mkartofel/MNLP_M2_quantized_dataset · Datasets at Hugging Face

question stringlengths 21 289	support stringlengths 0 2.7k	choices listlengths 4 4	answer stringclasses 4 values	source stringclasses 1 value
Lymph vessels, like veins, have what objects that prevent the backflow of fluid?		[ "valves", "fibers", "pumps", "pores" ]	A	SCiQ
What do you call the point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered to be concentrated?	Every object has a center of gravity . The center of gravity is the point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered to be concentrated; if supported at this point, the body would remain in equilibrium in any position. For example, if we were discussing a 12-inch ruler, the center of gravity for the ruler would be at the center of the 6-inch line. You could put your finger directly under the 6-inch line to hold the ruler and it would not fall either left or right. If you placed your finger underneath any other place on the ruler, it would fall off to one side or the other.	[ "complex of gravity", "direction of gravity", "center of earth", "center of gravity" ]	D	SCiQ
What is the name of the command center of the cell?	3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing the genetic instructions for all of the materials a cell will make (and thus all of its functions it can perform). The nucleus is encased within a membrane of two interconnected lipid bilayers, side-by-side. This nuclear envelope is studded with protein-lined pores that allow materials to be trafficked into and out of.	[ "mitochondria", "molecules", "vacuole", "nucleus" ]	D	SCiQ
What is the key issue in the small-population approach?		[ "genetic variation", "disease variation", "genetic mutation", "alternative variation" ]	A	SCiQ
What are diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits examples of?	Electronic components are the parts used in electronic devices. They are made of p-type and n-type semiconductors. Examples of electronic components include diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (microchips).	[ "electronic components", "computer parts", "radio parts", "machine parts" ]	A	SCiQ
What are the layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together?		[ "stomatolites", "stalactites", "quartzes", "stalagmites" ]	A	SCiQ
Acids can also react with metals, and when they do they produce what?	You already know that a sour taste is one property of acids. ( Warning : Never taste an unknown substance to see whether it is an acid!) Acids have certain other properties as well. For example, acids can conduct electricity when dissolved in water because they consist of charged particles in solution. (Electric current is a flow of charged particles. ) Acids can also react with metals, and when they do they produce hydrogen gas. An example of this type of reaction is hydrochloric acid reacting with the metal zinc (Zn). The reaction is pictured in the Figure below . It can be represented by the chemical equation:.	[ "alloys", "hydrogen gas", "rust", "potassium gas" ]	B	SCiQ
Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of what?	Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of moving.	[ "creating", "working", "moving", "pushing" ]	C	SCiQ
The group 18 gases that have 8 valence electrons are referred to as what type of gases?	A common way to keep track of valence electrons is with Lewis electron dot structures . In an electron dot structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol, and each valence electron is represented by a single dot. Note that only valence electrons are shown explicitly in these diagrams. For the main group elements, the number of valence electrons for a neutral atom can be determined by looking at which group the element belongs to. In the s block, Group 1 elements have one valence electron, while Group 2 elements have two valence electrons. In the p block, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus ten. Group 13 elements have three valence electrons, Group 14 elements have four, and so on. The noble gases in Group 18 have eight valence electrons, and the full outer s and p sublevels are what give these elements their special stability. Representative dot diagrams are shown in the Figure below :.	[ "novel", "important", "noble", "metal" ]	C	SCiQ
Where a cell resides, how it appears, and what it does define its what?		[ "development fate", "slowing rate", "minute race", "life cycle" ]	A	SCiQ
What purpose does the appendix serve in humans today?	Structures like the human tail bone are called vestigial structures . Evolution has reduced their size because the structures are no longer used. The human appendix is another example of a vestigial structure. It is a tiny remnant of a once-larger organ. In a distant ancestor, it was needed to digest food. It serves no purpose in humans today. Why do you think structures that are no longer used shrink in size? Why might a full-sized, unused structure reduce an organism’s fitness?.	[ "digests food", "filters blood", "work", "none" ]	D	SCiQ
What are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian?	Primates are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian primates.	[ "rodents", "primates", "insects", "carnivores" ]	B	SCiQ
Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. a few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to what?	Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay.	[ "habitat loss", "greenhouse gas", "their decay", "spontaneous mutation" ]	C	SCiQ
People with osteoporosis have an increase risk of what?	People with osteoporosis have an increased risk of bone fractures. A bone fracture is a crack or break in bone. Even if you have healthy bones, you may fracture a bone if too much stress is placed on it. This could happen in a car crash or while playing a sport. Wearing a seatbelt when you ride in a motor vehicle and wearing safety gear when you play sports may help prevent bone fractures.	[ "cancer", "bone fractures", "weight loss", "muscle loss" ]	B	SCiQ
What part of the plant anchors it into the soil?		[ "roots", "buds", "leaves", "stems" ]	A	SCiQ
What term refers to the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance?		[ "disturbance succession", "ecological succession", "progressions", "physiological succession" ]	B	SCiQ
What rises through solid rocks where conditions are right?	Lithospheric plates do a lot of moving on Earth's surface. Slabs of lithosphere smash into each other. They move sideways past each other along faults. Where conditions are right, magma rises through solid rock. It's no wonder that rocks experience stress! Rocks respond differently to different types of stress and under different conditions.	[ "crystals", "nitrogen", "water", "magma" ]	D	SCiQ
What causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming?	Air pollution consists of chemical substances and particles released into the air, mainly by human actions. The major cause of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Indoor air can also be polluted. Air pollution, in turn, causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.	[ "water pollution", "radiation", "ozone layer", "air pollution" ]	D	SCiQ
What type of climates are found around the equator?	Tropical climates are found around the Equator. As you'd expect, these climates have warm temperatures year round. The warm air rises at the Equator. As it rises, it cools, causing it to rain. Tropical climates may be very wet, or wet and dry.	[ "tropical", "tundras", "arctics", "arid" ]	A	SCiQ
The process when heat is released is referred to as what?	Heat involves the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures. If you held a flask containing a reaction that releases energy, you would be able to feel the heat being transferred from the reaction into your hand. A process in which heat is released is referred to as exothermic . Conversely, reactions that absorb energy will remove energy from the surroundings, causing the container to feel cold. For example, dissolving ammonium nitrate in water will significantly lower the water temperature. Processes that absorb energy from their surroundings are called endothermic .	[ "exothermic", "geothermal", "insular", "endothermic" ]	A	SCiQ
What lizards can change colors based on the color of their surroundings?		[ "Monitor", "geckos", "chameleons", "skink" ]	C	SCiQ
What kind of compound, contained in coffee and alcohol, increases urine volume?	Diuretics and Fluid Volume A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. In cases of high blood pressure, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce blood volume and, thereby, reduce blood pressure. The most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. It inhibits the Na+/ Cl– symporter in the DCT and collecting duct. The result is a loss of Na+ with water following passively by osmosis. Osmotic diuretics promote water loss by osmosis. An example is the indigestible sugar mannitol, which is most often administered to reduce brain swelling after head injury. However, it is not the only sugar that can produce a diuretic effect. In cases of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose levels exceed the capacity of the tubular glucose symporters, resulting in glucose in the urine. The unrecovered glucose becomes a powerful osmotic diuretic. Classically, in the days before glucose could be detected in the blood and urine, clinicians identified diabetes mellitus by the three Ps: polyuria (diuresis), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).	[ "anabolic", "acid", "additive", "diuretic" ]	D	SCiQ
What part of the muscle fibers cause shortening and contraction?	The sliding-and-shortening process occurs all along many myofibrils and in many muscle fibers. It causes the muscle fibers to shorten and the muscle to contract.	[ "myofibrils", "pores", "fasciae", "collagen" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the period from earth's origin to the beginning of the phanerozoic eon?	For the first 4 billion years of Earth history there is only a little evidence of life. Organisms were tiny and soft and did not fossilize well. But scientists use a variety of ways to figure out what this early life was like. Note that the period from Earth's origin to the beginning of the Phanerozoic is called the Precambrian.	[ "Paleolithic", "anatolian", "precambrian", "Cenozoic" ]	C	SCiQ
What muscles are used to pump water over the gills?		[ "jaws and pharynx", "muscles and pharynx", "pharynx and tonsils", "lungs and pharynx" ]	A	SCiQ
When populations get close to the carrying capacity, what happens to growth?	Populations usually grow bigger when they have what they need. How fast they grow depends on birth and death rates. They grow more slowly as they get close to the carrying capacity. This is the biggest population the environment can support.	[ "slows", "halts", "dies", "spikes" ]	A	SCiQ
Skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells share what property, which is not shared by smooth muscle cells?	Figure 33.18 Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do. Cardiac muscle cells have striations, but, unlike the multinucleate skeletal cells, they have only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell.	[ "surfaces", "filaments", "overlap", "striations" ]	D	SCiQ
What organ does asthma periodically cause to narrow?	Asthma is a disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow, often with excessive mucus production. This causes difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergens, strenuous exercise, stress, or other factors.	[ "lungs", "ovaries", "intestines", "liver" ]	A	SCiQ
A crow that becomes used to a scarecrow and lands on it is an example of what?	Another example of habituation is shown below ( Figure below ). Crows and most other birds are usually afraid of people. They avoid coming close to people, or they fly away when people come near them. The crows landing on this scarecrow have become used to a “human” in this place. They have learned that the scarecrow poses no danger. They are no longer afraid to come close. They have become habituated to the scarecrow.	[ "assimilation", "habituation", "adaptation", "dissociation" ]	B	SCiQ
Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at what?	Earthquakes, essentially sound waves in Earth’s crust, are an interesting example of how the speed of sound depends on the rigidity of the medium. Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at different speeds. The bulk modulus of granite is greater than its shear modulus. For that reason, the speed of longitudinal or pressure waves (Pwaves) in earthquakes in granite is significantly higher than the speed of transverse or shear waves (S-waves). Both components of earthquakes travel slower in less rigid material, such as sediments. P-waves have speeds of 4 to 7 km/s, and S-waves correspondingly range in speed from 2 to 5 km/s, both being faster in more rigid material. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. The time between the P- and S-waves is routinely used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake. The speed of sound is affected by temperature in a given medium. For air at sea level, the speed of sound is given by.	[ "the speed of sound", "the speed of light", "different speeds", "identical speeds" ]	C	SCiQ
In what human organ system would you find live e. coli bacteria?	E. coli bacteria are anaerobic bacteria that live in the human digestive tract.	[ "circulatory system", "skeletal system", "respiratory system", "digestive system" ]	D	SCiQ
Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to what?	Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to sunlight.	[ "sunlight", "humans", "air", "water" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the name of the procedure where an unknown compound can be analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the percentages of each element contained within it?	In a procedure called elemental analysis , an unknown compound can be analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the percentages of each element contained within it. These percentages can be transformed into the mole ratio of the elements, which leads to the empirical formula. The steps to be taken are outlined below.	[ "electrical analysis", "gaseous analysis", "chemical analysis", "elemental analysis" ]	D	SCiQ
What does the human heart do?	The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 3 L/min. (a) Convert this to cm /s . (b) What is this rate in m 3 /s ? 3. Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta. Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s. The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand’s most visited natural tourist attractions (see Figure 12.29). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?.	[ "make blood", "destroy blood", "pump blood", "use blood" ]	C	SCiQ
