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Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-1 | Arabic Arabic has made use of phono-semantic matching to replace blatantly imported new terminology with a word derived from an existing triliteral root. Examples are:
Dutch
A number of PSMs exist in Dutch as well. One notable example is ("hammock"), which is a modification of Spanish , also the source of the English word. Natively, the word is transparently analysed as a "hang-mat", which aptly describes the object. Similarly:
In ("anchovy"), the second part was modified to resemble ("fish"), although the word originates in Spanish anchova;
In ("scurvy"), the word parts were modified to resemble (stem of , tear open) and ("belly, stomach"), although the word originates in Middle Low German ;
In (an alternative name for , "February"), the first part was modified to resemble ("gather wood"), although the word originates in Latin spurcalia;
In (a variety of apple with a very soft, thin, yellow skin), the word parts were modified to resemble ("silken") and ("shirt; small shirt; vest"), although the word actually denotes the place Sydenham where the apple originates.
Dutch dictionary Van Dale describes as a particularly notable example.
Other examples are , , , , , , , and . |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-2 | English The second part of the word muskrat was altered to match rat, replacing the original form , which derives from an Algonquian (possibly Powhatan) word, muscascus (literally "it is red"), or from the Abenaki native word mòskwas.
The use of runagates in Psalm 68 of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer derives from phono-semantic matching between Latin and English .
Finnish
The Finnish compound word for "jealous," , literally means "black-socked" ( "black" and "sock"). However, the word is a case of a misunderstood loan translation from Swedish "black-sick". The Finnish word fit with a close phonological equivalent to the Swedish . Similar cases are "hardworking person", literally "work mole", from "work ant", matching "ant" to "mole"; and "clavus", literally "extra toe", from < "dead thorn", matching "extra" to "dead (archaic)" and "toe" to < "thorn".
German
"applies the concepts of multisourced neologisation and, more generally, camouflaged borrowing, as established by to Modern German, pursuing a twofold aim, namely to underline the significance of multisourced neologisation for language contact theory and secondly to demonstrate that together with other forms of camouflaged borrowing it remains an important borrowing mechanism in contemporary German." |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-3 | Icelandic Japanese
In modern Japanese, loanwords are generally represented phonetically via katakana. However, in earlier times loanwords were often represented by kanji (Chinese characters), a process called when used for phonetic matching, or when used for semantic matching. Some of these continue to be used; the characters chosen may correspond to the sound, the meaning, or both. |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-4 | In some cases, however, the kanji were chosen for both their semantic and phonetic values, a form of phono-semantic matching. A stock example is () for "club", where the characters can be interpreted loosely in sequence as "together-fun-place" (which has since been borrowed into Chinese during the early 20th century with the same meaning, including the individual characters, but with a pronunciation that differs considerably from the original English and the Japanese, ). Another example is () for the Portuguese , a kind of raincoat. The characters can mean "wings coming together", as the pointed resembles a bird with wings folded together.
Mandarin Chinese
PSM is frequently used in Mandarin borrowings. An example is the Taiwanese Mandarin word , which literally means "powerful and hard" and refers to Viagra, the drug for treating erectile dysfunction in men, manufactured by Pfizer. |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-5 | Modern Standard Chinese / "sonar" uses the characters / "sound" and / "receive, accept". The pronunciations and are phonetically somewhat similar to the two syllables of the English word. Chinese has a large number of homo/heterotonal homophonous morphemes, which would have been a better phonetic fit than , but not nearly as good semantically consider the syllable (cf. 'deliver, carry, give (as a present)', 'pine; loose, slack', / 'tower; alarm, attract' etc.), (cf. 'search', 'old man', / 'sour, spoiled' and many others) or (cf. 'receive, accept', 'receive, accept', 'hand', 'head', / 'beast', 'thin' and so forth).
According to Zuckermann, PSM in Mandarin is common in:
brand names, e.g., / , "Coca-Cola" translates to "tasty [and] entertaining", / itself genericised to refer to any cola.
computer jargon, e.g., the aforementioned word for "World Wide Web".
technological terms, e.g., the aforementioned word for "sonar".
toponyms, e.g., the name / , "Belarus" combines the word , "White" with the name / , "Russia", therefore meaning "White Russia" just like the endonym "". |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-6 | A related practice is the translation of Western names into Chinese characters.
Modern Hebrew
Often in phono-semantic matching, the source language determines both the root word and the noun-pattern. This makes it difficult to determine the source language's influence on the target language morphology. For example, "the phono-semantic matcher of English dock with Israeli Hebrew mivdók could have usedafter deliberately choosing the phonetically and semantically suitable root meaning 'check' (Rabbinic) or 'repair' (Biblical) the noun-patterns mi⌂⌂a⌂á, ma⌂⌂e⌂á, mi⌂⌂é⌂et, mi⌂⌂a⌂áim etc. (each ⌂ represents a slot where a radical is inserted). Instead, mi⌂⌂ó⌂, which was not highly productive, was chosen because its [o] makes the final syllable of mivdók sound like English dock."
Miscellaneous
The Hebrew name (Yərūšālayim) for Jerusalem is rendered as (Hierosóluma) in, e.g. Matthew 2:1. The first part corresponds to the Ancient Greek prefix (hiero-), meaning "sacred, holy". |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-7 | Viagra, a brand name which was suggested by Interbrand Wood (the consultancy firm hired by Pfizer), is itself a multisourced neologism, based on Sanskrit ("tiger") but enhanced by the words vigour (i.e. strength) and Niagara (i.e. free/forceful flow).
Other than through Sinoxenic borrowings, Vietnamese employs phono-semantic matching less commonly than Chinese. Examples include ("matrix", from the words for "magic" and "battle array"), ("apply", from the words for "press down" and "use"), and (Huey P. Long, from "yellow flying dragon", evoking the Huey P. Long Bridge).
Motivations
According to Zuckermann, PSM has various advantages from the point of view of a puristic language planner:
recycling obsolete lexical items
camouflaging foreign influence (for the native speaker in the future)
facilitating initial learning (mnemonics) (for the contemporary learner/speaker)
Other motivations for PSM include the following:
playfulness (cf. midrashic tradition of homiletic commentary, cf. the Jewish pilpul)
Apollonianism (the wish to create order/meaningfulness, cf. folk etymology, etymythology, paronymic attraction)
iconicity (the belief that there is something intrinsic about the sound of names; cf. phonaesthetics)
political correctness / rejective lexical engineering
attracting customers (in the case of brand names) |
Phono-semantic matching | 1000117-8 | Expressive loan South-eastern Finnish, for example, has many expressive loans. The main source language, Russian, does not use the vowels 'y', 'ä' or 'ö' [y æ ø]. Thus, it is common to add these to redescriptivized loans to remove the degree of foreignness that the loanword would otherwise have. For example, tytinä "brawn" means "wobblyness", and superficially it looks like a native construction, originating from the verb tutista "to wobble" added with a front vowel sound in the vowel harmony. However, it is expressivized from tyyteni (which is a confusing word as -ni is a possessive suffix), which in turn is a loanword from Russian stúden'. A somewhat more obvious example is tökötti "sticky, tarry goo", which could be mistaken as a derivation from the onomatopoetic word tök (cf. the verb tökkiä "to poke"). However, it is an expressive loan of Russian d'ogot' "tar". |
Scott LeDoux | 10001199-0 | Alan Scott LeDoux (January 7, 1949 – August 11, 2011) was a politician, professional heavyweight boxer, professional wrestler, and referee.
Career
Boxing
LeDoux began his professional boxing career in 1974. His first boxing match was a knockout victory over Arthur Pullens. LeDoux's final bout in 1983 was a technical knockout loss to Frank Bruno. LeDoux retired from the ring with a record of 33-13-4 (including 22 knockouts). |
Scott LeDoux | 10001199-1 | LeDoux's best achievements were that he scored draws against Leon Spinks and an aging Ken Norton, who won the first 8 rounds clear but then tired. But Scott nearly knocked out the past-his-peak Ken Norton in round ten, when after some confusion as to whether the ref had signalled the fight over or not it was declared a draw. |
Scott LeDoux | 10001199-2 | LeDoux later worked as a ringside commentator for ESPN and in 1986 as a referee for the American Wrestling Association.
It was announced on July 5, 2010 that LeDoux would be a member of the inaugural class of inductees to the Minnesota Boxing Hall of Fame.
Politics
LeDoux was elected to the Anoka County, Minnesota Board of County Commissioners and re-elected in 2008, defeating challenger Becky Fink.
In 2006, the Minnesota Legislature authorized the creation of a state Boxing Commission, the Minnesota Board of Boxing having gone out of existence in 2001 with the retirement of longtime Boxing Commissioner and Executive Secretary Jimmy O'Hara (LeDoux and O'Hara had served together on the Minnesota Board of Boxing for 18 years). LeDoux was appointed boxing commissioner by the state Governor Tim Pawlenty. In August 2006 LeDoux was also named Executive Director of the Minnesota Combative Sports Commission.
Controversy
In 2007, the Chief Executive of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe, Melanie Benjamin, objected to LeDoux's public criticism of her band and their boxing matches at the Grand Casino Hinckley Casino in Hinckley, Minnesota. |
Scott LeDoux | 10001199-3 | In December 2008 a state investigation revealed that LeDoux, in his capacity as head of the Combative Sports Commission, accepted free tickets to an MMA event, some of which had a face value of $600. This was determined to be a violation of state ethics rules.
