollen legs, ankles and feet.Ask your healthcare professional if you should follow a no-salt or low-salt diet. Remember that salt is already added to prepared foods.
Limit alcohol.Alcohol can interfere with certain medicines. It also weakens the heart and increases the risk of irregular heartbeats. If you have heart failure, your healthcare professional may recommend that you don't drink alcohol.
Ask how much fluids you can drink.If you have severe heart failure, your care professional may suggest that you limit the amount of fluids you drink.
Stay as active as possible.Moderate exercise helps keep the heart and body healthy. But be sure to talk with your healthcare professional about an exercise program that's right for you. If you have heart failure, your care professional may suggest a walking program or a cardiac rehabilitation program at your local hospital.
Reduce stress.Strong emotions such as anxiety or anger can make the heart beat faster. Breathing becomes heavier and blood pressure goes up. These changes can make heart failure worse.Find ways to reduce emotional stress. Practicing mindfulness and connecting with others in support groups are some ways to reduce and manage stress.
Get better sleep.Heart failure can cause shortness of breath, especially when lying down. Try sleeping with your head propped up using a pillow or a wedge. If you snore or have had other sleep challenges, make sure you get tested for sleep apnea.
Get recommended vaccinations.Ask your healthcare professional about getting influenza, pneumonia and COVID-19 vaccinations.
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heart failure symptoms, nausea, fatigue, weakness, wheezing, swelling, rapid heartbeat, lack of appetite, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, decreased alertness, heart failure, shortness of breath, cough, weight gain, difficulty concentrating
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300 |
Pink eye (conjunctivitis)
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/symptoms-causes/syc-20376355
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376360
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye/doctors-departments/ddc-20376361
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Pink eye is an inflammation of the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball. This membrane is called the conjunctiva. When small blood vessels in the conjunctiva become swollen and irritated, they're more visible. This is what causes the whites of the eyes to appear reddish or pink. Pink eye also is called conjunctivitis.
Pink eye is most often caused by a viral infection. It also can be caused by a bacterial infection, an allergic reaction or — in babies — an incompletely opened tear duct.
Though pink eye can be irritating, it rarely affects your vision. Treatments can help ease the discomfort of pink eye. Because pink eye can be contagious, getting an early diagnosis and taking certain precautions can help limit its spread.
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The most common pink eye symptoms include:
Redness in one or both eyes.
Itchiness in one or both eyes.
A gritty feeling in one or both eyes.
A discharge in one or both eyes that forms a crust during the night that may prevent your eye or eyes from opening in the morning.
Tearing.
Sensitivity to light, called photophobia.
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There are serious eye conditions that can cause eye redness. These conditions may cause eye pain, a feeling that something is stuck in your eye, blurred vision and light sensitivity. If you experience these symptoms, seek urgent care.
People who wear contact lenses need to stop wearing their contacts as soon as pink eye symptoms begin. If your symptoms don't start to get better within 12 to 24 hours, make an appointment with your eye healthcare professional to make sure you don't have a more serious eye infection related to contact lens use.
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Causes of pink eye include:
Viruses.
Bacteria.
Allergies.
A chemical splash in the eye.
A foreign object in the eye.
In newborns, a blocked tear duct.
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Risk factors for pink eye include:
Exposure to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis.
Exposure to something you're allergic to, for allergic conjunctivitis.
Using contact lenses, especially extended-wear lenses.
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In both children and adults, pink eye can cause inflammation in the cornea that can affect vision. Prompt evaluation and treatment by your healthcare professional can reduce the risk of complications. See your professional if you have:
Eye pain.
A feeling that something is stuck in the eye.
Blurred vision.
Light sensitivity.
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In most cases, your healthcare professional can diagnose pink eye by asking about your recent health history and symptoms and examining your eyes.
Rarely, your care professional may take a sample of the liquid that drains from your eye for laboratory analysis, called a culture. A culture may be needed if your symptoms are severe or if your care professional suspects a high-risk cause, such as:
A foreign body in your eye.
A serious bacterial infection.
A sexually transmitted infection.
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Pink eye treatment is usually focused on symptom relief. Your care professional may recommend:
Using artificial tears.
Cleaning your eyelids with a wet cloth.
Applying cold or warm compresses several times daily.
If you wear contact lenses, you'll be advised to stop wearing them until treatment is complete. Your care professional will likely recommend that you throw out soft contacts you've already worn.
Disinfect hard lenses overnight before you reuse them. Ask your care professional if you should discard and replace your contact lens accessories, such as the lens case used before or during the illness. Also replace any eye makeup used before your illness.
In most cases, you won't need antibiotic eye drops. Since conjunctivitis is usually viral, antibiotics won't help. They may even cause harm by reducing their effectiveness in the future or causing a medicine reaction. Instead, the virus needs time to run its course. This typically takes around 2 to 3 weeks.
Viral conjunctivitis often begins in one eye and then infects the other eye within a few days. Your symptoms should gradually clear on their own.
Antiviral medicines may be an option if your viral conjunctivitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus.
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Start by seeing your regular healthcare professional if you have any eye-related signs or symptoms that worry you. If your symptoms persist or get worse, despite treatment, your care professional may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and what to expect.
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To help you cope with the symptoms of pink eye until it goes away, try to:
Apply a compress to your eyes.To make a compress, soak a clean, lint-free cloth in water and wring it out before applying it gently to your closed eyelids. Generally, a cool water compress will feel the most soothing. You also can use a warm compress if that feels better to you. If pink eye affects only one eye, don't touch both eyes with the same cloth. This reduces the risk of spreading pink eye from one eye to the other.
Try eye drops.Nonprescription eye drops called artificial tears may relieve symptoms. Some eye drops contain antihistamines or other medicines that can help people with allergic conjunctivitis.
Stop wearing contact lenses.If you wear contact lenses, you may need to stop wearing them until your eyes feel better. How long you'll need to go without contact lenses depends on what's causing your conjunctivitis. Ask your healthcare professional whether you should throw away your disposable contacts, as well as your cleaning solution and lens case. If your lenses aren't disposable, clean them thoroughly before reusing them.
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tearing, photophobia, itchiness, discharge, sensitivity to light, gritty feeling, redness
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301 |
Functional neurologic disorder/conversion disorder
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355197
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355202
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/conversion-disorder/doctors-departments/ddc-20355203
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Functional neurologic disorder — a newer and broader term that includes what some people call conversion disorder — features nervous system (neurological) symptoms that can't be explained by a neurological disease or other medical condition. However, the symptoms are real and cause significant distress or problems functioning.
Signs and symptoms vary, depending on the type of functional neurologic disorder, and may include specific patterns. Typically, this disorder affects your movement or your senses, such as the ability to walk, swallow, see or hear. Symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go or be persistent. However, you can't intentionally produce or control your symptoms.
The cause of functional neurologic disorder is unknown. The condition may be triggered by a neurological disorder or by a reaction to stress or psychological or physical trauma, but that's not always the case. Functional neurologic disorder is related to how the brain functions, rather than damage to the brain's structure (such as from a stroke, multiple sclerosis, infection or injury).
Early diagnosis and treatment, especially education about the condition, can help with recovery.
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Signs and symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may vary, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms, and they're significant enough to cause impairment and warrant medical evaluation. Symptoms can affect body movement and function and the senses.
Signs and symptoms that affect body movement and function may include:
Signs and symptoms that affect the senses may include:
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Seek medical attention for signs and symptoms that concern you or interfere with your ability to function. If the underlying cause is a neurological disease or another medical condition, quick diagnosis and treatment may be important. If the diagnosis is functional neurologic disorder, treatment may improve the symptoms and help prevent future problems.
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The exact cause of functional neurologic disorder is unknown. Theories regarding what happens in the brain to result in symptoms are complex and involve multiple mechanisms that may differ, depending on the type of functional neurological symptoms.
Basically, parts of the brain that control the functioning of your muscles and senses may be involved, even though no disease or abnormality exists.
Symptoms of functional neurologic disorder may appear suddenly after a stressful event, or with emotional or physical trauma. Other triggers may include changes or disruptions in how the brain functions at the structural, cellular or metabolic level. But the trigger for symptoms can't always be identified.
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Factors that may increase your risk of functional neurologic disorder include:
Females may be more likely than males to develop functional neurologic disorder.
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Some symptoms of functional neurologic disorder, particularly if not treated, can result in substantial disability and poor quality of life, similar to problems caused by medical conditions or disease.
Functional neurologic disorder may be associated with:
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There are no standard tests for functional neurologic disorder. Diagnosis usually involves assessment of existing symptoms and ruling out any neurological or other medical condition that could cause the symptoms.
Functional neurologic disorder is diagnosed based on what is present, such as specific patterns of signs and symptoms, and not just by what is absent, such as a lack of structural changes on an MRI or abnormalities on an EEG.
Testing and diagnosis usually involves a neurologist but may include a psychiatrist or other mental health professional. Your health care provider may use any of these terms: functional neurologic disorder (FND), functional neurological symptom disorder or an older term called conversion disorder.
Sometimes your disorder may be called by a term that specifies the type of functional neurological symptoms you have. For example, if your symptoms include problems walking, your health care provider may call it functional gait disorder or functional weakness.
Evaluation may include:
DSM-5 lists these criteria for conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder):
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Treatment for functional neurologic disorder will depend on your particular signs and symptoms. For some people, a multispecialty team approach that includes a neurologist; psychiatrist or other mental health professional; speech, physical and occupational therapists; or others may be appropriate.
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You may start by seeing your primary care provider. He or she may refer you to a neurologist. You may want to take a family member or friend along, if possible, to help you remember information and for support.
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impairment, functional neurologic disorder
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303 |
Small vessel disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352117
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352123
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/small-vessel-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20352125
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Small vessel disease is a condition in which the walls of the small arteries in the heart aren't working properly. This reduces the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart, causing chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other signs and symptoms of heart disease.
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Small vessel disease signs and symptoms include:
If you've been treated for coronary artery disease with angioplasty and stents and your signs and symptoms haven't gone away, you might also have small vessel disease.
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Seek emergency medical care if you're having chest pain and other signs and symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that spreads beyond your chest to one or both of your arms or to your neck.
It might be hard to tell if some symptoms are due to small vessel disease, especially if you don't have chest pain. See your health care provider to determine the cause of your symptoms.
If you have new or unexplained chest pain or think you're having a heart attack, call 911 or emergency medical assistance immediately.
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In coronary small vessel disease, the small arteries don't relax (dilate) as usual. As a result, the heart doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.
Experts think that the causes of small vessel disease are the same as the causes for diseases affecting the larger vessels of the heart, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity and diabetes.
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Small vessel disease is more common in women than in men. Risk factors for small vessel disease include:
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Small vessel disease can make it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body. A possible complication of small vessel disease is a heart attack.
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Things you can do that might reduce your risk of small vessel disease include:
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To diagnose small vessel disease, your health care provider will usually do a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history and family history of heart disease. He or she will likely listen to your heart with a stethoscope.
The tests used to diagnose small vessel disease are similar to those used to diagnosis other types of heart disease and include:
Coronary angiogram.This test helps determine if the main arteries to the heart are blocked. A long, thin flexible tube (catheter) is inserted into a blood vessel, usually in the groin or wrist, and guided to the heart. Dye flows through the catheter to arteries in the heart. The dye makes the arteries easier to see on X-ray images and video.
Additional tests may be done during an angiogram to measure blood flow through the heart.
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The goals of treatment for small vessel disease are to control the narrowing of the small blood vessels that can lead to a heart attack and to relieve pain.
Medications for small vessel disease may include:
If you're diagnosed with small vessel disease, you'll need regular checkups with your health care provider.
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If you've had chest pains or other symptoms of heart disease, your primary care provider will likely refer you to a doctor trained in heart diseases (cardiologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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vessel disease, coronary artery disease, signs, symptoms, small vessel disease
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306 |
Chronic cough
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/symptoms-causes/syc-20351575
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351580
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-cough/doctors-departments/ddc-20351582
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A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. A chronic cough is more than just annoying. It can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling very tired. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting and lightheadedness, and even break a rib.
The most common causes are tobacco use and asthma. Other common causes include fluid that drips from the nose down the back of the throat, called postnasal drip, and the backward flow of stomach acid into the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called acid reflux. Fortunately, chronic cough usually goes away once the underlying issue is treated.
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A chronic cough can occur with other symptoms, including:
A runny or stuffy nose.
A feeling of liquid running down the back of your throat, also known as postnasal drip.
Clearing your throat a lot.
Sore throat.
Hoarseness.
Wheezing and shortness of breath.
Heartburn or a sour taste in your mouth.
In rare cases, coughing up blood.
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See your healthcare professional if you have a cough that lasts for weeks, especially one that brings up sputum or blood, disturbs your sleep, or affects school or work.
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A cough that happens once in a while is common. It helps clear irritants and mucus from your lungs and prevents infection. But a cough that lasts for weeks is usually due to a health concern. Many times, more than one health concern causes the cough.
Most cases of chronic cough are due to these causes, which can occur alone or together:
Postnasal drip.When your nose or sinuses produce extra mucus, it can drip down the back of your throat and cause you to cough. This condition also is called upper airway cough syndrome.
Asthma.An asthma-related cough may come and go with the seasons. It may appear after an upper respiratory tract infection. Or it can get worse when you're exposed to cold air or certain chemicals or fragrances. In one type of asthma known as cough-variant asthma, a cough is the main symptom.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease.In this common condition, also called GERD, stomach acid flows back into the tube that connects your stomach and throat. This tube is also known as your esophagus. The constant irritation can lead to chronic coughing. Then the coughing can makeGERDworse, creating a vicious cycle.
Infections.A cough can last long after other symptoms of pneumonia, flu, a cold or another infection of the upper respiratory tract have gone away. A common cause of a chronic cough in adults — but one that often isn't recognized — is whooping cough, also known as pertussis. Chronic cough also can occur with fungal infections of the lung, as well as tuberculosis infection, also called TB, or lung infection with nontuberculous mycobacteria, also called NTM.NTMis found in soil, water and dust.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Also calledCOPD, this is a lifelong inflammatory lung disease that limits airflow from the lungs.COPDincludes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis can cause a cough that brings up colored sputum. Emphysema causes shortness of breath and damages the air sacs in the lungs, also known as alveoli. Most people withCOPDare current or former smokers.
Blood pressure drugs.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also called ACE inhibitors, which are commonly prescribed for high blood pressure and heart failure, are known to cause chronic cough in some people.
Less commonly, chronic cough may be caused by:
Aspiration — when food or other items are swallowed or inhaled and go into the lungs.
Bronchiectasis — widened and damaged airways that slowly lose the ability to clear out mucus.
Bronchiolitis — an infection that causes swelling, irritation and buildup of mucus in the small airways of the lung.
Cystic fibrosis — a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system and other organs.
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis — gradual damage and scarring of the lungs due to a cause that isn't known.
Lung cancer — cancer that starts in the lungs, including non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer.
Nonasthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis — when airways are inflamed but asthma is not the cause.
Sarcoidosis — groups of inflamed cells that form lumps or nodules in different parts of the body but most often in the lungs.
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Being a current or former smoker is one of the leading risk factors for chronic cough. Exposure to a lot of secondhand smoke also can lead to coughing and lung damage.
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Having a cough that doesn't stop can be very tiring. Coughing can cause various concerns, including:
Sleep disruption.
Headache.
Dizziness.
Vomiting.
Sweating a lot.
Unintended bladder loss, also known as urinary incontinence.
Broken ribs.
Passing out, also known as syncope.
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Your healthcare professional asks about your medical history and does a physical exam. A thorough medical history and physical exam can give important clues about a chronic cough. Your health professional also may order tests to look for the cause of your chronic cough.
But many health professionals start treatment for one of the common causes of chronic cough rather than ordering expensive tests. If the treatment doesn't work, you may be tested for less common causes.
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Finding out what's causing a chronic cough is very important to effective treatment. In many cases, more than one underlying condition may be causing your chronic cough.
If you smoke, your healthcare professional likely will talk with you about your readiness to quit and give you advice on how to achieve this goal. If you're taking anACEinhibitor medicine, your health professional may switch you to another medicine that doesn't have cough as a side effect.
Medicines used to treat chronic cough may include:
Antihistamines, corticosteroids and decongestants.These medicines are standard treatment for allergies and postnasal drip.
Inhaled asthma medicines.The most effective treatments for asthma-related cough are corticosteroids and bronchodilators. They reduce inflammation and open up your airways.
Antibiotics.If a bacterial, fungal or mycobacterial infection is causing your chronic cough, your healthcare professional may prescribe antibiotic medicines for the infection.
Acid blockers.When lifestyle changes don't take care of acid reflux, you may be treated with medicines that block acid production. Some people need surgery to resolve the problem.
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You may see your family healthcare professional at first. But you may need to see a doctor who specializes in lung disorders. This health professional is known as a pulmonologist.
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Follow the plan your healthcare professional gives you for treating the cause of your cough. In the meantime, you can try these tips to ease your cough:
Drink fluids.Liquid helps thin the mucus in your throat. Warm liquids, such as broth, tea or juice, can soothe your throat.
Suck on cough drops or hard candies.They may ease a dry cough and soothe an irritated throat.
Consider taking honey.A teaspoon of honey may help loosen a cough. Don't give honey to children younger than 1 year old. Honey can contain bacteria harmful to infants.
Moisturize the air.Use a cool-mist humidifier or take a steamy shower.
Avoid tobacco smoke.Smoking or breathing secondhand smoke irritates your lungs and can worsen coughs. If you smoke, talk with your healthcare professional about programs and products that can help you quit.
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throat, postnasal, hoarseness, wheezing, coughing up blood, heartburn, clearing throat, sour taste in mouth, liquid running down the back of throat, sore throat, shortness of breath, cough, runny nose, stuffy nose
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307 |
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20479976
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/doctors-departments/ddc-20485745
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COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2. It started spreading at the end of 2019 and became a pandemic disease in 2020.
The virus that causesCOVID-19spreads most commonly through the air in tiny droplets of fluid between people in close contact. Many people withCOVID-19have no symptoms or mild illness. But for older adults and people with certain medical conditions,COVID-19can lead to the need for care in the hospital or death.
Staying up to date on yourCOVID-19vaccine helps prevent serious illness, the need for hospital care due toCOVID-19and death fromCOVID-19. Other ways that may help prevent the spread of this coronavirus includes good indoor air flow, physical distancing, wearing a mask in the right setting and good hygiene.
Medicine can limit the seriousness of the viral infection. Most people recover without long-term effects, but some people have symptoms that continue for months.
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TypicalCOVID-19symptoms often show up 2 to 14 days after contact with the virus.
Symptoms can include:
Dry cough.
Shortness of breath.
Loss of taste or smell.
Extreme tiredness, called fatigue.
Digestive symptoms such as upset stomach, vomiting or loose stools, called diarrhea.
Pain, such as headaches and body or muscle aches.
Fever or chills.
Cold-like symptoms such as congestion, runny nose or sore throat.
People may only have a few symptoms or none. People who have no symptoms but test positive forCOVID-19are called asymptomatic. For example, many children who test positive don't have symptoms ofCOVID-19illness. People who go on to have symptoms are considered presymptomatic. Both groups can still spreadCOVID-19to others.
Some people may have symptoms that get worse about 7 to 14 days after symptoms start.
Most people withCOVID-19have mild to moderate symptoms. ButCOVID-19can cause serious medical complications and lead to death. Older adults or people who already have medical conditions are at greater risk of serious illness.
COVID-19may be a mild, moderate, severe or critical illness.
In broad terms, mild COVID-19 doesn't affect the ability of the lungs to get oxygen to the body.
In moderate COVID-19 illness, the lungs also work properly but there are signs that the infection is deep in the lungs.
Severe COVID-19 means that the lungs don't work correctly, and the person needs oxygen and other medical help in the hospital.
Critical COVID-19 illness means the lung and breathing system, called the respiratory system, has failed and there is damage throughout the body.
Rarely, people who catch the coronavirus can develop a group of symptoms linked to inflamed organs or tissues. The illness is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome. When children have this illness, it is called multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, shortened toMIS-C. In adults, the name isMIS-A.
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Contact a healthcare professional if you test positive forCOVID-19. If you have symptoms and need to test forCOVID-19, or you've been exposed to someone withCOVID-19, a healthcare professional can help.
People who are at high risk of serious illness may get medicine to block the spread of theCOVID-19virus in the body. Or your healthcare team may plan regular checks to monitor your health.
Get emergency help right away for any of these symptoms:
Can't catch your breath or have problems breathing.
Skin, lips or nail beds that are pale, gray or blue.
New confusion.
Trouble staying awake or waking up.
Chest pain or pressure that is constant.
This list doesn't include every emergency symptom. If you or a person you're taking care of has symptoms that worry you, get help. Let the healthcare team know about a positive test forCOVID-19or symptoms of the illness.
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COVID-19is caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, also called SARS-CoV-2.
The coronavirus spreads mainly from person to person, even from someone who is infected but has no symptoms. When people withCOVID-19cough, sneeze, breathe, sing or talk, their breath may be infected with theCOVID-19virus.
The coronavirus carried by a person's breath can land directly on the face of a nearby person, after a sneeze or cough, for example. The droplets or particles the infected person breathes out could possibly be breathed in by other people if they are close together or in areas with low air flow. And a person may touch a surface that has respiratory droplets and then touch their face with hands that have the coronavirus on them.
It's possible to getCOVID-19more than once.
Over time, the body's defense against theCOVID-19virus can fade.
A person may be exposed to so much of the virus that it breaks through their immune defense.
As a virus infects a group of people, the virus copies itself. During this process, the genetic code can randomly change in each copy. The changes are called mutations. If the coronavirus that causesCOVID-19changes in ways that make previous infections or vaccination less effective at preventing infection, people can get sick again.
The virus that causesCOVID-19can infect some pets. Cats, dogs, hamsters and ferrets have caught this coronavirus and had symptoms. It's rare for a person to getCOVID-19from a pet.
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The main risk factors forCOVID-19are:
If someone you live with hasCOVID-19.
If you spend time in places with poor air flow and a higher number of people when the virus is spreading.
If you spend more than 30 minutes in close contact with someone who hasCOVID-19.
Many factors affect your risk of catching the virus that causesCOVID-19. How long you are in contact, if the space has good air flow and your activities all affect the risk. Also, if you or others wear masks, if someone hasCOVID-19symptoms and how close you are affects your risk. Close contact includes sitting and talking next to one another, for example, or sharing a car or bedroom.
It seems to be rare for people to catch the virus that causesCOVID-19from an infected surface. While the virus is shed in waste, called stool,COVID-19infection from places such as a public bathroom is not common.
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Complications ofCOVID-19include long-term loss of taste and smell, skin rashes, and sores. The illness can cause trouble breathing or pneumonia. Medical issues a person already manages may get worse.
Complications of severeCOVID-19illness can include:
Acute respiratory distress syndrome, when the body's organs do not get enough oxygen.
Shock caused by the infection or heart problems.
Overreaction of the immune system, called the inflammatory response.
Blood clots.
Kidney injury.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends aCOVID-19vaccine for everyone age 6 months and older. TheCOVID-19vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused byCOVID-19.
TheCOVID-19vaccines available in the United States are:
Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
Children ages 6 months up to age 4 years are up to date after three doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had one dose of a previous Pfizer-BioNTechCOVIDvaccine, two doses of the 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine will bring the child up to date. If a child had two doses previously, one dose of the 2024-2025 formula will bring the child up to date.
People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 Pfizer-BioNTechCOVID-19vaccine.
ModernaCOVID-19vaccine 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 6 months and older.Among people with a typical immune system:Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
Children ages 6 months up to age 4 are up to date if they've had two doses of a 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine. If a child has had previous ModernaCOVIDvaccines, one dose of the 2024-2025 vaccine will bring the child up to date.
People age 5 and older are up to date with one 2024-2025 ModernaCOVID-19vaccine.
NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine, adjuvanted 2024-2025 formula.This vaccine is available for people age 12 years and older.Among people with a typical immune system:People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
People age 12 years and older are up to date if they've had one dose of a 2024-2025 NovavaxCOVID-19vaccine.
In general, people age 5 and older with typical immune systems can get any vaccine approved or authorized for their age. They usually don't need to get the same vaccine each time.
Some people should get all their vaccine doses from the same vaccine maker, including:
Children ages 6 months to 4 years.
People age 5 years and older with weakened immune systems.
People age 12 and older who have had one shot of the Novavax vaccine should get the second Novavax shot in the two-dose series.
Talk to your healthcare professional if you have any questions about the vaccines for you or your child. Your healthcare team can help you if:
The vaccine you or your child got earlier isn't available.
You don't know which vaccine you or your child received.
You or your child started a vaccine series but couldn't finish it due to side effects.
People with weakened immune systems
Your healthcare team may suggest added doses ofCOVID-19vaccine if you have a moderately or seriously weakened immune system. TheFDAhas also authorized the monoclonal antibody pemivibart (Pemgarda) to preventCOVID-19in some people with weakened immune systems.
Control the spread of infection
In addition to vaccination, there are other ways to stop the spread of the virus that causesCOVID-19.
If you are at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
If you feel ill or haveCOVID-19, stay home and away from others, including pets, if possible. Avoid sharing household items such as dishes or towels if you're sick.
In general, make it a habit to:
Test forCOVID-19.If you have symptoms ofCOVID-19test for the infection. Or test five days after you came in contact with the virus.
Help from afar.Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms, if possible.
Wash your hands.Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
Cover your coughs and sneezes.Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces.For example, clean doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters regularly.
Try to spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
TheCDCrecommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if you're in an area with a high number of people withCOVID-19in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.
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If you have symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, known as COVID-19, or you've been exposed to theCOVID-19virus, contact your healthcare team. Let them know if you've had close contact with anyone diagnosed withCOVID-19.
In the United States, at-homeCOVID-19tests are available. Free tests can be mailed to U.S. addresses, or you can purchase tests in stores, pharmacies or online. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration, also known as the FDA, approves or authorizes the tests. On theFDAwebsite, you can find a list of the tests that are validated and their expiration dates. You also can check with your healthcare professional before buying a test if you have any concerns.
When taking a test at home, read the directions that come with the test carefully. Follow the instructions exactly to get as accurate a result as possible.
COVID-19tests also are available from healthcare professionals, some pharmacies and clinics, or at community testing sites.
Here are some guidelines for when to take aCOVID-19test:
If you haveCOVID-19symptoms, test for the illness right away.
If you were exposed to theCOVID-19virus but don't have symptoms, wait at least five days after exposure then test.
If you have symptoms and tested positive forCOVID-19within the last 30 days, you can test again. But if you were just exposed to the coronavirus and don't have symptoms, you don't need to test.
Also, testing before an event or contact with people at high risk of serious illness helps prevent the spread of the virus that causesCOVID-19.
COVID-19tests use a sample taken from your nose or throat, or a sample of saliva.
Two types of tests can help diagnoseCOVID-19.
Molecular tests.These tests look for genetic material from theCOVID-19virus.Polymerase chain reaction tests, shortened to PCR tests, are molecular tests. You may also see this type of test called an NAAT test, short for nucleic acid amplification test.PCRtests are more accurate than the other type ofCOVID-19test, called an antigen test.PCRtests may be done at home. But they are much more likely to be done by a healthcare professional and processed in a lab.
Antigen tests.These tests look for viral proteins called antigens.Antigen tests also may be called rapidCOVID-19tests or at-homeCOVID-19tests. These tests are useful if you need a quick result.Antigen tests are reliable and accurate, but they are less accurate thanPCRtests. This is especially true if you don't have symptoms. If you take an antigen test and are negative forCOVID-19, take another antigen test after 48 hours to get the most accurate result.
|
Many people withCOVID-19recover with rest, plenty of fluids and care that manages symptoms. Medicine you can get without a prescription can help, such as:
Fever reducers.
Pain relievers, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen.
Cough syrup or medicine.
If you are at high risk of seriousCOVID-19illness, your healthcare professional may suggest medicine to prevent mild illness from getting worse. These medicines can include nirmatrelvir and ritonavir (Paxlovid), remdesivir (Veklury) or molnupiravir (Lagevrio).
Paxlovid and Lagevrio are taken by mouth as pills. Veklury is given through a needle in a vein.
If you're very ill, you may need to be treated in the hospital.
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To be treated forCOVID-19, you may start by seeing your healthcare professional. Or you may be referred immediately to a specialist trained in treating infectious diseases.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
|
If you haveCOVID-19, it's important to get plenty of rest, drink fluids and keep an eye on your symptoms. Medicines you can get without a prescription can help manage pain, fever or cough.
If you haveCOVID-19and are staying separate from others, try to keep busy and help your body clear out the infection. Some things that might help are:
Eat healthy meals.
Get enough sleep.
Relaxation exercises.
Do activities you enjoy.
Connect with friends and family, such as with phone or video calls.
People who haveCOVID-19or care for someone with the illness may feel new or worse symptoms of stress, depression and anxiety. If you or a loved one need help with managing the stress of illness, isolation or caregiving, contact your healthcare professional. Consider asking for a referral to a mental health professional.
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upset stomach, illness, chills, muscle aches, body aches, shortness of breath, runny nose, headaches, fatigue, tiredness, congestion, multisystem inflammatory syndrome, death, sore throat, cough, covid-19 illness, loss of taste or smell, diarrhea, vomiting, loose stools, infection, extreme tiredness, oxygen, pain, fever, dry cough
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309 |
Pubic lice (crabs)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/symptoms-causes/syc-20350300
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pubic-lice-crabs/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350306
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Pubic lice, commonly called crabs, are tiny insects found in your genital area. They are a different type of louse from head lice and body lice. Measuring 1/16 inch (1.6 millimeters) or less, pubic lice received their nickname because their bodies resemble tiny crabs.
The most common way to get pubic lice is through sexual activity. In children, pubic lice may be found in the eyebrows or eyelashes and can be a sign of sexual abuse. However, it may be possible to catch pubic lice after sharing clothing, bedsheets or towels with an infected person.
Pubic lice feed on your blood, and their bites can cause severe itching. Treatment includes applying over-the-counter creams and lotions that kill the parasites and their eggs.
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If you have pubic lice (crabs), you may experience intense itching in your genital region. Pubic lice can spread to other areas with coarse body hair, including the:
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Seek medical advice about pubic lice treatment if:
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Pubic lice are most commonly spread during sexual activity. You may also get pubic lice from infested sheets, blankets, towels or clothes.
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People who have other sexually transmitted infections are more likely to also have pubic lice.
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Pubic lice infestations can usually be treated with a louse-killing lotion or gel. However, a pubic lice infestation sometimes leads to complications such as:
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To prevent pubic lice infestation, avoid having sexual contact or sharing bedding or clothing with anyone who has an infestation. If you are being treated for pubic lice, all sexual partners also must be treated.
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You or your doctor can usually confirm a pubic lice infestation through a visual examination of your pubic area. The presence of moving lice confirms infestation.
Lice eggs (nits) also may indicate an infestation. However, nits can cling to hairs and be present, although no longer alive, even after successful treatment.
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If over-the-counter lotions or shampoos that have 1% permethrin (Nix) or pyrethrin don't kill your pubic lice, your doctor may prescribe stronger treatments, such as:
Eyelash and eyebrow treatments.If pubic lice are found in eyelashes and eyebrows, you can treat them by carefully applying petroleum jelly with a cotton swab at night and washing it off in the morning. This treatment may need to be repeated for several weeks and can irritate the eyes if used incorrectly.
If only a few live lice and nits are found, you may be able to remove them using a nit comb or your fingernails. If additional treatment is needed, your doctor may prescribe a topical ointment.
All hairy areas of the body should be thoroughly checked and treated because lice can move away from treated areas to other hairy parts of the body. Shaving won't get rid of pubic lice.
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If you can't get rid of pubic lice on your own, you may need to talk to your family doctor.
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intense itching, itching
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310 |
Muscle cramp
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350825
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/doctors-departments/ddc-20350828
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A muscle cramp is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more muscles. Sometimes called a charley horse, a muscle cramp can be very painful. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to muscle cramps. Some medicines and illnesses also might cause muscle cramps.
Muscle cramps aren't usually harmful. Self-care measures can treat most muscle cramps.
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Muscle cramps occur mostly in leg muscles, most often in the calf. Cramps usually last for seconds to minutes. After the cramp eases, the area might be sore for hours or days.
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Muscle cramps usually go away on their own. They don't usually need medical care. However, see a health care provider for cramps that:
Cause severe discomfort.
Have leg swelling, redness or skin changes.
Come with muscle weakness.
Happen often.
Don't get better with self-care.
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A muscle cramp can happen after working a muscle too hard or straining it, losing body fluids through sweat or simply holding a position for a long time. Often, however, the cause isn't known.
Most muscle cramps are harmless. But some might be related to a medical concern, such as:
Not enough blood flow.A narrowing of the arteries that bring blood to the legs can cause a cramping pain in the legs and feet during exercise. These cramps usually go away soon after exercise stops.
Nerve compression.Pressure on the nerves in the spine also can cause cramping pain in the legs. The pain usually gets worse with walking. Walking bent slightly forward, such as when pushing a shopping cart, might ease cramping.
Not enough minerals.Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in the diet can cause leg cramps. Medicines often prescribed for high blood pressure can cause increased urination, which may drain the body of these minerals.
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Factors that might increase the risk of muscle cramps include:
Age.Older people lose muscle mass. Then the muscles can't work as hard and can get stressed more easily.
Poor conditioning.Not being in shape for an activity causes muscles to tire more easily.
Extreme sweating.Athletes who get tired and sweat a lot while playing sports in warm weather often get muscle cramps.
Pregnancy.Muscle cramps are common during pregnancy.
Medical issues.Having diabetes or illnesses that involve nerves, liver or thyroid can increase the risk of muscle cramps.
Weight.Being overweight can increase the risk of muscle cramps.
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These steps might help prevent cramps:
Drink plenty of liquids every day.Muscles need fluids to work well. During activity, drink liquids regularly. Keep drinking water or other liquids without caffeine or alcohol after the activity.
Stretch your muscles.Stretch gently before and after using any muscle for a time. To avoid getting leg cramps at night, stretch before bedtime. Light exercise, such as riding a stationary bicycle for a few minutes before bedtime, also may help prevent cramps while you sleep.
