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157647-4 | Albert of Aix
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Albert of Aix at The Latin Library (from the Patrologia Latina edition).
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-albert albertaix aixlatin latinlibrari libraripatrologia patrologialatina latinaedit | 157647 | Albert of Aix | 12th-century Latin writers,Crusade literature,11th-century births,12th-century deaths,12th-century historians |
157639-1 | Godfrey of Bouillon
Godfrey of Bouillon (, , , ; 18 September 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a Frankish knight and one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until its conclusion in 1099. He was the Lord of Bouillon, from which he took his byname, from 1076 and the Duke of Lower Lorraine from 1087. After the successful siege of Jerusalem in 1099, Godfrey became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He refused the title of King, however, as he believed that the true King of Jerusalem was Jesus Christ, preferring the title of Advocate (i.e., protector or defender) of the Holy Sepulchre (Latin: "Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri"). He is also known as the "Baron of the Holy Sepulchre" and the "Crusader King".
godfreybouillon bouillon18 18septemb septemb1060 1060– –18 18juli juli1100 1100frankish frankishknight knightone oneleader leaderfirst firstcrusad crusad1096 1096conclus conclus1099 1099lord lordbouillon bouillontook tookbynam bynam1076 1076duke dukelower lowerlorrain lorrain1087 1087success successsieg siegjerusalem jerusalem1099 1099godfrey godfreybecam becamfirst firstruler rulerkingdom kingdomjerusalem jerusalemrefus refustitl titlking kinghowev howevbeliev believtrue trueking kingjerusalem jerusalemjesus jesuschrist christprefer prefertitl titladvoc advoci.e. i.e.protector protectordefend defendholi holisepulchr sepulchrlatin latin`` ``advocatus advocatussancti sanctisepulchri sepulchri'' ''also alsoknown known`` ``baron baronholi holisepulchr sepulchr'' ''`` ``crusad crusadking king'' | 157639 | Godfrey of Bouillon | Roman Catholic monarchs,Deaths by arrow wounds,Dukes of Lower Lorraine,French Roman Catholics,Christians of the First Crusade,Margraves of Antwerp,1100 deaths,Lords of Bouillon,1060s births,11th-century French people,Medieval French nobility,House of Boulogne |
157639-2 | Godfrey of Bouillon
Section::::Early life.
Godfrey of Bouillon was born around 1060 as the second son of Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, and Ida, daughter of the Lotharingian duke Godfrey the Bearded by his first wife, Doda.
His birthplace was probably Boulogne-sur-Mer, although one 13th-century chronicler cites Baisy, a town in what is now Walloon Brabant, Belgium.
As second son, he had fewer opportunities than his older brother and seemed destined to become just one more minor knight in service to a rich landed nobleman. However his maternal uncle, Godfrey the Hunchback, died childless and named his nephew, Godfrey of Bouillon, as his heir and next in line to his Duchy of Lower Lorraine. This duchy was an important one at the time, serving as a buffer between the kingdom of France and the German lands.
In fact, Lower Lorraine was so important to the German kingdom and the Holy Roman Empire that Henry IV, the German king and future emperor (reigned 1084–1105), decided in 1076 that he would place it in the hands of his own son and give Godfrey only Bouillon and the Margraviate of Antwerp as a test of Godfrey's abilities and loyalty. Godfrey served Henry IV loyally, supporting him even when Pope Gregory VII was battling the German king in the Investiture Controversy. Godfrey fought alongside Henry and his forces against the rival forces of Rudolf of Swabia and also took part in battles in Italy when Henry IV actually took Rome away from the pope.
A major test of Godfrey’s leadership skills was shown in his battles to defend his inheritance against a significant array of enemies. In 1076 he had succeeded as designated heir to the Lotharingian lands of his uncle, Godfrey the Hunchback, and Godfrey was struggling to maintain control over the lands that Henry IV had not taken away from him. Claims were raised by his aunt Margravine Matilda of Tuscany, cousin Count Albert III of Namur, and Count Theoderic of Veluwe. This coalition was joined by Bishop Theoderic of Verdun, and two minor counts attempting to share in the spoils, Waleran I of Limburg and Arnold I of Chiny.
As these enemies tried to take away portions of his land, Godfrey's brothers, Eustace and Baldwin, both came to his aid. Following these long struggles and proving that he was a loyal subject to Henry IV, Godfrey finally won back his duchy of Lower Lorraine in 1087. Still, Godfrey's influence in the German kingdom would have been minimal if it had not been for his major role in the First Crusade.
section:ear :earlife lifegodfrey godfreybouillon bouillonborn bornaround around1060 1060second secondson soneustac eustacii iicount countboulogn boulognida idadaughter daughterlotharingian lotharingianduke dukegodfrey godfreybeard beardfirst firstwife wifedoda dodabirthplac birthplacprobabl probablboulogne-sur-m boulogne-sur-malthough althoughone one13th-centuri 13th-centurichronicl chroniclcite citebaisi baisitown townwalloon walloonbrabant brabantbelgium belgiumsecond secondson sonfewer feweropportun opportunolder olderbrother brotherseem seemdestin destinbecom becomone oneminor minorknight knightservic servicrich richland landnobleman noblemanhowev howevmatern maternuncl unclgodfrey godfreyhunchback hunchbackdie diechildless childlessname namenephew nephewgodfrey godfreybouillon bouillonheir heirnext nextline lineduchi duchilower lowerlorrain lorrainduchi duchiimport importone onetime timeserv servbuffer bufferkingdom kingdomfranc francgerman germanland landfact factlower lowerlorrain lorrainimport importgerman germankingdom kingdomholi holiroman romanempir empirhenri henriiv ivgerman germanking kingfutur futuremperor emperorreign reign1084–1105 1084–1105decid decid1076 1076would wouldplace placehand handson songive givegodfrey godfreybouillon bouillonmargravi margraviantwerp antwerptest testgodfrey godfrey's 'sabil abilloyalti loyaltigodfrey godfreyserv servhenri henriiv ivloyal loyalsupport supporteven evenpope popegregori gregorivii viibattl battlgerman germanking kinginvestitur investiturcontroversi controversigodfrey godfreyfought foughtalongsid alongsidhenri henriforc forcrival rivalforc forcrudolf rudolfswabia swabiaalso alsotook tookpart partbattl battlitali italihenri henriiv ivactual actualtook tookrome romeaway awaypope popemajor majortest testgodfrey godfrey’ ’leadership leadershipskill skillshown shownbattl battldefend defendinherit inheritsignific significarray arrayenemi enemi1076 1076succeed succeeddesign designheir heirlotharingian lotharingianland landuncl unclgodfrey godfreyhunchback hunchbackgodfrey godfreystruggl strugglmaintain maintaincontrol controlland landhenri henriiv ivtaken takenaway awayclaim claimrais raisaunt auntmargravin margravinmatilda matildatuscani tuscanicousin cousincount countalbert albertiii iiinamur namurcount counttheoder theoderveluw veluwcoalit coalitjoin joinbishop bishoptheoder theoderverdun verduntwo twominor minorcount countattempt attemptshare sharespoil spoilwaleran waleranlimburg limburgarnold arnoldchini chinienemi enemitri tritake takeaway awayportion portionland landgodfrey godfrey's 'sbrother brothereustac eustacbaldwin baldwincame cameaid aidfollow followlong longstruggl strugglprove proveloyal loyalsubject subjecthenri henriiv ivgodfrey godfreyfinal finalback backduchi duchilower lowerlorrain lorrain1087 1087still stillgodfrey godfrey's 'sinfluenc influencgerman germankingdom kingdomwould wouldminim minimmajor majorrole rolefirst firstcrusad | 157639 | Godfrey of Bouillon | Roman Catholic monarchs,Deaths by arrow wounds,Dukes of Lower Lorraine,French Roman Catholics,Christians of the First Crusade,Margraves of Antwerp,1100 deaths,Lords of Bouillon,1060s births,11th-century French people,Medieval French nobility,House of Boulogne |
157639-3 | Godfrey of Bouillon
Section::::First Crusade.
In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim forces and also to aid the Byzantine Empire which was under Muslim attack. Godfrey took out loans on most of his lands, or sold them, to the bishop of Liège and the bishop of Verdun. With this money he gathered thousands of knights to fight in the Holy Land as the Army of Godfrey of Bouillon. In this he was joined by his older brother, Eustace, and his younger brother, Baldwin, who had no lands in Europe. He was not the only major nobleman to gather such an army. Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, also known as Raymond of Saint-Gilles, created the largest army. At age 55, Raymond was also the oldest and perhaps the best known of the Crusader nobles. Because of his age and fame, Raymond expected to be the leader of the entire First Crusade. Adhemar, the papal legate and bishop of Le Puy, travelled with him. There was also the fiery Bohemond, a Norman knight from southern Italy, and a fourth group under Robert II, Count of Flanders.
Each of these armies travelled separately: some went southeast across Europe through Hungary and others sailed across the Adriatic Sea from southern Italy. Pope Urban II's call for the crusade had aroused the Catholic populace and spurred antisemitism. In the People's Crusade, beginning in the spring and early summer of 1096, bands of peasants and low-ranking knights set off early for Jerusalem on their own, and persecuted Jews during the Rhineland massacres. Godfrey, along with his two brothers, started in August 1096 at the head of an army from Lorraine (some say 40,000 strong) along "Charlemagne's road", as Urban II seems to have called it (according to the chronicler Robert the Monk)—the road to Jerusalem. A Hebrew text known to modern scholars as the Solomon bar Simson Chronicle, which seems to have been written more than 50 years after the events, says apparently of the Duke:
section:first :firstcrusad crusad1095 1095pope popeurban urbanii iicall callcrusad crusadliber liberjerusalem jerusalemmuslim muslimforc forcalso alsoaid aidbyzantin byzantinempir empirmuslim muslimattack attackgodfrey godfreytook tookloan loanland landsold soldbishop bishoplièg liègbishop bishopverdun verdunmoney moneygather gatherthousand thousandknight knightfight fightholi holiland landarmi armigodfrey godfreybouillon bouillonjoin joinolder olderbrother brothereustac eustacyounger youngerbrother brotherbaldwin baldwinland landeurop europmajor majornobleman noblemangather gatherarmi armiraymond raymondiv ivcount counttoulous toulousalso alsoknown knownraymond raymondsaint-gill saint-gillcreat creatlargest largestarmi armiage age55 55raymond raymondalso alsooldest oldestperhap perhapbest bestknown knowncrusad crusadnobl noblage agefame fameraymond raymondexpect expectleader leaderentir entirfirst firstcrusad crusadadhemar adhemarpapal papallegat legatbishop bishople lepuy puytravel travelalso alsofieri fieribohemond bohemondnorman normanknight knightsouthern southernitali italifourth fourthgroup grouprobert robertii iicount countflander flanderarmi armitravel travelsepar separwent wentsoutheast southeastacross acrosseurop europhungari hungariother othersail sailacross acrossadriat adriatsea seasouthern southernitali italipope popeurban urbanii ii's 'scall callcrusad crusadarous arouscathol catholpopulac populacspur spurantisemit antisemitpeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadbegin beginspring springearli earlisummer summer1096 1096band bandpeasant peasantlow-rank low-rankknight knightset setearli earlijerusalem jerusalempersecut persecutjew jewrhineland rhinelandmassacr massacrgodfrey godfreyalong alongtwo twobrother brotherstart startaugust august1096 1096head headarmi armilorrain lorrainsay say40,000 40,000strong strongalong along`` ``charlemagn charlemagn's 'sroad road'' ''urban urbanii iiseem seemcall callaccord accordchronicl chroniclrobert robertmonk monk—the —theroad roadjerusalem jerusalemhebrew hebrewtext textknown knownmodern modernscholar scholarsolomon solomonbar barsimson simsonchronicl chroniclseem seemwritten written50 50year yearevent eventsay sayappar apparduke | 157639 | Godfrey of Bouillon | Roman Catholic monarchs,Deaths by arrow wounds,Dukes of Lower Lorraine,French Roman Catholics,Christians of the First Crusade,Margraves of Antwerp,1100 deaths,Lords of Bouillon,1060s births,11th-century French people,Medieval French nobility,House of Boulogne |
157636-1 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Clausthal-Zellerfeld is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is located in the southwestern part of the Harz mountains. Its population is approximately 15,000. The City is the location of the Clausthal University of Technology. The health resort is located in the Upper Harz at an altitude between 390 and 821 m above sea level.
clausthal-zellerfeldtown townlower lowersaxoni saxonigermani germanilocat locatsouthwestern southwesternpart partharz harzmountain mountainpopul populapproxim approxim15,000 15,000citi citilocat locatclausthal clausthalunivers universtechnolog technologhealth healthresort resortlocat locatupper upperharz harzaltitud altitud390 390821 821sea sealevel | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-2 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Geography.
Clausthal-Zellerfeld is located on the Upper Harz Plateau. The environment is less mountainous compared to most of the Harz, but only hilly. As a result, the immediate surrounding area is less wooded and there are more meadow areas. Scattered in and around Clausthal-Zellerfeld are numerous dams and streams of the Upper Harz Water Regale.
The depression between Clausthal and Zellerfeld marks a natural "borderline".
Southwest extends the "Small Clausthal valley".
section:geographi :geographiclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldlocat locatupper upperharz harzplateau plateauenviron environless lessmountain mountaincompar comparharz harzhilli hilliresult resultimmedi immedisurround surroundarea arealess lesswood woodmeadow meadowarea areascatter scatteraround aroundclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldnumer numerdam damstream streamupper upperharz harzwater waterregal regaldepress depressclausthal clausthalzellerfeld zellerfeldmark marknatur natur`` ``borderlin borderlin'' ''southwest southwestextend extend`` ``small smallclausthal clausthalvalley valley'' | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-3 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Geography.:City districts.
BULLET::::- Altenau-Schulenberg im Oberharz (since 2015)
BULLET::::- Buntenbock (since 1972)
BULLET::::- Clausthal-Zellerfeld
BULLET::::- Wildemann (since 2015)
section:geographi :geographiciti citidistrict districtbullet bullet:- :-altenau-schulenberg altenau-schulenbergim imoberharz oberharzsinc sinc2015 2015bullet bullet:- :-buntenbock buntenbocksinc sinc1972 1972bullet bullet:- :-clausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldbullet bullet:- :-wildemann wildemannsinc sinc2015 | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-4 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::History.
Clausthal-Zellerfeld originally consisted of two towns which were merged in 1924 to form an administrative unit. Clausthal is well known for the old Clausthal University of Technology and its magnificent buildings, while Zellerfeld is a typical tourist resort for hikers and winter sportsmen. Clausthal-Zellerfeld is the largest town in the area that is situated in the mountains rather than on the edge.
Mining in the area began in the 16th century. Modern wire rope was invented to service the iron mines in the 1830s by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before and soon found its way into diverse applications, including most notably, suspension bridges. The Innerste Valley Railway was inaugurated in 1877 and extended to Altenau in 1914. The large station building and 70 other buildings in the town were destroyed in an air raid on 7 October 1944. 92 people lost their lives.
Mining activity halted in 1930 because the ore deposits were exhausted. Today, there are large remains of mines in the surrounding Harz region, some of which are now museums. The railway line was closed in 1976. The former railway station, which was rebuilt from 1961-1963 after being destroyed in 1944, houses the tourist information and the municipal library today.
The Clausthal University of Technology was established in 1775 for the education of mining engineers. Today, it is a technical university for teaching engineering, natural science (especially chemistry, materials science and physics) and business studies.
section:histori :historiclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldorigin originconsist consisttwo twotown townmerg merg1924 1924form formadministr administrunit unitclausthal clausthalwell wellknown knownold oldclausthal clausthalunivers universtechnolog technologmagnific magnificbuild buildzellerfeld zellerfeldtypic typictourist touristresort resorthiker hikerwinter wintersportsmen sportsmenclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldlargest largesttown townarea areasituat situatmountain mountainrather ratheredg edgmine minearea areabegan began16th 16thcenturi centurimodern modernwire wirerope ropeinvent inventservic serviciron ironmine mine1830s 1830sgerman germanmine mineengin enginwilhelm wilhelmalbert albertyear year1831 18311834 1834use usemine mineharz harzmountain mountainclausthal clausthalquick quickaccept acceptprove provesuperior superiorrope ropemade madehemp hempmetal metalchain chainuse usesoon soonfound foundway waydivers diversapplic applicinclud includnotabl notablsuspens suspensbridg bridginnerst innerstvalley valleyrailway railwayinaugur inaugur1877 1877extend extendaltenau altenau1914 1914larg largstation stationbuild build70 70build buildtown towndestroy destroyair airraid raid7 7octob octob1944 194492 92peopl peopllost lostlive livemine mineactiv activhalt halt1930 1930ore oredeposit depositexhaust exhausttoday todaylarg largremain remainmine minesurround surroundharz harzregion regionmuseum museumrailway railwayline lineclose close1976 1976former formerrailway railwaystation stationrebuilt rebuilt1961-1963 1961-1963destroy destroy1944 1944hous houstourist touristinform informmunicip municiplibrari libraritoday todayclausthal clausthalunivers universtechnolog technologestablish establish1775 1775educ educmine mineengin engintoday todaytechnic technicunivers universteach teachengin enginnatur naturscienc sciencespeci especichemistri chemistrimateri materiscienc sciencphysic physicbusi busistudi | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-5 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Politics.
section:polit | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-6 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Politics.:Town council.
2006 local elections:
BULLET::::- SPD: 19 seats
BULLET::::- CDU: 9 seats
BULLET::::- FDP: 3 seats
BULLET::::- UWG: 2 seats (independent electors community)
section:polit :polittown towncouncil council2006 2006local localelect electbullet bullet:- :-spd spd19 19seat seatbullet bullet:- :-cdu cdu9 9seat seatbullet bullet:- :-fdp fdp3 3seat seatbullet bullet:- :-uwg uwg2 2seat seatindepend independelector electorcommuniti | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-7 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Culture and sights.
BULLET::::- Oberharzer Wasserwirschaft (Upper Harz Water Management)
section:cultur :cultursight sightbullet bullet:- :-oberharz oberharzwasserwirschaft wasserwirschaftupper upperharz harzwater watermanag | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-8 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Culture and sights.:Museums.
BULLET::::- Upper Harz Mining Museum
BULLET::::- GeoMuseum of Clausthal University of Technology
section:cultur :cultursights. sights.museum museumbullet bullet:- :-upper upperharz harzmine minemuseum museumbullet bullet:- :-geomuseum geomuseumclausthal clausthalunivers universtechnolog | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-9 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Culture and sights.:Buildings.
BULLET::::- Plants of Upper Harz Water Regale
BULLET::::- Market Church in Clausthal, the largest wooden church in Germany with 2,200 seats, built 1639-42. Tower dating from 1637.
BULLET::::- Old pharmacy "Bergapotheke" in Zellerfeld, built in 1674, with wood carvings
BULLET::::- Protestant Salvator Church in Zellerfeld, built 1674-83
BULLET::::- Clausthal mint (1617–1849)
BULLET::::- Oberbergamt building in Clausthal, built 1726-30
BULLET::::- Dietzel House in Zellerfeld, dating from 1674
BULLET::::- Former railway station, destroyed 1944 and rebuilt 1961-63
BULLET::::- House where Robert Koch was born
section:cultur :cultursights. sights.build buildbullet bullet:- :-plant plantupper upperharz harzwater waterregal regalbullet bullet:- :-market marketchurch churchclausthal clausthallargest largestwooden woodenchurch churchgermani germani2,200 2,200seat seatbuilt built1639-42 1639-42tower towerdate date1637 1637bullet bullet:- :-old oldpharmaci pharmaci`` ``bergapothek bergapothek'' ''zellerfeld zellerfeldbuilt built1674 1674wood woodcarv carvbullet bullet:- :-protest protestsalvat salvatchurch churchzellerfeld zellerfeldbuilt built1674-83 1674-83bullet bullet:- :-clausthal clausthalmint mint1617–1849 1617–1849bullet bullet:- :-oberbergamt oberbergamtbuild buildclausthal clausthalbuilt built1726-30 1726-30bullet bullet:- :-dietzel dietzelhous houszellerfeld zellerfelddate date1674 1674bullet bullet:- :-former formerrailway railwaystation stationdestroy destroy1944 1944rebuilt rebuilt1961-63 1961-63bullet bullet:- :-hous housrobert robertkoch kochborn | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-10 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Persons.
section:person | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-11 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Persons.:People from Clausthal-Zellerfeld.
BULLET::::- Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf (1695-1777), printer and publisher
BULLET::::- Heinrich Halfeld (1797-1873), engineer
BULLET::::- Carl Adolf Riebeck (1821-1883), industrialist and mining entrepreneur
BULLET::::- Robert Koch (1843–1910), microbiologist
BULLET::::- Otto Erich Hartleben (1864–1905), poet and dramatist
BULLET::::- Robert Förster (1913-1984), diplomat
BULLET::::- Helmut Sander (1920-1988), mayor of Goslar
BULLET::::- Reinhard Roder (born 1941), football player, coache and -functionary
BULLET::::- Dietrich Grönemeyer (born 1952), physician
BULLET::::- Daniel Böhm (born 1986), biathlete
section:person :personpeopl peoplclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldbullet bullet:- :-bernhard bernhardchristoph christophbreitkopf breitkopf1695-1777 1695-1777printer printerpublish publishbullet bullet:- :-heinrich heinrichhalfeld halfeld1797-1873 1797-1873engin enginbullet bullet:- :-carl carladolf adolfriebeck riebeck1821-1883 1821-1883industrialist industrialistmine mineentrepreneur entrepreneurbullet bullet:- :-robert robertkoch koch1843–1910 1843–1910microbiologist microbiologistbullet bullet:- :-otto ottoerich erichhartleben hartleben1864–1905 1864–1905poet poetdramatist dramatistbullet bullet:- :-robert robertförster förster1913-1984 1913-1984diplomat diplomatbullet bullet:- :-helmut helmutsander sander1920-1988 1920-1988mayor mayorgoslar goslarbullet bullet:- :-reinhard reinhardroder roderborn born1941 1941footbal footbalplayer playercoach coach-functionari -functionaribullet bullet:- :-dietrich dietrichgrönemey grönemeyborn born1952 1952physician physicianbullet bullet:- :-daniel danielböhm böhmborn born1986 1986biathlet | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-12 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::Persons.:Notable people associated with Clausthal-Zellerfeld.
BULLET::::- Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767), composer
BULLET::::- Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann (1782–1859), mineralogist
BULLET::::- Wilhelm Albert (1787–1846), mining administrator and inventor
BULLET::::- Friedrich Adolph Roemer (1809–1869), geologist
BULLET::::- Arnold Sommerfeld (1868–1951), theoretical physicist
BULLET::::- Helmut Kleinicke (1907-1979), engineer at Auschwitz concentration camp who saved Jews during the Holocaust
section:person :personnotabl notablpeopl peoplassoci associclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldbullet bullet:- :-georg georgphilipp philipptelemann telemann1681–1767 1681–1767compos composbullet bullet:- :-johann johannfriedrich friedrichludwig ludwighausmann hausmann1782–1859 1782–1859mineralogist mineralogistbullet bullet:- :-wilhelm wilhelmalbert albert1787–1846 1787–1846mine mineadministr administrinventor inventorbullet bullet:- :-friedrich friedrichadolph adolphroemer roemer1809–1869 1809–1869geologist geologistbullet bullet:- :-arnold arnoldsommerfeld sommerfeld1868–1951 1868–1951theoret theoretphysicist physicistbullet bullet:- :-helmut helmutkleinick kleinick1907-1979 1907-1979engin enginauschwitz auschwitzconcentr concentrcamp campsave savejew jewholocaust | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-13 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::International relations.
section:intern :internrelat | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-14 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::International relations.:Twin towns – Sister cities.
Clausthal-Zellerfeld is twinned with:
BULLET::::- L'Aigle, France
section:intern :internrelat relattwin twintown town– –sister sisterciti citiclausthal-zellerfeld clausthal-zellerfeldtwin twinbullet bullet:- :-l'aigl l'aiglfranc | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157636-15 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- clausthal-zellerfeld.de
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-clausthal-zellerfeld.d | 157636 | Clausthal-Zellerfeld | Goslar (district),Towns in the Harz,Clausthal-Zellerfeld,Towns in Lower Saxony,Province of Hanover |
157652-1 | Subhuman Race
Subhuman Race (stylized sUBHUMAN rACE) is the third studio album by American heavy metal band Skid Row, released on March 28, 1995, by Atlantic Records. This is the last Skid Row album with singer Sebastian Bach and drummer Rob Affuso, and the last one to be released on Atlantic. It is regarded as the band's heaviest record, and despite receiving positive reviews, "Subhuman Race" was not as successful as the band's first two albums. Certain tracks from the album were remixed for the band's compilation "", given more tender, slightly cleaner mixes to fit better with the other tracks. To promote "Subhuman Race", Skid Row supported Van Halen in North America on their "Balance" tour.
Following the album, Skid Row released a live EP titled "Subhuman Beings on Tour", featuring live performances from the "Subhuman Race" tour. It is also the band's only album to be produced by Bob Rock, also known for his work with bands like Metallica, Aerosmith, Mötley Crüe, Bon Jovi and The Offspring.
Skid Row has not played any songs from "Subhuman Race" since the album's tour in 1995–1996, though Bach has occasionally played them on his solo tours, including "Beat Yourself Blind", "Frozen", and the singles "My Enemy", "Into Another" and "Breakin' Down". "Beat Yourself Blind" was the only song from this album to be performed live since Bach's departure, until ZP Theart performed "Medicine Jar" in 2018, while "Remains to Be Seen" has never been played live once.
subhumanrace racestyliz stylizsubhuman subhumanrace racethird thirdstudio studioalbum albumamerican americanheavi heavimetal metalband bandskid skidrow rowreleas releasmarch march28 281995 1995atlant atlantrecord recordlast lastskid skidrow rowalbum albumsinger singersebastian sebastianbach bachdrummer drummerrob robaffuso affusolast lastone onereleas releasatlant atlantregard regardband band's 'sheaviest heaviestrecord recorddespit despitreceiv receivposit positreview review`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''success successband band's 'sfirst firsttwo twoalbum albumcertain certaintrack trackalbum albumremix remixband band's 'scompil compil`` ``'' ''given giventender tenderslight slightcleaner cleanermix mixfit fitbetter bettertrack trackpromot promot`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''skid skidrow rowsupport supportvan vanhalen halennorth northamerica america`` ``balanc balanc'' ''tour tourfollow followalbum albumskid skidrow rowreleas releaslive liveep eptitl titl`` ``subhuman subhumanbe betour tour'' ''featur featurlive liveperform perform`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''tour touralso alsoband band's 'salbum albumproduc producbob bobrock rockalso alsoknown knownwork workband bandlike likemetallica metallicaaerosmith aerosmithmötley mötleycrüe crüebon bonjovi jovioffspr offsprskid skidrow rowplay playsong song`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''sinc sincalbum album's 'stour tour1995–1996 1995–1996though thoughbach bachoccasion occasionplay playsolo solotour tourinclud includ`` ``beat beatblind blind'' ''`` ``frozen frozen'' ''singl singl`` ``enemi enemi'' ''`` ``anoth anoth'' ''`` ``breakin breakin'' ''`` ``beat beatblind blind'' ''song songalbum albumperform performlive livesinc sincbach bach's 'sdepartur departurzp zptheart theartperform perform`` ``medicin medicinjar jar'' ''2018 2018`` ``remain remainseen seen'' ''never neverplay playlive | 157652 | Subhuman Race | 1995 albums,Atlantic Records albums,Skid Row (American band) albums |
157652-2 | Subhuman Race
Section::::Critical reception.
"Subhuman Race" received mixed to mostly positive reviews from music critics. AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that it saw the band "strip back their music to the basics" and was their "strongest and most vicious record to date." "Rolling Stone" reviewer called it "the freshest riffage since last year's Soundgarden record" and also noted the "tight, hot guitar lines and radio hooks that burn themselves into your brain". "Q" praised both the guitars that "grumble and mutter more menacingly than ever" and Bach's "awesome vocal pyrotechnics", summarizing that "Skid Row has come up with an outright winner." Canadian journalist Martin Popoff found the album quite complex, with Skid Row "absorbing the best elements of grunge into their over-the-top love of all things metal." He praised Bach's performance and the band's "street-savvy" attitude and "prog ethic" shown in the record. Conversely, Jim Farber of "Entertainment Weekly" considered "Subhuman Race" made of "the same squealing, yowling, third-rate metal that made Skid Row pariahs in the first place", calling them an "unrepentant hair band of the ’80s" which had mangled their melodies "to get over their old 'power ballad' stigma." Also Dean Golemis of the "Chicago Tribune" criticised Skid Row's "campy, formulaic arrangements that still cater to commercial appeal and offer nothing new to a genre plagued by cliches and copycats", but remarked as "Bach's vocal bravura stands as the album's saving grace." Thomas Kupfer in his review for the German "Rock Hard" magazine wrote that "Skid Row will offend a lot of old fans with this disc", where "mediocrity dominates, the songs seem uninspired, and only the compact sound and the solid craftsmanship of the band members" save the album.
