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Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-17 | During an interview in August 2012, several days after choosing Ryan as his running mate, Romney said, "Paul Ryan and my plan for Medicare, I think, is the same, if not identical -- it's probably close to identical."
A 2012 study by the Kaiser Family Foundation said, in October 2012, that a hypothetical Medicare plan along the lines of Romney would raise premiums for nearly 6 out of 10 seniors. The Romney campaign noted that the study did not specifically model any proposal from either campaign.
Chronic Lyme disease
In September 2012, a mailer from the Romney and Ryan campaign indicated they favored a law regarding "chronic Lyme disease", a controversial and unrecognized diagnosis, that will provide "physicians with protection from lawsuits to ensure they can treat the disease with the aggressive antibiotics that are required." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-18 | Housing Jobs
Romney argued during the 2012 presidential election campaign that his proposals to reduce government regulation of business activity and to revise the federal tax code and federal trade and energy policies would foster an environment that would lead businesses to create 12 million jobs within his first four years in office.
Glenn Kessler of The Washington Post fact-checked the claim and identified numerous problems with it, citing Moody's Analytics and the sources provided by Romney's own campaign staffers. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-19 | Labor unions Romney opposes the Employee Free Choice Act, a bill that would add penalties for labor violations and would allow union recognition based on signed requests from a majority of the workers. He has called for "cutting off funding" for the National Labor Relations Board.
Minimum wage
As governor of Massachusetts and as a candidate for president, Romney has called for tying raises in the national minimum wage to indicators of growth in the economy, such as increases in the inflation rate. He has said that increases in the minimum wage should be moderate and predictable. Commenting in March 2012 on a proposal put forward by some Democratic legislators to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10 per hour, Romney said that an increase in the minimum wage was probably not necessary at that time.
However, Romney has recently criticized his party's stance on minimum wage, stating in 2016 that he now believes it is time to increase the federal minimum wage. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-20 | Space exploration Stimulus
As governor of Massachusetts, Romney favored the use of economic stimulus measures, using both federal funding and state funding to help lift the state's sluggish economy. Just months into his tenure as governor, in April 2003, while he shied away from any public endorsement of the tax cuts proposed by the Bush Administration, he argued for federal funds to stimulate the local economy: "I very much support an economic stimulus. ... An economic stimulus is a good thing for Massachusetts." That same year, he proposed his own economic stimulus package of tax credits and grants to promote the state's high technology industry, ultimately totaling $100 million when agreed to by the legislature. Two years later, in February 2005, he proposed a much larger stimulus package, totaling $600 million, that he said would create 20,000 jobs over 5 years. The most controversial provision would have devoted $37 million to stimulate job creation by paying businesses $30,000 for each new employee hired.
In early January 2009, Romney supported the $750 billion federal economic stimulus package proposed by the incoming president, Barack Obama, who had not yet taken office. Romney said at the time: |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-21 | However, as a candidate for president in May 2012, Romney said that the economic stimulus package that had been enacted in February 2009 (the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) had been a waste of money that did little to jump-start the economy, and that the federal government had inflated the numbers of jobs that had been created or preserved by the various projects funded through the stimulus program.
Soon after the Republican victory in the 2012 Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election, Romney criticized Obama's stimulus policy, saying that Obama "wants another stimulus, he wants to hire more government workers. He says we need more fireman, more policeman, more teachers. Did he not get the message of Wisconsin? The American people did. It's time for us to cut back on government and help the American people." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-22 | Taxation Romney opposed the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010, the compromise tax package between President Obama and the Republicans Congressional leadership that centered around a two-year extension of the Bush tax cuts. He said, "because the extension is only temporary, a large portion of the investment and job growth that characteristically accompanies low taxes will be lost. [And] It will also add to the deficit." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-23 | Also in 2012, Romney supported the extension of the Bush tax cuts. Romney said that the tax deductions his plan might limit could include charitable contributions, home mortgage interest payments, or health-care expenses. And that he might limit all deductions to $17,000 per taxpayer.
Technology
Romney has said the government should invest more in technologies that will help the United States, such as power generation, fuel cells, nanotechnology, and materials science. During his 2012 presidential campaign, his website included a statement he had made while commenting on the importance of investing in technology research and development during a 2006 interview: |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-24 | In his 2010 book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, Romney wrote that one of government's useful roles is in fostering innovation.
Trade
Romney supports free trade, including agreements such as NAFTA and CAFTA, and has said that his business experience has given him an edge on trade policy. He also has said that nations adopting protectionist tariffs and policies eventually crumble. During the 2012 presidential campaign, he said that, if elected, he would seek "fast track" Trade Promotion Authority to more rapidly negotiate trade agreements, finalize the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and work to create a "Reagan Economic Zone" that would codify the principles of free trade at the international level and provide a way to punish countries that violate free trade policies.