What organism is at the top of the energy pyramid?	Each step of the food chain in the energy pyramid is called a trophic level . Plants or other photosynthetic organisms ( autotrophs ) are found on the first trophic level, at the bottom of the pyramid. The next level will be the herbivores, and then the carnivores that eat the herbivores. The energy pyramid ( Figure below ) shows four levels of a food chain, from producers to carnivores. Because of the high rate of energy loss in food chains, there are usually only 4 or 5 trophic levels in the food chain or energy pyramid. There just is not enough energy to support any additional trophic levels. Heterotrophs are found in all levels of an energy pyramid other than the first level.	[ "primate", "herbivore", "carnivore", "insects" ]	C	SCiQ
Parthenogenesis is the most common form of what in animals that at other times reproduce sexually?		[ "budding", "cell division", "sexual dimorphism", "asexual reproduction" ]	D	SCiQ
What do you call a substance that is not an acid or a base?	What is one of the most important characteristics of a referee? A referee must be neutral. He can’t favor one team over the other. In chemistry, being neutral means not being an acid or a base. Pure water is an example of a neutral substance. In some chemical reactions, an acid and a base combine to form neutral products, including water. You’ll see how this happens when you read this article.	[ "equivalent", "toxic", "oxidic", "neutral" ]	D	SCiQ
What element is all life built around?	The cell is the basic unit of life. A cell is made of molecules, which are made of elements. All life-which means all bacteria and archaea, all protists, fungi, plants and animals-is built around the element carbon, and four categories of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules come together to form a cell, which is the basis of life. One particular type of protein, enzymes, are biological catalysts, allowing biochemical reactions to proceed at the rate necessary to maintain life. One other molecule, water, is also essential to life, though water is not an organic compound.	[ "oxygen", "neon", "hydrogen", "carbon" ]	D	SCiQ
The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of what?	environment of the body’s soft tissues. Barrier defenses are part of the body’s most basic defense mechanisms. The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens. The different modes of barrier defenses are associated with the external surfaces of the body, where pathogens may try to enter (Table 21.2). The primary barrier to the entrance of microorganisms into the body is the skin. Not only is the skin covered with a layer of dead, keratinized epithelium that is too dry for bacteria in which to grow, but as these cells are continuously sloughed off from the skin, they carry bacteria and other pathogens with them. Additionally, sweat and other skin secretions may lower pH, contain toxic lipids, and physically wash microbes away.	[ "ecosystems", "nutrients", "mates", "pathogens" ]	D	SCiQ
What system is responsible for defending your body against sickness?	Infectious diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. They are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or fungi. What can you do to avoid infectious diseases? Eating right and getting plenty of sleep are a good start. These habits will help keep your immune system healthy. With a healthy immune system, you will be able to fight off many pathogens. The next best way is to avoid pathogens. Though this is difficult, there are steps you can take to limit your exposure to pathogens.	[ "digestion system", "immune system", "circulatory system", "nervous system" ]	B	SCiQ
What causes reduction of elasticity in all organs?	Unlike bones and tendons, which need to be strong as well as elastic, the arteries and lungs need to be very stretchable. The elastic properties of the arteries are essential for blood flow. The pressure in the arteries increases and arterial walls stretch when the blood is pumped out of the heart. When the aortic valve shuts, the pressure in the arteries drops and the arterial walls relax to maintain the blood flow. When you feel your pulse, you are feeling exactly this—the elastic behavior of the arteries as the blood gushes through with each pump of the heart. If the arteries were rigid, you would not feel a pulse. The heart is also an organ with special elastic properties. The lungs expand with muscular effort when we breathe in but relax freely and elastically when we breathe out. Our skins are particularly elastic, especially for the young. A young person can go from 100 kg to 60 kg with no visible sag in their skins. The elasticity of all organs reduces with age. Gradual physiological aging through reduction in elasticity starts in the early 20s.	[ "age", "radiation", "low vitamin D", "weight gain" ]	A	SCiQ
What sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus?	Placental mammals get their name from the placenta. This is a spongy structure that develops during pregnancy only in placental mammals. You can see where a human placenta forms in Figure below . The placenta sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus. It consists of membranes and blood vessels from both mother and fetus. It allows substances to pass between the mother’s blood and that of the fetus. The fetus gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother. It passes carbon dioxide and other wastes to the mother.	[ "endometrium", "placenta", "mitochondria", "bacteria" ]	B	SCiQ
Astronomers have wondered if the universe is expanding fast enough to escape the pull of what?	We know that the Universe is expanding. Astronomers have wondered if it is expanding fast enough to escape the pull of gravity. Would the Universe just expand forever? If it could not escape the pull of gravity, would it someday start to contract? This means it would eventually get squeezed together in a big crunch. This is the opposite of the Big Bang.	[ "Coreolis effect", "gravity", "light", "kinetic energy" ]	B	SCiQ
What organs are the main organs of the urinary system?	The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system.	[ "kidneys", "gall bladder", "prostate", "spleen" ]	A	SCiQ
Many plants generate root pressure during which phase?		[ "developing season", "growing season", "flowering season", "end of life cycle" ]	B	SCiQ
Worldwide, viruses seem to play a role in what percentage of the cases of human cancer?		[ "20 %", "+.15 %", "5%", "15%" ]	D	SCiQ
The vector of what organism is significant on a map showing the location of malaria?	Worldwide Distribution of Malaria. This map shows where malaria is found. The area is determined by the mosquito vector. The mosquito can live year-round only in the red-shaded areas.	[ "mosquito", "virus", "worm", "fungi" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the outermost layer of the skin?	The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface. Although the top layer of epidermis is only about as thick as a sheet of paper, it is made up of 25 to 30 layers of cells. The epidermis also contains cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin and hair their color. Melanin-producing cells are found in the bottom layer of the epidermis. The epidermis does not have any blood vessels. The lower part of the epidermis receives blood by diffusion from blood vessels of the dermis.	[ "epidermis", "dermis", "nexus", "callus" ]	A	SCiQ
Where is chlorine gas produced?	It may be logical to assume that the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, called brine , would yield the same result through the same reactions as the process in molten NaCl. However, the reduction reaction that occurs at the cathode does not produce sodium metal because the water is reduced instead. This is because the reduction potential for water is only -0.83 V compared to -2.71 V for the reduction of sodium ions. This makes the reduction of water preferable because its reduction potential is less negative. Chlorine gas is still produced at the anode, just as in the electrolysis of molten NaCl.	[ "at the anode", "carbon cycle", "epidermis", "in the nucleus" ]	A	SCiQ
What colorful phenomenon occurs in the northern sky when particles from the sun energize ions in the thermosphere?	Particles from the Sun energize ions in the thermosphere. This creates the northern and southern lights.	[ "meteor shower", "northern lights", "aurora nervosa", "Coriolis effect" ]	B	SCiQ
What are drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes formed by?	Drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes are features made of glacial till.	[ "glaciers", "meteors", "tsunamis", "earthquakes" ]	A	SCiQ
Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of what?	Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of energy. The energy must come from food. Therefore, mammals need a nutritious and plentiful diet. The diets of mammals are diverse. Except for leaf litter and wood, almost any kind of organic matter may be eaten by mammals. Some mammals are strictly herbivores or strictly carnivores. However, most mammals will eat other foods if necessary. Some mammals are omnivores. They routinely eat a variety of both plant and animal foods. Most mammals also feed on a variety of other species. The few exceptions include koalas, which feed only on eucalyptus plants, and giant pandas, which feed only on bamboo. Types of mammalian diets and examples of mammals that eat them are given in Table below . How would you classify your own diet?.	[ "fuel", "energy", "hydrogen", "power" ]	B	SCiQ
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of how many layers?	The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above 14. Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension 15. A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.	[ "four", "one", "two", "three" ]	C	SCiQ
What property is the result of the force of gravity being opposed by the normal force?	For a full description of weight, look at Forces: Mass versus Weight. In sum, weight is the result of the force of gravity being opposed by the normal force. As we just learned, objects in orbit are in freefall; they have nothing exerting a normal force against them and thus no weight.	[ "density", "weight", "sound", "light" ]	B	SCiQ
What is defined as a push or pull acting on an object?	Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. Forces include gravity, friction, and applied force.	[ "motion", "effort", "work", "force" ]	D	SCiQ
Pressure relationships inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and these?	Pressure Relationships Inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs. In a gas, pressure is a force created by the movement of gas molecules that are confined. For example, a certain number of gas molecules in a two-liter container has more room than the same number of gas molecules.	[ "enzymes", "salts", "bones", "lungs" ]	D	SCiQ
The posterior pituitary releases which hormone, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?	In addition to producing FSH and LH, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland also produces the hormone prolactin (PRL) in females. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth. Prolactin levels are regulated by the hypothalamic hormones prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is now known to be dopamine. PRH stimulates the release of prolactin and PIH inhibits it. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Stretching of tissues in the uterus and cervix stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth. Contractions increase in intensity as blood levels of oxytocin rise via a positive feedback mechanism until the birth is complete. Oxytocin also stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the milk-producing mammary glands. As these cells contract, milk is forced from the secretory alveoli into milk ducts and is ejected from the breasts in milk ejection (“let-down”) reflex. Oxytocin release is stimulated by the suckling of an infant, which triggers the synthesis of oxytocin in the hypothalamus and its release into circulation at the posterior pituitary.	[ "oxytocin", "estrogen", "estradiol", "insulin" ]	A	SCiQ
Cycling, shoveling snow and cross-country skiing are examples of what kind of heart-strengthening activity?	When done regularly, aerobic activities, such as cycling, make the heart stronger. Other aerobic activities include mowing lawn, shoveling snow and cross country skiing.	[ "aerobic", "anaerobic", "metabolism", "exercise" ]	A	SCiQ
Animals can not produce their own food making them _________.	Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs .	[ "omnivores", "autotrophs", "photoreliant", "heterotrophs" ]	D	SCiQ
What rocks are formed by crystallization of chemical precipitates?	Sedimentary rocks formed by the crystallization of chemical precipitates are called chemical sedimentary rocks . Dissolved ions in fluids precipitate out of the fluid and settle out, just like the halite pictured below ( Figure below ).	[ "carbon sedimentary", "layered", "chemical sedimentary", "volcanic" ]	C	SCiQ
What is the most important element to life?	Carbon is the most important element to life. Without this element, life as we know it would not exist. As you will see, carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life-organic compounds. These compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.	[ "nitrogen", "hydrogen", "carbon", "oxygen" ]	C	SCiQ
What type of sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water?	The main types of sedimentary rocks are clastic or chemical. Some sedimentary rocks are a third type, organic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of sediments. The sediments differ in size. Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water. Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the bodies of organisms.	[ "shale", "limestone", "sandstone", "chemical sedimentary rocks" ]	D	SCiQ
If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be what?	If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be saturated, and its concentration is known from information contained inTable 9.2 "Solubilities of Various Solutes in Water at 25°C (Except as Noted)". If a solution contains less solute than the solubility limit, it is unsaturated. Under special circumstances, more solute can be dissolved even after the normal solubility limit is reached; such solutions are called supersaturated and are not stable. If the solute is solid, excess solute can easily recrystallize. If the solute is a gas, it can bubble out of solution uncontrollably, like what happens when you shake a soda can and then immediately open it.	[ "carbohydrates", "Over done", "temperatures", "saturated" ]	D	SCiQ
What kind of surface temperature is found on venus?	Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the closest planet to Earth, in distance and in size. Venus has a very thick, corrosive atmosphere, and the surface temperature is extremely high.	[ "cold", "cool", "extremely high", "a little hot" ]	C	SCiQ
Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for what?		[ "nutrients", "sunlight", "air", "respiration" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the major cause of chronic respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer?	Smoking is the major cause of chronic respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke by smoking or by breathing air that contains tobacco smoke is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Regular smokers die about 10 years earlier than nonsmokers do. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of [early] death worldwide. " Simply stated: Stopping smoking can prevent many respiratory diseases.	[ "diet", "exercise", "smoking", "drinking" ]	C	SCiQ