The band members also do not reflect positively on their work on "Subhuman Race". In an interview in November 2006, bassist Rachel Bolan expressed his negative feelings about the album: "That record was a nightmare. Internally the band had fallen apart but we were forced to go in and do another record and it was a nightmare with the recording, writing and producing. We worked with someone we had not worked with before after being so successful with Michael and we were used to the way he did things. I am not slighting Bob at all, he is a genius producer but it was bad timing. I did not have the greatest time, it was nobody's fault, it was just the way things were. Also the record absolutely sucks." In a June 2018 interview on the "Rock Talk With Mitch Lafon" podcast, vocalist Sebastian Bach indicated that, despite featuring "some good tunes", the "very dated production sound" of "Subhuman Race" has made it an unlistenable album: "In the same way, probably, Lars Ulrich might think "St. Anger" is dated to that time, I think "Subhuman Race" might be our "St. Anger"."
section:critic :criticrecept recept`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''receiv receivmix mixmost mostposit positreview reviewmusic musiccritic criticallmus allmus's 'sstephen stephenthoma thomaerlewin erlewinwrote wrotesaw sawband band`` ``strip stripback backmusic musicbasic basic'' ''`` ``strongest strongestvicious viciousrecord recorddate date'' ''`` ``roll rollstone stone'' ''review reviewcall call`` ``freshest freshestriffag riffagsinc sinclast lastyear year's 'ssoundgarden soundgardenrecord record'' ''also alsonote note`` ``tight tighthot hotguitar guitarline lineradio radiohook hookburn burnbrain brain'' ''`` ``q q'' ''prais praisguitar guitar`` ``grumbl grumblmutter muttermenac menacever ever'' ''bach bach's 's`` ``awesom awesomvocal vocalpyrotechn pyrotechn'' ''summar summar`` ``skid skidrow rowcome comeoutright outrightwinner winner'' ''canadian canadianjournalist journalistmartin martinpopoff popofffound foundalbum albumquit quitcomplex complexskid skidrow row`` ``absorb absorbbest bestelement elementgrung grungover-the-top over-the-toplove lovething thingmetal metal'' ''prais praisbach bach's 'sperform performband band's 's`` ``street-savvi street-savvi'' ''attitud attitud`` ``prog progethic ethic'' ''shown shownrecord recordconvers conversjim jimfarber farber`` ``entertain entertainweek week'' ''consid consid`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''made made`` ``squeal squealyowl yowlthird-rat third-ratmetal metalmade madeskid skidrow rowpariah pariahfirst firstplace place'' ''call call`` ``unrepent unrepenthair hairband band’ ’80s 80s'' ''mangl manglmelodi melodi`` ``get getold oldpower powerballad balladstigma stigma'' ''also alsodean deangolemi golemi`` ``chicago chicagotribun tribun'' ''criticis criticisskid skidrow row's 's`` ``campi campiformula formulaarrang arrangstill stillcater catercommerci commerciappeal appealoffer offernoth nothnew newgenr genrplagu plaguclich clichcopycat copycat'' ''remark remark`` ``bach bach's 'svocal vocalbravura bravurastand standalbum album's 'ssave savegrace grace'' ''thoma thomakupfer kupferreview reviewgerman german`` ``rock rockhard hard'' ''magazin magazinwrote wrote`` ``skid skidrow rowoffend offendlot lotold oldfan fandisc disc'' ''`` ``mediocr mediocrdomin dominsong songseem seemuninspir uninspircompact compactsound soundsolid solidcraftsmanship craftsmanshipband bandmember member'' ''save savealbum albumband bandmember memberalso alsoreflect reflectposit positwork work`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''interview interviewnovemb novemb2006 2006bassist bassistrachel rachelbolan bolanexpress expressnegat negatfeel feelalbum album`` ``record recordnightmar nightmarintern internband bandfallen fallenapart apartforc forcgo goanoth anothrecord recordnightmar nightmarrecord recordwrite writeproduc producwork worksomeon someonwork worksuccess successmichael michaeluse useway waything thingslight slightbob bobgenius geniusproduc producbad badtime timegreatest greatesttime timenobodi nobodi's 'sfault faultway waything thingalso alsorecord recordabsolut absolutsuck suck'' ''june june2018 2018interview interview`` ``rock rocktalk talkmitch mitchlafon lafon'' ''podcast podcastvocalist vocalistsebastian sebastianbach bachindic indicdespit despitfeatur featur`` ``good goodtune tune'' ''`` ``date dateproduct productsound sound'' ''`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''made madeunlisten unlistenalbum album`` ``way wayprobabl probabllar larulrich ulrichmight mightthink think`` ``st. st.anger anger'' ''date datetime timethink think`` ``subhuman subhumanrace race'' ''might might`` ``st stanger anger'' '''' | 157652 | Subhuman Race | 1995 albums,Atlantic Records albums,Skid Row (American band) albums |
157652-3 | Subhuman Race
Section::::Personnel.
section:personnel | 157652 | Subhuman Race | 1995 albums,Atlantic Records albums,Skid Row (American band) albums |
157652-4 | Subhuman Race
Section::::Personnel.:Skid Row.
BULLET::::- Sebastian Bach – vocals
BULLET::::- Scotti Hill – guitar, backing vocals
BULLET::::- Dave Sabo – guitar, backing vocals
BULLET::::- Rachel Bolan – bass guitar, backing vocals
BULLET::::- Rob Affuso – drums, percussion
section:personnel :personnelskid skidrow rowbullet bullet:- :-sebastian sebastianbach bach– –vocal vocalbullet bullet:- :-scotti scottihill hill– –guitar guitarback backvocal vocalbullet bullet:- :-dave davesabo sabo– –guitar guitarback backvocal vocalbullet bullet:- :-rachel rachelbolan bolan– –bass bassguitar guitarback backvocal vocalbullet bullet:- :-rob robaffuso affuso– –drum drumpercuss | 157652 | Subhuman Race | 1995 albums,Atlantic Records albums,Skid Row (American band) albums |
157652-5 | Subhuman Race
Section::::Personnel.:Production.
BULLET::::- Bob Rock – producer
BULLET::::- Randy Staub – engineer, mixing at The Warehouse Studio, Vancouver, Canada
BULLET::::- Brian Dobbs, Darrin Grahn – assistant engineers
BULLET::::- George Marino – mastering at Sterling Sound, New York
section:personnel. :personnel.product productbullet bullet:- :-bob bobrock rock– –produc producbullet bullet:- :-randi randistaub staub– –engin enginmix mixwarehous warehousstudio studiovancouv vancouvcanada canadabullet bullet:- :-brian briandobb dobbdarrin darringrahn grahn– –assist assistengin enginbullet bullet:- :-georg georgmarino marino– –master mastersterl sterlsound soundnew newyork | 157652 | Subhuman Race | 1995 albums,Atlantic Records albums,Skid Row (American band) albums |
157641-1 | Thomas John Barnardo
Thomas John Barnardo (4 July 184519 September 1905) was an Irish philanthropist and founder and director of homes for poor children. From the foundation of the first Barnardo's home in 1867 to the date of Barnardo's death, nearly 60,000 children had been taken in.
Although Barnardo never finished his studies at the London Hospital, he used the title of ‘doctor’ and later secured a licentiate.
thomajohn johnbarnardo barnardo4 4juli juli184519 184519septemb septemb1905 1905irish irishphilanthropist philanthropistfounder founderdirector directorhome homepoor poorchildren childrenfoundat foundatfirst firstbarnardo barnardo's 'shome home1867 1867date datebarnardo barnardo's 'sdeath deathnear near60,000 60,000children childrentaken takenalthough althoughbarnardo barnardonever neverfinish finishstudi studilondon londonhospit hospituse usetitl titl‘ ‘doctor doctor’ ’later latersecur securlicenti | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-2 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Early life.
Barnardo was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1845. He was the fourth of five children (one died in childbirth) of John Michaelis Barnardo, a furrier who was of Sephardic Jewish descent, and his second wife, Abigail, an Englishwoman and member of the Plymouth Brethren.
In the early 1840s, John emigrated from Hamburg to Dublin, where he established a business; he married twice and fathered seven children. The Barnardo family "traced its origin to Venice, followed by conversion to the Lutheran Church in the sixteenth century".
As a young child, Barnardo thought that everything that was not his should belong to him. However, as he grew older, he abandoned this mindset in favour of helping the poor.
Barnardo moved to London in 1866. At that time he was interested in becoming a missionary.
section:ear :earlife lifebarnardo barnardoborn borndublin dublinireland ireland1845 1845fourth fourthfive fivechildren childrenone onedie diechildbirth childbirthjohn johnmicha michabarnardo barnardofurrier furriersephard sephardjewish jewishdescent descentsecond secondwife wifeabigail abigailenglishwoman englishwomanmember memberplymouth plymouthbrethren brethrenearli earli1840s 1840sjohn johnemigr emigrhamburg hamburgdublin dublinestablish establishbusi busimarri marritwice twicefather fatherseven sevenchildren childrenbarnardo barnardofamili famili`` ``trace traceorigin originvenic venicfollow followconvers converslutheran lutheranchurch churchsixteenth sixteenthcenturi centuri'' ''young youngchild childbarnardo barnardothought thoughteveryth everythbelong belonghowev howevgrew grewolder olderabandon abandonmindset mindsetfavour favourhelp helppoor poorbarnardo barnardomove movelondon london1866 1866time timeinterest interestbecom becommissionari | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-3 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Philanthropy.
In the 1860s, Barnardo opened a school in the East End of London to care for and educate children of the area left orphaned and destitute by a recent cholera outbreak. In 1870 he founded a boys' orphanage at 18 Stepney Causeway and later opened a girls' home. By the time of his death in 1905, Barnardo's institutions cared for over 8,500 children in 96 locations.
Barnardo's work was carried on by his many supporters under the name "Dr Barnardo's Homes". Following societal changes in the mid-20th century, the charity changed its focus from the direct care of children to fostering and adoption, renaming itself "Dr Barnardo's". Following the closure of its last traditional orphanage in 1989, it took the still simpler name of "Barnardo's".
section:philanthropi :philanthropi1860s 1860sbarnardo barnardoopen openschool schooleast eastend endlondon londoncare careeduc educchildren childrenarea arealeft leftorphan orphandestitut destitutrecent recentcholera choleraoutbreak outbreak1870 1870found foundboy boyorphanag orphanag18 18stepney stepneycauseway causewaylater lateropen opengirl girlhome hometime timedeath death1905 1905barnardo barnardo's 'sinstitut institutcare care8,500 8,500children children96 96locat locatbarnardo barnardo's 'swork workcarri carrimani manisupport supportname name`` ``dr drbarnardo barnardo's 'shome home'' ''follow followsociet societchang changmid-20th mid-20thcenturi centurichariti charitichang changfocus focusdirect directcare carechildren childrenfoster fosteradopt adoptrenam renam`` ``dr drbarnardo barnardo's 's'' ''follow followclosur closurlast lasttradit traditorphanag orphanag1989 1989took tookstill stillsimpler simplername name`` ``barnardo barnardo's 's'' | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-4 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Philanthropy.:Controversies.
There was controversy early on with Barnardo's work. Specifically, he was accused of kidnapping children without parents' permission and of falsifying photographs of children to make the distinction between the period before they were rescued by Barnardo's and afterwards seem more dramatic. He openly confessed to the former of these charges, describing it as 'philanthropic abduction' and basing his defence on the idea that the end justified the means. In all, he was taken to court on 88 occasions, largely on the charge of kidnapping. However, being a charismatic speaker and popular figure, he rode through these scandals unscathed. Other charges brought against him included presenting staged images of children for Barnardo's 'before and after' cards and neglecting basic hygiene for the children under his care.
Barnardo's was implicated in the scandal of forced child migration], in which children from poor social backgrounds were taken to the former colonies (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa) by churches and charities, without their parents' consent and even under false claims of death. Although this was a legal scheme, favoured by Government and society, in many cases the children suffered harsh life conditions and many also suffered abuse. This practice went on until the 70's. This merited an apology by PM Gordon Brown in 2010.
section:philanthropy. :philanthropy.controversi controversicontroversi controversiearli earlibarnardo barnardo's 'swork workspecif specifaccus accuskidnap kidnapchildren childrenwithout withoutparent parentpermiss permissfalsifi falsifiphotograph photographchildren childrenmake makedistinct distinctperiod periodrescu rescubarnardo barnardo's 'safterward afterwardseem seemdramat dramatopen openconfess confessformer formercharg chargdescrib describphilanthrop philanthropabduct abductbase basedefenc defencidea ideaend endjustifi justifimean meantaken takencourt court88 88occas occaslarg largcharg chargkidnap kidnaphowev howevcharismat charismatspeaker speakerpopular popularfigur figurrode rodescandal scandalunscath unscathcharg chargbrought broughtinclud includpresent presentstage stageimag imagchildren childrenbarnardo barnardo's 'sbefor beforcard cardneglect neglectbasic basichygien hygienchildren childrencare carebarnardo barnardo's 'simplic implicscandal scandalforc forcchild childmigrat migratchildren childrenpoor poorsocial socialbackground backgroundtaken takenformer formercoloni coloniaustralia australiacanada canadanew newzealand zealandsouth southafrica africachurch churchchariti charitiwithout withoutparent parentconsent consenteven evenfals falsclaim claimdeath deathalthough althoughlegal legalscheme schemefavour favourgovern governsocieti societimani manicase casechildren childrensuffer sufferharsh harshlife lifecondit conditmani manialso alsosuffer sufferabus abuspractic practicwent went70 70's 'smerit meritapolog apologpm pmgordon gordonbrown brown2010 | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-5 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Philanthropy.:The charity today.
The official mascot of Barnardo's is a bear called Barney. H.M. Queen Elizabeth II is the current patron of Barnardo's. Its chief executive is Javed Khan.
section:philanthropi :philanthropichariti charititoday todayoffici officimascot mascotbarnardo barnardo's 'sbear bearcall callbarney barneyh.m. h.m.queen queenelizabeth elizabethii iicurrent currentpatron patronbarnardo barnardo's 'schief chiefexecut executjave javekhan | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-6 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Personal life.
section:person :personlife | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-7 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Personal life.:Marriage and family.
In June 1873, Barnardo married Sara Louise Elmslie (1842–1944), known as Syrie, the daughter of an underwriter for Lloyd's of London. Syrie shared her husband's interests in evangelism and social work. The couple settled at Mossford Lodge, Essex, where they had seven children, three of whom died in early childhood. Another child, Marjorie, had Down syndrome.
Another daughter, Gwendolyn Maud Syrie (1879–1955), known as Syrie like her mother, was married to wealthy businessman Henry Wellcome, and later to the writer Somerset Maugham, and became a socially prominent London interior designer.
section:person :personlife lifemarriag marriagfamili familijune june1873 1873barnardo barnardomarri marrisara saralouis louiselmsli elmsli1842–1944 1842–1944known knownsyri syridaughter daughterunderwrit underwritlloyd lloyd's 'slondon londonsyri syrishare sharehusband husband's 'sinterest interestevangel evangelsocial socialwork workcoupl couplsettl settlmossford mossfordlodg lodgessex essexseven sevenchildren childrenthree threedie dieearli earlichildhood childhoodanoth anothchild childmarjori marjorisyndrom syndromanoth anothdaughter daughtergwendolyn gwendolynmaud maudsyri syri1879–1955 1879–1955known knownsyri syrilike likemother mothermarri marriwealthi wealthibusinessman businessmanhenri henriwellcom wellcomlater laterwriter writersomerset somersetmaugham maughambecam becamsocial socialpromin prominlondon londoninterior interiordesign | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-8 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Personal life.:Death.
Barnardo died of angina pectoris in London on 19 September 1905, and was buried in front of Cairns House, Barkingside, Essex. The house is now the head office of the children's charity he founded, Barnardo's. A memorial stands outside Cairn's House.
section:person :personlife. life.death deathbarnardo barnardodie dieangina anginapectori pectorilondon london19 19septemb septemb1905 1905buri burifront frontcairn cairnhous housbarkingsid barkingsidessex essexhous houshead headoffic officchildren children's 'schariti charitifound foundbarnardo barnardo's 'smemori memoristand standoutsid outsidcairn cairn's 'shous | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-9 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Personal life.:Legacy.
After Barnardo's death, a national memorial was instituted to form a fund of £250,000 to relieve the various institutions of all financial liability and to place the entire work on a permanent basis. William Baker, formerly the chairman of the council, was selected to succeed the founder of the homes as Honorary Director.Thomas Barnardo was the author of 192 books dealing with the charitable work to which he devoted his life.
From the foundation of the homes in 1867 to the date of Barnardo's death, nearly 60,000 children had been taken-in, most being trained and placed out in life. At the time of his death, his charity was caring for over 8,500 children in 96 homes.
section:person :personlife. life.legaci legacibarnardo barnardo's 'sdeath deathnation nationmemori memoriinstitut institutform formfund fund£250,000 £250,000reliev relievvarious variousinstitut institutfinanci financiliabil liabilplace placeentir entirwork workperman permanbasi basiwilliam williambaker bakerformer formerchairman chairmancouncil councilselect selectsucceed succeedfounder founderhome homehonorari honoraridirector.thoma director.thomabarnardo barnardoauthor author192 192book bookdeal dealcharit charitwork workdevot devotlife lifefoundat foundathome home1867 1867date datebarnardo barnardo's 'sdeath deathnear near60,000 60,000children childrentaken-in taken-intrain trainplace placelife lifetime timedeath deathchariti chariticare care8,500 8,500children children96 96home | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-10 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::Personal life.:Not a Jack the Ripper suspect.
At the time of the Whitechapel murders, due to the supposed medical expertise of the Ripper, various doctors in the area were suspected. Barnardo was named a possible suspect long after his death. Ripperologist Gary Rowlands theorized that due to Barnardo's lonely childhood he had anger which led him to murder prostitutes. However, there is no evidence that he committed the murders. Critics have also pointed out that his age and appearance did not match any of the descriptions of the Ripper.
section:person :personlife lifejack jackripper rippersuspect suspecttime timewhitechapel whitechapelmurder murderdue duesuppos supposmedic medicexpertis expertisripper rippervarious variousdoctor doctorarea areasuspect suspectbarnardo barnardoname namepossibl possiblsuspect suspectlong longdeath deathripperologist ripperologistgari garirowland rowlandtheoriz theorizdue duebarnardo barnardo's 'slone lonechildhood childhoodanger angerled ledmurder murderprostitut prostituthowev howevevid evidcommit commitmurder murdercritic criticalso alsopoint pointage ageappear appearmatch matchdescript descriptripper | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-11 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- "The Likes of Us"
BULLET::::- Charitable organization
BULLET::::- Orphanage
BULLET::::- Ragged School Museum
BULLET::::- List of Freemasons
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-`` ``like likeus us'' ''bullet bullet:- :-charit charitorgan organbullet bullet:- :-orphanag orphanagbullet bullet:- :-rag ragschool schoolmuseum museumbullet bullet:- :-list listfreemason | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-12 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::References.
BULLET::::- Attribution
section:refer :referbullet bullet:- :-attribut | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157641-13 | Thomas John Barnardo
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- British Home Child Group International - research site
BULLET::::- IllustratedPast.com – photographs of a Barnardo orphanage in 1893
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-british britishhome homechild childgroup groupintern internresearch researchsite sitebullet bullet:- :-illustratedpast.com illustratedpast.com– –photograph photographbarnardo barnardoorphanag orphanag1893 | 157641 | Thomas John Barnardo | 1845 births,Founders of orphanages,Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement,Child welfare in the United Kingdom,19th-century Irish people,Freemasons of the United Grand Lodge of England,Irish people of Italian descent,Irish people of German descent,Irish evangelicals,Irish Freemasons,1905 deaths,Irish people of English descent,Irish philanthropists,Irish Protestants,People from Dublin (city) |
157656-1 | Battle of Magenta
The Battle of Magenta was fought on 4 June 1859 during the Second Italian War of Independence, resulting in a French-Sardinian victory under Napoleon III against the Austrians under Marshal Ferencz Gyulai.
It took place near the town of Magenta in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, a crown land of the Austrian Empire on 4 June 1859. Napoleon III's army crossed the Ticino River and outflanked the Austrian right forcing the Austrian army under Gyulai to retreat. The confined nature of the country, a vast spread of orchards cut up by streams and irrigation canals, precluded elaborate manoeuvre. The Austrians turned every house into a miniature fortress. The brunt of the fighting was borne by 5,000 grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard, still mostly in their First Empire style of uniforms. The battle of Magenta was not a particularly large battle, but it was a decisive victory for the Franco-Sardinian alliance. Patrice Maurice de MacMahon was created Duke of Magenta for his role in this battle, and would later go on to serve as one of the French President of the Third French Republic.
An overwhelming majority of the French-Piedmontese coalition soldiers were French (1,100 were Piedmontese and 58,000 were French).
battlmagenta magentafought fought4 4june june1859 1859second seconditalian italianwar warindepend independresult resultfrench-sardinian french-sardinianvictori victorinapoleon napoleoniii iiiaustrian austrianmarshal marshalferencz ferenczgyulai gyulaitook tookplace placenear neartown townmagenta magentakingdom kingdomlombardy–venetia lombardy–venetiacrown crownland landaustrian austrianempir empir4 4june june1859 1859napoleon napoleoniii iii's 'sarmi armicross crossticino ticinoriver riveroutflank outflankaustrian austrianright rightforc forcaustrian austrianarmi armigyulai gyulairetreat retreatconfin confinnatur naturcountri countrivast vastspread spreadorchard orchardcut cutstream streamirrig irrigcanal canalpreclud precludelabor elabormanoeuvr manoeuvraustrian austrianturn turneveri everihous housminiatur miniaturfortress fortressbrunt bruntfight fightborn born5,000 5,000grenadi grenadifrench frenchimperi imperiguard guardstill stillmost mostfirst firstempir empirstyle styleuniform uniformbattl battlmagenta magentaparticular particularlarg largbattl battldecis decisvictori victorifranco-sardinian franco-sardinianallianc alliancpatric patricmauric mauricde demacmahon macmahoncreat creatduke dukemagenta magentarole rolebattl battlwould wouldlater latergo goserv servone onefrench frenchpresid presidthird thirdfrench frenchrepubl republoverwhelm overwhelmmajor majorfrench-piedmontes french-piedmontescoalit coalitsoldier soldierfrench french1,100 1,100piedmontes piedmontes58,000 58,000french | 157656 | Battle of Magenta | June 1859 events,Battles involving France,Battles involving the French Foreign Legion,Battles involving Austria,Conflicts in 1859,1859 in France,1859 in Italy,Battles of the Wars of Italian Independence,1859 in the Austrian Empire |
157656-2 | Battle of Magenta
Section::::Aftermath.
A dye producing the colour magenta was discovered in 1859, and was named after this battle, as was the Boulevard de Magenta in Paris.
section:aftermath :aftermathdye dyeproduc produccolour colourmagenta magentadiscov discov1859 1859name namebattl battlboulevard boulevardde demagenta magentapari | 157656 | Battle of Magenta | June 1859 events,Battles involving France,Battles involving the French Foreign Legion,Battles involving Austria,Conflicts in 1859,1859 in France,1859 in Italy,Battles of the Wars of Italian Independence,1859 in the Austrian Empire |
157654-1 | Guibert of Nogent
Guibert de Nogent (c. 1055–1124) was a Benedictine historian, theologian and author of autobiographical memoirs. Guibert was relatively unknown in his own time, going virtually unmentioned by his contemporaries. He has only recently caught the attention of scholars who have been more interested in his extensive autobiographical memoirs and personality which provide insight into medieval life.
guibertde denogent nogentc. c.1055–1124 1055–1124benedictin benedictinhistorian historiantheologian theologianauthor authorautobiograph autobiographmemoir memoirguibert guibertrelat relatunknown unknowntime timego govirtual virtualunment unmentcontemporari contemporarirecent recentcaught caughtattent attentscholar scholarinterest interestextens extensautobiograph autobiographmemoir memoirperson personprovid providinsight insightmediev medievlife | 157654 | Guibert of Nogent | French religious writers,Crusade literature,French historians,Year of birth uncertain,French abbots,French male writers,1124 deaths,12th-century historians,12th-century French writers,French autobiographers,Benedictine abbots |
157654-2 | Guibert of Nogent
Section::::Life.
Guibert was born of parents from the minor nobility at Clermont-en-Beauvaisis. Guibert claims that it took his parents over seven years to conceive, as he writes in his "Monodiae". According to his memoirs, the labour nearly cost him and his mother their lives, as Guibert turned around in the womb. Guibert's family made an offering to a shrine of the Virgin Mary, and promised that if Guibert survived, he would be dedicated to a clerical life. Since he survived, he followed this path. His father was violent, unfaithful and prone to excess, and was captured at the Battle of Mortemer, dying eight months later. In his memoirs, Guibert views his death as a type of blessing, stating that if his father had survived, he likely would have forced Guibert to become a knight, thus breaking the oath to the Virgin Mary to dedicate Guibert to the church. His mother was domineering, of great beauty and intelligence, and exceedingly zealous. Guibert writes so much about his mother, and in such detail, that some scholars, such as Archambault, have suggested that he may have had an Oedipus complex. She assumed control of his education, isolated him from his peers and hired him a private tutor, from the ages of six to twelve. Guibert remembers the tutor as brutally exacting, and incompetent; nevertheless Guibert and his tutor developed a strong bond. When Guibert was around the age of twelve, his mother retired to an abbey near Saint-Germer-de-Fly (or Flay), and he soon followed. Entering the Order at St. Germer, he studied with great zeal, devoting himself at first to the secular poets Ovid and Virgil—an experience which left its imprint on his works. He later changed his focus to theology, through the influence of Anselm of Bec, who later became the Archbishop of Canterbury.
In 1104, he was chosen abbot of the poor and tiny abbey of Nogent-sous-Coucy (founded 1059) and henceforth took a more prominent part in ecclesiastical affairs, where he came into contact with bishops and court society. More importantly, it gave him time to engage in his passion for writing. His first major work of this period is his history of the First Crusade called "Dei gesta per Francos" ("God's deeds through the Franks"), finished in 1108 and touched up in 1121. The history is largely a paraphrase, in ornate style, of the "Gesta Francorum" of an anonymous Norman author; Crusade historians have traditionally not given it favourable reviews; the fact that he stays so close to "Gesta Francorum", and the difficulty of his Latin, make it seem superfluous. Recent editors and translators, however, have called attention to his excellent writing and original material. More importantly, the "Dei gesta" supplies us with invaluable information about the reception of the crusade in France. Guibert personally knew crusaders, had grown up with crusaders, and talked with them about their memories and experiences.
For the modern reader, his autobiography ("De vita sua sive monodiarum suarum libri tres"), or "Monodiae" ("Solitary Songs", commonly referred to as his "Memoirs"), written in 1115, is considered the most interesting of his works. Written towards the close of his life, and based on the model of the "Confessions" of Saint Augustine, he traces his life from his childhood to adulthood. Throughout, he gives picturesque glimpses of his time and the customs of his country. The text is divided into three "Books." The first covers his own life, from birth to adulthood; the second is a brief history of his monastery; the third is a description of an uprising in nearby Laon. He provides invaluable information on daily life in castles and monasteries, on the educational methods then in vogue, and gives insights into some of the major and minor personalities of his time. His work is coloured by his passions and prejudices, which add a personal touch to the work.
For example, he was quite sceptical about the propriety of Catholic relics of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary and numerous Catholic saints, and entertained doubts about their authenticity, noting that some shrines and pilgrimage sites made conflicting claims about which bodily remnants, clothing or other sacred objects were held at which site.
section:life :lifeguibert guibertborn bornparent parentminor minornobil nobilclermont-en-beauvaisi clermont-en-beauvaisiguibert guibertclaim claimtook tookparent parentseven sevenyear yearconceiv conceivwrite write`` ``monodia monodia'' ''accord accordmemoir memoirlabour labournear nearcost costmother motherlive liveguibert guibertturn turnaround aroundwomb wombguibert guibert's 'sfamili familimade madeoffer offershrine shrinevirgin virginmari maripromis promisguibert guibertsurviv survivwould woulddedic dediccleric clericlife lifesinc sincsurviv survivfollow followpath pathfather fatherviolent violentunfaith unfaithprone proneexcess excesscaptur capturbattl battlmortem mortemdie dieeight eightmonth monthlater latermemoir memoirguibert guibertview viewdeath deathtype typebless blessstate statefather fathersurviv survivlike likewould wouldforc forcguibert guibertbecom becomknight knightthus thusbreak breakoath oathvirgin virginmari maridedic dedicguibert guibertchurch churchmother motherdomin domingreat greatbeauti beautiintellig intelligexceed exceedzealous zealousguibert guibertwrite writemuch muchmother motherdetail detailscholar scholararchambault archambaultsuggest suggestmay mayoedipus oedipuscomplex complexassum assumcontrol controleduc educisol isolpeer peerhire hireprivat privattutor tutorage agesix sixtwelv twelvguibert guibertrememb remembtutor tutorbrutal brutalexact exactincompet incompetnevertheless neverthelessguibert guiberttutor tutordevelop developstrong strongbond bondguibert guibertaround aroundage agetwelv twelvmother motherretir retirabbey abbeynear nearsaint-germer-de-fli saint-germer-de-fliflay flaysoon soonfollow followenter enterorder orderst. st.germer germerstudi studigreat greatzeal zealdevot devotfirst firstsecular secularpoet poetovid ovidvirgil—an virgil—anexperi experileft leftimprint imprintwork worklater laterchang changfocus focustheolog theologinfluenc influencanselm anselmbec beclater laterbecam becamarchbishop archbishopcanterburi canterburi1104 1104chosen chosenabbot abbotpoor poortini tiniabbey abbeynogent-sous-couci nogent-sous-coucifound found1059 1059henceforth henceforthtook tookpromin prominpart partecclesiast ecclesiastaffair affaircame camecontact contactbishop bishopcourt courtsocieti societiimport importgave gavetime timeengag engagpassion passionwrite writefirst firstmajor majorwork workperiod periodhistori historifirst firstcrusad crusadcall call`` ``dei deigesta gestaper perfranco franco'' ''`` ``god god's 'sdeed deedfrank frank'' ''finish finish1108 1108touch touch1121 1121histori historilarg largparaphras paraphrasornat ornatstyle style`` ``gesta gestafrancorum francorum'' ''anonym anonymnorman normanauthor authorcrusad crusadhistorian historiantradit traditgiven givenfavour favourreview reviewfact factstay stayclose close`` ``gesta gestafrancorum francorum'' ''difficulti difficultilatin latinmake makeseem seemsuperflu superflurecent recenteditor editortranslat translathowev howevcall callattent attentexcel excelwrite writeorigin originmateri materiimport import`` ``dei deigesta gesta'' ''suppli supplius usinvalu invaluinform informrecept receptcrusad crusadfranc francguibert guibertperson personknew knewcrusad crusadgrown growncrusad crusadtalk talkmemori memoriexperi experimodern modernreader readerautobiographi autobiographi`` ``de devita vitasua suasive sivemonodiarum monodiarumsuarum suarumlibri libritres tres'' ''`` ``monodia monodia'' ''`` ``solitari solitarisong song'' ''common commonrefer refer`` ``memoir memoir'' ''written written1115 1115consid considinterest interestwork workwritten writtentoward towardclose closelife lifebase basemodel model`` ``confess confess'' ''saint saintaugustin augustintrace tracelife lifechildhood childhoodadulthood adulthoodthroughout throughoutgive givepicturesqu picturesquglimps glimpstime timecustom customcountri countritext textdivid dividthree three`` ``book book'' ''first firstcover coverlife lifebirth birthadulthood adulthoodsecond secondbrief briefhistori historimonasteri monasterithird thirddescript descriptupris uprisnearbi nearbilaon laonprovid providinvalu invaluinform informdaili daililife lifecastl castlmonasteri monasterieduc educmethod methodvogu vogugive giveinsight insightmajor majorminor minorperson persontime timework workcolour colourpassion passionprejudic prejudicadd addperson persontouch touchwork workexampl examplquit quitsceptic scepticproprieti proprieticathol catholrelic relicjesus jesuschrist christvirgin virginmari marinumer numercathol catholsaint saintentertain entertaindoubt doubtauthent authentnote noteshrine shrinepilgrimag pilgrimagsite sitemade madeconflict conflictclaim claimbodili bodiliremnant remnantcloth clothsacr sacrobject objectheld heldsite | 157654 | Guibert of Nogent | French religious writers,Crusade literature,French historians,Year of birth uncertain,French abbots,French male writers,1124 deaths,12th-century historians,12th-century French writers,French autobiographers,Benedictine abbots |
157654-3 | Guibert of Nogent
Section::::References.
BULLET::::- Sources
BULLET::::- "The Autobiography Of Guibert". C.C. Swinton Bland, translator,"The Autobiography of Guibert, Abbot of Nogent-sous-Coucy" (London: George Routledge: New York: E.P. Dutton, 1925) From Internet Archive
BULLET::::- "Memoirs" and from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook. Excerpts from the English translation by C.C. Swinton Bland.
BULLET::::- "On the Saints and their Relics" from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
BULLET::::- "The Revolt in Laon" from the Internet Medieval Sourcebook.
BULLET::::- "On the First Crusade", includes Guibert's version of Pope Urban's speech and impressions of Peter the Hermit.