Romney has favored getting tougher with China on trade issues and has pushed to renegotiate trade deals with China to help eliminate the Trade Deficit. He opposes currency manipulation and intellectual property theft by China and has said that he would be willing to impose tariffs when necessary. Romney opposed what he viewed as protectionist sanctions on Chinese tires.
Unemployment insurance
In 2010, Romney said that |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-25 | Foreign policy
China
Romney has accused China of "cheating" and "stealing American jobs". He warned China that if he is elected to the White House, there will be consequences for unfair trade, saying: "Unless China changes its ways, on day one of my presidency I will designate it a currency manipulator and take appropriate counteraction." and "A trade war with China is the last thing I want, but I cannot tolerate our current trade surrender."
At the press conference, Romney was asked whether the China's abuses of human rights troubled him. "I am not an expert on the practices of other countries, and don't consider myself sufficiently qualified to characterize the practices of any one country," Romney said. In July 2012, Romney said, "We face another challenge in a rising China. China is attentive to the interests of its government, but it too often disregards the rights of its people. It's selective in the freedoms it allows."
Cuba
Romney favors keeping the United States embargo against Cuba in place. He said: "The Cuban people still live in constant fear of a brutal totalitarian regime that has demonstrated time and again its utter disregard for basic human dignity." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-26 | European allies
In 2012, Romney's presidential campaign told The Daily Telegraph that Romney supported the "Anglo-Saxon heritage" and the "shared history" between the people of the United States and the United Kingdom prior to his visit to the country that year. These remarks were considered a racist attack on Obama; Romney's press secretary, Andrea Saul, later denied they represented his views.
In his speech, Romney said of Poland, "On behalf of our countrymen, I express deep appreciation for your willingness to fight with us, to stand with us, and to be our friends in times of crisis and military conflict." He added: "In a turbulent world, Poland stands as an example and defender of freedom."
Romney accused President Obama of abandoning Poland and the Czech Republic.
European debt crisis
In November 2011, when Italy was at the forefront of the European debt crisis, Romney said that Congress and the Federal Reserve should not consider plans to bail out Italy in the event its debt crisis deteriorate. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-27 | France
An internal Romney campaign document released in 2007 by the media suggested that Romney criticize France and attempt to convey the message "Hillary=France." Governor Romney has said he "loves" France, where he served as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for two years. When a New Hampshire voter asked Romney why he kept "bashing" France on the campaign trail, Romney announced, "My kids are on vacation there right now. I love France. I speak French, lived in France. I have nothing but respect for the French people."
Romney has said that the next president must re-engage France, and called French president Nicolas Sarkozy a potential "blood brother."
In his February 7, 2008 appearance at the Conservative Political Action Committee, during which he withdrew from the Presidential race, Romney mentioned France in less flattering terms. "[U]nless America changes course," he said, "we will become the France of the 21st century—still a great nation, but no longer the leader of the world, no longer the superpower." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-28 | Iran In 2011, Romney advocated both overt and covert means to get Iran to stop its nuclear weapons development program. He said that "Ultimately, regime change is what's going to be necessary." In 2012 he called on President Obama "to impose crippling economic sanctions on the Iranian regime, support the Iranian dissidents, and convey through actions – not just words – that the military option is very real and very credible."
In June 2012, Romney said "I can assure you, if I'm President, the Iranians will have no question but that I would be willing to take military action if necessary to prevent them from becoming a nuclear threat to the world." In his July 2012 trip to Israel he said that preventing Iran from obtaining a nuclear "capability" should be America's "highest national security priority." Romney has said of using military force against Iran, "I don't believe at this stage, therefore, if I'm President, that we need to have war powers approval or a special authorization for military force." He has refused to state if he would be open to using direct diplomacy to settle the issue with the Iranians. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-29 | Iraq In his 2007 speech announcing that he would run for president in 2008, Romney said, "so long as there is a reasonable prospect of success, our wisest course is to seek stability in Iraq, with additional troops endeavoring to secure the civilian population." He stated that instability in Iraq could lead to civil war and that "Iraq's Sunni region could become a base for al-Qaeda; that its Shia region could be seized by Iran; that Kurd tension could destabilize Turkey" and that the broader Middle East and the United States could be drawn into conflict.
In a 2007 Republican presidential debate, Romney mistakenly said that the Iraq war could have been avoided if Saddam Hussein had allowed IAEA inspectors into the country. CNN contributor Paul Begala criticized this remark and called it "[a] huge mistake, a gaffe that -- that's, if this were a general election debate, would be a disqualifier," pointing out that inspectors had been allowed into Iraq.
In October 2011, Romney criticized the Obama administration's announcement that all American combat troops had been withdrawn from Iraq calling the withdrawal either "naked political calculation or simply sheer ineptitude."