In January 2009, commission member Chad Ridler resigned in protest "of the inaction of the commission in providing oversight of Scott LeDoux...He's unaccountable".
Personal life
LeDoux was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or "Lou Gehrig's Disease" in August 2008. A 2010 study questioned the diagnosis in athletes who had experienced head trauma or repeated concussions. Instead, the study suggests that some may have a variant of dementia pugilistica, known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy or boxer's syndrome. LeDoux was a member of the national board of directors of the Wishes and More. He was also honorary chair of the American Cancer Society. LeDoux founded a golf tournament called the Scott LeDoux Long Haul Classic.
LeDoux died of complication of ALS on August 11, 2011.
Professional boxing record |
Marc Okrand | 100012-0 | Career
As a linguist, Okrand worked with Native American languages. He earned a bachelor's degree in linguistics from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1970. His 1977 doctoral dissertation from the University of California, Berkeley, was on the grammar of Mutsun, an extinct Ohlone language formerly spoken in the coastal areas of north-central California. His dissertation was supervised by pioneering linguist Mary Haas. From 1975 to 1978, he taught undergraduate linguistics courses at the University of California, Santa Barbara, before taking a post-doctoral fellowship at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C., in 1978.
After that, Okrand took a job at the National Captioning Institute, where he worked on the first closed-captioning system for hearing-impaired television viewers. Until his retirement in 2013, Okrand served as one of the directors for Live Captioning at the National Captioning Institute and as President of the board of directors of WSC Avant Bard (formerly the Washington Shakespeare Company) in Arlington County, Virginia, which planned to stage "an evening of Shakespeare in Klingon" in 2010. |
Marc Okrand | 100012-1 | Star Trek Okrand is the author of three books about Klingon – The Klingon Dictionary (first published 1985, revised enlarged edition 1992), The Klingon Way (1996), and Klingon for the Galactic Traveler (1997) – as well as two audio courses: Conversational Klingon (1992) and Power Klingon (1993). He has also co-authored the libretto of an opera in the Klingon language: , debuting at The Hague in September 2010. He speaks Klingon, but notes that others have attained greater fluency.
In 2018 he developed the language for the Kelpien race in the second season of Star Trek: Discovery (first appearing in the third Short Treks episode "The Brightest Star").
Atlantis: The Lost Empire
In 2001, Okrand created the Atlantean language for the Disney film Atlantis: The Lost Empire. He was also used as an early facial model for the protagonist's character design. |
Great Mills (DIY) | 10001208-0 | At its height, Great Mills had approximately 3,500 employees, 90 stores nationwide and over 20,000 products in range.
History
Originally known as Clapton Building Supplies, the first store at Paulton, Somerset in 1972 was officially opened by Tony Blackburn, an unwell Dulux Dog and a staff of four. The store had a modest turnover of £50,000 but within six months, the turnover had doubled.
In the beginning of the 1990s, Great Mills launched Bay6 (Basics). These stores were identical in size, look and layout to those of rival retailer Wickes. Wickes bought the six Bay6 stores in 1995 from Great Mills' parent company, RMC. Four were already trading, and two were under construction.
An important step forward for the company came in 1992, with the introduction of a new central distribution method of delivering products to its stores. This saved many motorway miles as deliveries were coordinated, rather than having hundreds of suppliers delivering to the same store each day.
Of the product range, over 70% was delivered by the Great Mills fleet in 2000 two or three times weekly. |
Great Mills (DIY) | 10001208-1 | To further reduce distribution costs, a new Central Distribution Centre was opened in July 1997. The purpose-built development was fully automated and used computer systems to monitor stock control and to make sure deliveries were made on time to stores.
In 1998, Great Mills appointed Jill Keen from Asda as marketing director, taking over from Peter Bastin.
Sale to Focus
RMC Group put Great Mills up for sale in 2000, as chief executive Peter Young said the business "is not a core part of what we do". Later that year, the business was acquired by Focus Do It All, after they switched their attentions from Homebase. The Great Mill stores were all externally rebranded, though some retained parts of the interior branding. Great Mills had almost 100 stores in the UK at the time of the proposed sale
In 2011, Focus DIY entered administration. Some of the ex-Great Mills were sold off to other retailers, while others were left empty. The original Great Mill flagship store in Paulton stood empty until 2015, when it became an outlet for Wickes.
In 2017, the Great Mills name was purchased by Do It All and the business relaunched as an online retail store. |
Luana Reyes | 10001228-0 | Luana Reyes (February 20, 1933 – November 5, 2001) was an American Indian health care administrator. As executive director of the Seattle Indian Health Board (SIHB) 1972–1982, she grew that institution from a staff of five to nearly 200 and made it a model for urban Indian institutions; subsequently, she worked for the federal Indian Health Service, eventually becoming deputy director of that 14,000-person institution. |
Luana Reyes | 10001228-1 | Life
Reyes was born in Portland, Oregon. Her mother, born Mary Christian, was Sin Aikst (now known as Lakes tribe, one of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation); her father, Julian Reyes, was Filipino, but had largely assimilated to an Indian way of life. Her mother's father, Alex Christian, was known as Pic Ah Kelowna, "White Grizzly Bear"; her great uncle (brother of her maternal grandmother) was Chief James Bernard, a Sin Aikst leader in the early 20th century.
Reyes' early childhood was spent largely on the Colville Indian Reservation in Washington. In 1935–1937, during the period of construction of the Grand Coulee Dam, her parents had moved to the Coulee and started a Chinese restaurant even though "[n]either of them could prepare Chinese food except for simple dishes such as pork fried rice, egg foo-yung, and chop suey". They soon acquired an ethnically Chinese partner and cook, Harry Wong; Wong bought them out of the restaurant in 1937. Her parents separated in 1939 and subsequently divorced; her mother would later work again for Wong in Tacoma, Washington, and eventually marry him. |
Luana Reyes | 10001228-2 | Family
She had one child, a daughter, Kecia, born in 1985. Reyes' brother, Bernie Whitebear (1937–2000), was a prominent activist, not only founder of SIHB, but co-founder of the United Indians of All Tribes Foundation, and the Daybreak Star Cultural Center; her older brother Lawney Reyes is a sculptor, designer, curator, and memoirist.
Legacy
There is now a Luana Reyes Leadership Award named in her honor.
The Reyes Building located at 801 Thompson Avenue, Rockville, Maryland is named in her honor. |
Five Mile Pass | 10001240-0 | Five Mile Pass is a high arid region ~ west of Eagle Mountain, Utah, that is managed by the Bureau of Land Management and is popular for motocross, off highway vehicle recreation, mountain biking, hiking, and camping.
The area is on the Utah County and Tooele County line, and the Pony Express passed through the area during 1860-1861. The area also was traveled by the stagecoach and pioneer families heading west for Nevada and California. Other historical activities in the area include mineral mining and quarrying. |
Terry Fox Run | 1000128-0 | The Terry Fox Run is an annual non-competitive charity event held around the world to raise money for cancer research
in commemoration of Canadian cancer activist Terry Fox and his Marathon of Hope. |
Terry Fox Run | 1000128-1 | The Terry Fox Run has no corporate sponsorship, in accordance with Terry Fox's original wishes of not seeking fame or fortune from his endeavour. During his cross-Canada run, he rejected every endorsement he was offered (including from multinational corporations such as McDonald's), as he felt that it would detract from his goal of creating public awareness. The Terry Fox Runs have no advertisements on any race related materials (such as T-shirts, banners, etc.).
History
The Terry Fox Foundation was founded in 1988 after it separated from the Canadian Cancer Society. Since its inception, The Terry Fox Foundation has raised over $800 million for cancer research. Currently, Terry Fox Runs take place every year with many participants from all over the world. The Run is a volunteer led, all-inclusive, non-competitive event with no corporate sponsorship, incentives or fundraising minimums. Fox laid out these wishes before his death in 1981.
In 2007 The Terry Fox Foundation created the Terry Fox Research Institute to conduct transnational research to significantly improve outcomes for cancer patients. In the fiscal year ending March 31, 2013, The Terry Fox Foundation directed $27.7 million to its cancer research programs. |
Terry Fox Run | 1000128-2 | Debuts by country
Canada -September 13, 1981, at 760 sites
Cuba - 1998. In 2005, over 1.9 million people used 3,600 sites. In 2006, it had around 2.6 million participants. The tenth run in 2007 had 4,652 sites and 2.267 million runners.
United States - 1990 in Bangor, Maine
Venezuela - 1998 at the Colegio Internactional de Caracas
Bulgaria - 2013 and 2017 at the Anglo-American School of Sofia
Croatia - 2000
Hungary - 1999, ended in 2005
Poland - 2006
Portugal - 1994
Spain - 2017
Oman - 2008
Syria - 1991, ended after 2010 for civil war
Australia - September 1988 in Brisbane (legacy from Expo '88) raising $22,000 (AUD)
China - 1998
Hong Kong - 2013
Malaysia - Early 1990s in Kuala Lumpur
Philippines - 2001 in Cebu City
Taiwan - 2001 in Taipei City
Thailand - 1995 in Bangkok
Vietnam - 1996 in Ho Chi Minh City. In 2014, it drew about 16,500 participants and the organization committee included the Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Vietnam. |
Strumpshaw | 100013-0 | Strumpshaw is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is located on the northern bank of the River Yare around south-east of Norwich. The parish covers an area of and had a population of 602 in 245 households at the 2001 census, increasing to a population of 634 in 261 households at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Broadland.
