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mkartofel
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MNLP_M2_quantized_dataset

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What are the specfic types of proteins that determine your blood type called?
Red blood cells carry proteins called antigens on their surface. People may vary in the exact antigens their red blood cells carry. The specific proteins are controlled by the genes they inherit from their parents. The particular antigens you inherit determine your blood type.
[ "antibodies", "antigens", "Globulins", "Plasma" ]
B
SCiQ
What results when gas particles rebound off the walls of their container?
Pressure is what results when gas particles rebound off the walls of their container. The basic unit of pressure is the newton per square meter (N/m2). This combined unit is redefined as a pascal (Pa). One pascal is not a very large amount of pressure. A more useful unit of pressure is the bar, which is 100,000 Pa (1 bar = 100,000 Pa). Other common units of pressure are the atmosphere (atm), which was originally defined as the average pressure of Earth’s atmosphere at sea level; and mmHg (millimeters of mercury), which is the pressure generated by a column of mercury 1 mm high. The unit millimeters of mercury is also called a torr, named after the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, who invented the barometer in the mid1600s. A more precise definition of atmosphere, in terms of torr, is that there are exactly 760 torr in 1 atm. A bar equals 1.01325 atm. Given all the relationships between these pressure units, the ability to convert from one pressure unit to another is a useful skill.
[ "pull", "light", "weight", "pressure" ]
D
SCiQ
What term is used for the difference in the placement of an object from one time to another?
Position is the location of the object (whether it's a person, a ball or a particle) at a given moment in time. Displacement is the difference in the object's position from one time to another. Distance is the total amount the object has traveled in a certain period of time. Displacement is a vector quantity (direction matters), where as distance is a scalor (only the amount matters). Distance and displacement are the same in the case where the object travels in a straight line and always moving in the same direction.
[ "displacement", "variation", "diffusion", "replacement" ]
A
SCiQ
What is the only known planet with large amounts of water?
Earth is the third planet from the Sun. It is the only planet with large amounts of liquid water, and the only planet known to support life. Earth is the only inner planet that has a large round moon.
[ "saturn", "earth", "mars", "jupiter" ]
B
SCiQ
What umbrella term describes small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions?
To see an animation of this DNA molecule, click here (http://openstaxcollege. org/l/rotating_DNA2) . Some cells contain aggregates of macromolecules surrounded by membranes; these are called organelles. Organelles are small structures that exist within cells and perform specialized functions. All living things are made of cells; the cell itself is the smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms. (This requirement is why viruses are not considered living: they are not made of cells. To make new viruses, they have to invade and hijack a living cell; only then can they obtain the materials they need to reproduce. ) Some organisms consist of a single cell and others are multicellular. Cells are classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do not have nuclei surrounded by nuclear membranes; in contrast, the cells of eukaryotes do have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. In most multicellular organisms, cells combine to make tissues, which are groups of similar cells carrying out the same function. Organs are collections of tissues grouped together based on a common function. Organs are present not only in animals but also in plants. An organ system is a higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs. For example vertebrate animals have many organ systems, such as the circulatory system that transports blood throughout the body and to and from the lungs; it includes organs such as the heart and blood vessels. Organisms are individual living entities. For example, each tree in a forest is an organism. Single-celled prokaryotes and single-celled eukaryotes are also considered organisms and are typically referred to as microorganisms.
[ "organelles", "organisms", "atoms", "macromolecules" ]
A
SCiQ
What happens to the rate of chemical reactions in higher temperatures?
The temperature of a region is the other important part of climate. The rate of chemical reactions increases with higher temperatures. The rate doubles for every 10°C increase in temperature. Plants and bacteria grow and multiply faster in warmer areas.
[ "they become erratic", "they increase", "they decrease", "they stop" ]
B
SCiQ
What were the first particles with mass to be directly confirmed to have the wavelength proposed by de broglie?
Electrons were the first particles with mass to be directly confirmed to have the wavelength proposed by de Broglie. Subsequently, protons, helium nuclei, neutrons, and many others have been observed to exhibit interference when they interact with objects having sizes similar to their de Broglie wavelength. The de Broglie wavelength for massless particles was well established in the 1920s for photons, and it has since been observed that all massless particles have a de Broglie wavelength λ = h / p. The wave nature of all particles is a universal characteristic of nature. We shall see in following sections that implications of the de Broglie wavelength include the quantization of energy in atoms and molecules, and an alteration of our basic view of nature on the microscopic scale. The next section, for example, shows that there are limits to the precision with which we may make predictions, regardless of how hard we try. There are even limits to the precision with which we may measure an object’s location or energy. Making Connections: A Submicroscopic Diffraction Grating The wave nature of matter allows it to exhibit all the characteristics of other, more familiar, waves. Diffraction gratings, for example, produce diffraction patterns for light that depend on grating spacing and the wavelength of the light. This effect, as with most wave phenomena, is most pronounced when the wave interacts with objects having a size similar to its wavelength. For gratings, this is the spacing between multiple slits. ) When electrons interact with a system having a spacing similar to the electron wavelength, they show the same types of interference patterns as light does for diffraction gratings, as shown at top left in Figure 29.24. Atoms are spaced at regular intervals in a crystal as parallel planes, as shown in the bottom part of Figure 29.24. The spacings between these planes act like the openings in a diffraction grating. At certain incident angles, the paths of electrons scattering from successive planes differ by one wavelength and, thus, interfere constructively. At other angles, the path length differences are not an integral wavelength, and there is partial to total destructive interference. This type of scattering from a large crystal with well-defined lattice planes can produce dramatic interference patterns. It is called Bragg reflection, for the father-and-son team who first explored and analyzed it in some detail. The expanded view also shows the pathlength differences and indicates how these depend on incident angle θ in a manner similar to the diffraction patterns for x rays reflecting from a crystal.
[ "ions", "protons", "electrons", "negatrons" ]
C
SCiQ
What is determined by the amount of energy in molecules?
The amount of energy in molecules of matter determines the state of matter . Matter can exist in one of several different states, including a gas, liquid, or solid state. These different states of matter have different properties, which are illustrated in Figure below . Gasses have the most energy, and solids have the least energy.
[ "kingdom", "momentum", "radioactivity", "state of matter" ]
D
SCiQ
What are the active transport mechanisms by which molecules enter and leave the cell inside vesicles?