Israel and the Arab-Israeli conflict |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-30 | On the question of whether the U.S. Embassy in Israel in Tel Aviv should be moved to Jerusalem, Romney said in October 2011, "The actions that I will take will be actions recommended and supported by Israeli leaders. I don't seek to take actions independent of what our allies think is best, and if Israel's leaders thought that a move of that nature would be helpful to their efforts, then that's something I'll be inclined to do. ... I don't think America should play the role of the leader of the peace process, instead we should stand by our ally." During a trip to Israel in July 2012, he reiterated that if elected president he would seek to move the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem, which he called the capital of Israel (and which he has said the U.S. should formally recognize as the capital of Israel, although Palestinians and other Arabs also claim Jerusalem as the capital of a Palestinian state), if the government of Israel desired such a move. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-31 | In response to President Obama's pledge to maintain Israel's "Qualitative Military Edge" over the other countries in the region, Romney has said he would do "the opposite from Obama". |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-32 | Libya
Concerning the involvement of the American military in the 2011 Libyan civil war, Romney initially said in March that Obama had waited too long before becoming involved, and he also criticized Obama for ruling out the use of United States ground forces. The next month, he said that he supported the "specific, limited mission" of enforcing a no-fly zone, but that Obama's support for the ouster of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi constituted "mission creep and mission muddle." In October, after Gaddafi's death, Romney said, "I think people across the world recognize that the world is a better place without Muammar Gaddafi."
Pakistan
On July 7, 2007, Romney said, "In places like Pakistan, America needs to work not just on a military front." He said he would send in his proposed "Special Partnership Force", a team of Central Intelligence Agency agents and Army special forces that would work with the local population to aid in military support, gun supplies, and "to help make sure that they have the rule of law, water projects, bridges built." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-33 | Russia
During the 2012 presidential campaign, Romney said that Russia is "without question, our number one geopolitical foe. They - they fight every cause for the world's worst actors." He called President Vladimir Putin "a real threat to the stability and peace of the world."
Romney has opposed ratification of New START, a bilateral nuclear arms reduction treaty between the United States and the Russian Federation, in part because he wishes to deploy defensive missiles on submarines. He has written that the idea of the abolition of nuclear weapons put forward by Ronald Reagan may not be realistic.
In 2019, as a US Senator, Romney argued that Russia attempted to influence US elections but that Ukraine did not, and he disagreed with the Trump administration's claim that Ukraine attempted to interfere in the US elections.
In May 2022, Romney suggested that the West confront China and other Russia-friendly countries with an ultimatum: "You are either with us, or you are with Russia — you cannot be with both." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-34 | Syria It has taken President Obama far too long to speak out forcefully against Assad and his vicious crackdown in Syria. In the early stages of this crisis, the Obama Administration referred to Assad as a "reformer," which had the effect of emboldening Assad and discouraging the dissidents. America must show leadership on the world stage and work to move these developing nations toward modernity. This means using the bullhorn of the presidency and not remaining silent for too long while voices of freedom and dissent are under attack.
Romney would overturn the existing policy against sending arms to moderate elements of the Syrian opposition, rejecting the idea that they would pass the weapons on to Al-Qaeda.
U.S. place in the world
Romney's 2010 book, No Apology: The Case for American Greatness, expresses Romney's belief in American exceptionalism. Romney doesn't want the United States to "become like Europe."
On the other hand, The Economist found that, aside from rhetoric, Romney's stated foreign policy positions offer in many instances broad continuity with those of the Obama administration, and that Obama's policies have closely followed the path set by the Bush administration. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-35 | Romney criticized at the time Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama for saying that in his first year as president, he would meet with the leaders of several nations hostile to the government of the United States, including Syria, North Korea, Cuba, and Iran.
Stating an opposing viewpoint Romney said, "Having the president meet with the authoritarian tyrants of the world is remarkably poor judgment." Romney has recently charged that President Obama "went around the Middle East and apologized for America."
Venezuela
Romney has said that President Obama is "simply naive" to dismiss the threat Venezuela poses to the United States. As governor of Massachusetts, however, he praised a fuel pact with Venezuela that brought reduced-price oil to his state.
War in Afghanistan
Romney supported the War in Afghanistan. In 2011 he stated regarding Afghanistan:
I want those troops to come home based upon not politics, not based upon economics, but instead based upon the conditions on the ground determined by the generals ... But I also think we have learned that our troops should not go off and try to fight a war of independence for another nation. Only the Afghanis can win Afghanistan's independence from the Taliban. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-36 | In July 2012, Romney said that he would maintain troop numbers through 2013, then would withdraw them in 2014, as currently scheduled, with the possibility of maintaining troop levels for a longer period if needed.
In 2021, Romney opposed Joe Biden's plan to withdraw all U.S. troops from Afghanistan, saying that "withdrawal of U.S. troops is an error that will have serious consequences for our national security interests."
War on Terror
Guantanamo Bay
During the debate in South Carolina held May 15, 2007 Romney stated that in his view "We ought to double" the Guantanamo Bay detention camp. He then went on to say, in reference to combatants captured in Iraq, "I want them in Guantanamo where they don't get the access to lawyers they get when they're on our soil. I don't want them in our prisons. I want them there."