What are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts?	Electromagnets find use in many practical applications. Electromagnets are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts.	[ "Tape", "Glue", "electromagnets", "screws" ]	C	SCiQ
What are seamounts that rise above the water surface called?	A seamount is a volcanic mountain on the ocean floor. Seamounts that rise above the water surface are known as islands. There are many seamounts dotting the seafloor.	[ "coasts", "reefs", "islands", "sandbars" ]	C	SCiQ
He mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different what?	The mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different isotopes in a given sample.	[ "organisms", "reactions", "Proteins", "isotopes" ]	D	SCiQ
What forms when an atom gains electrons?	Anions form when an atom gains electrons. Nonmetallic atoms typically gain enough electrons to obtain the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas. All the elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons, which are arranged into an outer configuration of n s 2 n p 5 . To achieve a noble gas configuration ( n s 2 n p 6 ), each of these elements needs to gain just one electron, resulting in an anion with a 1− charge. Similarly, Group 16 elements can obtain an n s 2 n p 6 valence configuration by forming ions with a 2− charge, and the Group 15 nonmetals will form ions with a 3− charge. Naming anions is slightly different than naming cations. The end of the element’s name is dropped and replaced with the – ide suffix. For example, when the chlorine atom (Cl) gains one electron, it becomes the chloride ion (Cl - ). This structure has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon. Similarly, sulfur can gain two electrons to become the sulfide ion (S 2- ), which also has a noble gas configuration.	[ "anions", "crystals", "cations", "bonds" ]	A	SCiQ
A largemouth bass is an example of a cold-blooded animal that conforms to what aspect of the lake it inhabits?		[ "oxygen", "precipitation", "temperature", "depth" ]	C	SCiQ
What happens if a person doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat?	The boy in Figure below is taking a water break while playing outside on a hot day. If he doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat, he may become dehydrated. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Dehydration can be very serious. It can even cause death.	[ "dehydration", "relaxation", "diarrhea", "fatigue" ]	A	SCiQ
A, t, g, and c pairs are associated with what substance that is important in genetics?	Only certain types of base pairing are allowed. For example, a certain purine can only pair with a certain pyrimidine. This means A can pair with T, and G can pair with C, as shown in Figure 3.33. This is known as the base complementary rule. In other words, the DNA strands are complementary to each other. If the sequence of one strand is AATTGGCC, the complementary strand would have the sequence TTAACCGG. During DNA replication, each strand is copied, resulting in a daughter DNA double helix containing one parental DNA strand and a newly synthesized strand.	[ "plasma", "dna", "blood", "bacteria" ]	B	SCiQ
Name the process of removing wastes from the body.	Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body.	[ "filtration", "depletion", "excretion", "degradation" ]	C	SCiQ
Prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of what?	Evolution of Gene Regulation Prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription. As eukaryotic cells evolved, the complexity of the control of gene expression increased. For example, with the evolution of eukaryotic cells came compartmentalization of important cellular components and cellular processes. A nuclear region that contains the DNA was formed. Transcription and translation were physically separated into two different cellular compartments. It therefore became possible to control gene expression by regulating transcription in the nucleus, and also by controlling the RNA levels and protein translation present outside the nucleus. Some cellular processes arose from the need of the organism to defend itself. Cellular processes such as gene silencing developed to protect the cell from viral or parasitic infections. If the cell could quickly shut off gene expression for a short period of time, it would be able to survive an infection when other organisms could not. Therefore, the organism evolved a new process that helped it survive, and it was able to pass this new development to offspring.	[ "translation", "transcription", "folding", "RNA processing" ]	B	SCiQ
What type of numbers specify the arrangement of electrons in orbitals?	Quantum numbers specify the arrangements of electrons in orbitals.	[ "stream numbers", "quantum numbers", "ionic numbers", "fusion numbers" ]	B	SCiQ
What do cells secrete that binds to receptors?		[ "stress", "endorphans", "proteins", "factor" ]	D	SCiQ
What is the term for dry climate regions at higher altitudes that have short grasses and low bushes?	Other dry climates get a little more precipitation. They are called steppes . These regions have short grasses and low bushes (see Figure below ). Steppes occur at higher latitudes than deserts. They are dry because they are in continental interiors or rain shadows.	[ "steppes", "fringes", "prairie", "deserts" ]	A	SCiQ
Tuataras, lizards, and snakes are members of what subclass of reptiles?		[ "staurikosaurus", "dinosaurs", "lepidosaurs", "arthropods" ]	C	SCiQ
Why do sharks sense low levels of electricity?	Fish also have a centralized nervous system with a brain. Fish brains are small compared with the brains of other vertebrates, but they are large and complex compared with the brains of invertebrates. Fish also have highly developed sense organs that allow them to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste. Sharks and some other fish can even sense the very low levels of electricity emitted by other animals. This helps them locate prey.	[ "to locate mates", "to locate prey", "to sleep", "to reproduce" ]	B	SCiQ
What causes an elastic force in springs?	Springs like the ones in Figure below also have elastic force when they are stretched or compressed. And like stretchy materials, they return to their original shape when the stretching or compressing force is released. Because of these properties, springs are used in scales to measure weight. They also cushion the ride in a car and provide springy support beneath a mattress. Can you think of other uses of springs?.	[ "stretching or compressing", "velocity", "freezing", "momentum" ]	A	SCiQ
What year did the soho spacecraft first started to operate?	Humans have sent spacecraft up to study our star. The SOHO spacecraft has been in operation since 1996. The craft orbits the Sun in step with Earth but closer to it. SOHO has sent back amazing images. Onboard instruments have also sent back mountains of data. The data is mostly about the Sun's outer layers.	[ "2006", "1996", "2012", "1987" ]	B	SCiQ
The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to its what?	The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to its mole fraction. KEY EQUATIONS Mole fraction.	[ "lactic fraction", "mesh fraction", "mole fraction", "chemical fraction" ]	C	SCiQ
What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution?	23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.	[ "natural selection", "artificial selection", "neutral selection", "genetic drift" ]	A	SCiQ
What in orange juice makes it taste sour?	Some solutions have special properties because they are acids. Orange juice is an example. It contains an acid called citric acid. It makes orange juice taste sour. Some solutions are bases rather than acids.	[ "acetic acid", "carbonation", "citric acid", "amino acid" ]	C	SCiQ
Muscarinic receptors can cause both depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on the what?	Nicotinic receptor causes depolarization. Muscarinic receptors can cause both depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on the subtype.	[ "phenotype", "gravity", "subtype", "strain" ]	C	SCiQ
What is the common measure of how hot or cold something is?	temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. In everyday usage, temperature is how hot or cold an object is.	[ "weight", "precipitation", "variation", "temperature" ]	D	SCiQ
Organisms that obtain food from outside themselves (i.e. they don't make their own food) are known as what?	Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain food from outside themselves.	[ "heterotrophs", "autotrophs", "fungi", "zygotes" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the name of the mineral that contains calcium, carbon and oxygen?	Law stating that pressure in a moving fluid is less when the fluid is moving faster.	[ "calcite", "cobalt", "granite", "quartz" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the term for the energy of motion, which is exhibited by the speed of an object?	The energy of motion is kinetic energy, KE. Whenever an object is in motion it has kinetic energy. The faster it is going, the more energy it has.	[ "kinetic energy", "mechanical energy", "residual energy", "inertia" ]	A	SCiQ
What is the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?	The process in which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing . The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is its freezing point. The freezing point of water is 0°C (32°F). Other types of matter may have higher or lower freezing points. For example, the freezing point of iron is 1535°C. The freezing point of oxygen is -219°C.	[ "boiling", "vaporizing", "freezing", "melting" ]	C	SCiQ
How are electrons shared in covalent bonds?	In other covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. These bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds. Neither atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly. As a result, the atoms remain neutral in charge. The oxygen (O 2 ) molecule in the Figure below has two nonpolar bonds. The two oxygen nuclei have an equal force of attraction for their four shared electrons.	[ "orderly", "equally", "unequally", "randomly" ]	B	SCiQ
Are thunderstorms more likely where the ground temperatures are extremely high or extremely low?	Thunderstorms grow where ground temperatures are extremely high.	[ "somewhat high", "extremely high", "somewhat low", "extremely low" ]	B	SCiQ
What is the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths called?	25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • The spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths is called dispersion. • Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection and involve the dispersion of sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors. • Dispersion produces beautiful rainbows but also causes problems in certain optical systems.	[ "condensation", "saturation", "radiate", "dispersion" ]	D	SCiQ
What is the term for the application of science to solve problems?	Printers like the one that made the plastic bicycle are a new type of technology. Technology is the application of science to solve problems. Because technology finds solutions to practical problems, new technologies may have major impacts on society, science, and industry. For example, some people predict that 3-D printing will revolutionize manufacturing.	[ "mathematics", "research", "ingenuity", "technology" ]	D	SCiQ
Sexually reproducing organisms alternate between which stages?	CHAPTER SUMMARY 7.1 Sexual Reproduction Nearly all eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction. The variation introduced into the reproductive cells by meiosis appears to be one of the advantages of sexual reproduction that has made it so successful. Meiosis and fertilization alternate in sexual life cycles. The process of meiosis produces genetically unique reproductive cells called gametes, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Fertilization, the fusion of haploid gametes from two individuals, restores the diploid condition. Thus, sexually reproducing organisms alternate between haploid and diploid stages. However, the ways in which reproductive cells are produced and the timing between meiosis and fertilization vary greatly. There are three main categories of life cycles: diploid-dominant, demonstrated by most animals; haploid-dominant, demonstrated by all fungi and some algae; and alternation of generations, demonstrated by plants and some algae.	[ "binary and diploid", "haploid and diploid", "diploid and traploid", "binary and haploid" ]	B	SCiQ
What develops in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent?	Freshwater marshes and swamps are characterized by slow and steady water flow. Bogs develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent. Bogs usually occur in areas where there is a clay bottom with poor percolation. Percolation is the movement of water through the pores in the soil or rocks. The water found in a bog is stagnant and oxygen depleted because the oxygen that is used during the decomposition of organic matter is not replaced. As the oxygen in the water is depleted, decomposition slows. This leads to organic acids and other acids building up and lowering the pH of the water. At a lower pH, nitrogen becomes unavailable to plants. This creates a challenge for plants because nitrogen is an important limiting resource. Some types of bog plants (such as sundews, pitcher plants, and Venus flytraps) capture insects and extract the nitrogen from their bodies. Bogs have low net primary productivity because the water found in bogs has low levels of nitrogen and oxygen.	[ "ponds", "sinkholes", "bogs", "swamps" ]	C	SCiQ
What two ways do channels respond during membrane depolarization?		[ "independently and typically", "sequentially and identically", "independently and sequentially", "typically and sequentially" ]	C	SCiQ
Where does the most important monsoon in the world occur?	Monsoons are like land and sea breezes, but on a larger scale. They occur because of seasonal changes in the temperature of land and water. In the winter, they blow from land to water. In the summer, they blow from water to land. In regions that experience monsoons, the seawater offshore is extremely warm. The hot air absorbs a lot of the moisture and carries it over the land. Summer monsoons bring heavy rains on land. Monsoons occur in several places around the globe. The most important monsoon in the world is in southern Asia ( Figure below ). These monsoons are important because they carry water to the many people who live there.	[ "southern asia", "northern africa", "eastern aisa", "the atlantic ocean" ]	A	SCiQ
Electromagnets can be controlled by controlling what type of current?	Besides their strength, another pro of electromagnets is the ability to control them by controlling the electric current. Turning the current on or off turns the magnetic field on or off. The amount of current flowing through the coil can also be changed to control the strength of the electromagnet.	[ "positive", "electric", "magnetic", "negative" ]	B	SCiQ