Endocytosis and exocytosis are active transport mechanisms in which large molecules enter and leave the cell inside vesicles.
[ "dielectric and exocytosis", "oxidation and exocytosis", "endocytosis and oxidation", "endocytosis and exocytosis" ]
D
SCiQ
The important equation pv = nrt holds true for substances in what state of matter?
PV = nRT This equation is known as the ideal gas law. An ideal gas is defined as a hypothetical gaseous substance whose behavior is independent of attractive and repulsive forces and can be completely described by the ideal gas law. In reality, there is no such thing as an ideal gas, but an ideal gas is a useful conceptual model that allows us to understand how gases respond to changing conditions. As we shall see, under many conditions, most real gases exhibit behavior that closely approximates that of an ideal gas. The ideal gas law can therefore be used to predict the behavior of real gases under most conditions. As you will learn in Section 10.8 "The Behavior of Real Gases", the ideal gas law does not work well at very low temperatures or very high pressures, where deviations from ideal behavior are most commonly observed.
[ "solids", "gas", "liquids", "products" ]
B
SCiQ
What are the three classifications of elements?
The majority of known elements are classified as metals. Metals are elements that are lustrous, or shiny. They are also good conductors of electricity and heat. Examples of metals include iron, gold, and copper. Fewer than 20 elements are classified as nonmetals. Nonmetals lack the properties of metals. Examples of nonmetals include oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur. Certain other elements have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are known as metalloids. Examples of metalloids include silicon and boron.
[ "metals, metaloids, and alkaloids", "metals, non-metals and alkaloids", "alkaloids, metaloids, and non-metals", "metals, non-metals and metaloids" ]
D
SCiQ
What is used to convert concentrations to collisions per second?
The frequency factor is used to convert concentrations to collisions per second. Equation 14.39 is known as the Arrhenius equation and summarizes the collision model of chemical kinetics, where T is the absolute temperature (in K) and R is the ideal gas constant [8.314 J/(K·mol)]. Ea indicates the sensitivity of the reaction to changes in temperature. The reaction rate with a large Ea increases rapidly with increasing temperature, whereas the reaction rate with a smaller Ea increases much more slowly with increasing temperature. If we know the reaction rate at various temperatures, we can use the Arrhenius equation to calculate the activation energy. Taking the natural logarithm of both sides ofEquation 14.39, Equation 14.40.
[ "particles factor", "frequency factor", "collision meter", "speeds factor" ]
B
SCiQ
What is the process in which one cell divides to form two new cells called?
Cell division is part of the life cycle of virtually all cells. Cell division is the process in which one cell divides to form two new cells.
[ "cell direction", "Cell Formation", "cell division", "cell contribution" ]
C
SCiQ
When the helium is gone, the stars become what?
When the helium is gone, the stars become white dwarfs.
[ "comets", "yellow dwarfs", "red giants", "white dwarfs" ]
D
SCiQ
How does alcohol expand over a wide range of temperatures?
The red liquid in this thermometer is alcohol. Alcohol expands uniformly over a wide range of temperatures. This makes it ideal for use in thermometers.
[ "uniformly", "erratically", "exponentially", "variably" ]
A
SCiQ
Like other bryophytes, moss plants spend most of their life cycle as what?
Eleutherozoa are the echinoderms that can move. This group includes the starfish and most other echinoderms.
[ "zygotes", "protozoa", "copepods", "gametophytes" ]
D
SCiQ
How is carbon dioxide and water vapor that is produced by cellular respiration released?
A: Breathing consists of inhaling and exhaling, and its purpose is to move gases into and out of the body. Oxygen needed for cellular respiration is brought into the body with each inhalation. Carbon dioxide and water vapor produced by cellular respiration are released from the body with each exhalation.
[ "peroxidation", "exhalation", "evaporation", "fermentation" ]
B
SCiQ
Thousands of receptor cells that detect the sex attractant equip each filament of what structure?
[ "optic nerve", "flagella", "antenna", "molecule" ]
C
SCiQ
What is the name of the spacecraft that has performed the closest flyby of uranus?
Uranus is so far away that there has been relatively little exploration of the planet. The closest approach was a flyby by Voyager 2 in 1986. Great images have also been taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
[ "Zodiac 4", "voyager 2", "Mercury 7", "centaur 2" ]
B
SCiQ
Metabolic enzymes catalyze catabolic reactions that break down what?
24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism Metabolic enzymes catalyze catabolic reactions that break down carbohydrates contained in food. The energy released is used to power the cells and systems that make up your body. Excess or unutilized energy is stored as fat or glycogen for later use. Carbohydrate metabolism begins in the mouth, where the enzyme salivary amylase begins to break down complex sugars into monosaccharides. These can then be transported across the intestinal membrane into the bloodstream and then to body tissues. In the cells, glucose, a six-carbon sugar, is processed through a sequence of reactions into smaller sugars, and the energy stored inside the molecule is released. The first step of carbohydrate catabolism is glycolysis, which produces pyruvate, NADH, and ATP. Under anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate can be converted into lactate to keep glycolysis working. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle, also called the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid cycle. In addition to ATP, the Krebs cycle produces high-energy FADH2 and NADH molecules, which provide electrons to the oxidative phosphorylation process that generates more high-energy ATP molecules. For each molecule of glucose that is processed in glycolysis, a net of 36 ATPs can be created by aerobic respiration. Under anaerobic conditions, ATP production is limited to those generated by glycolysis. While a total of four ATPs are produced by glycolysis, two are needed to begin glycolysis, so there is a net yield of two ATP molecules. In conditions of low glucose, such as fasting, starvation, or low carbohydrate diets, glucose can be synthesized from lactate, pyruvate, glycerol, alanine, or glutamate. This process, called gluconeogenesis, is almost the reverse of glycolysis and serves to create glucose molecules for glucose-dependent organs, such as the brain, when glucose levels fall below normal.
[ "proteins", "impurities", "lipids", "carbohydrates" ]
D
SCiQ
What is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave?
Light is one type of electromagnetic radiation . Light is energy that travels in the form of an electromagnetic wave. Pictured below is a diagram of an electromagnetic wave ( Figure below ). An electromagnetic (EM) wave has two parts: an electric field and a magnetic field. The electric and magnetic fields vibrate up and down, which makes the wave.