The villages name means 'stump wood'. |
Strumpshaw | 100013-1 | The small villages of Buckenham and Hassingham, formally both parishes in their own right, lie within the civil parish of Strumpshaw.
Strumpshaw Hall
Strumpshaw Hall lies closer to the river, next to the railway line. It is the home of the Strumpshaw Hall Steam Museum, with a collection of traction engines and steam rollers. It also has a showman's engine, a steam wagon and a narrow-gauge railway with a Simplex diesel disguised as a steam engine.
Natural environment
The Strumpshaw Fen RSPB reserve is operated by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. It caters for up to 20000 visitors annually. It is bordered to the east by Buckenham Marshes RSPB reserve and lies within the Mid-Yare National Nature Reserve and Yare Broads and Marshes Site of Special Scientific Interest.
Rail Access
The nearest station is Buckenham railway station on the Wherry Line. |
Tacquet (crater) | 1000133-0 | Tacquet is a small, bowl-shaped crater that lies near the southern edge of Mare Serenitatis, in the northeast part of the Moon. The surface near the crater is marked by high-albedo ejecta. To the west is a system of rilles designated the Rimae Menelaus. Its diameter is 6.4 km. It was named after Brabantian mathematician André Tacquet (1612-1660).
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Tacquet.
The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
Tacquet A — See Al-Bakri (crater). |
Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg | 10001353-0 | Friedrich Wilhelm II (12 February 1603, in Weimar – 22 April 1669, in Altenburg), was a duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
He was the youngest son of Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, and Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg, his second wife. He was born eight months after the death of his father, on 7 July 1602.
Shortly after his birth, Friedrich Wilhelm II and his older brothers inherited Saxe-Altenburg as co-rulers under the guardianship of the Electors of Saxony Christian II and John George I until 1618, when his older brother John Philip assumed the government of the duchy and the guardianship of his younger siblings. |
Friedrich Wilhelm II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg | 10001353-1 | At Altenburg Castle on 18 September 1638 Friedrich Wilhelm II married his first wife, Sophie Elisabeth, the only daughter of Christian William of Brandenburg. She died in 1650 after twelve years of childless marriage.
In Dresden on 11 October 1652 Friedrich Wilhelm II married secondly Magdalene Sibylle of Saxony, Dowager Crown Princess of Denmark and daughter of his former regent, the Elector John George I. They had three children:
Christian (b. Altenburg, 27 February 1654 – d. Altenburg, 5 June 1663). Painting of Christian
Johanna Magdalena (b. Altenburg, 14 January 1656 – d. Weissenfels, 22 January 1686), married on 25 October 1671 to Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels.
Friedrich Wilhelm III, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (b. Altenburg, 12 July 1657 – d. Altenburg, 14 April 1672).
In 1660 he acquired the towns of Themar and Meiningen. In 1664 he built a hunting seat () in Hummelshain, and, in 1665, he built a particularly beautiful widow seat () called "Magdalenenstift" in Altenburg for his wife Magdalene Sybille.
After his death he was succeeded by his second and only surviving son, Frederick William III. |
Reamer | 1000136-0 | A reamer is a type of rotary cutting tool used in metalworking. Precision reamers are designed to enlarge the size of a previously formed hole by a small amount but with a high degree of accuracy to leave smooth sides. There are also non-precision reamers which are used for more basic enlargement of holes or for removing burrs. The process of enlarging the hole is called reaming. There are many different types of reamer and they may be designed for use as a hand tool or in a machine tool, such as a milling machine or drill press. |
Reamer | 1000136-1 | Construction The spiral may be clockwise or counter-clockwise depending on usage. For example, a tapered hand reamer with a clockwise spiral will tend to self feed as it is used, possibly leading to a wedging action and consequent breakage. A counter-clockwise spiral is therefore preferred even though the reamer is still turned in the clockwise direction.
For production machine tools, the shank type is usually one of the following: a standard taper (such as Morse or Brown & Sharpe), a straight round shank to be held by a collet, or a straight round shank with a flat for a set screw, to be held by a solid toolholder. For hand tools, the shank end is usually a square drive, intended for use with the same type of wrench used to turn a tap for the cutting of screw threads.
Reaming versus drilling to size |
Reamer | 1000136-2 | Types
Chucking reamer
Chucking reamers, or machine reamers, are the most common type of reamer used in lathes, drill presses, and screw machines that provide a smooth finish to the hole. They come in a variety of flutes and cuts (e.g. right hand cut, left hand spiral, straight flute) as well as different shank types. Chucking reamers can be manufactured with a straight shank or morse taper shank. |
Reamer | 1000136-3 | Adjustable hand reamer Straight reamer
A straight reamer is used to make only a minor enlargement to a hole. The entry end of the reamer will have a slight taper, the length of which will depend on its type. This produces a self centering action as it enters the raw hole. The larger proportion of the length will be of a constant diameter. |
Reamer | 1000136-4 | Another use of reamed holes is to receive a specialized bolt that has an unthreaded shoulder - also called a shoulder bolt. This type of bolt is commonly used to replace hot peened rivets during the seismic retrofit of structures.
Hand reamer
A hand reamer has a longer taper or lead in at the front than a machine reamer. This is to compensate for the difficulty of starting a hole by hand power alone. It also allows the reamer to start straight and reduce the risk of breakage. The flutes may be straight or spiral. |
Reamer | 1000136-5 | Machine reamer Rose reamer
A rose reamer has no relief on the periphery and is offset by a front taper to prevent binding. They are secondarily used as softing reamers.
Shell reamer
Shell reamers are designed for reaming bearing and other similar items. They are fluted almost their whole length.
Tapered reamer
A precision tapered reamer is used to make a tapered hole to later receive a tapered pin.
A taper pin is a self tightening device due to the shallow angle of the taper. They may be driven into the tapered hole such that removal can only be done with a hammer and punch. They are sized by a number sequence (for example, a No.4 reamer would use No.4 taper pins).
Such precision joints are used in aircraft assembly and are frequently used to join the two or more wing sections used in a sailplane. These may be re-reamed one or more times during the aircraft's useful life, with an appropriately oversized pin replacing the previous pin. |
Reamer | 1000136-6 | Morse taper reamer Combination reamer
A combination reamer has two or more cutting surfaces. The combination reamer is precision ground into a pattern that resembles the part's multiple internal diameters. The advantage of using a combination reamer is to reduce the number of turret operations, while more precisely holding depths, internal diameters and concentricity. Combination reamers are mostly used in screw machines or second-operation lathes, not with Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines because G-code can be easily generated to profile internal diameters.
Combination reamers can be made out of cobalt, carbide, or high speed steel tooling. When using combination reamers to ream large internal diameters made out of material with lower surface feet per minute, carbide tips can be brazed onto a configured drill blank to build the reamer. Carbide requires additional care because it is very brittle and will chip if chatter occurs. It is common to use a drill bit or combination drill to remove the bulk of material to reduce wear, or the risk of the part pulling off on the combination reamer. |
Reamer | 1000136-7 | Tapered reamer (non-precision) Process
To achieve highly accurate and consistent diameters with a reamer, one must consider process variables that can influence the overall quality of the hole being reamed. Variables such as reamer material, reamer design, material being reamed, temperature at the reamed surface, reamer speed, machine or operator movement, etc. must be addressed. By controlling these variables to the best extent possible, the reaming process can easily produce highly accurate and consistently sized holes.
Reamers should not be reversed in use as this will tend to dull the cutting edges.
Size – accuracy and repeatability |
Reamer | 1000136-8 | Surface finish and longevity
When properly designed and used, reamers can experience an extended service life of up to 30,000 holes. A properly controlled process is also capable of maintaining a consistent size down the entire length of the hole while minimizing the hour-glass effect. Reamed holes may typically have a surface finish of Ra. |
Reamer | 1000136-9 | Setup and equipment Tool materials
Like other cutting tools, there are two categories of materials used to build reamers: heat treated and hard. Heat treated materials are composed by different steels, most notably plain carbon (unalloyed, considered obsolete today) and high-speed steels. The most common hard material is tungsten carbide (solid or tipped), but reamers with edges of cubic boron nitride (CBN) or diamond also exist.
The main difference between both categories is that hard materials are usually unaffected by the heat produced by the machining process and may actually benefit from it. The down side is that they are usually very brittle, requiring slightly blunt cutting edges to avoid fracture. This increases the forces involved in machining and for this reason hard materials are usually not recommended for light machinery. Heat treated materials, on the other side, are usually much tougher and have no problem holding a sharp edge without chipping under less favourable conditions (like under vibration). This makes them adequate for hand tools and light machines. |
Reamer | 1000136-10 | Workpiece materials Lubrication
During the process of reaming friction causes the part and the tool to heat up. Proper lubrication cools the tool, which increases the life of the tool. Another benefit of lubrication includes higher cutting speeds. This decreases production times. Lubrication also removes chips and contributes to a better workpiece finish. Mineral oils, synthetic oils, and water-soluble oils are used for lubrication and applied by flooding or spraying. In the case of some materials only cold air is needed to cool the workpiece. This is applied by air jet or vortex tube.