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Self-care measures usually can treat muscle cramps. A health care provider can show you stretching exercises that can reduce the chances of getting muscle cramps. Drinking plenty of fluids can also help prevent muscle cramps.
If you keep getting cramps that wake you from sleep, a care provider might prescribe medicine to relax muscles or help you sleep.
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See a health care provider if you have muscle cramps often that are severe and not getting better with self-care.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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If you have a cramp, these actions might help:
Stretch and massage.Stretch the cramped muscle and gently rub it. For a calf cramp, keep the leg straight while pulling the top of your foot on the side that's cramped toward your face. Also try standing with your weight on your cramped leg and pressing down firmly. This helps ease a cramp in the back of the thigh too.For a front thigh cramp, try pulling the foot on that leg up toward your buttock. Hold on to a chair to steady yourself.
Apply heat or cold.Use a warm towel or heating pad on tense or tight muscles. Taking a warm bath or directing the stream of a hot shower onto the cramped muscle also can help. Rubbing the sore muscle with ice also might relieve pain.
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muscle cramps, cramp, sore
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311 |
Menstrual cramps
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/symptoms-causes/syc-20374938
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374944
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/menstrual-cramps/doctors-departments/ddc-20374945
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Menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen. Many women have menstrual cramps just before and during their menstrual periods.
For some women, the discomfort is merely annoying. For others, menstrual cramps can be severe enough to interfere with everyday activities for a few days every month.
Conditions such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids can cause menstrual cramps. Treating the cause is key to reducing the pain. Menstrual cramps that aren't caused by another condition tend to lessen with age and often improve after giving birth.
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Symptoms of menstrual cramps include:
Some women also have:
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See your health care provider if:
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During your menstrual period, your uterus contracts to help expel its lining. Hormonelike substances (prostaglandins) involved in pain and inflammation trigger the uterine muscle contractions. Higher levels of prostaglandins are associated with more-severe menstrual cramps.
Menstrual cramps can be caused by:
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You might be at risk of menstrual cramps if:
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Menstrual cramps don't cause other medical complications, but they can interfere with school, work and social activities.
Certain conditions associated with menstrual cramps can have complications, though. For example, endometriosis can cause fertility problems. Pelvic inflammatory disease can scar your fallopian tubes, increasing the risk of a fertilized egg implanting outside of your uterus (ectopic pregnancy).
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Your health care provider will review your medical history and perform a physical exam, including a pelvic exam. During the pelvic exam, your provider checks for anything unusual with the reproductive organs and looks for signs of infection.
Your provider may also recommend certain tests, including:
Other imaging tests.A computed tomography (CT) scan or Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan provides more detail than an ultrasound and can help your doctor diagnose underlying conditions.CTcombines X-ray images taken from many angles to produce cross-sectional images of bones, organs and other soft tissues inside your body.
MRIuses radio waves and a powerful magnetic field to produce detailed images of internal structures. Both tests are noninvasive and painless.
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To ease your menstrual cramps, your health care provider might recommend:
Pain relievers.Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or naproxen sodium (Aleve), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. Prescription nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also are available.
Start taking the pain reliever at the beginning of your period, or as soon as you feel symptoms, and continue taking the medicine as directed for two to three days, or until your symptoms are gone.
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If you have bothersome menstrual cramps, make an appointment with either your primary physician or a doctor who specializes in the female reproductive system (gynecologist). Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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menstrual cramps
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314 |
Complex regional pain syndrome
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20371151
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371156
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/crps-complex-regional-pain-syndrome/doctors-departments/ddc-20371157
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Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a form of chronic pain that usually affects an arm or a leg. CRPS typically develops after an injury, a surgery, a stroke or a heart attack. The pain is out of proportion to the severity of the initial injury.
CRPS is uncommon, and its cause isn't clearly understood. Treatment is most effective when started early. In such cases, improvement and even remission are possible.
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Signs and symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) include:
Symptoms may change over time and vary from person to person. Pain, swelling, redness, noticeable changes in temperature and hypersensitivity (particularly to cold and touch) usually occur first.
Over time, the affected limb can become cold and pale. It may undergo skin and nail changes as well as muscle spasms and tightening. Once these changes occur, the condition is often irreversible.
CRPS occasionally may spread from its source to elsewhere in the body, such as the opposite limb.
In some people, signs and symptoms of CRPS go away on their own. In others, signs and symptoms may persist for months to years. Treatment is likely to be most effective when started early in the course of the illness.
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If you experience constant, severe pain that affects a limb and makes touching or moving that limb seem intolerable, see your health care provider to determine the cause. It's important to treat complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) early.
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The cause of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) isn't completely understood. It's thought to be caused by an injury to or difference in the peripheral and central nervous systems. CRPS typically occurs as a result of a trauma or an injury.
CRPS occurs in two types, with similar signs and symptoms, but different causes:
Many cases of CRPS occur after a forceful trauma to an arm or a leg. This can include a crushing injury or a fracture.
Other major and minor traumas — such as surgery, heart attacks, infections and even sprained ankles — also can lead to CRPS.
It's not well understood why these injuries can trigger CRPS. Not everyone who has such an injury will go on to develop CRPS. It might be due to an interaction between your central and peripheral nervous systems that isn't typical and different inflammatory responses.
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If complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) isn't diagnosed and treated early, the disease may progress to more-disabling signs and symptoms.
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These steps might help you reduce the risk of developing CRPS:
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Diagnosis of CRPS is based on a physical exam and your medical history. There's no single test that can definitively diagnose CRPS, but the following procedures may provide important clues:
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There's some evidence that early treatment might help improve symptoms of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Often, a combination of different treatments, tailored to your specific case, is necessary. Treatment options include:
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Living with a chronic, painful condition can be challenging, especially when — as is often the case with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) — your friends and family don't believe you could be feeling as much pain as you describe. Share information from reliable sources about CRPS with those close to you to help them understand what you're experiencing.
Follow these suggestions to take care of your physical and mental health:
If CRPS makes it difficult for you to do things you enjoy, ask your provider about ways to get around the obstacles.
Keep in mind that your physical health can directly affect your mental health. Denial, anger and frustration are common with chronic illnesses.
At times, you may need more tools to deal with your emotions. A therapist, behavioral psychologist or other professional may be able to help you put things in perspective. He or she may also be able to teach you coping skills, such as relaxation or meditation techniques.
Sometimes joining a support group, where you can share experiences and feelings with other people, is a good approach. Ask your provider what support groups are available in your community.
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To get the best medical care, take time to prepare for your appointment.
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pain, cold, nail changes, swelling, regional pain syndrome, skin changes, muscle spasms, hypersensitivity, crps, pale, redness
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315 |
Undescended testicle
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/symptoms-causes/syc-20351995
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352000
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/undescended-testicle/doctors-departments/ddc-20352003
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A testicle that doesn't move down into its proper place in the scrotum before birth is called an undescended testicle. It's also known as cryptorchidism (krip-TOR-kih-diz-um). Most often, it's just one testicle that doesn't descend into the scrotum, which is the bag of skin that hangs below the penis. But sometimes both testicles are affected.
An undescended testicle is more common in premature babies than it is in full-term infants. An undescended testicle often moves down on its own within a few months after the baby is born. If your baby has an undescended testicle that doesn't correct itself, surgery can be done to move the testicle into the scrotum.
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Not seeing or feeling a testicle in the scrotum is the main symptom of an undescended testicle.
Testicles form in an unborn baby's lower belly. During the last few months of pregnancy, the testicles typically move down from the stomach area. They move through a tubelike passage in the groin, called the inguinal canal, and descend into the scrotum. With an undescended testicle, that process stops or is delayed.
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An undescended testicle often is found during an exam done shortly after birth. If your baby has an undescended testicle, ask how often exams will need to be done. If the testicle hasn't moved into the scrotum by 3 to 4 months of age, the condition likely won't correct itself.
Treating an undescended testicle when your child is still a baby might lower the risk of health problems later in life. These include cancer of the testicles and not being able to get a partner pregnant, also called infertility.
Older boys — from infants to preteens — who have descended testicles at birth might appear to be missing a testicle later. This might be a symptom of:
A retractile testicle,which moves back and forth between the scrotum and the groin. The testicle might be easily guided by hand into the scrotum during a physical exam. A retractile testicle is due to a muscle reflex in the scrotum.
An ascending testicle,which has returned to the groin. The testicle can't be easily guided by hand into the scrotum. Another name for this is an acquired undescended testicle.
Talk to your child's doctor or other member of their care team if you notice any changes in your child's genitals or if you have other concerns.
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The exact cause of an undescended testicle isn't known. Genes, the health of the baby's mother and other factors might have a combined effect. Together they may disrupt the hormones, physical changes and nerve activity that play roles in how the testicles develop.
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Things that might raise the risk of an undescended testicle in a newborn include:
Premature birth or low birth weight.
Family history of undescended testicles.
Health conditions in the baby, such as cerebral palsy or a problem with the wall of the abdomen.
The mother having diabetes before or during pregnancy.
Alcohol use during pregnancy.
Smoking cigarettes or exposure to secondhand smoke during pregnancy.
Exposure to some pesticides during pregnancy.
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The testicles need to be slightly cooler than regular body temperature to develop and work well. The scrotum provides this cooler place. Complications of a testicle not being located where it's supposed to be include:
Testicular cancer.Men who've had an undescended testicle have a higher risk of testicular cancer. This disease often begins in testicle cells that make immature sperm. It's not clear why these cells turn into cancer.The risk is greater in men who've had undescended testicles located in the stomach area than in men who've had undescended testicles in the groin. The risk also is higher when both testicles are affected. Surgery to correct an undescended testicle might lower the risk of testicular cancer. But the cancer risk doesn't go away completely.
Fertility problems.These problems make it harder to get a partner pregnant. They're more likely to happen in men who've had an undescended testicle. Fertility problems might be worse if an undescended testicle goes without treatment for a long time.
Other health conditions linked with an undescended testicle include:
Testicular torsion.This is the twisting of the cord that brings blood to the scrotum. It's a painful problem that cuts off blood to the testicle. Without quick treatment, the testicle might become so damaged that it needs to be removed with surgery.
Trauma.If a testicle is in the groin, it might get damaged from pressure against the pubic bone.
Inguinal hernia.A part of the intestines can push into the groin through a weak spot in the muscles of the stomach area. The bulge this causes can be painful.
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With an undescended testicle, surgery may be needed to find the problem and treat it. There are two main types of surgery:
Laparoscopy.A small tube with a camera on it is placed through a small cut in the belly. Laparoscopy is done to locate a testicle in the stomach area.
Open surgery.This uses a larger cut to look inside the stomach area or groin to find the undescended testicle.
If a baby's testicles can't be found in the scrotum after birth, more tests may be needed. These tests can determine if the testicles are absent — meaning not there at all — rather than undescended. Some health issues that lead to absent testicles can cause serious problems soon after birth if they're not found and treated.
Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound andMRI, usually aren't needed to find out if a baby has an undescended testicle.
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The goal of treatment is to move the undescended testicle to its proper place in the scrotum. Treatment before age 1 might lower the risk of health problems linked with an undescended testicle, such as infertility and testicular cancer. Earlier treatment is better. Experts often recommend that surgery take place before the child is 18 months old.
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Your child might be sensitive about how the scrotum looks without one or both testicles. It's common to feel anxious about looking different from friends or classmates, especially in a locker room where students undress. The following tips might help:
Teach your child the right words to use when talking about the scrotum and testicles.
Explain that there are often two testicles in the scrotum. If one or both are missing, explain what that means and why your child is still a healthy kid.
Tell your child that having an undescended testicle isn't an illness.
Discuss whether a testicular prosthesis is a good option for your child.
Help your child practice how to explain the undescended testicle to any bullies or kids who ask questions.
Buy your child loose-fitting boxer shorts and swim trunks. These might make the undescended testicle harder to notice when changing clothes and playing sports.
Be aware of signs of worry or shame. For example, your child might stop playing a sport they used to enjoy.
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An undescended testicle often is found at birth. Your family doctor or pediatrician will check on the condition during well-baby visits and regular exams for your child.
To prepare for your appointment, write down a list of questions to discuss with your child's care team. Questions might include:
How often should I schedule appointments?
How can I safely check the scrotum at home to watch for any changes in the undescended testicle?
When would you suggest seeing a specialist?
What kinds of tests will my child need?
What treatment options do you suggest?
Are there any brochures or other printed material that I can take home with me? What websites do you suggest?
Feel free to ask other questions during your appointment.
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Even after surgery, it's important to check your baby's testicles to make sure they develop properly. You can check the position of the testicles during diaper changes and baths.
When your child is about to reach puberty, the two of you can talk about what physical changes to expect. During the talk, you can explain how your child can check the testicles without your help. Your child should do a self-exam each month. This is a key skill to help find lumps and other possible symptoms of tumors early. Make an appointment with your child's doctor if your child notices any unusual changes in the testicles.
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not seeing, not feeling
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316 |
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351056
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351057
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cutaneous-t-cell-lymphoma/doctors-departments/ddc-20351058
|
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a rare type of cancer that begins in the white blood cells. The cancer affects white blood cells called T cells, also called T lymphocytes. These cells help the body's germ-fighting immune system. In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the T cells attack the skin.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, also called CTCL, can cause rash and slightly raised or scaly round patches on the skin. Sometimes other growths appear on the skin.
There are several types of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The most common types include:
Mycosis fungoides.Mycosis fungoides is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows slowly. Mycosis fungoides mainly affects the skin. It often causes patches of affected skin.
Sezary syndrome.Sezary syndrome is a less common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. It grows and expands quickly. Sezary syndrome affects the skin and the blood. In time, it causes a rash over the whole body.
Treatment depends on the type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Treatments can include skin creams, light therapy, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Another type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that affects the skin is called cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma is much more common than cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
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Signs and symptoms of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma include:
Patches of raised or scaly skin that might itch. The patches happen most often on skin that doesn't get much sun.
Patches of skin that look pink, red, brown or gray. The color may be harder to see on Black and brown skin.
Patches of skin that look lighter in color than the skin around them. This may be easier to see on Black and brown skin.
Lumps that form on the skin and may break open.
Lymph nodes that get bigger.
Hair loss.
Thickened skin on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
A rash over all the skin that is scaly and itchy.
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Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma often isn't known. This cancer causes a growth of cells in the skin. It starts in germ-fighting white blood cells called lymphocytes. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma affects specific lymphocytes called T lymphocytes.
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma happens when T lymphocytes develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do.
DNA gives healthy cells instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give other instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to grow and multiply quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, the cancer cells build up in the skin. In one type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma called Sezary syndrome, the cancer cells also are in the blood.
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The risk of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be higher in:
Older adults.The condition can happen at any age, but it's more common in people 50 and older.
People assigned male at birth.The condition is twice as common in people assigned male at birth than it is in people assigned female at birth.
Black people.Black people have the highest risk of getting cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Black people also are more likely to get this cancer at an earlier age.
There is no way to prevent cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
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To diagnose cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, a healthcare professional might start with an exam to look for signs of cancer. Tests and procedures might include blood tests, skin biopsies and imaging tests. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma may be hard to diagnose because the symptoms are like those of other skin conditions, such as eczema. And early tests may not show cancer cells in the skin. Getting the right diagnosis may take time.
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Treatments for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma include medicines, radiation therapy, light therapy and bone marrow transplant. Many treatments exist for this cancer. Your treatment plan may include a mix of treatments.
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A diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma can be a challenge. Here are some ideas that may help you cope.
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Start by making an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Many people with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma have itchy skin. Caring for your skin may help. Besides what your healthcare professional gives you to control itching, it also may help to:
Use mild soap with no scent.This might help ease itching. When you wash your skin, use warm, not hot, water.
Keep skin moisturized.Put a gentle lotion, cream or ointment with no scent on your skin after showers and baths. Use the moisturizer throughout the day as needed. This can help ease itching.
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scaly rash, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma, scaly, itchy, thickened skin, broken skin, lumps, itch, brown skin, hair loss, rash, red skin, pink skin, itchy skin, raised skin, enlarged lymph nodes, scaly skin, gray skin, itchy rash, lighter skin
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317 |
Peyronie disease
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353468
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353473
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/peyronies-disease/doctors-departments/ddc-20353475
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Peyronie (pay-roe-NEE) disease is a condition in which fibrous scar tissue forms in the deeper tissues under the skin of the penis. This causes curved, painful erections. It also can make the penis shorter while erect. Peyronie disease is not caused by cancer.
Penises vary in shape and size. So having a curved erection isn't always a cause for concern. But Peyronie disease causes a serious bend or pain in some people.
This can prevent you from having sex. Or it might make it hard to get or keep an erection, which also is called erectile dysfunction. For many people, Peyronie disease also causes stress and anxiety.
Peyronie disease rarely goes away on its own. In most people with the condition, it will remain as is or may get slightly worse early on. Early treatment soon after you get the condition may keep it from getting worse or even improve symptoms. Even if you've had Peyronie disease for some time, treatment may help ease symptoms such as pain, curving and shortening.
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Peyronie disease symptoms might start suddenly or appear over time. The most common symptoms include:
Scar tissue.The scar tissue linked with Peyronie disease also is called plaque. It's different from plaque that can build up in blood vessels or on your teeth. It can be felt under the skin of the penis as flat lumps or a band of hard tissue. The area over the scar tissue may feel tender.
A bend to the penis.The penis might curve upward or downward or bend to one side.
Erection problems.Peyronie disease might cause problems getting or keeping an erection. This also is called erectile dysfunction. Often though, people with Peyronie disease say they notice erectile dysfunction before the start of their other penile symptoms.
Shortening of the penis.The penis might become shorter during erections due to Peyronie disease.
Pain in the penis.This symptom might happen with or without an erection.
Other changes in how the penis looks.In some people with Peyronie disease, the erect penis might look narrow or indented. It might even take on an hourglass-like shape, with a tight, narrow band around the shaft.
The curving and penile shortening linked with Peyronie disease might become worse over time. Physical changes in the penis often get worse or stay the same during the first year to year and a half.
Pain during erections usually gets better within 1 to 2 years. The scar tissue, penile shortening and curving often remain. It's not common, but the curving and pain of Peyronie disease can get better without treatment.
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See a health care professional if you notice symptoms of Peyronie disease. Early treatment gives you the best chance to improve the condition or keep it from getting worse. If you've had the condition for some time, get a health care checkup if the pain, curving, length, or other changes bother you or your partner.
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The exact cause of Peyronie disease isn't clear. But various factors seem to be involved.
It's thought Peyronie disease most often results from repeated injury to the penis during vigorous sex. But the penis also could be damaged during athletic activities or accidents. Many people with Peyronie disease can't recall a specific injury that led to their symptoms.
During the healing process after injury to the penis, scar tissue forms. This can lead to a lump you can feel or to a curve in the penis.
Each side of the penis contains a spongelike tube called a corpus cavernosum. These tubes have many tiny blood vessels. Each of the corpora cavernosa is encased in a sheath of elastic tissue called the tunica albuginea (TOO-nih-kuh al-BYOO-JIN-e-uh). The sheath stretches during an erection.
When you become sexually aroused, more blood flows to these chambers. As the chambers fill with blood, the penis expands, straightens and stiffens into an erection.
In Peyronie disease, when the penis becomes erect, the area with the scar tissue doesn't stretch. As a result, the penis bends or goes through other changes. This can be painful.
In most people, Peyronie disease symptoms come on slowly and don't seem to be linked with an injury. Researchers are looking into whether Peyronie disease might be tied to a genetic trait or certain health conditions.
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Minor injury to the penis doesn't always lead to Peyronie disease. Various factors can contribute to poor wound healing and scar tissue buildup that might play a role in Peyronie disease. These include:
Family history.If a family member has Peyronie disease, you have a higher risk of the condition.
Connective tissue diseases.People who have certain conditions that affect connective tissue in the body seem to have a higher risk of getting Peyronie disease. For example, some people with Peyronie disease also have a thick cord under the skin of the palm that can pull the fingers inward. This is called Dupuytren contracture.
Age.Peyronie disease can happen at any age. But it becomes more common between the ages of 45 and 70. Curving of the penis in younger men less often is due to Peyronie disease. It is more commonly called congenital penile curvature. A small amount of curvature in younger men is typical and not concerning.
Other factors might be linked to Peyronie disease. These include certain health conditions, smoking and some types of prostate surgery.
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Peyronie disease might lead to troubles that include:
Not being able to have sex.
Trouble getting or keeping an erection, also called erectile dysfunction.
Anxiety, stress, or depression over challenges having sex or the way your penis looks.
Stress on your relationship with your sexual partner.
Trouble having a child because it's challenging or not possible to have sex.
Shorter penis length.
Penile pain.
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Health care professionals often can figure out if someone has Peyronie disease by doing a physical exam. They also might do tests to check for other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.
You might need the following tests:
Physical exam.Your health care professional feels your penis when it's not erect to figure out the location and amount of scar tissue. The length of your penis also might be measured. If the condition becomes worse, this measurement helps determine whether the penis has gotten shorter.Your health care professional also might ask you to bring in photos of your erect penis taken at home. This can help determine the degree of curving, the location of scar tissue or other details that might guide treatment.
Other tests.Your health care professional might order an ultrasound or other tests to check your penis when it's erect. Before testing, you'll likely receive a shot directly into the penis that helps it become erect.Ultrasound is the most commonly used test for penis conditions. It uses sound waves to make images of soft tissues inside the body. These tests can show the presence of scar tissue, blood flow to the penis and any other irregular signs.
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Treatment options for Peyronie disease depend on how long it's been since you began having symptoms.
Acute phase.As scar tissue forms, changes in the curve or length of the penis become worse. You also may have pain during erections. The acute phase may last for 5 to 18 months.
Chronic phase.The scar tissue in the penis stops growing, and your symptoms become stable. You also have no penile pain or changes in the curve, length or other aspects of the penis. The chronic phase happens later in Peyronie disease.
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Peyronie disease can cause anxiety and create stress between you and your sexual partner.
These tips might help you better cope with Peyronie disease:
Explain to your partner what the disease is and how it affects your ability to have sex.
Let your partner know how you feel about the appearance of your penis and your ability to have sex.
Talk to your partner about how the two of you can maintain sexual and physical closeness.
Talk to a mental health professional who is skilled in family relations and sexual matters.
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If you have Peyronie disease symptoms, you're likely to start by seeing your family doctor or general practitioner. You might be referred to a specialist in male sexual disorders called a urologist. Encourage your partner to join you at the checkup.
Preparing for your appointment will help you make the best use of your time.
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pain, hourglass-like shape, peyronie disease symptoms, shortening, narrow, tender, peyronie disease, indented, bend, erection problems, erectile dysfunction
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318 |
Scoliosis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350716
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350721
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/scoliosis/doctors-departments/ddc-20350725
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Scoliosis is a side-to-side curve of the spine. It's most often diagnosed after age 10 or in the early teen years. The spine can curve to either side and in different parts of the back. Experts don't know the cause of most childhood scoliosis.
Most scoliosis is mild. But some curves get worse as children grow. If the curve gets very bad, scoliosis can cause pain and breathing problems. A bad curve of the spine can push on the lungs and make it hard to breathe.
Healthcare professionals watch growing children who have mild scoliosis with follow-up visits a few times a year. This most often involves X-rays and a physical exam to see if the curve is getting worse. Many people with scoliosis don't need treatment.
Some children may need to wear a brace to stop the curve from getting worse. Others may need surgery to correct the curves.
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Symptoms of scoliosis may include:
Change in posture.
Shoulders that aren't even.
One shoulder blade that looks bigger than the other.
Waist that isn't even.
One hip higher than the other.
One side of the rib cage pushing forward.
One side of the back poking out when bending forward.
Most often with scoliosis, the spine rotates or twists as well as curving side to side. This causes the ribs or muscles on one side of the body to stick out farther than those on the other side.
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See your child's healthcare professional if you see signs of scoliosis in your child. A mild curve might form slowly and not cause pain. You and your child might not know it's there. Sometimes, teachers, friends and sports teammates are the first to notice a child's scoliosis.
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Experts don't know what causes the most common type of scoliosis. But the condition can run in families. The following may cause some types of scoliosis:
Certain conditions of the muscles and nerves that let the body move, called neuromuscular conditions. Conditions include cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.
Birth conditions that affect how the bones of the spine form.
Surgery on the chest wall as a baby or surgery to remove bone over the back of the spine.
Spinal cord conditions.
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Risk factors for getting the most common type of scoliosis include:
Being age 10 or older.Symptoms most often begin in the early teen years.
Being assigned female at birth.Both sexes get mild scoliosis at about the same rate. But people assigned female at birth have a higher risk of the curve getting worse and needing treatment.
Having a family history.Scoliosis can run in families. But most children with scoliosis don't have a family history of the condition.
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Most people with scoliosis have a mild form. In a growing child, scoliosis can get worse. Worse scoliosis sometimes causes complications, including:
Breathing problems.The spine may press against the lungs. This can make it harder to breathe.
Back problems.People who get scoliosis as children may be more likely to have chronic back pain as adults. This is more often true for curves that are large and not treated.
Changes in how the body looks.As scoliosis gets worse, it can cause body changes. These changes may include hips and shoulders that aren't even, ribs that stick out, being short, and a shift of the waist and trunk to the side.
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To diagnose scoliosis, your child's healthcare professional may take a medical history and ask about recent growth. During the physical exam, the healthcare professional may have your child stand and bend forward from the waist, with arms hanging loosely. This is to see if one side of the rib cage stands out more than the other.
The healthcare professional also may do an exam to check the nervous system, called a neurological exam. The exam checks for:
Muscle weakness.
Numbness.
Reflexes.
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Scoliosis treatment depends on the size of the curve and how much more the child is likely to grow. Even children with small curves may need regular checkups to see if the curve is getting worse as they grow. Older teenagers who have mild curves often don't need treatment.
A moderate or large spinal curve might need bracing or surgery. That may depend on:
How mature the child is.If a child's bones have stopped growing, the risk of the curve getting worse is low. Braces have the most effect in children whose bones are still growing. A healthcare professional can check how mature the bones are with hand X-rays.
Size of curve.Larger curves are more likely to get worse with time.
People assigned female at birth.They have a higher risk of the curve getting worse than do people assigned male at birth.
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Coping with scoliosis can be tough for teenagers. They are dealing with many physical changes and emotional and social challenges. A diagnosis of scoliosis can add distress.
Having caring friends can help a child or teen cope with scoliosis, bracing or surgical treatment. Urge your child to talk to friends and ask for their support.
You might try a support group for parents and kids with scoliosis. People in the group can share advice and help you connect with others who have challenges like those of you and your child.
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Your child's healthcare team may check for scoliosis at a well-child visit. Many schools also have screening programs for scoliosis. A physical exam before joining a sport may show scoliosis.
If someone tells you your child might have scoliosis, see your healthcare professional to confirm the condition. Your healthcare professional may send you to a specialist in treating children with scoliosis, called a pediatric orthopedic surgeon.
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No activities are known to cause or fix scoliosis. Most people with scoliosis don't have to restrict what they do. Carrying a heavy backpack does not cause scoliosis.
Exercise or playing sports may improve overall health and well-being. A healthy diet with enough calcium and vitamin D also may help bone health. Physical therapy can help strengthen the back, ease pain and improve posture.
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one side of the back poking out, one hip higher, one side of the rib cage pushing forward, waist that isn't even, change in posture, one shoulder blade that looks bigger, scoliosis, ribs or muscles on one side stick out farther, shoulders that aren't even
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319 |
Self-injury/cutting
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20350950
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/self-injury/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350956
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Nonsuicidal self-injury, often simply called self-injury, is the act of harming your own body on purpose, such as by cutting or burning yourself. It's usually not meant as a suicide attempt. This type of self-injury is a harmful way to cope with emotional pain, sadness, anger and stress.
While self-injury may bring a brief sense of calm and a release of physical and emotional tension, it's usually followed by guilt and shame and the return of painful emotions. Life-threatening injuries are usually not intended, but it's possible that more-serious and even fatal self-harm could happen.
Getting the proper treatment can help you learn healthier ways to cope.
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Symptoms of self-injury may include:
Scars, often in patterns.
Fresh cuts, scratches, bruises, bite marks or other wounds.
Excessive rubbing of an area to create a burn.
Keeping sharp objects or other items used for self-injury on hand.
Wearing long sleeves or long pants to hide self-injury, even in hot weather.
Frequent reports of accidental injury.
Difficulties in relationships with others.
Behaviors and emotions that change quickly and are impulsive, intense and unexpected.
Talk of helplessness, hopelessness or worthlessness.
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If you're injuring yourself, even in a minor way, or if you have thoughts of harming yourself, reach out for help. Any form of self-injury is a sign of bigger stressors that need attention.
Talk to someone you trust — such as a friend, family member, health care provider, spiritual leader, or a school counselor, nurse or teacher. They can help you take the first steps to successful treatment. While you may feel ashamed and embarrassed about your behavior, you can find supportive, caring help from people who aren't going to judge you.
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There's no one single or simple cause that leads someone to self-injure. In general, self-injury may result from:
Poor coping skills.Nonsuicidal self-injury is usually the result of an inability to cope in healthy ways with stress and emotional pain.
Difficulty managing emotions.Having a hard time controlling, expressing or understanding emotions may lead to self-injury. The mix of emotions that triggers self-injury is complex. For example, there may be feelings of worthlessness, loneliness, panic, anger, guilt, rejection and self-hatred. Being bullied or having questions about sexual identity may be part of the mix of emotions.
Self-injury may be an attempt to:
Manage or reduce severe distress or anxiety and provide a sense of relief.
Provide a distraction from painful emotions through physical pain.
Feel a sense of control over the body, feelings or life situations.
Feel something — anything — even if it's physical pain, when feeling emotionally empty.
Express internal feelings in an external way.
Communicate feelings of stress or depression to the outside world.
Punish oneself.
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Teenagers and young adults are most likely to self-injure, but those in other age groups do it, too. Self-injury often starts in the preteen or early teen years, when emotional changes happen fast, often and unexpectedly. During this time, teens also face increasing peer pressure, loneliness, and conflicts with parents or other authority figures.
Certain factors may increase the risk of self-injury, including:
Having friends who self-injure.Having friends who intentionally harm themselves makes it more likely for someone to begin self-injuring.
Life issues.Past experiences of neglect, sexual, physical or emotional abuse, or other traumatic events may increase the risk of self-injury. So can growing up and remaining in an unstable family environment. Other risk factors include questioning personal or sexual identity and social isolation.
Mental health issues.Being highly self-critical and struggling with problem solving increases the risk of self-injury. Also, self-injury is commonly linked with certain mental health conditions, such as borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and eating disorders.
Alcohol or drug use.Being under the influence of alcohol or recreational drugs may increase the risk of self-injury.
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Self-injury can cause complications, such as:
Worsening feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem.
Infection, either from wounds or from sharing tools.
Permanent scars or other permanent harm to the body.
Worsening of underlying issues and conditions, if not properly treated.
Severe injury that could possibly lead to death.
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There is no sure way to prevent someone's self-injuring behavior. But reducing the risk of self-injury includes strategies that involve both individuals and communities. Parents, family members, teachers, school nurses, coaches or friends can help.
Identify someone at risk and offer help.Someone at risk can be taught how to better manage stress and deal with life's problems. The person can learn healthy coping skills to use during periods of distress.
Encourage supportive social networks.Feeling lonely and disconnected may be a part of self-injury. Helping someone form healthy connections to people who don't self-injure can improve relationship and communication skills.
Raise awareness.Learn about the warning signs of self-injury and what to do when you suspect it.
Encourage friends to seek help.Peers tend to be loyal to their friends. Encourage children, teens and young adults to avoid secrecy and reach out for help if they have a concern about a friend or family member.
Talk about media influence.News media, music and other highly visible outlets that feature self-injury may nudge children and young adults with mental or emotional issues to experiment. Teaching children critical thinking skills about the influences around them might reduce the harmful impact.
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Although some people may ask for help, sometimes family or friends discover the self-injury. Or a health care provider doing a routine medical exam may notice signs, such as scars or fresh injuries.
There's no specific test to diagnose self-injury. Diagnosis is based on a physical and psychological evaluation. You may be referred to a mental health professional with experience in treating self-injury for evaluation. This professional talks to you about your life, thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
A mental health professional also may evaluate you for other mental health conditions that could be linked to self-injury, such as depression or personality disorders.
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The first step is to tell someone about your self-injuring behavior so you can get help. Treatment is based on your specific issues and any related mental health conditions you might have, such as depression. Because self-injury can become a major part of your life, it's best to get treatment from a mental health professional who is experienced in treating self-injury.
If the self-injury behavior is linked with a mental health condition, such as depression or borderline personality disorder, the treatment plan focuses on that condition, as well as the self-injury behavior.
Treating self-injury behavior can take time, hard work and your own desire to recover.
Here's more information about treatment options.
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If you or a friend or family member needs help in coping, consider the tips below. If there's a focus on thoughts of suicide, take action and get help right away.
Coping tips if you self-injure include:
Connect with others who can support you so that you don't feel alone.For example, reach out to a trusted family member or friend, contact a support group, or contact your health care provider or mental health provider.
Avoid websites that support or glamorize self-injury.Instead, seek out sites that support your recovery efforts.
Learn to express your emotions in positive ways.For example, to help balance your emotions and improve your sense of well-being, become more physically active or practice relaxation techniques. Or participate in activities that you find personally meaningful, such as dance, art or music.
Coping tips if a friend or loved one self-injures include:
Get information.Learn more about self-injury to help you understand why it occurs and how you might help stop this harmful behavior. Know the strategies and relapse prevention plan your friend or loved one has developed with the therapist so you can encourage it.
Try not to judge or criticize.Criticism, yelling, threats or accusations may increase the risk of self-injuring behavior. Offer support, praise efforts to express emotions in healthy ways and try to spend positive time together.
Let your loved one know you care no matter what.Remind the person that they're not alone and that you're available to talk. Recognize that you may not change the behavior, but you can help the person find resources, identify coping strategies and offer support during treatment.
Support the treatment plan.Encourage your loved one to take prescribed medicine, if that's part of the plan. Stress the importance of keeping therapy appointments and practicing the skills learned.