[ "light", "microwave", "gravity", "sound" ]
A
SCiQ
Water's very polar compound causes most solutes to do what?
Many solutes dissolve in water because water is a very polar compound.
[ "gel", "combine", "repel", "dissolve" ]
D
SCiQ
What is a simple sugar such as fructose or glucose?
A monosaccharide is a simple sugar such as fructose or glucose. Fructose is found in fruits, whereas glucose generally results from the digestion of other carbohydrates. Glucose is used for energy by the cells of most organisms.
[ "monosaccharide", "galactose", "disaccharide", "polysaccharides" ]
A
SCiQ
What are daily changes in the level of ocean water called?
Tides are daily changes in the level of ocean water. They are caused mainly by the pull of the Moon’s gravity on Earth and its oceans. The Sun’s gravity also influences tides.
[ "tides", "floods", "currents", "waves" ]
A
SCiQ
What organ do most fish have that is used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water?
Sharks have well-developed sense organs that aid them in locating prey, including a keen sense of smell and electroreception, with the latter perhaps the most sensitive of any animal. Organs called ampullae of Lorenzini allow sharks to detect the electromagnetic fields that are produced by all living things, including their prey. Electroreception has only been observed in aquatic or amphibious animals. Sharks, together with most fishes and aquatic and larval amphibians, also have a sense organ called the lateral line, which is used to detect movement and vibration in the surrounding water, and is often considered homologous to “hearing” in terrestrial vertebrates. The lateral line is visible as a darker stripe that runs along the length of a fish’s body. Sharks reproduce sexually, and eggs are fertilized internally. Most species are ovoviviparous: The fertilized egg is retained in the oviduct of the mother’s body and the embryo is nourished by the egg yolk. The eggs hatch in the uterus, and young are born alive and fully functional. Some species of sharks are oviparous: They lay eggs that hatch outside of the mother’s body. Embryos are protected by a shark egg case or “mermaid’s purse” (Figure 29.12) that has the consistency of leather. The shark egg case has tentacles that snag in seaweed and give the newborn shark cover. A few species of sharks are viviparous: The young develop within the mother’s body and she gives live birth.
[ "nares", "eye", "lateral line", "operculum" ]
C
SCiQ
What is the unit of evolution?
The population is the unit of evolution.
[ "the population", "dna", "a phylum", "the cell" ]
A
SCiQ
Hair sticks out from the epidermis, but it grows from the?
Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. In fact, mammals are the only animals to have hair. Hair sticks out from the epidermis, but it grows from the dermis ( Figure below ). Hair grows from inside the hair follicle . New cells grow in the bottom part of the hair, called the bulb. Older cells get pushed up, and the hair grows longer. The cells that make up the hair strand are dead and filled with the rope-like protein keratin.
[ "fat", "dermis", "humus", "bone" ]
B
SCiQ
The turbine of a windmill spins and creates what?
Wind power uses moving air as a source of energy. Some types of wind power have been around for a long time. People have used windmills to grind grain and pump water for hundreds of years. Sailing ships have depended on wind for millennia. Wind is now used to generate electricity. Moving air can make a turbine spin, just like moving water can. Moving air has kinetic energy. When wind hits the blades of the turbine, the kinetic energy makes the blades move. The turbine spins and creates electricity.
[ "pollution", "grains", "lightning", "electricity" ]
D
SCiQ
Is sleep an active or inactive state in the brain?
[ "active", "different", "inactive", "intense" ]
A
SCiQ
What is the term for reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg?
Sexual reproduction combines gametes from two parents. Gametes are reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg. As gametes are produced, the number of chromosomes must be reduced by half. Why? The zygote must contain genetic information from the mother and from the father, so the gametes must contain half of the chromosomes found in normal body cells. When two gametes come together at fertilization, the normal amount of chromosomes results. Gametes are produced by a special type of cell division known as meiosis . Meiosis contains two rounds of cell division without DNA replication in between. This process reduces the number of chromosomes by half.
[ "nucleus", "spores", "parasites", "gametes" ]
D
SCiQ
What is an attitude of doubt about the truthfulness of claims that lack empirical evidence?
Skepticism is an attitude of doubt about the truthfulness of claims that lack empirical evidence. Scientific skepticism , also referred to as skeptical inquiry, questions claims based on their scientific verifiability rather than simply accepting claims based on faith or anecdotes. Scientific skepticism uses critical thinking to analyze such claims and opposes claims which lack scientific evidence.
[ "skepticism", "speculation", "conspiracy", "independent variable" ]
A
SCiQ
The hexapoda subphylum includes mainly what type of animal?
Living arthropods are divided into four subphyla. They are described in Table below . The Hexapoda subphylum includes mainly insects. There are so many insects and they are so important that they are described in greater detail below.
[ "birds", "spiders", "mammals", "insects" ]
D
SCiQ
The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their what?
As you can see in this NASA photo, Earth is tiny compared with the massive sun. The sun’s gravity is relatively strong because the force of gravity between two objects is directly proportional to their masses. Gravity between the sun and Earth pulls Earth toward the sun, but Earth never falls into the sun. Instead, it constantly revolves around the sun, making one complete revolution every 365 days.
[ "tissues", "Liquids", "masses", "rocks" ]
C
SCiQ
Because of its composition, oil does not do what in water?
[ "form", "separate", "explode", "dissolve" ]
D
SCiQ
Earthworms and segmented worms belong to what phylum?
The phylum Annelida is made up of segmented worms such as earthworms . Segmented worms are divided into many repeating segments. There are roughly 15,000 species of annelids. Most belong to one of three classes. A species in each class is pictured in Figure below . See The Cambrian Explosion at http://www. pbs. org/kcet/shapeoflife/episodes/explosion. html for an introduction to annelids.
[ "annelida", "protazoa", "bryozoa", "nematoda" ]
A
SCiQ
What is one major cause of skin cancer?
The most important way to keep your skin healthy is to protect it from ultraviolet light. Over-exposure to ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer. Keeping the skin clean can help prevent acne.
[ "infrared light", "visible light", "sunscreen", "ultraviolet light" ]
D
SCiQ
When sand is deposited along a shoreline, what is created?
Sand deposited along a shoreline creates a beach.
[ "bay", "island", "dunes", "beach" ]
D
SCiQ
What's the name for the process where pollen is transferred to the ovules of a seed plant?