In Romney's speech at the 2007 Iowa Republican Straw Poll, he praised the U.S. military for not allowing prisoners to have judicial review of their cases. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-37 | Interrogation techniques War Powers
In the 2008 presidential debates, Romney left open whether it was always necessary for the U.S. Congress to issue a declaration of war before engaging in military actions. Romney stated that if he were president he would consult with his lawyers before he came to a conclusive interpretation of the War Powers Clause in the US Constitution. In June 2012 during a Face the Nation interview Romney stated regarding military action against Iran: "I don't believe at this stage, therefore, if I'm president that we need to have a war powers approval or special authorization for military force."
Role of culture in producing prosperity |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-38 | Social policy
Abortion and related issues
Abortion
In a 1994 debate with Senator Ted Kennedy, Romney said: "One of the great things about our nation ... is that we're each entitled to have strong personal beliefs, and we encourage other people to do the same. But as a nation, we recognize the right of all people to believe as they want and not to impose our beliefs on other people. I believe that abortion should be safe and legal in this country. I have since the time that my mom took that position when she ran in 1970 as a U.S. Senate candidate. I believe that since Roe v. Wade has been the law for 20 years, that we should sustain and support it, and I sustain and support that law, and the right of a woman to make that choice, and my personal beliefs, like the personal beliefs of other people, should not be brought into a political campaign." Romney had endorsed the Freedom of Choice Act which would define legal access to abortion as a federal law even if Roe is overturned. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-39 | In statements after leaving the governorship, Romney expressed opposition to "partial birth" abortion.
Campaigning in the presidential primaries in 2011, Romney declined to sign a pro-life pledge sponsored by the Susan B. Anthony List to support legislation ending all taxpayer funding of abortion, sign a law to "protect unborn children who are capable of feeling pain from abortion," and nominate judges and appoint executive branch officials who are pro-life. Romney's spokeswoman said he could not sign the pledge because it could have unforeseen deleterious consequences. Romney himself wrote that, "It is one thing to end federal funding for an organization like Planned Parenthood; it is entirely another to end all federal funding for thousands of hospitals across America. ... That is precisely what the pledge would demand and require of a president who signed it." He promised that nonetheless he would support pro-life legislation should it come before him as president, such as a Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act, which would ban abortions after 20 weeks of pregnancy. The Susan B. Anthony List gave Romney a score of 60% in 2012 while the ACLU gave him a 0% pro-choice rating. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-40 | While Romney would prefer to see passage of federal legislation or of a constitutional amendment that would outlaw abortion, he does not believe the public would support such measures; as an alternative, he has promised to nominate Supreme Court justices who would help overturn Roe v. Wade, allowing the states to individually decide on the legality of abortion.
Throughout the 2012 presidential campaign, Romney vowed that he would eliminate all federal funding for Planned Parenthood if elected. After his campaign, however, Romney has endorsed or considered pro-choice candidates. He endorsed pro-choice Republican, Scott Brown, during his 2014 US Senate primary campaign in New Hampshire. He similarly endorsed Rhode Island's pro-choice Republican gubernatorial candidate, Allan Fung. Oregon's 2014 Republican Senate candidate Monica Wehby, who is pro-choice, and West Virginia's Shelley Moore Capito, who self-identifies as 'pro-choice,' also received Mitt Romney's endorsement. In 2016, he said he would vote for Bill Weld, if he was a party nominee, and that he was considering Gary Johnson, the Libertarian nominee, both of whom are pro-choice. In 2019, Romney fundraised for and supported Susan Collins, a pro-choice Republican from Maine. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-41 | Personhood legislation
Romney has expressed support for constitutional amendments at both the state and federal level guaranteeing constitutional protections to the unborn from the moment of fertilization. During the 2008 presidential campaign, Romney said that if elected president, he would support an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would legally define personhood as beginning at conception. In the 2012 presidential campaign, he said that, had he as governor been presented with a state constitutional amendment to define life as beginning at conception, he would have supported it.
In a campaign interview on October 9, 2012, Romney stated, "There's no legislation with regards to abortion that I'm familiar with that would become part of my agenda." Democrats charged that Romney was trying to appeal to moderate voters by hiding his true position on reproductive rights. A Romney campaign spokesperson told the conservative National Review Online that Romney "would, of course, support legislation aimed at providing greater protections for life."
Embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-42 | During his 2012 presidential campaign, Romney opposed research using cloned embryos created by implanting human DNA into donated eggs.
Contraception
During the 2012 presidential primary campaign, when asked by a debate moderator whether he believed states have the authority to ban contraception, Romney replied, "I would totally and completely oppose any effort to ban contraception."