Make a safe home environment.Remove or limit access to matches, knives, razor blades or other items that may be used for self-injury.
Share coping strategy ideas.Your loved one may benefit from hearing strategies you use when feeling distressed. You also can serve as a role model by using healthy coping strategies.
Find support.Consider talking to people who've gone through what you're going through. Share your own experiences with trusted family members or friends. Ask the health care provider or mental health provider if there are local support groups for parents, family members or friends of people who self-injure. Or talk to a counselor or therapist.
Take care of yourself.Take some time to do things that you enjoy. And get enough rest and physical activity.
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Your first appointment may be with your primary care provider, a school nurse or a counselor. But because self-injury often requires specialized mental health care, you may be referred to a mental health professional for more evaluation and treatment.
Be ready to provide accurate, thorough and honest information about your situation and your self-injuring behavior. You may want to take a trusted family member or friend along, if possible, for support and to help you remember information.
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In addition to professional treatment, here are some important self-care tips:
Followyour treatment plan.Keep therapy appointments. Practice and use coping skills learned in therapy. Take any prescribed medicine as directed.
Recognize the situations or feelings that might trigger your desire to self-injure.Make a plan for other ways to soothe or distract yourself or to get support, so you're ready the next time you feel the urge to self-injure.
Ask for help.Keep your mental health provider's phone number handy. Tell your provider about all incidents related to self-injury. Choose a trusted family member or friend as the person you'll immediately contact if you have an urge to self-injure or if self-injury happens.
Take care of yourself.Learn how to include physical activity and relaxation exercises as a regular part of your daily routine. Eat healthy. Ask your health care provider for advice if you have sleep problems, which can have a big impact on behavior.
Avoid alcohol and recreational drugs.They affect your ability to make good decisions and can put you at risk of self-injury.
Take care of your wounds if you injure yourselfor seek medical treatment if needed.Call a trusted family member or friend for help and support. Don't share items used for self-injury. That raises the risk of infectious diseases.
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accidental injury, frequent accidental injury, self-injury, scars, burns, bruises, fresh cuts, scratches, excessive rubbing, hopelessness, bite marks, wounds
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321 |
Common variable immunodeficiency
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-variable-immunodeficiency/symptoms-causes/syc-20355821
| null |
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/common-variable-immunodeficiency/doctors-departments/ddc-20355823
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Common variable immunodeficiency, also called CVID, is an immune system disorder that causes low levels of the proteins in the body that help fight infections. People withCVIDhave repeated infections in the ears, sinuses and the system for breathing, called the respiratory system.
There's also an increased risk of digestive disorders, autoimmune disorders, blood disorders and cancer.CVIDcan be passed through families, called inherited.
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How bad symptoms are varies greatly between people withCVID. Symptoms of common variable immunodeficiency may appear during childhood or the teen years. But many people don't get symptoms until they're adults.
If you haveCVID, you'll likely have repeated infections before being diagnosed. The most common types of infections include pneumonia, sinusitis, ear infections and gastrointestinal infections.
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In mostCVIDcases, the cause is unknown. In around 10% of people withCVID, a gene change has been found. Researchers believe that the condition is caused by a mix of factors in the environment and in genes. As of now, the environmental factors are unclear.
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sinusitis, pneumonia, infections, gastrointestinal infections, ear infections, immunodeficiency
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322 |
Cyclothymia (cyclothymic disorder)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371275
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371281
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cyclothymia/doctors-departments/ddc-20371283
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Cyclothymia (sy-kloe-THIE-me-uh), also called cyclothymic disorder, is a rare mood disorder. Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder.
With cyclothymia, you experience periods when your mood noticeably shifts up and down from your baseline. You may feel on top of the world for a time, followed by a low period when you feel somewhat down. Between these cyclothymic highs and lows, you may feel stable and fine.
Although the highs and lows of cyclothymia are less extreme than those of bipolar disorder, it's critical to seek help managing these symptoms because they can interfere with your ability to function and increase your risk of bipolar I or II disorder.
Treatment options for cyclothymia include talk therapy (psychotherapy), medications and close, ongoing follow-up with your doctor.
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Cyclothymia symptoms alternate between emotional highs and lows. The highs of cyclothymia include symptoms of an elevated mood (hypomanic symptoms). The lows consist of mild or moderate depressive symptoms.
Cyclothymia symptoms are similar to those of bipolar I or II disorder, but they're less severe. When you have cyclothymia, you can typically function in your daily life, though not always well. The unpredictable nature of your mood shifts may significantly disrupt your life because you never know how you're going to feel.
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If you have any symptoms of cyclothymia, seek medical help as soon as possible. Cyclothymia generally doesn't get better on its own. If you're reluctant to seek treatment, work up the courage to confide in someone who can help you take that first step.
If a loved one has symptoms of cyclothymia, talk openly and honestly with that person about your concerns. You can't force someone to seek professional help, but you can offer support and help find a qualified doctor or mental health provider.
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It's not known specifically what causes cyclothymia. As with many mental health disorders, research shows that it may result from a combination of:
Genetics,as cyclothymia tends to run in families
Differences in the way the brain works,such as changes in the brain's neurobiology
Environmental issues,such as traumatic experiences or prolonged periods of stress
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Cyclothymia is thought to be relatively rare. But true estimates are hard to make because people may be undiagnosed or misdiagnosed as having other mood disorders, such as depression.
Cyclothymia typically starts during the teenage years or young adulthood. It affects about the same number of males and females.
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If you have cyclothymia:
Not treating it can result in significant emotional problems that affect every area of your life
There is a high risk of later developing bipolar I or II disorder
Substance misuse is common
You may also have an anxiety disorder
You may be at increased risk of suicidal thoughts and suicide
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There's no sure way to prevent cyclothymia. However, treatment at the earliest indication of a mental health disorder can help prevent cyclothymia from worsening. Long-term preventive treatment also can help prevent minor symptoms from becoming full-blown episodes of hypomania, mania or major depression.
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Your doctor or other health care provider must determine if you have cyclothymia, bipolar I or II disorder, depression, or another condition that may be causing your symptoms. To help pinpoint a diagnosis for your symptoms, you'll likely have several exams and tests, which generally include:
Physical exam.A physical exam and lab tests may be done to help identify any medical problems that could be causing your symptoms.
Psychological evaluation.A doctor or mental health provider will talk with you about your thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns. You may also fill out a psychological self-assessment or questionnaire. With your permission, family members or close friends may be asked to provide information about your symptoms, such as possible hypomanic or depressive symptoms.
Mood charting.To identify what's going on, your doctor may have you keep a daily record of your moods, sleep patterns or other factors that could help with diagnosis and finding the right treatment.
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Cyclothymia requires lifelong treatment — even during periods when you feel better — usually guided by a mental health provider skilled in treating the condition. To treat cyclothymia, your doctor or mental health provider works with you to:
Decrease your risk of bipolar I or II disorder,because cyclothymia carries a high risk of developing into bipolar disorder
Reduce the frequency and severity of your symptoms,allowing you to live a more balanced and enjoyable life
Prevent a relapse of symptoms,through continued treatment during periods of remission (maintenance treatment)
Treat alcohol or other substance use problems,since they can worsen cyclothymia symptoms
The main treatments for cyclothymia are medications and psychotherapy.
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Coping with cyclothymia can be difficult. During periods when you feel better, or when you're having hypomanic symptoms, you may be tempted to stop treatment. Here are some ways to cope with cyclothymia:
Learn about the disorder.Learning about cyclothymia and its possible complications can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan. Also, you can help educate your family and friends about what you're going through.
Join a support group.Ask your provider if there's any type of support group that might help you reach out to others facing similar challenges.
Stay focused on your goals.Successfully managing cyclothymia can take time. Stay motivated by keeping your goals in mind.
Find healthy outlets.Explore healthy ways to channel your energy, such as hobbies, exercise and recreational activities.
Learn relaxation and stress management.Try relaxation methods or stress-reduction techniques such as meditation and yoga.
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If you have signs and symptoms common to cyclothymia, call your doctor. After your initial appointment, your doctor may refer you to a mental health provider who can help make a diagnosis and create the right treatment plan for you.
You might want to ask a trusted family member or friend to come to your appointment, if possible. Someone close to you may provide additional insight about your condition and can help you remember what's discussed during your appointment.
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In addition to professional treatment, you can build on your treatment plan by following these lifestyle and self-care steps:
Take your medications as directed.Even if you're feeling well, resist any temptation to skip your medications. If you stop, cyclothymia symptoms are likely to come back.
Pay attention to warning signs.You may have identified a pattern to your cyclothymia symptoms and what triggers them. Follow your treatment plan if you feel you're facing a period of high or low symptoms. Involve family members or friends in watching for warning signs. Addressing symptoms early may keep them from getting worse.
Quit drinking or using recreational drugs.Alcohol and recreational drugs may trigger mood changes. Talk to your doctor if you have trouble quitting on your own.
Check first before taking other medications.Call the doctor who's treating you for cyclothymia before you take over-the-counter medications or medications prescribed by another doctor. Sometimes other medications trigger periods of cyclothymia symptoms or may interfere with medications you're already taking.
Keep a record.Track your moods, daily routines and significant life events. These records may help you and your mental health provider understand the effect of treatments and identify thinking patterns and behaviors associated with cyclothymia symptoms.
Get regular physical activity and exercise.Moderate, regular physical activity and exercise can help steady your mood. Working out releases brain chemicals that make you feel good (endorphins). It can also help you sleep and has a number of other benefits. Check with your doctor before starting any exercise program.
Get plenty of sleep.Don't stay up all night. Instead, get plenty of sleep. Sleeping enough is an important part of managing your mood. If you have trouble sleeping, talk to your doctor or mental health provider about what you can do.
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bipolar i or ii disorder, depressive symptoms, mood shifts, hypomanic, elevated mood, cyclothymia, depressive
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324 |
Ganglion cyst
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20351156
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351160
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ganglion-cyst/doctors-departments/ddc-20351162
|
Ganglion cysts are lumps that most often appear along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. They also can occur in ankles and feet. Ganglion cysts are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid. They are not cancer.
Small ganglion cysts can be pea-sized. They can change size. Ganglion cysts can be painful if they press on a nearby nerve. Sometimes they affect joint movement.
For a ganglion cyst that causes problems, having a health care provider drain the cyst with a needle might be an option. So might removing the cyst surgically. But if there are no symptoms, no treatment is necessary. Often, the cysts grow and shrink. Some go away on their own.
|
These are common features of ganglion cysts:
Location.Ganglion cysts most often develop along the tendons or joints of wrists or hands. The next most common locations are the ankles and feet. These cysts grow near other joints too.
Shape and size.Ganglion cysts are round or oval. Some are too small to feel. The size of a cyst can change, often getting larger over time with joint movement.
Pain.Ganglion cysts usually are painless. But if a cyst presses on a nerve or other structures, it can cause pain, tingling, numbness or muscle weakness.
|
See a health care provider if you notice a lump or pain in your wrist, hand, ankle or foot. You can get a diagnosis and find out whether you need treatment.
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No one knows what causes a ganglion cyst. It grows out of a joint or the lining of a tendon and looks like a tiny water balloon on a stalk. Inside the cyst is a thick fluid like the fluid found in joints or around tendons.
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Factors that may increase the risk of ganglion cysts include:
Sex and age.Ganglion cysts can develop in anyone, but they most often occur in women between the ages of 20 and 40.
Osteoarthritis.People who have wear-and-tear arthritis in the finger joints closest to the fingernails are at higher risk of developing ganglion cysts near those joints.
Joint or tendon injury.Joints or tendons that have been injured are more likely to develop ganglion cysts.
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During the physical exam, a health care provider might press on the cyst to see if it hurts. Shining a light through the cyst might show if it's solid or filled with fluid.
Imaging tests — such as an X-ray, ultrasound or MRI — can help confirm the diagnosis as well as rule out other conditions, such as arthritis or a tumor.
Fluid drawn from the cyst with a needle might confirm the diagnosis. Fluid from a ganglion cyst is thick and clear.
|
Ganglion cysts are often painless and need no treatment. Your health care provider might recommend watching the cyst for any changes. If the cyst causes pain or gets in the way of joint movement, you may need to:
Keep the joint from moving.Activity can cause a ganglion cyst to grow. So wearing a brace or splint to keep the joint still for a time might help. As the cyst shrinks, it may release the pressure on nerves, relieving pain. But long-term use of a brace or splint can weaken nearby muscles.
Drain the cyst.Draining the fluid from the cyst with a needle might help. But the cyst can come back.
Surgery.This may be a choice if other approaches don't work. Surgery involves removing the cyst and the stalk that attaches it to the joint or tendon. Rarely, surgery can injure the nearby nerves, blood vessels or tendons. And the cyst can come back, even after surgery.
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You might start by seeing your primary care provider. You might then get a referral to a hand or foot surgeon.
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pain, joints of wrists, tingling, numbness, muscle weakness
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325 |
Kidney cysts
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20374134
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20374138
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/kidney-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20374139
|
Kidney cysts are round pouches of fluid that form on or in the kidneys. Kidney cysts can occur with disorders that may impair kidney function. But more often, kidney cysts are a type called simple kidney cysts. Simple kidney cysts aren't cancer and rarely cause problems.
It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. Often, one cyst occurs on the surface of a kidney. But more than one cyst can appear on one or both kidneys. Simple kidney cysts aren't the same as cysts that form with polycystic kidney disease. Simple cysts also differ from complex cysts. Complex cysts need to be watched for changes that could be cancer.
Simple kidney cysts are often found during an imaging test for another condition. Treatment usually isn't needed unless simple cysts cause symptoms.
|
Simple kidney cysts typically don't cause symptoms. But if a simple kidney cyst grows large enough, symptoms may include:
Dull pain in the back or side
Fever
Upper stomach pain
|
Make an appointment with your health care provider if you have symptoms of a kidney cyst.
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It's not clear what causes simple kidney cysts. One theory suggests that kidney cysts develop when the surface layer of the kidney weakens and forms a pouch. The pouch then fills with fluid, detaches and develops into a cyst.
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The risk of having simple kidney cysts increases as you get older. But they can occur at any age. Simple kidney cysts are more common in men.
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Kidney cysts may sometimes lead to complications, including:
An infected cyst.A kidney cyst may become infected, causing fever and pain.
A burst cyst.A kidney cyst that bursts causes severe pain in the back or side. Sometimes a burst cyst may cause blood in the urine.
Blocked urine flow.A kidney cyst that blocks the typical flow of urine may lead to kidney swelling.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose simple kidney cysts include:
Imaging tests.MRI,CTand ultrasound are imaging tests that are often used to diagnose simple kidney cysts. Imaging tests can help determine whether a kidney mass is a cyst or a tumor.
Kidney function tests.Testing a sample of your blood may reveal whether a kidney cyst is affecting how well your kidney works.
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A simple kidney cyst found during an imaging test for another disease or condition may concern you. Talk with your health care provider about what having a simple kidney cyst means for your health. Gathering information may put your mind at ease and help you feel more in control of your situation.
| null |
pain, fever, stomach pain, upper stomach pain, dull pain in the back or side
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326 |
Ovarian cysts
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20353405
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353411
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ovarian-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20353412
|
Ovarian cysts are sacs, usually filled with fluid, in an ovary or on its surface. Females have two ovaries. One ovary is located on each side of the uterus.
Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. Eggs develop and mature in the ovaries. Eggs are released in monthly cycles during the childbearing years.
Ovarian cysts are common. Most of the time, you have little or no discomfort, and the cysts are harmless. Most cysts go away without treatment within a few months.
But sometimes ovarian cysts can become twisted or burst open (rupture). This can cause serious symptoms. To protect your health, get regular pelvic exams and know the symptoms that can signal what might be a serious problem.
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Most ovarian cysts cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But a large ovarian cyst can cause:
Pelvic pain that may come and go. You may feel a dull ache or a sharp pain in the area below your bellybutton toward one side.
Fullness, pressure or heaviness in your belly (abdomen).
Bloating.
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Get immediate medical help if you have:
Sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain.
Pain with fever or vomiting.
Signs of shock. These include cold, clammy skin; rapid breathing; and lightheadedness or weakness.
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Most ovarian cysts form as a result of your menstrual cycle. These are called functional cysts. Other types of cysts are much less common.
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The risk of having an ovarian cyst is higher with:
Hormonal problems.These include taking a fertility drug that causes you to ovulate, for example clomiphene or letrozole (Femara).
Pregnancy.Sometimes, the follicle that forms when you ovulate stays on your ovary throughout pregnancy. It can sometimes grow larger.
Endometriosis.Some of the tissue can attach to your ovary and form a cyst.
Severe pelvic infection.If the infection spreads to the ovaries, it can cause cysts.
Previous ovarian cysts.If you've had one ovarian cyst, you're likely to develop more.
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They don't happen often, but complications can occur with ovarian cysts. These include:
Ovarian torsion.Cysts that become large can cause the ovary to move. This increases the chance of painful twisting of the ovary (ovarian torsion). If this happens, you might have sudden, severe pelvic pain and nausea and vomiting. Ovarian torsion can also reduce or stop blood flow to the ovary.
Cyst rupture.A cyst that bursts open (ruptures) can cause severe pain and bleeding inside the pelvis. The larger the cyst, the greater the risk of rupture. Vigorous activity that affects the pelvis, such as vaginal sex, also increases the risk of rupture.
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There's no way to prevent most ovarian cysts. But, regular pelvic exams help ensure that changes in your ovaries are diagnosed as early as possible. Be alert to changes in your monthly cycle. Make a note of unusual menstrual symptoms, especially ones that go on for more than a few cycles. Talk to your health care provider about changes that concern you.
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A cyst on your ovary can be found during a pelvic exam or on an imaging test, such as a pelvic ultrasound. Depending on the size of the cyst and whether it's filled with fluid or solid, your health care provider likely will recommend tests to determine its type and whether you need treatment.
Possible tests include:
Pregnancy test.A positive test might suggest an early pregnancy. Corpus luteum cysts are normal to see during pregnancy.
Pelvic ultrasound.A wandlike device (transducer) sends and receives high-frequency sound waves to create an image of your uterus and ovaries on a video screen (ultrasound). The image is used to confirm that you have a cyst, see its location, and determine whether it's solid or filled with fluid.
Laparoscopy.A slim, lighted instrument (laparoscope) is inserted into your abdomen through a small cut (incision). Using the laparoscope, your provider can see your ovaries and any cyst. If a cyst is found, treatment is usually done during the same procedure. This is a surgical procedure that requires anesthesia.
Tumor marker tests.Blood levels of a protein called a cancer antigen often are elevated in ovarian cancer. If your cyst appears solid and you're at high risk of ovarian cancer, your provider might order a cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) test or other blood tests.CA 125levels can also be elevated in noncancerous conditions, such as endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Sometimes, less common types of cysts develop that a health care provider finds during a pelvic exam. Solid ovarian cysts that develop after menopause might be cancerous (malignant). That's why it's important to have regular pelvic exams.
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Treatment depends on your age and the type and size of your cyst. It also depends on your symptoms. Your health care provider might suggest:
Watchful waiting.In many cases you can wait and be reexamined to see if the cyst goes away after a few months. This is typically an option — regardless of your age — if you have no symptoms and an ultrasound shows you have a small, fluid-filled cyst. You may have several follow-up pelvic ultrasounds to see if your cyst changes in size or appearance.
Medicine.Hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills, keep you from ovulating. This may keep you from getting more ovarian cysts. But, birth control pills won't shrink an existing cyst.
Surgery.Your provider might suggest removing a cyst that is large, doesn't look like a functional cyst, is growing or causes pain. Some cysts can be removed without removing the ovary (cystectomy). In some cases, the ovary with the cyst is removed (oophorectomy).Surgery can often be done using minimally invasive surgery (laparoscopy) with a laparoscope and instruments inserted through small cuts in your abdomen. If the cyst is large or cancer is a concern, an open procedure using a larger cut may be needed.An ovarian cyst that develops after menopause is sometimes cancer. In this case, you may need to see a gynecologic cancer specialist. You might need surgery to remove your uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes and ovaries. You may also need chemotherapy or radiation.
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Your first visit may be with your primary care provider or a specialist in conditions that affect the female reproductive system (gynecologist).
Think about bringing a family member or friend with you to the appointment, if you can. They can listen to what your provider says and help you recall information later.
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pain, ovarian cysts, bloating, fullness, ovarian cyst, pressure, pelvic pain, dull ache, ache, sharp pain, heaviness
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327 |
Pancreatic cysts
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20375993
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375997
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatic-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20375998
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Pancreatic cysts are saclike pockets of fluid on or in your pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach that produces hormones and enzymes that help digest food. Pancreatic cysts are typically found during imaging testing for another problem.
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You may not have symptoms from pancreatic cysts, which are often found when imaging tests of the abdomen are done for another reason.
When signs or symptoms of pancreatic cysts do occur, they typically include:
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Rarely, cysts can become infected. See a doctor if you have a fever and persistent abdominal pain.
A ruptured pancreatic cyst can be a medical emergency, but fortunately is rare. A ruptured cyst can also cause infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).
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The cause of most pancreatic cysts is unknown. Some cysts are associated with rare illnesses, including polycystic kidney disease or von Hippel-Lindau disease, a genetic disorder that can affect the pancreas and other organs.
Pseudocysts often follow a bout of a painful condition in which digestive enzymes become prematurely active and irritate the pancreas (pancreatitis). Pseudocysts can also result from injury to the abdomen, such as from a car accident.
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Heavy alcohol use and gallstones are risk factors for pancreatitis, and pancreatitis is a risk factor for pseudocysts. Abdominal injury is also a risk factor for pseudocysts.
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The best way to avoid pseudocysts is to avoid pancreatitis, which is usually caused by gallstones or heavy alcohol use. If gallstones are triggering pancreatitis, you may need to have your gallbladder removed. If your pancreatitis is due to alcohol use, not drinking can reduce your risk.
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Pancreatic cysts are diagnosed more often than in the past because improved imaging technology finds them more readily. Many pancreatic cysts are found during abdominal scans for other problems.
After taking a medical history and performing a physical exam, your doctor may recommend imaging tests to help with diagnosis and treatment planning. Tests include:
The characteristics and location of the pancreatic cyst, along with your age and sex, can sometimes help doctors determine the type of cyst you have:
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Watchful waiting or treatment depends on the type of cyst you have, its size, its characteristics and whether it's causing symptoms.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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pancreatic cysts, none
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328 |
Pilonidal cyst
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/symptoms-causes/syc-20376329
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pilonidal-cyst/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376332
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A pilonidal (pie-low-NIE-dul) cyst is an unusual pocket in the skin that usually contains hair and skin debris. The cyst is almost always near the tailbone at the top of the buttocks.
Pilonidal cysts usually occur when hair punctures the skin and then becomes embedded. If a pilonidal cyst becomes infected, it can be very painful. The cyst can be drained through a small cut in the skin. Sometimes, surgery is needed.
Pilonidal cysts are most common in young adult males, and the problem tends to recur. People who sit for long periods of time are at higher risk of developing pilonidal cysts.
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A pilonidal cyst may not cause symptoms. But if it's infected, the skin around the cyst may be swollen and painful. Symptoms of an infected pilonidal cyst include:
A pit near the top of the buttocks crease.
Pain.
Inflamed, swollen skin.
Pus or blood leaking from an opening in the skin.
An odor from draining pus.
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If you notice any symptoms of a pilonidal cyst, see your health care provider.
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The cause of most pilonidal cysts is loose hairs that puncture the skin. Friction and pressure from rubbed skin, tight clothing, cycling or long periods of sitting can force hair into the skin.
The body creates a cyst around the hair to try to push it out. Most pilonidal cysts form on the tailbone. People who groom animals or cut hair can develop a cyst between their fingers.
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Factors that might increase your risk of a pilonidal cyst include:
Being a young adult white male.
Being overweight.
Having an inactive lifestyle.
Sitting for long periods at a time.
Having thick, stiff body hair.
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Some people have pilonidal cysts that become infected again and again over a long time. Without treatment, these people may be at increased risk of a type of skin cancer called squamous cell carcinoma.
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To help prevent pilonidal cysts, try to:
Wash regularly.
Achieve or maintain a healthy weight.
Avoid prolonged sitting.
If you've had pilonidal cysts in the past, you might want to regularly shave the affected area or use hair removal products to reduce the risk of a new cyst.
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Your health care provider may be able to diagnose a pilonidal cyst by asking about your symptoms, medical history and personal habits and by looking at the affected skin.
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A pilonidal cyst is usually treated in your health care provider's office. After numbing the area, your health care provider makes a small cut to drain the cysts. If the cyst returns, you may need surgery.
If you need surgery, your health care provider numbs the area and removes the cyst through an incision.
After removing the cyst, your health care provider might:
Leave the wound open.In this option, the surgeon leaves the wound open and packs it with dressing. This allows the area to heal from the inside out. This takes longer but makes it less likely the cyst will come back.
Close the wound with stitches.In this option, the surgeon closes the wound with stitches. This process results in a shorter healing time but has a greater risk of the cyst coming back.
Wound care is very important after surgery. Your health care provider will show you how to change dressings and explain what to expect during the healing process. You'll also be told when to call your health care provider. You may need to shave around the surgical site to prevent hairs from entering the wound.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases when you call to set up an appointment, you may be referred immediately to a surgeon or to a doctor who specializes in treating skin conditions, called a dermatologist.
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pain, pus, inflamed skin, blood, odor, swollen skin
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329 |
Spermatocele
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/symptoms-causes/syc-20377829
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20377833
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/spermatocele/doctors-departments/ddc-20377834
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A spermatocele (SPUR-muh-toe-seel) is an abnormal sac (cyst) that develops in the epididymis — the small, coiled tube located on the upper testicle that collects and transports sperm. Noncancerous and generally painless, a spermatocele usually is filled with milky or clear fluid that might contain sperm.
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A spermatocele usually causes no signs or symptoms and might remain stable in size. If it becomes large enough, however, you might feel:
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Because a spermatocele usually doesn't cause symptoms, you might discover it only during a testicular self-exam, or your doctor might find it during a routine physical exam.
It's a good idea to have your doctor evaluate any scrotal mass to rule out a serious condition, such as testicular cancer. Also, call your doctor if you experience pain or swelling in your scrotum. A number of conditions can cause testicular pain, and some require immediate treatment.
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The cause of spermatoceles is unknown. Spermatoceles might result from a blockage in one of the multiple tubes within the epididymis that transport and store sperm from the testicle.
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There aren't many known risk factors for developing a spermatocele. Men whose mothers were given the drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy to prevent miscarriage and other pregnancy complications appear to have a higher risk of spermatoceles. Use of this drug was stopped in 1971 due to concerns about an increased risk of rare vaginal cancer in women.
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A spermatocele is unlikely to cause complications.
However, if your spermatocele is painful or has grown so large that it's causing you discomfort, you might need to have surgery to remove the spermatocele. Surgical removal might damage the epididymis or the vas deferens, a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the penis. Damage to either can reduce fertility. Another possible complication that can occur after surgery is that the spermatocele might come back, though this is uncommon.
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Although there's no way to prevent a spermatocele, it's important for you to conduct scrotal self-exams at least monthly to detect changes, such as masses, in your scrotum. Any new mass in your scrotum should be evaluated promptly.
Your doctor can instruct you in how to conduct a testicular self-examination, which can improve your chances of finding a mass.
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To diagnose a spermatocele, you'll need a physical exam. Although a spermatocele generally isn't painful, you might feel discomfort when your doctor examines (palpates) the mass.
You might also undergo the following diagnostic tests:
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Although your spermatocele probably won't go away on its own, most spermatoceles don't need treatment. They generally don't cause pain or complications. If yours is painful, your doctor might recommend over-the-counter pain medications, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others).
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You're likely to start by first seeing your family doctor or a general practitioner. However, you might then be referred to a doctor who specializes in treating the urinary tract and sex organs in men (urologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot to remember, it's a good idea to arrive well-prepared. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and know what to expect from your doctor.
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spermatocele, none
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332 |
Epidermoid cysts
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/symptoms-causes/syc-20352701
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352706
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/epidermoid-cysts/doctors-departments/ddc-20352708
|
Epidermoid (ep-ih-DUR-moid) cysts are harmless small bumps beneath the skin. They are most common on the face, neck and trunk.
Epidermoid cysts are slow growing and often painless, so they rarely cause problems or need treatment. You might choose to have a cyst removed if it bothers you, breaks open, or is painful or infected.
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Epidermoid cyst signs and symptoms include:
A small, round bump under the skin, often on the face, neck or trunk
A tiny blackhead plugging the central opening of the cyst
A thick, smelly, cheesy substance that leaks from the cyst
An inflamed or infected bump
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Most epidermoid cysts don't cause problems or need treatment. See your healthcare professional if you have a cyst that:
Grows or multiplies rapidly.
Breaks open.
Is painful or infected.
Is in a spot that keeps getting scratched or bumped.
Bothers you because of how it looks.
Is in an unusual spot, such as a finger or toe.
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The surface of the skin, also called the epidermis, is made up of a thin, protective layer of cells that the body sheds nonstop. Most epidermoid cysts form when these cells move deeper into the skin rather than shed. Sometimes this type of cyst forms due to irritation or injury of the skin or a hair follicle.
Epidermal cells form the walls of the cyst and then secrete the protein keratin into it. Keratin is the thick, cheesy substance that can leak from the cyst.
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Anyone can develop an epidermoid cyst, but these factors make it more likely:
Being past puberty.
Having a rare, inherited condition called Gardner syndrome.
Injuring the skin.
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Potential complications of epidermoid cysts include:
Inflammation.An epidermoid cyst can become painful and swollen, even if it's not infected. An inflamed cyst is hard to remove. Your doctor is likely to postpone removing a cyst until the inflammation subsides.
Rupture.A cyst that breaks open can lead to a boil-like infection that needs prompt treatment.
Skin cancer.In rare cases, epidermoid cysts can lead to skin cancer.
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Your healthcare professional will likely be able to tell whether your bump is an epidermoid cyst by checking the affected skin. A sample of your skin might be scraped off for study in a laboratory.
Epidermoid cysts look like sebaceous cysts or pilar cysts, but they're different. True epidermoid cysts result from damage to hair follicles or the outer layer of skin, called the epidermis. Sebaceous cysts are less common and arise from the glands that secrete oily matter that lubricates hair and skin, also called sebaceous glands. Pilar cysts develop from the root of hair follicles and are common on the scalp.
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You can usually leave a cyst alone if it isn't painful or embarrassing. If you seek treatment, talk with your healthcare professional about these options:
Injection.Injecting a steroid into the cyst can ease swelling and inflammation.
Incision and drainage.With this method, your healthcare professional makes a small cut in the cyst and gently squeezes out the contents. This is a quick and easy method that eases symptoms. But cysts might recur after this treatment.
Minor surgery.Your healthcare professional removes the entire cyst. You may need to return to the clinic to have stitches removed. Or your healthcare professional might use absorbable stitches, which don't need to be removed. This procedure is safe and effective and often prevents the cyst from regrowing. But it may leave a scar.If the cyst is inflamed, your surgery may be delayed.
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You'll probably first visit your primary healthcare professional for diagnosis and treatment options. You may then be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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You can't stop epidermoid cysts from forming. But you can help prevent scarring and infection by:
Not squeezing a cyst yourself
Placing a warm, moist cloth over the area to help the cyst drain and heal
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blackhead, smelly, thick, round bump, epidermoid cyst signs and symptoms, cheesy substance, inflamed, small, infected bump
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334 |
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/symptoms-causes/syc-20355358
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cmv/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355364
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A cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a condition caused by a common virus. The CMV virus stays in the body for life after infection.
CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids. These include blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk.
Symptoms of a CMV infection can include a fever, fatigue and a sore throat. But the virus rarely causes symptoms in healthy people. If you're pregnant or if your immune system is weakened, CMV is cause for concern. Pregnant people with an active CMV infection can pass the virus to their babies. The babies might then have symptoms.
For people who have weakened immune systems, CMV infection can be fatal. The risk is especially high for people who've had an organ, stem cell or bone marrow transplant.
Lab tests of blood, saliva and urine can be done to find out if you have a CMV infection. Most often, healthy people don't need treatment for CMV infections. Others who become ill are prescribed medicines that help ease the symptoms.
Help limit the spread of CMV infections with good hygiene. Wash your hands often. Don't touch your face after handling used tissues or diapers. And don't share food, drinks or utensils.
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections can cause symptoms such as fever, tiredness and a sore throat. But most healthy people who are infected with CMV have no symptoms.
People who are more likely to have symptoms of a CMV infection include:
CMV infection can cause illness when you're first infected. This is called a primary infection. The risk of a baby being born with CMV is higher when the pregnant parent gets a primary infection. If you're healthy, CMV mainly stays dormant. That means the virus doesn't become active and make copies of itself. But in people with weakened immune systems, CMV can become active again when the body's defenses can't keep it dormant.
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See your healthcare professional if:
If you have mild symptoms of a CMV infection but are healthy, you likely won't need treatment. Your healthcare professional might simply tell you get plenty of rest.
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A cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is caused by a virus of the same name. When CMV is active in your body, you can pass the virus to other people. The virus is spread through body fluids. These include blood, urine, saliva, breast milk, tears, semen and vaginal fluids. Casual contact doesn't spread CMV.
Ways the virus can be spread include:
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There are no key risk factors for cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. CMV is a widespread and common virus that can infect almost anyone. For instance, 1 in 3 children in the United States get the infection by age 5. More than half of adults become infected by age 40.
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Medical conditions called complications that are linked with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection vary. The possible complications depend on your overall health and when in life you were infected.
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Careful hygiene is the best way to help prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in people who haven't already been infected. You can take these steps:
If you have a weakened immune system, your healthcare professional may recommend antiviral medicine to prevent a CMV infection. Often, this medicine is prescribed to people who get stem cell transplants.
Vaccines for CMV aren't yet available. But they're being tested for young women. Someday, vaccines may help prevent CMV infection in pregnant people and infants. They also might lower the chances that babies born to pregnant people with CMV will develop long-term health conditions.
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Lab tests can detect a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. These include tests of blood, saliva and urine. Sometimes, tests of tissue samples are done.
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Treatment for a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can include medicines and other therapies. But most often, healthy adults and children with CMV infections don't need treatment. Healthy adults who get CMV mononucleosis tend to get well without medicine.