[ "hibernation", "combination", "pollination", "condensation" ]
C
SCiQ
The cell body contains what central structure along with other organelles?
The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles.
[ "electron", "protons", "neutron", "nucleus" ]
D
SCiQ
Different types of interference include destructive and what else?
2t = λ n / 2, 3λ n / 2, 5λ n / 2, … . To know whether interference is constructive or destructive, you must also determine if there is a phase change upon reflection. Thin film interference thus depends on film thickness, the wavelength of light, and the refractive indices. For white light incident on a film that varies in thickness, you will observe rainbow colors of constructive interference for various wavelengths as the thickness varies. Example 27.7 Soap Bubbles: More Than One Thickness can be Constructive (a) What are the three smallest thicknesses of a soap bubble that produce constructive interference for red light with a wavelength of 650 nm? The index of refraction of soap is taken to be the same as that of water. (b) What three smallest thicknesses will give destructive interference? Strategy and Concept Use Figure 27.33 to visualize the bubble. Note that water). There is a.
[ "consistent", "active", "helpful", "constructive" ]
D
SCiQ
What is the main component of phytoplankton?
Algae play significant roles as producers in aquatic ecosystems. Microscopic forms live suspended in the water column. They are the main component of phytoplankton. As such, they contribute to the food base of most marine ecosystems.
[ "seawater", "amoebas", "cells", "algae" ]
D
SCiQ
What kind of lines does a diffraction grating produce?
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction Light passing through a single slit forms a diffraction pattern somewhat different from those formed by double slits or diffraction gratings. Figure 27.21 shows a single slit diffraction pattern. Note that the central maximum is larger than those on either side, and that the intensity decreases rapidly on either side. In contrast, a diffraction grating produces evenly spaced lines that dim slowly on either side of center.
[ "randomly spaced lines", "properly spaced lines", "nearly spaced lines", "evenly spaced lines" ]
D
SCiQ
What line of latitude is an equal distance from both the north and south poles?
Lines of latitude circle around Earth. The Equator is a line of latitude right in the middle of the planet. Latitude is divided into degrees: 90° north of the Equator and 90° south of the Equator. One degree is subdivided into 60 minutes. One minute is subdivided into 60 seconds. The Equator is at 0°. The Equator is an equal distance from both the North and South Poles. If you know your latitude, you know how far you are north or south of the Equator.
[ "mid-part", "equator", "divider", "meridian" ]
B
SCiQ
Comparisons of amino acid sequences can shed light on the evolutionary divergence of what?
[ "mammals", "birds", "related species", "dinosaurs" ]
C
SCiQ
What organ protects the body from injury, water loss, and microorganisms?
Skin protects the body from injury, water loss, and microorganisms. It also plays a major role in maintaining a stable body temperature. Common skin problems include acne and skin cancer.
[ "liver", "hair", "skin", "heart" ]
C
SCiQ
What class of animals, translated as “head foot”, includes octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautilus?
The visceral mass in the shelled species is characteristically twisted and the foot is modified for crawling. Most gastropods bear a head with tentacles that support eyes. A complex radula is used to scrape food particles from the substrate. The mantle cavity encloses the ctenidia as well as a pair of nephridia. The class Cephalopoda (“head foot” animals) includes octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and nautilus. Cephalopods include shelled and reduced-shell groups. They display vivid coloration, typically seen in squids and octopuses, which is used for camouflage. The ability of some octopuses to rapidly adjust their colors to mimic a background pattern or to startle a predator is one of the more awe-inspiring feats of these animals. All animals in this class are predators and have beaklike jaws. All cephalopods have a well-developed nervous system, complex eyes, and a closed circulatory system. The foot is lobed and developed into tentacles and a funnel, which is used for locomotion. Suckers are present on the tentacles in octopuses and squid. Ctenidia are enclosed in a large mantle cavity and are serviced by large blood vessels, each with its own heart. Cephalopods (Figure 15.27) are able to move quickly via jet propulsion by contracting the mantle cavity to forcefully eject a stream of water. Cephalopods have separate sexes, and the females of some species care for the eggs for an extended period of time. Although the shell is much reduced and internal in squid and cuttlefish, and absent altogether in octopus, nautilus live inside a spiral, multi-chambered shell that is filled with gas or water to regulate buoyancy.
[ "mollusks", "cephalopods", "bivalves", "crustaceans" ]
B
SCiQ
Newton’s third law of motion describes what property of forces that means balance?
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces There is a passage in the musical Man of la Mancha that relates to Newton’s third law of motion. Sancho, in describing a fight with his wife to Don Quixote, says, “Of course I hit her back, Your Grace, but she’s a lot harder than me and you know what they say, ‘Whether the stone hits the pitcher or the pitcher hits the stone, it’s going to be bad for the pitcher. ’” This is exactly what happens whenever one body exerts a force on another—the first also experiences a force (equal in magnitude and opposite in direction). Numerous common experiences, such as stubbing a toe or throwing a ball, confirm this. It is precisely stated in Newton’s third law of motion. Newton’s Third Law of Motion Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that it exerts. This law represents a certain symmetry in nature: Forces always occur in pairs, and one body cannot exert a force on another without experiencing a force itself. We sometimes refer to this law loosely as “action-reaction,” where the force exerted is the action and the force experienced as a consequence is the reaction. Newton’s third law has practical uses in analyzing the origin of forces and understanding which forces are external to a system. We can readily see Newton’s third law at work by taking a look at how people move about. Consider a swimmer pushing off from the side of a pool, as illustrated in Figure 4.9. She pushes against the pool wall with her feet and accelerates in the direction opposite to that of her push. The wall has exerted an equal and opposite force back on the swimmer. You might think that two equal and opposite forces would cancel, but they do not because they act on different systems. In this case, there are two systems that we could investigate: the swimmer or the wall. If we select the swimmer to be the system of interest, as in the figure, then F wall on feet is an external force on this system and affects its motion. The swimmer moves in the direction of.
[ "magnetism", "gravity", "acceleration", "symmetry" ]
D
SCiQ
What do all cells have in common?
Cells with different functions often vary in shape. They may also vary in size. However, all cells are very small. Even the largest organisms have microscopic cells. Cells are so small that their diameter is measured in micrometers. A micrometer is just one-millionth of a meter. Use the sliding scale at the following link to see how small cells and cell parts are compared with other objects.