Related standards
National and international standards are used to standardize the definitions and classifications used for reamers (either based on construction or based on method of holding or driving). Selection of the standard to be used is an agreement between the supplier and the user and has some significance in the design of the reamer. In the United States, ASME has developed the B94.2 Standard, which establishes requirements methods for specifying the classification of reamers. |
The Lima News | 10001369-0 | The Lima News is a local daily newspaper aimed at residents in Allen, Auglaize, Hancock, Hardin, Logan, Mercer, Putnam, Shelby and Van Wert counties in Ohio, USA. Its headquarters are located in Lima, Ohio. It was first printed on July 21, 1926.
The paper was owned by Freedom Communications, a privately held California-based company whose flagship paper is the Orange County Register, until 2012, when it was sold to Ohio Community Media, an affiliate of the private equity firm Versa Capital Management. Under Freedom Communications' ownership, The Lima News took a libertarian editorial position on issues.
In 2012, Versa merged Ohio Community Media, the Freedom papers it had acquired, Impressions Media and Heartland Publications into a new company, Civitas Media. Civitas Media sold its Ohio papers to AIM Media Midwest in 2017. |
Luodian (disambiguation) | 10001370-0 | Luodian may refer to:
Luodian County (罗甸), a county in Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Guizhou
Luodian, Shanghai (罗店), a town in Baoshan District, Shanghai
Luodian, Jingshan County (罗店), a town in Jingshan County, Jingmen, Hubei
Luodian Township, Guangshui (骆店), a township in Guangshui, Suizhou, Hubei
Luodian Township, Henan (罗店), a township in Runan County, Zhumadian, Henan
Luodian, Zhejiang (罗店), a town in Wucheng District, Jinhua, Zhejiang |
Thales (crater) | 1000141-0 | Thales is a small crater located in the northeast part of the Moon, just to the west of the larger crater Strabo. To the southeast is the walled plain De La Rue. Thales has a sharp, circular rim that has received little erosion. The lunar surface around Thales has a ray system that extends for over 600 kilometers, and it is consequently mapped as part of the Copernican System.
. An area to the north-northwest of the crater is free of rays, however, indicating that the crater may have been formed by a low-angle impact from that direction. The inner wall has some terraces, particularly along the southern side. The sides have a higher albedo than the typical lunar terrain.
This crater has been noted for transient lunar phenomena. In 1892, E. E. Barnard observed a pale haze fill the crater interior, while the surroundings remained clear and sharply visible.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Thales. |
Westford Knight | 1000143-0 | "Westford Knight" is the name given to a pattern, variously interpreted as a carving or a natural feature, or a combination of both, located on a glacial boulder (also known as the Sinclair Rock) in Westford, Massachusetts in the United States. |
Westford Knight | 1000143-1 | Early references
The rock and carving are first mentioned in print in an 1873 edition of the "Gazetteer of Massachusetts" and was described as "There upon its face a rude figure, supposed to have been cut by some Indian Artist." In an 1883 town history, the carving is described as "A broad ledge which crops out near the house of William Kitteredge has upon its surface grooves made by glaciers. Rude outlines of the human face have been traced upon it, and the figure is said to be the work of Indians." The carving was subsequently interpreted not as a human figure but as a broken Norse Sword by William Goodwin in his book on the America's Stonehenge site.
Frank Glynn, president of the Archaeological Society of Connecticut, re-located the carving and following discussions with T. C. Lethbridge about Goodwin's theory, chalked in a full figure in 1954, resembling a medieval knight, with a sword and shield, and he is usually said to be the "discoverer of the Westford Knight." It was Lethbridge who suggested to Glynn that the sword was not of Viking origin, but was "a hand-and-a-half wheel pommel sword" common in 14th century North Britain. |
Westford Knight | 1000143-2 | Contemporary interpretations The current interpretation by those who advocate that the feature on the rock is a human figure is that it commemorates a fallen member of the party of Henry Sinclair, a Scottish Earl from Orkney, whom some believe to have made a voyage to the New World in 1398, traveling to Nova Scotia and New England. According to Raymond Ramsey in 1972, the shield carried by the knight in the image was found to support this belief, when "English heraldic experts consulted by Lethbridge definitely identified arms on the shield as belonging to the Sinclairs of Scotland". It has been suggested that the knight is Sir James Gunn, a member of Clan Gunn and a Knight Templar who reportedly traveled with Sinclair. The monument next to the "knight" commemorates this interpretation, stating as fact that Sinclair and his party traveled to present-day Massachusetts.
The claim was mentioned in an Encyclopedia of Dubious Archaeology in 2010. |
Mario Scheiber | 10001462-0 | Mario Scheiber (born March 6, 1983) is an Austrian former skier who competed in all World Cup disciplines apart from slalom. He first started in a World Cup race on March 15, 2003, in Lillehammer. However, it was not until the 2004–05 season that he would start again in the World Cup, this time on a regular basis, finishing second twice and third once. In the 2005–06 season he participated in only one race because of a training injury. However, he had a successful comeback in the 2006–07 season, finishing in podium positions several times. |
Mario Scheiber | 10001462-1 | Biography In the 2002/03 season, Scheiber already achieved several top 10 placements in the European Cup. On February 19, he stood on the podium for the first time with third place in the downhill of Tarvisio. Shortly afterwards, he won the gold medal in the giant slalom and bronze in the super-G at the 2003 Junior World Championships, at the same time as the Swiss Daniel Albrecht. As junior world champion he was first allowed to start in the world cup at the season finale in Hajfell, though he dropped out in the second round of giant slalom. Scheiber became Austrian champion in super-G in March 2003 and after that winter was promoted to the A-squad of the Austrian ski organization. On December 18 in 2003 he claimed his first win in the European cup at the downhill of the Tonale Pass and by getting to the podium three more times in the 2003–04 season he came in fifth in the overall standings and third in each of the downhill and super-G rankings, which guaranteed him a spot in those disciplines for the world cup in the upcoming winter. |
Mario Scheiber | 10001462-2 | In the 2007–08 world cup season Scheiber achieved three podium places: He finished second in the super-G of Beaver Creek and second in the downhill of Kitzbühel and third in the super-G of Kitzbühel. However, on March 6, 2008, his 25th birthday, he seriously injured his left shoulder during his giant slalom training in Maria Alm. After an operation he had to end the season early. Due to another injury, the following 2008–09 season was already over for Scheiber after only three races: On November 30, 2008, he suffered a cartilage and meniscus damage in his knee in the super-G of Lake Louise without a fall and was unable to participate in any further races due to persistent pain for the rest of the winter. |
Timaeus (crater) | 1000147-0 | Timaeus is a lunar impact crater in the northern part of the Moon, on the north edge of Mare Frigoris. It forms part of the southwestern wall of the large and irregular walled plain W. Bond. The rim of Timaeus is somewhat pentagonal in shape, with rounded corners. There is a central rise in the midpoint of the crater floor.
The irregular terrain to the west of Timaeus displays a degree of streaky parallelism, as was noted by the Rev. T. W. Webb. These follow a path slightly to the east of north.
Timaeus is a crater of Upper (Late) Imbrian age. |
The Sneetches and Other Stories | 1000149-0 | The Sneetches and Other Stories is a collection of stories by American children's author Dr. Seuss, published in 1961. It is composed of four separate stories with themes of tolerance, diversity, and compromise: "The Sneetches", "The Zax", "Too Many Daves", and "What Was I Scared Of?". Based on an online poll, the National Education Association listed the book as one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children". In 2012 it was ranked number 63 among the Top 100 Picture Books in a survey published by School Library Journal – the fifth of five Dr. Seuss books on the list. |
The Sneetches and Other Stories | 1000149-1 | A 45-minute CGI animated special based on The Sneetches is in development for Netflix.
Stories
The Sneetches
The first story in the collection tells of a group of yellow bird-like creatures called the Sneetches, some of whom have a green star on their bellies. At the beginning of the story, Sneetches with stars discriminate against and shun those without. An entrepreneur/con-artist named Sylvester McMonkey McBean (calling himself the Fix-It-Up Chappie) appears and offers the Sneetches without stars the chance to get them with his Star-On machine, for three dollars. The treatment is instantly popular, but this upsets the original Star-Bellied Sneetches, as they are in danger of losing their special status. McBean then tells them about his Star-Off machine, costing ten dollars, and the Sneetches who originally had stars happily pay the money to have them removed in order to remain special. However, McBean does not share the prejudices of the Sneetches and allows the recently starred Sneetches through this machine as well. Ultimately, this escalates, with the Sneetches running from one machine to the next...
"...until neither the Plain nor the Star-Bellies knew |
The Sneetches and Other Stories | 1000149-2 | or which one was what one... or what one was who".
This continues until the Sneetches are penniless and McBean departs as a rich man, amused by their folly. Despite his assertion that "you can't teach a Sneetch", the Sneetches learn from this experience that neither Plain-Bellied nor Star-Bellied Sneetches are superior, and they are able to get along and become friends. "The Sneetches" was intended by Seuss as a satire of discrimination between races and cultures, and was specifically inspired by his opposition to antisemitism.