BULLET::::- "The Deeds of God through the Franks, e-text from Project Gutenburg. Translated by Robert Levine 1997.
BULLET::::- Books
BULLET::::- Paul J. Archambault (1995). "A Monk's Confession: The Memoirs of Guibert of Nogent".
BULLET::::- John Benton, ed. (1970). "Self and Society in Medieval France: The Memoirs of Abbot Guibert of Nogent". A revised edition of the 1925 C.C. Swinton Bland edition, includes introduction and latest research. (1984 reprint, University of Toronto Press).
BULLET::::- Guibert of Nogent, "Dei Gesta per Francos", ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis 127A (Turnhout: Brepols, 1996)
BULLET::::- Robert Levine (1997). "The Deeds of God through the Franks : A Translation of Guibert de Nogent's `Gesta Dei per Francos' ".
BULLET::::- Joseph McAlhany, Jay Rubenstein, eds. (2011). "Monodies and On the Relics of Saints: the Autobiography and a Manifesto of a French Monk from the Time of the Crusades". Translated from the Latin, with introduction and notes. Penguin Classics.
BULLET::::- Jay Rubenstein (2002). "Guibert of Nogent: Portrait of a Medieval Mind", London. .
BULLET::::- Karin Fuchs, "Zeichen und Wunder bei Guibert de Nogent. Kommunikation, Deutungen und Funktionalisierungen von Wundererzählungen im 12. Jahrhundert" (München: Oldenbourg, 2008) (Pariser Historische Studien, 84).
BULLET::::- Laurence Terrier (2013). "La doctrine de l'eucharistie de Guibert de Nogent. De pigneribus Livre II. Texte et Traduction", Paris, Vrin.
BULLET::::- Articles
BULLET::::- Elizabeth Lapina, "Anti-Jewish rhetoric in Guibert of Nogent's "Dei gesta per Francos"," "Journal of Medieval History", 35,3 (2009), 239-253.
section:refer :referbullet bullet:- :-sourc sourcbullet bullet:- :-`` ``autobiographi autobiographiguibert guibert'' ''c.c c.cswinton swintonbland blandtranslat translat'' ''autobiographi autobiographiguibert guibertabbot abbotnogent-sous-couci nogent-sous-couci'' ''london londongeorg georgroutledg routledgnew newyork yorke.p e.pdutton dutton1925 1925internet internetarchiv archivbullet bullet:- :-`` ``memoir memoir'' ''internet internetmediev medievsourcebook sourcebookexcerpt excerptenglish englishtranslat translatc.c c.cswinton swintonbland blandbullet bullet:- :-`` ``saint saintrelic relic'' ''internet internetmediev medievsourcebook sourcebookbullet bullet:- :-`` ``revolt revoltlaon laon'' ''internet internetmediev medievsourcebook sourcebookbullet bullet:- :-`` ``first firstcrusad crusad'' ''includ includguibert guibert's 'sversion versionpope popeurban urban's 'sspeech speechimpress impresspeter peterhermit hermitbullet bullet:- :-`` ``deed deedgod godfrank franke-text e-textproject projectgutenburg gutenburgtranslat translatrobert robertlevin levin1997 1997bullet bullet:- :-book bookbullet bullet:- :-paul paulj. j.archambault archambault1995 1995`` ``monk monk's 'sconfess confessmemoir memoirguibert guibertnogent nogent'' ''bullet bullet:- :-john johnbenton bentoned ed1970 1970`` ``self selfsocieti societimediev medievfranc francmemoir memoirabbot abbotguibert guibertnogent nogent'' ''revis revisedit edit1925 1925c.c c.cswinton swintonbland blandedit editinclud includintroduct introductlatest latestresearch research1984 1984reprint reprintunivers universtoronto torontopress pressbullet bullet:- :-guibert guibertnogent nogent`` ``dei deigesta gestaper perfranco franco'' ''ed edr.b.c r.b.chuygen huygencorpus corpuschristianorum christianorumcontinuatio continuatiomediaevali mediaevali127a 127aturnhout turnhoutbrepol brepol1996 1996bullet bullet:- :-robert robertlevin levin1997 1997`` ``deed deedgod godfrank franktranslat translatguibert guibertde denogent nogent's 'sgesta gestadei deiper perfranco franco`` ``bullet bullet:- :-joseph josephmcalhani mcalhanijay jayrubenstein rubensteined ed2011 2011`` ``monodi monodirelic relicsaint saintautobiographi autobiographimanifesto manifestofrench frenchmonk monktime timecrusad crusad'' ''translat translatlatin latinintroduct introductnote notepenguin penguinclassic classicbullet bullet:- :-jay jayrubenstein rubenstein2002 2002`` ``guibert guibertnogent nogentportrait portraitmediev medievmind mind'' ''london londonbullet bullet:- :-karin karinfuch fuch`` ``zeichen zeichenund undwunder wunderbei beiguibert guibertde denogent nogentkommunik kommunikdeutungen deutungenund undfunktionalisierungen funktionalisierungenvon vonwundererzählungen wundererzählungenim im12 12jahrhundert jahrhundert'' ''münchen münchenoldenbourg oldenbourg2008 2008paris parishistorisch historischstudien studien84 84bullet bullet:- :-laurenc laurencterrier terrier2013 2013`` ``la ladoctrin doctrinde del'eucharisti l'eucharistide deguibert guibertde denogent nogentde depigneribus pigneribuslivr livrii iitext textet ettraduct traduct'' ''pari parivrin vrinbullet bullet:- :-articl articlbullet bullet:- :-elizabeth elizabethlapina lapina`` ``anti-jewish anti-jewishrhetor rhetorguibert guibertnogent nogent's 's`` ``dei deigesta gestaper perfranco franco'' '''' ''`` ``journal journalmediev medievhistori histori'' ''35,3 35,32009 2009239-253 | 157654 | Guibert of Nogent | French religious writers,Crusade literature,French historians,Year of birth uncertain,French abbots,French male writers,1124 deaths,12th-century historians,12th-century French writers,French autobiographers,Benedictine abbots |
157660-1 | Raymond of Poitiers
Raymond of Poitiers (c. 1099- 29 June 1149) was Prince of Antioch from 1136 to 1149. He was the younger son of William IX, Duke of Aquitaine and his wife Philippa, Countess of Toulouse, born in the very year that his father the Duke began his infamous liaison with Dangereuse de Chatelherault.
raymondpoitier poitierc. c.1099- 1099-29 29june june1149 1149princ princantioch antioch1136 11361149 1149younger youngerson sonwilliam williamix ixduke dukeaquitain aquitainwife wifephilippa philippacountess countesstoulous toulousborn bornyear yearfather fatherduke dukebegan beganinfam infamliaison liaisondangereus dangereusde dechatelherault | 157660 | Raymond of Poitiers | 12th-century Princes of Antioch,1149 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Christians of the Second Crusade,Princes of Antioch,Occitan people,1099 births,Monarchs killed in action |
157660-2 | Raymond of Poitiers
Section::::Assuming control.
Following the death of Prince Bohemund II of Antioch in 1130, the principality came under the regency first of King Baldwin II (1130–31), then King Fulk (1131–35), and finally Princess Alice (1135–36), Bohemond's widow. The reigning princess was Bohemond II's daughter, Constance (born 1127). Against the wishes of Alice, a marriage was arranged for Constance with Raymond, at the time staying in England, which he left only after the death of Henry I on 1 December 1135.
Upon hearing word that Raymond was going to pass through his lands in order to marry the princess of Antioch, King Roger II of Sicily ordered him arrested. By a series of subterfuges, Raymond passed through southern Italy and only arrived at Antioch after 19 April 1136. Patriarch Ralph of Domfront then convinced Alice that Raymond was there to marry her, whereupon she allowed him to enter Antioch (whose loyal garrison had refused him entry) and the patriarch married him to Constance. Alice then left the city, now under the control of Raymond and Ralph.
The first years of their joint rule were spent in conflicts with the Byzantine Emperor John II Comnenus, who had come south partly to recover Cilicia from Leo of Armenia, and to reassert his rights over Antioch. Raymond was forced to pay homage, and even to promise to cede his principality as soon as he was recompensed by a new fief, which John promised to carve out for him in the Muslim territory to the east of Antioch. The expedition of 1138, in which Raymond joined with John, and which was to conquer this territory, proved a failure. The expedition culminated in the unsuccessful Siege of Shaizar. Raymond was not anxious to help the emperor to acquire new territories, when their acquisition only meant for him the loss of Antioch. John Comnenus returned unsuccessful to Constantinople, after demanding from Raymond, without response, the surrender of the citadel of Antioch.
section:assum :assumcontrol controlfollow followdeath deathprinc princbohemund bohemundii iiantioch antioch1130 1130princip principcame cameregenc regencfirst firstking kingbaldwin baldwinii ii1130–31 1130–31king kingfulk fulk1131–35 1131–35final finalprincess princessalic alic1135–36 1135–36bohemond bohemond's 'swidow widowreign reignprincess princessbohemond bohemondii ii's 'sdaughter daughterconstanc constancborn born1127 1127wish wishalic alicmarriag marriagarrang arrangconstanc constancraymond raymondtime timestay stayengland englandleft leftdeath deathhenri henri1 1decemb decemb1135 1135upon uponhear hearword wordraymond raymondgo gopass passland landorder ordermarri marriprincess princessantioch antiochking kingroger rogerii iisicili siciliorder orderarrest arrestseri serisubterfug subterfugraymond raymondpass passsouthern southernitali italiarriv arrivantioch antioch19 19april april1136 1136patriarch patriarchralph ralphdomfront domfrontconvinc convincalic alicraymond raymondmarri marriwhereupon whereuponallow allowenter enterantioch antiochwhose whoseloyal loyalgarrison garrisonrefus refusentri entripatriarch patriarchmarri marriconstanc constancalic alicleft leftciti citicontrol controlraymond raymondralph ralphfirst firstyear yearjoint jointrule rulespent spentconflict conflictbyzantin byzantinemperor emperorjohn johnii iicomnenus comnenuscome comesouth southpart partrecov recovcilicia cilicialeo leoarmenia armeniareassert reassertright rightantioch antiochraymond raymondforc forcpay payhomag homageven evenpromis promiscede cedeprincip principsoon soonrecompens recompensnew newfief fiefjohn johnpromis promiscarv carvmuslim muslimterritori territorieast eastantioch antiochexpedit expedit1138 1138raymond raymondjoin joinjohn johnconquer conquerterritori territoriprove provefailur failurexpedit expeditculmin culminunsuccess unsuccesssieg siegshaizar shaizarraymond raymondanxious anxioushelp helpemperor emperoracquir acquirnew newterritori territoriacquisit acquisitmeant meantloss lossantioch antiochjohn johncomnenus comnenusreturn returnunsuccess unsuccessconstantinopl constantinopldemand demandraymond raymondwithout withoutrespons responssurrend surrendcitadel citadelantioch | 157660 | Raymond of Poitiers | 12th-century Princes of Antioch,1149 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Christians of the Second Crusade,Princes of Antioch,Occitan people,1099 births,Monarchs killed in action |
157660-3 | Raymond of Poitiers
Section::::Struggles.
There followed a struggle between Raymond and the patriarch. Raymond was annoyed by the homage which he had been forced to pay to the patriarch in 1135 and the dubious validity of the patriarch's election offered a handle for opposition. Eventually Raymond triumphed, and the patriarch was deposed (1139). In 1142 John Comnenus returned to the attack, but Raymond refused to recognize or renew his previous submission, and John, though he ravaged the neighborhood of Antioch, was unable to effect anything against him. When, however Raymond demanded from Manuel, who had succeeded John in 1143, the cession of some of the Cilician towns, he found that he had met his match. Manuel forced him to a humiliating visit to Constantinople, during which he renewed his oath of homage and promised to acknowledge a Greek patriarch.
In the last year of Raymond's life Louis VII and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine (Raymond's niece) visited Antioch during the Second Crusade. Raymond sought to prevent Louis from going south to Jerusalem and to induce him to stay in Antioch and help in the conquest of Aleppo and Caesarea. Raymond was also suspected of having an incestuous affair with his beautiful niece Eleanor. According to John of Salisbury, Louis became suspicious of the attention Raymond lavished on Eleanor, and the long conversations they enjoyed. William of Tyre claims that Raymond seduced Eleanor to get revenge on her husband, who refused to aid him in his wars against the Saracens, and that ""contrary to [Eleanor's] royal dignity, she disregarded her marriage vows and was unfaithful to her husband."" Most modern historians dismiss such rumours, however, pointing out the closeness of Raymond and his niece during her early childhood, and the effulgent Aquitainian manner of behaviour. Also, as the pious Louis continued to have relations with his wife, it is doubtful that he believed his charge of incest.
Louis hastily left Antioch and Raymond was balked in his plans. In 1149 he was killed in the Battle of Inab during an expedition against Nur ad-Din Zangi. He was beheaded by Shirkuh, the uncle of Saladin, and his head was placed in a silver box and sent to the Caliph of Baghdad as a gift.
section:struggl :strugglfollow followstruggl strugglraymond raymondpatriarch patriarchraymond raymondannoy annoyhomag homagforc forcpay paypatriarch patriarch1135 1135dubious dubiousvalid validpatriarch patriarch's 'select electoffer offerhandl handlopposit oppositeventu eventuraymond raymondtriumph triumphpatriarch patriarchdepos depos1139 11391142 1142john johncomnenus comnenusreturn returnattack attackraymond raymondrefus refusrecogn recognrenew renewprevious previoussubmiss submissjohn johnthough thoughravag ravagneighborhood neighborhoodantioch antiochunabl unableffect effectanyth anythhowev howevraymond raymonddemand demandmanuel manuelsucceed succeedjohn john1143 1143cession cessioncilician ciliciantown townfound foundmet metmatch matchmanuel manuelforc forchumili humilivisit visitconstantinopl constantinoplrenew renewoath oathhomag homagpromis promisacknowledg acknowledggreek greekpatriarch patriarchlast lastyear yearraymond raymond's 'slife lifeloui louivii viiwife wifeeleanor eleanoraquitain aquitainraymond raymond's 'sniec niecvisit visitantioch antiochsecond secondcrusad crusadraymond raymondsought soughtprevent preventloui louigo gosouth southjerusalem jerusaleminduc inducstay stayantioch antiochhelp helpconquest conquestaleppo aleppocaesarea caesarearaymond raymondalso alsosuspect suspectincestu incestuaffair affairbeauti beautiniec nieceleanor eleanoraccord accordjohn johnsalisburi salisburiloui louibecam becamsuspici suspiciattent attentraymond raymondlavish lavisheleanor eleanorlong longconvers conversenjoy enjoywilliam williamtyre tyreclaim claimraymond raymondseduc seduceleanor eleanorget getreveng revenghusband husbandrefus refusaid aidwar warsaracen saracen`` ``'' ''contrari contrarieleanor eleanor's 'sroyal royaldigniti dignitidisregard disregardmarriag marriagvow vowunfaith unfaithhusband husband'' '''' ''modern modernhistorian historiandismiss dismissrumour rumourhowev howevpoint pointclose closeraymond raymondniec niecearli earlichildhood childhoodeffulg effulgaquitainian aquitainianmanner mannerbehaviour behaviouralso alsopious piousloui louicontinu continurelat relatwife wifedoubt doubtbeliev believcharg chargincest incestloui louihastili hastilileft leftantioch antiochraymond raymondbalk balkplan plan1149 1149kill killbattl battlinab inabexpedit expeditnur nurad-din ad-dinzangi zangibehead beheadshirkuh shirkuhuncl unclsaladin saladinhead headplace placesilver silverbox boxsent sentcaliph caliphbaghdad baghdadgift | 157660 | Raymond of Poitiers | 12th-century Princes of Antioch,1149 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Christians of the Second Crusade,Princes of Antioch,Occitan people,1099 births,Monarchs killed in action |
157660-4 | Raymond of Poitiers
Section::::Personality and family.
Raymond is described by William of Tyre (the main authority for his career) as ""a lord of noble descent, of tall and elegant figure, the handsomest of the princes of the earth, a man of charming affability and conversation, open-handed and magnificent beyond measure""; pre-eminent in the use of arms and military experience; "litteratorum, licet ipse esset, cultor" ("although he was himself illiterate, he was a cultivator of literature" – he caused the "Chanson des chétifs" to be composed); a regular churchman and faithful husband; but headstrong, irascible and unreasonable, with too great a passion for gambling (bk. xiv. c. xxi.). For his career see Rey, in the "Revue de l'orient latin", vol. iv.
With Constance he had the following children:
BULLET::::- Bohemond III
BULLET::::- Maria, married emperor Manuel I Komnenos
BULLET::::- Philippa
BULLET::::- Baldwin
section:person :personfamili familiraymond raymonddescrib describwilliam williamtyre tyremain mainauthor authorcareer career`` ``'' ''lord lordnobl nobldescent descenttall talleleg elegfigur figurhandsomest handsomestprinc princearth earthman mancharm charmaffabl affablconvers conversopen-hand open-handmagnific magnificbeyond beyondmeasur measur'' '''' ''pre-emin pre-eminuse usearm armmilitari militariexperi experi`` ``litteratorum litteratorumlicet licetips ipsesset essetcultor cultor'' ''`` ``although althoughilliter illitercultiv cultivliteratur literatur'' ''– –caus caus`` ``chanson chansondes deschétif chétif'' ''compos composregular regularchurchman churchmanfaith faithhusband husbandheadstrong headstrongirasc irascunreason unreasongreat greatpassion passiongambl gamblbk bkxiv xivc cxxi. xxi.career careersee seerey rey`` ``revu revude del'orient l'orientlatin latin'' ''vol voliv ivconstanc constancfollow followchildren childrenbullet bullet:- :-bohemond bohemondiii iiibullet bullet:- :-maria mariamarri marriemperor emperormanuel manuelkomneno komnenobullet bullet:- :-philippa philippabullet bullet:- :-baldwin | 157660 | Raymond of Poitiers | 12th-century Princes of Antioch,1149 deaths,Roman Catholic monarchs,Christians of the Second Crusade,Princes of Antioch,Occitan people,1099 births,Monarchs killed in action |
157649-1 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Stock Market Crash of 1929 or the Great Crash, was a major stock market crash that occurred in late October 1929. It started on October 24 ("Black Thursday") and continued until October 29, 1929 ("Black Tuesday"), when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange collapsed.
It was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects. The crash, which followed the London Stock Exchange's crash of September, signaled the beginning of the 12-year Great Depression that affected all Western industrialized countries.
wallstreet streetcrash crash1929 1929also alsoknown knownstock stockmarket marketcrash crash1929 1929great greatcrash crashmajor majorstock stockmarket marketcrash crashoccur occurlate lateoctob octob1929 1929start startoctob octob24 24`` ``black blackthursday thursday'' ''continu continuoctob octob29 291929 1929`` ``black blacktuesday tuesday'' ''share shareprice pricenew newyork yorkstock stockexchang exchangcollaps collapsdevast devaststock stockmarket marketcrash crashhistori historiunit unitstate statetake takeconsider considerfull fullextent extentdurat durateffect effectcrash crashfollow followlondon londonstock stockexchang exchang's 'scrash crashseptemb septembsignal signalbegin begin12-year 12-yeargreat greatdepress depressaffect affectwestern westernindustri industricountri | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-2 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Background.
The Roaring Twenties, the decade that followed World War I that led to the crash, was a time of wealth and excess. Building on post-war optimism, rural Americans migrated to the cities in vast numbers throughout the decade with the hopes of finding a more prosperous life in the ever-growing expansion of America's industrial sector. While American cities prospered, the overproduction of agricultural produce created widespread financial despair among American farmers throughout the decade. This would later be blamed as one of the key factors that led to the 1929 stock market crash.
Despite the dangers of speculation, it was widely believed that the stock market would continue to rise forever. On March 25, 1929, after the Federal Reserve warned of excessive speculation, a small crash occurred as investors started to sell stocks at a rapid pace, exposing the market's shaky foundation. Two days later, banker Charles E. Mitchell announced that his company, the National City Bank, would provide $25 million in credit to stop the market's slide. Mitchell's move brought a temporary halt to the financial crisis, and call money declined from 20 to 8 percent. However, the American economy showed ominous signs of trouble: steel production declined, construction was sluggish, automobile sales went down, and consumers were building up high debts because of easy credit. Despite all the economic trouble signs and the market breaks in March and May 1929, stocks resumed their advance in June and the gains continued almost unabated until early September 1929 (the Dow Jones average gained more than 20% between June and September). The market had been on a nine-year run that saw the Dow Jones Industrial Average increase in value tenfold, peaking at 381.17 on September 3, 1929. Shortly before the crash, economist Irving Fisher famously proclaimed, "Stock prices have reached what looks like a permanently high plateau." The optimism and the financial gains of the great bull market were shaken after a well-publicized early September prediction from financial expert Roger Babson that "a crash was coming". The initial September decline was thus called the "Babson Break" in the press. That was the start of the Great Crash, but until the severe phase of the crash in October, many investors regarded the September "Babson Break" as a "healthy correction" and buying opportunity.
On September 20, the London Stock Exchange crashed when top British investor Clarence Hatry and many of his associates were jailed for fraud and forgery. The London crash greatly weakened the optimism of American investment in markets overseas. In the days leading up to the crash, the market was severely unstable. Periods of selling and high volumes were interspersed with brief periods of rising prices and recovery.
section:background :backgroundroar roartwenti twentidecad decadfollow followworld worldwar warled ledcrash crashtime timewealth wealthexcess excessbuild buildpost-war post-waroptim optimrural ruralamerican americanmigrat migratciti citivast vastnumber numberthroughout throughoutdecad decadhope hopefind findprosper prosperlife lifeever-grow ever-growexpans expansamerica america's 'sindustri industrisector sectoramerican americanciti citiprosper prosperoverproduct overproductagricultur agriculturproduc produccreat creatwidespread widespreadfinanci financidespair despairamong amongamerican americanfarmer farmerthroughout throughoutdecad decadwould wouldlater laterblame blameone onekey keyfactor factorled led1929 1929stock stockmarket marketcrash crashdespit despitdanger dangerspecul speculwide widebeliev believstock stockmarket marketwould wouldcontinu continurise riseforev forevmarch march25 251929 1929feder federreserv reservwarn warnexcess excessspecul speculsmall smallcrash crashoccur occurinvestor investorstart startsell sellstock stockrapid rapidpace paceexpos exposmarket market's 'sshaki shakifoundat foundattwo twoday daylater laterbanker bankercharl charle. e.mitchel mitchelannounc announccompani companination nationciti citibank bankwould wouldprovid provid25 25million millioncredit creditstop stopmarket market's 'sslide slidemitchel mitchel's 'smove movebrought broughttemporari temporarihalt haltfinanci financicrisi crisicall callmoney moneydeclin declin20 208 8percent percenthowev howevamerican americaneconomi economishow showomin ominsign signtroubl troublsteel steelproduct productdeclin declinconstruct constructsluggish sluggishautomobil automobilsale salewent wentconsum consumbuild buildhigh highdebt debteasi easicredit creditdespit despiteconom economtroubl troublsign signmarket marketbreak breakmarch marchmay may1929 1929stock stockresum resumadvanc advancjune junegain gaincontinu continualmost almostunab unabearli earliseptemb septemb1929 1929dow dowjone joneaverag averaggain gain20 20june juneseptemb septembmarket marketnine-year nine-yearrun runsaw sawdow dowjone joneindustri industriaverag averagincreas increasvalu valutenfold tenfoldpeak peak381.17 381.17septemb septemb3 31929 1929short shortcrash crasheconomist economistirv irvfisher fisherfamous famousproclaim proclaim`` ``stock stockprice pricereach reachlook looklike likeperman permanhigh highplateau plateau'' ''optim optimfinanci financigain gaingreat greatbull bullmarket marketshaken shakenwell-public well-publicearli earliseptemb septembpredict predictfinanci financiexpert expertroger rogerbabson babson`` ``crash crashcome come'' ''initi initiseptemb septembdeclin declinthus thuscall call`` ``babson babsonbreak break'' ''press pressstart startgreat greatcrash crashsever severphase phasecrash crashoctob octobmani maniinvestor investorregard regardseptemb septemb`` ``babson babsonbreak break'' ''`` ``healthi healthicorrect correct'' ''buy buyopportun opportunseptemb septemb20 20london londonstock stockexchang exchangcrash crashtop topbritish britishinvestor investorclarenc clarenchatri hatrimani maniassoci associjail jailfraud fraudforgeri forgerilondon londoncrash crashgreat greatweaken weakenoptim optimamerican americaninvest investmarket marketoversea overseaday daylead leadcrash crashmarket marketsever severunstabl unstablperiod periodsell sellhigh highvolum voluminterspers interspersbrief briefperiod periodrise riseprice pricerecoveri | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-3 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Crash.
Selling intensified in mid-October. On October 24 ("Black Thursday"), the market lost 11 percent of its value at the opening bell on very heavy trading. The huge volume meant that the report of prices on the ticker tape in brokerage offices around the nation was hours late and so investors had no idea what most stocks were actually trading for at the moment, increasing panic. Several leading Wall Street bankers met to find a solution to the panic and chaos on the trading floor. The meeting included Thomas W. Lamont, acting head of Morgan Bank; Albert Wiggin, head of the Chase National Bank; and Charles E. Mitchell, president of the National City Bank of New York. They chose Richard Whitney, vice president of the Exchange, to act on their behalf.
With the bankers' financial resources behind him, Whitney placed a bid to purchase a large block of shares in U.S. Steel at a price well above the current market. As traders watched, Whitney then placed similar bids on other "blue chip" stocks. The tactic was similar to one that had ended the Panic of 1907. It succeeded in halting the slide. The Dow Jones Industrial Average recovered, closing with it down only 6.38 points for the day. The rally continued on Friday, October 25, and the half-day session on Saturday, October 26, but unlike 1907, the respite was only temporary.
Over the weekend, the events were covered by the newspapers across the United States. On October 28, "Black Monday", more investors facing margin calls decided to get out of the market, and the slide continued with a record loss in the Dow for the day of 38.33 points, or 13%.
The next day, "Black Tuesday", October 29, 1929, about 16 million shares traded as the panic selling reached its peak. Some stocks actually had no buyers at any price that day. The Dow lost an additional 30 points, or 12 percent. The volume of stocks traded that day was a record that would not be broken for nearly 40 years.
On October 29, William C. Durant joined with members of the Rockefeller family and other financial giants to buy large quantities of stocks to demonstrate to the public their confidence in the market, but their efforts failed to stop the large decline in prices. The massive volume of stocks traded that day made the ticker continue to run until about 7:45 p.m. The market had lost over $30 billion in the space of two days, including $14 billion on October 29 alone.
After a one-day recovery on October 30, when the Dow regained an additional 28.40 points, or 12 percent, to close at 258.47, the market continued to fall, arriving at an interim bottom on November 13, 1929, with the Dow closing at 198.60. The market then recovered for several months, starting on November 14, with the Dow gaining 18.59 points to close at 217.28, and reaching a secondary closing peak (bear market rally) of 294.07 on April 17, 1930. The following year, the Dow embarked on another, much longer, steady slide from April 1931 to July 8, 1932, when it closed at 41.22, its lowest level of the 20th century, concluding an 89 percent loss rate for all of the market's stocks.
For the rest of the 1930s, beginning on March 15, 1933, the Dow began to slowly regain the ground it had lost during the 1929 crash and the three years following it. The largest percentage increases of the Dow Jones occurred during the early and mid-1930s. In late 1937, there was a sharp dip in the stock market, but prices held well above the 1932 lows. The market would not return to the peak closing of September 3, 1929, until November 23, 1954.
section:crash :crashsell sellintensifi intensifimid-octob mid-octoboctob octob24 24`` ``black blackthursday thursday'' ''market marketlost lost11 11percent percentvalu valuopen openbell bellheavi heavitrade tradehuge hugevolum volummeant meantreport reportprice priceticker tickertape tapebrokerag brokeragoffic officaround aroundnation nationhour hourlate lateinvestor investoridea ideastock stockactual actualtrade trademoment momentincreas increaspanic panicsever severlead leadwall wallstreet streetbanker bankermet metfind findsolut solutpanic panicchao chaotrade tradefloor floormeet meetinclud includthoma thomaw. w.lamont lamontact acthead headmorgan morganbank bankalbert albertwiggin wigginhead headchase chasenation nationbank bankcharl charle. e.mitchel mitchelpresid presidnation nationciti citibank banknew newyork yorkchose choserichard richardwhitney whitneyvice vicepresid presidexchang exchangact actbehalf behalfbanker bankerfinanci financiresourc resourcbehind behindwhitney whitneyplace placebid bidpurchas purchaslarg largblock blockshare shareu.s. u.s.steel steelprice pricewell wellcurrent currentmarket markettrader traderwatch watchwhitney whitneyplace placesimilar similarbid bid`` ``blue bluechip chip'' ''stock stocktactic tacticsimilar similarone oneend endpanic panic1907 1907succeed succeedhalt haltslide slidedow dowjone joneindustri industriaverag averagrecov recovclose close6.38 6.38point pointday dayralli rallicontinu continufriday fridayoctob octob25 25half-day half-daysession sessionsaturday saturdayoctob octob26 26unlik unlik1907 1907respit respittemporari temporariweekend weekendevent eventcover covernewspap newspapacross acrossunit unitstate stateoctob octob28 28`` ``black blackmonday monday'' ''investor investorface facemargin margincall calldecid decidget getmarket marketslide slidecontinu continurecord recordloss lossdow dowday day38.33 38.33point point13 13next nextday day`` ``black blacktuesday tuesday'' ''octob octob29 291929 192916 16million millionshare sharetrade tradepanic panicsell sellreach reachpeak peakstock stockactual actualbuyer buyerprice priceday daydow dowlost lostaddit addit30 30point point12 12percent percentvolum volumstock stocktrade tradeday dayrecord recordwould wouldbroken brokennear near40 40year yearoctob octob29 29william williamc. c.durant durantjoin joinmember memberrockefel rockefelfamili familifinanci financigiant giantbuy buylarg largquantiti quantitistock stockdemonstr demonstrpublic publicconfid confidmarket marketeffort effortfail failstop stoplarg largdeclin declinprice pricemassiv massivvolum volumstock stocktrade tradeday daymade madeticker tickercontinu continurun run7:45 7:45p.m p.mmarket marketlost lost30 30billion billionspace spacetwo twoday dayinclud includ14 14billion billionoctob octob29 29alon alonone-day one-dayrecoveri recoverioctob octob30 30dow dowregain regainaddit addit28.40 28.40point point12 12percent percentclose close258.47 258.47market marketcontinu continufall fallarriv arrivinterim interimbottom bottomnovemb novemb13 131929 1929dow dowclose close198.60 198.60market marketrecov recovsever severmonth monthstart startnovemb novemb14 14dow dowgain gain18.59 18.59point pointclose close217.28 217.28reach reachsecondari secondariclose closepeak peakbear bearmarket marketralli ralli294.07 294.07april april17 171930 1930follow followyear yeardow dowembark embarkanoth anothmuch muchlonger longersteadi steadislide slideapril april1931 1931juli juli8 81932 1932close close41.22 41.22lowest lowestlevel level20th 20thcenturi centuriconclud conclud89 89percent percentloss lossrate ratemarket market's 'sstock stockrest rest1930s 1930sbegin beginmarch march15 151933 1933dow dowbegan beganslowli slowliregain regainground groundlost lost1929 1929crash crashthree threeyear yearfollow followlargest largestpercentag percentagincreas increasdow dowjone joneoccur occurearli earlimid-1930 mid-1930late late1937 1937sharp sharpdip dipstock stockmarket marketprice priceheld heldwell well1932 1932low lowmarket marketwould wouldreturn returnpeak peakclose closeseptemb septemb3 31929 1929novemb novemb23 231954 | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-4 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Aftermath.