[ "life span", "small size", "same function", "same shape" ]
B
SCiQ
What nerves attached to the brain are mainly responsible for motor and sensory functions?
Cranial Nerves The nerves attached to the brain are the cranial nerves, which are primarily responsible for the sensory and motor functions of the head and neck (one of these nerves targets organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as part of the parasympathetic nervous system). There are twelve cranial nerves, which are designated CNI through CNXII for “Cranial Nerve,” using Roman numerals for 1 through 12. They can be classified as sensory nerves, motor nerves, or a combination of both, meaning that the axons in these nerves originate out of sensory ganglia external to the cranium or motor nuclei within the brain stem. Sensory axons enter the brain to synapse in a nucleus. Motor axons connect to skeletal muscles of the head or neck. Three of the nerves are solely composed of sensory fibers; five are strictly motor; and the remaining four are mixed nerves. Learning the cranial nerves is a tradition in anatomy courses, and students have always used mnemonic devices to remember the nerve names. A traditional mnemonic is the rhyming couplet, “On Old Olympus’ Towering Tops/A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops,” in which the initial letter of each word corresponds to the initial letter in the name of each nerve. The names of the nerves have changed over the years to reflect current usage and more accurate naming. An exercise to help learn this sort of information is to generate a mnemonic using words that have personal significance. The names of the cranial nerves are listed in Table 13.3 along with a brief description of their function, their source (sensory ganglion or.
[ "autonomic nerves", "somatic nerves", "stimulation nerves", "cranial nerves" ]
D
SCiQ
Around 1200 species of what broad animal group are currently at risk of extinction due to human activity?
Today, some 1,200 species of birds are threatened with extinction by human actions. Humans need to take steps to protect this precious and important natural resource. What can you do to help?.
[ "mammals", "birds", "reptiles", "amphibians" ]
B
SCiQ
Arachidic, stearic, and palmitic fatty acids are examples of what type of fatty acid?
Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Saturated fatty acids include arachidic, stearic, and palmitic fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids include all the other fatty acids in the figure. Notice how all the unsaturated fatty acids have bent chains, whereas the saturated fatty acids have straight chains.
[ "saturated", "neutral", "integral", "compacted" ]
A
SCiQ
What is the term for any behavior that occurs only after experience or practice?
Learned behavior is any behavior that occurs only after experience or practice. The more intelligent a species is, the more it depends on learned behaviors, which have the advantage of being flexible. Ways in which animals learn behaviors include habituation, observational learning, conditioning, learning through play, and insight learning.
[ "saved behavior", "learned behavior", "practiced behavior", "studied behavior" ]
B
SCiQ
What human traits are controlled by more than one gene?
Many human traits are controlled by more than one gene. These traits are called polygenic traits (or characteristics). The alleles of each gene have a minor additive effect on the phenotype. There are many possible combinations of alleles, especially if each gene has multiple alleles. Therefore, a whole continuum of phenotypes is possible.
[ "polygenic traits", "autolysis traits", "mutant traits", "maladaptive traits" ]
A
SCiQ
Which pollution can cause lung cancer and can also make asthma and other diseases worse?
Besides pathogens, many other dangers in the environment may negatively affect human health. For example, air pollution can cause lung cancer. It can also make asthma and other diseases worse. Bioterrorism is another potential threat in the environment. It may poison large numbers of people or cause epidemics of deadly diseases. But the worst thing you can do to yourself is smoke cigarettes.
[ "air pollination", "climate pollution", "air pollution", "water pollution" ]
C
SCiQ
Transgenic animals are animals that have incorporated a gene from another species into their what?
DNA technology has proved very beneficial to humans. Transgenic animals are animals that have incorporated a gene from another species into their genome. They are used as experimental models to perform phenotypic tests with genes whose function is unknown, or to generate animals that are susceptible to certain compounds or stresses for testing purposes. Other applications include the production of human hormones, such as insulin. Many times these animals are rodents, such as mice, or fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ). Fruit flies are extremely useful as genetic models to study the effects of genetic changes on development. GloFish are the first genetically modified animal to be sold as a pet and are transgenic zebrafish transfected with a natural fluorescence gene. Watch these fish at http://www. youtube. com/watch?v=6cQLGKH2ojY or in the video below.
[ "habitats", "food", "enemies", "genome" ]
D
SCiQ
What is the term for how close a measurement is to the true value?
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value. For example, 66 mL is a fairly accurate measurement of the liquid in Figure above .
[ "validity", "accuracy", "correctness", "frequency" ]
B
SCiQ
What are clouds on earth made of?
Clouds on Earth are made of water vapor. Venus's clouds are a lot less pleasant. They are made of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and large amounts of corrosive sulfuric acid! Scientists think the color of sunlight on Venus is reddish-brown.
[ "rain", "ozone", "water vapor", "carbon dioxide gas" ]
C
SCiQ
What do you call compounds that have covalent bonds?
Covalent bonds are bonds in which atoms share rather than transfer electrons. Compounds with covalent bonds are called covalent compounds.
[ "valence compound", "ions", "covalent compounds", "reflectivity compounds" ]
C
SCiQ
Stress building up at the same rate over time at a fault causes what phenomenon?
When an earthquake will occur is much more difficult to predict. Stress on a fault builds up at the same rate over time. So earthquakes should occur at regular intervals. But, so far, scientists cannot predict when quakes will occur even to within a few years. Around Parkfield, California, an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 or higher occurs about every 22 years. So seismologists predicted that one would strike in 1993. But that quake came in 2004—11 years late ( Figure below ).
[ "erosion", "earthquakes", "volcanoes", "storms" ]
B
SCiQ
Which types of muscles cause bones to move when they retract?
Skeletal muscles are attached to the skeleton and cause bones to move when they contract.
[ "active muscles", "bone muscles", "working muscles", "skeletal muscles" ]
D
SCiQ
What do you call a condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid?
An esterification is a condensation reaction in which an ester is formed from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Esterification is a subcategory of condensation reactions because a water molecule is produced in the reaction. The reaction is catalyzed by a strong acid, usually sulfuric acid. When the carboxylic acid butanoic acid is heated with an excess of methanol and a few drops of sulfuric acid, the ester methyl butanoate is produced. Methyl butanoate has the scent of pineapples. The reaction is shown below with both molecular and structural formulas.