The Zax
In "The Zax", a North-going Zax and a South-going Zax meet face to face on the Prairie of Prax. Each asks the other to make way, but neither budges, saying it is against their upbringing to move any other way. Because they stubbornly refuse to move (east, west, or any direction except their respective headings) to get past each other, the two Zax then face off against each other with their arms crossed. The Zax stand so long that eventually a highway overpass is built around them. The story ends with the Zax still standing there "unbudged" in their tracks. |
The Sneetches and Other Stories | 1000149-3 | Too Many Daves What Was I Scared Of?
"What Was I Scared Of?" tells the tale of a character who frequently encounters an empty pair of pale-green pants in dark and spooky locations. The character, who is the narrator, is initially afraid of the pants, which are able to stand freely despite the lack of a wearer. However, when he screams for help, the pants also start to cry, and he realizes that "they were just as scared as I!" The empty pants and the narrator become friends. This is one of the few Seuss works in verse that is not Anapestic tetrameter.
Distribution by NATO in Bosnia
In 1998, NATO translated the collection into Serbo-Croatian and planned to distribute 500,000 copies to children in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as part of a campaign to encourage tolerance. This was later scaled back to 50,000 copies at a cost of $120,000 as well as looking for a more appropriate source of funding such as an NGO, private charity or corporation, as this expenditure did not meet the "Minimum Military Requirement" test for NATO common funding eligibility. |
Irregular chess opening | 100015-0 | In chess, an irregular opening is an opening considered unusual or unorthodox. In the early 19th century the term was used for any opening not beginning with 1.e4 e5 (the Open Game) or 1.d4 d5 (the Closed Game). As opening theory has developed and openings formerly considered "irregular" have become standard, the term has been used less frequently.
Because these openings are not popular with chess players, the standard opening references such as Modern Chess Openings (MCO) and Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings (ECO) do not cover them in detail.
Usage of the term
While the term has frequently been used in chess literature, its meaning has never been precise and has varied between writers. |
Irregular chess opening | 100015-1 | Carl Jaenisch, who was an early advocate of the French and Sicilian defences, rejected this use of the term "irregular", saying that openings should rather be classified as "correct", "incorrect" or "hazardous". In The Chess-Player's Handbook (1847), for many years the standard English-language reference book on the game of chess, Howard Staunton accepted Lewis's overall classification system while tacitly acknowledging Jaenisch's objections. He wrote "Those methods of commencing the game, in which the first or second player moves other than (1.e4 e5 or 1.d4 d5) are usually designated "Irregular". Without assenting to the propriety of this distinction, I have thought it advisable, for the sake of perspicuity, to adopt a general and well known classification in preference to arranging these peculiar débuts under separate and less familiar heads." Under this heading, Staunton considers the French Defence, Sicilian Defence, Scandinavian Defence, Owen's Defence, Dutch Defence, Benoni Defence, Bird's Opening and English Opening. |
Irregular chess opening | 100015-2 | Strategic considerations Examples
Unusual first moves by White
The vast majority of high-level chess games begin with either 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.Nf3, or 1.c4. Also seen occasionally are 1.g3, 1.b3, and 1.f4. Other opening moves by White, along with a few non-transposing lines beginning 1.g3, are classified under the code "A00" by the Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings and described as "uncommon" or "irregular". Although they are classified under a single code, these openings are unrelated to each other.
The openings classified as A00 are:
1.a3 – Anderssen's Opening
1.a4 – Ware Opening
1.b4 – Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Polish Opening or Orangutan Opening
1.c3 – Saragossa Opening
1.d3 – Mieses Opening
1.e3 – Van 't Kruijs Opening |
Irregular chess opening | 100015-3 | 1.g3 – King's Fianchetto Opening or Benko's Opening
1.g4 – Grob's Attack
1.h3 – Clemenz Opening, or Basman's Attack
1.h4 – Desprez Opening, or Kadas Opening
1.Na3 – Durkin Opening, also known as Durkin's Attack or the Sodium Attack
1.Nc3 – Dunst Opening
1.Nh3 – Amar Opening, also known as the Paris Opening, Ammonia Opening, or Drunken Knight Opening
The Nimzowitsch-Larsen Attack (1.b3, ECO code A01) and Bird's Opening (1.f4, ECO codes A02–A03) have also been described as "irregular", particularly in older books.
Unusual responses by Black
Openings in which Black makes an unconventional response to 1.e4 are classified as B00 (King's Pawn Game). Included in this code are:
1.e4 a6 – St. George Defence
1.e4 b6 – Owen's Defence
1.e4 f6 – Barnes Defence
1.e4 h6 – Carr Defence
1.e4 Na6 – Lemming Defence
1.e4 Nc6 – Nimzowitsch Defence
1.e4 Nh6 – Adams Defence
1.e4 a5 – Cornstalk Defence
1.e4 b5 – O'Neill Gambit (loses pawn to 2. Bxb5)
1.e4 f5 – Fred Defence
1.e4 g5 – Borg Defence
1.e4 h5 – Goldsmith Defence
Of these, 1...Nc6, 1...b6, 1...a6, and 1...g5 have received the most theoretical attention. Tony Miles famously used 1...a6 to defeat Anatoly Karpov. |
Darłówko | 10001503-0 | Darłówko () is a seaside neighborhood and a popular summertime resort in the town of Darłowo on the southern coast of the Baltic Sea in northern Poland. It is the site of a yearly gathering of old military vehicles, the largest of its kind in Europe, held at the end of Słowiańska street. Darłówko has two beaches, east and west, extending from either side of the Wieprza river mouth.
Lighthouse
Located here is the shortest lighthouse on the Polish seacoast, at 21m in height. It is administered by the marine office in Słupsk.
Boat to Bornholm
Until 29 August each year there is a connection by ship with Nexø on the Danish island of Bornholm. The catamaran "Jantar" carries 288 passengers, and caters mostly to the children from the summer camps nearby and from around the port of Ustka, which does not have a similar connection to Bornholm.
Water park Jan
"Park Wodny Jan" is a water park located at the end of Słowiańska street. |
James Key (Formula One) | 10001505-0 | Education
James Key studied Mechanical Engineering at the University of Nottingham. Lotus Engineering sponsored him to his degree in 1996.
Formula One career
Key joined Jordan Grand Prix in 1998 spending several years as a data engineer, then became race engineer for Takuma Sato. Following a year in the wind tunnel he transferred to the vehicle dynamics department, eventually becoming the department head during the team's final few seasons as Jordan Grand Prix.
Shortly after the team's ownership transferred to MF1 Racing, he became Technical Director during the 2005 Formula One season following a brief period as Technical Co-ordinator. He was one of the youngest Technical Directors of a Formula One team, at the age of 33 years, along with Sam Michael (born in 1971) who became the technical director of the Williams F1 team at the age of 33 during the 2004 season. Key retained his position during the team's transition through Spyker F1 to Force India F1.
In April 2010 he left Force India to join the Sauber team, replacing Willy Rampf as Technical Director. He remained there for almost two years, before leaving in February 2012 to accept an undisclosed offer with one of the British-based teams. |
James Key (Formula One) | 10001505-1 | On 26 July 2018, McLaren confirmed that Key had agreed to become technical director of the team, replacing the ousted Tim Goss. On 22 February 2019, it was announced that Key would join McLaren from 25 March 2019, just after the Australian Grand Prix. He formed a triumvirate with Andrea Stella as Racing Director and Piers Thynne as Production Director, all under Team Principal Andreas Seidl. Key was sacked by McLaren on 23 March 2023 in an organisational change of the team's executive technical director role, replaced by David Sanchez following team dissatifaction with the initial design and early season performance of their 2023 challenger - the MCL60.
On 7 June 2023, Alfa Romeo F1 Team Stake announced that Key would be joining the team on 1 September 2023. He will take on the role of Technical Director again, replacing the ousted Jan Monchaux. He previously held the position of Technical Director under this team under its former name of Sauber in 2013, ahead of their re-branding as the Audi works team in 2026. He will once again be working under Andreas Seidl, CEO of Sauber Group, who had served as Team Principal during the pair's time at McLaren. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-0 | Club de Deportes Iquique S.A.D.P. is a Chilean football club based in Iquique that is a current member of the Chilean Primera División. Founded in 1978, the club's home stadium is the Estadio Tierra de Campeones, which has a 13,171 capacity.
Iquique has spent 19 seasons in the Primera División, its longest spell lasting ten years (1980–90). The team has spent 13 seasons in Primera B and four in the third-tier Tercera División. Among its titles, Iquique has won three Copa Chile titles (1980, 2010 and 2013–14).
They have a local rivalry with San Marcos de Arica, disputing the derby since early 1980s.
History
The team was founded on 21 May 1978 by the merger of Cavancha and Estrella de Chile. The following year Iquique competed in the Segunda División, winning it and securing promotion to the Campeonato Nacional.
In its first season at top level, the club finished in 14th place out of eighteen teams and won the Copa Polla Gol, beating Colo-Colo in the final at the Estadio Nacional. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-1 | In 1991, following a poor campaign where the team finished in the bottom of the table, they were relegated to the second division. They returned to the top flight for one season in 1993, and again for two seasons in 1997. However, in 2002, the club was relegated to the third division and then declared bankruptcy. It was relaunched as Municipal Iquique.