Newborns and people who have weakened immune systems need treatment when they have symptoms of CMV infection. The type of treatment depends on the symptoms and how severe they are.
Medicines that treat infections caused by viruses are the most common type of treatment. They can slow the virus from making copies of itself. But they don't get rid of the virus. Researchers are studying new medicines and experimental vaccines to treat and prevent CMV.
Various types of therapy can help children with hearing loss due to CMV infections. For example, speech therapy can improve speaking, listening, language and social skills. Occupational therapy can help children do everyday tasks affected by hearing loss.
Assistive devices such as hearing aids can make it easier to hear as well.
The sooner children get treatment for hearing loss, the better they might adjust to living with the condition.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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cmv infection, tiredness, illness, fever, infections, primary infection, cmv, sore throat
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335 |
Narcolepsy
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/symptoms-causes/syc-20375497
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375503
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/narcolepsy/doctors-departments/ddc-20375505
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Narcolepsy is a condition that makes people very sleepy during the day and can cause them to fall asleep suddenly. Some people also have other symptoms, such as muscle weakness when they feel strong emotions.
The symptoms can have serious effects on daily life. People with narcolepsy have trouble staying awake for long periods of time. When narcolepsy causes a sudden loss of muscle tone, it is known as cataplexy (KAT-uh-plek-see). This can be triggered by a strong emotion, especially one that causes laughter.
Narcolepsy is divided into two types. Most people with type 1 narcolepsy have cataplexy. Most people with type 2 narcolepsy don't have cataplexy.
Narcolepsy is a lifelong condition and does not have a cure. However, medicines and lifestyle changes can help manage the symptoms. Support from family, friends, employers and teachers can help people cope with the condition.
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The symptoms of narcolepsy may get worse during the first few years. Then they continue for life. Symptoms include:
Extreme daytime sleepiness.Daytime sleepiness is the first symptom to appear, and the sleepiness makes it hard to focus and function. People with narcolepsy feel less alert and focused during the day. They also fall asleep without warning. Sleep can happen anywhere and at any time. It may happen when they are bored or while doing a task. For example, people with narcolepsy can suddenly fall asleep while working or talking with friends. It can be especially dangerous to fall asleep while driving. Sleep may last only a few minutes or up to a half-hour. After waking, people with narcolepsy feel refreshed but get sleepy again.
Automatic behaviors.Some people with narcolepsy continue doing a task when they fall asleep briefly. For example, they may fall asleep while writing, typing or driving. They might continue to perform that task while asleep. After waking, they can't remember what they did, and they probably didn't do it well.
Sudden loss of muscle tone.This condition is called cataplexy. It can cause slurred speech or complete weakness of most muscles for up to a few minutes. It's triggered by intense emotions — often positive emotions. Laughter or excitement may cause sudden muscle weakness. But sometimes fear, surprise or anger can cause the loss of muscle tone. For example, when you laugh, your head may drop without your control. Or your knees may suddenly lose strength, causing you to fall. Some people with narcolepsy experience only one or two episodes of cataplexy a year. Others have several episodes a day. Not everyone with narcolepsy has these symptoms.
Sleep paralysis.People with narcolepsy may experience sleep paralysis. During sleep paralysis, the person can't move or speak while falling asleep or upon waking. The paralysis is usually brief — lasting a few seconds or minutes. But it can be scary. You may be aware of it happening and can recall it afterward. Not everyone with sleep paralysis has narcolepsy.
Hallucinations.Sometimes people see things that aren't there during sleep paralysis. Hallucinations also may happen in bed without sleep paralysis. These are called hypnagogic hallucinations if they happen as you fall asleep. They're called hypnopompic hallucinations if they happen upon waking. For example, the person might think they see a stranger in the bedroom who isn't there. These hallucinations may be vivid and frightening because you may not be fully asleep when you begin dreaming.
Changes in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.REM sleep is when most dreaming happens. Typically, people enter REM sleep 60 to 90 minutes after falling asleep. But people with narcolepsy often move more quickly to REM sleep. They tend to enter REM sleep within 15 minutes of falling asleep. REM sleep also can happen at any time of the day.
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See your healthcare professional if you experience daytime sleepiness that affects your personal or professional life.
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The exact cause of narcolepsy is not known. People with type 1 narcolepsy have low levels of hypocretin (hi-poe-KREE-tin), also called orexin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain that helps control being awake and entering REM sleep.
Hypocretin levels are low in people who have cataplexy. Exactly what causes the loss of hypocretin-producing cells in the brain isn't known. But experts suspect it's due to an autoimmune reaction. An autoimmune reaction is when the body's immune system destroys its own cells.
It's also likely that genetics plays a role in narcolepsy. But the risk of a parent passing this sleep condition to a child is very low — only about 1% to 2%.
Narcolepsy may be linked to exposure to the H1N1 flu, sometimes called the swine flu. It also may be linked to a certain type of the H1N1 vaccine that was given in Europe.
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There are only a few known risk factors for narcolepsy, including:
Age.Narcolepsy typically begins between ages 10 and 30.
Family history.Your risk of narcolepsy is 20 to 40 times higher if you have a close family member who has it.
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Narcolepsy can cause complications, such as:
Misbeliefs about the condition.Narcolepsy can affect work, school or your personal life. Others might see people with narcolepsy as lazy or sluggish.
Effects on intimate relationships.Intense feelings, such as anger or joy, can trigger cataplexy. This can cause people with narcolepsy to withdraw from emotional interactions.
Physical harm.Falling asleep suddenly may result in injury. You're at increased risk of a car accident if you fall asleep while driving. Your risk of cuts and burns is greater if you fall asleep while cooking.
Obesity.People with narcolepsy are more likely to be overweight. Sometimes weight goes up quickly when symptoms start.
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Your healthcare professional may suspect narcolepsy based on your symptoms of daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone, known as cataplexy. Your healthcare professional likely will refer you to a sleep specialist. Formal diagnosis usually requires staying overnight at a sleep center for an in-depth sleep analysis.
A sleep specialist will likely diagnose narcolepsy and determine how serious it is based on:
Your sleep history.A detailed sleep history can help with a diagnosis. You'll likely fill out the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. The scale uses short questions to measure your degree of sleepiness. You'll answer how likely it is that you would fall asleep in certain times, such as sitting down after lunch.
Your sleep records.You may be asked to write down your sleep pattern for a week or two. This allows your healthcare professional to compare how your sleep pattern may relate to how alert you feel. You might wear a device on your wrist, known as an actigraph. It measures periods of activity and rest, along with how and when you sleep.
A sleep study, known as polysomnography.This test measures signals during sleep using flat metal discs called electrodes placed on your scalp. For this test, you must spend a night at a medical facility. The test measures your brain waves, heart rate and breathing. It also records your leg and eye movements.
Multiple sleep latency test.This test measures how long it takes you to fall asleep during the day. You'll be asked to take four or five naps at a sleep center. Each nap needs to be two hours apart. Specialists will observe your sleep patterns. People who have narcolepsy fall asleep easily and enter into rapid eye movement (REM) sleep quickly.
Genetic tests and a lumbar puncture, known as a spinal tap.Occasionally, a genetic test may be performed to see if you're at risk of type 1 narcolepsy. If so, your sleep specialist may recommend a lumbar puncture to check the level of hypocretin in your spinal fluid. This test is only done in specialized centers.
These tests also can help rule out other possible causes of your symptoms. Extreme daytime sleepiness also could be caused by not getting enough sleep, medicines that make you sleepy and sleep apnea.
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There is no cure for narcolepsy, but treatment to help manage the symptoms include medicines and lifestyle changes.
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Dealing with narcolepsy can be a challenge. Consider these tips:
Talk about it.Tell your employer or teachers about your condition. Then work with them to find ways to adjust to your needs. This may include taking naps during the day. Or you might break up repetitive tasks. You might record meetings or classes to refer to later. You also might find it helps to stand during meetings or lectures, and to take brisk walks during the day. The Americans with Disabilities Act forbids discrimination against workers with narcolepsy. Employers must provide reasonable accommodation to qualified employees.
Be safe while driving.If you must drive a long distance, work with your healthcare professional to find ways to make a safe trip. Create a medicine schedule that is most likely to keep you awake during your drive. Stop for naps and exercise breaks whenever you feel drowsy. Don't drive if you feel too sleepy.
Support groups and counseling can help you and your loved ones cope with narcolepsy. Ask your healthcare professional to help you locate a group or qualified counselor in your area.
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You're likely to start by seeing your healthcare professional. But if narcolepsy is suspected, you may be referred to a sleep specialist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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Lifestyle changes are important in managing the symptoms of narcolepsy. You may benefit if you:
Stick to a schedule.Go to sleep and wake up at the same time every day, including weekends.
Take naps.Schedule short naps at regular intervals during the day. Naps of 20 minutes during the day may be refreshing. They also may reduce sleepiness for 1 to 3 hours. Some people may need longer naps.
Avoid nicotine and alcohol.Using these substances, especially at night, can worsen your symptoms.
Get regular exercise.Plan for moderate, regular exercise at least 4 to 5 hours before bedtime. It may help you sleep better at night and feel more awake during the day.
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cataplexy, anger, hypnopompic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, paralysis, muscle weakness, can't move, extreme daytime sleepiness, hard to focus, daytime sleepiness, slurred speech, fall asleep without warning, complete weakness, sleepiness, less focused, sudden muscle weakness, narcolepsy, less alert, hard to function, hypnagogic hallucinations, can't speak, sleep anywhere, sudden loss of muscle tone, sleep at any time, hallucinations
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336 |
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/symptoms-causes/syc-20371889
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371895
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dcis/doctors-departments/ddc-20371896
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Ductal carcinoma in situ is a very early form of breast cancer. In ductal carcinoma in situ, the cancer cells are confined inside a milk duct in the breast. The cancer cells haven't spread into the breast tissue. Ductal carcinoma in situ is often shortened to DCIS. It's sometimes called noninvasive, preinvasive or stage 0 breast cancer.
DCIS is usually found during a mammogram done as part of breast cancer screening or to investigate a breast lump. DCIS has a low risk of spreading and becoming life-threatening. However, it does require an evaluation and a consideration of treatment options.
Treatment for DCIS often involves surgery. Other treatments may combine surgery with radiation therapy or hormone therapy.
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Ductal carcinoma in situ doesn't typically cause symptoms. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS.
DCIS can sometimes cause symptoms such as:
A breast lump.
Bloody nipple discharge.
DCIS is usually found on a mammogram. It appears as tiny flecks of calcium in the breast tissue. These are calcium deposits, often referred to as calcifications.
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Make an appointment with your doctor or other healthcare professional if you notice a change in your breasts. Changes to look for may include a lump, an area of puckered or otherwise unusual skin, a thickened region under the skin, and nipple discharge.
Ask your healthcare professional when you should consider breast cancer screening and how often it should be repeated. Most healthcare professionals recommend considering routine breast cancer screening beginning in your 40s.
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It's not clear what causes ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS.
This early form of breast cancer happens when cells inside a breast duct develop changes in their DNA. A cell's DNA holds the instructions that tell the cell what to do. In healthy cells, the DNA gives instructions to grow and multiply at a set rate. The instructions tell the cells to die at a set time. In cancer cells, the DNA changes give different instructions. The changes tell the cancer cells to make many more cells quickly. Cancer cells can keep living when healthy cells would die. This causes too many cells.
In DCIS, the cancer cells don't yet have the ability to break out of the breast duct and spread into the breast tissue.
Healthcare professionals don't know exactly what causes the changes in the cells that leads to DCIS. Factors that may play a part include lifestyle, environment and DNA changes that run in families.
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Several factors may increase the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS. DCIS is an early form of breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer may include:
A family history of breast cancer.If a parent, sibling or child had breast cancer, your risk of breast cancer is increased. The risk is higher if your family has a history of getting breast cancer at a young age. The risk also is higher if you have multiple family members with breast cancer. Still, most people diagnosed with breast cancer don't have a family history of the disease.
A personal history of breast cancer.If you've had cancer in one breast, you have an increased risk of getting cancer in the other breast.
A personal history of breast conditions.Certain breast conditions are a sign of a higher risk of breast cancer. These conditions include lobular carcinoma in situ, also called LCIS, and atypical hyperplasia of the breast. If you've had a breast biopsy that found one of these conditions, you have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Beginning your period at a younger age.Beginning your period before age 12 increases the risk of breast cancer.
Beginning menopause at an older age.Beginning menopause after age 55 increases the risk of breast cancer.
Being female.Women are much more likely than men are to get breast cancer. Everyone is born with some breast tissue, so anyone can get breast cancer.
Dense breast tissue.Breast tissue is made up of fatty tissue and dense tissue. Dense tissue is made of milk glands, milk ducts and fibrous tissue. If you have dense breasts, you have more dense tissue than fatty tissue in your breasts. Having dense breasts can make it harder to detect breast cancer on a mammogram. If a mammogram showed that you have dense breasts, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Talk with your healthcare team about other tests you might have in addition to mammograms to look for breast cancer.
Drinking alcohol.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of breast cancer.
Having your first child at an older age.Giving birth to your first child after age 30 may increase the risk of breast cancer.
Having never been pregnant.Having been pregnant one or more times lowers the risk of breast cancer. Never having been pregnant increases the risk.
Increasing age.The risk of breast cancer goes up as you get older.
Inherited DNA changes that increase cancer risk.Certain DNA changes that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from parents to children. The most well-known changes are called BRCA1 and BRCA2. These changes can greatly increase your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but not everyone with these DNA changes gets cancer.
Menopausal hormone therapy.Taking certain hormone therapy medicines to control the symptoms of menopause may increase the risk of breast cancer. The risk is linked to hormone therapy medicines that combine estrogen and progesterone. The risk goes down when you stop taking these medicines.
Obesity.People with obesity have an increased risk of breast cancer.
Radiation exposure.If you received radiation treatments to your chest as a child or young adult, your risk of breast cancer is higher.
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Making changes in your daily life may help lower your risk of ductal carcinoma in situ. This early form of breast cancer also is called DCIS. To lower your risk of breast cancer, try to:
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Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, is most often discovered during a mammogram used to screen for breast cancer. A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast tissue. If your mammogram shows something concerning, you will likely have additional breast imaging and a biopsy.
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Ductal carcinoma in situ can often be cured. Treatment for this very early form of breast cancer often involves surgery to remove the cancer. Ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, also may be treated with radiation therapy and medicines.
DCIS treatment has a high likelihood of success. In most instances, the cancer is removed and has a low chance of coming back after treatment.
In most people, treatment options for DCIS include:
Breast-conserving surgery, called a lumpectomy, and radiation therapy.
Breast-removing surgery, called a mastectomy.
In some people, treatment options may include:
Lumpectomy only.
Lumpectomy and hormone therapy.
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A diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, can feel overwhelming. To cope with your diagnosis, it may be helpful to:
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If an exam or imaging test shows that you might have ductal carcinoma in situ, also called DCIS, your healthcare team will likely refer you to a specialist.
Specialists who care for people with DCIS include:
Breast health specialists.
Breast surgeons.
Doctors who specialize in diagnostic tests, such as mammograms, called radiologists.
Doctors who specialize in treating cancer, called oncologists.
Doctors who treat cancer with radiation, called radiation oncologists.
Genetic counselors.
Plastic surgeons.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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bloody nipple discharge, ductal carcinoma, calcium, breast lump, breast cancer
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338 |
Dry eyes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371863
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371869
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dry-eyes/doctors-departments/ddc-20371870
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Dry eye disease is a common condition that occurs when your tears aren't able to provide adequate lubrication for your eyes. Tears can be inadequate and unstable for many reasons. For example, dry eyes may occur if you don't produce enough tears or if you produce poor-quality tears. This tear instability leads to inflammation and damage of the eye's surface.
Dry eyes feel uncomfortable. If you have dry eyes, your eyes may sting or burn. You may experience dry eyes in certain situations, such as on an airplane, in an air-conditioned room, while riding a bike or after looking at a computer screen for a few hours.
Treatments for dry eyes may make you more comfortable. These treatments can include lifestyle changes and eye drops. You'll likely need to take these measures indefinitely to control the symptoms of dry eyes.
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Signs and symptoms, which usually affect both eyes, may include:
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See your health care provider if you've had prolonged signs and symptoms of dry eyes, including red, irritated, tired or painful eyes. Your provider can take steps to determine what's bothering your eyes or refer you to a specialist.
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Dry eyes are caused by a variety of reasons that disrupt the healthy tear film. Your tear film has three layers: fatty oils, aqueous fluid and mucus. This combination usually keeps the surface of your eyes lubricated, smooth and clear. Problems with any of these layers can cause dry eyes.
Reasons for tear film dysfunction are many, including hormone changes, autoimmune disease, inflamed eyelid glands or allergic eye disease. For some people, the cause of dry eyes is decreased tear production or increased tear evaporation.
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Factors that make it more likely that you'll experience dry eyes include:
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People who have dry eyes may experience these complications:
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If you experience dry eyes, pay attention to the situations that are most likely to cause your symptoms. Then find ways to avoid those situations in order to prevent your dry eyes symptoms. For instance:
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Tests and procedures that may be used to determine the cause of your dry eyes include:
A test to measure the volume of your tears.Your eye care specialist may measure your tear production using the Schirmer tear test. In this test, blotting strips of paper are placed under your lower eyelids. After five minutes your eye care specialist measures the amount of strip soaked by your tears.
Another option for measuring tear volume is the phenol red thread test. In this test, a thread filled with pH-sensitive dye (tears change the dye color) is placed over the lower eyelid, wetted with tears for 15 seconds and then measured for tear volume.
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For most people with occasional or mild dry eye symptoms, it's enough to regularly use nonprescription eye drops, also called artificial tears. If your symptoms are persistent and more serious, you have other options. What you do depends on what's causing your dry eyes.
Some treatments focus on reversing or managing a condition or factor that's causing your dry eyes. Other treatments can improve your tear quality or stop your tears from quickly draining away from your eyes.
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You're likely to start by seeing your family health care provider. Your provider may then refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment.
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339 |
Color blindness
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/symptoms-causes/syc-20354988
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354991
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/color-blindness/doctors-departments/ddc-20354993
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Color blindness is an eye condition in which someone can't see the difference between certain colors. Though many people commonly use the term "color blind" for this condition, true color blindness — in which everything is seen in shades of black and white — is rare. The medical term for color blindness is known as color vision deficiency.
Color blindness is usually inherited, meaning it's passed down through families. Men are more likely to be born with color blindness. Most people with color blindness can't tell the difference between certain shades of red and green. Less commonly, people with color blindness can't tell the difference between shades of blue and yellow.
Certain eye diseases and some medicines also can cause color blindness.
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You may have a color vision deficiency and not know it. Some people figure out that they or their child has the condition when it causes confusion — such as when there are problems differentiating the colors in a traffic light or interpreting color-coded learning materials.
People affected by color blindness may not be able to distinguish:
Different shades of red and green.
Different shades of blue and yellow.
Any colors.
The most common color deficiency is an inability to see some shades of red and green. Often, a person who is red-green or blue-yellow deficient isn't completely insensitive to both colors. Defects can be mild, moderate or severe.
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If you suspect you have problems distinguishing certain colors or your color vision changes, see an eye doctor for testing. It's important that children get comprehensive eye exams, including color vision testing, before starting school.
There's no cure for inherited color deficiencies, but if illness or eye disease is the cause, treatment may improve color vision.
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Seeing colors across the light spectrum is a complex process that begins with your eyes' ability to respond to different wavelengths of light.
Light, which contains all color wavelengths, enters your eye through the cornea and passes through the lens and transparent, jellylike tissue in your eye (vitreous humor) to wavelength-sensitive cells (cones) at the back of your eye in the macular area of the retina. The cones are sensitive to short (blue), medium (green) or long (red) wavelengths of light. Chemicals in the cones trigger a reaction and send the wavelength information through your optic nerve to your brain.
If your eyes work as they should, you perceive color. But if your cones don't work properly, you will be unable to distinguish the colors red, green or blue.
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Several factors increase the risk of color blindness, including:
Gender.Colorblindness is much more common in males than in females.
Family history.Colorblindness is often inherited, meaning it is passed down through families. You can inherit a mild, moderate or severe degree of the condition. Inherited color deficiencies usually affect both eyes, and the severity doesn't change over your lifetime.
Diseases.Some conditions that can increase the risk of color deficiency include sickle cell anemia, diabetes, macular degeneration, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, chronic alcoholism and leukemia. One eye may be more affected than the other, and the color deficiency may get better if the underlying disease can be treated.
Certain medicines.Some medicines can affect color vision, such as hydrochloroquine, a medicine used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Damage to the eye.Color blindness can be caused by trauma to the eye as a result of injury, surgery, radiation therapy or laser treatment.
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If you have trouble seeing certain colors, an eye care professional can test for a color deficiency. Testing likely involves a thorough eye exam and looking at specially designed pictures. These pictures are made of colored dots that have numbers or shapes in a different color hidden in them.
If someone has a color vision deficiency, they'll find it difficult or impossible to see some of the patterns in the dots.
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There are no treatments for most types of color vision difficulties, unless the color vision problem is related to the use of certain medicines or eye conditions. Stopping the medicine causing the vision problem or treating the underlying eye disease may result in better color vision.
Wearing a colored filter over eyeglasses or a colored contact lens may enhance perception of contrast between the confused colors. But such lenses won't improve the ability to see all colors.
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You can start by seeing someone on your primary healthcare team or make an appointment with an eye care professional who specializes in eye disorders (ophthalmologist or optometrist).
Preparing a list of questions can help you make the most of your time. For color blindness, some basic questions to ask include:
How might having color deficiencies affect my life?
Will color deficiencies affect my current or future occupation?
Are there treatments for color blindness?
Do you have any brochures or other printed materials I can have? What websites do you recommend?
Are there special glasses or contact lenses I can wear to improve my color vision?
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Try the following tips to help you work around your color blindness.
Memorize the order of colored objects.If it's important to know individual colors, such as with traffic lights, memorize the order of the colors.
Label colored items that you want to match with other items.Have someone with good color vision help you sort and label your clothing. Arrange your clothes in your closet or drawers so that colors that can be worn together are near each other.
Use technology.There are apps for phones and tablets that can help you identify colors.
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blindness, inability to distinguish any colors, problems differentiating colors, confusion, inability to distinguish different shades of blue and yellow, inability to distinguish different shades of red and green
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341 |
Gastroparesis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/symptoms-causes/syc-20355787
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355792
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastroparesis/doctors-departments/ddc-20355795
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Gastroparesis is a condition in which the muscles in the stomach don't move food as they should for it to be digested.
Most often, muscles contract to send food through the digestive tract. But with gastroparesis, the stomach's movement, called motility, slows or doesn't work at all. This keeps the stomach from emptying well.
Often, the cause of gastroparesis is not known. Sometimes it's linked to diabetes. And some people get gastroparesis after surgery or after a viral illness.
Certain medicines, such as opioid pain relievers, some antidepressants, and medicines for high blood pressure, weight loss and allergies can slow stomach emptying. The symptoms can be like those of gastroparesis. For people who already have gastroparesis, these medicines may make the condition worse.
Gastroparesis affects digestion. It can cause nausea, vomiting and belly pain. It also can cause problems with blood sugar levels and nutrition. There's no cure for gastroparesis. But medicines and changes to diet can give some relief.
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Symptoms of gastroparesis include:
Vomiting.
Nausea.
Belly bloating.
Belly pain.
Feeling full after eating just a few bites and long after eating a meal.
Vomiting undigested food eaten a few hours earlier.
Acid reflux.
Changes in blood sugar levels.
Not wanting to eat.
Weight loss and not getting enough nutrients, called malnutrition.
Many people with gastroparesis don't notice any symptoms.
|
Make an appointment with your healthcare professional if you have symptoms that worry you.
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It's not always clear what leads to gastroparesis. But sometimes damage to a nerve that controls the stomach muscles can cause it. This nerve is called the vagus nerve.
The vagus nerve helps manage what happens in the digestive tract. This includes telling the muscles in the stomach to contract and push food into the small intestine. A damaged vagus nerve can't send signals to the stomach muscles as it should. This may cause food to stay in the stomach longer.
Conditions such as diabetes or surgery to the stomach or small intestine can damage the vagus nerve and its branches.
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Factors that can raise the risk of gastroparesis include:
Diabetes.
Surgery on the stomach area or on the tube that connects the throat to the stomach, called the esophagus.
Infection with a virus.
Certain cancers and cancer treatments, such as radiation therapy to the chest or stomach.
Certain medicines that slow the rate of stomach emptying, such as opioid pain medicines.
A condition that causes the skin to harden and tighten, called scleroderma.
Nervous system diseases, such as migraine, Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
Underactive thyroid, also called hypothyroidism.
People assigned female at birth are more likely to get gastroparesis than are people assigned male at birth.
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Gastroparesis can cause several complications, such as:
Loss of body fluids, called dehydration.Repeated vomiting can cause dehydration.
Malnutrition.Not wanting to eat can mean you don't take in enough calories. Or your body may not be able to take in enough nutrients due to vomiting.
Food that doesn't digest that hardens and stays in the stomach.This food can harden into a solid mass called a bezoar. Bezoars can cause nausea and vomiting. They may be life-threatening if they keep food from passing into the small intestine.
Blood sugar changes.Gastroparesis doesn't cause diabetes. But the changes in the rate and amount of food passing into the small bowel can cause sudden changes in blood sugar levels. These blood sugar changes can make diabetes worse. In turn, poor control of blood sugar levels makes gastroparesis worse.
Lower quality of life.Symptoms can make it hard to work and keep up with daily activities.
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Several tests help diagnose gastroparesis and rule out other conditions that may cause symptoms like those of gastroparesis. Tests may include:
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Treating gastroparesis begins with finding and treating the condition that's causing it. If diabetes is causing your gastroparesis, your healthcare professional can work with you to help you control your blood sugar levels.
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You're likely to first see your main healthcare professional. You may then be sent to a doctor who specializes in digestive diseases, called a gastroenterologist. You also may see a specialist called a dietitian who can help you choose foods that are easier to digest.
|
If you smoke, stop. Your gastroparesis symptoms are less likely to improve over time if you keep smoking.
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nausea, vomiting, belly bloating, belly pain, acid reflux, feeling full, weight loss, gastroparesis, not wanting to eat
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342 |
Delayed sleep phase
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/symptoms-causes/syc-20353340
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353341
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/delayed-sleep-phase/doctors-departments/ddc-20353342
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Delayed sleep phase is a sleep disorder that affects the internal clock, known as circadian rhythm. People with this sleep disorder have sleep patterns that are delayed two hours or more from usual sleep patterns. They go to sleep later and wake later. This makes it hard to wake in time for work or school. Delayed sleep phase also is known as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder.
A treatment plan might include making changes to sleep habits, taking melatonin supplements and using light therapy.
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People with delayed sleep phase fall asleep and wake later than they want and later than usual sleep and wake times. Sleep and wake times are delayed at least two hours and may be delayed up to 3 to 6 hours. People with delayed sleep phase may regularly go to sleep at 3 a.m. and wake at 10 a.m., for example.
Symptoms are persistent. They last at least three months and often for years. Symptoms may include:
Not being able to fall asleep at a typical bedtime, known as insomnia.
Trouble waking up in the morning in time to go to work or school.
Extreme daytime drowsiness.
Trouble staying alert during the day.
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See a health care professional if you have persistent symptoms of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder. Or make an appointment for your child if you think your child has symptoms of delayed sleep-wake phase disorder that don't go away.
Also make an appointment if you or your child regularly has trouble waking in the morning or has excessive daytime drowsiness.
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Delayed sleep phase is caused by a person's internal clock being out of sync with the environment. Your internal clock lets you know when it's time to sleep and when it's time to wake. Known as circadian rhythm, your internal clock is on a 24-hour cycle. Cues in the environment influence the sleep-wake cycle. These cues include light, darkness, eating and physical activity.
The exact cause of delayed sleep phase isn't known. But circadian rhythms can be delayed in teenagers for biological reasons. Staying up late to do homework, watch TV or use the internet can make the sleep delay worse.
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Delayed sleep phase can affect children and adults of any age. However, delayed sleep phase is more common among teenagers and young adults.
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To diagnose delayed sleep phase, also known as delayed sleep-wake phase disorder, a health care professional reviews your family and medical history. You also may have a physical exam.
You may need several tests to diagnose delayed sleep phase or any related conditions, such as:
Actigraphy.This test tracks your sleep and wake times over several days. During the test, you wear a small device on your wrist that detects your motions. The device also may monitor light exposure.
Sleep diary.You may need to keep a sleep diary for a week or longer. Log your daily sleep and wake times to understand your sleep pattern.
Sleep study, also known as polysomnography.If it's suspected that you might have an additional sleep disorder, you may need a sleep study. In this test, you stay in a sleep center overnight. Polysomnography monitors your brain activity, heart rate, oxygen levels, eye movements and breathing function as you sleep.
|
A health care professional works with you to create a treatment plan that can help adjust your sleep and wake times.
Your plan may include:
Improving sleep habits.Making lifestyle changes can improve your sleep habits. This is known as sleep hygiene. To practice good sleep hygiene, go to bed and wake on a regular schedule, including on the weekends. It's best not to take naps during the day. Don't drink caffeine or alcohol near bedtime. And don't use tobacco products.Exercising during the day also helps improve sleep, but schedule exercise to finish at least two hours before bedtime. It's also helpful not to engage in stimulating activities near bedtime. Use your bedroom only for sleeping and sex.
Melatonin supplements.Melatonin is a hormone that plays a role in the sleep-wake cycle. You may be prescribed a melatonin supplement to take in the early evening. This can help adjust your circadian rhythm to go to sleep earlier.
Light therapy.Light exposure using a light box in the morning may adjust your circadian rhythm.
Chronotherapy.For some people, health care professionals prescribe a sleep schedule that delays bedtime by 1 to 2.5 hours every six days. This is done until the desired bedtime is reached. You need to maintain your sleep schedule once it is established.
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extreme daytime drowsiness, trouble staying alert, insomnia, trouble waking up, daytime drowsiness, not being able to fall asleep
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344 |
Frontotemporal dementia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354737
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354741
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/frontotemporal-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20354744
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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is an umbrella term for a group of brain diseases that mainly affect the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. These areas of the brain are associated with personality, behavior and language.
In frontotemporal dementia, parts of these lobes shrink, known as atrophy. Symptoms depend on which part of the brain is affected. Some people with frontotemporal dementia have changes in their personalities. They become socially inappropriate and may be impulsive or emotionally indifferent. Others lose the ability to properly use language.
Frontotemporal dementia can be misdiagnosed as a mental health condition or as Alzheimer's disease. ButFTDtends to occur at a younger age than does Alzheimer's disease. It often begins between the ages of 40 and 65, although it can occur later in life as well.FTDis the cause of dementia about 10% to 20% of the time.
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Symptoms of frontotemporal dementia differ from one person to the next. Symptoms get worse over time, usually over years.
People with frontotemporal dementia tend to have clusters of symptom types that occur together. They also may have more than one cluster of symptom types.
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In frontotemporal dementia, the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain shrink and certain substances build up in the brain. What causes these changes is usually not known.
Some genetic changes have been linked to frontotemporal dementia. But more than half of the people withFTDhave no family history of dementia.
Researchers have confirmed that some frontotemporal dementia gene changes also are seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). More research is being done to understand the connection between the conditions.
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Your risk of getting frontotemporal dementia is higher if you have a family history of dementia. There are no other known risk factors.
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There's no single test for frontotemporal dementia. Healthcare professionals consider your symptoms and exclude other possible causes of your symptoms.FTDcan be hard to diagnose early because symptoms of frontotemporal dementia often overlap with those of other conditions. Healthcare professionals may order the following tests.
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There's currently no cure or treatment for frontotemporal dementia, although research into treatments is ongoing. Medicines used to treat or slow Alzheimer's disease don't seem to be helpful for people with frontotemporal dementia. Some Alzheimer's medicines may worsen theFTDsymptoms. But certain medicines and speech therapy can help manage your symptoms.
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If you've been diagnosed with frontotemporal dementia, receiving support, care and compassion from people you trust can be invaluable.
Through your healthcare professional or the internet, find a support group for people with frontotemporal dementia. A support group can provide information tailored for your needs. It also allows you to share your experiences and feelings.
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People with frontotemporal dementia often don't recognize that they have symptoms. Family members usually notice changes and arrange for an appointment with a healthcare professional.
Your healthcare professional may refer you to a doctor trained in nervous system conditions, known as a neurologist. Or you may be referred to a doctor trained in mental health conditions, known as a psychologist.
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As frontotemporal dementia symptoms get worse, you'll need the help of caregivers. Caregivers can help you with daily activities, help maintain your safety, provide transportation and help with finances. Your healthcare professional can tell you when you may need to stop driving or let someone you trust take over your finances.
It's also important to get regular cardiovascular exercise. It may help improve your mood and thinking skills.
At home, it may be helpful to make adjustments so that daily living tasks are easier and you reduce the chance of injuries. For example, remove rugs to reduce falls. Or raise toilets to make it easier to use the bathroom.
Caregivers may be able to address behavioral symptoms by changing the way they interact with people with dementia. Ask your loved one's healthcare professional about resources that provide training in caring for someone with dementia.
Keeping a log of behavioral symptoms may help you pinpoint things in the environment that trigger symptoms. Taking these steps also may help:
Skip events or activities that trigger behavior that's not desired.
Remove negative environmental cues, such as car keys.
Maintain a calm environment.
Provide structured routines.
Simplify daily tasks.
Distract and redirect attention from harmful or inappropriate behaviors.
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frontotemporal dementia, symptoms get worse over time
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345 |
Lewy body dementia
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20352025
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352030
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lewy-body-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20352034
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Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Protein deposits called Lewy bodies develop in nerve cells in the brain. The protein deposits affect brain regions involved in thinking, memory and movement. There are two forms of LBD that cause cognitive symptoms — dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia.
Lewy body dementia causes a decline in mental abilities that gradually gets worse over time. People with LBD might see things that aren't there, known as visual hallucinations. They also may have changes in alertness and attention.
People with Lewy body dementia commonly have symptoms of Parkinson's disease. These symptoms might include rigid muscles, slow movement, trouble walking and tremors.