Romney opposes a rule issued by the Obama Administration's Department of Health and Human Services, in its implementation of the Affordable Care Act, which requires that nearly all health insurance plans offer free contraceptive services as part of preventive care for women. Health plans sponsored by religious employers (such as churches) that are non-profit organizations primarily employing and serving members of their own faith are exempt; but the rule does apply to institutions such as church-affiliated hospitals and schools that do not primarily employ and serve members of the faith. Romney supported a legislative measure (the Blunt amendment) that would have allowed employers and health insurance companies to deny coverage for contraceptives and other services that they object to on religious or moral grounds; the amendment failed passage in the Senate. Romney subsequently said that if elected president, he would rescind the contraception coverage requirement. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-43 | Civil liberties
Equality of opportunity (race and gender) & civil rights
Romney cites both Martin Luther King Jr. and his father George W. Romney as role models. In 2007, he stated he had seen the two men march together, but later recanted under pressure, stating he had 'seen' them march together only figuratively.
Romney has expressed support for decreasing barriers to entry into the workforce for women and minorities.
He has called for equality for Muslims; but asked to follow hate-preachers into mosques.
Speaking before The Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank he consulted on policy issues, as governor of Massachusetts in 2005 Romney suggested that mosques should be wiretapped and foreign students should be placed under surveillance to improve domestic intelligence gathering in the fight against terrorism. He refused to apologize or retract the remarks despite expressions of outrage by Muslims and civil libertarians.
As governor of Massachusetts, Romney eliminated the state's Office of Affirmative Action. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-44 | LGBT rights
Romney has a mixed, moderate record when it comes to LGBT rights. In 2012 he expressed support for domestic partnership benefits for gay couples and laws (at the state level) that protect the LGBT community from discrimination. He also accepted the endorsement of Log Cabin Republicans, a Republican group supportive of same-sex marriage and other gay rights, during his 2012 presidential campaign. Prior to Romney's 2008 presidential campaign, he had a varied history regarding LGBT rights in the United States. During his 1994 senate campaign and 2002 Massachusetts gubernatorial campaign, Romney said he would have a better policy providing for domestic partnerships than his Democratic opponents.
In 1994, Romney sent a letter to the Log Cabin Republicans saying that he would be a stronger advocate for gay rights in the Senate than his opponent at the time, Senator Edward M. Kennedy. His letter included the phrase "We must make equality for gays and lesbians a mainstream concern." In 2002, Romney spoke regarding domestic partnership benefits, saying, "All citizens deserve equal rights, regardless of their sexual orientation." Romney said that domestic partnership status should be recognized in a way that includes the potential for health benefits and rights of survivorship. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-45 | As Governor of Massachusetts, Romney was mixed on gay rights. He signed a proclamation declaring May 15 to be "Gay/Straight Youth Pride Day." He signed an official proclamation to support gay pride marches connected to his gay and lesbian youth commission in 2003 and 2004. He appointed two gay-rights activists as judges. He also "provided legal protection to same-sex couples in Massachusetts." MassEquality reported however that he rescinded an executive order prohibiting sexual orientation discrimination in the state workforce and abolished a commission on GLBT Youth Ultimately, Romney decided to keep the GLBT commission but limit its authority and actions. In 2018, Romney was criticized by some conservatives during his campaign for Utah Senate because of his decision to support a pride day for gay and straight youth. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-46 | In December 2011, Romney told the Des Moines Register that now that the "Don't ask, don't tell" policy has been repealed, "I'm not planning on reversing that at this stage. I was not comfortable making the change during a period of conflict, due to the complicating features of a new program in the middle of two wars going on, but those wars are winding down, and moving in that direction at this stage no longer presents that problem." In 2012, while running for president as the Republican nominee, Mitt Romney supported the inclusion of gay youth in the Boy Scouts of America. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-47 | In 2014, Romney opposed an Arizona bill, SB 1062, which would have allowed businesses to refuse service to LGBT customers based on religious objections. "The 2012 Republican presidential candidate urged Arizona Gov. Jan Brewer via Twitter to veto Senate Bill 1062, which would allow businesses with strongly held religious beliefs to deny service to gays and lesbians." Romney joined both Arizona Senators, John McCain and Jeff Flake, in calling on then-Governor Jan Brewer to veto the bill.
In 2019, as a US Senator from Utah, Mitt Romney said that he appreciates the effort to propose The Fairness for All Act which would prohibit discrimination against LGBT people and which includes exemptions for religious groups and small businesses with religious foundations. In 2021, he opposed the Biden administration's rule to allow trans girls to participate in girls' sports and for trans boys to participate in boys' sports programs in public school. In 2021, Romney signaled that he would not support the Equality Act, citing concern over insufficient protections for people of faith.
Gay marriage and civil unions |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-48 | As a candidate for governor in 2002, Romney said: "Call me old fashioned, but I don't support gay marriage nor do I support civil union." During that 2002 campaign, he also supported hate crimes legislation and opposed other discrimination against gays, while supporting some partner benefits for gays.
Also in 2002, Romney opposed a Massachusetts constitutional amendment that would have banned same-sex marriage and domestic partnerships because the amendment, which was supported by the Democratic leader Tom Finneran, would have prohibited domestic partnership benefits for gays and lesbians.