During its four-year presence in the third division, the club saw the rise of Chilean international Edson Puch, a key player in their title win of 2006. Two years later, Iquique reached its fourth promotion to the top division, beating Coquimbo Unido in the promotion playoffs. During the 2009 Apertura, Puch was transferred to Universidad de Chile and Cristian Bogado to Colo-Colo. The club only obtained nine points during the second half of the season, and finished bottom of the table to be relegated to the second division. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-2 | In 2012, Iquique participated in the Copa Sudamericana for the second consecutive time, qualifying with third place in the 2012 Apertura which saw the return of Puch and Bogado, signings including Rodrigo Díaz and the emergence of Álvaro Ramos as a strong player. However, once again the team were eliminated at the preliminary stage, this time by Uruguay's Nacional after a 4–2 aggregate loss. That season, the club qualified for the Copa Libertadores after finishing third in the league. After beating Mexican side León in the first stage, Iquique finished bottom of their group in the next stage.
In 2014, Iquique won its third Copa Chile, qualifying again for the Copa Sudamericana. For the third time, it was eliminated at the preliminary stage, with a loss to Universitario de Sucre from Bolivia. In the 2014–15 season, Católica lost the title to Cobresal on the final matchday after drawing 3–3 with Iquique, after Iquique had been losing 3–0 at half time. During the 2015–16 season they finished tenth in the annual table. |
Deportes Iquique | 10001507-3 | Stadium Players
Current squad
The teams of the Chilean Primera Division are limited to five players without Chilean nationality and also the same number of foreign players in the field.
2021 Winter transfers
In
Out
Managers
Ramón Estay (1979–1980)
Aurelio Valenzuela (1985)
Ramón Estay (1987–1988)
Ramón Estay (1990)
Ramón Estay (1992)
Mario Maldonado (1993)
Ramón Estay (1994)
Juan Páez (1995)
Gerardo Pelusso (1996–97)
Jorge Garcés (1998–99)
Ramón Estay (2001)
Ramón Estay (2003)
Gustavo Huerta (2009–10)
José Cantillana (2010–11)
Fernando Vergara (2011)
Jorge Pellicer (2011–12)
Christian Díaz (2013)
Jaime Vera (2013–14)
Héctor Pinto (2014)
Nelson Acosta (2014–2015)
Jaime Vera (2015–2017)
Erick Guerrero (2017–2018)
Miguel Riffo (2018)
Luis Musrri (2018)
Pablo Sánchez (2019)
Jaime Vera (2019-2020)
Cristián Leiva (2020-2021)
Luís Musrri (2021)
Víctor Rivero (2022)
Patrick Rojas (2022)
José Miguel Cantillana (2022)
Manuel Villalobos (2022)
Miguel Ponce (2023)
Miguel Ramírez (2024-Act.)
Honours
Domestic
Copa Chile: 3
1980, 2010, 2013–14
Segunda División/Primera B: 3
1979, 1997-C, 2010
Tercera División: 1
2006 |
Torricelli (crater) | 1000151-0 | Torricelli is a lunar impact crater in the eastern part of the Sinus Asperitatis, to the south of the Mare Tranquillitatis. It was named after Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli. The western rim of the crater is broken open and joined to a smaller crater to the west. The entire formation has a pear-shaped appearance. Torricelli lies in the northeastern part of a circular formation of rises in the lunar mare, possibly the remains of a crater formation buried by lava.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Torricelli. |
Sidcot Swallet | 10001514-0 | Sidcot Swallet is a cave near Burrington Combe, in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England.
It was named after the Sidcot School Speleological Society who explored it in 1925.
A swallet, also known as a sinkhole, sink, shakehole, swallow hole or doline, is a natural depression or hole in the surface topography caused by the removal of soil or bedrock, often both, by water flowing beneath.
After Goatchurch Cavern, Sidcot Swallet is probably the most popular cave on Mendip for novice parties. What it lacks in length or depth is adequately compensated for by its sporty squeezes and narrow crawls. Despite its popularity, many calcite formations still remain intact in the farthest reaches of the cave. |
Phoenix (1821 whaler) | 10001529-0 | Phoenix, or Phenix, was an American wooden whaler, launched in 1821. She plied the Pacific Ocean from her homeport of Nantucket, Massachusetts. She made ten complete voyages between 1821 and her loss, on her 11th voyage, in 1858.
Phoenix and her captain, Perry Winslow, discovered Winslow Reef, northwest of Canton, in 1851. The entire group of Phoenix Islands in the South Pacific are named after a ship, which was active in the area in the 1820s, which may be this ship.
Phoenix was in the Galapagos in 1835 and 1836. On 10 January 1836 the crew was ashore and left graffiti carved into rocks there. While in the Galapagos islands the crew also gathered tortoises to eat, perhaps as many as 140.
Whaling voyages
Between 1821 and 1858, Phoenix made 11 whaling voyages:
Fate
Phoenix was lost on Elbow Island in the Sea of Okhotsk on 12 October 1858, about 100 miles from Ayan. |
Castle Walk | 1000153-0 | The dance
In this dance, the man (the leader) continually goes forward and the lady (the follower) backward. In order that the lady may be properly guided about the room, the man's arm encircles her right under her arm, while her left hand rests on the man's right arm. The position of the lady's right arm and the man's left arm is high, with their hands clasped, as portrayed in the illustration.
The man starts forward with his left foot and the lady backward with her right, walking with gliding steps, keeping on the toes to one count of the music with each step. This is continued to the end of the room, where a large circle is begun, which is gradually made smaller and smaller, until it is ended by whirling completely around three times to corresponding counts of the music, ending with a dip. The three whirls must be done rapidly to accomplish a complete revolution to one beat of the music. |
Castle Walk | 1000153-1 | Troy Kinney describes the Castle Walk as part of One-Step as follows:
This is a walking step of direct advance and retreat, not used to move to the side. The couple are in closed position, the woman, therefore, stepping backward as the man steps forward, and vice versa. The advancing foot is planted in fourth position, the knee straight, the toe down so that the ball of the foot strikes the floor first. The walk presents an appearance of strutting, although the shoulders are held level, and the body firm; a sharp twist that punctuates each step is effected by means of pivoting on the supporting foot. The shoulder and hip movements that originally characterized the "trot" are no longer practiced in the dance.
The song
"The Castle Walk," trot and one-step, Jos. W. Stern & Co., publisher (Joseph W. Stern; 1870–1934) (©1914);
Early discography
"Castle Walk," Europe's Society Orchestra, Victor, Matrix: B-14434, recorded February 10, 1914, New York
Musicians:
Tracy Cooper, violin
George Smith, violin
Walter Scott, violin
Five unidentified banjoists and mandolinists
"Castle Walk," Prince's Band, Columbia, Matrix: 36930, catalog no. A5562, recorded April 15, 1914, New York |
Ink Pen | 10001536-0 | Ink Pen is an American daily comic strip by Phil Dunlap which was syndicated by Universal Press Syndicate/Universal Uclick from 2005 to 2012. |
Ink Pen | 10001536-1 | the daily strip went in reruns, with plans to have new weekly comics running concurrently after a brief hiatus. |
Georg Gaertner | 10001537-0 | Georg Gärtner (; December 18, 1920 – January 30, 2013) was a German World War II soldier who was captured by British troops and later held as a prisoner of war by the United States. He escaped from a prisoner of war camp, took on a new identity as Dennis F. Whiles, and was never recaptured. He revealed his true identity after staying some 40 years in the United States.
Biography
Gärtner was from Schweidnitz, Lower Silesia (now Świdnica, Poland). He enlisted in the Wehrmacht in 1940
at age 19, and fought in the North African Campaign with the Afrika Korps. He was captured by British troops in Tunis in 1943 and was taken to the United States as a prisoner of war.
At the end of the war, Gärtner was terrified at the thought of being repatriated to his hometown, which at the time became a part of communist Poland, and decided to escape. Several weeks after the war's end, he escaped from his prison camp in Deming, New Mexico, on September 22, 1945. After crawling under two gates, he jumped aboard a passing freight train whose schedule he had calculated. The train took him to California. |
Georg Gaertner | 10001537-1 | After his 1945 escape the US Army launched a manhunt which lasted until 1963. The FBI issued "wanted" posters for Gärtner in 1947. According to his autobiography, he joined a ski expedition formed to rescue the City of San Francisco, a train stranded in a blizzard in the Sierra Nevada in January 1952, immediately after which Life magazine took his and the group's picture. Meanwhile, FBI wanted posters for him were in most post offices. For 40 years Gärtner was listed as one of the FBI's most wanted persons. However, since the authorities correctly surmised his reason for escaping, to avoid repatriation rather than a violent goal such as seeking revenge for Germany's defeat, he was not designated "dangerous", which would have resulted in a more intense manhunt. |
Georg Gaertner | 10001537-2 | His wife Jean Clarke divorced him in the 1980s, because he returned to Germany for two years with little communication. Visiting his sister in Hamburg, he saw no future for himself in Germany, so he returned to the U.S. He resided in Colorado for the remainder of his life, primarily living in Gunbarrel. He and Jean continued their friendship over the years and her grandchildren considered him a grandfather. In his later years he spent his time pursuing his passion as a painter and befriended other German-speaking locals, often hosting them at the bungalow he cohabited with an elderly German lady named Mildred. |
Bodø Station | 10001554-0 | Bodø Station () is a railway station located in the center of the town of Bodø in Bodø Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The station is the terminus of the Nordland Line that was completed in 1961. The station is served by day- and night trains to Trondheim and commuter trains to Rognan, operated by SJ Norge using Class 93 units.