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Lewy body dementia symptoms can include:
Visual hallucinations.Seeing things that aren't there, known as hallucinations, might be one of the first symptoms of Lewy body dementia. This symptom often occurs regularly and may include seeing shapes, animals or people that aren't there. Hallucinations involving sounds, smells or touch are possible.
Movement symptoms.Signs of Parkinson's disease may occur. These symptoms include slowed movement, rigid muscles, tremor or a shuffling walk. This can cause the person to fall.
Poor regulation of body functions.The part of the nervous system that controls automatic functions is called the autonomic nervous system. Lewy body dementia can affect how well the autonomic nervous system controls blood pressure, heart rate, sweating and digestion. This can result in sudden drops in blood pressure upon standing, dizziness, falls, loss of bladder control and bowel issues such as constipation.
Cognitive changes.People with Lewy body dementia might have changes in thinking that are similar to symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. These symptoms may include confusion, poor attention, visual-spatial problems and memory loss.
Trouble with sleep.People with Lewy body dementia can have rapid eye movement, also known as REM sleep behavior disorder. This disorder causes people to physically act out their dreams while asleep. People with REM sleep behavior disorder may punch, kick, yell or scream while sleeping.
Varying attention.Episodes of drowsiness, long periods of staring into space, long naps during the day or disorganized speech are possible.
Depression or apathy.People with Lewy body dementia might develop depression or lose motivation.
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In people with Lewy body dementia, there's a buildup of proteins known as Lewy bodies. This protein also is associated with Parkinson's disease. People who have Lewy bodies in their brains also can have the plaques and tangles associated with Alzheimer's disease.
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A few factors seem to increase the risk of developing Lewy body dementia, including:
Age.People older than 60 have a higher risk of getting the disease.
Sex.Lewy body dementia affects more men than women.
Family history.Those who have a family member with Lewy body dementia or Parkinson's disease are at greater risk.
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Lewy body dementia is progressive. This means it gradually gets worse over time. As symptoms get worse, the disease can lead to:
Worsening dementia.
Aggressive behavior.
Depression.
Increased risk of falling and injury.
Worsening of movement symptoms, such as tremors.
Death, on average about 7 to 8 years after symptoms start.
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People who are diagnosed with Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, have a gradual decline in the ability to think. They also have at least two of the following:
Varying alertness and thinking function.
Repeated visual hallucinations.
Movement symptoms.
REM sleep behavior disorder, in which people act out their dreams during sleep.
Other symptoms that support a Lewy body dementia diagnosis include problems with the autonomic nervous system. When this happens, the body isn't able to regulate blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature and sweating.
Sensitivity to medicines that treat psychosis also supports a diagnosis. This is particularly true for medicines such as haloperidol (Haldol). Antipsychotic medicines aren't used for people with LBD because they can make symptoms worse.
No single test can diagnose Lewy body dementia. The diagnosis is based on your symptoms and by ruling out other conditions. You might need the following tests.
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There's no cure for Lewy body dementia, also known as LBD, but many of the symptoms can improve with targeted treatments.
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People with Lewy body dementia often have a mixture of emotions. The person may feel confused, frustrated, angry or afraid. They may not be certain about the future and may feel grief and depression. Offer support by listening. Provide assurance that the person can still enjoy life. Be positive and do your best to help the person retain dignity and self-respect.
If you're a caregiver or care partner for someone with Lewy body dementia, watch the person closely. Make sure the person doesn't fall, lose consciousness or have a bad reaction to medicines. Provide reassurance during times of confusion, delusions or hallucinations.
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You might first discuss your symptoms with a healthcare professional who may refer you to a doctor trained in dementia. This is usually a doctor trained in brain and nervous system conditions, called a neurologist, or a doctor trained in mental health conditions, called a psychiatrist.
Ask a friend or family member to come to the appointment, if possible. This person can help you remember the information you're given and give your healthcare professional information about you. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Symptoms and how quickly they worsen are different for everyone with Lewy body dementia. Caregivers and spouses of people with Lewy body dementia, known as care partners, may need to adapt the following tips:
Speak clearly and simply.Maintain eye contact and speak slowly in simple sentences. Don't rush the response. Present only one idea or instruction at a time. Use gestures and cues, such as pointing to objects.
Encourage exercise.Exercise improves physical function, behavior and depression. Some research shows exercise might slow cognitive decline in people with dementia.
Provide mind stimulation.Playing games, completing crossword puzzles and doing other activities that involve thinking might help slow mental decline in people with dementia. Encourage artistic and creative activities, such as painting, singing or making music.
Create opportunities for social activity.Talk to friends. Participate in religious services.
Establish bedtime rituals.Behavior symptoms can worsen at night. Create calming bedtime rituals without the distraction of television, meal cleanup and active family members. Leave night-lights on to prevent disorientation.
Limit caffeine during the day. Discourage daytime napping and offer activities to stay active during the day. This might help prevent nighttime restlessness.
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rigid muscles, parkinson's disease, disorganized speech, dizziness, drowsiness, falls, memory loss, yell, rem sleep behavior disorder, poor attention, slowed movement, tremor, alzheimer's disease, apathy, constipation, visual-spatial problems, lewy body dementia, rapid eye movement, long naps, punch, depression, bowel issues, dementia, loss of bladder control, visual hallucinations, hallucinations, lewy, shuffling walk, confusion, kick, scream, staring into space
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346 |
Vascular dementia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/symptoms-causes/syc-20378793
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20378798
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vascular-dementia/doctors-departments/ddc-20378799
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Vascular dementia is a general term describing problems with reasoning, planning, judgment, memory and other thought processes caused by brain damage from impaired blood flow to your brain.
You can develop vascular dementia after a stroke blocks an artery in your brain, but strokes don't always cause vascular dementia. Whether a stroke affects your thinking and reasoning depends on your stroke's severity and location. Vascular dementia can also result from other conditions that damage blood vessels and reduce circulation, depriving your brain of vital oxygen and nutrients.
Factors that increase your risk of heart disease and stroke — including diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and smoking — also raise your vascular dementia risk. Controlling these factors may help lower your chances of developing vascular dementia.
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Vascular dementia symptoms vary, depending on the part of your brain where blood flow is impaired. Symptoms often overlap with those of other types of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease dementia. But unlike Alzheimer's disease, the most significant symptoms of vascular dementia tend to involve speed of thinking and problem-solving rather than memory loss.
Vascular dementia signs and symptoms include:
Vascular dementia symptoms may be most clear-cut when they occur suddenly following a stroke. When changes in your thinking and reasoning seem clearly linked to a stroke, this condition is sometimes called post-stroke dementia.
Sometimes a characteristic pattern of vascular dementia symptoms follows a series of strokes or ministrokes. Changes in your thought processes occur in noticeable steps downward from your previous level of function, unlike the gradual, steady decline that typically occurs in Alzheimer's disease dementia.
But vascular dementia can also develop very gradually, just like Alzheimer's disease dementia. What's more, vascular disease and Alzheimer's disease often occur together.
Studies show that many people with dementia and evidence of brain vascular disease also have Alzheimer's disease.
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Vascular dementia results from conditions that damage your brain's blood vessels, reducing their ability to supply your brain with the amounts of nutrition and oxygen it needs to perform thought processes effectively.
Common conditions that may lead to vascular dementia include:
Stroke (infarction) blocking a brain artery.Strokes that block a brain artery usually cause a range of symptoms that may include vascular dementia. But some strokes don't cause any noticeable symptoms. These silent strokes still increase dementia risk.
With both silent and apparent strokes, the risk of vascular dementia increases with the number of strokes that occur over time. One type of vascular dementia involving many strokes is called multi-infarct dementia.
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In general, the risk factors for vascular dementia are the same as those for heart disease and stroke. Risk factors for vascular dementia include:
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The health of your brain's blood vessels is closely linked to your overall heart health. Taking these steps to keep your heart healthy may also help reduce your risk of vascular dementia:
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Doctors can nearly always determine that you have dementia, but there's no specific test that confirms you have vascular dementia. Your doctor will make a judgment about whether vascular dementia is the most likely cause of your symptoms based on the information you provide, your medical history for stroke or disorders of the heart and blood vessels, and results of tests that may help clarify your diagnosis.
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Treatment often focuses on managing the health conditions and risk factors that contribute to vascular dementia.
Controlling conditions that affect the underlying health of your heart and blood vessels can sometimes slow the rate at which vascular dementia gets worse, and may also sometimes prevent further decline. Depending on your individual situation, your doctor may prescribe medications to:
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People with any type of dementia and their caregivers — whether it's vascular dementia or Alzheimer's disease — experience a mixture of emotions, including confusion, frustration, anger, fear, uncertainty, grief and depression.
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If you've had a stroke, your first conversations about your symptoms and recovery will likely take place in the hospital. If you're noticing milder symptoms, you may decide that you want to talk to your doctor about changes in your thought processes, or you may seek care at the urging of a family member who arranges your appointment and goes with you.
You may start by seeing your primary care doctor, but he or she is likely to refer you to a doctor who specializes in disorders of the brain and nervous system (neurologist).
Because appointments can be brief, and there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready and know what to expect from your doctor.
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post-stroke dementia, vascular disease, dementia, alzheimer's disease dementia, ministrokes, strokes, alzheimer's disease, problem-solving, changes in reasoning, vascular dementia, vascular dementia symptoms, brain vascular disease, memory loss, changes in thinking, stroke, vascular dementia signs and symptoms, speed of thinking
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347 |
Dengue fever
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353084
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Dengue (DENG-gey) fever is a mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Mild dengue fever causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. The severe form of dengue fever, also called dengue hemorrhagic fever, can cause serious bleeding, a sudden drop in blood pressure (shock) and death.
Millions of cases of dengue infection occur worldwide each year. Dengue fever is most common in Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa. But the disease has been spreading to new areas, including local outbreaks in Europe and southern parts of the United States.
Researchers are working on dengue fever vaccines. For now, in areas where dengue fever is common, the best ways to prevent infection are to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes and to take steps to reduce the mosquito population.
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Many people experience no signs or symptoms of a dengue infection.
When symptoms do occur, they may be mistaken for other illnesses — such as the flu — and usually begin four to 10 days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito.
Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F (40 C) — and any of the following signs and symptoms:
Headache
Muscle, bone or joint pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Pain behind the eyes
Swollen glands
Rash
Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening. This is called severe dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome.
Severe dengue happens when your blood vessels become damaged and leaky. And the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your bloodstream drops. This can lead to shock, internal bleeding, organ failure and even death.
Warning signs of severe dengue fever — which is a life-threatening emergency — can develop quickly. The warning signs usually begin the first day or two after your fever goes away, and may include:
Severe stomach pain
Persistent vomiting
Bleeding from your gums or nose
Blood in your urine, stools or vomit
Bleeding under the skin, which might look like bruising
Difficult or rapid breathing
Fatigue
Irritability or restlessness
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Severe dengue fever is a life-threatening medical emergency. Seek immediate medical attention if you've recently visited an area in which dengue fever is known to occur, you have had a fever and you develop any of the warning signs. Warning signs include severe stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty breathing, or blood in your nose, gums, vomit or stools.
If you've been traveling recently and develop a fever and mild symptoms of dengue fever, call your doctor.
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Dengue fever is caused by any one of four types of dengue viruses. You can't get dengue fever from being around an infected person. Instead, dengue fever is spread through mosquito bites.
The two types of mosquitoes that most often spread the dengue viruses are common both in and around human lodgings. When a mosquito bites a person infected with a dengue virus, the virus enters the mosquito. Then, when the infected mosquito bites another person, the virus enters that person's bloodstream and causes an infection.
After you've recovered from dengue fever, you have long-term immunity to the type of virus that infected you — but not to the other three dengue fever virus types. This means you can be infected again in the future by one of the other three virus types. Your risk of developing severe dengue fever increases if you get dengue fever a second, third or fourth time.
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You have a greater risk of developing dengue fever or a more severe form of the disease if:
You live or travel in tropical areas.Being in tropical and subtropical areas increases your risk of exposure to the virus that causes dengue fever. Especially high-risk areas include Southeast Asia, the western Pacific islands, Latin America and Africa.
You have had dengue fever in the past.Previous infection with a dengue fever virus increases your risk of severe symptoms if you get dengue fever again.
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Severe dengue fever can cause internal bleeding and organ damage. Blood pressure can drop to dangerous levels, causing shock. In some cases, severe dengue fever can lead to death.
Women who get dengue fever during pregnancy may be able to spread the virus to the baby during childbirth. Additionally, babies of women who get dengue fever during pregnancy have a higher risk of pre-term birth, low birth weight or fetal distress.
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Diagnosing dengue fever can be difficult because its signs and symptoms can be easily confused with those of other diseases — such as chikungunya, Zika virus, malaria and typhoid fever.
Your doctor will likely ask about your medical and travel history. Be sure to describe international trips in detail, including the countries you visited and the dates, as well as any contact you may have had with mosquitoes.
Your doctor may also draw a sample of blood to be tested in a lab for evidence of infection with one of the dengue viruses.
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No specific treatment for dengue fever exists.
While recovering from dengue fever, drink plenty of fluids. Call your doctor right away if you have any of the following signs and symptoms of dehydration:
Decreased urination
Few or no tears
Dry mouth or lips
Lethargy or confusion
Cold or clammy extremities
The over-the-counter (OTC) drug acetaminophen (Tylenol, others) can help reduce muscle pain and fever. But if you have dengue fever, you should avoid otherOTCpain relievers, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). These pain relievers can increase the risk of dengue fever bleeding complications.
If you have severe dengue fever, you may need:
Supportive care in a hospital
Intravenous (IV) fluid and electrolyte replacement
Blood pressure monitoring
Transfusion to replace blood loss
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You'll likely start by seeing your primary care provider. But you might also be referred to a doctor who specializes in infectious diseases.
Because appointments can be brief, and because there's often a lot of ground to cover, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect from your doctor.
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shock, nausea, joint pain, organ failure, headache, nausea
vomiting
pain, restlessness, severe stomach pain, fatigue, bleeding from nose, rapid breathing, stomach pain, dengue hemorrhagic fever, death, blood in urine, rash, difficult breathing, vomiting, vomiting
bleeding, bleeding, bleeding under the skin, dengue infection, pain behind the eyes, bleeding from gums, muscle pain, irritability, dengue, fever, dengue shock syndrome, blood in stools, vomit, swollen glands, bone pain, blood in vomit, dengue fever, bruising
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349 |
Postpartum depression
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20376617
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20376623
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/postpartum-depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20376624
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The birth of a baby can start a variety of powerful emotions, from excitement and joy to fear and anxiety. But it can also result in something you might not expect — depression.
Most new moms experience postpartum "baby blues" after childbirth, which commonly include mood swings, crying spells, anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Baby blues usually begin within the first 2 to 3 days after delivery and may last for up to two weeks.
But some new moms experience a more severe, long-lasting form of depression known as postpartum depression. Sometimes it's called peripartum depression because it can start during pregnancy and continue after childbirth. Rarely, an extreme mood disorder called postpartum psychosis also may develop after childbirth.
Postpartum depression is not a character flaw or a weakness. Sometimes it's simply a complication of giving birth. If you have postpartum depression, prompt treatment can help you manage your symptoms and help you bond with your baby.
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Symptoms of depression after childbirth vary, and they can range from mild to severe.
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If you're feeling depressed after your baby's birth, you may be reluctant or embarrassed to admit it. But if you experience any symptoms of postpartum baby blues or postpartum depression, call your primary health care provider or your obstetrician or gynecologist and schedule an appointment. If you have symptoms that suggest you may have postpartum psychosis, get help immediately.
It's important to call your provider as soon as possible if the symptoms of depression have any of these features:
Don't fade after two weeks.
Are getting worse.
Make it hard for you to care for your baby.
Make it hard to complete everyday tasks.
Include thoughts of harming yourself or your baby.
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There is no single cause of postpartum depression, but genetics, physical changes and emotional issues may play a role.
Genetics.Studies show that having a family history of postpartum depression — especially if it was major — increases the risk of experiencing postpartum depression.
Physical changes.After childbirth, a dramatic drop in the hormones estrogen and progesterone in your body may contribute to postpartum depression. Other hormones produced by your thyroid gland also may drop sharply — which can leave you feeling tired, sluggish and depressed.
Emotional issues.When you're sleep deprived and overwhelmed, you may have trouble handling even minor problems. You may be anxious about your ability to care for a newborn. You may feel less attractive, struggle with your sense of identity or feel that you've lost control over your life. Any of these issues can contribute to postpartum depression.
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Any new mom can experience postpartum depression and it can develop after the birth of any child, not just the first. However, your risk increases if:
You have a history of depression, either during pregnancy or at other times.
You have bipolar disorder.
You had postpartum depression after a previous pregnancy.
You have family members who've had depression or other mood disorders.
You've experienced stressful events during the past year, such as pregnancy complications, illness or job loss.
Your baby has health problems or other special needs.
You have twins, triplets or other multiple births.
You have difficulty breastfeeding.
You're having problems in your relationship with your spouse or partner.
You have a weak support system.
You have financial problems.
The pregnancy was unplanned or unwanted.
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Left untreated, postpartum depression can interfere with mother-child bonding and cause family problems.
For mothers.Untreated postpartum depression can last for months or longer, sometimes becoming an ongoing depressive disorder. Mothers may stop breastfeeding, have problems bonding with and caring for their infants, and be at increased risk of suicide. Even when treated, postpartum depression increases a woman's risk of future episodes of major depression.
For the other parent.Postpartum depression can have a ripple effect, causing emotional strain for everyone close to a new baby. When a new mother is depressed, the risk of depression in the baby's other parent may also increase. And these other parents may already have an increased risk of depression, whether or not their partner is affected.
For children.Children of mothers who have untreated postpartum depression are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems, such as sleeping and eating difficulties, crying too much, and delays in language development.
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If you have a history of depression — especially postpartum depression — tell your health care provider if you're planning on becoming pregnant or as soon as you find out you're pregnant.
During pregnancy,your provider can monitor you closely for symptoms of depression. You may complete a depression-screening questionnaire during your pregnancy and after delivery. Sometimes mild depression can be managed with support groups, counseling or other therapies. In other cases, antidepressants may be recommended — even during pregnancy.
After your baby is born,your provider may recommend an early postpartum checkup to screen for symptoms of postpartum depression. The earlier it's found, the earlier treatment can begin. If you have a history of postpartum depression, your provider may recommend antidepressant treatment or talk therapy immediately after delivery. Most antidepressants are safe to take while breastfeeding.
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Your health care provider will usually talk with you about your feelings, thoughts and mental health to help determine if you have a short-term case of postpartum baby blues or a more severe form of depression. Don't be embarrassed — postpartum depression is common. Share your symptoms with your provider so that you and your provider can create a useful treatment plan.
As part of your evaluation, your health care provider may do a depression screening, including having you fill out a questionnaire. Your provider may order other tests, if needed, to rule out other causes for your symptoms.
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Treatment and recovery time vary, depending on how severe your depression is and what your individual needs are. If you have an underactive thyroid or an underlying illness, your health care provider may treat those conditions or refer you to the appropriate specialist. Your health care provider may also refer you to a mental health professional.
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The already stressful, exhausting period following a baby's birth is more difficult when depression occurs. But remember, postpartum depression is never anyone's fault. It's a common medical condition that needs treatment.
So, if you're having trouble coping with postpartum depression, talk with your health care provider. Ask your provider or a therapist about local support groups for new moms or women who have postpartum depression.
The sooner you get help, the sooner you'll be fully equipped to cope with depression and enjoy your new baby.
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After your first appointment, your health care provider may refer you to a mental health provider who can create the right treatment plan with you. You may want to find a trusted family member or friend to join you for your appointment to help you remember all the information discussed.
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In addition to professional treatment, you can do some things for yourself that build on your treatment plan and help speed recovery.
Make healthy lifestyle choices.Include physical activity, such as a walk with your baby, and other forms of exercise in your daily routine. Try to get enough rest. Eat healthy foods and avoid alcohol.
Set realistic expectations.Don't pressure yourself to do everything. Scale back your expectations for the perfect household. Do what you can and leave the rest.
Make time for yourself.Take some time for yourself and get out of the house. That may mean asking a partner to take care of the baby or arranging for a sitter. Do something you enjoy, such as a hobby or some form of entertainment. You might also schedule some time alone with your partner or friends.
Avoid isolation.Talk with your partner, family and friends about how you're feeling. Ask other mothers about their experiences. Breaking the isolation may help you feel human again.
Ask for help.Try to open up to the people close to you and let them know you need help. If someone offers to babysit, take them up on it. If you can sleep, take a nap, or maybe you can see a movie or meet for coffee with friends. You may also benefit from asking for help with parenting skills that can include caregiving techniques to improve your baby's sleep and soothe fussing and crying.
Remember, taking care of your baby includes taking care of yourself.
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depression, none
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350 |
Teen depression
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20350985
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20350991
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/teen-depression/doctors-departments/ddc-20350995
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Teen depression is a serious mental health problem that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest in activities. It affects how your teenager thinks, feels and behaves, and it can cause emotional, functional and physical problems. Although depression can occur at any time in life, symptoms may be different between teens and adults.
Issues such as peer pressure, academic expectations and changing bodies can bring a lot of ups and downs for teens. But for some teens, the lows are more than just temporary feelings — they're a symptom of depression.
Teen depression isn't a weakness or something that can be overcome with willpower — it can have serious consequences and requires long-term treatment. For most teens, depression symptoms ease with treatment such as medication and psychological counseling.
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Suicide is often associated with depression. If you think you may hurt yourself or attempt suicide, call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Also consider these options if you're having suicidal thoughts:
Call your mental health professional.
Contact a suicide hotline.In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. The Spanish language phone line is1-888-628-9454(toll-free). Services are free and confidential.Or contact a crisis service for teenagers in the U.S. calledTXT 4 HELP: Text the word "safe" and your current location to 4HELP (44357) for immediate help, with the option for interactive texting.
In the U.S., call or text 988 to reach the988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline, available 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Or use theLifeline Chat. The Spanish language phone line is1-888-628-9454(toll-free). Services are free and confidential.
Or contact a crisis service for teenagers in the U.S. calledTXT 4 HELP: Text the word "safe" and your current location to 4HELP (44357) for immediate help, with the option for interactive texting.
Seek help from your primary care doctor or other health care provider.
Reach out to a close friend or loved one.
Contact a minister, spiritual leader or someone else in your faith community.
If a loved one or friend is in danger of attempting suicide or has made an attempt:
Make sure someone stays with that person.
Call 911 or your local emergency number immediately.
Or, if you can do so safely, take the person to the nearest hospital emergency room.
Never ignore comments or concerns about suicide. Always take action to get help.
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If depression signs and symptoms continue, begin to interfere in your teen's life, or cause you to have concerns about suicide or your teen's safety, talk to a doctor or a mental health professional trained to work with adolescents. Your teen's family doctor or pediatrician is a good place to start. Or your teen's school may recommend someone.
Depression symptoms likely won't get better on their own — and they may get worse or lead to other problems if untreated. Depressed teenagers may be at risk of suicide, even if signs and symptoms don't appear to be severe.
If you're a teen and you think you may be depressed — or you have a friend who may be depressed — don't wait to get help. Talk to a health care provider such as your doctor or school nurse. Share your concerns with a parent, a close friend, a spiritual leader, a teacher or someone else you trust.
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It's not known exactly what causes depression, but a variety of issues may be involved. These include:
Brain chemistry.Neurotransmitters are naturally occurring brain chemicals that carry signals to other parts of your brain and body. When these chemicals are abnormal or impaired, the function of nerve receptors and nerve systems changes, leading to depression.
Hormones.Changes in the body's balance of hormones may be involved in causing or triggering depression.
Inherited traits.Depression is more common in people whose blood relatives — such as a parent or grandparent — also have the condition.
Early childhood trauma.Traumatic events during childhood, such as physical or emotional abuse, or loss of a parent, may cause changes in the brain that increase the risk of depression.
Learned patterns of negative thinking.Teen depression may be linked to learning to feel helpless — rather than learning to feel capable of finding solutions for life's challenges.
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Many factors increase the risk of developing or triggering teen depression, including:
Having issues that negatively impact self-esteem, such as obesity, peer problems, long-term bullying or academic problems
Having been the victim or witness of violence, such as physical or sexual abuse
Having other mental health conditions, such as bipolar disorder, an anxiety disorder, a personality disorder, anorexia or bulimia
Having a learning disability or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Having ongoing pain or a chronic physical illness such as cancer, diabetes or asthma
Having certain personality traits, such as low self-esteem or being overly dependent, self-critical or pessimistic
Abusing alcohol, nicotine or other drugs
Being gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender in an unsupportive environment
Family history and issues with family or others may also increase your teenager's risk of depression, such as:
Having a parent, grandparent or other blood relative with depression, bipolar disorder or alcohol use problems
Having a family member who died by suicide
Having a family with major communication and relationship problems
Having experienced recent stressful life events, such as parental divorce, parental military service or the death of a loved one
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Untreated depression can result in emotional, behavioral and health problems that affect every area of your teenager's life. Complications related to teen depression may include, for example:
Alcohol and drug misuse
Academic problems
Family conflicts and relationship difficulties
Suicide attempts or suicide
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There's no sure way to prevent depression. However, these strategies may help. Encourage your teenager to:
Take steps to control stress,increase resilience and boost self-esteem to help handle issues when they arise
Practice self-care,for example by creating a healthy sleep routine and using electronics responsibly and in moderation
Reach out for friendship and social support,especially in times of crisis
Get treatment at the earliest sign of a problemto help prevent depression from worsening
Maintain ongoing treatment, if recommended,even after symptoms let up, to help prevent a relapse of depression symptoms
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When teen depression is suspected, the doctor will typically do these exams and tests.
Physical exam.The doctor may do a physical exam and ask in-depth questions about your teenager's health to determine what may be causing depression. In some cases, depression may be linked to an underlying physical health problem.
Lab tests.For example, your teen's doctor may do a blood test called a complete blood count or test your teen's thyroid to make sure it's functioning properly.
Psychological evaluation.A doctor or mental health professional can talk with your teen about thoughts, feelings and behavior, and may include a questionnaire. These will help pinpoint a diagnosis and check for related complications.
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Treatment depends on the type and severity of your teenager's depression symptoms. A combination of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and medication can be very effective for most teens with depression.
If your teen has severe depression or is in danger of self-harm, he or she may need a hospital stay or may need to participate in an outpatient treatment program until symptoms improve.
Here's a closer look at depression treatment options.
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Showing interest and the desire to understand your teenager's feelings lets him or her know you care. You may not understand why your teen feels hopeless or has a sense of loss or failure. But listen without judging and try to put yourself in your teen's position. Help build your teen's self-esteem by recognizing small successes and offering praise about competence.
Encourage your teen to:
Make and keep healthy friendships.Positive relationships can help boost your teen's confidence and help him or her stay connected with others. Encourage your teen to avoid relationships with people whose attitudes or behaviors could make depression worse.
Stay active.Participation in sports, school activities or a job can help keep your teen focused on positive things, rather than negative feelings or behaviors.
Ask for help.Teens may be reluctant to seek support when life seems overwhelming. Encourage your teen to talk to a family member or other trusted adult whenever needed.
Have realistic expectations.Many teens judge themselves when they aren't able to live up to unrealistic standards — academically, in athletics or in appearance, for example. Let your teen know that it's OK not to be perfect.
Simplify life.Encourage your teen to carefully choose obligations and commitments, and set reasonable goals. Let your teen know that it's OK to do less when he or she feels down.
Structure time.Help your teen plan activities by making lists or using a planner to stay organized. Sticking to a regular routine may help improve mood.
Keep a private journal.Journaling may help improve your teen's mood by allowing your teen to express and work through pain, anger, fear or other emotions.
Connect with other teens who struggle with depression.Ask the doctor or therapist if there are local support groups for teen depression. Depression support groups are offered online, but check them out to make sure they're trustworthy sites — such as the National Alliance on Mental Illness or the Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance.
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It's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment. Here's some information to help you and your teenager get ready, and what to expect from the doctor.
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You are your teenager's best advocate to help him or her succeed. In addition to professional treatment, here are some steps you and your teen can take that may help:
Stick to the treatment plan.Make sure your teen attends appointments, even if he or she doesn't feel like going. Even if your teen is feeling well, make sure he or she continues to take medications as prescribed. If your teen stops taking medications, depression symptoms may come back. And quitting suddenly may cause withdrawal-like symptoms.
Learn about depression.Education can empower your teen and motivate him or her to stick to a treatment plan. It can also benefit you and other loved ones to learn about depression and understand that it's a treatable condition.
Encourage communication with your teen.Talk to your teen about the changes you're observing and emphasize your unconditional support. Create an environment where your teen can share concerns while you listen.
Pay attention to warning signs.Work with your teen's doctor or therapist to learn what might trigger depression symptoms. Make a plan so that you and your teen know what to do if symptoms get worse. Ask family members or friends to help watch for warning signs.
Help your teen adopt healthy habits.Keep healthy foods in your home, keep unhealthy foods out, and set regular mealtimes. Encourage routine exercise, noting that even light physical activity can help reduce depression symptoms. Set a time for lights out at bedtime with no use of electronic devices in bed, which can help promote quality and quantity of sleep. If your teen is having problems with sleep, ask the doctor for advice.
Help your teen avoid alcohol and other drugs.Your teen may feel as if alcohol, marijuana or other drugs lessen depression symptoms, but in the long run they worsen symptoms and make depression harder to treat. Talk with the doctor or therapist if your teen needs help to deal with alcohol or drug use.
Eliminate or limit access to items your teen could use for self-harm.This can include removing or securing guns, and removing sharp items, alcohol or risky medications in your home if you live with a teen who has depression.
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suicidal thoughts, depression
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351 |
Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/symptoms-causes/syc-20353273
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353279
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atopic-dermatitis-eczema/doctors-departments/ddc-20353282
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a condition that causes dry, itchy and inflamed skin. It's common in young children but can occur at any age. Atopic dermatitis is long lasting (chronic) and tends to flare sometimes. It can be irritating but it's not contagious.
People with atopic dermatitis are at risk of developing food allergies, hay fever and asthma.
Moisturizing regularly and following other skin care habits can relieve itching and prevent new outbreaks (flares). Treatment may also include medicated ointments or creams.
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Atopic dermatitis (eczema) symptoms can appear anywhere on the body and vary widely from person to person. They may include:
Dry, cracked skin
Itchiness (pruritus)
Rash on swollen skin that varies in color depending on your skin color
Small, raised bumps, on brown or Black skin
Oozing and crusting
Thickened skin
Darkening of the skin around the eyes
Raw, sensitive skin from scratching
Atopic dermatitis often begins before age 5 and may continue into the teen and adult years. For some people, it flares and then clears up for a time, even for several years.
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Talk with a health care provider if you or your child:
Has symptoms of atopic dermatitis
Is so uncomfortable that the condition is affecting sleep and daily activities
Has a skin infection — look for new streaks, pus, yellow scabs
Has symptoms even after trying self-care steps
Seek immediate medical attentionif you or your child has a fever and the rash looks infected.
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In some people, atopic dermatitis is related to a gene variation that affects the skin's ability to provide protection. With a weak barrier function, the skin is less able to retain moisture and protect against bacteria, irritants, allergens and environmental factors — such as tobacco smoke.
In other people, atopic dermatitis is caused by too much of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus on the skin. This displaces helpful bacteria and disrupts the skin's barrier function.
A weak skin barrier function might also trigger an immune system response that causes the inflamed skin and other symptoms.
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is one of several types of dermatitis. Other common types are contact dermatitis and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff). Dermatitis isn't contagious.
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The main risk factor for atopic dermatitis is having had eczema, allergies, hay fever or asthma in the past. Having family members with these conditions also increases your risk.
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Complications of atopic dermatitis (eczema) may include:
Asthma and hay fever.Many people with atopic dermatitis develop asthma and hay fever. This can happen before or after developing atopic dermatitis.
Food allergies.People with atopic dermatitis often develop food allergies. One of the main symptoms of this condition is hives (urticaria).
Chronic itchy, scaly skin.A skin condition called neurodermatitis (lichen simplex chronicus) starts with a patch of itchy skin. You scratch the area, which provides only temporary relief. Scratching actually makes the skin itchier because it activates the nerve fibers in your skin. Over time, you may scratch out of habit. This condition can cause the affected skin to become discolored, thick and leathery.
Patches of skin that's darker or lighter than the surrounding area.This complication after the rash has healed is called post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation. It's more common in people with brown or Black skin. It might take several months for the discoloration to fade.
Skin infections.Repeated scratching that breaks the skin can cause open sores and cracks. These increase the risk of infection from bacteria and viruses. These skin infections can spread and become life-threatening.
Irritant hand dermatitis.This especially affects people whose hands are often wet and exposed to harsh soaps, detergents and disinfectant at work.
Allergic contact dermatitis.This condition is common in people with atopic dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by touching substances you're allergic to. The color of the rash varies depending on your skin color.
Sleep problems.The itchiness of atopic dermatitis can interfere with sleep.
Mental health conditions.Atopic dermatitis is associated with depression and anxiety. This may be related to the constant itching and sleep problems common among people with atopic dermatitis.
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Developing a basic skin care routine may help prevent eczema flares. The following tips may help reduce the drying effects of bathing:
Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.Creams, ointments, shea butter and lotions seal in moisture. Choose a product or products that work well for you. Ideally, the best one for you will be safe, effective, affordable and unscented.Using petroleum jelly on your baby's skin may help prevent development of atopic dermatitis.
Take a daily bath or shower.Use warm, rather than hot, water and limit your bath or shower to about 10 minutes.
Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser.Choose a cleanser that's free of dyes, alcohols and fragrance. For young children, you usually need only warm water to get them clean — no soap or bubble bath needed. Soap can be especially irritating to the skin of young children. For people of any age, deodorant soaps and antibacterial soaps can remove too much of the skin's natural oils and dry the skin. Don't scrub the skin with a washcloth or loofah.
Pat dry.After bathing, gently pat the skin with a soft towel. Apply moisturizer while your skin is still damp (within three minutes).
The triggers for atopic dermatitis vary widely from person to person. Try to identify and avoid irritants that trigger your eczema. In general, avoid anything that causes an itch because scratching often triggers a flare.