Romney said,
Basically I see the provision of basic civil rights and domestic partnership benefits [as] a campaign against Tom Finneran. I see Tom Finneran and the Democratic leadership as having opposed the application of domestic partnership benefits to gay and lesbian couples and I will support and endorse efforts to provide those domestic partnership benefits to gay and lesbian couples. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-49 | In 2006, Romney announced his support of the Federal Marriage Amendment, which would have federally defined marriage in the U.S. Constitution as the union of one man and one woman.
Romney said during his 2008 presidential campaign, |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-50 | In July 2011, Romney refused to sign a pledge opposing gay marriage, a pledge that was being circulated by "The Family Leader", a conservative Christian group in Iowa. On August 4, 2011, a month later, Romney signed the 2012 Presidential Pledge sponsored by the National Organization for Marriage. He has expressed support for gay adoption. While interviewing with Piers Morgan in 2011, Romney had the following to say about same-sex marriage and gay rights,
In 2012, Romney reiterated his opposition to same-sex marriage and civil unions, but also said that "[his] view is the domestic partnership benefits, hospital visitation rights, and the like are appropriate but that the others are not." Also in 2012, in an interview with a reporter from Colorado, Romney stated that he believes that marriage is a "state issue" and that he is not running on that issue. During the campaign, Romney received a 100% from the National Organization for Marriage but only received an 11% from Save California which both oppose same-sex marriage. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-51 | Internet surveillance & protection of intellectual property rights
Romney denounced the SOPA bill, agreeing to some extent with Newt Gingrich, Rick Santorum and Ron Paul, who oppose it also. Romney described the bill as "intrusive" and "too expensive".
Broadcast media
Romney was against reviving the Fairness Doctrine, which required broadcasters to devote some of their airtime to discussing controversial matters of public interest, and to air contrasting views regarding those matters. Romney said, "I'd veto it if it ever got to my desk. And I would fight against it vehemently. The effort to try to impose the Fairness Doctrine on radio stations is, if you will, censorship Democrat style. It basically says we're not going to let you keep talking about the things you want to talk about and the market wants to hear." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-52 | Pornography During his campaign for the 2008 Republican presidential nomination, Romney promised that if elected president he would work to have a pornography filter installed in every new computer sold in the U.S. so that parents could ensure their children would not be exposed to internet pornography. He also said, "I am not pursuing an effort to try and stop adults from being able to acquire or see things that I find objectionable—that's their right—but I do vehemently oppose practices or business procedures that will allow kids to be exposed to obscenity." Speaking at the 2007 Iowa Republican Straw Poll convention, Romney said: |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-53 | Earlier in the campaign, conservatives such as Tony Perkins of the Family Research Council, the president of the American Family Foundation, and Daniel Weiss, media analyst for James Dobson's Focus on the Family had criticized Romney for not having done enough, in their view, to stop Marriott Hotels from selling access to hardcore pornography in their hotel rooms in the decade from 1992 to 2001 that Romney had served on the hotel chain's board. Romney told the Associated Press that he did not recall pornography having come up for discussion while he had served on the board; and he said that he was unaware of how much revenue the hotels may have generated from pornography.
In the 2012 presidential campaign, Romney vowed to demand vigorous enforcement of anti-pornography laws if elected president. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-54 | Crime and punishment As governor of Massachusetts, Romney sought to reinstate the state's death penalty, which had been ruled unconstitutional by the state Supreme Judicial Court in 1982. The legislation Romney proposed would have called for the death penalty in cases that included terrorism, the assassination of law enforcement officials, murders involving prolonged torture, or multiple killings. Under the proposed legislation, for a death sentence to be rendered there would have had to be scientific evidence of the defendant's guilt, such as evidence based on DNA analysis; and the tougher standard of "no doubt" of guilt (as opposed to the standard of proof "beyond a reasonable doubt" that is traditionally employed in criminal cases) would also have had to be met. The legislation called for a pool of certified capital case lawyers to ensure proper representation for the accused, and would have allowed citizens who do not personally support the death penalty to still serve as jurors in the pre-sentencing phase of trials, during which decisions are made on the defendants' guilt. The bill was defeated in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by a vote of 100–53.
Education |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-55 | Primary and secondary education Romney has frequently blamed the influence of teachers unions for the failings of the public education system. He supports legislation championed by Governor Scott Walker of Wisconsin and Governor John Kasich of Ohio stripping collective-bargaining rights from teachers and other public employees. He has stated that superintendents and principals should be able to fire teachers without regard for seniority. During a presidential primary debate in 2011, he said that efforts to reduce classroom size were a ploy by teachers unions to promote the hiring of more teachers; and he vowed, "as president, I will stand up to the National Teachers Unions."