Lymph vessels, like veins, have what objects that prevent the backflow of fluid?

[ "valves", "fibers", "pumps", "pores" ]

A

SCiQ

What do you call the point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered to be concentrated?

Every object has a center of gravity . The center of gravity is the point at which the entire weight of a body may be considered to be concentrated; if supported at this point, the body would remain in equilibrium in any position. For example, if we were discussing a 12-inch ruler, the center of gravity for the ruler would be at the center of the 6-inch line. You could put your finger directly under the 6-inch line to hold the ruler and it would not fall either left or right. If you placed your finger underneath any other place on the ruler, it would fall off to one side or the other.

[ "complex of gravity", "direction of gravity", "center of earth", "center of gravity" ]

D

SCiQ

What is the name of the command center of the cell?

3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication The nucleus is the command center of the cell, containing the genetic instructions for all of the materials a cell will make (and thus all of its functions it can perform). The nucleus is encased within a membrane of two interconnected lipid bilayers, side-by-side. This nuclear envelope is studded with protein-lined pores that allow materials to be trafficked into and out of.

[ "mitochondria", "molecules", "vacuole", "nucleus" ]

D

SCiQ

What is the key issue in the small-population approach?

[ "genetic variation", "disease variation", "genetic mutation", "alternative variation" ]

A

SCiQ

What are diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits examples of?

Electronic components are the parts used in electronic devices. They are made of p-type and n-type semiconductors. Examples of electronic components include diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits (microchips).

[ "electronic components", "computer parts", "radio parts", "machine parts" ]

A

SCiQ

What are the layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together?

[ "stomatolites", "stalactites", "quartzes", "stalagmites" ]

A

SCiQ

Acids can also react with metals, and when they do they produce what?