Common triggers for atopic dermatitis include:
Rough wool fabric
Dry skin
Skin infection
Heat and sweat
Stress
Cleaning products
Dust mites and pet dander
Mold
Pollen
Smoke from tobacco
Cold and dry air
Fragrances
Other irritating chemicals
Infants and children may have flares triggered by eating certain foods, such as eggs and cow's milk. Talk with your child's health care provider about identifying potential food allergies.
Once you understand what triggers your eczema, talk with your health care provider about how to manage your symptoms and prevent flares.
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To diagnose atopic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms, examine your skin and review your medical history. You may need tests to identify allergies and rule out other skin diseases.
If you think a certain food caused your child's rash, ask your health care provider about potential food allergies.
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Treatment of atopic dermatitis may start with regular moisturizing and other self-care habits. If these don't help, your health care provider might suggest medicated creams that control itching and help repair skin. These are sometimes combined with other treatments.
Atopic dermatitis can be persistent. You may need to try various treatments over months or years to control it. And even if treatment is successful, symptoms may return (flare).
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Atopic dermatitis can make you feel uncomfortable and self-conscious. It can be especially stressful, frustrating or embarrassing for adolescents and young adults. It can disrupt their sleep and even lead to depression.
Some people may find it helpful to talk with a therapist or other counselor, a family member, or a friend. Or it can be helpful to find a support group for people with eczema, who know what it's like to live with the condition.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist) or allergies (allergist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Taking care of sensitive skin is the first step in treating atopic dermatitis and preventing flares. To help reduce itching and soothe inflamed skin, try these self-care measures:
Moisturize your skin at least twice a day.Find a product or combination of products that works for you. You might try bath oils, creams, lotions, shea butter, ointments or sprays. For a child, the twice-a-day regimen might be an ointment before bedtime and a cream before school. Ointments are greasier and may sting less when applied. Choose products that are free of dyes, alcohols, fragrances and other ingredients that might irritate the skin. Allow the moisturizer to absorb into the skin before getting dressed.
Apply an anti-itch cream to the affected area.A nonprescription cream containing at least 1% hydrocortisone can temporarily relieve the itch. Apply it no more than twice a day to the affected area before moisturizing. Once your reaction has improved, you may use this type of cream less often to prevent flares.
Take an oral allergy or anti-itch medication.Options include nonprescription allergy medicines (antihistamines) — such as cetirizine (Zyrtec Allergy) or fexofenadine (Allegra Allergy). Also, diphenhydramine (Benadryl, others) may be helpful if itching is severe. But it causes drowsiness, so it's better for bedtime. The type of antihistamine that causes drowsiness may negatively affect the school performance of some children.
Don't scratch.Rather than scratching when you itch, try pressing on or patting the skin. Cover the itchy area if you can't keep from scratching it. Keep your nails trimmed. For children, it might help to trim their nails and have them wear socks or gloves at night.
Take a daily bath or shower.Use warm, rather than hot, water. If you're taking a bath, sprinkle the water with colloidal oatmeal, which is finely ground oatmeal made for bathing (Aveeno, others). Soak for less than 10 minutes, then pat dry. Apply moisturizer while the skin is still damp (within three minutes).
Use a gentle, nonsoap cleanser.Choose one without dyes, alcohols or fragrances. Harsh soaps can wash away your skin's natural oils. Be sure to rinse off the cleanser completely.
Take a bleach bath.The American Academy of Dermatology recommends a bleach bath for relief from severe or frequent flares. Talk with your health care provider about whether this is a good option for you.A diluted-bleach bath decreases bacteria on the skin and related infections. Add 1/2 cup (118 milliliters) of household bleach, not concentrated bleach, to a 40-gallon (151-liter) bathtub filled with warm water. Measurements are for a U.S.-standard-sized tub filled to the overflow drainage holes.Soak from the neck down or just the affected areas for 5 to10 minutes. Don't put the head under water. Rinse off the bleach water with tap water. Take a bleach bath 2 to 3 times a week.
Use a humidifier.Hot, dry indoor air can parch sensitive skin and worsen itching and flaking. A portable home humidifier or a humidifier attached to your furnace adds moisture to the air inside your home.
Wear cool, smooth-textured clothing.Avoiding clothing that's rough, tight or scratchy. Also, in hot weather or while exercising, choose lightweight clothing that lets your skin breathe. When washing your clothing, avoid harsh detergents and fabric softeners added during the drying cycle.
Treat stress and anxiety.Stress and other emotional disorders can worsen atopic dermatitis. Being aware of stress and anxiety and taking steps to improve your emotional health may help your skin too.
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rash, cracked skin, itchiness, sensitive skin, crusting, oozing, atopic dermatitis, small raised bumps, eczema, swollen skin, thickened skin, pruritus, dry, raw skin, darkening of the skin
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353 |
Contact dermatitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352742
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352748
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/contact-dermatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352750
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Contact dermatitis is an itchy rash caused by direct contact with a substance or an allergic reaction to it. The rash isn't contagious, but it can be very uncomfortable.
Many substances can cause this reaction, such as cosmetics, fragrances, jewelry and plants. The rash often shows up within days of exposure.
To treat contact dermatitis successfully, you need to identify and avoid the cause of your reaction. If you avoid the substance causing the reaction, the rash often clears up in 2 to 4 weeks. You can try soothing your skin with a cool, wet cloth and other self-care steps.
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Contact dermatitis shows up on skin that has been directly exposed to the substance causing the reaction. For example, the rash may show up along a leg that brushed against poison ivy. The rash can develop within minutes to hours of exposure, and it can last 2 to 4 weeks.
Signs and symptoms of contact dermatitis vary widely and may include:
An itchy rash
Leathery patches that are darker than usual (hyperpigmented), typically on brown or Black skin
Dry, cracked, scaly skin, typically on white skin
Bumps and blisters, sometimes with oozing and crusting
Swelling, burning or tenderness
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See your health care provider if:
The rash is so itchy that you can't sleep or go about your day
The rash is severe or widespread
You're worried about how your rash looks
The rash doesn't get better within three weeks
The rash involves the eyes, mouth, face or genitals
Seek immediate medical carein the following situations:
You think your skin is infected. Clues include fever and pus oozing from blisters.
It's hard to breathe after inhaling burning weeds.
Your eyes or nasal passages hurt after inhaling smoke from burning poison ivy.
You think an ingested substance has damaged the lining of your mouth or digestive tract.
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Contact dermatitis is caused by exposure to a substance that irritates your skin or triggers an allergic reaction. The substance could be one of thousands of known allergens and irritants. Often people have irritant and allergic reactions at the same time.
Irritant contact dermatitisis the most common type. This nonallergic skin reaction occurs when an irritant damages your skin's outer protective layer.
Some people react to strong irritants after a single exposure. Others may develop a rash after repeated exposures to even mild irritants, such as soap and water. And some people develop a tolerance to the substance over time.
Common irritants include:
Solvents
Rubber gloves
Bleach and detergents
Hair products
Soap
Airborne substances
Plants
Fertilizers and pesticides
Allergic contact dermatitisoccurs when a substance to which you're sensitive (allergen) triggers an immune reaction in your skin. It often affects only the area that came into contact with the allergen. But it may be triggered by something that enters your body through foods, flavorings, medicine, or medical or dental procedures (systemic contact dermatitis).
People often become sensitized to allergens after many contacts with it over years. Once you develop an allergy to a substance, even a small amount of it can cause a reaction.
Common allergens include:
Nickel, which is used in jewelry, buckles and many other items
Medications, such as antibiotic creams
Balsam of Peru, which is used in many products, such as perfumes, toothpastes, mouth rinses and flavorings
Formaldehyde, which is in preservatives, cosmetics and other products
Personal care products, such as body washes, hair dyes and cosmetics
Plants such as poison ivy and mango, which contain a highly allergenic substance called urushiol
Airborne allergens, such as ragweed pollen and spray insecticides
Products that cause a reaction when you're in the sun (photoallergic contact dermatitis), such as some sunscreens and cosmetics
Children develop allergic contact dermatitis from the usual offenders and also from exposure to diapers, baby wipes, jewelry used in ear piercing, clothing with snaps or dyes, and so on.
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The risk of contact dermatitis may be higher in people who have certain jobs and hobbies. Examples include:
Agricultural workers
Cleaners
Construction workers
Cooks and others who work with food
Florists
Hair stylists and cosmetologists
Health care workers, including dental workers
Machinists
Mechanics
Scuba divers or swimmers, due to the rubber in face masks or goggles
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Contact dermatitis can lead to an infection if you repeatedly scratch the affected area, causing it to become wet and oozing. This creates a good place for bacteria or fungi to grow and may cause an infection.
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You can take the following steps to help prevent contact dermatitis:
Avoid irritants and allergens.Try to identify and avoid the cause of your rash. For ear and body piercings, use jewelry made of hypoallergenic material, such as surgical steel or gold.
Wash your skin.For poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac, you might be able to remove most of the rash-causing substance if you wash your skin right away after coming into contact with it. Use a mild, fragrance-free soap and warm water. Rinse completely. Also wash any clothing or other items that may have come into contact with a plant allergen, such as poison ivy.
Wear protective clothing or gloves.Face masks, goggles, gloves and other protective items can shield you from irritating substances, including household cleansers.
Apply an iron-on patch to cover metal fasteners next to your skin.This can help you avoid a reaction to jean snaps, for example.
Apply a barrier cream or gel.These products can provide a protective layer for your skin. For example, a nonprescription skin cream containing bentoquatam (Ivy Block) may prevent or lessen your skin's reaction to poison ivy.
Use moisturizer.Regularly applying moisturizing lotions can help restore your skin's outermost layer and keep your skin supple.
Take care around pets.Allergens from plants, such as poison ivy, can cling to pets and then be spread to people. Bathe your pet if you think it got into poison ivy or something similar.
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Your health care provider may be able to diagnose contact dermatitis by talking to you about your signs and symptoms. You might be asked questions to help identify the cause of your condition and uncover clues about the trigger substance. And you'll likely undergo a skin exam to assess the rash.
Your health care provider may suggest a patch test to identify the cause of your rash. In this test, small amounts of potential allergens are put on sticky patches. Then the patches are placed on your skin. They stay on your skin for 2 to 3 days. During this time, you'll need to keep your back dry. Then your health care provider checks for skin reactions under the patches and determines whether further testing is needed.
This test can be useful if the cause of your rash isn't apparent or if your rash recurs often. But the redness indicating a reaction can be hard to see on brown or Black skin, which may lead to a missed diagnosis.
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If home care steps don't ease your signs and symptoms, your health care provider may prescribe medications. Examples include:
Steroid creams or ointments.These are applied to the skin to help soothe the rash. You might apply prescription topical steroids, such as clobetasol 0.05% or triamcinolone 0.1%. Talk with your health care provider about how many times a day to apply it and for how many weeks.
Pills.In severe cases, your health care provider may prescribe pills you take by mouth (oral medications) to reduce swelling, relieve itching or fight a bacterial infection.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider, who might then refer you to a doctor who specializes in skin disorders (dermatologist).
Because appointments can be brief, it's a good idea to be well prepared for your appointment.
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To help reduce itching and soothe inflamed skin, try these self-care approaches:
Avoid the irritant or allergen.The key to this is identifying what's causing your rash and staying away from it. Your health care provider may give you a list of products that typically contain the substance that affects you. Also ask for a list of products that are free of the substance that affects you.
Apply an anti-itch cream or ointment.Put on the itchy area 1% hydrocortisone cream or ointment (Cortizone 10, others). This is a nonprescription product that you can buy at a drugstore. Use it 1 to 2 times a day for a few days. Or try calamine lotion. Whatever product you use, try cooling it in the refrigerator before applying.
Take an anti-itch drug.An oral antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Advil PM, Benadryl, others), which may also help you sleep better. A nonprescription antihistamine that won't make you so drowsy is loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others).
Apply cool, wet compresses.Place a cool, wet cloth over the rash for 15 to 30 minutes several times a day.
Protect your skin.Avoid scratching. Trim your nails. If you can't keep from scratching an itchy area, cover it with a dressing. Leave blisters alone. While your skin heals, stay out of the sun or use other sun protection measures.
Soak in a soothing cool bath.Soak the affected area in cool water for 20 minutes. Sprinkle the water an oatmeal-based bath product (Aveeno).
Protect your hands.Rinse and dry hands well and gently after washing. Use moisturizers throughout the day — on top of any medicated cream you're using. And choose gloves based on what you're protecting your hands from. For example, plastic gloves lined with cotton are good if your hands are often wet.
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rash, cracked skin, blisters, swelling, scaly, dermatitis, scaly skin, crusting, oozing, burning, bumps, leathery patches, itchy rash, tenderness, dry skin
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354 |
Neurodermatitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurodermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20375634
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neurodermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375639
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Neurodermatitis is a skin condition that starts with an itchy patch of skin. Scratching makes it itch more. With more scratching, the skin becomes thick and leathery. You may develop several itchy spots, typically on the neck, wrists, forearms, legs or groin area.
Neurodermatitis — also known as lichen simplex chronicus — is not life-threatening or contagious. But the itching can be so intense it disrupts your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.
Breaking the itch-scratch cycle of neurodermatitis is challenging, and neurodermatitis is usually a long-term condition. It may clear up with treatment but often returns. Treatment focuses on controlling the itching and preventing scratching. It also may help to identify and eliminate factors that worsen your symptoms, such as dry skin.
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Symptoms of neurodermatitis include:
An itchy, scaly skin patch or patches
Open sores that bleed
Thick, leathery skin
Discolored, wrinkled genital skin
Raised, rough patches that are inflamed or darker than the rest of the skin
The condition involves areas that can be reached for scratching — the scalp, neck, wrists, forearms, ankles, vulva, scrotum and anus. The itchiness, which can be intense, may come and go or be nonstop. You may scratch your skin out of habit and while sleeping.
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See your health care provider if home remedies haven't helped after two days and:
You catch yourself repeatedly scratching the same patch of skin
The itch prevents you from sleeping or focusing on your daily routines
Seek immediate medical care if your skin becomes painful or looks infected and you have a fever
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The exact cause of neurodermatitis isn't known. It can be triggered by something that irritates the skin, such as tight clothing or a bug bite. The more you scratch, the more it itches.
Sometimes, neurodermatitis goes along with other skin conditions, such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. Stress and anxiety also can trigger itching.
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Factors that can increase the risk of neurodermatitis include:
Age.The condition is most common among people between 30 and 50 years of age.
Other skin conditions.People who have or had other skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis or psoriasis, are more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
Family history.People whose blood relatives have or had hay fever, childhood eczema or asthma may be more likely to develop neurodermatitis.
Anxiety disorders.Anxiety and emotional stress can trigger neurodermatitis.
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Persistent scratching can lead to a wound, a bacterial skin infection, or permanent scars and changes in skin color (postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation). The itch of neurodermatitis can affect your sleep, sexual function and quality of life.
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To see if you have neurodermatitis, your health care provider will look at your skin and talk with you about your symptoms. To rule out other conditions, your health care provider may take a small sample of the affected skin to have it examined under a microscope in a laboratory. This test is called a skin biopsy.
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Treatment for neurodermatitis focuses on controlling the itching, preventing scratching and addressing underlying causes. Even with successful treatment, the condition often returns. Your health care provider may suggest one or more of the following treatments:
Anti-itch creams.If corticosteroid cream that you can by at a store isn't helping, your health care provider may prescribe a stronger corticosteroid or a nonsteroidal anti-itch product with a calcineurin inhibitor, such as tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel). A calcineurin inhibitor may be helpful in easing itching in sensitive areas such as the genitals.
Corticosteroid injections.Your health care provider may inject corticosteroids directly into the affected skin to help it heal.
Medicine to ease itching.Prescription antihistamines help relieve itching in many people with neurodermatitis. Some of these drugs may cause drowsiness and help prevent scratching while you sleep.
Anti-anxiety drugs.Because anxiety and stress can trigger neurodermatitis, anti-anxiety drugs may help prevent the itchiness.
Medicated patches.For stubborn itching, your health care provider may suggest lidocaine or capsaicin (kap-SAY-ih-sin) patches.
OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox) injection.This technique may be helpful to people who haven't had success with other treatments.
Light therapy.This technique also may be helpful to people who haven't had success with other treatments. It involves exposing the affected skin to certain types of light.
Talk therapy.Talking with a counselor can help you learn how your emotions and behaviors can fuel — or prevent — itching and scratching. Your counselor might suggest some behavioral techniques to try.
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You may start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions called a dermatologist.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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These self-care measures can help you manage neurodermatitis:
Stop rubbing and scratching.The itching may be intense, but avoiding rubbing and scratching is key to controlling your condition and preventing the itch from coming back.
Apply cool, wet cloths.These may soothe the skin and relieve the itch. Put a cool, wet cloth on the affected skin for a few minutes before you apply a medicated cream. This helps the cream soak into the skin.
Try cooling lotions.Apply calamine lotion or a lotion that contains camphor or menthol.
Try nonprescription medications.Apply an anti-itch cream or lotion to the affected area. Do this three times a day for two days. A hydrocortisone cream can temporarily relieve the itch. If you keep the cream in the refrigerator, it's cool and soothing when you use it. Or try a nonsteroidal cream with menthol or pramoxine (CeraVe, Sarna, others) to help ease the itch.An oral antihistamine, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), can relieve severe itching and help you sleep. Some people have success with capsaicin cream, but it may sting at first.
Cover the affected area.Bandages or dressings can help protect the skin and prevent scratching. These may be especially useful if you scratch during your sleep.
Keep your nails trimmed.Short nails may do less damage to the skin, especially if you tend to scratch while you're asleep. You might try wearing mittens when you sleep too.
Take short, warm baths and moisturize your skin.Prepare your bath with warm — not hot — water. Sprinkle in an oatmeal-based, also called colloidal, bath product (Aveeno). Use mild soaps without dyes or perfumes. Limit bathing time and frequency. Ideally, shower or bathe no more than once a day, and try to limit the shower or bath to 10 minutes or less.After washing, pat your skin dry and apply unscented moisturizer.
Avoid triggers.Notice what seems to bring on a recurrence and avoid it. For example, if a stressful event triggered itching, try learning stress management techniques.
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inflamed skin, open sores, itchiness, thick skin, scaly, scaly skin, raised patches, darker skin, discolored skin, itchy, vulva, scrotum and anus, sores that bleed, wrinkled skin, neurodermatitis
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355 |
Seborrheic dermatitis
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352710
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352714
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/seborrheic-dermatitis/doctors-departments/ddc-20352717
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Seborrheic (seb-o-REE-ik) dermatitis is a common skin condition that mainly affects your scalp. It causes scaly patches, inflamed skin and stubborn dandruff. It usually affects oily areas of the body, such as the face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids and chest. This condition can be irritating but it's not contagious, and it doesn't cause permanent hair loss.
Seborrheic dermatitis may go away without treatment. Or you may need to use medicated shampoo or other products long term to clear up symptoms and prevent flare-ups.
Seborrheic dermatitis is also called dandruff, seborrheic eczema and seborrheic psoriasis. When it occurs in infants, it's called cradle cap.
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Seborrheic dermatitis signs and symptoms may include:
Flaking skin (dandruff) on your scalp, hair, eyebrows, beard or mustache
Patches of greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales or crust on the scalp, face, sides of the nose, eyebrows, ears, eyelids, chest, armpits, groin area or under the breasts
Rash that may look darker or lighter in people with brown or Black skin and redder in those with white skin
Ring-shaped (annular) rash, for a type called petaloid seborrheic dermatitis
Itchiness (pruritus)
The signs and symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis tend to flare with stress, fatigue or a change of season.
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See your health care provider if:
You're so uncomfortable that you're losing sleep or are distracted from your daily routines.
Your condition makes you feel embarrassed or anxious.
You think your skin is infected.
You've tried self-care steps, but your symptoms persist.
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The exact cause of seborrheic dermatitis isn't clear. It may be due to the yeast Malassezia, excess oil in the skin or a problem in the immune system.
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Risk factors for seborrheic dermatitis include:
Stress
Fatigue
A change of season
Nervous system conditions, such as Parkinson's disease
Having a mental health condition, such as depression
Immune system disorders, such as HIV infection
Recovery from stressful medical conditions, such as a heart attack
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To diagnose seborrheic dermatitis, your health care provider will likely talk with you about your symptoms and look at your skin. You may need to have a small piece of skin removed (biopsied) for study in a lab. This test helps rule out other conditions.
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For adolescents and adults, the main treatments for seborrheic dermatitis are medicated shampoos, creams and lotions. If nonprescription products and self-care habits don't help, your health care provider might suggest that you try one or more of these treatments:
Antifungal gels, creams, lotions, foams or shampoos alternated with another medication.Your health care provider might suggest you try a product with 2% ketoconazole or 1% ciclopirox (Loprox). Or you might rotate between two or more products. Ketoconzole can worsen the dryness of tightly coiled or chemically treated hair and increase the risk of breakage. To ease this effect, use it only once a week with a moisturizing conditioner.How often you shampoo or apply other antifungal products will depend on your hair-grooming practices and symptoms. Medicated shampoos can be used once a day or 2 to 3 times a week for several weeks. Let the product sit on your scalp for a few minutes — see package directions — so it has time to work. Then rinse. After your symptoms clear up, use a medicated shampoo just once a week or once every two weeks. This will help prevent a relapse.
Creams, lotions, shampoos or ointments that control inflammation.Your health care provider might prescribe a prescription-strength corticosteroid you apply to the scalp or other affected area. These include hydrocortisone, fluocinolone (Capex, Synalar), clobetasol (Clobex, Temovate) and desonide (Desowen, Desonate). They are effective and easy to use. And use them only until symptoms clear up. If used for many weeks or months without a break, they can cause side effects. These include loss of skin color, thinning skin, and skin showing streaks or lines.Creams or ointments with a calcineurin inhibitor such as tacrolimus (Protopic) or pimecrolimus (Elidel) may be effective. Another benefit is that they have fewer side effects than corticosteroids do. But they are not first-choice treatments because the Food and Drug Administration has concerns about a possible association with cancer. In addition, tacrolimus and pimecrolimus cost more than mild corticosteroid medications.
Antifungal medication you take as a pill.If your condition isn't improving with other treatments or is severe, your health care provider may prescribe an antifungal medication in pill form.
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You'll probably first visit your primary care provider. Or you may see a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions (dermatologist).
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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You may be able to control seborrheic dermatitis with lifestyle changes and home remedies. Many of these are sold in nonprescription forms. You may need to try different products or a combination of products before your condition improves.
The best approach for you depends on your skin type, hair-grooming practices and your symptoms. But even if your condition clears up, it's likely to come back at some point. Watch for the symptoms and resume treating the condition when it recurs. Or use nonprescription antidandruff products in your self-care routine to prevent flare-ups.
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flaky white or yellow scales, rash, fatigue, itchiness, dandruff, dermatitis, greasy, flaking skin, crust, flaky, patches of greasy skin, seborrheic dermatitis, pruritus
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356 |
Dermatographia (Dermatographism)
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatographia/symptoms-causes/syc-20371411
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatographia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371415
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Dermatographia is a condition in which lightly scratching your skin causes raised, inflamed lines or welts. These marks tend to go away in less than 30 minutes. The condition is also known as dermatographism and skin writing.
The cause of dermatographia is unknown, but it may be related to an infection, emotional upset or a medicine you're taking.
Dermatographia is harmless. Most people who have this condition don't need treatment. If your symptoms bother you, talk with your health care provider, who might prescribe an allergy medicine.
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Symptoms of dermatographia may include:
Raised, inflamed lines where you scratched.
Welts from friction.
Swelling.
Itching.
The symptoms may occur within a few minutes of the skin being rubbed or scratched. They tend to go away within 30 minutes. Rarely, the skin symptoms develop more slowly and lasts several hours to days. The condition itself can last for months or years.
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See your health care provider if your symptoms bother you.
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The exact cause of dermatographia isn't clear. It may be an allergic reaction, though no specific allergen has been found.
Simple things may cause symptoms of dermatographia. For example, rubbing from your clothes or bedsheets may irritate your skin. In some people, the symptoms are preceded by an infection, emotional stress, vibration, cold exposure or taking a medicine.
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Dermatographia can occur at any age. It tends to be more common in teens and young adults. If you have other skin conditions, you may be at greater risk. One such condition is atopic dermatitis (eczema).
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Try these tips to reduce discomfort and prevent the symptoms of dermatographia:
Treat skin gently.Use a mild soap or nonsoap cleanser and pat skin dry. Wear things made of cloth that doesn't itch. Use warm water when you take a bath or shower.
Don't scratch your skin.Try not to scratch. This is a good tip for any skin condition.
Keep your skin moisturized.Use creams, lotions or ointments daily. Creams and ointments are thicker and tend to work better than lotions do. Apply your skin product while your skin is still damp from washing. Use it again during the day as needed.
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To test if you have dermatographia, your health care provider may draw a tongue depressor across the skin of your arm or back. If a raised line or a welt appears within a few minutes, you likely have the condition.
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Treatment for dermatographia often isn't needed, as symptoms tend to clear up on their own. But if your symptoms are bad or bother you, your health care provider may suggest a mild antihistamine medicine taken by mouth. These are sold at drugstores. First try a type doesn't cause drowsiness, such as fexofenadine (Allegra), loratadine (Alavert, Claritin, others) or cetirizine. If none of these help, your health care provider may prescribe a stronger medicine for use at bedtime. An example is doxepin.
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You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. Or you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in skin conditions. This type of doctor is called a dermatologist. Or you might need to see a doctor who specializes in allergies. This type of doctor is called an allergist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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swelling, dermatographia, welts, raised lines, itching
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357 |
Athlete's foot
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/symptoms-causes/syc-20353841
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/athletes-foot/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353847
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Athlete's foot (tinea pedis) is a fungal skin infection that usually begins between the toes. It commonly occurs in people whose feet have become very sweaty while confined within tight-fitting shoes.
Signs and symptoms of athlete's foot include an itchy, scaly rash. The condition is contagious and can be spread via contaminated floors, towels or clothing.
Athlete's foot is closely related to other fungal infections such as ringworm and jock itch. It can be treated with antifungal medications, but the infection often comes back.
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Athlete's foot can affect one or both feet. Common signs and symptoms are:
Scaly, peeling or cracked skin between the toes
Itchiness, especially right after taking off shoes and socks
Inflamed skin that might appear reddish, purplish or grayish, depending on your skin color
Burning or stinging
Blisters
Dry, scaly skin on the bottom of the foot that extends up the side
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If you have a rash on your foot that doesn't improve within two weeks of beginning self-treatment with an over-the-counter antifungal product, see your doctor.
If you have diabetes, see your doctor if you suspect that you have athlete's foot. Also see your doctor if you have signs of an infection — swelling of the affected area, pus, fever.
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Athlete's foot is caused by the same type of fungi (dermatophytes) that cause ringworm and jock itch. Damp socks and shoes and warm, humid conditions favor the organisms' growth.
Athlete's foot is contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes. You can also spread it from the foot to other parts of the body, especially if you scratch or pick the infected parts of your foot.
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You are at higher risk of athlete's foot if you:
Frequently wear enclosed footwear
Sweat heavily
Share mats, rugs, bed linens, clothes or shoes with someone who has a fungal infection
Walk barefoot in public areas where the infection can spread, such as locker rooms, saunas, swimming pools, communal baths and showers
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The athlete's foot infection can spread to other warm, moist parts of the body. Jock itch is often caused by the same fungus that results in athlete's foot. It's common for the infection to spread from the feet to the groin because the fungus can travel on hands or towels.
Athlete's foot can sometimes lead to bacterial infections.
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These tips can help you avoid athlete's foot or avoid spreading it to others:
Let your feet air out.When you can, wear sandals to let your feet air out as much as possible.
Wash your feet daily.Use warm, soapy water and rinse and dry your feet thoroughly, especially between the toes. Apply a medicated foot powder (Tinactin, Gold Bond, others) or other medicated powder (Lotrimin AF, Zeasorb, others) if you're prone to athlete's foot.
Change socks regularly.Change your socks at least once a day — more often if your feet get really sweaty. Moisture-wicking socks, such as those made from cotton, help keep your feet drier than do nylon socks.
Alternate pairs of shoes.Use different shoes from day to day. This gives your shoes time to dry after each use.
Protect your feet in public places.Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms.
Be aware of the risk factors for spreading the condition.If you live with others, don't share shoes or unwashed bedding and towels.
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Your doctor may be able to diagnose athlete's foot simply by looking at it. Some types of athletes foot look like dry skin or dermatitis. To help confirm the diagnosis and rule out other conditions, your doctor might take a skin scraping from the affected area for testing in a lab.
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If your athlete's foot doesn't respond to nonprescription products and self-care, you may need to see a doctor to get a prescription-strength cream or ointment, such as clotrimazole, econazole (Ecoza) or ciclopirox (Loprox). If you have a more serious infection, your doctor might prescribe antifungal pills, such as terbinafine or itraconazole (Sporanox, Tolsura). Or you might need both topical and oral medicine.
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Your primary care doctor or a skin specialist (dermatologist) can diagnose athlete's foot. You don't need any special preparations for an appointment to diagnose athlete's foot.
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These tips can help you ease the symptoms of athlete's foot or avoid a recurrence:
Keep your feet clean and dry.Wash your feet twice a day and gently towel-dry between the toes.
Use an antifungal product.After washing and drying your feet, apply an antifungal product. The antifungal terbinafine (Lamisil AT) has been shown to be very effective. Another option is clotrimazole (Lotrimin AF). You may need to experiment to find the product and formulation — ointment, gel, cream, lotion, powder or spray — that work for you. Apply the product to the affected skin as directed — usually twice a day until a week after the rash clears up. It might take 2 to 4 weeks to see results. If the condition comes back, you might need to start applying the product again.
Change socks regularly.Change your socks at least once a day — more often if your feet get really sweaty.
Wear light, well-ventilated footwear.Avoid shoes made of synthetic material, such as vinyl or rubber. Wear sandals when possible to let your feet air out.
Alternate pairs of shoes.Use different shoes from day to day. This gives your shoes time to dry after each use.
Protect your feet in public places.Wear waterproof sandals or shoes around public pools, showers and lockers rooms.
Try not to scratch the rash.You can try soothing your itchy feet by soaking them in cool water.
Don't share shoes.Sharing risks spreading a fungal infection.
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inflamed skin, cracked skin, blisters, itchiness, scaly, burning, stinging
blisters
, peeling, stinging, dry skin
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358 |
Retinal detachment
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/symptoms-causes/syc-20351344
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351348
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinal-detachment/doctors-departments/ddc-20351350
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Retinal detachment happens when the thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye pulls away from its regular position. This layer of tissue is called the retina. Retinal detachment is an emergency.
Retinal detachment separates the retinal cells from the layer of blood vessels that provides oxygen and nourishment to the eye. The longer retinal detachment goes without treatment, the greater the risk of permanent vision loss in the affected eye.
Symptoms of retinal detachment can include the following: reduced vision, the sudden appearance of dark floating shapes and flashes of light in your vision, and loss of side vision. Contacting an eye doctor, called an ophthalmologist, right away can help save your vision.
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Retinal detachment is painless. Often, symptoms are present before a retinal detachment happens or before it has gotten worse. You may notice symptoms such as:
The sudden appearance of tiny specks or squiggly lines that seem to drift through your field of vision. These are called floaters.
Flashes of light in one or both eyes. These are called photopsias.
Blurred vision.
Side vision, also called peripheral vision, that becomes worse.
A curtainlike shadow over your field of vision.
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See a healthcare professional right away if you have any symptoms of retinal detachment. This condition is an emergency that can cause lasting vision loss.
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There are three main types of retinal detachment, and their causes vary:
Rhegmatogenous (reg-mu-TOJ-uh-nus).This type of retinal detachment is the most common. A rhegmatogenous detachment is caused by a hole or tear in the retina that lets fluid pass through and collect underneath the retina. This fluid builds up and causes the retina to pull away from underlying tissues. The areas where the retina detaches lose their blood supply and stop working. This causes you to lose vision.The most common cause of rhegmatogenous detachment is aging. As you age, gel-like material that fills the inside of your eye, called vitreous (VIT-ree-us), may change in texture and shrink or become more liquid. Usually, the vitreous separates from the surface of the retina without any complications. This is a common condition called a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).As the vitreous separates or peels off the retina, it may tug on the retina with enough force to create a tear. Most of the time it doesn't. But if aPVDcauses a tear and the tear isn't treated, the liquid vitreous can pass through the tear into the space behind the retina. This causes the retina to detach.
Tractional.This type of detachment can happen when scar tissue grows on the retina's surface. The scar tissue causes the retina to pull away from the back of the eye. Tractional detachment usually is seen in people who have poorly controlled diabetes.
Exudative.In this type of detachment, fluid builds up beneath the retina, but there are no holes or tears in the retina. Exudative detachment can be caused by age-related macular degeneration, infection, tumors or inflammatory conditions.
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The following factors raise your risk of retinal detachment:
Aging — retinal detachment is more common in people ages 40 to 70.
Past retinal detachment in one eye.
Family history of retinal detachment.
Extreme nearsightedness, also called myopia.
Past eye surgery, such as cataract removal.
Past severe eye injury.
History of other eye disease or condition, including retinoschisis, uveitis or thinning of the peripheral retina called lattice degeneration.
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Diagnosis involves the steps that your healthcare professional takes to find out if retinal detachment is the cause of your symptoms. Your healthcare team may use the following tests and instruments to diagnose retinal detachment:
Retinal exam.Your healthcare professional may use an instrument with a bright light and special lenses to check the back of your eye, including the retina. This type of device provides a detailed view of your whole eye. It lets your healthcare professional see any retinal holes, tears or detachments.
Ultrasound imaging.Your healthcare professional may use this test if bleeding has happened in your eye. Bleeding makes it hard to see the retina.
Your healthcare professional likely will check both eyes even if you have symptoms in just one. If a retinal tear is not found at this visit, your healthcare professional may ask you to return within a few weeks. The return visit is done to confirm that your eye has not developed a delayed retinal tear due to the same vitreous detachment. Also, if you have new symptoms, it's important to return to your healthcare professional right away.