Romney has acknowledged that he has held different views over time on the federal government's role in education. During a debate in the 2008 presidential campaign, he said:
However, during a presidential primary debate in 2011 he said, "education has to be held at the local and state level, not at the federal level. We need to get the federal government out of education." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-56 | As governor of Massachusetts in the mid-2000s, Romney opposed the teaching of creationism in public school science classes. He noted during an interview in 2007 that "If we're going to talk about more philosophical matters, like why it was created, and was there an intelligent designer behind it, that's for the religion class or philosophy class or social studies
class."
Romney has supported abstinence-only sex education in public schools. In his run for the Senate in 1994, he said one of the programs that should be taught in schools was "the importance of getting married before having children." In the May 2007 South Carolina debate, Romney said he has always "fought for abstinence education."
College and other post-secondary education |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-57 | Romney laid out some of his proposals for higher education reforms in May 2012. His platform called for simplification of the federal financial aid system, which he described as "needlessly complex." He further proposed abolishing the current federal student lending system that was put in place by the Obama administration, under which the Department of Education makes loans directly to students; Romney proposed returning to the previous arrangement in which private banks and other third-party financial institutions would make the loans and be paid federal subsidies for the service.
He also proposed plans to "refocus Pell Grant dollars on the students that need them most." While he did not provide details explaining how he would reform the Pell grant program, some commentators noted that Romney had been generally supportive of federal budget proposals offered by the Republican majority in the House of Representatives that would be likely to reduce the total number of students eligible to receive the grants. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-58 | Evolution Family
Romney has said that strong families are one of his three pillars, along with military and economy, for a strong America.
Gambling
As Governor of Massachusetts, Romney proposed that the state seek $75 million in "blocking payments" from casinos in Connecticut, and that, if the payments were not made, Massachusetts legalize casinos within its own borders. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-59 | Guns
While campaigning to represent Massachusetts in the U.S. Senate in 1994, Romney supported the Brady Bill, which imposed a five-day waiting period on gun sales, and a ban on particular semi-automatic rifles. He said at the time, "That's not going to make me the hero of the NRA. I don't line up with the NRA."
In 2002, during his campaign for the governorship, Romney said: "We do have tough gun laws in Massachusetts; I support them. I won't chip away at them; I believe they protect us and provide for our safety."
As governor of Massachusetts, in 2004 Romney signed a measure permanently extending a statewide ban on military-style assault weapons, such as AK-47's and Uzi's. At the bill-signing ceremony Romney said, "Deadly assault weapons have no place in Massachusetts. ... These guns are not made for recreation or self-defense. They are instruments of destruction with the sole purpose of hunting down and killing people." Proponents of the state semi-automatic assault weapons ban had argued that its passage was necessary because a similar ban at the federal level was also expiring. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-60 | In 2005, Governor Romney declared May 7 to be "Right to Bear Arms Day" in Massachusetts, that date having been chosen to coincide with the annual banquet of the Gun Owners' Action League (a Massachusetts gun rights advocacy organization affiliated with the National Rifle Association). Romney's top aides then began meeting almost monthly with members of the Gun Owners' Action League.
In August 2006, just before declaring his candidacy for the 2008 Republican nomination for president, Romney joined the National Rifle Association (NRA) as a lifetime member. Seeking the endorsement of the NRA, Romney made several statements during the campaign regarding his proficiency with and support for firearms:
I purchased a gun when I was a young man. I've been a hunter pretty much all my life.
Shooting rabbits single shot 22 is pretty hard. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-61 | So I'm a hunter and believe in Second Amendment rights, but I also believe that assault weapons are not needed in the public population.
The Associated Press reported in early 2007 that Romney's "hunting experience is limited to two trips at the bookends of his 60 years: as a 15-year-old, when he hunted rabbits with his cousins on a ranch in Idaho, and last year, when he shot quail on a fenced game preserve in Georgia," and that Romney had never sought a hunting license in any of the four states where he had resided. Romney replied by saying that he mainly hunted small game in Utah, where a license was not required. He also clarified that he did not 'own' a gun and said that one of his sons keeps two guns at the family vacation home in Utah. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-62 | Romney continued to argue against any new gun control legislation during the 2012 presidential campaign, telling the NRA's national convention that if elected president, he would "enforce current laws, not create new ones that only serve to burden lawful gun owners." Gun Owners of America, which supports gun owners' rights, gave Romney a score of 20% during the 2012 presidential campaign. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-63 | During his Utah Senate campaign in 2018, Romney said that he is open to enhancing background checks on gun purchases and voting for limitations on gun purchases based on age or psychological evaluations. Debating his primary opponent, Mike Kennedy, in Utah, Romney said that he supports a ban on bump stocks which assists a user in bump firing a semi-automatic firearm.