In 1932, the Pecora Commission was established by the U.S. Senate to study the causes of the crash. The following year, the U.S. Congress passed the Glass–Steagall Act mandating a separation between commercial banks, which take deposits and extend loans, and investment banks, which underwrite, issue, and distribute stocks, bonds, and other securities.
After the experience of the 1929 crash, stock markets around the world instituted measures to suspend trading in the event of rapid declines, claiming that the measures would prevent such panic sales. However, the one-day crash of Black Monday, October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 22.6%, was worse in percentage terms than any single day of the 1929 crash (although the combined 25% decline of October 28–29, 1929 was larger than that of October 19, 1987, and remains the worst two-day decline ever).
section:aftermath :aftermath1932 1932pecora pecoracommiss commissestablish establishu.s. u.s.senat senatstudi studicaus causcrash crashfollow followyear yearu.s. u.s.congress congresspass passglass–steagal glass–steagalact actmandat mandatsepar separcommerci commercibank banktake takedeposit depositextend extendloan loaninvest investbank bankunderwrit underwritissu issudistribut distributstock stockbond bondsecur securexperi experi1929 1929crash crashstock stockmarket marketaround aroundworld worldinstitut institutmeasur measursuspend suspendtrade tradeevent eventrapid rapiddeclin declinclaim claimmeasur measurwould wouldprevent preventpanic panicsale salehowev howevone-day one-daycrash crashblack blackmonday mondayoctob octob19 191987 1987dow dowjone joneindustri industriaverag averagfell fell22.6 22.6wors worspercentag percentagterm termsingl singlday day1929 1929crash crashalthough althoughcombin combin25 25declin declinoctob octob28–29 28–291929 1929larger largeroctob octob19 191987 1987remain remainworst worsttwo-day two-daydeclin declinever | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-5 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Aftermath.:World War II.
The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war. World War II had a dramatic effect on many parts of the economy, and may have hastened the end of the Great Depression in the United States. Government-financed capital spending accounted for only 5 percent of the annual U.S. investment in industrial capital in 1940; by 1943, the government accounted for 67 percent of U.S. capital investment.
section:aftermath :aftermathworld worldwar warii iiamerican americanmobil mobilworld worldwar warii iiend end1941 1941move moveapproxim approximten tenmillion millionpeopl peoplcivilian civilianlabor laborforc forcwar warworld worldwar warii iidramat dramateffect effectmani manipart parteconomi economimay mayhasten hastenend endgreat greatdepress depressunit unitstate stategovernment-financ government-financcapit capitspend spendaccount account5 5percent percentannual annualu.s. u.s.invest investindustri industricapit capit1940 19401943 1943govern governaccount account67 67percent percentu.s. u.s.capit capitinvest | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-6 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Analysis.
The crash followed a speculative boom that had taken hold in the late 1920s. During the latter half of the 1920s, steel production, building construction, retail turnover, automobiles registered, and even railway receipts advanced from record to record. The combined net profits of 536 manufacturing and trading companies showed an increase, in the first six months of 1929, of 36.6% over 1928, itself a record half-year. Iron and steel led the way with doubled gains. Such figures set up a crescendo of stock-exchange speculation that led hundreds of thousands of Americans to invest heavily in the stock market. A significant number of them were borrowing money to buy more stocks. By August 1929, brokers were routinely lending small investors more than two-thirds of the face value of the stocks they were buying. Over $8.5 billion was out on loan, more than the entire amount of currency circulating in the U.S. at the time.
The rising share prices encouraged more people to invest, hoping the share prices would rise further. Speculation thus fueled further rises and created an economic bubble. Because of margin buying, investors stood to lose large sums of money if the market turned down—or even failed to advance quickly enough. The average P/E (price to earnings) ratio of S&P Composite stocks was 32.6 in September 1929, clearly above historical norms. According to economist John Kenneth Galbraith, this exuberance also resulted in a large number of people placing their savings and money in leverage investment products like Goldman Sachs' "Blue Ridge trust" and "Shenandoah trust". These too crashed in 1929, resulting in losses to banks of $475 billion 2010 dollars ($ billion in ).
Good harvests had built up a mass of 250 million bushels of wheat to be "carried over" when 1929 opened. By May there was also a winter-wheat crop of 560 million bushels ready for harvest in the Mississippi Valley. This oversupply caused a drop in wheat prices so heavy that the net incomes of the farming population from wheat were threatened with extinction. Stock markets are always sensitive to the future state of commodity markets , and the slump in Wall Street predicted for May by Sir George Paish arrived on time. In June 1929, the position was saved by a severe drought in the Dakotas and the Canadian West, plus unfavorable seed times in Argentina and eastern Australia. The oversupply would now be wanted to fill the big gaps in the 1929 world wheat production. From 97¢ per bushel in May, the price of wheat rose to $1.49 in July. When it was seen that at this figure American farmers would get rather more for their smaller crop than for that of 1928, stocks went up again.
In August, the wheat price fell when France and Italy were bragging of a magnificent harvest, and the situation in Australia improved. That sent a shiver through Wall Street and stock prices quickly dropped, but word of cheap stocks brought a fresh rush of "stags", amateur speculators and investors. Congress voted for a $100 million relief package for the farmers, hoping to stabilize wheat prices. By October though, the price had fallen to $1.31 per bushel.
Other important economic barometers were also slowing or even falling by mid-1929, including car sales, house sales, and steel production. The falling commodity and industrial production may have dented even American self-confidence, and the stock market peaked on September 3 at 381.17 just after Labor Day, then started to falter after Roger Babson issued his prescient "market crash" forecast. By the end of September, the market was down 10% from the peak (the "Babson Break"). Selling intensified in early and mid October, with sharp down days punctuated by a few up days. Panic selling on huge volume started the week of October 21 and intensified and culminated on October 24, the 28th, and especially the 29th ("Black Tuesday").
The president of the Chase National Bank, Albert H. Wiggin, said at the time:
We are reaping the natural fruit of the orgy of speculation in which millions of people have indulged. It was inevitable, because of the tremendous increase in the number of stockholders in recent years, that the number of sellers would be greater than ever when the boom ended and selling took the place of buying."
section:analysi :analysicrash crashfollow followspecul speculboom boomtaken takenhold holdlate late1920s 1920slatter latterhalf half1920s 1920ssteel steelproduct productbuild buildconstruct constructretail retailturnov turnovautomobil automobilregist registeven evenrailway railwayreceipt receiptadvanc advancrecord recordrecord recordcombin combinnet netprofit profit536 536manufactur manufacturtrade tradecompani companishow showincreas increasfirst firstsix sixmonth month1929 192936.6 36.61928 1928record recordhalf-year half-yeariron ironsteel steelled ledway waydoubl doublgain gainfigur figurset setcrescendo crescendostock-exchang stock-exchangspecul speculled ledhundr hundrthousand thousandamerican americaninvest investheavili heavilistock stockmarket marketsignific significnumber numberborrow borrowmoney moneybuy buystock stockaugust august1929 1929broker brokerroutin routinlend lendsmall smallinvestor investortwo-third two-thirdface facevalu valustock stockbuy buy8.5 8.5billion billionloan loanentir entiramount amountcurrenc currenccircul circulu.s. u.s.time timerise riseshare shareprice priceencourag encouragpeopl peoplinvest investhope hopeshare shareprice pricewould wouldrise risespecul speculthus thusfuel fuelrise risecreat createconom econombubbl bubblmargin marginbuy buyinvestor investorstood stoodlose loselarg largsum summoney moneymarket marketturn turndown—or down—oreven evenfail failadvanc advancquick quickenough enoughaverag averagp/e p/eprice priceearn earnratio ratiop pcomposit compositstock stock32.6 32.6septemb septemb1929 1929clear clearhistor histornorm normaccord accordeconomist economistjohn johnkenneth kennethgalbraith galbraithexuber exuberalso alsoresult resultlarg largnumber numberpeopl peoplplace placesave savemoney moneyleverag leveraginvest investproduct productlike likegoldman goldmansach sach`` ``blue blueridg ridgtrust trust'' ''`` ``shenandoah shenandoahtrust trust'' ''crash crash1929 1929result resultloss lossbank bank475 475billion billion2010 2010dollar dollarbillion billiongood goodharvest harvestbuilt builtmass mass250 250million millionbushel bushelwheat wheat`` ``carri carri'' ''1929 1929open openmay mayalso alsowinter-wheat winter-wheatcrop crop560 560million millionbushel bushelreadi readiharvest harvestmississippi mississippivalley valleyoversuppli oversupplicaus causdrop dropwheat wheatprice priceheavi heavinet netincom incomfarm farmpopul populwheat wheatthreaten threatenextinct extinctstock stockmarket marketalway alwaysensit sensitfutur futurstate statecommod commodmarket marketslump slumpwall wallstreet streetpredict predictmay maysir sirgeorg georgpaish paisharriv arrivtime timejune june1929 1929posit positsave savesever severdrought droughtdakota dakotacanadian canadianwest westplus plusunfavor unfavorseed seedtime timeargentina argentinaeastern easternaustralia australiaoversuppli oversuppliwould wouldwant wantfill fillbig biggap gap1929 1929world worldwheat wheatproduct product97¢ 97¢per perbushel bushelmay mayprice pricewheat wheatrose rose1.49 1.49juli juliseen seenfigur figuramerican americanfarmer farmerwould wouldget getrather rathersmaller smallercrop crop1928 1928stock stockwent wentaugust augustwheat wheatprice pricefell fellfranc francitali italibrag bragmagnific magnificharvest harvestsituat situataustralia australiaimprov improvsent sentshiver shiverwall wallstreet streetstock stockprice pricequick quickdrop dropword wordcheap cheapstock stockbrought broughtfresh freshrush rush`` ``stag stag'' ''amateur amateurspecul speculinvestor investorcongress congressvote vote100 100million millionrelief reliefpackag packagfarmer farmerhope hopestabil stabilwheat wheatprice priceoctob octobthough thoughprice pricefallen fallen1.31 1.31per perbushel bushelimport importeconom econombaromet barometalso alsoslow sloweven evenfall fallmid-1929 mid-1929includ includcar carsale salehous houssale salesteel steelproduct productfall fallcommod commodindustri industriproduct productmay maydent denteven evenamerican americanself-confid self-confidstock stockmarket marketpeak peakseptemb septemb3 3381.17 381.17labor laborday daystart startfalter falterroger rogerbabson babsonissu issuprescient prescient`` ``market marketcrash crash'' ''forecast forecastend endseptemb septembmarket market10 10peak peak`` ``babson babsonbreak break'' ''sell sellintensifi intensifiearli earlimid midoctob octobsharp sharpday daypunctuat punctuatday daypanic panicsell sellhuge hugevolum volumstart startweek weekoctob octob21 21intensifi intensificulmin culminoctob octob24 2428th 28thespeci especi29th 29th`` ``black blacktuesday tuesday'' ''presid presidchase chasenation nationbank bankalbert alberth. h.wiggin wigginsaid saidtime timereap reapnatur naturfruit fruitorgi orgispecul speculmillion millionpeopl peoplindulg indulginevit inevittremend tremendincreas increasnumber numberstockhold stockholdrecent recentyear yearnumber numberseller sellerwould wouldgreater greaterever everboom boomend endsell selltook tookplace placebuy buy'' | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-7 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Effects.
section:effect | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-8 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Effects.:United States.
Together, the 1929 stock market crash and the Great Depression formed the largest financial crisis of the 20th century. The panic of October 1929 has come to serve as a symbol of the economic contraction that gripped the world during the next decade. The falls in share prices on October 24 and 29, 1929 were practically instantaneous in all financial markets, except Japan.
The Wall Street Crash had a major impact on the U.S. and world economy, and it has been the source of intense academic historical, economic, and political debate from its aftermath until the present day. Some people believed that abuses by utility holding companies contributed to the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Depression that followed. Many people blamed the crash on commercial banks that were too eager to put deposits at risk on the stock market.
In 1930, 1,352 banks held more than $853 million in deposits; in 1931, one year later, 2,294 banks went down with nearly $1.7 billion in deposits. Many businesses failed (28,285 failures and a daily rate of 133 in 1931).
The 1929 crash brought the Roaring Twenties to a halt. As tentatively expressed by economic historian Charles P. Kindleberger, in 1929, there was no lender of last resort effectively present, which, if it had existed and been properly exercised, would have been key in shortening the business slowdown that normally follows financial crises. The crash instigated widespread and long-lasting consequences for the United States. Historians still debate whether the 1929 crash sparked the Great Depression or if it merely coincided with the bursting of a loose credit-inspired economic bubble. Only 16% of American households were invested in the stock market within the United States during the period leading up to this depression, suggesting that the crash carried somewhat less of a weight in causing it.
However, the psychological effects of the crash reverberated across the nation as businesses became aware of the difficulties in securing capital market investments for new projects and expansions. Business uncertainty naturally affects job security for employees, and as the American worker (the consumer) faced uncertainty with regards to income, naturally the propensity to consume declined. The decline in stock prices caused bankruptcies and severe macroeconomic difficulties, including contraction of credit, business closures, firing of workers, bank failures, decline of the money supply, and other economically depressing events.
The resultant rise of mass unemployment is seen as a result of the crash, although the crash is by no means the sole event that contributed to the depression. The Wall Street Crash is usually seen as having the greatest impact on the events that followed and therefore is widely regarded as signaling the downward economic slide that initiated the Great Depression. True or not, the consequences were dire for almost everybody. Most academic experts agree on one aspect of the crash: It wiped out billions of dollars of wealth in one day, and this immediately depressed consumer buying.
The failure set off a worldwide run on US gold deposits (i.e. the dollar), and forced the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates into the slump. Some 4,000 banks and other lenders ultimately failed. Also, the uptick rule, which allowed short selling only when the last tick in a stock's price was positive, was implemented after the 1929 market crash to prevent short sellers from driving the price of a stock down in a bear raid.
section:effect :effectunit unitstate statetogeth togeth1929 1929stock stockmarket marketcrash crashgreat greatdepress depressform formlargest largestfinanci financicrisi crisi20th 20thcenturi centuripanic panicoctob octob1929 1929come comeserv servsymbol symboleconom economcontract contractgrip gripworld worldnext nextdecad decadfall fallshare shareprice priceoctob octob24 2429 291929 1929practic practicinstantan instantanfinanci financimarket marketexcept exceptjapan japanwall wallstreet streetcrash crashmajor majorimpact impactu.s. u.s.world worldeconomi economisourc sourcintens intensacadem academhistor historeconom econompolit politdebat debataftermath aftermathpresent presentday daypeopl peoplbeliev believabus abusutil utilhold holdcompani companicontribut contributwall wallstreet streetcrash crash1929 1929depress depressfollow followmani manipeopl peoplblame blamecrash crashcommerci commercibank bankeager eagerput putdeposit depositrisk riskstock stockmarket market1930 19301,352 1,352bank bankheld held853 853million milliondeposit deposit1931 1931one oneyear yearlater later2,294 2,294bank bankwent wentnear near1.7 1.7billion billiondeposit depositmani manibusi busifail fail28,285 28,285failur failurdaili dailirate rate133 1331931 19311929 1929crash crashbrought broughtroar roartwenti twentihalt halttentat tentatexpress expresseconom economhistorian historiancharl charlp. p.kindleberg kindleberg1929 1929lender lenderlast lastresort resorteffect effectpresent presentexist existproper properexercis exerciswould wouldkey keyshorten shortenbusi busislowdown slowdownnormal normalfollow followfinanci financicrise crisecrash crashinstig instigwidespread widespreadlong-last long-lastconsequ consequunit unitstate statehistorian historianstill stilldebat debatwhether whether1929 1929crash crashspark sparkgreat greatdepress depressmere merecoincid coincidburst burstloos looscredit-inspir credit-inspireconom econombubbl bubbl16 16american americanhousehold householdinvest investstock stockmarket marketwithin withinunit unitstate stateperiod periodlead leaddepress depresssuggest suggestcrash crashcarri carrisomewhat somewhatless lessweight weightcaus caushowev howevpsycholog psychologeffect effectcrash crashreverber reverberacross acrossnation nationbusi busibecam becamawar awardifficulti difficultisecur securcapit capitmarket marketinvest investnew newproject projectexpans expansbusi busiuncertainti uncertaintinatur naturaffect affectjob jobsecur securemploye employeamerican americanworker workerconsum consumface faceuncertainti uncertaintiregard regardincom incomnatur naturpropens propensconsum consumdeclin declindeclin declinstock stockprice pricecaus causbankruptci bankruptcisever severmacroeconom macroeconomdifficulti difficultiinclud includcontract contractcredit creditbusi busiclosur closurfire fireworker workerbank bankfailur failurdeclin declinmoney moneysuppli supplieconom economdepress depressevent eventresult resultrise risemass massunemploy unemployseen seenresult resultcrash crashalthough althoughcrash crashmean meansole soleevent eventcontribut contributdepress depresswall wallstreet streetcrash crashusual usualseen seengreatest greatestimpact impactevent eventfollow followtherefor thereforwide wideregard regardsignal signaldownward downwardeconom economslide slideiniti initigreat greatdepress depresstrue trueconsequ consequdire direalmost almosteverybodi everybodiacadem academexpert expertagre agreone oneaspect aspectcrash crashwipe wipebillion billiondollar dollarwealth wealthone oneday dayimmedi immedidepress depressconsum consumbuy buyfailur failurset setworldwid worldwidrun runus usgold golddeposit depositi.e i.edollar dollarforc forcfeder federreserv reservrais raisinterest interestrate rateslump slump4,000 4,000bank banklender lenderultim ultimfail failalso alsouptick uptickrule ruleallow allowshort shortsell selllast lasttick tickstock stock's 'sprice priceposit positimplement implement1929 1929market marketcrash crashprevent preventshort shortseller sellerdrive driveprice pricestock stockbear bearraid | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-9 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Effects.:Europe.
The stock market crash of October 1929 led directly to the Great Depression in Europe. When stocks plummeted on the New York Stock Exchange, the world noticed immediately. Although financial leaders in the United Kingdom, as in the United States, vastly underestimated the extent of the crisis that would ensue, it soon became clear that the world's economies were more interconnected than ever. The effects of the disruption to the global system of financing, trade, and production and the subsequent meltdown of the American economy were soon felt throughout Europe.
In 1930 and 1931, in particular, unemployed workers went on strike, demonstrated in public, and otherwise took direct action to call public attention to their plight. Within the UK, protests often focused on the so-called Means Test, which the government had instituted in 1931 to limit the amount of unemployment payments made to individuals and families. For working people, the Means Test seemed an intrusive and insensitive way to deal with the chronic and relentless deprivation caused by the economic crisis. The strikes were met forcefully, with police breaking up protests, arresting demonstrators, and charging them with crimes related to the violation of public order.
section:effects. :effects.europ europstock stockmarket marketcrash crashoctob octob1929 1929led leddirect directgreat greatdepress depresseurop europstock stockplummet plummetnew newyork yorkstock stockexchang exchangworld worldnotic noticimmedi immedialthough althoughfinanci financileader leaderunit unitkingdom kingdomunit unitstate statevast vastunderestim underestimextent extentcrisi crisiwould wouldensu ensusoon soonbecam becamclear clearworld world's 'seconomi economiinterconnect interconnectever evereffect effectdisrupt disruptglobal globalsystem systemfinanc financtrade tradeproduct productsubsequ subsequmeltdown meltdownamerican americaneconomi economisoon soonfelt feltthroughout throughouteurop europ1930 19301931 1931particular particularunemploy unemployworker workerwent wentstrike strikedemonstr demonstrpublic publicotherwis otherwistook tookdirect directaction actioncall callpublic publicattent attentplight plightwithin withinuk ukprotest protestoften oftenfocus focusso-cal so-calmean meantest testgovern governinstitut institut1931 1931limit limitamount amountunemploy unemploypayment paymentmade madeindividu individufamili familiwork workpeopl peoplmean meantest testseem seemintrus intrusinsensit insensitway waydeal dealchronic chronicrelentless relentlessdepriv deprivcaus causeconom economcrisi crisistrike strikemet metforc forcpolic policbreak breakprotest protestarrest arrestdemonstr demonstrcharg chargcrime crimerelat relatviolat violatpublic publicorder | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-10 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Academic debate.
There is ongoing debate among economists and historians as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic, social, and political events. "The Economist" argued in a 1998 article that the Depression did not start with the stock market crash, nor was it clear at the time of the crash that a depression was starting. They asked, "Can a very serious Stock Exchange collapse produce a serious setback to industry when industrial production is for the most part in a healthy and balanced condition?" They argued that there must be some setback, but there was not yet sufficient evidence to prove that it would be long or would necessarily produce a general industrial depression.
However, "The Economist" also cautioned that some bank failures were also to be expected and some banks may not have had any reserves left for financing commercial and industrial enterprises. It concluded that the position of the banks was the key to the situation, but what was going to happen could not have been foreseen.
Some academics view the Wall Street Crash of 1929 as part of a historical process that was a part of the new theories of boom and bust. According to economists such as Joseph Schumpeter, Nikolai Kondratiev and Charles E. Mitchell, the crash was merely a historical event in the continuing process known as economic cycles. The impact of the crash was merely to increase the speed at which the cycle proceeded to its next level.
Milton Friedman's "A Monetary History of the United States", co-written with Anna Schwartz, advances the argument that what made the "great contraction" so severe was not the downturn in the business cycle, protectionism, or the 1929 stock market crash in themselves but the collapse of the banking system during three waves of panics from 1930 to 1933.
section:academ :academdebat debatongo ongodebat debatamong amongeconomist economisthistorian historianrole rolecrash crashplay playsubsequ subsequeconom economsocial socialpolit politevent event`` ``economist economist'' ''argu argu1998 1998articl articldepress depressstart startstock stockmarket marketcrash crashclear cleartime timecrash crashdepress depressstart startask ask`` ``serious seriousstock stockexchang exchangcollaps collapsproduc producserious serioussetback setbackindustri industriindustri industriproduct productpart parthealthi healthibalanc balanccondit condit'' ''argu argumust mustsetback setbackyet yetsuffici sufficievid evidprove provewould wouldlong longwould wouldnecessarili necessariliproduc producgeneral generalindustri industridepress depresshowev howev`` ``economist economist'' ''also alsocaution cautionbank bankfailur failuralso alsoexpect expectbank bankmay mayreserv reservleft leftfinanc financcommerci commerciindustri industrienterpris enterprisconclud concludposit positbank bankkey keysituat situatgo gohappen happencould couldforeseen foreseenacadem academview viewwall wallstreet streetcrash crash1929 1929part parthistor historprocess processpart partnew newtheori theoriboom boombust bustaccord accordeconomist economistjoseph josephschumpet schumpetnikolai nikolaikondratiev kondratievcharl charle. e.mitchel mitchelcrash crashmere merehistor historevent eventcontinu continuprocess processknown knowneconom economcycl cyclimpact impactcrash crashmere mereincreas increasspeed speedcycl cyclproceed proceednext nextlevel levelmilton miltonfriedman friedman's 's`` ``monetari monetarihistori historiunit unitstate state'' ''co-written co-writtenanna annaschwartz schwartzadvanc advancargument argumentmade made`` ``great greatcontract contract'' ''sever severdownturn downturnbusi busicycl cyclprotection protection1929 1929stock stockmarket marketcrash crashcollaps collapsbank banksystem systemthree threewave wavepanic panic1930 19301933 | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-11 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Causes of the Great Depression
BULLET::::- Criticism of the Federal Reserve
BULLET::::- Great Contraction
BULLET::::- List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-caus causgreat greatdepress depressbullet bullet:- :-critic criticfeder federreserv reservbullet bullet:- :-great greatcontract contractbullet bullet:- :-list listlargest largestdaili dailichang changdow dowjone joneindustri industriaverag | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-12 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::Further reading.
BULLET::::- Axon, Gordon V. The Stock Market Crash of 1929. London, England: Mason & Lipscomb Publishers Inc., 1974.
BULLET::::- Brooks, John. (1969). "Once in Golconda: A True Drama of Wall Street 1920–1938". New York: Harper & Row. .
BULLET::::- Galbraith, John Kenneth. "1929: New York City." "Lapham's Quarterly", no. 2 (Spring 2015): 145–146
BULLET::::- Klein, Maury. (2001). "Rainbow's End: The Crash of 1929". New York: Oxford University Press. .
BULLET::::- Klingaman, William K. (1989). "1929: The Year of the Great Crash". New York: Harper & Row. .
BULLET::::- Leone, Bruno. "The Great Depression: Opposing Viewpoints," 14–25. San Diego, California: Bender, David L., 1994.
BULLET::::- Pendergast, Tom. "American Decades: 1920–1929". Farmington Hills, Michigan: UXL American Decades Publishing, 2003.
BULLET::::- Reed, Lawrence W. (1981 & 2008). "Great Myths of the Great Depression". Midland, Michigan: Mackinac Center.
BULLET::::- Shachtman, Tom. (1979). "The Day America Crashed: A Narrative Account of the Great Stock Market Crash of October 24, 1929". New York: G.P. Putnam. .
BULLET::::- Thomas, Gordon and Morgan-Witts, Max. (1979). "The Day the Bubble Burst: A Social History of the Wall Street Crash of 1929". Garden City, New York: Doubleday. .
BULLET::::- Watkins, Tom H. "The Great Depression: America in the 1930s," 22–55. New York: Little, Brown & Company, 1993.
section:further :furtherread readbullet bullet:- :-axon axongordon gordonv. v.stock stockmarket marketcrash crash1929 1929london londonengland englandmason masonlipscomb lipscombpublish publishinc. inc.1974 1974bullet bullet:- :-brook brookjohn john1969 1969`` ``golconda golcondatrue truedrama dramawall wallstreet street1920–1938 1920–1938'' ''new newyork yorkharper harperrow rowbullet bullet:- :-galbraith galbraithjohn johnkenneth kenneth`` ``1929 1929new newyork yorkciti citi'' ''`` ``lapham lapham's 'squarter quarter'' ''2 2spring spring2015 2015145–146 145–146bullet bullet:- :-klein kleinmauri mauri2001 2001`` ``rainbow rainbow's 'send endcrash crash1929 1929'' ''new newyork yorkoxford oxfordunivers universpress pressbullet bullet:- :-klingaman klingamanwilliam williamk. k.1989 1989`` ``1929 1929year yeargreat greatcrash crash'' ''new newyork yorkharper harperrow rowbullet bullet:- :-leon leonbruno bruno`` ``great greatdepress depressoppos opposviewpoint viewpoint'' ''14–25 14–25san sandiego diegocalifornia californiabender benderdavid davidl. l.1994 1994bullet bullet:- :-pendergast pendergasttom tom`` ``american americandecad decad1920–1929 1920–1929'' ''farmington farmingtonhill hillmichigan michiganuxl uxlamerican americandecad decadpublish publish2003 2003bullet bullet:- :-reed reedlawrenc lawrencw. w.1981 19812008 2008`` ``great greatmyth mythgreat greatdepress depress'' ''midland midlandmichigan michiganmackinac mackinaccenter centerbullet bullet:- :-shachtman shachtmantom tom1979 1979`` ``day dayamerica americacrash crashnarrat narrataccount accountgreat greatstock stockmarket marketcrash crashoctob octob24 241929 1929'' ''new newyork yorkg.p g.pputnam putnambullet bullet:- :-thoma thomagordon gordonmorgan-witt morgan-wittmax max1979 1979`` ``day daybubbl bubblburst burstsocial socialhistori historiwall wallstreet streetcrash crash1929 1929'' ''garden gardenciti citinew newyork yorkdoubleday doubledaybullet bullet:- :-watkin watkintom tomh. h.`` ``great greatdepress depressamerica america1930s 1930s'' ''22–55 22–55new newyork yorklittl littlbrown browncompani compani1993 | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157649-13 | Wall Street Crash of 1929
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- "The Crash of 1929", American Experience documentary
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-`` ``crash crash1929 1929'' ''american americanexperi experidocumentari | 157649 | Wall Street Crash of 1929 | Stock market crashes,Great Depression in the United States,1929 in New York City,Roaring Twenties,Economic bubbles,1929 in economics,1929 in international relations |
157659-1 | Rachel Bolan
Rachel Bolan (born February 9, 1966), born James Richard Southworth, is the bass guitar player and main songwriter of the metal band Skid Row. His stage name 'Rachel' is a hybrid of his brother's name, Richard, and his grandfather's name, Manuel. 'Bolan' is a tribute to one of his childhood idols, T. Rex frontman, Marc Bolan. He is the youngest of four children.
rachelbolan bolanborn bornfebruari februari9 91966 1966born bornjame jamerichard richardsouthworth southworthbass bassguitar guitarplayer playermain mainsongwrit songwritmetal metalband bandskid skidrow rowstage stagename namerachel rachelhybrid hybridbrother brother's 'sname namerichard richardgrandfath grandfath's 'sname namemanuel manuelbolan bolantribut tributone onechildhood childhoodidol idolt. t.rex rexfrontman frontmanmarc marcbolan bolanyoungest youngestfour fourchildren | 157659 | Rachel Bolan | American heavy metal singers,American male singers,People from Toms River, New Jersey,1966 births,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,20th-century American bass guitarists,Skid Row (American band) members,People from Point Pleasant, New Jersey,Living people |
157659-2 | Rachel Bolan
Section::::Career.
Bolan, who grew up in Toms River, New Jersey, founded Skid Row in 1986 with guitarist Dave "The Snake" Sabo. Bolan has appeared as a vocalist on two of Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley's solo albums and back-up vocals on Mötley Crüe's "Dr. Feelgood" album. He has produced numerous bands including Rockets to Ruin , the Luchagors in 2007 with former WWE wrestler Amy "Lita" Dumas and Atlantic Records stoner metal band Godspeed. He formed the band Prunella Scales with Solace guitarist Tommy Southard and L. Wood. Prunella Scales released "Dressing up the Idiot" on Mutiny Records in 1997. Jack Roberts (guitar) and Ray Kubian (drums), both from the New Jersey-based band Mars Needs Women, joined Prunella Scales for touring. Recently, he played the bass guitar for Stone Sour on the band's new records House of Gold & Bones - Part 1 and House of Gold & Bones – Part 2 as a replacement for the departed bassist Shawn Economaki. He also can be seen playing bass in TRUSTcompany music video for the single "Heart in My Hands".