[ "esterification", "transesterification", "decarboxylation", "esterisation" ]
A
SCiQ
Chloroplasts are the little green particles in plants made up of what colorful pigment?
[ "melanin", "carbonate", "verdigris", "chlorophyll" ]
D
SCiQ
What scale measures acidity?
Note that Earth's axis of rotation is tilted. The axis is not perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. This plane is the one that solar system bodies are mostly lined up in.
[ "ph scale", "richter scale", "frequency scale", "salinity scale" ]
A
SCiQ
For the nervous system to function, neurons must be able to send and receive what?
Nerve Impulse Transmission within a Neuron For the nervous system to function, neurons must be able to send and receive signals. These signals are possible because each neuron has a charged cellular membrane (a voltage difference between the inside and the outside), and the charge of this membrane can change in response to neurotransmitter molecules released from other neurons and environmental stimuli. To understand how neurons communicate, one must first understand the basis of the baseline or ‘resting’ membrane charge. Neuronal Charged Membranes The lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds a neuron is impermeable to charged molecules or ions. To enter or exit the neuron, ions must pass through special proteins called ion channels that span the membrane. Ion channels have different configurations: open, closed, and inactive, as illustrated in Figure 35.9. Some ion channels need to be activated in order to open and allow ions to pass into or out of the cell. These ion channels are sensitive to the environment and can change their shape accordingly. Ion channels that change their structure in response to voltage changes are called voltage-gated ion channels. Voltage-gated ion channels regulate the relative concentrations of different ions inside and outside the cell. The difference in total charge between the inside and outside of the cell is called the membrane potential.
[ "information", "signals", "proteins", "pulses" ]
B
SCiQ
What type of plant is the dominant group of land plants?
Vascular Plants The vascular plants are the dominant and most conspicuous group of land plants. There are about 275,000 species of vascular plants, which represent more than 90 percent of Earth’s vegetation. Several evolutionary innovations explain their success and their spread to so many habitats. Vascular Tissue: Xylem and Phloem The first fossils that show the presence of vascular tissue are dated to the Silurian period, about 430 million years ago. The simplest arrangement of conductive cells shows a pattern of xylem at the center surrounded by phloem. Xylem is the tissue responsible for long-distance transport of water and minerals, the transfer of water-soluble growth factors from the organs of synthesis to the target organs, and storage of water and nutrients. A second type of vascular tissue is phloem, which transports sugars, proteins, and other solutes through the plant. Phloem cells are divided into sieve elements, or conducting cells, and supportive tissue. Together, xylem and phloem tissues form the vascular system of plants.
[ "oxygen plants", "vascular plants", "thermal plants", "grass plants" ]
B
SCiQ
The hydroxyl radical is highly reactive because it has what?
Because the hydroxyl radical has an unpaired electron, it is highly reactive. (This is true of any substance with unpaired electrons, known as a free radical. ) This hydroxyl radical can react with all kinds of biological molecules (DNA, proteins, enzymes, and so on), causing damage to the molecules and disrupting physiological processes. Examples of direct and indirect damage are shown in Figure 21.32.
[ "paired electron", "unpaired neutron", "unpaired electron", "paired proton" ]
C
SCiQ
What gases move in and out of blood during gas exchange?
User:helix84/Wikimedia Commons. Gas exchange is the movement of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of the blood . CC BY 2.5.
[ "nitrogen, carbon dioxide", "oxygen, carbon dioxide", "oxygen, carbon monoxide", "oxygen, nitrogen" ]
B
SCiQ
The theory that establishes the concepts of atoms and how they compose matter is called what?
The modern atomic theory establishes the concepts of atoms and how they compose matter.
[ "modern atomic theory", "modern particle theory", "unified matter theory", "contemporary atomic theory" ]
A
SCiQ
Which factor has a big impact on coastal climates?
Large ocean currents can have a big impact on the climate of nearby coasts. The Gulf Stream, for example, carries warm water from near the equator up the eastern coast of North America. Look at the map in Figure below . It shows how the Gulf Stream warms both the water and land along the coast.
[ "large ocean currents", "ocean waves", "tide", "tsunami" ]
A
SCiQ
What is the name for the male gamete?
[ "egg", "sperm", "ova", "chromatid" ]
B
SCiQ
What is a rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a plant cell?
The cell wall is a rigid layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a plant cell. It supports and protects the cell. Tiny holes, or pores, in the cell wall allow water, nutrients, and other substances to move into and out of the cell. The cell wall is made up mainly of complex carbohydrates, including cellulose.
[ "the cell center", "mitochondria", "the nucleic wall", "the cell wall" ]
D
SCiQ
Elements below the second period, such as silicon, do not form what as readily as second-period elements, and when they do form, they are weaker than those formed by second-period elements?
Silicon dioxide, silica, occurs in both crystalline and amorphous forms. The usual crystalline form of silicon dioxide is quartz, a hard, brittle, clear, colorless solid. It is useful in many ways—for architectural decorations, semiprecious jewels, and frequency control in radio transmitters. Silica takes many crystalline forms, or polymorphs, in nature. Trace amounts of Fe3+ in quartz give amethyst its characteristic purple color. The term quartz is also used for articles such as tubing and lenses that are manufactured from amorphous silica. Opal is a naturally occurring form of amorphous silica. The contrast in structure and physical properties between silicon dioxide and carbon dioxide is interesting, as illustrated in Figure 18.18. Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) contains single CO2 molecules with each of the two oxygen atoms attached to the carbon atom by double bonds. Very weak intermolecular forces hold the molecules together in the crystal. The volatility of dry ice reflect these weak forces between molecules. In contrast, silicon dioxide is a covalent network solid. In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom links to four oxygen atoms by single bonds directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron, and SiO4 tetrahedra share oxygen atoms. This arrangement gives a three dimensional, continuous, silicon-oxygen network. A quartz crystal is a macromolecule of silicon dioxide. The difference between these two compounds is the ability of the group 14 elements to form strong π bonds. Secondperiod elements, such as carbon, form very strong π bonds, which is why carbon dioxide forms small molecules with strong double bonds. Elements below the second period, such as silicon, do not form π bonds as readily as secondperiod elements, and when they do form, the π bonds are weaker than those formed by second-period elements. For this reason, silicon dioxide does not contain π bonds but only σ bonds.