You already know that a sour taste is one property of acids. ( Warning : Never taste an unknown substance to see whether it is an acid!) Acids have certain other properties as well. For example, acids can conduct electricity when dissolved in water because they consist of charged particles in solution. (Electric current is a flow of charged particles. ) Acids can also react with metals, and when they do they produce hydrogen gas. An example of this type of reaction is hydrochloric acid reacting with the metal zinc (Zn). The reaction is pictured in the Figure below . It can be represented by the chemical equation:.

[ "alloys", "hydrogen gas", "rust", "potassium gas" ]

B

SCiQ

Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of what?

Like animals, protozoa are heterotrophic and capable of moving.

[ "creating", "working", "moving", "pushing" ]

C

SCiQ

The group 18 gases that have 8 valence electrons are referred to as what type of gases?

A common way to keep track of valence electrons is with Lewis electron dot structures . In an electron dot structure, each atom is represented by its chemical symbol, and each valence electron is represented by a single dot. Note that only valence electrons are shown explicitly in these diagrams. For the main group elements, the number of valence electrons for a neutral atom can be determined by looking at which group the element belongs to. In the s block, Group 1 elements have one valence electron, while Group 2 elements have two valence electrons. In the p block, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number minus ten. Group 13 elements have three valence electrons, Group 14 elements have four, and so on. The noble gases in Group 18 have eight valence electrons, and the full outer s and p sublevels are what give these elements their special stability. Representative dot diagrams are shown in the Figure below :.

[ "novel", "important", "noble", "metal" ]

C

SCiQ

Where a cell resides, how it appears, and what it does define its what?

[ "development fate", "slowing rate", "minute race", "life cycle" ]

A

SCiQ

What purpose does the appendix serve in humans today?

Structures like the human tail bone are called vestigial structures . Evolution has reduced their size because the structures are no longer used. The human appendix is another example of a vestigial structure. It is a tiny remnant of a once-larger organ. In a distant ancestor, it was needed to digest food. It serves no purpose in humans today. Why do you think structures that are no longer used shrink in size? Why might a full-sized, unused structure reduce an organism’s fitness?.

[ "digests food", "filters blood", "work", "none" ]

D

SCiQ

What are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian?

Primates are generally divided into prosimian and non-prosimian primates.

[ "rodents", "primates", "insects", "carnivores" ]

B

SCiQ

Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. a few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to what?

Habitats Nearly all protists exist in some type of aquatic environment, including freshwater and marine environments, damp soil, and even snow. Several protist species are parasites that infect animals or plants. A few protist species live on dead organisms or their wastes, and contribute to their decay.

[ "habitat loss", "greenhouse gas", "their decay", "spontaneous mutation" ]

C

SCiQ

People with osteoporosis have an increase risk of what?

People with osteoporosis have an increased risk of bone fractures. A bone fracture is a crack or break in bone. Even if you have healthy bones, you may fracture a bone if too much stress is placed on it. This could happen in a car crash or while playing a sport. Wearing a seatbelt when you ride in a motor vehicle and wearing safety gear when you play sports may help prevent bone fractures.

[ "cancer", "bone fractures", "weight loss", "muscle loss" ]

B

SCiQ

What part of the plant anchors it into the soil?

[ "roots", "buds", "leaves", "stems" ]

A

SCiQ

What term refers to the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance?

[ "disturbance succession", "ecological succession", "progressions", "physiological succession" ]

B

SCiQ

What rises through solid rocks where conditions are right?

Lithospheric plates do a lot of moving on Earth's surface. Slabs of lithosphere smash into each other. They move sideways past each other along faults. Where conditions are right, magma rises through solid rock. It's no wonder that rocks experience stress! Rocks respond differently to different types of stress and under different conditions.

[ "crystals", "nitrogen", "water", "magma" ]

D

SCiQ

What causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming?

Air pollution consists of chemical substances and particles released into the air, mainly by human actions. The major cause of outdoor air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Indoor air can also be polluted. Air pollution, in turn, causes acid rain, ozone depletion, and global warming.

[ "water pollution", "radiation", "ozone layer", "air pollution" ]

D

SCiQ

What type of climates are found around the equator?

Tropical climates are found around the Equator. As you'd expect, these climates have warm temperatures year round. The warm air rises at the Equator. As it rises, it cools, causing it to rain. Tropical climates may be very wet, or wet and dry.

[ "tropical", "tundras", "arctics", "arid" ]

A

SCiQ

The process when heat is released is referred to as what?

Heat involves the transfer of thermal energy between two bodies that are at different temperatures. If you held a flask containing a reaction that releases energy, you would be able to feel the heat being transferred from the reaction into your hand. A process in which heat is released is referred to as exothermic . Conversely, reactions that absorb energy will remove energy from the surroundings, causing the container to feel cold. For example, dissolving ammonium nitrate in water will significantly lower the water temperature. Processes that absorb energy from their surroundings are called endothermic .

[ "exothermic", "geothermal", "insular", "endothermic" ]

A

SCiQ

What lizards can change colors based on the color of their surroundings?

[ "Monitor", "geckos", "chameleons", "skink" ]

C

SCiQ

What kind of compound, contained in coffee and alcohol, increases urine volume?

Diuretics and Fluid Volume A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. In cases of high blood pressure, diuretics may be prescribed to reduce blood volume and, thereby, reduce blood pressure. The most frequently prescribed anti-hypertensive diuretic is hydrochlorothiazide. It inhibits the Na+/ Cl– symporter in the DCT and collecting duct. The result is a loss of Na+ with water following passively by osmosis. Osmotic diuretics promote water loss by osmosis. An example is the indigestible sugar mannitol, which is most often administered to reduce brain swelling after head injury. However, it is not the only sugar that can produce a diuretic effect. In cases of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose levels exceed the capacity of the tubular glucose symporters, resulting in glucose in the urine. The unrecovered glucose becomes a powerful osmotic diuretic. Classically, in the days before glucose could be detected in the blood and urine, clinicians identified diabetes mellitus by the three Ps: polyuria (diuresis), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger).

[ "anabolic", "acid", "additive", "diuretic" ]

D

SCiQ

What part of the muscle fibers cause shortening and contraction?

The sliding-and-shortening process occurs all along many myofibrils and in many muscle fibers. It causes the muscle fibers to shorten and the muscle to contract.

[ "myofibrils", "pores", "fasciae", "collagen" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the period from earth's origin to the beginning of the phanerozoic eon?

For the first 4 billion years of Earth history there is only a little evidence of life. Organisms were tiny and soft and did not fossilize well. But scientists use a variety of ways to figure out what this early life was like. Note that the period from Earth's origin to the beginning of the Phanerozoic is called the Precambrian.

[ "Paleolithic", "anatolian", "precambrian", "Cenozoic" ]

C

SCiQ

What muscles are used to pump water over the gills?

[ "jaws and pharynx", "muscles and pharynx", "pharynx and tonsils", "lungs and pharynx" ]

A

SCiQ

When populations get close to the carrying capacity, what happens to growth?

Populations usually grow bigger when they have what they need. How fast they grow depends on birth and death rates. They grow more slowly as they get close to the carrying capacity. This is the biggest population the environment can support.

[ "slows", "halts", "dies", "spikes" ]

A

SCiQ

Skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells share what property, which is not shared by smooth muscle cells?

Figure 33.18 Smooth muscle cells do not have striations, while skeletal muscle cells do. Cardiac muscle cells have striations, but, unlike the multinucleate skeletal cells, they have only one nucleus. Cardiac muscle tissue also has intercalated discs, specialized regions running along the plasma membrane that join adjacent cardiac muscle cells and assist in passing an electrical impulse from cell to cell.

[ "surfaces", "filaments", "overlap", "striations" ]

D

SCiQ

What organ does asthma periodically cause to narrow?

Asthma is a disease in which the air passages of the lungs periodically become too narrow, often with excessive mucus production. This causes difficulty breathing, coughing, and chest tightness. An asthma attack may be triggered by allergens, strenuous exercise, stress, or other factors.

[ "lungs", "ovaries", "intestines", "liver" ]

A

SCiQ

A crow that becomes used to a scarecrow and lands on it is an example of what?

Another example of habituation is shown below ( Figure below ). Crows and most other birds are usually afraid of people. They avoid coming close to people, or they fly away when people come near them. The crows landing on this scarecrow have become used to a “human” in this place. They have learned that the scarecrow poses no danger. They are no longer afraid to come close. They have become habituated to the scarecrow.

[ "assimilation", "habituation", "adaptation", "dissociation" ]

B

SCiQ

Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at what?

Earthquakes, essentially sound waves in Earth’s crust, are an interesting example of how the speed of sound depends on the rigidity of the medium. Earthquakes have both longitudinal and transverse components, and these travel at different speeds. The bulk modulus of granite is greater than its shear modulus. For that reason, the speed of longitudinal or pressure waves (Pwaves) in earthquakes in granite is significantly higher than the speed of transverse or shear waves (S-waves). Both components of earthquakes travel slower in less rigid material, such as sediments. P-waves have speeds of 4 to 7 km/s, and S-waves correspondingly range in speed from 2 to 5 km/s, both being faster in more rigid material. The P-wave gets progressively farther ahead of the S-wave as they travel through Earth’s crust. The time between the P- and S-waves is routinely used to determine the distance to their source, the epicenter of the earthquake. The speed of sound is affected by temperature in a given medium. For air at sea level, the speed of sound is given by.