Bolan has another side project called The Quazimotors. He did this project with Skid Row drummer Rob Affuso, Jonathan Callicutt and Evil Jim Wright (guitarist for Spectremen, BigFoot, Road Hawgs).
section:career :careerbolan bolangrew grewtom tomriver rivernew newjersey jerseyfound foundskid skidrow row1986 1986guitarist guitaristdave dave`` ``snake snake'' ''sabo sabobolan bolanappear appearvocalist vocalisttwo twokiss kissguitarist guitaristace acefrehley frehley's 'ssolo soloalbum albumback-up back-upvocal vocalmötley mötleycrüe crüe's 's`` ``dr. dr.feelgood feelgood'' ''album albumproduc producnumer numerband bandinclud includrocket rocketruin ruinluchagor luchagor2007 2007former formerwwe wwewrestler wrestlerami ami`` ``lita lita'' ''duma dumaatlant atlantrecord recordstoner stonermetal metalband bandgodspe godspeform formband bandprunella prunellascale scalesolac solacguitarist guitaristtommi tommisouthard southardl. l.wood woodprunella prunellascale scalereleas releas`` ``dress dressidiot idiot'' ''mutini mutinirecord record1997 1997jack jackrobert robertguitar guitarray raykubian kubiandrum drumnew newjersey-bas jersey-basband bandmar marneed needwomen womenjoin joinprunella prunellascale scaletour tourrecent recentplay playbass bassguitar guitarstone stonesour sourband band's 'snew newrecord recordhous housgold goldbone bonepart part1 1hous housgold goldbone bone– –part part2 2replac replacdepart departbassist bassistshawn shawneconomaki economakialso alsoseen seenplay playbass basstrustcompani trustcompanimusic musicvideo videosingl singl`` ``heart hearthand hand'' ''bolan bolananoth anothside sideproject projectcall callquazimotor quazimotorproject projectskid skidrow rowdrummer drummerrob robaffuso affusojonathan jonathancallicutt callicuttevil eviljim jimwright wrightguitarist guitaristspectremen spectremenbigfoot bigfootroad roadhawg | 157659 | Rachel Bolan | American heavy metal singers,American male singers,People from Toms River, New Jersey,1966 births,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,20th-century American bass guitarists,Skid Row (American band) members,People from Point Pleasant, New Jersey,Living people |
157659-3 | Rachel Bolan
Section::::Personal life.
He married longtime girlfriend Donna "Roxxi" Feldman on June 10, 1994 but later divorced. He has no children.
He drives racecars in his free time. He competes in high performance go-karts, Legends Cars, Thunder Roadster and Pro-Challenge series cars.
section:person :personlife lifemarri marrilongtim longtimgirlfriend girlfrienddonna donna`` ``roxxi roxxi'' ''feldman feldmanjune june10 101994 1994later laterdivorc divorcchildren childrendrive driveracecar racecarfree freetime timecompet compethigh highperform performgo-kart go-kartlegend legendcar carthunder thunderroadster roadsterpro-challeng pro-challengseri sericar | 157659 | Rachel Bolan | American heavy metal singers,American male singers,People from Toms River, New Jersey,1966 births,American male bass guitarists,American heavy metal bass guitarists,20th-century American bass guitarists,Skid Row (American band) members,People from Point Pleasant, New Jersey,Living people |
157658-1 | Specific replant disease
Specific replant disease (also known as ‘Sick Soil Syndrome’) is a malady that manifests itself when susceptible plants such as apples, pears, plums, cherries and roses are placed into soil previously occupied by a related species. The exact causes are not known, but in the first year the new plants will grow poorly. Root systems are weak and may become blackened, and plants may fail to establish properly.
One theory is that replant disease is due to a whole menagerie of tree pathogens - fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses and other organisms. These parasitise target the living tissues of the mature tree, hastening senility and death, and survive in the soil and decaying roots after the tree has died. Putting a young traumatised tree with an immature root system into this 'broth' of pathogens can be too much for an infant tree to cope with. Any new root growth is rapidly and heavily colonised, so that shoot growth is virtually zero. This is especially true if it is on a dwarfing rootstock, which by its nature will be relatively inefficient. As a rule, replant disease persists for around fifteen years in the soil, although this varies with local conditions. Pathogens survive in dead wood and organic matter until exposed to predation by their home rotting away, and will also depend on whether the original orchard was planted with dwarf or standard trees. Standards have more vigorous - therefore larger - roots, and are thus likely to take longer to degrade.
It is good organic rotation practice not to follow ‘like with like’ and this rule applies to long lived trees as much as annual vegetables. In the case of temperate fruit trees, the 'Pomes and Stones' rule for rotation should be observed- don’t follow a ‘pome’ fruit (with an apple-type core—apples, pears, medlar, quince) with a tree from the same group. A ‘stone’ fruit (i.e., with a plum-type stone, such as plum, cherry, peach, apricot, almond) should be all right, and vice versa. However, rotation is not always easy in a well planned old orchard when the site it occupies may well be the best available, and starting another orchard elsewhere may not be practical. In this case, and replanting is
unavoidable, a large hole should be dug out, and the soil removed and replaced with ‘clean’ soil from a site where susceptible plants have not been grown.
Using trees on vigorous rootstocks which will have a better chance of competing with the pathogens, or plants grown in large containers with a large root ball may also have a better chance of resisting replant disease. The extra time to cropping may be offset if new trees are planted a few years in advance of old trees finally falling over, furthermore, if the old orchard was grubbed - i.e. trees were healthy when removed, it is unlikely that replant disease would be a problem as pathogen levels may never have been high. The malady is worse where trees have died in situ—pathogens are likely to have contributed to the death and therefore be at a higher level in the soil.
Soil fumigation is another common method employed to control replant disease in both apple and cherry trees. Throughout the 90's, fumigants like Methyl Bromide (Bromomethane) were commonly used in this way to control and treat the disease, through this was later phased out in the 2000s in favour of more modern alternatives such as Chloropicrin, which some studies have shown to be an effective method for resolving SARD in Apple Tree Monoculture in Europe.
specifreplant replantdiseas diseasalso alsoknown known‘ ‘sick sicksoil soilsyndrom syndrom’ ’maladi maladimanifest manifestsuscept susceptplant plantappl applpear pearplum plumcherri cherrirose roseplace placesoil soilprevious previousoccupi occupirelat relatspeci speciexact exactcaus causknown knownfirst firstyear yearnew newplant plantgrow growpoor poorroot rootsystem systemweak weakmay maybecom becomblacken blackenplant plantmay mayfail failestablish establishproper properone onetheori theorireplant replantdiseas diseasdue duewhole wholemenageri menageritree treepathogen pathogenfungi fungibacteria bacterianematod nematodvirus virusorgan organparasitis parasitistarget targetlive livetissu tissumatur maturtree treehasten hastensenil senildeath deathsurviv survivsoil soildecay decayroot roottree treedie dieput putyoung youngtraumatis traumatistree treeimmatur immaturroot rootsystem systembroth brothpathogen pathogenmuch muchinfant infanttree treecope copenew newroot rootgrowth growthrapid rapidheavili heavilicolonis colonisshoot shootgrowth growthvirtual virtualzero zeroespeci especitrue truedwarf dwarfrootstock rootstocknatur naturrelat relatineffici inefficirule rulereplant replantdiseas diseaspersist persistaround aroundfifteen fifteenyear yearsoil soilalthough althoughvari varilocal localcondit conditpathogen pathogensurviv survivdead deadwood woodorgan organmatter matterexpos expospredat predathome homerot rotaway awayalso alsodepend dependwhether whetherorigin originorchard orchardplant plantdwarf dwarfstandard standardtree treestandard standardvigor vigortherefor thereforlarger largerroot rootthus thuslike liketake takelonger longerdegrad degradgood goodorgan organrotat rotatpractic practicfollow follow‘ ‘like likelike like’ ’rule ruleappli applilong longlive livetree treemuch muchannual annualveget vegetcase casetemper temperfruit fruittree treepome pomestone stonerule rulerotat rotatobserved- observed-’ ’follow follow‘ ‘pome pome’ ’fruit fruitapple-typ apple-typcore—appl core—applpear pearmedlar medlarquinc quinctree treegroup group‘ ‘stone stone’ ’fruit fruiti.e. i.e.plum-typ plum-typstone stoneplum plumcherri cherripeach peachapricot apricotalmond almondright rightvice viceversa versahowev howevrotat rotatalway alwayeasi easiwell wellplan planold oldorchard orchardsite siteoccupi occupimay maywell wellbest bestavail availstart startanoth anothorchard orchardelsewher elsewhermay maypractic practiccase casereplant replantunavoid unavoidlarg larghole holedug dugsoil soilremov removreplac replac‘ ‘clean clean’ ’soil soilsite sitesuscept susceptplant plantgrown grownuse usetree treevigor vigorrootstock rootstockbetter betterchanc chanccompet competpathogen pathogenplant plantgrown grownlarg largcontain containlarg largroot rootball ballmay mayalso alsobetter betterchanc chancresist resistreplant replantdiseas diseasextra extratime timecrop cropmay mayoffset offsetnew newtree treeplant plantyear yearadvanc advancold oldtree treefinal finalfall fallfurthermor furthermorold oldorchard orchardgrub grubi.e i.etree treehealthi healthiremov removunlik unlikreplant replantdiseas diseaswould wouldproblem problempathogen pathogenlevel levelmay maynever neverhigh highmaladi maladiwors worstree treedie diesitu—pathogen situ—pathogenlike likecontribut contributdeath deaththerefor thereforhigher higherlevel levelsoil soilsoil soilfumig fumiganoth anothcommon commonmethod methodemploy employcontrol controlreplant replantdiseas diseasappl applcherri cherritree treethroughout throughout90 90's 'sfumig fumiglike likemethyl methylbromid bromidbromomethan bromomethancommon commonuse useway waycontrol controltreat treatdiseas diseaslater laterphase phase2000s 2000sfavour favourmodern modernaltern alternchloropicrin chloropicrinstudi studishown showneffect effectmethod methodresolv resolvsard sardappl appltree treemonocultur monocultureurop | 157658 | Specific replant disease | Pear tree diseases,Apple tree diseases,Plant pathogens and diseases,Stone fruit tree diseases |
157646-1 | Peter the Hermit
Peter the Hermit (also known as Cucupeter, Little Peter or Peter of Amiens; 1050 – 8 July 1115) was a priest of Amiens and a key figure during the First Crusade.
peterhermit hermitalso alsoknown knowncucupet cucupetlittl littlpeter peterpeter peteramien amien1050 1050– –8 8juli juli1115 1115priest priestamien amienkey keyfigur figurfirst firstcrusad | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-2 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Family.
His name in French is "Pierre l'Ermite". The structure of this name in French unlike in English has led some francophone scholars to treat l'Ermite as a surname rather than a title.
According to some authors, he was born around 1050 and was the son of Renauld L'Ermite of Auvergne, and his wife Alide Montaigu, de Picardie. Others claim he was a member of the "L'Hermite" family of Auvergne in the Netherlands. These claims are disputed by other authors, who argue that nothing can confirm that "the Hermit" was an actual surname and that surnames had not developed until after his day.
section:famili :familiname namefrench french`` ``pierr pierrl'ermit l'ermit'' ''structur structurname namefrench frenchunlik unlikenglish englishled ledfrancophon francophonscholar scholartreat treatl'ermit l'ermitsurnam surnamrather rathertitl titlaccord accordauthor authorborn bornaround around1050 1050son sonrenauld renauldl'ermit l'ermitauvergn auvergnwife wifealid alidmontaigu montaigude depicardi picardiother otherclaim claimmember member`` ``l'hermit l'hermit'' ''famili familiauvergn auvergnnetherland netherlandclaim claimdisput disputauthor authorargu argunoth nothconfirm confirm`` ``hermit hermit'' ''actual actualsurnam surnamsurnam surnamdevelop developday | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-3 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Before 1096.
According to Anna Comnena, Peter had attempted to go on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem before 1096, but was prevented by the Seljuk Turks from reaching his goal and was reportedly mistreated. He used this supposed mistreatment to preach inflammatory statements about the Turks toward upset Christians. However, doubts remain whether he ever made such a journey.
Sources differ as to whether he was present at Pope Urban II's famous Council of Clermont in 1095. It is certain that he was one of the preachers of the crusade in France afterward, and his own experience may have helped to give fire to the Crusading cause. Tradition in Huy holds that he was there when the crusade was announced and he began his preaching at once. He soon leapt into fame as an emotional revivalist, and the vast majority of sources and historians agree that thousands of peasants eagerly took the cross at his bidding.
Jonathan Riley-Smith has proposed that the People's Crusade also included well-armed soldiers and nobles. This part of the crusade was also known as the crusade of the "paupers", a term which in the Middle Ages indicated a status as impoverished or mendicant wards of the Church. Peter organized and guided the paupers as a spiritually purified and holy group of pilgrims who would, supposedly, be protected by the Holy Ghost. A list of known participants in Peter's army can be found at Riley-Smith, et al.
section:befor :befor1096 1096accord accordanna annacomnena comnenapeter peterattempt attemptgo gopilgrimag pilgrimagjerusalem jerusalem1096 1096prevent preventseljuk seljukturk turkreach reachgoal goalreport reportmistreat mistreatuse usesuppos supposmistreat mistreatpreach preachinflammatori inflammatoristatement statementturk turktoward towardupset upsetchristian christianhowev howevdoubt doubtremain remainwhether whetherever evermade madejourney journeysourc sourcdiffer differwhether whetherpresent presentpope popeurban urbanii ii's 'sfamous famouscouncil councilclermont clermont1095 1095certain certainone onepreacher preachercrusad crusadfranc francafterward afterwardexperi experimay mayhelp helpgive givefire firecrusad crusadcaus caustradit tradithuy huyhold holdcrusad crusadannounc announcbegan beganpreach preachsoon soonleapt leaptfame fameemot emotrevivalist revivalistvast vastmajor majorsourc sourchistorian historianagre agrethousand thousandpeasant peasanteager eagertook tookcross crossbid bidjonathan jonathanriley-smith riley-smithpropos propospeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadalso alsoinclud includwell-arm well-armsoldier soldiernobl noblpart partcrusad crusadalso alsoknown knowncrusad crusad`` ``pauper pauper'' ''term termmiddl middlage ageindic indicstatus statusimpoverish impoverishmendic mendicward wardchurch churchpeter peterorgan organguid guidpauper pauperspiritu spiritupurifi purifiholi holigroup grouppilgrim pilgrimwould wouldsuppos supposprotect protectholi holighost ghostlist listknown knownparticip particippeter peter's 'sarmi armifound foundriley-smith riley-smithet etal | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-4 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Crusade to the Holy Land.
Before Peter went on his crusade he got permission from the Patriarch of Jerusalem. This particular Patriarch was named Simeon. Peter was able to recruit from England, Lorraine, France, and Flanders. Peter the Hermit arrived in Cologne, Germany, on Holy Saturday, the 12th of April in 1096. In Germany in spring 1096 Peter was one of the prominent leaders of crusaders involved in the Rhineland massacres against the Jews.
Leading the first of the five sections of the People's Crusade to the destination of their pilgrimage, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, he started (with 40,000 men and women) from Cologne in April, 1096, and arrived (with 30,000 men and women) at Constantinople at the end of July. The Eastern Roman Emperor Alexios I Komnenos was less than pleased with their arrival, for along with the head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople, he was now required to provide for the care and sustenance of the vast host of paupers for the remainder of their journey.
Before reaching Constantinople though, Peter and his followers began to run into trouble. In Zemun, the Governor, who was descendant of a Ghuzz Turk, and a colleague, got frightened by the army's size and decided to tighten regulations on a frontier. This would have been fine if a dispute about the sale of a pair of shoes had not occurred. This led to a riot and against Peter's wishes the town was attacked and the citadel was stormed. This resulted in 4000 Hungarians being killed and lots of provisions stolen. Then on June 26, 1096 Peter's army was able to cross the Save river. Then the army marched into Belgrade and lit the town on fire and proceeded to pillage it. The army then made its way into and through Nish after an eight-day delay. After riding though Nish the Crusaders made their way towards Sofia when they were attacked on the road. The army took heavy losses. They lost 1/4 of their men but arrived in Sofia on July 12 nonetheless. The forces then arrived in Constantinople on August 1, 1096. After a while, they arrived at a castle called Xerigordon and captured it. They captured the castle by taking possession of the castle's spring and well. After setting off to Civetot they had set up camp near a village called Dracon. This is where the Turks ambushed Peter and his forces. This was the final battle of the People's Crusade that Peter led.
Most of the paupers failed to make their way out of Catholic jurisdiction. The majority were incapable of being provided for by the various lordships and dioceses along the way and either starved, returned home or were put into servitude, while a substantial number were captured and sold into slavery by the various Slavic robber barons in the Balkans, kindling the view of the Balkan Slavs as unredeemed robbers and villains.
Peter joined the only other section which had succeeded in reaching Constantinople, that of Walter Sans Avoir, into a single group and encamped the still numerous pilgrims around Constantinople while he negotiated the shipping of the People's Crusade to the Holy Land. The Emperor meanwhile had failed to provide for the pilgrims adequately and the camp made itself a growing nuisance, as the increasingly hungry paupers turned to pilfering the imperial stores.
Alexios, worried at the growing disorder and fearful of his standing before the coming armed Crusader armies, quickly concluded negotiations and shipped them across the Bosporus to the Asiatic shore at the beginning of August, with promises of guards and passage through the Turkish lines. He warned the People's Crusade to await his orders, but in spite of his warnings, the paupers entered Turkish territory. The Turks began skirmishing with the largely unarmed host. Peter returned in desperation to Constantinople, seeking the Emperor's help.
In Peter's absence, the pilgrims were ambushed and cut to pieces in detail by the Turks, who were more disciplined, at the Battle of Civetot. Despite Peter's pronunciations of divine protection, the vast majority of the pilgrims were slaughtered by the swords and arrows of the Turks or were enslaved. Left in Constantinople with the small number of surviving followers, during the winter of 1096–1097, with little hope of securing Byzantine support, the People's Crusade awaited the coming of the armed crusaders as their sole source of protection to complete the pilgrimage.
When the princes arrived, Peter joined their ranks as a member of the council in May 1097, and with the little following which remained they marched together through Asia Minor to Jerusalem. While his "paupers" never regained the numbers previous to the Battle of Civetot, his ranks were increasingly replenished with disarmed, injured, or bankrupted crusaders. Nonetheless, aside from a few rousing speeches to motivate the Crusaders, he played a subordinate part in the remaining history of the First Crusade which at this point clearly settled on a military campaign as the means to secure the pilgrimage routes and holy sites in Palestine.
Peter appears, at the beginning of 1098, as attempting to escape from the privations of the siege of Antioch—showing himself, as Guibert of Nogent says, a "fallen star." Guibert and other sources go on to write that Peter was responsible for the speech before the half-starved and dead Crusaders which motivated their sally from the gates of Antioch and their subsequent crushing defeat of the overwhelmingly superior Muslim army besieging the city. Thus, having recovered his stature, in the middle of the year he was sent by the princes to invite Kerbogha to settle all differences via a duel, which the Emir subsequently declined.
In 1099 Peter appears as the treasurer of the alms at the siege of Arqa (March), and as leader of the supplicatory processions around the walls of Jerusalem before it fell, and later within Jerusalem which preceded the Crusaders' surprising victory at the Battle of Ascalon (August). At the end of 1099, Peter went to Latakia, and sailed thence for the West. From this time he disappears from the historical record. Albert of Aix records that he died in 1131, as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France.
section:crusad :crusadholi holiland landpeter peterwent wentcrusad crusadgot gotpermiss permisspatriarch patriarchjerusalem jerusalemparticular particularpatriarch patriarchname namesimeon simeonpeter peterabl ablrecruit recruitengland englandlorrain lorrainfranc francflander flanderpeter peterhermit hermitarriv arrivcologn cologngermani germaniholi holisaturday saturday12th 12thapril april1096 1096germani germanispring spring1096 1096peter peterone onepromin prominleader leadercrusad crusadinvolv involvrhineland rhinelandmassacr massacrjew jewlead leadfirst firstfive fivesection sectionpeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusaddestin destinpilgrimag pilgrimagchurch churchholi holisepulchr sepulchrstart start40,000 40,000men menwomen womencologn colognapril april1096 1096arriv arriv30,000 30,000men menwomen womenconstantinopl constantinoplend endjuli julieastern easternroman romanemperor emperoralexio alexiokomneno komnenoless lesspleas pleasarriv arrivalong alonghead headeastern easternorthodox orthodoxchurch churchpatriarch patriarchnichola nicholaiii iiiconstantinopl constantinoplrequir requirprovid providcare caresusten sustenvast vasthost hostpauper pauperremaind remaindjourney journeyreach reachconstantinopl constantinoplthough thoughpeter peterfollow followbegan beganrun runtroubl troublzemun zemungovernor governordescend descendghuzz ghuzzturk turkcolleagu colleagugot gotfrighten frightenarmi armi's 'ssize sizedecid decidtighten tightenregul regulfrontier frontierwould wouldfine finedisput disputsale salepair pairshoe shoeoccur occurled ledriot riotpeter peter's 'swish wishtown townattack attackcitadel citadelstorm stormresult result4000 4000hungarian hungariankill killlot lotprovis provisstolen stolenjune june26 261096 1096peter peter's 'sarmi armiabl ablcross crosssave saveriver riverarmi armimarch marchbelgrad belgradlit littown townfire fireproceed proceedpillag pillagarmi armimade madeway waynish nisheight-day eight-daydelay delayride ridethough thoughnish nishcrusad crusadmade madeway waytoward towardsofia sofiaattack attackroad roadarmi armitook tookheavi heaviloss losslost lost1/4 1/4men menarriv arrivsofia sofiajuli juli12 12nonetheless nonethelessforc forcarriv arrivconstantinopl constantinoplaugust august1 11096 1096arriv arrivcastl castlcall callxerigordon xerigordoncaptur capturcaptur capturcastl castltake takepossess possesscastl castl's 'sspring springwell wellset setcivetot civetotset setcamp campnear nearvillag villagcall calldracon draconturk turkambush ambushpeter peterforc forcfinal finalbattl battlpeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadpeter peterled ledpauper pauperfail failmake makeway waycathol catholjurisdict jurisdictmajor majorincap incapprovid providvarious variouslordship lordshipdioces diocesalong alongway wayeither eitherstarv starvreturn returnhome homeput putservitud servitudsubstanti substantinumber numbercaptur captursold soldslaveri slaverivarious variousslavic slavicrobber robberbaron baronbalkan balkankindl kindlview viewbalkan balkanslav slavunredeem unredeemrobber robbervillain villainpeter peterjoin joinsection sectionsucceed succeedreach reachconstantinopl constantinoplwalter waltersan sanavoir avoirsingl singlgroup groupencamp encampstill stillnumer numerpilgrim pilgrimaround aroundconstantinopl constantinoplnegoti negotiship shippeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadholi holiland landemperor emperormeanwhil meanwhilfail failprovid providpilgrim pilgrimadequ adequcamp campmade madegrow grownuisanc nuisancincreas increashungri hungripauper pauperturn turnpilfer pilferimperi imperistore storealexio alexioworri worrigrow growdisord disordfear fearstand standcome comearm armcrusad crusadarmi armiquick quickconclud concludnegoti negotiship shipacross acrossbosporus bosporusasiat asiatshore shorebegin beginaugust augustpromis promisguard guardpassag passagturkish turkishline linewarn warnpeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadawait awaitorder orderspite spitewarn warnpauper pauperenter enterturkish turkishterritori territoriturk turkbegan beganskirmish skirmishlarg largunarm unarmhost hostpeter peterreturn returndesper desperconstantinopl constantinoplseek seekemperor emperor's 'shelp helppeter peter's 'sabsenc absencpilgrim pilgrimambush ambushcut cutpiec piecdetail detailturk turkdisciplin disciplinbattl battlcivetot civetotdespit despitpeter peter's 'spronunci pronuncidivin divinprotect protectvast vastmajor majorpilgrim pilgrimslaughter slaughtersword swordarrow arrowturk turkenslav enslavleft leftconstantinopl constantinoplsmall smallnumber numbersurviv survivfollow followwinter winter1096–1097 1096–1097littl littlhope hopesecur securbyzantin byzantinsupport supportpeopl peopl's 'scrusad crusadawait awaitcome comearm armcrusad crusadsole solesourc sourcprotect protectcomplet completpilgrimag pilgrimagprinc princarriv arrivpeter peterjoin joinrank rankmember membercouncil councilmay may1097 1097littl littlfollow followremain remainmarch marchtogeth togethasia asiaminor minorjerusalem jerusalem`` ``pauper pauper'' ''never neverregain regainnumber numberprevious previousbattl battlcivetot civetotrank rankincreas increasreplenish replenishdisarm disarminjur injurbankrupt bankruptcrusad crusadnonetheless nonethelessasid asidrous rousspeech speechmotiv motivcrusad crusadplay playsubordin subordinpart partremain remainhistori historifirst firstcrusad crusadpoint pointclear clearsettl settlmilitari militaricampaign campaignmean meansecur securpilgrimag pilgrimagrout routholi holisite sitepalestin palestinpeter peterappear appearbegin begin1098 1098attempt attemptescap escapprivat privatsieg siegantioch—show antioch—showguibert guibertnogent nogentsay say`` ``fallen fallenstar star'' ''guibert guibertsourc sourcgo gowrite writepeter peterrespons responsspeech speechhalf-starv half-starvdead deadcrusad crusadmotiv motivsalli salligate gateantioch antiochsubsequ subsequcrush crushdefeat defeatoverwhelm overwhelmsuperior superiormuslim muslimarmi armibesieg besiegciti citithus thusrecov recovstatur staturmiddl middlyear yearsent sentprinc princinvit invitkerbogha kerboghasettl settldiffer differvia viaduel duelemir emirsubsequ subsequdeclin declin1099 1099peter peterappear appeartreasur treasuralm almsieg siegarqa arqamarch marchleader leadersupplicatori supplicatoriprocess processaround aroundwall walljerusalem jerusalemfell felllater laterwithin withinjerusalem jerusalempreced precedcrusad crusadsurpris surprisvictori victoribattl battlascalon ascalonaugust augustend end1099 1099peter peterwent wentlatakia latakiasail sailthenc thencwest westtime timedisappear disappearhistor historrecord recordalbert albertaix aixrecord recorddie die1131 1131prior priorchurch churchholi holisepulchr sepulchrfound foundfranc | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-5 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Role in Preaching First Crusade.
Although later Catholic historians and many other scholars disagree, Roger of Wendover and Matthew Paris wrote that Peter the Hermit was the true author and originator of the First Crusade, a view also recounted in the anonymous Gesta Francorum – written c. 1100 – and by Albert of Aix in his "Historia Hierosolymitanae Expeditionis", and also supported by some modern scholars.
Such historical sources recount that during an early visit to Jerusalem sometime before 1096, Jesus appeared to Peter the Hermit in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and bade him preach the crusade. This story also appears in the pages of William of Tyre, which indicates that even a few generations after the crusade, the descendants of the crusaders already believed Peter was its originator. The origin of such a legend is a matter of some interest. Von Sybel, in his "Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges", published in 1841, suggested that in the camp of the paupers (which existed side by side with that of the knights, and grew increasingly large as the crusade took a more and more heavy toll on the purses of the crusaders) some idolization of Peter the Hermit had already begun, parallel to the similar glorification of Godfrey by the Lorrainers.
section:role :rolepreach preachfirst firstcrusad crusadalthough althoughlater latercathol catholhistorian historianmani manischolar scholardisagre disagreroger rogerwendov wendovmatthew matthewpari pariwrote wrotepeter peterhermit hermittrue trueauthor authororigin originfirst firstcrusad crusadview viewalso alsorecount recountanonym anonymgesta gestafrancorum francorum– –written writtenc. c.1100 1100– –albert albertaix aix`` ``historia historiahierosolymitana hierosolymitanaexpeditioni expeditioni'' ''also alsosupport supportmodern modernscholar scholarhistor historsourc sourcrecount recountearli earlivisit visitjerusalem jerusalemsometim sometim1096 1096jesus jesusappear appearpeter peterhermit hermitchurch churchholi holisepulchr sepulchrbade badepreach preachcrusad crusadstori storialso alsoappear appearpage pagewilliam williamtyre tyreindic indiceven evengenerat generatcrusad crusaddescend descendcrusad crusadalreadi alreadibeliev believpeter peterorigin originorigin originlegend legendmatter matterinterest interestvon vonsybel sybel`` ``geschicht geschichtdes desersten erstenkreuzzug kreuzzug'' ''publish publish1841 1841suggest suggestcamp camppauper pauperexist existside sideside sideknight knightgrew grewincreas increaslarg largcrusad crusadtook tookheavi heavitoll tollpurs purscrusad crusadidol idolpeter peterhermit hermitalreadi alreadibegun begunparallel parallelsimilar similarglorif glorifgodfrey godfreylorrain | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-6 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Later life.
There is very little concrete record for his life after returning to Europe and much of what we do know is speculation or legend. However, Albert of Aix records that he died in 1131, as prior of a church of the Holy Sepulchre which he had founded in France or Flanders. It is thought that during the Siege of Antioch during the days of famine and cold weather, Peter attempted to flee only to be captured by the Norman Tancred and placed back on the battlefield in 1112. Peter also held services of intercession for Latin and native recruits. Peter advised Greeks and Latins to form processions as well.
It is generally quoted that he founded an Augustinian monastery in France named for the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. However, it was actually in Flanders at Neufmoustier near Huy, or Huy itself which may have been his home town. His tomb is in the Neufmoustier Abbey, so it is presumed that this was his Abbey but in another tradition the nearby Solières Abbey claims that it was his foundation.
Peter's obituary is in the chronicle of Abbey Neufmoustier Huy. On its page entry of 8 July 1115 the chronicle says that this day saw "the death of Dom Pierre, of pious memory, venerable priest and hermit, who deserved to be appointed by the Lord to announce the first to the holy Cross" and the text continues with "after the conquest of the holy land, Pierre returned to his native country" and also that "he founded this church ... and chooses them a decent burial". This record further supports Neufmoustier's claim as his foundation.
section:later :laterlife lifelittl littlconcret concretrecord recordlife lifereturn returneurop europmuch muchknow knowspecul specullegend legendhowev howevalbert albertaix aixrecord recorddie die1131 1131prior priorchurch churchholi holisepulchr sepulchrfound foundfranc francflander flanderthought thoughtsieg siegantioch antiochday dayfamin famincold coldweather weatherpeter peterattempt attemptflee fleecaptur capturnorman normantancr tancrplace placeback backbattlefield battlefield1112 1112peter peteralso alsoheld heldservic servicintercess intercesslatin latinnativ nativrecruit recruitpeter peteradvis advisgreek greeklatin latinform formprocess processwell wellgeneral generalquot quotfound foundaugustinian augustinianmonasteri monasterifranc francname namechurch churchholi holisepulchr sepulchrhowev howevactual actualflander flanderneufmousti neufmoustinear nearhuy huyhuy huymay mayhome hometown towntomb tombneufmousti neufmoustiabbey abbeypresum presumabbey abbeyanoth anothtradit traditnearbi nearbisolièr solièrabbey abbeyclaim claimfoundat foundatpeter peter's 'sobituari obituarichronicl chroniclabbey abbeyneufmousti neufmoustihuy huypage pageentri entri8 8juli juli1115 1115chronicl chroniclsay sayday daysaw saw`` ``death deathdom dompierr pierrpious piousmemori memorivener venerpriest priesthermit hermitdeserv deservappoint appointlord lordannounc announcfirst firstholi holicross cross'' ''text textcontinu continu`` ``conquest conquestholi holiland landpierr pierrreturn returnnativ nativcountri countri'' ''also also`` ``found foundchurch church... ...choos choosdecent decentburial burial'' ''record recordsupport supportneufmousti neufmousti's 'sclaim claimfoundat | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-7 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Legend.