The decision to build the railway to Bodø was made in 1923, but was not completed until the 1960s due to lack of funds and World War II. Freight traffic was permitted starting in December 1961 while the passenger section was opened on 7 June 1962 by King Olav V. In 2010, the station building was upgraded for , including a 23-room, 71-bed hostel. |
Boardwalk | 1000156-0 | A boardwalk (alternatively board walk, boarded path, or promenade) is an elevated footpath, walkway, or causeway typically built with wooden planks, which functions as a type of low water bridge or small viaduct that enables pedestrians to better cross wet, muddy or marshy lands. Such timber trackways have existed since at least Neolithic times.
In many seaside resort locations, boardwalks along the beach provide access to shops, hotels, and tourist attractions. The Jersey Shore in the United States is especially noted for its abundance of boardwalks.
Some wooden boardwalks have had sections replaced by concrete and even "a type of recycled plastic that looks like wood."
History
An early example is the Sweet Track that Neolithic people built in the Somerset levels, England, around 6000 years ago. This track consisted mainly of planks of oak laid end-to-end, supported by crossed pegs of ash, oak, and lime, driven into the underlying peat. |
Boardwalk | 1000156-1 | Duckboards
A duckboard is a type of boardwalk placed over muddy and wet ground. During World War I, duckboards were used to line the bottom of trenches on the Western Front because these were regularly flooded, and mud and water would lie in the trenches for months on end. The boards helped to keep the soldiers' feet dry and prevent the development of trench foot, caused by prolonged standing in waterlogged conditions. They also allowed for troops' easier movement through the trench systems.
Combat troops on nearly all sides routinely wore hobnail-style trench boots that often slipped on the new duck boards when they were wet, and required extra caution. Falling or slipping off the duckboards could often be dangerous, even fatal. Unfortunate soldiers were left struggling to rise under the weight of their equipment in the intractable and sometimes deep water or mud. If this happened at ground level during a tactical advance, the rising soldier could be left a defenseless target for enemy fire as well as hinder forward progress. He could also simply go unnoticed in the ensuing melee, and easily drown under his heavy equipment. |
USS Crouter | 10001565-0 | Namesake
Mark Hanna Crouter was born on 3 October 1897 in Baker, Oregon. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy on 7 June 1919. After extensive service at sea and ashore, he served as executive officer on the heavy cruiser . He was killed in the Naval Battle of Guadalcanal. He was posthumously awarded the Navy Cross.
Construction and commissioning
Crouter originally was intended for transfer to the United Kingdom as BDE-11, but was instead retained by the U.S. Navy. She was laid down on 8 February 1942 at the Boston Navy Yard at Boston, Massachusetts and launched on 26 January 1943, sponsored by Mrs. M. H. Crouter, widow of Commander Crouter. She was commissioned on 25 May 1943.
Service history
Departing Boston on 24 July 1943, Crouter deployed to the Pacific Ocean for World War II service. She reached Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 3 September 1943. After several convoy escort voyages to Efate and Espiritu Santo in the New Hebrides and to Viti Levu in the Fiji Islands, she escorted convoys between Nouméa and Port Purvis on Florida Island in the Solomons, aiding in the consolidation of the Solomon Islands until 31 March 1944. |
USS Crouter | 10001565-1 | At San Pedro Bay, Leyte, in the Philippine Islands, Crouter joined the screen of the transport convoy bound for Okinawa, arriving on 1 April 1945 for the invasion landings. She remained on patrol off Okinawa, joining a hunter-killer group from 19 April 1945 to 28 April 1945. Her service in anti-aircraft work included shooting down two suicide planes.
Crouter reported to Guam on 21 May 1945 for training with submarines, remaining there through the end of the war and until 18 September 1945.
Crouter returned to the United States at San Pedro, California, on 5 October 1945, and was decommissioned on 30 November 1945. She was sold for scrapping on 25 November 1946.
Awards
Crouter was awarded one battle star for World War II service in the Pacific. |
José Bautista (pitcher) | 10001583-0 | José Joaquín Bautista Arias (born July 25, 1964) is a Dominican-born former right-handed pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1988 to 1997. |
José Bautista (pitcher) | 10001583-1 | Early and personal life Baseball career
Bautista was signed by the New York Mets as an amateur free agent in April 1981. In 1984 he was 13–4 with a 3.13 earned run average (ERA) for Columbia in the South Atlantic League, and in 1985, 15–8 with a 2.34 ERA for Lynchburg in the Carolina League.
He pitched for seven years in the New York Mets system before being selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the December 1987 Rule 5 draft. He joined the Orioles rotation in 1988, spending four years with them before moving to the Chicago Cubs (1993–94), San Francisco Giants (1995–96), Detroit Tigers (1997), and St. Louis Cardinals (1997).
As a rookie, he went 6–15 with 76 strikeouts and a 4.30 ERA in 171 innings pitched, including 25 starts and three complete games. That was his best season as an Oriole.
He holds the MLB record for fewest pitches in a complete game of 8 innings or more. He threw 70 pitches in a 1-0 Orioles loss to the Seattle Mariners on September 30, 1988. |
José Bautista (pitcher) | 10001583-2 | After going 4–5 for Chicago in 1994 while pitching in 58 games (second in the league), he pitched with San Francisco the next two years and spent 1997 with Detroit and St. Louis in his last Major League season.
In a nine-season career, Bautista posted a 32–42 record with 328 strikeouts and a 4.04 ERA in 312 games, including three saves, 49 starts, 4 complete games and 685 innings pitched.
Through 2010, he was fifth all-time in career games pitched (312; directly behind Steve Stone) among Jewish major league baseball players.
Coaching career
Bautista was the pitching coach of the Burlington Bees in 2001–02, the Idaho Falls Chukars in 2004–06 and the Burlington Royals in 2007. He also managed the Great Falls Voyagers, advanced A rookie team of the Chicago White Sox, was a roving instructor for Latin players in the White Sox farm system in 2010. In 2011, he was the pitching coach for the Kannapolis Intimidators, an A-ball affiliate of the White Sox. He was the pitching coach for the Kamloops NorthPaws of the West Coast League for the 2022 and 2023 seasons, was promoted to head coach for 2024. |
Fly Away (Paul Wright album) | 10001589-0 | Fly Away is the debut album of Christian rapper, Paul Wright. It was released in 2003 by Gotee Records. Notable songs include "Your Love Never Changes", the first single from the album, and "West Coast Kid", which features Christian artist tobyMac. The musical style is original and has been described as acoustic hip hop.
Track listing
"Your Love Never Changes"
"South Beach"
"Brighter"
"Life After Death"
"Crashing Down"
"Flip Flops"
"Smootreggaestyle"
"West Coast Kid" (featuring tobyMac)
"Fly Away"
"You're Beautiful"
"Mommy, Where's Daddy?"
"Rock the Show"
"Who is this Woman?"
"Wonderful Creator"
"Rock the Show" (Lightheaded remix) |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-0 | The political positions of Mitt Romney have been recorded from his 1994 U.S. senatorial campaign in Massachusetts, the 2002 gubernatorial election, during his 2003–2007 governorship, during his 2008 U.S. presidential campaign, in his 2010 book No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, during his 2012 U.S. presidential campaign, and during his 2018 senatorial campaign in Utah. Some of these political positions have changed, while others have remained unchanged. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-1 | Economic policy
Agriculture
In his 1994 Senate campaign, Romney called for the "virtual elimination" of the federal Department of Agriculture and for reductions in farm subsidies. In 2007, when questioned about these views, a Romney for President Iowa campaign spokesman responded: "Governor Romney believes that investing in agriculture is key to our economy and families." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-2 | Romney's position on federal mandates that require gasoline producers to include ethanol in gasoline blends has been less clear. The Romney campaign responded to a survey question asking for Romney's position on ethanol use mandates by saying the ethanol industry "has made important strides in reducing America's dependence on foreign oil" and ethanol "should continue to have prospects for growing its share in transportation fuels." Romney wrote to the American Farm Bureau Federation, "The increased production of biofuels plays an important part in my plan to achieve energy independence. In order to support increased market penetration and competition among energy sources, I am in favor of maintaining the Renewable Fuel Standard."
Romney declined to respond to survey questions from the Iowa Corn Growers Association requesting his positions on crop insurance and conservation during the presidential primary campaign. He responded to an American Farm Bureau Federation questionnaire in 2012 by saying, "my immediate priority [as president] should be given to enacting disaster relief for those not traditionally covered by crop insurance as this year's drought has worsened." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-3 | Automotive industry
Budget
In March 2012, Romney endorsed the House Budget Committee proposed budget for the fiscal year 2013, a newer version of Paul Ryan's The Path to Prosperity. In 2019, as a US Senator, Romney voted for both Republican and Democratic bills to end a government shutdown. He was one of six Republicans breaking with their party to vote for the Democratic bill. In 2021, Romney joined all Senate and House Republicans in voting against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021; however, on September 30, 2021, he was among 15 Republicans in the Senate who joined all Democrats, and both Independents, to pass a temporary spending bill to continue government funding and avoid a government shutdown. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-4 | Campaign finance
In his 1994 Senate campaign, Romney advocated spending limits on congressional campaigns and suggested abolishing political action committees.