[ "magnetic bonds", "n bonds", "k. bonds", "covalent bonds" ]
B
SCiQ
Leaves respond to these environmental stimuli by producing less what?
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system with a heart. Blood is completely contained within blood vessels that carry the blood throughout the body. The heart is divided into chambers that work together to pump blood. There are between two and four chambers in the vertebrate heart. With more chambers, there is more oxygen in the blood and more vigorous pumping action.
[ "oxygen", "carbonate", "chlorophyll", "energy" ]
C
SCiQ
The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, and the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for this?
Figure 11.32 Muscles of the Lower Leg The muscles of the anterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for dorsiflexion, and the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg are generally responsible for plantar flexion. The lateral and medial muscles in both compartments invert, evert, and rotate the foot.
[ "ganglion flexion", "plantar flexion", "posterior flexion", "walking flexion" ]
B
SCiQ
Where does the nucleus store chromatin ?
Figure 4.11 The nucleus stores chromatin (DNA plus proteins) in a gel-like substance called the nucleoplasm. The nucleolus is a condensed region of chromatin where ribosome synthesis occurs. The boundary of the nucleus is called the nuclear envelope. It consists of two phospholipid bilayers: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The nuclear membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nuclear pores allow substances to enter and exit the nucleus.
[ "nucleoplasm", "ribosome", "xerophyte", "chloroplasts" ]
A
SCiQ
What is the middle layer that hair pass through before exiting at the surface of the skin?
Hair follicles are the structures where hairs originate. Hairs grow out of follicles, pass through the epidermis, and exit at the surface of the skin.
[ "epidermis", "cuticle", "dermis", "epithelial tissue" ]
A
SCiQ
What part of a chromosome exists in different states of condensation at different times?
[ "chromonema", "centromeres", "pellicle", "the chromatin" ]
D
SCiQ
From where have the earliest ocean plants thought to have evolved?
The earliest plants are thought to have evolved in the ocean from a green alga ancestor. Plants were among the earliest organisms to leave the water and colonize land. The evolution of vascular tissues allowed plants to grow larger and thrive on land. The evolution of seeds and pollen allowed them to reproduce on land without moisture. Flowering plants evolved flowers with ovaries that formed fruits. They have been the most successful plants of all.
[ "green alga ancestor", "simple coral ancestor", "simple alga ancestor", "green pepinia ancestor" ]
A
SCiQ
What is a pair of valence electrons in a bonded atom that does not participate in bonding called?
A pair of valence electrons in a bonded atom that does not participate in bonding is called a lone pair. Lone pair electrons contribute to molecular shape.
[ "lone pair", "opposite pair", "isolated pair", "hostile pair" ]
A
SCiQ
Some marine algae have evolved special structures capable of what plant process?
in color. Golden algae are found in both freshwater and marine environments, where they form a major part of the plankton community. The brown algae are primarily marine, multicellular organisms that are known colloquially as seaweeds. Giant kelps are a type of brown algae. Some brown algae have evolved specialized tissues that resemble terrestrial plants, with root-like holdfasts, stem-like stipes, and leaf-like blades that are capable of photosynthesis. The stipes of giant kelps are enormous, extending in some cases for 60 meters. A variety of algal life cycles exists, but the most complex is alternation of generations, in which both haploid and diploid stages involve multicellularity. Compare this life cycle to that of humans, for instance. Haploid gametes produced by meiosis (sperm and egg) combine in fertilization to generate a diploid zygote that undergoes many rounds of mitosis to produce a multicellular embryo and then a fetus. However, the individual sperm and egg themselves never become multicellular beings. Terrestrial plants also have evolved alternation of generations. In the brown algae genus Laminaria, haploid spores develop into multicellular gametophytes, which produce haploid gametes that combine to produce diploid organisms that then become multicellular organisms with a different structure from the haploid form (Figure 23.19). Certain other organisms perform alternation of generations in which both the haploid and diploid forms look the same.
[ "seed germination", "photosynthesis", "pollination", "respiration" ]
B
SCiQ
What type of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton are the narrowest?
Microfilaments Of the three types of protein fibers in the cytoskeleton, microfilaments are the narrowest. They function in cellular movement, have a diameter of about 7 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin (Figure 4.23). For this reason, microfilaments are also known as actin filaments.
[ "capillaries", "mitosis", "microfilaments", "macrophages" ]
C
SCiQ
What kind of energy positions do electrons occupy during ground state?
Oxygen has 6 valence electrons in its ground state. Remember that ground state refers to the neutral atom in which the electrons occupy the lowest possible energy positions. Oxygen is two electrons away from being isoelectronic with the nearest noble gas. Oxygen will therefore form ions by gaining two electrons to become isoelectronic with neon, as shown below:.
[ "closest energy positions", "lowest energy positions", "highest energy positions", "relative energy positions" ]
B
SCiQ
A change in the sequence of bases in dna or rna is called a what?
A change in the sequence of bases in DNA or RNA is called a mutation . Does the word mutation make you think of science fiction and bug-eyed monsters? Think again. Everyone has mutations. In fact, most people have dozens or even hundreds of mutations in their DNA. Mutations are essential for evolution to occur. They are the ultimate source of all new genetic material in a species. Although most mutations have no effect on the organisms in which they occur, some mutations are beneficial. Even harmful mutations rarely cause drastic changes in organisms.
[ "mutation", "accumulation", "infection", "isolation" ]
A
SCiQ
The heart contracts rhythmically to pump what to the lungs and the rest of the body?
The heart contracts rhythmically to pump blood to the lungs and the rest of the body. Specialized cardiac muscle cells trigger the contractions.
[ "Bile", "blood", "Chyle", "Cerumen" ]
B
SCiQ
Bone tissues include compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, and?
Bone tissues include compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, and periosteum.
[ "epithelium", "cartilage", "esophagus", "periosteum" ]
D
SCiQ
Fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets are problems of which body system?
Skeletal system problems include fractures, osteoarthritis, and rickets.
[ "skeletal system", "circulatory system", "cardiovascular system", "digestive system" ]
A
SCiQ
What type of animals are known for being playful and frisky?