Since his death various legends have sprung up around Peter. One legend has its roots in the writings of Jacques de Vitry, who found it convenient to convince people from the bishopric of Liège of the merits of participating in the Albigensian crusade by manipulating the story of Peter.
Another legend is given in the 14th century by the French troubadour Jehan-de-Bouteiller, who sings the memory of "a dict Peter the Hermit deschendant a count of Clairmont by a Sieur d'Herrymont [who] married a Montagut". Peter the Hermit's parents would, therefore, be Renauld de Hérimont and Aleidis Montaigu (Aleidis is known in Huy as the "mother of Dom Pierre, with a home in Huy").
There is also a strong and old tradition that Peter the Hermit was the first to introduce the use of the Rosary. It follows that he began this tradition in about 1090. If this is the case and if he had also been on a previous pilgrimage to Jerusalem, it is possible that he derived this practice from similar Islamic practices.
section:legend :legendsinc sincdeath deathvarious variouslegend legendsprung sprungaround aroundpeter peterone onelegend legendroot rootwrite writejacqu jacqude devitri vitrifound foundconveni conveniconvinc convincpeopl peoplbishopr bishoprlièg liègmerit meritparticip participalbigensian albigensiancrusad crusadmanipul manipulstori storipeter peteranoth anothlegend legendgiven given14th 14thcenturi centurifrench frenchtroubadour troubadourjehan-de-bouteil jehan-de-bouteilsing singmemori memori`` ``dict dictpeter peterhermit hermitdeschend deschendcount countclairmont clairmontsieur sieurd'herrymont d'herrymontmarri marrimontagut montagut'' ''peter peterhermit hermit's 'sparent parentwould wouldtherefor thereforrenauld renauldde dehérimont hérimontaleidi aleidimontaigu montaigualeidi aleidiknown knownhuy huy`` ``mother motherdom dompierr pierrhome homehuy huy'' ''also alsostrong strongold oldtradit traditpeter peterhermit hermitfirst firstintroduc introducuse userosari rosarifollow followbegan begantradit tradit1090 1090case casealso alsoprevious previouspilgrimag pilgrimagjerusalem jerusalempossibl possiblderiv derivpractic practicsimilar similarislam islampractic | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157646-8 | Peter the Hermit
Section::::Sources.
BULLET::::- "Peter the Hermit", "Famous Men of the Middle Ages "
BULLET::::- Prof. J. S. C. Riley-Smith, Prof, Jonathan Phillips, Dr. Alan V. Murray, Dr. Guy Perry, Dr. Nicholas Morton, A Database of Crusaders to the Holy Land, 1099-1149 (available on-line)
section:sourc :sourcbullet bullet:- :-`` ``peter peterhermit hermit'' ''`` ``famous famousmen menmiddl middlage age`` ``bullet bullet:- :-prof. prof.j. j.s. s.c. c.riley-smith riley-smithprof profjonathan jonathanphillip phillipdr. dr.alan alanv. v.murray murraydr drguy guyperri perridr. dr.nichola nicholamorton mortondatabas databascrusad crusadholi holiland land1099-1149 1099-1149avail availon-lin | 157646 | Peter the Hermit | Christians of the Crusades,11th-century people,Christians of the First Crusade,Year of birth uncertain,11th-century French people,1050s births,French hermits |
157666-1 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band)
Blue Meanies were an American ska-core band founded in Carbondale, Illinois, at Southern Illinois University, in 1989. They debuted in 1991 with the release of their first single, "Grandma Shampoo" c/w "Dickory Dock". This single would be the start of a lengthy discography and revolving lineup including Jay Vance, a great bass player. Although their personnel was continually changing, The Meanies' sound would remain consistent as they released the albums "Peace Love Groove" (1991), "Pave The World" (1992), "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye" (1995), "Full Throttle" (1997), and the live "Sonic Documentation Of Exhibition And Banter" (1998).
By the time they signed with MCA Records, the lineup of John Paul Camp (III) (saxophone/ vocals), Sean Dolan (guitar), Jimmy Flame (trumpet/ vocals), Chaz Linde (keyboard/ vocal), Dave Lund (bass/ vocals), Billy Spunke (vocals/ megaphone), and Bob Trondson (drums) stuck together as a total of 22 musicians passed through the band since their formation. Their sixth full-length album, "The Post Wave", was released in late 2000. This album is musically the most different from the other five albums. This change in sound along with the title of the album probably resulted from the crash of the third wave ska scene within the US. In late 2001 the band took the rights to "The Post Wave" back from MCA records and reissued it on Thick Records in August 2001. Soon afterwards the band ceased touring, though they never issued an official break up statement.
bluemeani meaniamerican americanska-cor ska-corband bandfound foundcarbondal carbondalillinoi illinoisouthern southernillinoi illinoiunivers univers1989 1989debut debut1991 1991releas releasfirst firstsingl singl`` ``grandma grandmashampoo shampoo'' ''c/w c/w`` ``dickori dickoridock dock'' ''singl singlwould wouldstart startlengthi lengthidiscographi discographirevolv revolvlineup lineupinclud includjay jayvanc vancgreat greatbass bassplayer playeralthough althoughpersonnel personnelcontinu continuchang changmeani meanisound soundwould wouldremain remainconsist consistreleas releasalbum album`` ``peac peaclove lovegroov groov'' ''1991 1991`` ``pave paveworld world'' ''1992 1992`` ``kiss kissass assgoodby goodby'' ''1995 1995`` ``full fullthrottl throttl'' ''1997 1997live live`` ``sonic sonicdocument documentexhibit exhibitbanter banter'' ''1998 1998time timesign signmca mcarecord recordlineup lineupjohn johnpaul paulcamp campiii iiisaxophone/ saxophone/vocal vocalsean seandolan dolanguitar guitarjimmi jimmiflame flametrumpet/ trumpet/vocal vocalchaz chazlind lindkeyboard/ keyboard/vocal vocaldave davelund lundbass/ bass/vocal vocalbilli billispunk spunkvocals/ vocals/megaphon megaphonbob bobtrondson trondsondrum drumstuck stucktogeth togethtotal total22 22musician musicianpass passband bandsinc sincformat formatsixth sixthfull-length full-lengthalbum album`` ``post postwave wave'' ''releas releaslate late2000 2000album albummusic musicdiffer differfive fivealbum albumchang changsound soundalong alongtitl titlalbum albumprobabl probablresult resultcrash crashthird thirdwave waveska skascene scenewithin withinus uslate late2001 2001band bandtook tookright right`` ``post postwave wave'' ''back backmca mcarecord recordreissu reissuthick thickrecord recordaugust august2001 2001soon soonafterward afterwardband bandceas ceastour tourthough thoughnever neverissu issuoffici officibreak breakstatement | 157666 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band) | Asian Man Records artists,Musical groups from Chicago,Musical groups established in 1989 |
157666-2 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band)
Section::::Post-breakup.
In the summer of 2004 it was confirmed that the Meanies would temporarily revive the old tradition of the Winter Nationals. For years the Blue Meanies would have a show on December 23 in their hometown of Chicago. On December 22, 2004 the band played its first show in three years at Double Door with The Tossers and Cougars supporting. The next day the band played an all ages show at The Metro with Mu330, The Methadones, and New Black supporting. The Metro show was filmed with multiple cameras but no plans for a release of the footage have been announced. Future plans for the band remain vague as well.
On August 16, 2006 it was announced that the Blue Meanies would reunite for Riot Fest 2006, an annual punk rock festival held in Chicago. Other high-profile reunions for the fest include Naked Raygun and The Bollweevils.
Since April 24, 2006, the band (primarily Sean Dolan) has kept somewhat in contact with their fanbase with their MySpace profile. On it, they have provided previously unreleased tracks (any songs pulled from the site can be obtained via email), largely from the recording sessions of "The Post Wave."
On May 13, 2014, the organizers of Riot Fest and Blue Meanies revealed that the band will reunite and perform at the Chicago version of the 2014 festival.
section:post-breakup :post-breakupsummer summer2004 2004confirm confirmmeani meaniwould wouldtemporarili temporarilireviv revivold oldtradit traditwinter winternation nationyear yearblue bluemeani meaniwould wouldshow showdecemb decemb23 23hometown hometownchicago chicagodecemb decemb22 222004 2004band bandplay playfirst firstshow showthree threeyear yeardoubl doubldoor doortosser tossercougar cougarsupport supportnext nextday dayband bandplay playage ageshow showmetro metromu330 mu330methadon methadonnew newblack blacksupport supportmetro metroshow showfilm filmmultipl multiplcamera cameraplan planreleas releasfootag footagannounc announcfutur futurplan planband bandremain remainvagu vaguwell wellaugust august16 162006 2006announc announcblue bluemeani meaniwould wouldreunit reunitriot riotfest fest2006 2006annual annualpunk punkrock rockfestiv festivheld heldchicago chicagohigh-profil high-profilreunion reunionfest festinclud includnake nakeraygun raygunbollweevil bollweevilsinc sincapril april24 242006 2006band bandprimarili primarilisean seandolan dolankept keptsomewhat somewhatcontact contactfanbas fanbasmyspac myspacprofil profilprovid providprevious previousunreleas unreleastrack tracksong songpull pullsite siteobtain obtainvia viaemail emaillarg largrecord recordsession session`` ``post postwave wave'' ''may may13 132014 2014organ organriot riotfest festblue bluemeani meanireveal revealband bandreunit reunitperform performchicago chicagoversion version2014 2014festiv | 157666 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band) | Asian Man Records artists,Musical groups from Chicago,Musical groups established in 1989 |
157666-3 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band)
Section::::Discography.
Albums
BULLET::::- "Peace Love Groove" (1991) (live)
BULLET::::- "Pave The World EP" (1992)
BULLET::::- "Kiss Your Ass Goodbye" (Fuse Records, 1995—re-released by Asian Man Records, 1999)
BULLET::::- "Full Throttle" (THICK Records, 1997—special edition re-released THICK, 2005)
BULLET::::- "PIGS EP" (THICK Records, 1999)
BULLET::::- "Sonic Documentation Of Exhibition And Banter LIVE!" (Asian Man Records, 1999) (live)
BULLET::::- "The Post Wave" (MCA, 2000—re-released by THICK Records, 2001)
Vinyl
BULLET::::- "Grandma Shampoo b/w Dickory Dock 7"" (1992)
BULLET::::- "Urine Trouble 7"" (1994)
BULLET::::- "Pave The World/F.O.R.D. 10" Picture Disc" (1996)
BULLET::::- "Blue Meanies/MU330 Split 7"" (1998)
BULLET::::- "Blue Meanies/Alkaline Trio" split 7" picture disc (1999)
Compilations
BULLET::::- "" (Glue Factory, 1997)
BULLET::::- "" (THICK Records, 2000 re-released 2007)
BULLET::::- "Skanarchy" (Elevator Music, 2000)
BULLET::::- "" (Asian Man Records, 2001)
BULLET::::- "" (THICK Records, 2003)
BULLET::::- "Love and Rebellion" (THICK Records, 2007)
Other
BULLET::::- "Nude Ain't Crude" cassette (1991)
section:discographi :discographialbum albumbullet bullet:- :-`` ``peac peaclove lovegroov groov'' ''1991 1991live livebullet bullet:- :-`` ``pave paveworld worldep ep'' ''1992 1992bullet bullet:- :-`` ``kiss kissass assgoodby goodby'' ''fuse fuserecord record1995—re-releas 1995—re-releasasian asianman manrecord record1999 1999bullet bullet:- :-`` ``full fullthrottl throttl'' ''thick thickrecord record1997—special 1997—specialedit editre-releas re-releasthick thick2005 2005bullet bullet:- :-`` ``pig pigep ep'' ''thick thickrecord record1999 1999bullet bullet:- :-`` ``sonic sonicdocument documentexhibit exhibitbanter banterlive live'' ''asian asianman manrecord record1999 1999live livebullet bullet:- :-`` ``post postwave wave'' ''mca mca2000—re-releas 2000—re-releasthick thickrecord record2001 2001vinyl vinylbullet bullet:- :-`` ``grandma grandmashampoo shampoob/w b/wdickori dickoridock dock7 7'' '''' ''1992 1992bullet bullet:- :-`` ``urin urintroubl troubl7 7'' '''' ''1994 1994bullet bullet:- :-`` ``pave paveworld/f.o.r.d world/f.o.r.d10 10'' ''pictur picturdisc disc'' ''1996 1996bullet bullet:- :-`` ``blue bluemeanies/mu330 meanies/mu330split split7 7'' '''' ''1998 1998bullet bullet:- :-`` ``blue bluemeanies/alkalin meanies/alkalintrio trio'' ''split split7 7'' ''pictur picturdisc disc1999 1999compil compilbullet bullet:- :-`` ``'' ''glue gluefactori factori1997 1997bullet bullet:- :-`` ``'' ''thick thickrecord record2000 2000re-releas re-releas2007 2007bullet bullet:- :-`` ``skanarchi skanarchi'' ''elev elevmusic music2000 2000bullet bullet:- :-`` ``'' ''asian asianman manrecord record2001 2001bullet bullet:- :-`` ``'' ''thick thickrecord record2003 2003bullet bullet:- :-`` ``love loverebellion rebellion'' ''thick thickrecord record2007 2007bullet bullet:- :-`` ``nude nudeai ain't n'tcrude crude'' ''cassett cassett1991 | 157666 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band) | Asian Man Records artists,Musical groups from Chicago,Musical groups established in 1989 |
157666-4 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band)
Section::::References.
BULLET::::- Blue Meanies Official Facebook Page
BULLET::::- Blue Meanies letter to MCA Records
BULLET::::- Punknews.org review of the 2004 Winter Nationals show at The Metro
BULLET::::- Riot Fest official website
BULLET::::- Music downloads and partial discography
BULLET::::- Tour Interview 1995
section:refer :referbullet bullet:- :-blue bluemeani meanioffici officifacebook facebookpage pagebullet bullet:- :-blue bluemeani meaniletter lettermca mcarecord recordbullet bullet:- :-punknews.org punknews.orgreview review2004 2004winter winternation nationshow showmetro metrobullet bullet:- :-riot riotfest festoffici officiwebsit websitbullet bullet:- :-music musicdownload downloadpartial partialdiscographi discographibullet bullet:- :-tour tourinterview interview1995 | 157666 | Blue Meanies (Illinois band) | Asian Man Records artists,Musical groups from Chicago,Musical groups established in 1989 |
157657-1 | Armillaria
Armillaria, is a genus of parasitic fungi that includes the "A. mellea" species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs. It includes about 10 species formerly categorized summarily as "A. mellea". "Armillarias" are long-lived and form some of the largest living organisms in the world. The largest known organism (of the species "Armillaria solidipes") covers more than in Oregon's Malheur National Forest and is more than 2,400 years old. Some species of "Armillaria" display bioluminescence, resulting in foxfire.
"Armillaria" can be a destructive forest pathogen. It causes "white rot" root disease (see Plant Pathology section) of forests, which distinguishes it from "Tricholoma", a mycorrhizal (non-parasitic) genus. Because "Armillaria" is a facultative saprophyte, it also feeds on dead plant material, allowing it to kill its host, unlike parasites that must moderate their growth to avoid host death.
In the Canadian Prairies (particularly Manitoba), "Armillaria" is referred to often as "openky" (), meaning “near the stump” in Ukrainian.
armillariagenus genusparasit parasitfungi fungiinclud includ`` ``a. a.mellea mellea'' ''speci speciknown knownhoney honeyfungi fungilive livetree treewoodi woodishrub shrubinclud includ10 10speci speciformer formercategor categorsummarili summarili`` ``a. a.mellea mellea'' ''`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''long-liv long-livform formlargest largestlive liveorgan organworld worldlargest largestknown knownorgan organspeci speci`` ``armillaria armillariasolidip solidip'' ''cover coveroregon oregon's 'smalheur malheurnation nationforest forest2,400 2,400year yearold oldspeci speci`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''display displaybioluminesc bioluminescresult resultfoxfir foxfir`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''destruct destructforest forestpathogen pathogencaus caus`` ``white whiterot rot'' ''root rootdiseas diseassee seeplant plantpatholog pathologsection sectionforest forestdistinguish distinguish`` ``tricholoma tricholoma'' ''mycorrhiz mycorrhiznon-parasit non-parasitgenus genus`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''facult facultsaprophyt saprophytalso alsofeed feeddead deadplant plantmateri materiallow allowkill killhost hostunlik unlikparasit parasitmust mustmoder modergrowth growthavoid avoidhost hostdeath deathcanadian canadianprairi prairiparticular particularmanitoba manitoba`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''refer referoften often`` ``openki openki'' ''mean mean“ “near nearstump stump” ”ukrainian | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157657-2 | Armillaria
Section::::Description.
The basidiocarp (reproductive structure) of the fungus is a mushroom that grows on wood, typically in small dense clumps or tufts. Their caps (mushroom tops) are typically yellow-brown, somewhat sticky to touch when moist, and, depending on age, may range in shape from conical to convex to depressed in the center. The stipe (stalk) may or may not have a ring. All "Armillaria" species have a white spore print and none have a volva (cup at base) (compare "Amanita").
Similar species include "Pholiota" spp. which also grow in cespitose (mat-like) clusters on wood and fruit in the fall. "Pholiota" spp. are separated from Armillaria by its yellowish to greenish-yellow tone and a dark brown to grey-brown spore print. Mushroom hunters need to be wary of "Galerina " spp. which can grow side-by-side with "Armillaria" spp. on wood. "Galerina" have a dark brown spore print and are deadly poisonous (alpha-amanitin) – see: mushroom poisoning.
section:descript :descriptbasidiocarp basidiocarpreproduct reproductstructur structurfungus fungusmushroom mushroomgrow growwood woodtypic typicsmall smalldens densclump clumptuft tuftcap capmushroom mushroomtop toptypic typicyellow-brown yellow-brownsomewhat somewhatsticki stickitouch touchmoist moistdepend dependage agemay mayrang rangshape shapeconic conicconvex convexdepress depresscenter centerstipe stipestalk stalkmay maymay mayring ring`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''speci speciwhite whitespore sporeprint printnone nonevolva volvacup cupbase basecompar compar`` ``amanita amanita'' ''similar similarspeci speciinclud includ`` ``pholiota pholiota'' ''spp sppalso alsogrow growcespitos cespitosmat-lik mat-likcluster clusterwood woodfruit fruitfall fall`` ``pholiota pholiota'' ''spp sppsepar separarmillaria armillariayellowish yellowishgreenish-yellow greenish-yellowtone tonedark darkbrown browngrey-brown grey-brownspore sporeprint printmushroom mushroomhunter hunterneed needwari wari`` ``galerina galerina`` ``spp sppgrow growside-by-sid side-by-sid`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''spp sppwood wood`` ``galerina galerina'' ''dark darkbrown brownspore sporeprint printdead deadpoison poisonalpha-amanitin alpha-amanitin– –see seemushroom mushroompoison | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157657-3 | Armillaria
Section::::Plant pathology.
Honey fungus is a "white rot" fungus, which is a pathogenic organism that affects trees, shrubs, woody climbers and, rarely, woody herbaceous perennial plants. Honey fungus can grow on living, decaying, and dead plant material.
Honey fungus spreads from living trees, dead and live roots and stumps by means of reddish-brown to black rhizomorphs (root-like structures) at the rate of approximately 1 m a year, but infection by root contact is possible. Infection by spores is rare. Rhizomorphs grow close to the soil surface (in the top 20 cm) and invade new roots, or the root collar (where the roots meet the stem) of plants. An infected tree will die once the fungus has girdled it, or when significant root damage has occurred. This can happen rapidly, or may take several years. Infected plants will deteriorate, although may exhibit prolific flower or fruit production shortly before death.
Initial symptoms of honey fungus infection include dieback or shortage of leaves in spring. Rhizomorphs appear under the bark and around the tree, and mushrooms grow in clusters from the infected plant in autumn and die back after the first frost. However these symptoms and signs do not necessarily mean that the pathogenic strains of honey fungus are the cause, so other identification methods are advised before diagnosis. Thin sheets of cream colored mycelium, beneath the bark at the base of the trunk or stem indicated that honey fungus is likely the pathogen. It will give off a strong mushroom scent and the mushrooms sometimes extend upward. On conifers honey fungus often exudes a gum or resin from cracks in the bark.
The linkage of morphological, genetic, and molecular characters of "Armillaria" over the past few decades has led to the recognition of intersterile groups designated as “biological species”. Data from such studies, especially those using molecular diagnostic tools, have removed much uncertainty for mycologists and forest pathologists. New questions remain unanswered regarding the phylogeny of North American "Armillaria" species and their relationships to their European counterparts, particularly within the “"Armillaria mellea" complex”. Some data suggest that North American and European "A. gallica" isolates are not monophyletic. Although North American and European isolates of "A. gallica" may be interfertile, some North American isolates of "A. gallica" are more closely related to the North American taxon "A. calvescens" than to European isolates of "A. gallica". The increase in genetic divergence has not necessarily barred inter-sterility between isolated populations of "A. gallica". Although the relationships among some groups in the genus seem clearer, the investigation of geographically diverse isolates has revealed that the relationship between some North American species is still unclear (Hughes et al. 2003).
Intersterile species of "Armillaria" occurring in North America (North American Biological Species = NABS) were listed by Mallett (1992):
BULLET::::- I "Armillaria ostoyae" (Romagn.) Herink
BULLET::::- II "Armillaria gemina" Bérubé & Dessureault
BULLET::::- III "Armillaria calvescens" Bérubé & Dessureault
BULLET::::- V "Armillaria sinapina" Bérubé & Dessureault
BULLET::::- VI "Armillaria mellea" (Vahl.:Fries) Kummer
BULLET::::- VII "Armillaria gallica" (Marxmüller & Romagn.)
BULLET::::- IX "Armillaria nabsnona" T.J. Volk & Burds.,(1996)
BULLET::::- X "Armillaria altimontana" Brazee, B. Ortiz, Banik & D.L. Lindner (2012)
and XI taxonomically undescribed
NABS I, V, VII, IX, X, and XI have been found in British Columbia; I, III, V have been found in the Prairie Provinces, with I and V occurring in both the boreal and subalpine regions; I, III, V, and VII have been found in Ontario; and I, II, III, V, and VI have been found in Quebec. "Armillaria ostoyae" is the species most commonly found in all Canadian provinces surveyed (Mallett 1990). "Armillaria" root rot occurs in the Northwest Territories, and was identified on white spruce at Pine Point on Great Slave Lake prior to NABS findings.
section:plant :plantpatholog pathologhoney honeyfungus fungus`` ``white whiterot rot'' ''fungus funguspathogen pathogenorgan organaffect affecttree treeshrub shrubwoodi woodiclimber climberrare rarewoodi woodiherbac herbacperenni perenniplant planthoney honeyfungus fungusgrow growlive livedecay decaydead deadplant plantmateri materihoney honeyfungus fungusspread spreadlive livetree treedead deadlive liveroot rootstump stumpmean meanreddish-brown reddish-brownblack blackrhizomorph rhizomorphroot-lik root-likstructur structurrate rateapproxim approxim1 1year yearinfect infectroot rootcontact contactpossibl possiblinfect infectspore sporerare rarerhizomorph rhizomorphgrow growclose closesoil soilsurfac surfactop top20 20cm cminvad invadnew newroot rootroot rootcollar collarroot rootmeet meetstem stemplant plantinfect infecttree treedie diefungus fungusgirdl girdlsignific significroot rootdamag damagoccur occurhappen happenrapid rapidmay maytake takesever severyear yearinfect infectplant plantdeterior deterioralthough althoughmay mayexhibit exhibitprolif prolifflower flowerfruit fruitproduct productshort shortdeath deathiniti initisymptom symptomhoney honeyfungus fungusinfect infectinclud includdieback diebackshortag shortagleav leavspring springrhizomorph rhizomorphappear appearbark barkaround aroundtree treemushroom mushroomgrow growcluster clusterinfect infectplant plantautumn autumndie dieback backfirst firstfrost frosthowev howevsymptom symptomsign signnecessarili necessarilimean meanpathogen pathogenstrain strainhoney honeyfungus funguscaus causidentif identifmethod methodadvis advisdiagnosi diagnosithin thinsheet sheetcream creamcolor colormycelium myceliumbeneath beneathbark barkbase basetrunk trunkstem stemindic indichoney honeyfungus funguslike likepathogen pathogengive givestrong strongmushroom mushroomscent scentmushroom mushroomsometim sometimextend extendupward upwardconif conifhoney honeyfungus fungusoften oftenexud exudgum gumresin resincrack crackbark barklinkag linkagmorpholog morphologgenet genetmolecular molecularcharact charact`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''past pastdecad decadled ledrecognit recognitintersteril intersterilgroup groupdesign design“ “biolog biologspeci speci” ”data datastudi studiespeci especiuse usemolecular moleculardiagnost diagnosttool toolremov removmuch muchuncertainti uncertaintimycologist mycologistforest forestpathologist pathologistnew newquestion questionremain remainunansw unanswregard regardphylogeni phylogeninorth northamerican american`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''speci specirelationship relationshipeuropean europeancounterpart counterpartparticular particularwithin within“ “`` ``armillaria armillariamellea mellea'' ''complex complex” ”data datasuggest suggestnorth northamerican americaneuropean european`` ``a. a.gallica gallica'' ''isol isolmonophylet monophyletalthough althoughnorth northamerican americaneuropean europeanisol isol`` ``a. a.gallica gallica'' ''may mayinterfertil interfertilnorth northamerican americanisol isol`` ``a. a.gallica gallica'' ''close closerelat relatnorth northamerican americantaxon taxon`` ``a. a.calvescen calvescen'' ''european europeanisol isol`` ``a. a.gallica gallica'' ''increas increasgenet genetdiverg divergnecessarili necessarilibar barinter-steril inter-sterilisol isolpopul popul`` ``a. a.gallica gallica'' ''although althoughrelationship relationshipamong amonggroup groupgenus genusseem seemclearer clearerinvestig investiggeograph geographdivers diversisol isolreveal revealrelationship relationshipnorth northamerican americanspeci specistill stillunclear unclearhugh hughet etal al2003 2003intersteril intersterilspeci speci`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''occur occurnorth northamerica americanorth northamerican americanbiolog biologspeci specinab nablist listmallett mallett1992 1992bullet bullet:- :-`` ``armillaria armillariaostoya ostoya'' ''romagn romagnherink herinkbullet bullet:- :-ii ii`` ``armillaria armillariagemina gemina'' ''bérubé bérubédessureault dessureaultbullet bullet:- :-iii iii`` ``armillaria armillariacalvescen calvescen'' ''bérubé bérubédessureault dessureaultbullet bullet:- :-v v`` ``armillaria armillariasinapina sinapina'' ''bérubé bérubédessureault dessureaultbullet bullet:- :-vi vi`` ``armillaria armillariamellea mellea'' ''vahl vahlfri frikummer kummerbullet bullet:- :-vii vii`` ``armillaria armillariagallica gallica'' ''marxmüller marxmüllerromagn romagnbullet bullet:- :-ix ix`` ``armillaria armillarianabsnona nabsnona'' ''t.j. t.j.volk volkburds. burds.1996 1996bullet bullet:- :-x x`` ``armillaria armillariaaltimontana altimontana'' ''braze brazeb. b.ortiz ortizbanik banikd.l d.llindner lindner2012 2012xi xitaxonom taxonomundescrib undescribnab nabv vvii viiix ixx xxi xifound foundbritish britishcolumbia columbiaiii iiiv vfound foundprairi prairiprovinc provincv voccur occurboreal borealsubalpin subalpinregion regioniii iiiv vvii viifound foundontario ontarioii iiiii iiiv vvi vifound foundquebec quebec`` ``armillaria armillariaostoya ostoya'' ''speci specicommon commonfound foundcanadian canadianprovinc provincsurvey surveymallett mallett1990 1990`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''root rootrot rotoccur occurnorthwest northwestterritori territoriidentifi identifiwhite whitespruce sprucepine pinepoint pointgreat greatslave slavelake lakeprior priornab nabfind | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157657-4 | Armillaria
Section::::Edibility.
Honey Fungus are regarded in Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Germany and other European countries as one of the best wild mushrooms. They are commonly ranked above morels and chanterelles and only the cep / porcini is more highly prized. However, honey fungus must be thoroughly cooked as they are mildly poisonous raw. One of the four UK species can cause sickness when ingested with alcohol. For those unfamiliar with the species, it is advisable not to drink alcohol for 12 hours before and "24" hours after eating this mushroom to avoid any possible nausea and vomiting. However, if these rules are followed this variety of mushroom is a delicacy with a distinctive mushroomy and nutty flavor. Reference texts for identification are "Collins Complete British Mushrooms and Toadstools" for the variety of field pictures in it, and Roger Philips' "Mushrooms" for the quality of his out of field pictures and descriptions.
Norway used to consider Honey Fungus edible, but because the health department is moving away from parboiling, they are now considered poisonous.
section:edibl :ediblhoney honeyfungus fungusregard regardukrain ukrainrussia russiapoland polandgermani germanieuropean europeancountri countrione onebest bestwild wildmushroom mushroomcommon commonrank rankmorel morelchanterell chanterellcep cepporcini porcinihigh highprize prizehowev howevhoney honeyfungus fungusmust mustthorough thoroughcook cookmild mildpoison poisonraw rawone onefour fouruk ukspeci specicaus caussick sickingest ingestalcohol alcoholunfamiliar unfamiliarspeci speciadvis advisdrink drinkalcohol alcohol12 12hour hour`` ``24 24'' ''hour houreat eatmushroom mushroomavoid avoidpossibl possiblnausea nauseavomit vomithowev howevrule rulefollow followvarieti varietimushroom mushroomdelicaci delicacidistinct distinctmushroomi mushroominutti nuttiflavor flavorrefer refertext textidentif identif`` ``collin collincomplet completbritish britishmushroom mushroomtoadstool toadstool'' ''varieti varietifield fieldpictur picturroger rogerphilip philip`` ``mushroom mushroom'' ''qualiti qualitifield fieldpictur picturdescript descriptnorway norwayuse useconsid considhoney honeyfungus fungusedibl ediblhealth healthdepart departmove moveaway awayparboil parboilconsid considpoison | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157657-5 | Armillaria
Section::::Hosts.