[ "the speed of sound", "the speed of light", "different speeds", "identical speeds" ]

C

SCiQ

In what human organ system would you find live e. coli bacteria?

E. coli bacteria are anaerobic bacteria that live in the human digestive tract.

[ "circulatory system", "skeletal system", "respiratory system", "digestive system" ]

D

SCiQ

Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to what?

Secondary pollutants form from chemical reactions that occur when pollution is exposed to sunlight.

[ "sunlight", "humans", "air", "water" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the name of the procedure where an unknown compound can be analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the percentages of each element contained within it?

In a procedure called elemental analysis , an unknown compound can be analyzed in the laboratory in order to determine the percentages of each element contained within it. These percentages can be transformed into the mole ratio of the elements, which leads to the empirical formula. The steps to be taken are outlined below.

[ "electrical analysis", "gaseous analysis", "chemical analysis", "elemental analysis" ]

D

SCiQ

What does the human heart do?

The heart of a resting adult pumps blood at a rate of 5.00 3 L/min. (a) Convert this to cm /s . (b) What is this rate in m 3 /s ? 3. Blood is pumped from the heart at a rate of 5.0 L/min into the aorta (of radius 1.0 cm). Determine the speed of blood through the aorta. Blood is flowing through an artery of radius 2 mm at a rate of 40 cm/s. Determine the flow rate and the volume that passes through the artery in a period of 30 s. The Huka Falls on the Waikato River is one of New Zealand’s most visited natural tourist attractions (see Figure 12.29). On average the river has a flow rate of about 300,000 L/s. At the gorge, the river narrows to 20 m wide and averages 20 m deep. (a) What is the average speed of the river in the gorge? (b) What is the average speed of the water in the river downstream of the falls when it widens to 60 m and its depth increases to an average of 40 m?.

[ "make blood", "destroy blood", "pump blood", "use blood" ]

C

SCiQ

What organism is at the top of the energy pyramid?

Each step of the food chain in the energy pyramid is called a trophic level . Plants or other photosynthetic organisms ( autotrophs ) are found on the first trophic level, at the bottom of the pyramid. The next level will be the herbivores, and then the carnivores that eat the herbivores. The energy pyramid ( Figure below ) shows four levels of a food chain, from producers to carnivores. Because of the high rate of energy loss in food chains, there are usually only 4 or 5 trophic levels in the food chain or energy pyramid. There just is not enough energy to support any additional trophic levels. Heterotrophs are found in all levels of an energy pyramid other than the first level.

[ "primate", "herbivore", "carnivore", "insects" ]

C

SCiQ

Parthenogenesis is the most common form of what in animals that at other times reproduce sexually?

[ "budding", "cell division", "sexual dimorphism", "asexual reproduction" ]

D

SCiQ

What do you call a substance that is not an acid or a base?

What is one of the most important characteristics of a referee? A referee must be neutral. He can’t favor one team over the other. In chemistry, being neutral means not being an acid or a base. Pure water is an example of a neutral substance. In some chemical reactions, an acid and a base combine to form neutral products, including water. You’ll see how this happens when you read this article.

[ "equivalent", "toxic", "oxidic", "neutral" ]

D

SCiQ

What element is all life built around?

The cell is the basic unit of life. A cell is made of molecules, which are made of elements. All life-which means all bacteria and archaea, all protists, fungi, plants and animals-is built around the element carbon, and four categories of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These molecules come together to form a cell, which is the basis of life. One particular type of protein, enzymes, are biological catalysts, allowing biochemical reactions to proceed at the rate necessary to maintain life. One other molecule, water, is also essential to life, though water is not an organic compound.

[ "oxygen", "neon", "hydrogen", "carbon" ]

D

SCiQ

The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of what?

environment of the body’s soft tissues. Barrier defenses are part of the body’s most basic defense mechanisms. The barrier defenses are not a response to infections, but they are continuously working to protect against a broad range of pathogens. The different modes of barrier defenses are associated with the external surfaces of the body, where pathogens may try to enter (Table 21.2). The primary barrier to the entrance of microorganisms into the body is the skin. Not only is the skin covered with a layer of dead, keratinized epithelium that is too dry for bacteria in which to grow, but as these cells are continuously sloughed off from the skin, they carry bacteria and other pathogens with them. Additionally, sweat and other skin secretions may lower pH, contain toxic lipids, and physically wash microbes away.

[ "ecosystems", "nutrients", "mates", "pathogens" ]

D

SCiQ

What system is responsible for defending your body against sickness?

Infectious diseases are diseases that spread from person to person. They are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses or fungi. What can you do to avoid infectious diseases? Eating right and getting plenty of sleep are a good start. These habits will help keep your immune system healthy. With a healthy immune system, you will be able to fight off many pathogens. The next best way is to avoid pathogens. Though this is difficult, there are steps you can take to limit your exposure to pathogens.

[ "digestion system", "immune system", "circulatory system", "nervous system" ]

B

SCiQ

What causes reduction of elasticity in all organs?

Unlike bones and tendons, which need to be strong as well as elastic, the arteries and lungs need to be very stretchable. The elastic properties of the arteries are essential for blood flow. The pressure in the arteries increases and arterial walls stretch when the blood is pumped out of the heart. When the aortic valve shuts, the pressure in the arteries drops and the arterial walls relax to maintain the blood flow. When you feel your pulse, you are feeling exactly this—the elastic behavior of the arteries as the blood gushes through with each pump of the heart. If the arteries were rigid, you would not feel a pulse. The heart is also an organ with special elastic properties. The lungs expand with muscular effort when we breathe in but relax freely and elastically when we breathe out. Our skins are particularly elastic, especially for the young. A young person can go from 100 kg to 60 kg with no visible sag in their skins. The elasticity of all organs reduces with age. Gradual physiological aging through reduction in elasticity starts in the early 20s.

[ "age", "radiation", "low vitamin D", "weight gain" ]

A

SCiQ

What sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus?

Placental mammals get their name from the placenta. This is a spongy structure that develops during pregnancy only in placental mammals. You can see where a human placenta forms in Figure below . The placenta sustains the fetus while it grows inside the mother’s uterus. It consists of membranes and blood vessels from both mother and fetus. It allows substances to pass between the mother’s blood and that of the fetus. The fetus gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother. It passes carbon dioxide and other wastes to the mother.

[ "endometrium", "placenta", "mitochondria", "bacteria" ]

B

SCiQ

Astronomers have wondered if the universe is expanding fast enough to escape the pull of what?

We know that the Universe is expanding. Astronomers have wondered if it is expanding fast enough to escape the pull of gravity. Would the Universe just expand forever? If it could not escape the pull of gravity, would it someday start to contract? This means it would eventually get squeezed together in a big crunch. This is the opposite of the Big Bang.

[ "Coreolis effect", "gravity", "light", "kinetic energy" ]

B

SCiQ

What organs are the main organs of the urinary system?

The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system.

[ "kidneys", "gall bladder", "prostate", "spleen" ]

A

SCiQ

Many plants generate root pressure during which phase?

[ "developing season", "growing season", "flowering season", "end of life cycle" ]

B

SCiQ

Worldwide, viruses seem to play a role in what percentage of the cases of human cancer?

[ "20 %", "+.15 %", "5%", "15%" ]

D

SCiQ

The vector of what organism is significant on a map showing the location of malaria?

Worldwide Distribution of Malaria. This map shows where malaria is found. The area is determined by the mosquito vector. The mosquito can live year-round only in the red-shaded areas.

[ "mosquito", "virus", "worm", "fungi" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the outermost layer of the skin?

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface. Although the top layer of epidermis is only about as thick as a sheet of paper, it is made up of 25 to 30 layers of cells. The epidermis also contains cells that produce melanin. Melanin is the brownish pigment that gives skin and hair their color. Melanin-producing cells are found in the bottom layer of the epidermis. The epidermis does not have any blood vessels. The lower part of the epidermis receives blood by diffusion from blood vessels of the dermis.

[ "epidermis", "dermis", "nexus", "callus" ]

A

SCiQ

Where is chlorine gas produced?

It may be logical to assume that the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride, called brine , would yield the same result through the same reactions as the process in molten NaCl. However, the reduction reaction that occurs at the cathode does not produce sodium metal because the water is reduced instead. This is because the reduction potential for water is only -0.83 V compared to -2.71 V for the reduction of sodium ions. This makes the reduction of water preferable because its reduction potential is less negative. Chlorine gas is still produced at the anode, just as in the electrolysis of molten NaCl.

[ "at the anode", "carbon cycle", "epidermis", "in the nucleus" ]

A

SCiQ

What colorful phenomenon occurs in the northern sky when particles from the sun energize ions in the thermosphere?

Particles from the Sun energize ions in the thermosphere. This creates the northern and southern lights.

[ "meteor shower", "northern lights", "aurora nervosa", "Coriolis effect" ]

B

SCiQ

What are drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes formed by?

Drumlins, eskers, and kettle lakes are features made of glacial till.

[ "glaciers", "meteors", "tsunamis", "earthquakes" ]

A

SCiQ

Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of what?