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Surgery is almost always the type of treatment used to repair a retinal tear, hole or detachment. Various techniques are available. Ask your ophthalmologist about the risks and benefits of your treatment options. Together you can decide what treatment or combination of treatments is best for you.
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Retinal detachment may cause you to lose vision. Depending on your amount of vision loss, your lifestyle might change a lot.
You may find the following ideas useful as you learn to live with impaired vision:
Get glasses.Your glasses prescription may change after retinal detachment repair, especially if the detachment is treated with a scleral buckle. Get an updated prescription once your eye has healed to make the most of your vision. Request safety lenses to protect your eyes.
Brighten your home.Have proper light in your home for reading and other activities.
Make your home safer.Get rid of throw rugs or secure the rugs to the floor with tape to prevent slips and falls. Move electrical cords out of the way from areas where you walk a lot. And place colored tape on the edges of steps. Think about installing lights that turn on when they detect movement.
Ask for help if you need it.Tell friends and family members about your vision changes so that they can help you.
Get help from technology.Digital talking books and computer screen readers can help with reading. Other new technology continues to advance.
Explore driving services.Look into vans and shuttles, volunteer driving networks, or ride-sharing services available in your area for people with impaired vision.
Talk to others with impaired vision.Take advantage of online networks, support groups and resources for people with impaired vision.
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Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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curtainlike shadow, retinal detachment, peripheral vision, blurred vision, photopsias, tiny specks, flashes of light, floaters, squiggly lines
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360 |
Neuromyelitis optica
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/symptoms-causes/syc-20375652
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20375655
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/neuromyelitis-optica/doctors-departments/ddc-20375657
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Neuromyelitis optica, also known as NMO, is a central nervous system disorder that causes inflammation in nerves of the eye and the spinal cord.
NMOalso is called neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and Devic disease. It occurs when the immune system reacts against the body's own cells. This happens mainly in the spinal cord and in the optic nerves that connect the retina of the eye with the brain. But it sometimes happens in the brain.
The condition may appear after an infection, or it can be linked with another autoimmune condition. Altered antibodies bind to proteins in the central nervous system and cause damage.
Neuromyelitis optica is often misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis, also known as MS, or is seen as a type ofMS. ButNMOis a different condition.
Neuromyelitis optica can cause blindness, weakness in the legs or arms, and painful spasms. It also can cause loss of sensation, vomiting and hiccups, and bladder or bowel symptoms.
Symptoms can get better and then worse again, known as a relapse. Treatment to prevent relapses is important to help prevent disability.NMOcan cause permanent vision loss and trouble walking.
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Symptoms of neuromyelitis optica are related to the inflammation that occurs in the nerves of the eye and spinal cord.
Vision changes caused byNMOare called optic neuritis. These may include:
Blurred vision or loss of vision in one or both eyes.
Not being able to see color.
Eye pain.
Symptoms related to the spinal cord are called transverse myelitis. These may include:
Stiffness, weakness or numbness in the legs and sometimes in the arms.
Loss of feeling in the arms or legs.
Not being able to empty the bladder or trouble managing bowel or bladder function.
A tingling feeling or shooting pain in the neck, back or stomach.
Other symptoms ofNMOmay include:
Hiccups.
Nausea and vomiting.
Children can have confusion, seizures or coma. However, these symptoms in children are more common in a related condition known as myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD).
Symptoms may get better and then worse again. When they get worse, it's known as a relapse. Relapses can happen after weeks, months or years. Over time, relapses can lead to total blindness or loss of feeling, known as paralysis.
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Experts don't know exactly what causes neuromyelitis optica. In people who have the disease, the immune system attacks healthy tissues in the central nervous system. The central nervous system includes the spinal cord, brain and optic nerves that connect the retina of the eye with the brain. The attack occurs because altered antibodies bind to proteins in the central nervous system and cause damage.
This immune system reaction causes swelling, known as inflammation, and leads to the damage of nerve cells.
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Neuromyelitis optica is rare. Some factors that may raise the risk of gettingNMOinclude:
Sex assigned at birth.Women haveNMOmore often than do men.
Age.Most often,NMOaffects adults. The average age of diagnosis is 40. However, children and older adults also can have neuromyelitis optica.
Race or ethnicity.People of Hispanic, Asian, or African or Afro-Caribbean descent haveNMOat higher rates than do people who are white.
Some research suggests that not having enough vitamin D in the body, smoking and having few infections early in life also may raise the risk of neuromyelitis optica.
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Diagnosing neuromyelitis optica involves a physical exam and tests. Part of the diagnosis process is to rule out other nervous system conditions that have similar symptoms. Healthcare professionals also look for symptoms and test results linked toNMO. Criteria to diagnose neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) were proposed in 2015 by the International Panel forNMODiagnosis.
A healthcare professional reviews your medical history and symptoms and does a physical exam. Other tests include:
Neurological exam.A neurologist examines movement, muscle strength, coordination, sensation, memory, thinking, vision and speech. An eye doctor also might be involved in the exam.
MRI.This imaging test uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create a detailed view of the brain, optic nerves and spinal cord. The results may show lesions or damaged areas in the brain, optic nerves or spinal cord.
Blood tests.A healthcare professional might test the blood for the autoantibody that binds to proteins and causesNMO. The autoantibody is called aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G, also known as AQP4-IgG. Testing for this autoantibody can help healthcare professionals distinguish betweenNMOandMSand make an early diagnosis ofNMO.Other biomarkers such as serum glial fibrillary acidic protein, also called GFAP, and serum neurofilament light chain help detect relapses. A myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunoglobulin G antibody test, also called an MOG-IgG antibody test, also might be used to look for another inflammatory disorder that mimicsNMO.
Lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap.During this test, a healthcare professional inserts a needle into the lower back to remove a small amount of spinal fluid. This test determines the levels of immune cells, proteins and antibodies in the fluid. This test might distinguishNMOfromMS.The spinal fluid might show a very high level of white blood cells duringNMOepisodes. This is greater than the level usually seen inMS, although this symptom doesn't always happen.
Stimuli response test.To learn how well the brain responds to stimuli such as sounds, sights or touch, you may have a test called an evoked potentials test or evoked response test.Wires called electrodes are attached to the scalp and, sometimes, the earlobes, neck, arms, legs and back. Equipment attached to the electrodes records the brain's responses to stimuli. These tests help find lesions or damaged areas in the nerves, spinal cord, optic nerve, brain or brainstem.
Optical coherence tomography.This test looks at the retinal nerve fiber layer and its thickness. Patients with inflamed optic nerves fromNMOhave more-extensive vision loss and retinal nerve thinning than do people withMS.
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Neuromyelitis optica can't be cured. But treatment can sometimes lead to a long-term period with no symptoms, known as remission.NMOtreatment involves therapies to reverse recent symptoms and prevent future attacks.
Reversing recent symptoms.In the early stage of anNMOattack, a healthcare professional might give a corticosteroid medicine such as methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol). It's given through a vein in the arm. The medicine is taken for about five days and then it's usually tapered off slowly over several days.Plasma exchange is often recommended as the first or second treatment, usually in addition to steroid therapy. In this procedure, some blood is removed from the body, and blood cells are mechanically separated from fluid called plasma. The blood cells are mixed with a replacement solution and the blood is returned to the body. This process can remove harmful substances and cleanse the blood.Healthcare professionals also can help manage other possible symptoms, such as pain or muscle problems.
Preventing future attacks.Your healthcare professional might recommend that you take a lower dose of corticosteroids over time to prevent futureNMOattacks and relapses.
Reducing relapses.Monoclonal antibodies have been shown in clinical trials to be effective in reducing the risk ofNMOrelapses. These medicines include eculizumab (Soliris), satralizumab (Enspryng), inebilizumab (Uplizna), ravulizumab (Ultomiris) and rituximab (Rituxan). Many of these have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prevention of relapses in adults.Your healthcare professional also might recommend taking a medicine that suppresses the immune system. This might include azathioprine (Imuran, Azasan), mycophenolate (Cellcept, Myhibbin), methotrexate (Trexall, Xatmep, others), cyclophosphamide or tocilizumab (Actemra).Intravenous immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, may decrease the relapse rate ofNMO.
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nausea, stiffness, paralysis, eye pain, nausea and vomiting, optic neuritis, loss of feeling, numbness, hiccups, blindness, vomiting, coma, neuromyelitis optica, loss of vision, seizures, pain, myelitis, tingling feeling, weakness, shooting pain, blurred vision, confusion, inflammation
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361 |
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/symptoms-causes/syc-20576872
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dermatofibrosarcoma-protuberans/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20576979
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Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare type of skin cancer. It starts in connective tissue cells in the middle layer of the skin (dermis).
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans might look like a pimple or feel like a firm patch of skin at first. As it grows, lumps of tissue (protuberans) may form near the surface of the skin. This skin cancer often forms on the arms, legs and trunk.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans grows slowly and rarely spreads beyond the skin.
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Symptoms of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
A lump or lumps on the skin that look like pimples, scars or birthmarks.
A lump or lumps on the skin that may feel hard to the touch or rubberlike.
A patch of skin that feels firm to the touch.
The lumps typically appear on the arms, legs or trunk. They rarely form on the head or neck.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have ongoing symptoms that worry you.
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The cause of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans often isn't known.
This skin cancer happens when cells in the skin develop changes. The changes happen in the cells' chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike structures inside cells that contain DNA and proteins. The changes in the chromosomes cause the cells to make many more cells quickly. The cancer cells form a growth that starts underneath the skin and may push up to create a lump over time. Other lumps may appear as well.
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Risk factors for dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
Age.This cancer can happen at any age. But it happens most often in adults ages 20 to 50.
Race.This cancer happens more often in Black people than it does in people of other races.
Prior skin injury.People with skin that has been burned, treated with radiation or scarred from surgery may be more likely to have this cancer.
History of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.This cancer can come back locally after surgical removal.
There is no way to prevent dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.
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Tests and procedures used to diagnose dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans include:
Skin exam.Your healthcare professional may inspect your skin to look for signs of skin cancer.
Skin biopsy.Your healthcare professional may remove a small amount of tissue for testing. Tests in the lab can see if cancer cells are present.
Imaging tests.Sometimes imaging tests, such as an MRI, are needed to see the extent of the cancer and to help with treatment planning.
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Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans treatment typically involves surgery to remove the cancer. Other treatments may be used to kill cancer cells that might remain after surgery.
Treatment options may include:
Surgery to remove the cancer.Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans tends to grow in a shape that's not regular. This makes the cancer hard to remove completely. Your healthcare professional may recommend a procedure to remove the cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it. This makes it more likely that all the cancer cells are removed.
Mohs surgery.Mohs surgery is a type of surgery that involves cutting away thin layers of cancer-containing skin until only cancer-free tissue is left. After each layer of skin is removed, it's examined for signs of cancer. The process keeps going until there are no signs of cancer. Mohs surgery may be helpful for treating larger cancers.
Radiation therapy.Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells. Your health professional may recommend radiation therapy if all the cancer couldn't be removed during surgery.
Targeted therapy.Targeted therapy medicines attack specific chemicals present in cancer cells. By blocking these chemicals, targeted therapy medicines cause cancer cells to die. Some people with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans have cancer cells that produce an excess protein. A medicine called imatinib (Gleevec) can target those cells and cause them to die. Your health professional may recommend this treatment if surgery is not an option or if your cancer returns after surgery.
Clinical trials.Clinical trials to test new treatments may be an option. Ask your health professional whether you're eligible to participate in a clinical trial.
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Make an appointment with a doctor or other healthcare professional if you have any symptoms that worry you. If your health professional believes you may have skin cancer, that person may refer you to a specialist. Often this is a doctor who specializes in treating skin conditions, called a dermatologist.
Appointments can be short, and being prepared can help. Here's some information that may help you get ready.
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birthmarks, scars, firm, pimples, lump, hard, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, rubberlike, lumps
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362 |
Diabetes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20371451
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20371453
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Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It's also the brain's main source of fuel.
The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes happens when blood sugar levels are higher than normal. But the blood sugar levels aren't high enough to be called diabetes. And prediabetes can lead to diabetes unless steps are taken to prevent it. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. But it may go away after the baby is born.
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Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they haveprediabetes,gestational diabetesortype 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms. Intype 1 diabetes, symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe.
Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:
Feeling more thirsty than usual.
Urinating often.
Losing weight without trying.
Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there's not enough available insulin.
Feeling tired and weak.
Feeling irritable or having other mood changes.
Having blurry vision.
Having slow-healing sores.
Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections.
Type 1 diabetes can start at any age. But it often startsduring childhoodor teen years. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age. Type 2 diabetes is more common in people older than 40. Buttype 2 diabetes in childrenis increasing.
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If you think you or your child may have diabetes.If you notice any possible diabetes symptoms, contact your health care provider. The earlier the condition is diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin.
If you've already been diagnosed with diabetes.After you receive your diagnosis, you'll need close medical follow-up until your blood sugar levels stabilize.
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To understand diabetes, it's important to understand how the body normally uses glucose.
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Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes.
Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.
Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are at higher risk.
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in people who are overweight or obese.
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Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes — and the less controlled your blood sugar — the higher the risk of complications. Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. In fact, prediabetes can lead to type 2 diabetes. Possible complications include:
Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease.Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you're more likely to have heart disease or stroke.
Nerve damage from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy).Too much sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction.
Kidney damage from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy).The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system.
Eye damage from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy).Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye. This could lead to blindness.
Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of many foot complications.
Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.
Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
Alzheimer's disease.Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of dementia, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Depression related to diabetes.Depression symptoms are common in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Type 1 diabetes can't be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent them:
Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep from feeling bored.
Get more physical activity.Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk daily walk. If you can't fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions throughout the day.
Lose excess pounds.If you're overweight, losing even 7% of your body weight can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of diabetes.But don't try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider about how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.To keep your weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to your eating and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem.
Sometimes drugs are an option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. But healthy lifestyle choices are important. If you have prediabetes, have your blood sugar checked at least once a year to make sure you haven't developed type 2 diabetes.
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Type 1 diabetes symptoms often start suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be easy to see, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has developed screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes:
Anyone with a body mass index higher than 25 (23 for Asian Americans), regardless of age,who has additional risk factors. These factors include high blood pressure, non-typical cholesterol levels, an inactive lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome or heart disease, and having a close relative with diabetes.
Anyone older than age 35is advised to get an initial blood sugar screening. If the results are normal, they should be screened every three years after that.
Women who have had gestational diabetesare advised to be screened for diabetes every three years.
Anyone who has been diagnosed with prediabetesis advised to be tested every year.
Anyone who has HIVis advised to be tested.
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Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral drugs may be part of your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight and getting regular physical activity also are important parts of managing diabetes.
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Living with diabetes can be difficult and frustrating. Sometimes, even when you've done everything right, your blood sugar levels may rise. But stick with your diabetes management plan and you'll likely see a positive difference in your A1C when you visit your provider.
Good diabetes management can take a great deal of time and feel overwhelming. Some people find that it helps to talk to someone. Your provider can probably recommend a mental health professional for you to speak with. Or you may want to try a support group.
Sharing your frustrations and triumphs with people who understand what you're going through can be very helpful. And you may find that others have great tips to share about diabetes management.
Your provider may know of a local support group. You can also call the American Diabetes Association at 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) or the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation at 800-533-CURE (800-533-2873).
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You're likely to start by seeing your health care provider if you're having diabetes symptoms. If your child is having diabetes symptoms, you might see your child's health care provider. If blood sugar levels are very high, you'll likely be sent to the emergency room.
If blood sugar levels aren't high enough to put you or your child immediately at risk, you may be referred to a provider trained in diagnosing and treating diabetes (endocrinologist). Soon after diagnosis, you'll also likely meet with a diabetes educator and a registered dietitian to get more information on managing your diabetes.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment and to know what to expect.
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Diabetes is a serious disease. Following your diabetes treatment plan takes total commitment. Careful management of diabetes can lower your risk of serious or life-threatening complications.
Commit tomanaging your diabetes.Learn all you can about diabetes. Build a relationship with a diabetes educator. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
Choose healthy foods and stay at a healthy weight.If you're overweight, losing just 7% of your body weight can make a difference in your blood sugar control if you have prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. A healthy diet is one with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains and legumes. And limit how much food with saturated fat you eat.
Make physical activity part of your daily routine.Regular physical activity can help prevent prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. It can also help those who already have diabetes to maintain better blood sugar control. A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity — such as brisk walking — most days of the week is recommended. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity a week.Getting regular aerobic exercise along with getting at least two days a week of strength training exercises can help control blood sugar more effectively than does either type of exercise alone. Aerobic exercises can include walking, biking or dancing. Resistance training can include weight training and body weight exercises.Also try to spend less time sitting still. Try to get up and move around for a few minutes at least every 30 minutes or so when you're awake.
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mood changes, blurry vision, vaginal infections, feeling irritable, ketones, feeling weak, type 2 diabetes, infections, diabetes symptoms, type 1 diabetes, irritable, diabetes, losing weight, feeling tired, slow-healing sores, getting infections, feeling thirsty, urinating often
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363 |
Gestational diabetes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355345
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20355347
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Gestational diabetes is diabetes that's first diagnosed during pregnancy. Pregnancy sometimes is called gestation. Like other types of diabetes, gestational diabetes affects how the body's cells use sugar, also called glucose. Gestational diabetes causes high blood sugar that can affect a pregnancy and a baby's health.
The good news is that you may be able to control gestational diabetes. Eat healthy foods, exercise and, if needed, take medicine. Controlling blood sugar can help keep you and your baby healthy, and it may help prevent some problems during delivery.
For most people who have gestational diabetes, blood sugar goes back to its usual level soon after a baby is born. But if you've had gestational diabetes, you have a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes. That means you'll need to be tested for changes in blood sugar more often.
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Most of the time, gestational diabetes doesn't cause symptoms that are easy to notice. Being thirsty and urinating more often are possible symptoms.
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If possible, seek healthcare when you start to think about trying to get pregnant. Then your healthcare professional can check your risk of gestational diabetes and your overall wellness. Once you're pregnant, your healthcare professional will check you for gestational diabetes as part of your prenatal care.
If you have gestational diabetes, you'll need checkups more often. These extra checkups are most likely to be during the last three months of pregnancy. Your healthcare professional will check your blood sugar level and your baby's health.
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Experts don't yet know why some people get gestational diabetes and others don't. Extra weight before pregnancy often plays a role.
Hormones, mainly insulin, keep blood sugar at the right level in the body. But during pregnancy, hormone levels change. Those changes may make it harder for the body to use blood sugar as it should. This makes blood sugar rise.
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Risk factors for gestational diabetes include:
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If high blood sugar isn't controlled, it can cause health problems for you and your baby. This includes an increased risk of needing surgery to deliver the baby. That surgery is called a C-section.
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There is no sure way to prevent gestational diabetes. But having healthy habits before pregnancy can help. If you've had gestational diabetes, these healthy choices also might lower your risk of getting diabetes again. That includes developing gestational diabetes during another pregnancy and developing type 2 diabetes in the future.
Keep active.Exercising before and during pregnancy can help protect you from getting gestational diabetes. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity on most days of the week. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride a bike. Swim laps.
Short bursts of activity add up. These might include parking further away from the store when you run errands or taking short walks throughout the day.
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If you're at average risk of gestational diabetes, you'll likely have a screening test for gestational diabetes during the second trimester. That test often happens between 24 and 28 weeks of pregnancy.
If you're at high risk of diabetes, you may have the screening test earlier in pregnancy. Some pregnant people at high risk for gestational diabetes have the test during their first prenatal visit.
Factors that could put you at high risk of gestational diabetes include being overweight or obese before pregnancy; having a parent or sibling with diabetes; or having had gestational diabetes during an earlier pregnancy.
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Treatment for gestational diabetes includes:
Keeping your blood sugar level in a good range helps keep you and your baby healthy. It also may help you avoid some problems during pregnancy and delivery.
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It can be stressful to know you have a condition that may affect your baby. The steps that help control blood sugar, such as healthy eating and exercising, may help relieve stress too. They also can nourish your baby and help prevent type 2 diabetes in the future.
It also may ease your stress to learn more about gestational diabetes. Talk to your healthcare team or read books and articles about this condition. You may find a support group for people with gestational diabetes helpful. Ask your healthcare team for guidance.
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You'll likely find out you have gestational diabetes from routine screening test during your pregnancy. Your healthcare professional may refer you to other health professionals who specialize in diabetes. These might include an endocrinologist, a certified diabetes care and education specialist, and a registered dietitian.
You may want to ask a family member or friend to go to your appointment with you to help remember all the information you get.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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diabetes, urinating more often, thirsty
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364 |
Type 1 diabetes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20353011
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353017
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20353020
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Type 1 diabetes, once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition. In this condition, the pancreas makes little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone the body uses to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy.
Different factors, such as genetics and some viruses, may cause type 1 diabetes. Although type 1 diabetes usually appears during childhood or adolescence, it can develop in adults.
Even after a lot of research, type 1 diabetes has no cure. Treatment is directed toward managing the amount of sugar in the blood using insulin, diet and lifestyle to prevent complications.
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Type 1 diabetes symptoms can appear suddenly and may include:
Feeling more thirsty than usual
Urinating a lot
Bed-wetting in children who have never wet the bed during the night
Feeling very hungry
Losing weight without trying
Feeling irritable or having other mood changes
Feeling tired and weak
Having blurry vision
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Talk to your health care provider if you notice any of the above symptoms in you or your child.
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The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. Usually, the body's own immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — destroys the insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Other possible causes include:
Genetics
Exposure to viruses and other environmental factors
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Some factors that can raise your risk for type 1 diabetes include:
Family history.Anyone with a parent or sibling with type 1 diabetes has a slightly higher risk of developing the condition.
Genetics.Having certain genes increases the risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Geography.The number of people who have type 1 diabetes tends to be higher as you travel away from the equator.
Age.Type 1 diabetes can appear at any age, but it appears at two noticeable peaks. The first peak occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old. The second is in children between 10 and 14 years old.
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Over time, type 1 diabetes complications can affect major organs in the body. These organs include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Having a normal blood sugar level can lower the risk of many complications.
Diabetes complications can lead to disabilities or even threaten your life.
Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases the risk of some problems with the heart and blood vessels. These include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke, narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and high blood pressure.
Nerve damage (neuropathy).Too much sugar in the blood can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that feed the nerves. This is especially true in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. This usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and spreads upward. Poorly controlled blood sugar could cause you to lose all sense of feeling in the affected limbs over time.Damage to the nerves that affect the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, erectile dysfunction may be an issue.
Kidney damage (nephropathy).The kidneys have millions of tiny blood vessels that keep waste from entering the blood. Diabetes can damage this system. Severe damage can lead to kidney failure or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease needs to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys (dialysis) or a kidney transplant.
Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels in the retina (part of the eye that senses light) (diabetic retinopathy). This could cause blindness. Diabetes also increases the risk of other serious vision conditions, such as cataracts and glaucoma.
Foot damage.Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of some foot complications. Left untreated, cuts and blisters can become serious infections. These infections may need to be treated with toe, foot or leg removal (amputation).
Skin and mouth conditions.Diabetes may leave you more prone to infections of the skin and mouth. These include bacterial and fungal infections. Gum disease and dry mouth also are more likely.
Pregnancy complications.High blood sugar levels can be dangerous for both the parent and the baby. The risk of miscarriage, stillbirth and birth defects increases when diabetes isn't well-controlled. For the parent, diabetes increases the risk of diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic eye problems (retinopathy), pregnancy-induced high blood pressure and preeclampsia.
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There's no known way to prevent type 1 diabetes. But researchers are working on preventing the disease or further damage of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.
Ask your provider if you might be eligible for one of these clinical trials. It is important to carefully weigh the risks and benefits of any treatment available in a trial.
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Diagnostic tests include:
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This blood test shows your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months. It measures the amount of blood sugar attached to the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells (hemoglobin). The higher the blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you'll have with sugar attached. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests means you have diabetes.
If theA1Ctest isn't available, or if you have certain conditions that can make theA1Ctest inaccurate — such as pregnancy or an uncommon form of hemoglobin (hemoglobin variant) — your provider may use these tests:
Random blood sugar test.A blood sample will be taken at a random time and may be confirmed by additional tests. Blood sugar values are expressed in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles per liter (mmol/L). No matter when you last ate, a random blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample will be taken after you don't eat (fast) overnight. A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is healthy. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it's 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
If you're diagnosed with diabetes, your provider may also run blood tests. These will check for autoantibodies that are common in type 1 diabetes. The tests help your provider decide between type 1 and type 2 diabetes when the diagnosis isn't certain. The presence of ketones — byproducts from the breakdown of fat — in your urine also suggests type 1 diabetes, rather than type 2.
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Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:
Taking insulin
Counting carbohydrates, fats and protein
Monitoring blood sugar often
Eating healthy foods
Exercising regularly and keeping a healthy weight
The goal is to keep the blood sugar level as close to normal as possible to delay or prevent complications. Generally, the goal is to keep the daytime blood sugar levels before meals between 80 and 130 mg/dL (4.44 to 7.2 mmol/L). After-meal numbers should be no higher than 180 mg/dL (10 mmol/L) two hours after eating.
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Diabetes can affect emotions both directly and indirectly. Poorly controlled blood sugar can directly affect emotions by causing behavior changes, such as irritability. There may be times when you resent your diabetes.
People living with diabetes have an increased risk of depression and diabetes-related distress. Many diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care team.
You may find that it helps to talk to other people with type 1 diabetes. Online and in-person support groups are available. Group members often know about the latest treatments. They may also share their own experiences or helpful information. For example, they may share where to find carbohydrate counts for your favorite takeout restaurant.
If you're interested in a support group, your provider may be able to recommend one in your area. Or you can visit the websites of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) or the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF). These sites may list support group information and local activities for people with type 1 diabetes. You can also reach theADAat 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383) orJDRFat 800-533-CURE (800-533-2873).
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If you think that you or your child might have type 1 diabetes, see your provider immediately. A simple blood test can show if you need more evaluation and treatment.
After diagnosis, you'll need close medical follow-up until your blood sugar level is stable. A provider who specializes in hormonal disorders (endocrinologist) usually works with other specialists on diabetes care. Your health care team will likely include:
Certified diabetes educator
Registered dietitian
Social worker or mental health professional
Pharmacist
Dentist
Certified diabetes educator
Health care provider who specializes in eye care (ophthalmologist)
Health care provider who specializes in foot health (podiatrist)
Once you've learned how to manage type 1 diabetes, your provider likely will recommend checkups every few months. A thorough yearly exam and regular foot and eye exams also are important. This is especially true if you're having a hard time managing your diabetes, if you have high blood pressure or kidney disease, or if you're pregnant.
These tips can help you prepare for your appointments. They can also let you know what to expect from your provider.
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Careful management of type 1 diabetes can lower your risk of serious — even life-threatening — complications. Consider these tips:
Make a commitment to manage your diabetes.Take your medications as recommended. Learn all you can about type 1 diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine. Establish a relationship with a diabetes educator. Ask your health care team for help.
Identify yourself.Wear a tag or bracelet that says you are living with diabetes. Keep a glucagon kit nearby in case of a low blood sugar emergency. Make sure your friends and loved ones know how to use the kit.
Schedule a yearly physical exam and regular eye exams.Your regular diabetes checkups aren't meant to replace yearly physicals or routine eye exams. During the physical, your provider will look for any diabetes-related complications. Your provider will also look for other medical problems. Your eye care specialist will check for signs of eye complications, such as retina damage, cataracts and glaucoma.
Keep your vaccinations up to date.High blood sugar can weaken the immune system. Get a flu shot every year. Your provider will likely recommend the pneumonia vaccine, too. They may also recommend getting the COVID-19 vaccine.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't had it before and you're an adult between the ages of 19 and 59 years with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. TheCDCrecommends vaccination as soon as possible after diagnosis with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you are age 60 or older and have diabetes and haven't received the vaccine, talk to your provider about whether it's right for you.
Pay attention to your feet.Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Dry them gently, especially between the toes. Moisturize your feet with lotion. Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, redness or swelling. Consult your provider if you have a sore or other foot problem that doesn't heal.
Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol under control.Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can help control high blood pressure and cholesterol. Medication also may be needed.
If you smoke or use other forms of tobacco, ask your provider to help you quit.Smoking increases your risk of diabetes complications. These include heart attack, stroke, nerve damage and kidney disease. Talk to your provider about ways to stop smoking or to stop using other types of tobacco.
If you drink alcohol, do so responsibly.Alcohol can cause either high or low blood sugar. It depends on how much you drink and if you eat at the same time. If you choose to drink, do so only in moderation and always with a meal. Check your blood sugar levels before going to sleep.
Take stress seriously.The hormones the body produces when you're under long-term stress may prevent insulin from working properly. This can stress and frustrate you even more. Take a step back and set some limits. Prioritize your tasks. Learn ways to relax. Get plenty of sleep.
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blurry vision, hungry, weak, thirsty, bed-wetting, losing weight, tired, irritable, urinating a lot, type 1 diabetes symptoms
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Type 1 diabetes in children
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355306
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355312
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-1-diabetes-in-children/doctors-departments/ddc-20355316
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Type 1 diabetes in children is a condition in which your child's body no longer produces an important hormone (insulin). Your child needs insulin to survive, so the missing insulin needs to be replaced with injections or with an insulin pump. Type 1 diabetes in children used to be known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes.
The diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children can be overwhelming, especially in the beginning. Suddenly you and your child — depending on your child's age — must learn how to give injections, count carbohydrates and monitor blood sugar.
There's no cure for type 1 diabetes in children, but it can be managed. Advances in blood sugar monitoring and insulin delivery have improved blood sugar management and quality of life for children with type 1 diabetes.
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The signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children usually develop quickly, and may include:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination, possibly bed-wetting in a toilet-trained child
Extreme hunger
Unintentional weight loss
Fatigue
Irritability or behavior changes
Fruity-smelling breath
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See your child's health care provider if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 1 diabetes.
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The exact cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. But in most people with type 1 diabetes, the body's immune system — which normally fights harmful bacteria and viruses — mistakenly destroys insulin-producing (islet) cells in the pancreas. Genetics and environmental factors appear to play a role in this process.
Once the islet cells of the pancreas are destroyed, your child produces little or no insulin. Insulin performs the critical job of moving sugar (glucose) from the bloodstream to the body's cells for energy.
Sugar enters the bloodstream when food is digested. Without enough insulin, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can cause life-threatening complications if left untreated.
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Type 1 diabetes most often occurs in children but can occur at any age. Risk factors for type 1 diabetes in children include:
Family history.Anyone with a parent or siblings with type 1 diabetes has a slightly increased risk of developing the condition.
Genetics.Certain genes indicate an increased risk of type 1 diabetes.
Race.In the United States, type 1 diabetes is more common among white children of non-Hispanic descent than among children of other races.
Certain viruses.Exposure to various viruses may trigger the autoimmune destruction of the islet cells.
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Type 1 diabetes can affect the major organs in your body. Keeping your blood sugar level close to normal most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of many complications.
Complications can include:
Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes increases your child's risk of developing conditions such as narrowed blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart disease and stroke later in life.
Nerve damage.Excess sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels that nourish your child's nerves. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain. Nerve damage usually happens gradually over a long period of time.
Kidney damage.Diabetes can damage the numerous tiny blood vessel clusters in the kidneys that filter waste from your child's blood.
Eye damage.Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye's retina, which may lead to vision problems.
Osteoporosis.Diabetes may decrease bone mineral density, increasing your child's risk of osteoporosis as an adult.
You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
Teaching your child the importance of eating a healthy diet and participating in regular physical activity
Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes health care professional
Children with type 1 diabetes are at risk of other autoimmune disorders, such as thyroid disease and celiac disease. Your child's health care provider may recommend tests for these conditions.
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There's currently no sure way to prevent type 1 diabetes, but this is a very active area of research.
The antibodies associated with type 1 diabetes in children who have a high risk of the disorder can be detected months or even years before the first symptoms of type 1 diabetes appear. Researchers are working on:
Preventing or delaying the start of type 1 diabetes in people who have a high risk of the disease.
Preventing further destruction of the islet cells in people who are newly diagnosed.
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There are several blood tests for type 1 diabetes in children. These tests are used to diagnose diabetes and to monitor diabetes management:
Random blood sugar test.This is the primary screening test for type 1 diabetes. A blood sample is taken at a random time. A blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or higher, along with symptoms, suggests diabetes.
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This test indicates your child's average blood sugar level for the past 3 months. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests indicates diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken after your child hasn't eaten (fasted) for at least 8 hours or overnight. A fasting blood sugar level of 126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L) or higher suggests type 1 diabetes.
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Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes:
Taking insulin
Monitoring blood sugar
Eating healthy foods
Exercising regularly
You'll work closely with your child's diabetes treatment team — health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, and registered dietitian. The goal of treatment is to keep your child's blood sugar within certain numbers. This target range helps to keep your child's blood sugar level as close to normal as possible.
Your child's health care provider will let you know what your child's blood sugar target range is. This range may change as your child grows and changes.
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If managing your child's diabetes seems overwhelming, take it one day at a time. Some days you'll manage your child's blood sugar ideally and on other days, it may seem as if nothing works well. No one can do it perfectly. But your efforts are worthwhile. Don't forget that you're not alone and that your diabetes treatment team can help.
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Your child's primary care provider will probably make the initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Hospitalization may be needed to stabilize your child's blood sugar levels.
Your child's long-term diabetes care will likely be handled by a pediatric endocrinologist. Your child's health care team also generally includes a certified diabetes care and education specialist, a registered dietitian, and a social worker.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Following a diabetes treatment plan requires 24-hour care and significant lifestyle changes. Careful management of type 1 diabetes helps reduce your child's risk of serious complications.
As your child gets older:
Encourage him or her to take an increasingly active role in diabetes management
Stress the importance of lifelong diabetes care
Teach your child how to test his or her blood sugar and inject insulin
Help your child make wise food choices
Encourage your child to remain physically active
Foster a relationship between your child and his or her diabetes treatment team
Make sure your child wears a medical identification tag
The habits you teach your child today will help him or her enjoy an active and healthy life with type 1 diabetes.