Potential hosts include conifers and various monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species, ranging from asparagus and strawberry to large forest trees (Patton and Vasquez Bravo 1967). "Armillaria" root rot enters hosts through the roots. In Alberta, 75% of trap logs (Mallett and Hiratsuka 1985) inserted into the soil between planted spruce became infected with the distinctive white mycelium of "Armillaria" within one year. Of the infestations, 12% were "A. ostoyae", and 88% were "A. sinapina" (Blenis et al. 1995). Reviews of the biology, diversity, pathology, and control of "Armillaria" in Fox (2000) are useful.
section:host :hostpotenti potentihost hostinclud includconif conifvarious variousmonocotyledon monocotyledondicotyledon dicotyledontree treeshrub shrubherbac herbacspeci specirang rangasparagus asparagusstrawberri strawberrilarg largforest foresttree treepatton pattonvasquez vasquezbravo bravo1967 1967`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''root rootrot rotenter enterhost hostroot rootalberta alberta75 75trap traplog logmallett malletthiratsuka hiratsuka1985 1985insert insertsoil soilplant plantspruce sprucebecam becaminfect infectdistinct distinctwhite whitemycelium mycelium`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''within withinone oneyear yearinfest infest12 12`` ``a. a.ostoya ostoya'' ''88 88`` ``a. a.sinapina sinapina'' ''bleni bleniet etal al1995 1995review reviewbiolog biologdivers diverspatholog pathologcontrol control`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''fox fox2000 2000use | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157657-6 | Armillaria
Section::::See also.
BULLET::::- Bioluminescence
BULLET::::- Foxfire
BULLET::::- List of "Armillaria" species
section:see :seealso alsobullet bullet:- :-bioluminesc bioluminescbullet bullet:- :-foxfir foxfirbullet bullet:- :-list list`` ``armillaria armillaria'' ''speci | 157657 | Armillaria | Armillaria,Fungal tree pathogens and diseases,Agaricales genera |
157669-1 | List of cities in Sierra Leone
This is a list of cities and towns in Sierre Leone".
listciti cititown townsierr sierrleon leon'' | 157669 | List of cities in Sierra Leone | Lists of cities by country,Populated places in Sierra Leone,Lists of cities in Africa |
157669-2 | List of cities in Sierra Leone
Section::::Largest cities.
The following table is the list of cities in Sierra Leone by population.
Other notable cities
BULLET::::- Wangechi
BULLET::::- Kalewa
BULLET::::- Magburaka
BULLET::::- Kabala
BULLET::::- Moyamba
BULLET::::- Kailahun
BULLET::::- Bonthe
BULLET::::- Kambia
Towns and villages
BULLET::::- Alikalia
BULLET::::- Binkolo
BULLET::::- Daru
BULLET::::- Falaba
BULLET::::- Gbinti
BULLET::::- Kamakwie
BULLET::::- Kaima
BULLET::::- Koindu
BULLET::::- Lungi
BULLET::::- Lunsar
BULLET::::- Madina
BULLET::::- Mange
BULLET::::- Mano
BULLET::::- Matru
BULLET::::- Momaligi
BULLET::::- Njala
BULLET::::- Pepel
BULLET::::- Pendembu
BULLET::::- Shenge
BULLET::::- Sulima
BULLET::::- Sumbaria
BULLET::::- Taiama
BULLET::::- Tongo
BULLET::::- Tumbu
BULLET::::- Worodu
BULLET::::- Yana
BULLET::::- Yele
BULLET::::- Yengema
BULLET::::- Yonibana
section:largest :largestciti citifollow followtabl tabllist listciti citisierra sierraleon leonpopul populnotabl notablciti citibullet bullet:- :-wangechi wangechibullet bullet:- :-kalewa kalewabullet bullet:- :-magburaka magburakabullet bullet:- :-kabala kabalabullet bullet:- :-moyamba moyambabullet bullet:- :-kailahun kailahunbullet bullet:- :-bonth bonthbullet bullet:- :-kambia kambiatown townvillag villagbullet bullet:- :-alikalia alikaliabullet bullet:- :-binkolo binkolobullet bullet:- :-daru darubullet bullet:- :-falaba falababullet bullet:- :-gbinti gbintibullet bullet:- :-kamakwi kamakwibullet bullet:- :-kaima kaimabullet bullet:- :-koindu koindubullet bullet:- :-lungi lungibullet bullet:- :-lunsar lunsarbullet bullet:- :-madina madinabullet bullet:- :-mang mangbullet bullet:- :-mano manobullet bullet:- :-matru matrubullet bullet:- :-momaligi momaligibullet bullet:- :-njala njalabullet bullet:- :-pepel pepelbullet bullet:- :-pendembu pendembubullet bullet:- :-sheng shengbullet bullet:- :-sulima sulimabullet bullet:- :-sumbaria sumbariabullet bullet:- :-taiama taiamabullet bullet:- :-tongo tongobullet bullet:- :-tumbu tumbubullet bullet:- :-worodu worodubullet bullet:- :-yana yanabullet bullet:- :-yele yelebullet bullet:- :-yengema yengemabullet bullet:- :-yonibana | 157669 | List of cities in Sierra Leone | Lists of cities by country,Populated places in Sierra Leone,Lists of cities in Africa |
157669-3 | List of cities in Sierra Leone
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Map
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-map | 157669 | List of cities in Sierra Leone | Lists of cities by country,Populated places in Sierra Leone,Lists of cities in Africa |
157653-1 | Anna Komnene
Anna Komnene (, "Ánna Komnēnḗ"; 1 December 1083 – 1153), commonly latinized as Anna Comnena, was a Byzantine princess, scholar, physician, hospital administrator, and historian. She was the daughter of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and his wife Irene Doukaina. She is best known for her attempt to usurp her brother, John II Komnenos, and for her work "The Alexiad", an account of her father's reign.
At birth, Anna was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, and she grew up in his mother's household. She was well-educated in "Greek literature and history, philosophy, theology, mathematics, and medicine." Anna and Constantine were next in the line to throne until Anna's younger brother, John II Komnenos, became the heir in 1092. Constantine died around 1094, and Anna married Nikephoros Bryennios in 1097. The two had several children before Nikephoros' death around 1136.
Following her father’s death in 1118, Anna and her mother attempted to usurp John II Komnenos. Her husband refused to cooperate with them, and the usurpation failed. As a result, John exiled Anna to the Kecharitomene monastery, where she spent the rest of her life.
In confinement there, she wrote the "Alexiad".
She died sometime in the 1150s; the exact date is unknown.
annakomnen komnen`` ``ánna ánnakomnēnḗ komnēnḗ'' ''1 1decemb decemb1083 1083– –1153 1153common commonlatin latinanna annacomnena comnenabyzantin byzantinprincess princessscholar scholarphysician physicianhospit hospitadministr administrhistorian historiandaughter daughterbyzantin byzantinemperor emperoralexio alexiokomneno komnenowife wifeiren irendoukaina doukainabest bestknown knownattempt attemptusurp usurpbrother brotherjohn johnii iikomneno komnenowork work`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''account accountfather father's 'sreign reignbirth birthanna annabetroth betrothconstantin constantindouka doukagrew grewmother mother's 'shousehold householdwell-educ well-educ`` ``greek greekliteratur literaturhistori historiphilosophi philosophitheolog theologmathemat mathematmedicin medicin'' ''anna annaconstantin constantinnext nextline linethrone throneanna anna's 'syounger youngerbrother brotherjohn johnii iikomneno komnenobecam becamheir heir1092 1092constantin constantindie diearound around1094 1094anna annamarri marrinikephoro nikephorobryennio bryennio1097 1097two twosever severchildren childrennikephoro nikephorodeath deatharound around1136 1136follow followfather father’ ’death death1118 1118anna annamother motherattempt attemptusurp usurpjohn johnii iikomneno komnenohusband husbandrefus refuscooper cooperusurp usurpfail failresult resultjohn johnexil exilanna annakecharitomen kecharitomenmonasteri monasterispent spentrest restlife lifeconfin confinwrote wrote`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''die diesometim sometim1150s 1150sexact exactdate dateunknown | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-2 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Family and early life.
Anna was born on 1 December 1083 to Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina. Her father, Alexios I Komnenos, became emperor in 1081, after usurping the previous Byzantine Emperor, Nikephoros Botaneiates. Her mother, Irene Doukaina, was part of the imperial Doukai family. In the "Alexiad", Anna emphasizes her affection for her parents in stating her relationship to Alexios and Irene. She was the eldest of seven children; her younger siblings were (in order) Maria, John II, Andronikos, Isaac, Eudokia, and Theodora.
Anna was born in the Porphyra Chamber of the imperial palace in Constantinople, making her a "porphyrogenita," which underscored her imperial status. She noted this status in the "Alexiad," stating that that she was "born and bred in the purple."
According to Anna's description in the Alexiad, her mother asked Anna to wait to be born until her father returned from war. Obediently, Anna waited until her father came home.
At birth, Anna was betrothed to Constantine Doukas, the son of Emperor Michael VII and Maria of Alania. The two were the heirs to the empire until sometime between c.1088 and 1092, after the birth of Anna's brother, John II Komnenos. Various scholars point out that the betrothal was probably a political match intended to establish the legitimacy of Anna's father, who had usurped the previous emperor.
Starting around 1090, Constantine's mother – Maria of Alania – raised Anna in her home. It was common in Byzantium for mothers-in-law to raise daughters-in-law. In 1094, Maria of Alania was implicated in an attempt to overthrow Alexios I Komnenos. Some scholars argue that Anna's betrothal to Constantine Doukas may not have ended there, as he was not implicated in the plot against Alexios, but it certainly ended when he died around 1094.
Some scholars have also now started to look at Anna's relationships to Maria of Alania; Anna Dalassene, Anna's paternal grandmother; and Irene Doukaina as sources of inspiration and admiration for Anna. For example, Thalia Gouma-Peterson argues that Irene Doukaina's "maternal ability to deal with the speculative and the intellectual enables the daughter to become the highly accomplished scholar she proudly claims to be in the opening pages of the "Alexiad"."
section:famili :familiearli earlilife lifeanna annaborn born1 1decemb decemb1083 1083alexio alexiokomneno komnenoiren irendoukaina doukainafather fatheralexio alexiokomneno komnenobecam becamemperor emperor1081 1081usurp usurpprevious previousbyzantin byzantinemperor emperornikephoro nikephorobotanei botaneimother motheriren irendoukaina doukainapart partimperi imperidoukai doukaifamili famili`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''anna annaemphas emphasaffect affectparent parentstate staterelationship relationshipalexio alexioiren ireneldest eldestseven sevenchildren childrenyounger youngersibl siblorder ordermaria mariajohn johnii iiandroniko andronikoisaac isaaceudokia eudokiatheodora theodoraanna annaborn bornporphyra porphyrachamber chamberimperi imperipalac palacconstantinopl constantinoplmake make`` ``porphyrogenita porphyrogenita'' ''underscor underscorimperi imperistatus statusnote notestatus status`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''state state`` ``born bornbred bredpurpl purpl'' ''accord accordanna anna's 'sdescript descriptalexiad alexiadmother motherask askanna annawait waitborn bornfather fatherreturn returnwar warobedi obedianna annawait waitfather fathercame camehome homebirth birthanna annabetroth betrothconstantin constantindouka doukason sonemperor emperormichael michaelvii viimaria mariaalania alaniatwo twoheir heirempir empirsometim sometimc.1088 c.10881092 1092birth birthanna anna's 'sbrother brotherjohn johnii iikomneno komnenovarious variousscholar scholarpoint pointbetroth betrothprobabl probablpolit politmatch matchintend intendestablish establishlegitimaci legitimacianna anna's 'sfather fatherusurp usurpprevious previousemperor emperorstart startaround around1090 1090constantin constantin's 'smother mother– –maria mariaalania alania– –rais raisanna annahome homecommon commonbyzantium byzantiummothers-in-law mothers-in-lawrais raisdaughters-in-law daughters-in-law1094 1094maria mariaalania alaniaimplic implicattempt attemptoverthrow overthrowalexio alexiokomneno komnenoscholar scholarargu arguanna anna's 'sbetroth betrothconstantin constantindouka doukamay mayend endimplic implicplot plotalexio alexiocertain certainend enddie diearound around1094 1094scholar scholaralso alsostart startlook lookanna anna's 'srelationship relationshipmaria mariaalania alaniaanna annadalassen dalassenanna anna's 'spatern paterngrandmoth grandmothiren irendoukaina doukainasourc sourcinspir inspiradmir admiranna annaexampl examplthalia thaliagouma-peterson gouma-petersonargu arguiren irendoukaina doukaina's 's`` ``matern maternabil abildeal dealspecul speculintellectu intellectuenabl enabldaughter daughterbecom becomhigh highaccomplish accomplishscholar scholarproud proudclaim claimopen openpage page`` ``alexiad alexiad'' '''' | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-3 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Education.
Anna wrote at the beginning of the "Alexiad" about her education, highlighting her experience with literature, Greek language, rhetoric, and sciences. Tutors trained her in subjects that included astronomy, medicine, history, military affairs, geography, and mathematics. Anna was noted for her education by the medieval scholar, Niketas Choniates, who wrote that Anna "was ardently devoted to philosophy, the queen of all sciences, and was educated in every field." Anna’s conception of her education is shown in her testament, which credited her parents for allowing her to obtain an education. This testament is in contrast to a funeral oration about Anna given by her contemporary, Georgios Tornikes. In his oration he said that she had to read ancient poetry, such as the "Odyssey", in secret because her parents disapproved of its dealing with polytheism and other "dangerous exploits," which were considered "dangerous" for men and "excessively insidious" for women. Tornikes went on to say that Anna "braced the weakness of her soul" and studied the poetry "taking care not to be detected by her parents."
Anna proved to be capable not only on an intellectual level but also in practical matters. Her father placed her in charge of a large hospital and orphanage that he built for her to administer in Constantinople. The hospital was said to hold beds for 10,000 patients and orphans. Anna taught medicine at the hospital, as well as at other hospitals and orphanages. She was considered an expert on gout. Anna treated her father during his final illness.
section:educ :educanna annawrote wrotebegin begin`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''educ educhighlight highlightexperi experiliteratur literaturgreek greeklanguag languagrhetor rhetorscienc scienctutor tutortrain trainsubject subjectinclud includastronomi astronomimedicin medicinhistori historimilitari militariaffair affairgeographi geographimathemat mathematanna annanote noteeduc educmediev medievscholar scholarniketa niketachoniat choniatwrote wroteanna anna`` ``ardent ardentdevot devotphilosophi philosophiqueen queenscienc scienceduc educeveri everifield field'' ''anna anna’ ’concept concepteduc educshown showntestament testamentcredit creditparent parentallow allowobtain obtaineduc eductestament testamentcontrast contrastfuner funerorat oratanna annagiven givencontemporari contemporarigeorgio georgiotornik tornikorat oratsaid saidread readancient ancientpoetri poetri`` ``odyssey odyssey'' ''secret secretparent parentdisapprov disapprovdeal dealpolyth polyth`` ``danger dangerexploit exploit'' ''consid consid`` ``danger danger'' ''men men`` ``excess excessinsidi insidi'' ''women womentornik tornikwent wentsay sayanna anna`` ``brace braceweak weaksoul soul'' ''studi studipoetri poetri`` ``take takecare caredetect detectparent parent'' ''anna annaprove provecapabl capablintellectu intellectulevel levelalso alsopractic practicmatter matterfather fatherplace placecharg charglarg larghospit hospitorphanag orphanagbuilt builtadminist administconstantinopl constantinoplhospit hospitsaid saidhold holdbed bed10,000 10,000patient patientorphan orphananna annataught taughtmedicin medicinhospit hospitwell wellhospit hospitorphanag orphanagconsid considexpert expertgout goutanna annatreat treatfather fatherfinal finalill | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-4 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Marriage.
In roughly 1097, Anna's parents married her to "Caesar" Nikephoros Bryennios. Nikephoros Bryennios a member of the Bryennios family that had held the throne before the accession of Anna's father, Alexios I. Nikephoros was a soldier and a historian.
Most scholars agree that the marriage was a political one – it created legitimacy for Anna's paternal family through Bryennois' connections to past emperor's family. The two were an intellectual couple, and Nikephoros Bryennios tolerated and possibly encouraged Anna's scholarly interests by allowing her to participate in various scholarly circles. The couple had six known children: Eirene, Maria, Alexios, John, Andronikos, and Constantine. Only Eirene, John, and Alexios survived to adulthood.
section:marriag :marriagrough rough1097 1097anna anna's 'sparent parentmarri marri`` ``caesar caesar'' ''nikephoro nikephorobryennio bryennionikephoro nikephorobryennio bryenniomember memberbryennio bryenniofamili familiheld heldthrone throneaccess accessanna anna's 'sfather fatheralexio alexioi. i.nikephoro nikephorosoldier soldierhistorian historianscholar scholaragre agremarriag marriagpolit politone one– –creat creatlegitimaci legitimacianna anna's 'spatern paternfamili familibryennoi bryennoiconnect connectpast pastemperor emperor's 'sfamili familitwo twointellectu intellectucoupl couplnikephoro nikephorobryennio bryenniotoler tolerpossibl possiblencourag encouraganna anna's 'sscholar scholarinterest interestallow allowparticip participvarious variousscholar scholarcircl circlcoupl couplsix sixknown knownchildren childreneiren eirenmaria mariaalexio alexiojohn johnandroniko andronikoconstantin constantineiren eirenjohn johnalexio alexiosurviv survivadulthood | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-5 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Claim to the throne.
In 1087, Anna’s brother, John, was born. Several years after his birth, in 1092, John was designated emperor. According to Niketas Choniates, Emperor Alexios "favored" John and declared him emperor while the Empress Irene "threw her full influence on [Anna's] side" and "continually attempted" to persuade the emperor to designate Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna’s husband, in John's place. Around 1112, Alexios fell sick with rheumatism and could not move. He therefore turned the civil government over to his wife, Irene; she in turn directed the administration to Bryennios. Choniates states that, as Emperor Alexios lay dying in his imperial bedchamber, John arrived and "secretly" took the emperor’s ring from his father during an embrace "as though in mourning." Anna also worked in her husband's favor during her father's illness. In 1118, Alexios I Komnenos died. A cleric acclaimed John emperor in Hagia Sophia.
According to Smythe, Anna "felt cheated" because she "should have inherited." Indeed, according to Anna Komnene in the "Alexiad", at her birth she was presented with "a crown and imperial diadem." Anna’s "main aim" in the depiction of events in the Alexiad, according to Stankovich, was to "stress her own right" to the throne and "precedence over her brother, John."
In view of this belief, Jarratt et al. record that Anna was "almost certainly" involved in the murder plot against John at Alexios’s funeral. Indeed, Anna, according to Hill, attempted to create military forces to depose John. According to Choniates, Anna was "stimulated by ambition and revenge" to scheme for the murder of her brother. Smythe states the plots "came to nothing." Jarratt et al., record that, a short time afterward, Anna and Bryennios "organized another conspiracy." However, according to Hill, Bryennios refused to overthrow John, making Anna unable to continue with her plans. With this refusal, Anna, according to Choniates, exclaimed "that nature had mistaken their sexes, for he ought to have been the woman." According to Jarratt et al., Anna shows "a repetition of sexualized anger." Indeed, Smythe asserts that Anna’s goals were "thwarted by the men in her life." Irene, however, according to Hill, had declined to participate in plans to revolt against an "established" emperor. Hill, however, points out that Choniates, whom the above sources draw upon, wrote after 1204, and accordingly was "rather far removed" from "actual" events and that his "agenda" was to "look for the causes" of the toppling of Constantinople in 1204.
In contrast, Leonora Neville argues that Anna probably not involved in the attempted usurpation. Anna plays a minor role in most of the available medieval sources – only Choniates portrays her as a rebel. Choniates' history is from around 1204, almost a hundred years after Alexios I's death. Instead, most of the sources question whether John II Komnenos' behavior at his father's deathbed was appropriate.
The plots were discovered and Anna forfeited her estates. After her husband's death, she entered the convent of Kecharitomene, which had been founded by her mother. She remained there until her death.
section:claim :claimthrone throne1087 1087anna anna’ ’brother brotherjohn johnborn bornsever severyear yearbirth birth1092 1092john johndesign designemperor emperoraccord accordniketa niketachoniat choniatemperor emperoralexio alexio`` ``favor favor'' ''john johndeclar declaremperor emperorempress empressiren iren`` ``threw threwfull fullinfluenc influencanna anna's 'sside side'' ''`` ``continu continuattempt attempt'' ''persuad persuademperor emperordesign designnikephoro nikephorobryennio bryennioanna anna’ ’husband husbandjohn john's 'splace placearound around1112 1112alexio alexiofell fellsick sickrheumat rheumatcould couldmove movetherefor thereforturn turncivil civilgovern governwife wifeiren irenturn turndirect directadministr administrbryennio bryenniochoniat choniatstate stateemperor emperoralexio alexiolay laydie dieimperi imperibedchamb bedchambjohn johnarriv arriv`` ``secret secret'' ''took tookemperor emperor’ ’ring ringfather fatherembrac embrac`` ``though thoughmourn mourn'' ''anna annaalso alsowork workhusband husband's 'sfavor favorfather father's 'sill ill1118 1118alexio alexiokomneno komnenodie diecleric clericacclaim acclaimjohn johnemperor emperorhagia hagiasophia sophiaaccord accordsmyth smythanna anna`` ``felt feltcheat cheat'' ''`` ``inherit inherit'' ''inde indeaccord accordanna annakomnen komnen`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''birth birthpresent present`` ``crown crownimperi imperidiadem diadem'' ''anna anna’ ’`` ``main mainaim aim'' ''depict depictevent eventalexiad alexiadaccord accordstankovich stankovich`` ``stress stressright right'' ''throne throne`` ``preced precedbrother brotherjohn john'' ''view viewbelief beliefjarratt jarrattet etal alrecord recordanna anna`` ``almost almostcertain certain'' ''involv involvmurder murderplot plotjohn johnalexio alexio’ ’funer funerinde indeanna annaaccord accordhill hillattempt attemptcreat creatmilitari militariforc forcdepos deposjohn johnaccord accordchoniat choniatanna anna`` ``stimul stimulambit ambitreveng reveng'' ''scheme schememurder murderbrother brothersmyth smythstate stateplot plot`` ``came camenoth noth'' ''jarratt jarrattet etal. al.record recordshort shorttime timeafterward afterwardanna annabryennio bryennio`` ``organ organanoth anothconspiraci conspiraci'' ''howev howevaccord accordhill hillbryennio bryenniorefus refusoverthrow overthrowjohn johnmake makeanna annaunabl unablcontinu continuplan planrefus refusanna annaaccord accordchoniat choniatexclaim exclaim`` ``natur naturmistaken mistakensex sexought oughtwoman woman'' ''accord accordjarratt jarrattet etal. al.anna annashow show`` ``repetit repetitsexual sexualanger anger'' ''inde indesmyth smythassert assertanna anna’ ’goal goal`` ``thwart thwartmen menlife life'' ''iren irenhowev howevaccord accordhill hilldeclin declinparticip participplan planrevolt revolt`` ``establish establish'' ''emperor emperorhill hillhowev howevpoint pointchoniat choniatsourc sourcdraw drawupon uponwrote wrote1204 1204accord accord`` ``rather ratherfar farremov remov'' ''`` ``actual actual'' ''event event`` ``agenda agenda'' ''`` ``look lookcaus caus'' ''toppl topplconstantinopl constantinopl1204 1204contrast contrastleonora leonoranevill nevillargu arguanna annaprobabl probablinvolv involvattempt attemptusurp usurpanna annaplay playminor minorrole roleavail availmediev medievsourc sourc– –choniat choniatportray portrayrebel rebelchoniat choniathistori historiaround around1204 1204almost almosthundr hundryear yearalexio alexio's 'sdeath deathinstead insteadsourc sourcquestion questionwhether whetherjohn johnii iikomneno komnenobehavior behaviorfather father's 'sdeathb deathbappropri appropriplot plotdiscov discovanna annaforfeit forfeitestat estathusband husband's 'sdeath deathenter enterconvent conventkecharitomen kecharitomenfound foundmother motherremain remaindeath | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-6 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Historian and intellectual.
In the seclusion of the monastery, Anna dedicated her time to studying philosophy and history. She held esteemed intellectual gatherings, including those dedicated to Aristotelian studies. Anna's intellectual genius and breadth of knowledge is evident in her few works. Among other things, she was conversant with philosophy, literature, grammar, theology, astronomy, and medicine. It can be assumed because of minor errors that she may have quoted Homer and the Bible from memory when writing her most celebrated work, the "Alexiad". Her contemporaries, like the metropolitan Bishop of Ephesus, Georgios Tornikes, regarded Anna as a person who had reached "the highest summit of wisdom, both secular and divine."
section:historian :historianintellectu intellectuseclus seclusmonasteri monasterianna annadedic dedictime timestudi studiphilosophi philosophihistori historiheld heldesteem esteemintellectu intellectugather gatherinclud includdedic dedicaristotelian aristotelianstudi studianna anna's 'sintellectu intellectugenius geniusbreadth breadthknowledg knowledgevid evidwork workamong amongthing thingconvers conversphilosophi philosophiliteratur literaturgrammar grammartheolog theologastronomi astronomimedicin medicinassum assumminor minorerror errormay mayquot quothomer homerbibl biblmemori memoriwrite writecelebr celebrwork work`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''contemporari contemporarilike likemetropolitan metropolitanbishop bishopephesus ephesusgeorgio georgiotornik tornikregard regardanna annaperson personreach reach`` ``highest highestsummit summitwisdom wisdomsecular seculardivin divin'' | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-7 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Historian and intellectual.:The "Alexiad".
Anna wrote the "Alexiad" in the mid-1140s or 1150s. Anna cited her husband's unfinished work as the reason why she began the "Alexiad". Before his death in 1137, her husband, Nikephoros Bryennios the Younger, was working on a history, which was supposed to record the events before and during the reign of Alexios I. His death left the history unfinished after recording the events of the reign of Emperor Nikephoros Botaneiates. Ruth Macrides argues that while Bryennios' writing may have been a source of inspiration for the "Alexiad", it is incorrect to suggest that the "Alexiad" was Bryennios' work edited by Anna (as Howard-Johnston has argued on tenuous grounds).
In what is considered to be a sort-of statement on how she gathered her sources for the "Alexiad", Anna wrote, “My material ... has been gathered from insignificant writings, absolutely devoid of literary pretensions, and from old soldiers who were serving in the army at the time that my father seized the Roman sceptre ... I based the truth of my history on them by examining their narratives and comparing them with what I had written, and what they told me with what I had often heard, from my father in particular and from my uncles … From all these materials the whole fabric of my history – my true history – has been woven.” Beyond just eyewitness accounts from veterans or her male family members, scholars have also noted that Anna used the imperial archives, which allowed her access to official documents.
In the "Alexiad", Anna provided insight on political relations and wars between Alexios I and the West. She vividly described weaponry, tactics, and battles. It has been noted that she was writing about events that occurred when she was a child, so these are not eye-witness accounts. Her neutrality is compromised by the fact that she was writing to praise her father and denigrate his successors. Despite her unabashed partiality, her account of the First Crusade is of great value to history because it is the only Byzantine eyewitness account available. She had the opportunity to gather information from key figures in the Byzantine elite; her husband, Nikephorus Bryennios, had fought in the clash with crusade leader Godfrey of Bouillon outside Constantinople on Maundy Thursday 1097; and her uncle, George Palaeologus, was present at Pelekanon in June 1097 when Alexios I discussed future strategy with the crusaders. Thus, the "Alexiad" allows the events of the First Crusade to be seen from the Byzantine elite's perspective. It conveys the alarm felt at the scale of the western European forces proceeding through the Empire, and the dangers they might have posed to the safety of Constantinople. Anna also identified for the first time, the Vlachs from Balkans with Dacians, in Alexiad (Chapter XIV), describing their places around Haemus mountains: "...on either side of its slopes dwell many very wealthy tribes, the Dacians and the Thracians on the northern side, and on the southern, more Thracians and the Macedonians". Special suspicion was reserved for crusading leader Bohemond of Taranto, a southern Italian Norman who, under the leadership of his father Robert Guiscard, had invaded Byzantine territory in the Balkans in 1081.
The "Alexiad" was written in Attic Greek, and the literary style is fashioned after Thucydides, Polybius, and Xenophon. Consequently, it exhibits a struggle for an Atticism characteristic of the period, whereby the resulting language is highly artificial. Peter Frankopan argues that the lapses in some of the chronology of events can in part be attributed to errors in, or lack of, source material for those events. Anna herself also addressed these lapses, explaining them as a result of memory loss and old age. But regardless of errors in chronology, her history meets the standards of her time.
Moreover, the "Alexiad" sheds light on Anna’s emotional turmoil, including her grief over the deaths of her father, mother, and husband, among other things. At the end of the "Alexiad", Anna wrote "But living I died a thousand deaths … Yet I am more grief-stricken than [Niobe]: after my misfortunes, great and terrible as they are, I am still alive – to experience yet more … Let this be the end of my history, then, lest as I write of these sad events I become even more resentful."
section:historian :historianintellectu intellectu`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''anna annawrote wrote`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''mid-1140 mid-11401150s 1150sanna annacite citehusband husband's 'sunfinish unfinishwork workreason reasonbegan began`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''death death1137 1137husband husbandnikephoro nikephorobryennio bryennioyounger youngerwork workhistori historisuppos supposrecord recordevent eventreign reignalexio alexiodeath deathleft lefthistori historiunfinish unfinishrecord recordevent eventreign reignemperor emperornikephoro nikephorobotanei botaneiruth ruthmacrid macridargu argubryennio bryenniowrite writemay maysourc sourcinspir inspir`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''incorrect incorrectsuggest suggest`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''bryennio bryenniowork workedit editanna annahoward-johnston howard-johnstonargu argutenuous tenuousground groundconsid considsort-of sort-ofstatement statementgather gathersourc sourc`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''anna annawrote wrote“ “materi materi... ...gather gatherinsignific insignificwrite writeabsolut absolutdevoid devoidliterari literaripretens pretensold oldsoldier soldierserv servarmi armitime timefather fatherseiz seizroman romansceptr sceptr... ...base basetruth truthhistori historiexamin examinnarrat narratcompar comparwritten writtentold toldoften oftenheard heardfather fatherparticular particularuncl uncl… …materi materiwhole wholefabric fabrichistori histori– –true truehistori histori– –woven. woven.” ”beyond beyondeyewit eyewitaccount accountveteran veteranmale malefamili familimember memberscholar scholaralso alsonote noteanna annause useimperi imperiarchiv archivallow allowaccess accessoffici officidocument document`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''anna annaprovid providinsight insightpolit politrelat relatwar waralexio alexiowest westvivid vividdescrib describweaponri weaponritactic tacticbattl battlnote notewrite writeevent eventoccur occurchild childeye-wit eye-witaccount accountneutral neutralcompromis compromisfact factwrite writeprais praisfather fatherdenigr denigrsuccessor successordespit despitunabash unabashpartial partialaccount accountfirst firstcrusad crusadgreat greatvalu valuhistori historibyzantin byzantineyewit eyewitaccount accountavail availopportun opportungather gatherinform informkey keyfigur figurbyzantin byzantinelit elithusband husbandnikephorus nikephorusbryennio bryenniofought foughtclash clashcrusad crusadleader leadergodfrey godfreybouillon bouillonoutsid outsidconstantinopl constantinoplmaundi maundithursday thursday1097 1097uncl unclgeorg georgpalaeologus palaeologuspresent presentpelekanon pelekanonjune june1097 1097alexio alexiodiscuss discussfutur futurstrategi strategicrusad crusadthus thus`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''allow allowevent eventfirst firstcrusad crusadseen seenbyzantin byzantinelit elit's 'sperspect perspectconvey conveyalarm alarmfelt feltscale scalewestern westerneuropean europeanforc forcproceed proceedempir empirdanger dangermight mightpose posesafeti safeticonstantinopl constantinoplanna annaalso alsoidentifi identififirst firsttime timevlach vlachbalkan balkandacian dacianalexiad alexiadchapter chapterxiv xivdescrib describplace placearound aroundhaemus haemusmountain mountain`` ``... ...either eitherside sideslope slopedwell dwellmani maniwealthi wealthitribe tribedacian dacianthracian thraciannorthern northernside sidesouthern southernthracian thracianmacedonian macedonian'' ''special specialsuspicion suspicionreserv reservcrusad crusadleader leaderbohemond bohemondtaranto tarantosouthern southernitalian italiannorman normanleadership leadershipfather fatherrobert robertguiscard guiscardinvad invadbyzantin byzantinterritori territoribalkan balkan1081 1081`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''written writtenattic atticgreek greekliterari literaristyle stylefashion fashionthucydid thucydidpolybius polybiusxenophon xenophonconsequ consequexhibit exhibitstruggl strugglattic atticcharacterist characteristperiod periodwherebi wherebiresult resultlanguag languaghigh highartifici artificipeter peterfrankopan frankopanargu argulaps lapschronolog chronologevent eventpart partattribut attributerror errorlack lacksourc sourcmateri materievent eventanna annaalso alsoaddress addresslaps lapsexplain explainresult resultmemori memoriloss lossold oldage ageregardless regardlesserror errorchronolog chronologhistori historimeet meetstandard standardtime timemoreov moreov`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''shed shedlight lightanna anna’ ’emot emotturmoil turmoilinclud includgrief griefdeath deathfather fathermother motherhusband husbandamong amongthing thingend end`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''anna annawrote wrote`` ``live livedie diethousand thousanddeath death… …yet yetgrief-stricken grief-strickenniob niobmisfortun misfortungreat greatterribl terriblstill stillaliv aliv– –experi experiyet yet… …let letend endhistori historilest lestwrite writesad sadevent eventbecom becomeven evenresent resent'' | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-8 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Depictions in fiction and other media.