Maintaining a high metabolic rate takes a lot of energy. The energy must come from food. Therefore, mammals need a nutritious and plentiful diet. The diets of mammals are diverse. Except for leaf litter and wood, almost any kind of organic matter may be eaten by mammals. Some mammals are strictly herbivores or strictly carnivores. However, most mammals will eat other foods if necessary. Some mammals are omnivores. They routinely eat a variety of both plant and animal foods. Most mammals also feed on a variety of other species. The few exceptions include koalas, which feed only on eucalyptus plants, and giant pandas, which feed only on bamboo. Types of mammalian diets and examples of mammals that eat them are given in Table below . How would you classify your own diet?.

[ "fuel", "energy", "hydrogen", "power" ]

B

SCiQ

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of how many layers?

The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________. visceral and parietal pleurae. mediastinum and parietal pleurae. visceral and mediastinum pleurae. none of the above 14. Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a. pulmonary ventilation b. production of pulmonary surfactant c. resistance d. surface tension 15. A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.

[ "four", "one", "two", "three" ]

C

SCiQ

What property is the result of the force of gravity being opposed by the normal force?

For a full description of weight, look at Forces: Mass versus Weight. In sum, weight is the result of the force of gravity being opposed by the normal force. As we just learned, objects in orbit are in freefall; they have nothing exerting a normal force against them and thus no weight.

[ "density", "weight", "sound", "light" ]

B

SCiQ

What is defined as a push or pull acting on an object?

Force is defined as a push or pull acting on an object. Forces include gravity, friction, and applied force.

[ "motion", "effort", "work", "force" ]

D

SCiQ

Pressure relationships inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and these?

Pressure Relationships Inspiration (or inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation) are dependent on the differences in pressure between the atmosphere and the lungs. In a gas, pressure is a force created by the movement of gas molecules that are confined. For example, a certain number of gas molecules in a two-liter container has more room than the same number of gas molecules.

[ "enzymes", "salts", "bones", "lungs" ]

D

SCiQ

The posterior pituitary releases which hormone, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth?

In addition to producing FSH and LH, the anterior portion of the pituitary gland also produces the hormone prolactin (PRL) in females. Prolactin stimulates the production of milk by the mammary glands following childbirth. Prolactin levels are regulated by the hypothalamic hormones prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) and prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), which is now known to be dopamine. PRH stimulates the release of prolactin and PIH inhibits it. The posterior pituitary releases the hormone oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth. The uterine smooth muscles are not very sensitive to oxytocin until late in pregnancy when the number of oxytocin receptors in the uterus peaks. Stretching of tissues in the uterus and cervix stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth. Contractions increase in intensity as blood levels of oxytocin rise via a positive feedback mechanism until the birth is complete. Oxytocin also stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the milk-producing mammary glands. As these cells contract, milk is forced from the secretory alveoli into milk ducts and is ejected from the breasts in milk ejection (“let-down”) reflex. Oxytocin release is stimulated by the suckling of an infant, which triggers the synthesis of oxytocin in the hypothalamus and its release into circulation at the posterior pituitary.

[ "oxytocin", "estrogen", "estradiol", "insulin" ]

A

SCiQ

Cycling, shoveling snow and cross-country skiing are examples of what kind of heart-strengthening activity?

When done regularly, aerobic activities, such as cycling, make the heart stronger. Other aerobic activities include mowing lawn, shoveling snow and cross country skiing.

[ "aerobic", "anaerobic", "metabolism", "exercise" ]

A

SCiQ

Animals can not produce their own food making them _________.

Animals are a kingdom of multicellular eukaryotes. They cannot make their own food. Instead, they get nutrients by eating other living things. Therefore, animals are heterotrophs .

[ "omnivores", "autotrophs", "photoreliant", "heterotrophs" ]

D

SCiQ

What rocks are formed by crystallization of chemical precipitates?

Sedimentary rocks formed by the crystallization of chemical precipitates are called chemical sedimentary rocks . Dissolved ions in fluids precipitate out of the fluid and settle out, just like the halite pictured below ( Figure below ).

[ "carbon sedimentary", "layered", "chemical sedimentary", "volcanic" ]

C

SCiQ

What is the most important element to life?

Carbon is the most important element to life. Without this element, life as we know it would not exist. As you will see, carbon is the central element in compounds necessary for life-organic compounds. These compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

[ "nitrogen", "hydrogen", "carbon", "oxygen" ]

C

SCiQ

What type of sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water?

The main types of sedimentary rocks are clastic or chemical. Some sedimentary rocks are a third type, organic. Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of sediments. The sediments differ in size. Chemical sedimentary rocks are made of minerals that precipitate from saline water. Organic sedimentary rocks are made from the bodies of organisms.

[ "shale", "limestone", "sandstone", "chemical sedimentary rocks" ]

D

SCiQ

If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be what?

If a solution contains so much solute that its solubility limit is reached, the solution is said to be saturated, and its concentration is known from information contained inTable 9.2 "Solubilities of Various Solutes in Water at 25°C (Except as Noted)". If a solution contains less solute than the solubility limit, it is unsaturated. Under special circumstances, more solute can be dissolved even after the normal solubility limit is reached; such solutions are called supersaturated and are not stable. If the solute is solid, excess solute can easily recrystallize. If the solute is a gas, it can bubble out of solution uncontrollably, like what happens when you shake a soda can and then immediately open it.

[ "carbohydrates", "Over done", "temperatures", "saturated" ]

D

SCiQ

What kind of surface temperature is found on venus?

Venus is the second planet from the Sun and the closest planet to Earth, in distance and in size. Venus has a very thick, corrosive atmosphere, and the surface temperature is extremely high.

[ "cold", "cool", "extremely high", "a little hot" ]

C

SCiQ

Almost all vascular plants have mycorrhizae and rely on their fungal partners for what?

[ "nutrients", "sunlight", "air", "respiration" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the major cause of chronic respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer?

Smoking is the major cause of chronic respiratory disease as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke by smoking or by breathing air that contains tobacco smoke is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Regular smokers die about 10 years earlier than nonsmokers do. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of [early] death worldwide. " Simply stated: Stopping smoking can prevent many respiratory diseases.

[ "diet", "exercise", "smoking", "drinking" ]

C

SCiQ

What are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts?

Electromagnets find use in many practical applications. Electromagnets are used to lift large masses of magnetic materials such as scrap iron, rolls of steel, and auto parts.

[ "Tape", "Glue", "electromagnets", "screws" ]

C

SCiQ

What are seamounts that rise above the water surface called?

A seamount is a volcanic mountain on the ocean floor. Seamounts that rise above the water surface are known as islands. There are many seamounts dotting the seafloor.

[ "coasts", "reefs", "islands", "sandbars" ]

C

SCiQ

He mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different what?

The mass spectrometer measures the percent abundance of different isotopes in a given sample.

[ "organisms", "reactions", "Proteins", "isotopes" ]

D

SCiQ

What forms when an atom gains electrons?

Anions form when an atom gains electrons. Nonmetallic atoms typically gain enough electrons to obtain the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas. All the elements in Group 17 have seven valence electrons, which are arranged into an outer configuration of n s 2 n p 5 . To achieve a noble gas configuration ( n s 2 n p 6 ), each of these elements needs to gain just one electron, resulting in an anion with a 1− charge. Similarly, Group 16 elements can obtain an n s 2 n p 6 valence configuration by forming ions with a 2− charge, and the Group 15 nonmetals will form ions with a 3− charge. Naming anions is slightly different than naming cations. The end of the element’s name is dropped and replaced with the – ide suffix. For example, when the chlorine atom (Cl) gains one electron, it becomes the chloride ion (Cl - ). This structure has the same electron configuration as the noble gas argon. Similarly, sulfur can gain two electrons to become the sulfide ion (S 2- ), which also has a noble gas configuration.

[ "anions", "crystals", "cations", "bonds" ]

A

SCiQ

A largemouth bass is an example of a cold-blooded animal that conforms to what aspect of the lake it inhabits?

[ "oxygen", "precipitation", "temperature", "depth" ]

C

SCiQ

What happens if a person doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat?

The boy in Figure below is taking a water break while playing outside on a hot day. If he doesn’t take in enough water to replace the water lost in sweat, he may become dehydrated. Symptoms of dehydration include dry mouth, headache, and dizziness. Dehydration can be very serious. It can even cause death.

[ "dehydration", "relaxation", "diarrhea", "fatigue" ]

A

SCiQ

A, t, g, and c pairs are associated with what substance that is important in genetics?

Only certain types of base pairing are allowed. For example, a certain purine can only pair with a certain pyrimidine. This means A can pair with T, and G can pair with C, as shown in Figure 3.33. This is known as the base complementary rule. In other words, the DNA strands are complementary to each other. If the sequence of one strand is AATTGGCC, the complementary strand would have the sequence TTAACCGG. During DNA replication, each strand is copied, resulting in a daughter DNA double helix containing one parental DNA strand and a newly synthesized strand.

[ "plasma", "dna", "blood", "bacteria" ]

B

SCiQ

Name the process of removing wastes from the body.

Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body.

[ "filtration", "depletion", "excretion", "degradation" ]

C

SCiQ

Prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of what?