In his 2002 gubernatorial campaign, Romney proposed taxing private political contributions in order to finance publicly funded campaigns.
In 2007 Romney began criticizing the McCain-Feingold Law, saying "We step into dangerous territory when politicians start eviscerating our fundamental freedoms in the name of amorphous principles, like campaign finance reform."
He wrote in 2007: "The original intent of McCain-Feingold was to reduce the role of money and special interests in our political system. But on this too it has been a failure. Political spending has been driven into secret corners and more power and influence has been handed to hidden special interests. What is really needed is greater transparency, and disclosure, of campaign contributions – not more restrictions on political speech." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-5 | Defense spending levels
Romney singled out the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey as a program that would require "very careful inspection", however he pledged to ramp up production of jet fighters.
According to Suzy Khimm, writing in The Washington Post in mid-2012, the Obama administration's 2013 budget would have had defense spending go from about 4.5% of GDP in 2012 to about 3% of GDP in 2013. Romney, by contrast, called for setting a defense spending floor at 4% of GDP. In September 2012, Romney said that he would like to maintain the current level of defense spending relative to GDP.
Deficit
Romney (like several other Republican candidates) signed the "cut, cap and balance" pledge, under which an increase in the federal debt ceiling would be contingent on major cuts in spending, caps on spending, and a balanced-budget amendment to the Constitution. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-6 | Energy and the environment
During Massachusetts governorship
Romney's positions on energy policy and environmental protection regulations shifted from his time as governor of Massachusetts to his campaign for the presidency in the 2012 election.
As a candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 2002, and later as governor, Romney prioritized policies that would promote energy conservation and reduce environmental pollution. He said that he was "absolutely committed" to renewable energy and that "I think the global warming debate is now pretty much over and people recognize the need associated with providing sources which do not generate the heat currently provided by fossil fuels."
Campaigning for the governorship, he argued in support of measures such as imposing higher taxes on SUVs to help reduce auto emissions and conserve energy; revitalizing urban neighborhoods using fees charged to developers for cutting down trees in suburban areas; and doubling the rate of cleanup of brownfield lands. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-7 | Arguing for environmental protection regulations in 2003, Romney said that "if the choice is between dirty power plants or protecting the health of the people of Massachusetts, I will always come down on the side of public health." He insisted that a coal power plant not delay in meeting tough emissions standards even at the cost of losing jobs: "I will not create jobs or hold jobs that kill people. ... And that plant, that plant kills people." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-8 | He pursued policies to make greater use of carpooling and public transit, and sought tax credits to stimulate purchases of hybrid and other more fuel-efficient vehicles.
Romney argued that tax policy should be used to promote energy conservation. When his lieutenant governor supported a temporary suspension of the state gasoline tax to provide consumers some relief during a period of especially high gasoline prices in 2006, Romney rejected the proposal, arguing that maintaining the tax would help encourage energy conservation: "I don't think that now is the time, and I'm not sure there will be the right time, for us to encourage the use of more gasoline. ... I am very much in favor of people recognizing that these high gasoline prices are probably here to stay and that the appropriate action for us to take is to find ways to find fuel conservation." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-9 | Romney initially supported a regional greenhouse gas cap-and-trade initiative for New England and eastern Canada, but he ultimately withdrew his support when he was unable to ensure establishment of certain limits on the penalty fees businesses would be charged for exceeding emissions allowances. A week later, his administration issued a rule allowing companies to pay a fine instead of having to clean up emissions of toxins like mercury. Both decisions were made as Romney announced he would not run for a second term as governor and began to focus on entering the 2008 presidential campaign. Some former Romney policy advisors later told The New York Times that his political team had been afraid that, with industry being opposed to the cap-and-trade proposal, Romney's having included Massachusetts in the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative would have made Romney's chance of winning a presidential campaign very unlikely. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-10 | During 2012 presidential campaign In August 2012, during a week of heavy fundraising from oil company executives, Romney put forward what he called a comprehensive energy plan that he said would allow North America to become independent of foreign oil imports within a decade. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-11 | Romney reiterated in the proposal that as president he would approve the Keystone XL pipeline, to carry oil sands crude from western Canada to the U.S. Gulf Coast for refining. (During the campaign, Romney had promised that he would approve the pipeline project by executive order on his first day in office as president.)
Romney's written energy policy proposal made no mention of climate change, and made little mention of plans to improve energy conservation. During the campaign Romney opposed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) requirement that the average fuel efficiency of cars be doubled by 2025. "Governor Romney opposes the extreme standards that President Obama has imposed, which will limit the choices available to American families," said Romney spokeswoman Andrea Saul.
Romney had previously expressed opposition to federal aid for renewable energy development, and his August 2012 energy policy plan proposed eliminating government support in the form of loan guarantees and subsidies for development of renewable types of energy, sources of energy that Romney had said the Obama administration has been over-reliant on. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-12 | Disaster relief
As governor of Massachusetts, Romney requested federal disaster assistance to help with cleaning up after storms.
Finance
Romney says a major contributor to America's faltering economy has been what he views as excessive regulation. He has promised to repeal the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The Act implemented Wall Street reform with goals that included "improving accountability and transparency in the financial system" and protecting consumers. Romney criticized the Act as being "overwhelming" in length, but he said that one provision, distinguishing between home mortgages and high-risk securities in terms of the capital requirements, "does make sense", and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which was enacted to prevent accounting scandals such had occurred with the Enron corporation, with plans to eventually replace them with more streamlined regulations. He also proposes instituting measures that would make it more difficult for federal agencies to impose new regulations. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-13 | Healthcare
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)
During his 1994 run for the United States Senate, Romney indicated he would support a bill that included a federal health insurance mandate, saying that he was "willing to vote for things that [he was] not wild with".
As governor of Massachusetts in 2006, Romney proposed and signed into law a private, market-based reform that ensures every Massachusetts citizen will have health insurance, without a government takeover and without raising taxes. The law secured near-universal health care coverage. The legislation requires health insurance for all state residents, provided a plan is available to the individual that deemed affordable according to state standards. Employers with eleven or more employees are mandated to offer approved insurance plans for employees. Romney vetoed eight sections of the legislation, including a $295 per person fee on businesses with eleven employees or more that do not provide health insurance. Romney also vetoed provisions providing dental and eyeglass benefits to low income residents on the Medicaid program, and providing health coverage to senior and disabled legal immigrants not eligible for federal Medicaid. State legislature overrode all of the vetoes. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-14 | During 2009, as Congress debated proposals for health insurance reform, Romney said that he was in favor of increased health insurance portability, coverage of pre-existing medical conditions, a cap on malpractice lawsuits, the implementation of a streamlined electronic medical records system, an emphasis on preventive care, loosening restrictions on importation of prescription drugs, and tax benefits aimed at making health insurance more affordable for the uninsured and targeted to promote universal access. He said he opposed efforts to provide non-emergency health coverage to undocumented immigrants and he supported the Hyde Amendment prohibiting government funding for elective abortion. Romney opposed a federal single-payer system, but supported state efforts to reduce the uninsured population. The Massachusetts health care law was used as an early model for Democratic health insurance reforms in 2009. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-15 | In June 2012, Romney pledged to enact a system to replace the Affordable Care Act, but did not release details of how it would be paid for. Romney's plan includes expanding health savings accounts to pay for premiums, increased competition and consumer choice, and lawsuit reform. Romney has also praised the cost controls of the mandated universal health care coverage of Israel.
In August 2012, Romney indicated that he might retain parts of Obamacare such as coverage for pre-existing conditions, but this was quickly clarified as only ensuring insurance coverage for people who already had insurance coverage. In September 2012, Romney highlighted his success in providing government subsidizes to ensure medical coverage for all the children of Massachusetts. And in October the Romney campaign questioned the assumptions behind a Commonwealth Fund report that Romney's policies would provide health care insurance for 45 million fewer Americans than Obama's policies. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-16 | Medicare
While campaigning for the governorship of Massachusetts in 2002, Romney argued that the federal government should pay for medicines for seniors: "It is outrageous that some senior citizens are forced to choose between paying for their prescription drugs and their groceries. The federal government needs to step in with a plan for our senior citizens, and I will lobby officials on the federal level to provide a Medicare drug benefit." (The U.S. Congress would pass legislation providing for Medicare prescription drug coverage - Medicare Part D - the following year.)
In February 2012, in an address to the Detroit Economic Club during which he discussed his recently unveiled economic plan and federal budget proposal, Romney said that to help control government healthcare expenditures, as president he would seek to gradually raise the minimum age for Medicare eligibility. The change in eligibility would affect future Medicare beneficiaries who at the time of enactment of the rule change would be 54 years of age or younger; the eligibility age would be raised by one month per year, then eventually tied to life-expectancy. |
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