Sea otters are known for being playful and frisky. They are serious eaters, however! A major part of a sea otter's diet are echinoderms, such as sea urchins. They manage to eat the soft part of the sea urchins while avoiding the huge sea urchin spines.
[ "giant tortoises", "cows", "sea otters", "snakes" ]
C
SCiQ
What did sir isaac newton's famous law help people understand?
People have known about gravity for thousands of years. After all, they constantly experienced gravity in their daily lives. They knew that things always fall toward the ground. However, it wasn’t until Sir Isaac Newton developed his law of gravity in the late 1600s that people really began to understand gravity. Newton is pictured in Figure below .
[ "gravity", "radio waves", "motion", "light" ]
A
SCiQ
Some prokaryotes form spores for survival called what?
Many organisms form spores for reproduction. Some prokaryotes form spores for survival. Called endospores , they form inside prokaryotic cells when they are under stress. The stress could be UV radiation, high temperatures, or harsh chemicals. Endospores enclose the DNA and help it survive under conditions that may kill the cell. Endospores are commonly found in soil and water. They may survive for long periods of time.
[ "buds", "gymnosperms", "rhizomes", "endospores" ]
D
SCiQ
The skin is a familiar organ made of what kind of tissue?
The skin is a familiar organ made of epithelial tissue.
[ "epithelial tissue", "aberrant tissue", "recurrent tissue", "innate tissue" ]
A
SCiQ
Chlorine is a nonmetal and gains one electron in becoming a what?
We will use sodium chloride as an example to demonstrate the nature of the ionic bond and how it forms. As you know, sodium is a metal and loses its one valence electron to become a cation. Chlorine is a nonmetal and gains one electron in becoming an anion. Both achieve a noble-gas electron configuration. However, electrons cannot be simply “lost” to nowhere in particular. A more accurate way to describe what is happening is that a single electron is transferred from the sodium atom to the chlorine atom as shown below.
[ "sulfate", "atom", "carbonate", "anion" ]
D
SCiQ
What is the most common type of cancer in adult males?
The most common type of cancer in adult males is cancer of the prostate gland. The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. About one third of all cancers in men are prostate cancers.
[ "lung", "prostate", "leukemia", "stomach" ]
B
SCiQ
What type of energy can be used to change the position or shape of an object, thus giving it potential energy?
Mechanical energy commonly changes between kinetic and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy of moving objects. Potential energy is energy that is stored in objects, typically because of their position or shape. Kinetic energy can be used to change the position or shape of an object, giving it potential energy. Potential energy gives the object the potential to move. If it does, the potential energy changes back to kinetic energy.
[ "static energy", "harmonic energy", "kinetic energy", "binary energy" ]
C
SCiQ
Compounds containing an atom of what element, bonded in a hydrocarbon framework, are classified as amines?
20.2 Alcohols and Ethers Many organic compounds that are not hydrocarbons can be thought of as derivatives of hydrocarbons. A hydrocarbon derivative can be formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon by a functional group, which contains at least one atom of an element other than carbon or hydrogen. The properties of hydrocarbon derivatives are determined largely by the functional group. The –OH group is the functional group of an alcohol. The –R–O–R– group is the functional group of an ether. 20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters Functional groups related to the carbonyl group include the –CHO group of an aldehyde, the –CO– group of a ketone, the –CO2H group of a carboxylic acid, and the –CO2R group of an ester. The carbonyl group, a carbon-oxygen double bond, is the key structure in these classes of organic molecules: Aldehydes contain at least one hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, ketones contain two carbon groups attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, carboxylic acids contain a hydroxyl group attached to the carbonyl carbon atom, and esters contain an oxygen atom attached to another carbon group connected to the carbonyl carbon atom. All of these compounds contain oxidized carbon atoms relative to the carbon atom of an alcohol group. 20.4 Amines and Amides The addition of nitrogen into an organic framework leads to two families of molecules. Compounds containing a nitrogen atom bonded in a hydrocarbon framework are classified as amines. Compounds that have a nitrogen atom bonded to one side of a carbonyl group are classified as amides. Amines are a basic functional group. Amines and carboxylic acids can combine in a condensation reaction to form amides.
[ "oxygen", "hydrogen", "ammonia", "nitrogen" ]
D
SCiQ
What results when a force does work?
work: A force is said to do work when it acts on a body so that there is a displacement of the point of application, however small, in the direction of the force. Thus a force does work when it results in movement. The work done by a constant force of magnitude on a point that moves a distance in the direction of the force is the product, .
[ "movement", "momentum", "pressure", "side effect" ]
A
SCiQ
What structure passes oxygen and nutrients to a growing fetus in mammals?
The majority of mammals are placental mammals. These are mammals in which the developing baby is fed through the mother's placenta. Female placental mammals develop a placenta after fertilization. A placenta is a spongy structure that passes oxygen, nutrients, and other useful substances from the mother to the fetus. It also passes carbon dioxide and other wastes from the fetus to the mother. The placenta allows the fetus to grow for a long time within the mother.
[ "placenta", "spinal cord", "uterus", "vas deferens" ]
A
SCiQ
What is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both c atoms?
Acetylene is an interesting example of a molecule with two central atoms, which are both C atoms. Polyatomic ions are bonded together with covalent bonds. Because they are ions, however, they participate in ionic bonding with other ions. So both major types of bonding can occur at the same time.
[ "chloride", "acetylene", "sulfur", "water" ]
B
SCiQ
Chemical and solar cells are devices that change chemical or light energy to what?
Chemical and solar cells are devices that change chemical or light energy to electrical energy. You can read about both types of cells and how they work below.
[ "electrical energy", "cellular", "temperature energy", "occurring energy" ]
A
SCiQ
One gram of proteins provides how many calories of energy?
Dietary proteins are broken down during digestion to provide the amino acids needed for protein synthesis. Any extra proteins in the diet not needed for this purpose are used for energy or stored as fat. One gram of proteins provides 4 Calories of energy.
[ "two", "four", "eight", "zero" ]
B
SCiQ
What is a sac filled with fluid or other material?
Cysts may develop in the ovaries. A cyst is a sac filled with fluid or other material. Ovarian cysts are usually harmless and often disappear on their own. However, some cysts may be painful and require surgery.
[ "a lesion", "a receptacle", "Golgi apparatus", "a cyst" ]
D
SCiQ