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increased thirst, fatigue, thirst, fruity-smelling breath, unintentional weight loss, extreme hunger, hunger
unintentional weight loss, bed-wetting, diabetes, frequent urination, irritability
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Type 2 diabetes
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/doctors-departments/ddc-20351203
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Type 2 diabetes happens when the body cannot use insulin correctly and sugar builds up in the blood. It was once called adult-onset diabetes.
Over time, high blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes can damage the eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart. This can happen because the pancreas doesn't make enough of a hormone called insulin that helps sugar enter the cells. It happens also because the cells respond poorly to insulin by taking in less sugar.
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes can begin during childhood and adulthood. Type 2 is more common in older adults. But the increase in the number of children with obesity has led to more young people with type 2 diabetes.
There's no cure for type 2 diabetes. Losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the condition. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage blood sugar, diabetes medicines or insulin therapy may help.
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Symptoms of type 2 diabetes often come on slowly. In fact, people can live with type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. When there are symptoms, they may include:
More thirst.
More urination.
More hunger.
Weight loss.
Tiredness.
Blurred vision.
Slow-healing sores.
Frequent infections.
Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.
Areas of darkened skin, most often in the armpits and neck.
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See your healthcare professional if you have any symptoms of type 2 diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes is mainly the result of two issues:
Cells in muscle, fat and the liver don't respond to insulin as they should. As a result, the cells don't take in enough sugar.
The gland that makes insulin, called the pancreas, can't make enough to keep blood sugar levels within a healthy range.
Being overweight and not moving enough are key factors.
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Factors that may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes include:
Excess weight.Being overweight or obese is a main risk.
Waist size.Storing fat mainly in the belly rather than in the hips and thighs raises the risk. The risk of type 2 diabetes is higher in people assigned male at birth whose waists measure more than 40 inches (101.6 centimeters). For people assigned female at birth, a waist measure of more than 35 inches (88.9 centimeters) raises the risk.
Sitting.The less active a person is, the higher the risk. Physical activity helps manage weight, uses up glucose as energy and helps cells take in insulin.
Family history.Having a parent or sibling who has type 2 diabetes raises the risk.
Race and ethnicity.It's not clear why, but people of certain races and ethnicities are more likely to get type 2 diabetes than white people are. Races and ethnicities include Black people, Hispanic people, Native American and Asian people, and Pacific Island people.
Blood lipid levels.A higher risk is linked with low levels of high-density lipoprotein. Also called HDL cholesterol, this is the "good" cholesterol. Higher risk also is linked with high levels of a certain type of fat in the blood, called triglycerides.
Age.The risk of type 2 diabetes goes up with age, mainly after age 35.
Prediabetes.Prediabetes is a condition in which blood sugar is higher than the standard range, but not high enough to be called type 2 diabetes. If not treated, prediabetes often moves on to become type 2 diabetes.
Pregnancy-related risks.The risk of getting type 2 diabetes is higher in people who had gestational diabetes when they were pregnant. And it's higher in those who gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms).
Polycystic ovary syndrome.This condition results in irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity. It raises the risk of diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes affects many major organs. These include the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. Also, factors that raise the risk of diabetes are risk factors for other serious diseases. Managing diabetes and blood sugar can lower the risk for these complications and other medical conditions, including:
Heart and blood vessel disease.Diabetes is linked with a higher risk of heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure and narrowed blood vessels, called atherosclerosis.
Nerve damage in arms and legs.This condition is called neuropathy. High blood sugar over time can damage or destroy nerves. Neuropathy may cause tingling, numbness, burning, pain or loss of feeling. It most often begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and slowly spreads upward.
Other nerve damage.Damage to nerves of the heart can cause irregular heart rhythms. Nerve damage in the digestive system can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. Nerve damage also may cause erectile dysfunction.
Kidney disease.Diabetes may lead to long-term kidney disease or end-stage kidney disease that can't be reversed. End-stage kidney disease may need to be treated with mechanical filtering of the kidneys, called dialysis, or a kidney transplant.
Eye damage.Diabetes increases the risk of serious eye conditions. Conditions include cataracts and glaucoma. Diabetes also may damage the blood vessels of the retina, which is the part of the eye that senses light. This is called diabetic retinopathy. This damage can lead to blindness.
Skin conditions.Diabetes may raise the risk of some skin problems. Skin problems may include bacterial and fungal infections.
Slow healing.Cuts and blisters that aren't treated can become serious infections. The infections may heal poorly. Bad damage can result in the need to use surgery to remove a toe, foot or leg. This surgery is called amputation.
Hearing impairment.Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
Sleep apnea.Obstructive sleep apnea is common in people who have type 2 diabetes. Obesity may be the main cause of both conditions.
Dementia.Type 2 diabetes seems to raise the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other conditions that cause dementia. Poorly managed blood sugar is linked to a faster loss of memory and other thinking skills.
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Healthy lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, lifestyle changes may slow the condition or keep it from becoming diabetes.
A healthy lifestyle includes the following:
Eat healthy foods.Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
Be active.Aim for 150 or more minutes a week of moderate to vigorous aerobic activity, such as brisk walking, bicycling, running or swimming.
Lose weight.If you are overweight, losing some weight and keeping it off may slow prediabetes from becoming type 2 diabetes. If you have prediabetes, losing 7% to 10% of your body weight may lower the risk of diabetes.
Don't sit for long.Sitting for long periods can raise the risk of type 2 diabetes. Get up every 30 minutes and move around for at least a few minutes.
People with prediabetes may take metformin (Fortamet, Glumetza, others), a diabetes medicine, to lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. This is most often prescribed for older adults who are obese and who can't lower blood sugar levels with lifestyle changes.
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The glycated hemoglobin test most often diagnoses type 2 diabetes. Also called the A1C test, it reflects the average blood sugar level for the past two to three months. Results mean the following:
Below 5.7% is healthy.
5.7% to 6.4% is prediabetes.
6.5% or higher on two separate tests means diabetes.
If there are no A1C tests or if you have certain conditions that get in the way of A1C test results, your healthcare professional may use the following tests to diagnose diabetes:
Random blood sugar test.Blood sugar values show in milligrams of sugar per deciliter (mg/dL) or millimoles of sugar per liter (mmol/L) of blood. It doesn't matter when you last ate. A level of 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes. This is most likely if you also have symptoms of diabetes, such as urinating often and being very thirsty.
Fasting blood sugar test.You give a blood sample for testing after not eating overnight. Results are as follows:
Less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is healthy.
100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is prediabetes.
126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two tests is diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test.This mainly tests the blood sugar of people who are pregnant and those who have cystic fibrosis. You don't eat for a certain amount of time. Then you drink a sugary liquid at your healthcare team's office. You give blood samples over two hours to test blood sugar levels. Results are as follows:
Less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) after two hours is healthy.
140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) is prediabetes.
200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) or higher after two hours suggests diabetes.
Screening.The American Diabetes Association suggests that all adults age 35 or older have routine tests for type 2 diabetes. Others to be tested include:
People younger than 35 who are overweight or obese and have one or more risk factors linked to diabetes.
Women who had diabetes while pregnant, called gestational diabetes.
People who have been diagnosed with prediabetes.
Children who are overweight or obese and who have a family history of type 2 diabetes or other risk factors.
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Living with type 2 diabetes involves learning about the condition and lifestyle changes. Diabetes education is an important part of managing the condition. Management includes:
Healthy eating.
Regular exercise.
Weight loss if needed.
Diabetes medicine or insulin therapy if needed.
Keeping track of blood sugar.
These steps make it more likely that blood sugar will stay in a healthy range. And they may help delay or prevent complications.
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Type 2 diabetes is a serious disease. Following a diabetes treatment plan can be hard. To manage diabetes well, you may need a good support network.
Anxiety and depression are common in people living with diabetes. Talking to a counselor or therapist may help you cope with the lifestyle changes you need to make and the stress that comes with a type 2 diabetes diagnosis.
Support groups can be good sources of diabetes education, emotional support and helpful information. You might learn how to find local resources or where to find carbohydrate counts for a favorite restaurant. If you want to join a support group, your healthcare team may be able to suggest a group in your area.
Visit the American Diabetes Association website to find local activities and support groups for people with type 2 diabetes. The American Diabetes Association also offers online information and online forums where you can chat with others who are living with diabetes. You also can call the organization at 800-DIABETES (800-342-2383).
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Your annual wellness visit can include screening for diabetes. And it can include watching for and treating conditions that raise your risk of diabetes. These include high blood pressure, high cholesterol or a high BMI.
If you have symptoms that may be linked to diabetes, be ready to answer the following questions at your visit:
When did your symptoms begin?
Does anything make the symptoms better or worse?
What medicines do you take, including dietary supplements and herbal remedies?
What do you eat in a typical day? Do you eat between meals or before bedtime?
How much alcohol do you drink?
How much daily exercise do you get?
Is there a history of diabetes in your family?
If you are diagnosed with diabetes, your healthcare professional may begin a treatment plan. Or you may be sent to a specialist in hormonal disorders, called an endocrinologist. Your care team also may include the following specialists:
Dietitian.
Certified diabetes education specialist.
Foot doctor, also called a podiatrist.
Specialist in eye care, called an ophthalmologist.
Talk with your healthcare professional about other specialists you might need.
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Careful management of type 2 diabetes can lower the risk of serious, or even life-threatening complications. Try these tips:
Commit to managing your diabetes.Learn all you can about type 2 diabetes. Make healthy eating and physical activity part of your daily routine.
Work with your team.Connect with a certified diabetes education specialist. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
Let others know.Wear a necklace or bracelet that says you have diabetes. This is most important if you take insulin or other blood sugar-lowering medicine.
Schedule a yearly physical exam and regular eye exams.Your diabetes checkups aren't meant to replace regular physicals or routine eye exams.
Keep your vaccinations up to date.High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. Get a flu shot every year. Stay current on COVID-19 vaccines. Your healthcare team also may suggest the pneumonia vaccine.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also suggests the hepatitis B vaccination if you haven't had this vaccine and you're 19 to 59 years old. Talk to your healthcare team about other vaccinations you may need.
Take care of your teeth.Diabetes may make you more likely to get serious gum infections. Brush and floss your teeth regularly and schedule regular dental exams. Contact your dentist right away if your gums bleed or look red or swollen.
Watch your feet.Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Dry them gently, including between the toes. Use lotion to moisturize them.Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, changes in color and swelling. Contact your healthcare team if you have a sore or other foot problem that isn't healing.
Manage your blood pressure and cholesterol.Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can go a long way toward managing high blood pressure and cholesterol. Take medicines as prescribed.
Don't use tobacco products.If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your healthcare team to help you quit. Smoking raises the risk of diabetes complications.
Use alcohol sparingly.Drinks with alcohol may lower or raise blood sugar levels. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so only with a meal.Drink in moderation. That means no more than one drink daily for people assigned female at birth and no more than two drinks daily for people assigned male at birth. Check your blood sugar often after drinking alcohol.
Get good sleep.Many people with type 2 diabetes have sleep problems. Not getting enough sleep may make it harder to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range. If you have trouble sleeping, talk with your healthcare team about ways to sleep better.
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frequent infections, tiredness, thirst, blurred vision, urination, type 2 diabetes, infections, numbness, hunger, diabetes, slow-healing sores, tingling, weight loss
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Type 2 diabetes in children
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/symptoms-causes/syc-20355318
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355324
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes-in-children/doctors-departments/ddc-20355327
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Type 2 diabetes in children is a chronic disease that affects the way your child's body processes sugar (glucose) for fuel. Without treatment, the disorder causes sugar to build up in the bloodstream, which can lead to serious long-term consequences.
Type 2 diabetes occurs more commonly in adults. In fact, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. But the increasing number of children with obesity has led to more cases of type 2 diabetes in younger people.
There's plenty you can do to help manage or prevent type 2 diabetes in your child. Encourage your child to eat healthy foods, get plenty of physical activity and maintain a healthy weight. If healthy eating and exercise aren't enough to control type 2 diabetes, oral medication or insulin treatment may be needed.
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Type 2 diabetes in children may develop so gradually that there are no noticeable symptoms. Sometimes, the disorder is diagnosed during a routine check-up.
Some children might experience these signs and symptoms as a result of too much sugar in their bloodstreams:
Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Fatigue
Blurry vision
Darkened areas of skin, most often around the neck or in the armpits and groin
Unintended weight loss, although this is less common in children with type 2 diabetes than in children with type 1 diabetes
Frequent infections
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See your child's health care provider if you notice any of the signs or symptoms of type 2 diabetes. Undiagnosed, the disease can cause serious damage.
Diabetes screening is recommended for children who have started puberty or are at least 10 years old, who are overweight or obese, and who have at least one other risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
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The exact cause of type 2 diabetes is unknown. But family history and genetics appear to play an important role. What is clear is that children with type 2 diabetes can't process sugar (glucose) properly.
Most of the sugar in the body comes from food. When food is digested, sugar enters the bloodstream. Insulin allows sugar to enter the cells — and lowers the amount of sugar in the blood.
Insulin is produced by a gland located behind the stomach called the pancreas. The pancreas sends insulin to the blood when food is eaten. When the blood sugar level starts to drop, the pancreas slows down the secretion of insulin into the blood.
When your child has type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work as well. As a result, instead of fueling cells, sugar builds up in your child's bloodstream. This can happen because:
The pancreas may not make enough insulin
The cells become resistant to insulin and don't allow as much sugar in
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Researchers don't fully understand why some children develop type 2 diabetes and others don't, even if they have similar risk factors. However, it's clear that certain factors increase the risk, including:
Weight.Being overweight is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes in children. The more fatty tissue children have — especially inside and between the muscle and skin around the abdomen — the more resistant their bodies' cells become to insulin.
Inactivity.The less active children are, the greater their risk of type 2 diabetes.
Diet.Eating red meat and processed meat and drinking sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes.
Family history.Children's risk of type 2 diabetes increases if they have a parent or sibling with the disease.
Race or ethnicity.Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
Age and sex.Many children develop type 2 diabetes in their early teens, but it may occur at any age. Adolescent girls are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than are adolescent boys.
Maternal gestational diabetes.Children born to women who had gestational diabetes during pregnancy have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Low birth weight or preterm birth.Having a low birth weight is associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Babies born prematurely — before 39 to 42 weeks' gestation —have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes in children is often associated with metabolic syndrome and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
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Type 2 diabetes can affect nearly every organ in your child's body, including the blood vessels, nerves, eyes and kidneys. The long-term complications of type 2 diabetes develop gradually over many years. Eventually, diabetes complications may be severe or even life-threatening.
Complications of type 2 diabetes are related to high blood sugar and include:
High cholesterol
Heart and blood vessel disease
Stroke
Nerve damage
Kidney disease
Eye disease, including blindness
Keeping your child's blood sugar level close to the standard range most of the time can dramatically reduce the risk of these complications. You can help your child prevent diabetes complications by:
Working with your child to maintain good blood sugar control as much as possible
Teaching your child the importance of healthy eating and participating in regular physical activity
Scheduling regular visits with your child's diabetes treatment team
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Healthy-lifestyle choices can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children. Encourage your child to:
Eat healthy foods.Offer your child foods low in fat and calories. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to prevent boredom.
Get more physical activity.Encourage your child to become active. Sign up your child for a sports team or dance lessons.
Better yet, make it a family affair. The lifestyle choices that can help prevent type 2 diabetes in children can do the same for adults.
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If diabetes is suspected, your child's health care provider will likely recommend a screening test. There are several blood tests to diagnose type 2 diabetes in children.
Random blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken at a random time, regardless of when your child last ate. A random blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), or higher suggests diabetes.
Fasting blood sugar test.A blood sample is taken after your child hasn't had anything to eat or drink but water for at least eight hours or overnight (fasting). A fasting blood sugar level of 126mg/dL(7.0mmol/L) or higher suggests diabetes.
Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) test.This test indicates your child's average blood sugar level for the past 3 months. AnA1Clevel of 6.5% or higher indicates diabetes.
Oral glucose tolerance test.Your child will need to fast overnight and then drink a sugary liquid at the health care provider's office or a laboratory testing site. Blood sugar levels are tested periodically for the next two hours. A blood sugar level of 200mg/dL(11.1mmol/L) or higher generally means your child has diabetes.
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Treatment for type 2 diabetes is lifelong and can include:
Healthy eating
Regular physical activity
Insulin or other medications
Blood sugar monitoring
Weight-loss surgery, in some cases
You'll work closely with your child's diabetes treatment team — including a health care provider, certified diabetes care and education specialist, registered dietitian, and other specialists as needed. The goal of treatment is to keep your child's blood sugar within a certain range. This target range helps to keep your child's blood sugar level as close to the standard range as possible.
Your child's health care provider will let you know what your child's blood sugar target range is, and may also set anA1Ctarget. These numbers may change as your child grows and changes and so will your child's diabetes treatment plan.
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Living with type 2 diabetes isn't easy — for you or for your child. Good diabetes management requires a lot of changes, especially in the beginning. That's why some diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care teams. Don't forget that you're not alone and your diabetes treatment team can help.
If you notice that your child or adolescent is persistently sad or pessimistic, or experiences dramatic changes in sleeping habits, friends or school performance, have your child assessed for depression.
Rebellion also may be an issue, particularly for teens. A child who has been very good about sticking to the diabetes treatment plan may rebel in the teen years by ignoring diabetes care. Additionally, experimenting with drugs, alcohol and smoking can be even more dangerous for people with diabetes.
Talking to a counselor or therapist may help your child or you cope with the dramatic lifestyle changes that come with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Websites that offer support include the American Diabetes Association (ADA).
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Your child's family health care provider or pediatrician will probably make the initial diagnosis of diabetes. However, you'll likely then be referred to a specialist in metabolic disorders in children (pediatric endocrinologist).
Your child's health care team also generally includes a certified diabetes care and education specialist and a registered dietitian.
Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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Helping your child follow the diabetes treatment plan takes round-the-clock commitment. But careful management of type 2 diabetes can reduce your child's risk of serious complications.
As your child gets older:
Encourage your child to take an increasingly active role in diabetes management
Stress the importance of lifelong diabetes care
Teach your child how to test blood sugar levels and to take medication and inject insulin if needed
Help your child make healthy food choices
Encourage your child to remain physically active and limit electronic screen time
Foster a relationship between your child and the diabetes treatment team
Make sure your child wears a medical identification tag
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increased thirst, fatigue, increased hunger, blurry vision, thirst, frequent infections, darkened areas of skin, type 2 diabetes, infections, unintended weight loss, diabetes, disorder, weight loss, frequent urination
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368 |
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352231
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/antibiotic-associated-diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352237
| null |
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea refers to passing loose, watery stools three or more times a day after taking medications used to treat bacterial infections (antibiotics).
About 1 in 5 people who take antibiotics develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Most often, antibiotic-associated diarrhea is mild and requires no treatment. The diarrhea typically clears up within a few days after you stop taking the antibiotic. More-serious antibiotic-associated diarrhea requires stopping or sometimes switching antibiotics.
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For most people, antibiotic-associated diarrhea causes mild signs and symptoms, such as:
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is likely to begin about a week after you start taking an antibiotic. Sometimes, however, diarrhea and other symptoms don't appear until days or even weeks after you've finished antibiotic treatment.
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Why antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurs isn't completely understood. It's commonly thought to develop when antibacterial medications (antibiotics) upset the balance of good and bad bacteria in your gastrointestinal tract.
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Antibiotic-associated diarrhea can occur in anyone who takes an antibiotic. But you're more likely to develop antibiotic-associated diarrhea if you:
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One of the most common complications of any type of diarrhea is extreme loss of fluids and electrolytes (dehydration). Severe dehydration can be life-threatening. Signs and symptoms include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, and weakness.
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To help prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea, try to:
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To diagnose antibiotic-associated diarrhea, your doctor is likely to question you about your health history, including whether you've had recent antibiotic treatments. If your doctor suspects that you have C. difficile infection, a sample of your stool would be tested for the bacterium.
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Treatment for antibiotic-associated diarrhea depends on the severity of your signs and symptoms.
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Make an appointment with the doctor who prescribed the antibiotic. Here's some information to help you get ready for your appointment.
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diarrhea
|
369 |
Traveler's diarrhea
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/travelers-diarrhea/symptoms-causes/syc-20352182
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/travelers-diarrhea/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352188
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Traveler's diarrhea is a digestive tract disorder that commonly causes loose stools and stomach cramps. It's caused by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. Fortunately, traveler's diarrhea usually isn't serious in most people — it's just unpleasant.
When you visit a place where the climate or sanitary practices are different from yours at home, you have an increased risk of developing traveler's diarrhea.
To reduce your risk of traveler's diarrhea, be careful about what you eat and drink while traveling. If you do develop traveler's diarrhea, chances are it will go away without treatment. However, it's a good idea to have doctor-approved medicines with you when you travel to high-risk areas. This way, you'll be prepared in case diarrhea gets severe or won't go away.
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Traveler's diarrhea may begin suddenly during your trip or shortly after you return home. Most people improve within 1 to 2 days without treatment and recover completely within a week. However, you can have multiple episodes of traveler's diarrhea during one trip.
The most common symptoms of traveler's diarrhea are:
Suddenly passing three or more looser watery stools a day.
An urgent need to pass stool.
Stomach cramps.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Fever.
Sometimes, people experience moderate to severe dehydration, ongoing vomiting, a high fever, bloody stools, or severe pain in the belly or rectum. If you or your child experiences any of these symptoms or if the diarrhea lasts longer than a few days, it's time to see a healthcare professional.
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Traveler's diarrhea usually goes away on its own within several days. Symptoms may last longer and be more severe if it's caused by certain bacteria or parasites. In such cases, you may need prescription medicines to help you get better.
If you're an adult, see your doctor if:
Your diarrhea lasts beyond two days.
You become dehydrated.
You have severe stomach or rectal pain.
You have bloody or black stools.
You have a fever above 102 F (39 C).
While traveling internationally, a local embassy or consulate may be able to help you find a well-regarded medical professional who speaks your language.
Be especially cautious with children because traveler's diarrhea can cause severe dehydration in a short time. Call a doctor if your child is sick and has any of the following symptoms:
Ongoing vomiting.
A fever of 102 F (39 C) or more.
Bloody stools or severe diarrhea.
Dry mouth or crying without tears.
Signs of being unusually sleepy, drowsy or unresponsive.
Decreased volume of urine, including fewer wet diapers in infants.
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It's possible that traveler's diarrhea may stem from the stress of traveling or a change in diet. But usually infectious agents — such as bacteria, viruses or parasites — are to blame. You typically develop traveler's diarrhea after ingesting food or water contaminated with organisms from feces.
So why aren't natives of high-risk countries affected in the same way? Often their bodies have become used to the bacteria and have developed immunity to them.
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Each year millions of international travelers experience traveler's diarrhea. High-risk destinations for traveler's diarrhea include areas of:
Central America.
South America.
Mexico.
Africa.
South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Traveling to Eastern Europe, South Africa, Central and East Asia, the Middle East, and a few Caribbean islands also poses some risk. However, your risk of traveler's diarrhea is generally low in Northern and Western Europe, Japan, Canada, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.
Your chances of getting traveler's diarrhea are mostly determined by your destination. But certain groups of people have a greater risk of developing the condition. These include:
Young adults.The condition is slightly more common in young adult tourists. Though the reasons why aren't clear, it's possible that young adults lack acquired immunity. They may also be more adventurous than older people in their travels and dietary choices, or they may be less careful about avoiding contaminated foods.
People with weakened immune systems.A weakened immune system due to an underlying illness or immune-suppressing medicines such as corticosteroids increases risk of infections.
People with diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, or severe kidney, liver or heart disease.These conditions can leave you more prone to infection or increase your risk of a more-severe infection.
People who take acid blockers or antacids.Acid in the stomach tends to destroy organisms, so a reduction in stomach acid may leave more opportunity for bacterial survival.
People who travel during certain seasons.The risk of traveler's diarrhea varies by season in certain parts of the world. For example, risk is highest in South Asia during the hot months just before the monsoons.
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Because you lose vital fluids, salts and minerals during a bout with traveler's diarrhea, you may become dehydrated, especially during the summer months. Dehydration is especially dangerous for children, older adults and people with weakened immune systems.
Dehydration caused by diarrhea can cause serious complications, including organ damage, shock or coma. Symptoms of dehydration include a very dry mouth, intense thirst, little or no urination, dizziness, or extreme weakness.
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Diagnosing traveler's diarrhea typically involves taking a medical and travel history. A physical exam may be done to check for signs of dehydration. If symptoms are serious or don't resolve on their own, a stool sample may be done to check for microorganisms.
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Traveler's diarrhea may get better without any treatment. But while you're waiting, it's important to try to stay hydrated with safe liquids, such as bottled water or water with electrolytes such as an oral rehydration solution (see below). If you don't seem to be improving quickly, several medicines are available to help relieve symptoms.
Anti-motility agents.These medicines — which include loperamide and drugs containing diphenoxylate — provide prompt but temporary relief by:Reducing muscle spasms in your gastrointestinal tract.Slowing the transit time through your digestive system.Allowing more time for absorption.Anti-motility medicines aren't recommended for infants or people with a fever or bloody diarrhea. This is because they can delay clearance of the infectious organisms and make the illness worse.Also, stop using anti-motility agents after 48 hours if you have stomach pain or if your symptoms worsen and your diarrhea continues. In such cases, see a doctor. You may need blood or stool tests and treatment with an antibiotic.
Reducing muscle spasms in your gastrointestinal tract.
Slowing the transit time through your digestive system.
Allowing more time for absorption.
Bismuth subsalicylate.This nonprescription medicine can decrease the frequency of your stools and shorten the length of your illness. However, it isn't recommended for children, pregnant women or people who are allergic to aspirin.
Antibiotics.If you have more than four loose stools a day or severe symptoms, including a fever or blood, pus or mucus in your stools, a doctor may prescribe a course of antibiotics.
Before you leave for your trip, talk to your doctor about taking a prescription with you in case you get a serious bout of traveler's diarrhea.
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Call a doctor if you have diarrhea that is severe, lasts more than a few days or is bloody. If you are traveling, call an embassy or consulate for help locating a doctor. Other signs that you should seek medical attention include:
A fever of 102 F (39 C) or higher.
Ongoing vomiting.
Signs of severe dehydration, including a dry mouth, muscle cramps, decreased urine output, dizziness or fatigue.
If you have diarrhea and you've just returned home from a trip abroad, share that trip information with your doctor when you call to make an appointment.
Here's some information to help you get ready, and what to expect.
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If you do get traveler's diarrhea, avoid caffeine, alcohol and dairy products, which may worsen symptoms or increase fluid loss. But keep drinking fluids.
Drink canned fruit juices, weak tea, clear soup, decaffeinated soda or sports drinks to replace lost fluids and minerals. Later, as your diarrhea improves, try a diet of easy-to-eat complex carbohydrates, such as salted crackers, bland cereals, bananas, applesauce, dry toast or bread, rice, potatoes, and plain noodles.
You may return to your normal diet as you feel you can tolerate it. Add dairy products, caffeinated beverages and high-fiber foods cautiously.
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pain, nausea, urgent need to pass stool, diarrhea, vomiting, stomach cramps, fever, looser watery stools, bloody stools, severe pain in the belly or rectum, dehydration
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371 |
Dysphagia
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/symptoms-causes/syc-20372028
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20372033
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dysphagia/doctors-departments/ddc-20372035
|
Dysphagia is a medical term for difficulty swallowing. Dysphagia can be a painful condition. In some cases, swallowing is impossible.
Occasional difficulty swallowing, such as when you eat too fast or don't chew your food well enough, usually isn't cause for concern. But ongoing dysphagia can be a serious medical condition that needs treatment.
Dysphagia can happen at any age, but it's more common in older adults. The causes of swallowing problems vary, and treatment depends on the cause.
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Symptoms associated with dysphagia can include:
Pain while swallowing.
Not being able to swallow.
Feeling as if food is stuck in the throat or chest or behind the breastbone.
Drooling.
Hoarseness.
Food coming back up, called regurgitation.
Frequent heartburn.
Food or stomach acid backing up into the throat.
Weight loss.
Coughing or gagging when swallowing.
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See a healthcare professional if you regularly have difficulty swallowing or if weight loss, regurgitation or vomiting happens with your dysphagia.
If a blockage makes it hard to breathe, call for emergency help immediately. If you're unable to swallow because you feel that food is stuck in your throat or chest, go to the nearest emergency department.
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Swallowing is complex, involving many muscles and nerves. Any condition that weakens or damages these muscles and nerves or causes narrowing of the back of the throat or esophagus can cause dysphagia.
Dysphagia generally falls into one of the following categories.
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The following are risk factors for dysphagia:
Aging.Older adults are at higher risk of swallowing difficulties. This is due to natural aging and wear and tear on the esophagus as well as a greater risk of certain conditions, such as stroke or Parkinson's disease. But dysphagia isn't considered a typical sign of aging.
Certain health conditions.People with certain neurological or nervous system disorders are more likely to have difficulty swallowing.
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Difficulty swallowing can lead to:
Malnutrition, weight loss and dehydration.Dysphagia can make it difficult to take in enough food and fluids.
Aspiration pneumonia.Food or liquid entering the airway during attempts to swallow can cause aspiration pneumonia as a result of the food introducing bacteria into the lungs.
Choking.Food stuck in the throat can cause choking. If food completely blocks the airway and no one intervenes with a successful Heimlich maneuver, death can occur.
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Although swallowing difficulties can't be prevented, you can reduce your risk of occasional difficulty swallowing by eating slowly and chewing your food well. However, if you have symptoms of dysphagia, see a healthcare professional.
If you haveGERD, see a healthcare professional for treatment.
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A member of your healthcare team will likely ask you for a description and history of your swallowing difficulties, perform a physical exam, and use various tests to find the cause of your swallowing problem.
Tests can include:
X-ray with a contrast material, called a barium X-ray.You drink a barium solution that coats the esophagus, making it easier to see on X-rays. A healthcare team can then see changes in the shape of the esophagus and can check the muscular activity.You also may be asked to swallow solid food or a pill coated with barium. This allows the healthcare team to watch the muscles in the throat during swallowing or to look for blockages in the esophagus that the liquid barium solution might not show.
Dynamic swallowing study.This study involves swallowing barium-coated foods of different consistencies. It provides an image of these foods as they travel down the throat. The images might show problems in the coordination of the mouth and throat muscles during swallowing. The images also can show if food is going into the breathing tube.
Endoscopy.Endoscopy involves passing a thin, flexible lighted instrument, called an endoscope, down the throat. This allows your healthcare team to see your esophagus. Tissue samples, called biopsies, may be collected. The samples are studied to look for inflammation, eosinophilic esophagitis, narrowing or a tumor.
Fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES).During a FEES study, a healthcare professional examines the throat with an endoscope during swallowing.
Esophageal muscle test, called manometry.In manometry (muh-NOM-uh-tree), a small tube is inserted into the esophagus and connected to a pressure recorder to measure the muscle contractions of the esophagus during swallowing.
Imaging scans.These can include a CT scan or an MRI scan. A CT scan combines a series of X-ray views and computer processing to create cross-sectional images of the body's bones and soft tissues. An MRI scan uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues.
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Treatment for dysphagia depends on the type or cause of your swallowing disorder.
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See a healthcare professional if you're having problems swallowing. Depending on the suspected cause, you may be referred to an ear, nose and throat specialist; a doctor who specializes in treating digestive disorders, called a gastroenterologist; or a doctor who specializes in diseases of the nervous system, called a neurologist.
Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment.
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If you have trouble swallowing, be sure to see a healthcare professional. You also may try these approaches to help ease symptoms:
Changing your eating habits.Try eating smaller, more frequent meals. Cut your food into smaller pieces, chew food thoroughly and eat more slowly. If you have difficulty swallowing liquids, there are products you can buy to thicken liquids.
Trying foods with different textures to see if some cause you more trouble.Thin liquids, such as coffee and juice, are a problem for some people, and sticky foods, such as peanut butter or caramel, can make swallowing difficult. Avoid foods that cause you trouble.
Limiting alcohol and caffeine.These can dry your mouth and throat, making swallowing more difficult.
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pain, throat, hoarseness, pain while swallowing, not being able to swallow, frequent heartburn, heartburn, food coming back up, food or stomach acid backing up, feeling as if food is stuck, drooling, weight loss, dysphagia, coughing or gagging
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372 |
Aortic dissection
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/symptoms-causes/syc-20369496
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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20369499
|
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/aortic-dissection/doctors-departments/ddc-20369500
|
An aortic dissection is a serious condition in which a tear occurs in the inner layer of the body's main artery (aorta). Blood rushes through the tear, causing the inner and middle layers of the aorta to split (dissect). If the blood goes through the outside aortic wall, aortic dissection is often deadly.
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Aortic dissection symptoms may be similar to those of other heart problems, such as a heart attack. Typical signs and symptoms include:
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If you have severe chest pain, fainting, sudden shortness of breath or symptoms of a stroke, call 911 or your local emergency number. These signs and symptoms aren't always due to a serious problem, but it's best to be seen by a doctor quickly. Early detection and treatment may help save your life.
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An aortic dissection is caused by a weakened area of the aorta's wall.
Aortic dissections are divided into two groups, depending on which part of the aorta is affected:
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Some of the things that may raise your risk of aortic dissection include:
Certain genetic diseases increase the risk of having an aortic dissection, including:
Inflammation of the arteries (giant cell arteritis) may also increase your risk of aortic dissection.
Other potential risk factors for aortic dissection include:
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Possible complications of aortic dissection include:
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You can reduce your risk of an aortic dissection by preventing chest injury and taking steps to keep your heart healthy.
Work with your doctor.If you have a family history of aortic dissection, a connective tissue disorder or a bicuspid aortic valve, tell your doctor. If you have an aortic aneurysm, find out how often you need monitoring and if surgery is necessary to repair your aneurysm.
If you have a genetic condition that increases your risk of aortic dissection, your doctor may recommend medications, even if your blood pressure is normal.
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Detecting an aortic dissection can be a challenge because the symptoms are similar to those of many other health problems. Your doctor may think you have an aortic dissection if you have:
Tests to diagnose aortic dissection include:
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An aortic dissection is a medical emergency requiring immediate treatment. Treatment may include surgery or medications, depending on the area of the aorta involved.
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