BULLET::::- Anna Komnene plays a secondary role in Sir Walter Scott’s 1832 novel "Count Robert of Paris".
BULLET::::- Fictional accounts of her life are given in the 1928 novel "Anna Comnena" by Naomi Mitchison, and the 1999 novel for young people "Anna of Byzantium" by Tracy Barrett.
BULLET::::- She appears prominently in the first volume of the trilogy "The Crusaders" by the Polish novelist Zofia Kossak-Szczucka, written in 1935.
BULLET::::- A novel written in 2008 by the Albanian writer Ben Blushi called "Living on an Island" also mentions her.
BULLET::::- The novel "Аз, Анна Комнина" ("Az, Anna Komnina", in English: "I, Anna Comnena") was written by Vera Mutafchieva, a Bulgarian writer and historian.
BULLET::::- She is also a minor character in Nan Hawthorne's novel of the Crusade of 1101, "Beloved Pilgrim" (2011).
BULLET::::- Anna appears in "" video game campaigns as a Byzantine princess diplomat, under the name Anna Comnenus.
BULLET::::- In Julia Kristeva's 2006 murder mystery "Murder in Byzantium", Anna Komnene is the focus of the villain's scholarly and amorous fantasy of the past. The novel includes considerable detail on Anna Komnene's life, work, and historical context.
BULLET::::- In Harry Turtledove's Videssos cycle of novels the character Alypia Gavra is a fictionalized version of Anna Komnene.
BULLET::::- In the board game Nations, Anna Komnene is an adviser in the Medieval Age.
section:depict :depictfiction fictionmedia mediabullet bullet:- :-anna annakomnen komnenplay playsecondari secondarirole rolesir sirwalter walterscott scott’ ’1832 1832novel novel`` ``count countrobert robertpari pari'' ''bullet bullet:- :-fiction fictionaccount accountlife lifegiven given1928 1928novel novel`` ``anna annacomnena comnena'' ''naomi naomimitchison mitchison1999 1999novel novelyoung youngpeopl peopl`` ``anna annabyzantium byzantium'' ''traci tracibarrett barrettbullet bullet:- :-appear appearpromin prominfirst firstvolum volumtrilog trilog`` ``crusad crusad'' ''polish polishnovelist novelistzofia zofiakossak-szczucka kossak-szczuckawritten written1935 1935bullet bullet:- :-novel novelwritten written2008 2008albanian albanianwriter writerben benblushi blushicall call`` ``live liveisland island'' ''also alsomention mentionbullet bullet:- :-novel novel`` ``аз азанна аннакомнина комнина'' ''`` ``az azanna annakomnina komnina'' ''english english`` ``anna annacomnena comnena'' ''written writtenvera veramutafchieva mutafchievabulgarian bulgarianwriter writerhistorian historianbullet bullet:- :-also alsominor minorcharact charactnan nanhawthorn hawthorn's 'snovel novelcrusad crusad1101 1101`` ``belov belovpilgrim pilgrim'' ''2011 2011bullet bullet:- :-anna annaappear appear`` ``'' ''video videogame gamecampaign campaignbyzantin byzantinprincess princessdiplomat diplomatname nameanna annacomnenus comnenusbullet bullet:- :-julia juliakristeva kristeva's 's2006 2006murder murdermysteri mysteri`` ``murder murderbyzantium byzantium'' ''anna annakomnen komnenfocus focusvillain villain's 'sscholar scholaramor amorfantasi fantasipast pastnovel novelinclud includconsider considerdetail detailanna annakomnen komnen's 'slife lifework workhistor historcontext contextbullet bullet:- :-harri harriturtledov turtledov's 'svidesso videssocycl cyclnovel novelcharact charactalypia alypiagavra gavrafiction fictionversion versionanna annakomnen komnenbullet bullet:- :-board boardgame gamenation nationanna annakomnen komnenadvis advismediev medievage | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-9 | Anna Komnene
Section::::References.
section:refer | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-10 | Anna Komnene
Section::::References.:Primary sources.
BULLET::::- Niketas Choniates, "O City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates" (Michigan: Wayne State University Press, 1984)
BULLET::::- Anna Comnena (2001). Dawes, Elizabeth A., ed. "The Alexiad." "The Internet Medieval Sourcebook". Fordham University. Retrieved April 22, 2018.
BULLET::::- Anna Komnene, "The Alexiad", translated by E.R.A. Sewter, ed. Peter Frankopan, (New York: Penguin, 2009)
BULLET::::- Georgios Tornikes, 'An unpublished funeral oration on Anna Comnena', English translation by Robert Browning, in "Aristotle Transformed: The Ancient Commentators and Their Influence", ed. R. Sorabji (New York: Cornell University Press, 1990)
section:refer :referprimari primarisourc sourcbullet bullet:- :-niketa niketachoniat choniat`` ``citi citibyzantium byzantiumannal annalniketa niketachoniat choniat'' ''michigan michiganwayn waynstate stateunivers universpress press1984 1984bullet bullet:- :-anna annacomnena comnena2001 2001daw dawelizabeth elizabetha. a.ed ed`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''`` ``internet internetmediev medievsourcebook sourcebook'' ''fordham fordhamunivers universretriev retrievapril april22 222018 2018bullet bullet:- :-anna annakomnen komnen`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''translat translate.r.a e.r.asewter sewtered edpeter peterfrankopan frankopannew newyork yorkpenguin penguin2009 2009bullet bullet:- :-georgio georgiotornik tornikan anunpublish unpublishfuner funerorat oratanna annacomnena comnenaenglish englishtranslat translatrobert robertbrown brown`` ``aristotl aristotltransform transformancient ancientcomment commentinfluenc influenc'' ''ed edr. r.sorabji sorabjinew newyork yorkcornel cornelunivers universpress press1990 | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-11 | Anna Komnene
Section::::References.:Secondary sources.
BULLET::::- Carolyn R. Connor, "Women of Byzantium" (Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2004)
BULLET::::- Dalven, Rae (1972). "Anna Comnena". New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc.
BULLET::::- Frankopan, Peter (2002). "Perception and Projection of Prejudice: Anna Comnena, the "Alexiad", and the First Crusade." Chapter 5 in Edgington, Susan B.; Lambert, Sarah. "Gendering the Crusades". New York: Columbia University Press.
BULLET::::- Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. "Gender and Power: Passages to the Maternal in Anna Komnene's "Alexiad"." In Gouma-Peterson, Thalia. "Anna Komnene and Her Times". New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 107–125.
BULLET::::- Hanawalt, Emily Albu (1982). "Anna Komnene". In Strayer, Joseph R. ed. "The Dictionary of the Middle Ages." 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 303–304.
BULLET::::- Hill, Barbara (2000). "Actions Speak Louder Than Words: Anna Komnene's Attempted Usurpation". In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. "Anna Komnene and Her Times." New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 45–62.
BULLET::::- Jongh, Suzanne Wittek-De (1953). "Le César Nicéphore Byennois, l'historien, et sese ascendants". "Byzantion." 23: 463–468., cited in Dion C. Smythe (2006), Garland, Lynda ed. "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene's Alexiad". "Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience" "800–1200." Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
BULLET::::- Lynda Garland & Stephen Rapp, "Maria ‘of Alania’: Woman & Empress Between Two Worlds," "Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience", ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006).
BULLET::::- Angeliki Laiou, "Introduction: Why Anna Komnene?" "Anna Komnene and Her Times", ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson, (New York: Garland, 2000). .
BULLET::::- Larmour, David (2004). Margolis, Nadia; Wilson, Katherina M., eds. "Comnene, Anna". "Women in the Middle Ages: an encyclopedia." 1. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. 203–205. .
BULLET::::- Macrides, Ruth (2000). "The Pen and the Sword: Who Wrote the "Alexiad"?." In Gouma-Peterson, Thaila. "Anna Komnene and Her Times." New York: Garland Publishing Inc. pp. 63–82.
BULLET::::- Neville, Leonora (2016). "Anna Komnene: the life and work of a medieval historian". New York: Oxford University Press. .
BULLET::::- Reinsch, Diether R. (2000). "Women’s Literature in Byzantium? – The Case of Anna Komnene." Translated from German by Thomas Dunlap. In "Anna Komnene and Her Times", ed. Thalia Gouma-Peterson. New York: Garland Publishing Inc.
BULLET::::- Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," "Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800–1200", ed. Lynda Garland, (New Hampshire: Ashgate, 2006). .
section:refer :refersecondari secondarisourc sourcbullet bullet:- :-carolyn carolynr. r.connor connor`` ``women womenbyzantium byzantium'' ''connecticut connecticutyale yaleunivers universpress press2004 2004bullet bullet:- :-dalven dalvenrae rae1972 1972`` ``anna annacomnena comnena'' ''new newyork yorktwayn twaynpublish publishinc. inc.bullet bullet:- :-frankopan frankopanpeter peter2002 2002`` ``percept perceptproject projectprejudic prejudicanna annacomnena comnena`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''first firstcrusad crusad'' ''chapter chapter5 5edgington edgingtonsusan susanb. b.lambert lambertsarah sarah`` ``gender gendercrusad crusad'' ''new newyork yorkcolumbia columbiaunivers universpress pressbullet bullet:- :-gouma-peterson gouma-petersonthalia thalia`` ``gender genderpower powerpassag passagmatern maternanna annakomnen komnen's 's`` ``alexiad alexiad'' '''' ''gouma-peterson gouma-petersonthalia thalia`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''new newyork yorkgarland garlandpublish publishinc. inc.pp pp107–125 107–125bullet bullet:- :-hanawalt hanawaltemili emilialbu albu1982 1982`` ``anna annakomnen komnen'' ''strayer strayerjoseph josephr. r.ed ed`` ``dictionari dictionarimiddl middlage age'' ''1 1new newyork yorkcharl charlscribner scribner's 'sson sonpp pp303–304 303–304bullet bullet:- :-hill hillbarbara barbara2000 2000`` ``action actionspeak speaklouder louderword wordanna annakomnen komnen's 'sattempt attemptusurp usurp'' ''gouma-peterson gouma-petersonthaila thaila`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''new newyork yorkgarland garlandpublish publishinc. inc.pp pp45–62 45–62bullet bullet:- :-jongh jonghsuzann suzannwittek-d wittek-d1953 1953`` ``le lecésar césarnicéphor nicéphorbyennoi byennoil'historien l'historienet etsese seseascend ascend'' ''`` ``byzant byzant'' ''23 23463–468. 463–468.cite citedion dionc. c.smyth smyth2006 2006garland garlandlynda lyndaed ed`` ``middl middlbyzantin byzantinfamili familivalu valuanna annakomnen komnen's 'salexiad alexiad'' ''`` ``byzantin byzantinwomen womenvarieti varietiexperi experi'' ''`` ``800–1200 800–1200'' ''burlington burlingtonashgat ashgatpublish publishlimit limitbullet bullet:- :-lynda lyndagarland garlandstephen stephenrapp rapp`` ``maria maria‘ ‘alania alania’ ’woman womanempress empresstwo twoworld world'' ''`` ``byzantin byzantinwomen womenvarieti varietiexperi experi'' ''ed edlynda lyndagarland garlandnew newhampshir hampshirashgat ashgat2006 2006bullet bullet:- :-angeliki angelikilaiou laiou`` ``introduct introductanna annakomnen komnen'' ''`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''ed edthalia thaliagouma-peterson gouma-petersonnew newyork yorkgarland garland2000 2000bullet bullet:- :-larmour larmourdavid david2004 2004margoli margolinadia nadiawilson wilsonkatherina katherinam. m.ed ed`` ``comnen comnenanna anna'' ''`` ``women womenmiddl middlage ageencyclopedia encyclopedia'' ''1 1westport westportgreenwood greenwoodpress pressp. p.203–205 203–205bullet bullet:- :-macrid macridruth ruth2000 2000`` ``pen pensword swordwrote wrote`` ``alexiad alexiad'' '''' ''gouma-peterson gouma-petersonthaila thaila`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''new newyork yorkgarland garlandpublish publishinc. inc.pp pp63–82 63–82bullet bullet:- :-nevill nevillleonora leonora2016 2016`` ``anna annakomnen komnenlife lifework workmediev medievhistorian historian'' ''new newyork yorkoxford oxfordunivers universpress pressbullet bullet:- :-reinsch reinschdiether dietherr. r.2000 2000`` ``women women’ ’literatur literaturbyzantium byzantium– –case caseanna annakomnen komnen'' ''translat translatgerman germanthoma thomadunlap dunlap`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''ed edthalia thaliagouma-peterson gouma-petersonnew newyork yorkgarland garlandpublish publishinc. inc.bullet bullet:- :-dion dionc. c.smyth smyth`` ``middl middlbyzantin byzantinfamili familivalu valuanna annakomnen komnen’ ’alexiad alexiad'' ''`` ``byzantin byzantinwomen womenvarieti varietiexperi experi800–1200 800–1200'' ''ed edlynda lyndagarland garlandnew newhampshir hampshirashgat ashgat2006 | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-12 | Anna Komnene
Section::::Further reading.
BULLET::::- Georgina Buckler, "Anna Comnena: A Study", Oxford University Press, 1929.
BULLET::::- Anna Comnena, "The Alexiad", translated by Elizabeth A. Dawes in 1928
BULLET::::- Anna Comnena, "The Alexiad of Anna Comnena", edited and translated by E.R.A. Sewter. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1969. (This print version uses more idiomatic English, has more extensive notes, and mistakes).
BULLET::::- John France, "Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade", "Reading Medieval Studies" v. 9 (1983)
BULLET::::- Ed. Kurtz, 'Unedierte Texte aus der Zeit des Kaisers Johannes Komnenos, in "Byzantinische Zeitschrift" 16 (1907): 69–119 (Greek text of Anna Comnene’s testament)
BULLET::::- Thalia Gouma-Peterson (ed.), "Anna Komnene and her Times", New York: Garland, 2000. .
BULLET::::- Jonathan Harris, "Byzantium and the Crusades", Bloomsbury, 2nd ed., 2014.
BULLET::::- Barbara Hill, "Actions speak louder than words: Anna Komnene’s attempted usurpation," in Anna Komnene and her times (2000): 46–47.
BULLET::::- Levin, Carole, et al. "Extraordinary Women of the Medieval and Renaissance World". Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
BULLET::::- 5–6.
BULLET::::- Ellen Quandahl and Susan C. Jarratt, "'To recall him…will be a subject of lamentation': Anna Comnene as rhetorical historiographer" in "Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric" (2008): 301–335.
BULLET::::- Vlada Stankovíc, "Nikephoros Bryennios, Anna Komnene and Konstantios Doukas. A Story of Different Perspectives," in Byzantinische Zeitschrift (2007): 174.
BULLET::::- Paul Stephenson, "Anna Comnena's Alexiad as a source for the Second Crusade?", "Journal of Medieval History" v. 29 (2003)
BULLET::::- Dion C. Smythe, "Middle Byzantine Family Values and Anna Komnene’s Alexiad," in Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience (2006): 125–127.
BULLET::::- Dion C. Symthe, "Outsiders by taxis perceptions of non-conformity eleventh and twelfth-century literature," in Byzantinische Forschungen: Internationale Zeitschrift für Byzantinistik (1997): 241.
section:further :furtherread readbullet bullet:- :-georgina georginabuckler buckler`` ``anna annacomnena comnenastudi studi'' ''oxford oxfordunivers universpress press1929 1929bullet bullet:- :-anna annacomnena comnena`` ``alexiad alexiad'' ''translat translatelizabeth elizabetha. a.daw daw1928 1928bullet bullet:- :-anna annacomnena comnena`` ``alexiad alexiadanna annacomnena comnena'' ''edit edittranslat translate.r.a e.r.asewter sewterharmondsworth harmondsworthpenguin penguin1969 1969print printversion versionuse useidiomat idiomatenglish englishextens extensnote notemistak mistakbullet bullet:- :-john johnfranc franc`` ``anna annacomnena comnenaalexiad alexiadfirst firstcrusad crusad'' ''`` ``read readmediev medievstudi studi'' ''v. v.9 91983 1983bullet bullet:- :-ed edkurtz kurtzunediert unedierttext textaus ausder derzeit zeitdes deskaiser kaiserjohann johannkomneno komneno`` ``byzantinisch byzantinischzeitschrift zeitschrift'' ''16 161907 190769–119 69–119greek greektext textanna annacomnen comnen’ ’testament testamentbullet bullet:- :-thalia thaliagouma-peterson gouma-petersoned ed`` ``anna annakomnen komnentime time'' ''new newyork yorkgarland garland2000. 2000.bullet bullet:- :-jonathan jonathanharri harri`` ``byzantium byzantiumcrusad crusad'' ''bloomsburi bloomsburi2nd 2nded. ed.2014 2014bullet bullet:- :-barbara barbarahill hill`` ``action actionspeak speaklouder louderword wordanna annakomnen komnen’ ’attempt attemptusurp usurp'' ''anna annakomnen komnentime time2000 200046–47 46–47bullet bullet:- :-levin levincarol carolet etal al`` ``extraordinari extraordinariwomen womenmediev medievrenaiss renaissworld world'' ''connecticut connecticutgreenwood greenwoodpress press2000 2000bullet bullet:- :-5–6 5–6bullet bullet:- :-ellen ellenquandahl quandahlsusan susanc. c.jarratt jarratt`` ``to torecal recalhim…wil him…wilsubject subjectlament lamentanna annacomnen comnenrhetor rhetorhistoriograph historiograph'' ''`` ``rhetorica rhetoricajournal journalhistori historirhetor rhetor'' ''2008 2008301–335 301–335bullet bullet:- :-vlada vladastankovíc stankovíc`` ``nikephoro nikephorobryennio bryennioanna annakomnen komnenkonstantio konstantiodouka doukastori storidiffer differperspect perspect'' ''byzantinisch byzantinischzeitschrift zeitschrift2007 2007174 174bullet bullet:- :-paul paulstephenson stephenson`` ``anna annacomnena comnena's 'salexiad alexiadsourc sourcsecond secondcrusad crusad`` ```` ``journal journalmediev medievhistori histori'' ''v. v.29 292003 2003bullet bullet:- :-dion dionc. c.smyth smyth`` ``middl middlbyzantin byzantinfamili familivalu valuanna annakomnen komnen’ ’alexiad alexiad'' ''byzantin byzantinwomen womenvarieti varietiexperi experi2006 2006125–127 125–127bullet bullet:- :-dion dionc. c.symth symth`` ``outsid outsidtaxi taxipercept perceptnon-conform non-conformeleventh eleventhtwelfth-centuri twelfth-centuriliteratur literatur'' ''byzantinisch byzantinischforschungen forschungeninternational internationalzeitschrift zeitschriftfür fürbyzantinistik byzantinistik1997 1997241 | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
157653-13 | Anna Komnene
Section::::External links.
BULLET::::- Female Heroes "From The Time of the Crusades: Anna Comnena". 1999. Women in World History.
section:extern :externlink linkbullet bullet:- :-femal femalhero hero`` ``time timecrusad crusadanna annacomnena comnena'' ''1999 1999women womenworld worldhistori | 157653 | Anna Komnene | 12th-century Byzantine writers,Porphyrogennetoi,12th-century women writers,Eastern Orthodox Christians from the Byzantine Empire,1153 deaths,11th-century Byzantine people,11th-century Byzantine women,Byzantine Christians,1083 births,Byzantine historians,Daughters of Byzantine emperors,Family of Alexios I Komnenos,12th-century Byzantine women,11th-century Byzantine writers,12th-century historians,12th-century Byzantine people,Komnenos dynasty,12th-century physicians,Byzantine women writers,Medieval women physicians |
586-1 | ASCII
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters.
ASCII is the traditional name for the encoding system; the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the updated name US-ASCII, which clarifies that this system was developed in the US and based on the typographical symbols predominantly in use there.
ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.
asciiabbrevi abbreviamerican americanstandard standardcode codeinform informinterchang interchangcharact charactencod encodstandard standardelectron electroncommunic communicascii asciicode coderepres represtext textcomput computtelecommun telecommunequip equipdevic devicmodern moderncharacter-encod character-encodscheme schemebase baseascii asciialthough althoughsupport supportmani maniaddit additcharact charactascii asciitradit traditname nameencod encodsystem systeminternet internetassign assignnumber numberauthor authoriana ianaprefer preferupdat updatname nameus-ascii us-asciiclarifi clarifisystem systemdevelop developus usbase basetypograph typographsymbol symbolpredomin predominuse useascii asciione oneieee ieeemileston | 586 | ASCII | Computer-related introductions in 1963,Latin-script representations,ASCII,Character sets |
586-2 | ASCII
Section::::Overview.
ASCII was developed from telegraph code. Its first commercial use was as a seven-bit teleprinter code promoted by Bell data services. Work on the ASCII standard began on October 6, 1960, with the first meeting of the American Standards Association's (ASA) (now the American National Standards Institute or ANSI) X3.2 subcommittee. The first edition of the standard was published in 1963, underwent a major revision during 1967, and experienced its most recent update during 1986. Compared to earlier telegraph codes, the proposed Bell code and ASCII were both ordered for more convenient sorting (i.e., alphabetization) of lists, and added features for devices other than teleprinters.
Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart above. Ninety-five of the encoded characters are printable: these include the digits "0" to "9", lowercase letters "a" to "z", uppercase letters "A" to "Z", and punctuation symbols. In addition, the original ASCII specification included 33 non-printing control codes which originated with Teletype machines; most of these are now obsolete, although a few are still commonly used, such as the carriage return, line feed and tab codes.
For example, lowercase "i" would be represented in the ASCII encoding by binary 1101001 = hexadecimal 69 ("i" is the ninth letter) = decimal 105.
section:overview :overviewascii asciidevelop developtelegraph telegraphcode codefirst firstcommerci commerciuse useseven-bit seven-bitteleprint teleprintcode codepromot promotbell belldata dataservic servicwork workascii asciistandard standardbegan beganoctob octob6 61960 1960first firstmeet meetamerican americanstandard standardassoci associ's 'sasa asaamerican americannation nationstandard standardinstitut institutansi ansix3.2 x3.2subcommitte subcommittefirst firstedit editstandard standardpublish publish1963 1963underw underwmajor majorrevis revis1967 1967experienc experiencrecent recentupdat updat1986 1986compar comparearlier earliertelegraph telegraphcode codepropos proposbell bellcode codeascii asciiorder orderconveni convenisort sorti.e. i.e.alphabet alphabetlist listad adfeatur featurdevic devicteleprint teleprintorigin originbase baseenglish englishalphabet alphabetascii asciiencod encod128 128specifi specificharact charactseven-bit seven-bitinteg integshown shownascii asciichart chartninety-f ninety-fencod encodcharact charactprintabl printablinclud includdigit digit`` ``0 0'' ''`` ``9 9'' ''lowercas lowercasletter letter`` ``'' ''`` ``z z'' ''uppercas uppercasletter letter`` ``'' ''`` ``z z'' ''punctuat punctuatsymbol symboladdit additorigin originascii asciispecif specifinclud includ33 33non-print non-printcontrol controlcode codeorigin originteletyp teletypmachin machinobsolet obsoletalthough althoughstill stillcommon commonuse usecarriag carriagreturn returnline linefeed feedtab tabcode codeexampl exampllowercas lowercas`` ``'' ''would wouldrepres represascii asciiencod encodbinari binari1101001 1101001hexadecim hexadecim69 69`` ``'' ''ninth ninthletter letterdecim decim105 | 586 | ASCII | Computer-related introductions in 1963,Latin-script representations,ASCII,Character sets |
586-3 | ASCII
Section::::History.
The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) was developed under the auspices of a committee of the American Standards Association (ASA), called the X3 committee, by its X3.2 (later X3L2) subcommittee, and later by that subcommittee's X3.2.4 working group (now INCITS). The ASA became the United States of America Standards Institute (USASI) and ultimately the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
With the other special characters and control codes filled in, ASCII was published as ASA X3.4-1963, leaving 28 code positions without any assigned meaning, reserved for future standardization, and one unassigned control code. There was some debate at the time whether there should be more control characters rather than the lowercase alphabet. The indecision did not last long: during May 1963 the CCITT Working Party on the New Telegraph Alphabet proposed to assign lowercase characters to "sticks" 6 and 7, and International Organization for Standardization TC 97 SC 2 voted during October to incorporate the change into its draft standard. The X3.2.4 task group voted its approval for the change to ASCII at its May 1963 meeting. Locating the lowercase letters in "sticks" 6 and 7 caused the characters to differ in bit pattern from the upper case by a single bit, which simplified case-insensitive character matching and the construction of keyboards and printers.
The X3 committee made other changes, including other new characters (the brace and vertical bar characters), renaming some control characters (SOM became start of header (SOH)) and moving or removing others (RU was removed). ASCII was subsequently updated as USAS X3.4-1967, then USAS X3.4-1968, ANSI X3.4-1977, and finally, ANSI X3.4-1986.
Revisions of the ASCII standard:
BULLET::::- ASA X3.4-1963
BULLET::::- ASA X3.4-1965 (approved, but not published, nevertheless used by IBM 2260 & 2265 Display Stations and IBM 2848 Display Control)
BULLET::::- USAS X3.4-1967
BULLET::::- USAS X3.4-1968
BULLET::::- ANSI X3.4-1977
BULLET::::- ANSI X3.4-1986
BULLET::::- ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1992)
BULLET::::- ANSI X3.4-1986 (R1997)
BULLET::::- ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2002)
BULLET::::- ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2007)
BULLET::::- ANSI INCITS 4-1986 (R2012)
In the X3.15 standard, the X3 committee also addressed how ASCII should be transmitted (least significant bit first), and how it should be recorded on perforated tape. They proposed a 9-track standard for magnetic tape, and attempted to deal with some punched card formats.
section:histori :historiamerican americanstandard standardcode codeinform informinterchang interchangascii asciidevelop developauspic auspiccommitte committeamerican americanstandard standardassoci associasa asacall callx3 x3committe committex3.2 x3.2later laterx3l2 x3l2subcommitte subcommittelater latersubcommitte subcommitte's 'sx3.2.4 x3.2.4work workgroup groupincit incitasa asabecam becamunit unitstate stateamerica americastandard standardinstitut institutusasi usasiultim ultimamerican americannation nationstandard standardinstitut institutansi ansispecial specialcharact charactcontrol controlcode codefill fillascii asciipublish publishasa asax3.4-1963 x3.4-1963leav leav28 28code codeposit positwithout withoutassign assignmean meanreserv reservfutur futurstandard standardone oneunassign unassigncontrol controlcode codedebat debattime timewhether whethercontrol controlcharact charactrather ratherlowercas lowercasalphabet alphabetindecis indecislast lastlong longmay may1963 1963ccitt ccittwork workparti partinew newtelegraph telegraphalphabet alphabetpropos proposassign assignlowercas lowercascharact charact`` ``stick stick'' ''6 67 7intern internorgan organstandard standardtc tc97 97sc sc2 2vote voteoctob octobincorpor incorporchang changdraft draftstandard standardx3.2.4 x3.2.4task taskgroup groupvote voteapprov approvchang changascii asciimay may1963 1963meet meetlocat locatlowercas lowercasletter letter`` ``stick stick'' ''6 67 7caus causcharact charactdiffer differbit bitpattern patternupper uppercase casesingl singlbit bitsimplifi simplificase-insensit case-insensitcharact charactmatch matchconstruct constructkeyboard keyboardprinter printerx3 x3committe committemade madechang changinclud includnew newcharact charactbrace bracevertic verticbar barcharact charactrenam renamcontrol controlcharact charactsom sombecam becamstart startheader headersoh sohmove moveremov removother otherru ruremov removascii asciisubsequ subsequupdat updatusa usax3.4-1967 x3.4-1967usa usax3.4-1968 x3.4-1968ansi ansix3.4-1977 x3.4-1977final finalansi ansix3.4-1986 x3.4-1986revis revisascii asciistandard standardbullet bullet:- :-asa asax3.4-1963 x3.4-1963bullet bullet:- :-asa asax3.4-1965 x3.4-1965approv approvpublish publishnevertheless neverthelessuse useibm ibm2260 22602265 2265display displaystation stationibm ibm2848 2848display displaycontrol controlbullet bullet:- :-usa usax3.4-1967 x3.4-1967bullet bullet:- :-usa usax3.4-1968 x3.4-1968bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansix3.4-1977 x3.4-1977bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansix3.4-1986 x3.4-1986bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansix3.4-1986 x3.4-1986r1992 r1992bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansix3.4-1986 x3.4-1986r1997 r1997bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansiincit incit4-1986 4-1986r2002 r2002bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansiincit incit4-1986 4-1986r2007 r2007bullet bullet:- :-ansi ansiincit incit4-1986 4-1986r2012 r2012x3.15 x3.15standard standardx3 x3committe committealso alsoaddress addressascii asciitransmit transmitleast leastsignific significbit bitfirst firstrecord recordperfor perfortape tapepropos propos9-track 9-trackstandard standardmagnet magnettape tapeattempt attemptdeal dealpunch punchcard cardformat | 586 | ASCII | Computer-related introductions in 1963,Latin-script representations,ASCII,Character sets |
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