Evolution of Gene Regulation Prokaryotic cells can only regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription. As eukaryotic cells evolved, the complexity of the control of gene expression increased. For example, with the evolution of eukaryotic cells came compartmentalization of important cellular components and cellular processes. A nuclear region that contains the DNA was formed. Transcription and translation were physically separated into two different cellular compartments. It therefore became possible to control gene expression by regulating transcription in the nucleus, and also by controlling the RNA levels and protein translation present outside the nucleus. Some cellular processes arose from the need of the organism to defend itself. Cellular processes such as gene silencing developed to protect the cell from viral or parasitic infections. If the cell could quickly shut off gene expression for a short period of time, it would be able to survive an infection when other organisms could not. Therefore, the organism evolved a new process that helped it survive, and it was able to pass this new development to offspring.

[ "translation", "transcription", "folding", "RNA processing" ]

B

SCiQ

What type of numbers specify the arrangement of electrons in orbitals?

Quantum numbers specify the arrangements of electrons in orbitals.

[ "stream numbers", "quantum numbers", "ionic numbers", "fusion numbers" ]

B

SCiQ

What do cells secrete that binds to receptors?

[ "stress", "endorphans", "proteins", "factor" ]

D

SCiQ

What is the term for dry climate regions at higher altitudes that have short grasses and low bushes?

Other dry climates get a little more precipitation. They are called steppes . These regions have short grasses and low bushes (see Figure below ). Steppes occur at higher latitudes than deserts. They are dry because they are in continental interiors or rain shadows.

[ "steppes", "fringes", "prairie", "deserts" ]

A

SCiQ

Tuataras, lizards, and snakes are members of what subclass of reptiles?

[ "staurikosaurus", "dinosaurs", "lepidosaurs", "arthropods" ]

C

SCiQ

Why do sharks sense low levels of electricity?

Fish also have a centralized nervous system with a brain. Fish brains are small compared with the brains of other vertebrates, but they are large and complex compared with the brains of invertebrates. Fish also have highly developed sense organs that allow them to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste. Sharks and some other fish can even sense the very low levels of electricity emitted by other animals. This helps them locate prey.

[ "to locate mates", "to locate prey", "to sleep", "to reproduce" ]

B

SCiQ

What causes an elastic force in springs?

Springs like the ones in Figure below also have elastic force when they are stretched or compressed. And like stretchy materials, they return to their original shape when the stretching or compressing force is released. Because of these properties, springs are used in scales to measure weight. They also cushion the ride in a car and provide springy support beneath a mattress. Can you think of other uses of springs?.

[ "stretching or compressing", "velocity", "freezing", "momentum" ]

A

SCiQ

What year did the soho spacecraft first started to operate?

Humans have sent spacecraft up to study our star. The SOHO spacecraft has been in operation since 1996. The craft orbits the Sun in step with Earth but closer to it. SOHO has sent back amazing images. Onboard instruments have also sent back mountains of data. The data is mostly about the Sun's outer layers.

[ "2006", "1996", "2012", "1987" ]

B

SCiQ

The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to its what?

The partial pressure of each gas in a mixture is proportional to its mole fraction. KEY EQUATIONS Mole fraction.

[ "lactic fraction", "mesh fraction", "mole fraction", "chemical fraction" ]

C

SCiQ

What is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution?

23.4 Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution.

[ "natural selection", "artificial selection", "neutral selection", "genetic drift" ]

A

SCiQ

What in orange juice makes it taste sour?

Some solutions have special properties because they are acids. Orange juice is an example. It contains an acid called citric acid. It makes orange juice taste sour. Some solutions are bases rather than acids.

[ "acetic acid", "carbonation", "citric acid", "amino acid" ]

C

SCiQ

Muscarinic receptors can cause both depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on the what?

Nicotinic receptor causes depolarization. Muscarinic receptors can cause both depolarization or hyperpolarization depending on the subtype.

[ "phenotype", "gravity", "subtype", "strain" ]

C

SCiQ

What is the common measure of how hot or cold something is?

temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in matter. In everyday usage, temperature is how hot or cold an object is.

[ "weight", "precipitation", "variation", "temperature" ]

D

SCiQ

Organisms that obtain food from outside themselves (i.e. they don't make their own food) are known as what?

Fungi are heterotrophs, meaning they obtain food from outside themselves.

[ "heterotrophs", "autotrophs", "fungi", "zygotes" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the name of the mineral that contains calcium, carbon and oxygen?

Law stating that pressure in a moving fluid is less when the fluid is moving faster.

[ "calcite", "cobalt", "granite", "quartz" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the term for the energy of motion, which is exhibited by the speed of an object?

The energy of motion is kinetic energy, KE. Whenever an object is in motion it has kinetic energy. The faster it is going, the more energy it has.

[ "kinetic energy", "mechanical energy", "residual energy", "inertia" ]

A

SCiQ

What is the process by which a liquid changes to a solid?

The process in which a liquid changes to a solid is called freezing . The temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid is its freezing point. The freezing point of water is 0°C (32°F). Other types of matter may have higher or lower freezing points. For example, the freezing point of iron is 1535°C. The freezing point of oxygen is -219°C.

[ "boiling", "vaporizing", "freezing", "melting" ]

C

SCiQ

How are electrons shared in covalent bonds?

In other covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. These bonds are called nonpolar covalent bonds. Neither atom attracts the shared electrons more strongly. As a result, the atoms remain neutral in charge. The oxygen (O 2 ) molecule in the Figure below has two nonpolar bonds. The two oxygen nuclei have an equal force of attraction for their four shared electrons.

[ "orderly", "equally", "unequally", "randomly" ]

B

SCiQ

Are thunderstorms more likely where the ground temperatures are extremely high or extremely low?

Thunderstorms grow where ground temperatures are extremely high.

[ "somewhat high", "extremely high", "somewhat low", "extremely low" ]

B

SCiQ

What is the spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths called?

25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms • The spreading of white light into its full spectrum of wavelengths is called dispersion. • Rainbows are produced by a combination of refraction and reflection and involve the dispersion of sunlight into a continuous distribution of colors. • Dispersion produces beautiful rainbows but also causes problems in certain optical systems.

[ "condensation", "saturation", "radiate", "dispersion" ]

D

SCiQ

What is the term for the application of science to solve problems?

Printers like the one that made the plastic bicycle are a new type of technology. Technology is the application of science to solve problems. Because technology finds solutions to practical problems, new technologies may have major impacts on society, science, and industry. For example, some people predict that 3-D printing will revolutionize manufacturing.

[ "mathematics", "research", "ingenuity", "technology" ]

D

SCiQ

Sexually reproducing organisms alternate between which stages?

CHAPTER SUMMARY 7.1 Sexual Reproduction Nearly all eukaryotes undergo sexual reproduction. The variation introduced into the reproductive cells by meiosis appears to be one of the advantages of sexual reproduction that has made it so successful. Meiosis and fertilization alternate in sexual life cycles. The process of meiosis produces genetically unique reproductive cells called gametes, which have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Fertilization, the fusion of haploid gametes from two individuals, restores the diploid condition. Thus, sexually reproducing organisms alternate between haploid and diploid stages. However, the ways in which reproductive cells are produced and the timing between meiosis and fertilization vary greatly. There are three main categories of life cycles: diploid-dominant, demonstrated by most animals; haploid-dominant, demonstrated by all fungi and some algae; and alternation of generations, demonstrated by plants and some algae.

[ "binary and diploid", "haploid and diploid", "diploid and traploid", "binary and haploid" ]

B

SCiQ

What develops in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent?

Freshwater marshes and swamps are characterized by slow and steady water flow. Bogs develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent. Bogs usually occur in areas where there is a clay bottom with poor percolation. Percolation is the movement of water through the pores in the soil or rocks. The water found in a bog is stagnant and oxygen depleted because the oxygen that is used during the decomposition of organic matter is not replaced. As the oxygen in the water is depleted, decomposition slows. This leads to organic acids and other acids building up and lowering the pH of the water. At a lower pH, nitrogen becomes unavailable to plants. This creates a challenge for plants because nitrogen is an important limiting resource. Some types of bog plants (such as sundews, pitcher plants, and Venus flytraps) capture insects and extract the nitrogen from their bodies. Bogs have low net primary productivity because the water found in bogs has low levels of nitrogen and oxygen.

[ "ponds", "sinkholes", "bogs", "swamps" ]

C

SCiQ

What two ways do channels respond during membrane depolarization?

[ "independently and typically", "sequentially and identically", "independently and sequentially", "typically and sequentially" ]

C

SCiQ

Where does the most important monsoon in the world occur?

Monsoons are like land and sea breezes, but on a larger scale. They occur because of seasonal changes in the temperature of land and water. In the winter, they blow from land to water. In the summer, they blow from water to land. In regions that experience monsoons, the seawater offshore is extremely warm. The hot air absorbs a lot of the moisture and carries it over the land. Summer monsoons bring heavy rains on land. Monsoons occur in several places around the globe. The most important monsoon in the world is in southern Asia ( Figure below ). These monsoons are important because they carry water to the many people who live there.

[ "southern asia", "northern africa", "eastern aisa", "the atlantic ocean" ]

A

SCiQ

Electromagnets can be controlled by controlling what type of current?

Besides their strength, another pro of electromagnets is the ability to control them by controlling the electric current. Turning the current on or off turns the magnetic field on or off. The amount of current flowing through the coil can also be changed to control the strength of the electromagnet.

[ "positive", "electric", "magnetic", "negative" ]

B

SCiQ