In 2022, Romney later became one of ten Republican Senators to support a bipartisan agreement on gun control, which involved a red flag provision, a support for state crisis intervention orders, funding for school safety resources, stronger background checks for buyers under the age of 21, and penalties for straw purchases. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-64 | Immigration During the 2012 presidential election primary campaign, Romney called Arizona's approach to illegal immigration "a model for the nation." He vowed that on his first day in office as president, he would bring an end to the lawsuits the Obama Administration's Justice Department had brought challenging Arizona's immigration policy. He also praised the anti-illegal immigration efforts of Kansas Secretary of State Kris Kobach, a law professor who had drafted much of Arizona's SB 1070 immigration enforcement law and similar measures around the country. Campaigning with Kobach in January 2012, Romney said, "We need more conservative leaders like Kris willing to stand up for the rule of law. With Kris on the team, I look forward to working with him to take forceful steps to curtail illegal immigration and to support states like South Carolina and Arizona that are stepping forward to address this problem." When the Supreme Court struck down parts of Arizona's SB 1070 in June 2012, a Romney campaign spokesman said that Romney supports the rights of states to make their own immigration laws when the federal government has failed to address illegal immigration. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-65 | Romney also said during the primary campaign that he would seek to make the U.S. a much less hospitable place for undocumented immigrants by eliminating what he called the magnets that attract them. An example of a magnet, he said, would be offering to undocumented immigrants the same tuition discounts that are offered to legal residents who attend public colleges in their states, a benefit that rival candidate Governor Rick Perry supported for Texas students who had been brought as children to the U.S. by their undocumented immigrant parents. Romney similarly said that he opposed all forms of amnesty because he regards amnesty as another magnet for illegal immigration. He vowed that as president he would veto the DREAM Act (legislation which would allow individuals who had been brought to the U.S. as children when their families immigrated illegally an opportunity to qualify for permanent residency if they met certain qualifications), because he considered it yet another magnet for illegal immigration. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-66 | In June 2012, President Obama issued an executive order instructing officers of the federal government to defer deporting young undocumented immigrants who had been brought to the U.S. as children and who met certain requirements, such as serving in the military or being successful students. The executive order was intended to temporarily implement parts of the DREAM Act until a permanent fix could being agreed upon by Congress and the White House. When Romney was asked his opinion of the president's executive order, he responded by saying that he would reveal his own long-term policy on the subject at a later date. Romney later said that he would respect the work permits that Obama had granted. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-67 | During his Utah Senate campaign, Romney said that he believes in welcoming immigrants and rebuked Trump's anti-immigrant rhetoric. Romney's support for immigration in his ad "reflects the moderate position of many Utah Republicans on immigration, which is shaped by the progressive stance of the Mormon Church here as well as the individual experiences of many Mormons during their two-year missions abroad." Just prior to launching his first ad, Romney had also criticized Trump for his remark that some immigrants are from "shithole countries;" "The poverty of an aspiring immigrant's nation of origin is as irrelevant as their race. The sentiment attributed to POTUS is inconsistent w/ America's history and antithetical to American values." |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-68 | Medical marijuana
Romney formerly opposed legalization of marijuana for medicinal use at both the state and federal level. He told attendees at a town hall forum in 2007, "I have the same position this week as I had last week: If you elect me President, I'm not going to allow legalization of marijuana. I'm going to fight it tooth and nail." In 2018, Romney said during a debate that he supported the legalization of medical marijuana if it is strictly regulated.
Social welfare
In 2005 Romney had joined a group of other governors in asking for additional flexibility in the way states could manage Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program funds and in January 2012 Romney called for increased state funding for child care so that the mothers of two-year-old children can "have the dignity of work". However, in August 2012, he stated his opposition to Obama's plan to offer more flexibility to those states that move more people from welfare to work. |
Political positions of Mitt Romney | 10001590-69 | Judiciary |
The Moneychangers | 10001629-0 | The Moneychangers is a 1975 novel written by Arthur Hailey. The plot revolves around the politics inside a major bank.
Plot summary
As the novel begins, the position of CEO of one of America's largest banks, First Mercantile American, is about to become vacant due to the terminal illness of Ben Roselli, the incumbent chief, whose grandfather founded the bank.
Two high-ranking executives groomed for the succession begin their personal combat for the position. One, Alex Vandervoort, is honest, hard-charging, and focused on growing FMA through retail banking and embracing emerging technology; the other, Roscoe Heyward, is suave, hypocritical, and skilled in boardroom politics, and favors catering more to business than to consumers. Heyward lives in a "rambling, three-story house in the suburb of Shaker Heights," Cleveland, Ohio. |
The Moneychangers | 10001629-1 | As these men pursue their battle for the soon-to-be-vacant position of CEO, various issues involving the banking industry, such as credit card fraud, embezzlement, inflation, subprime lending, and insider trading are discussed. First Mercantile American is eventually revealed to have a doppelganger in the form of an organized crime family.
The fight for control of the bank continues under the darkening clouds of an approaching economic recession. Roscoe is manipulated into making a large, illegal and toxic loan to Supranational Corporation (SuNatCo), a multinational conglomerate (loosely based on International Telephone and Telegraph, with certain elements of Penn Central) run by the powerful, unscrupulous CEO, G. G. Quartermain. It turns out that SuNatCo is on the verge of bankruptcy, using the bank's loan in a vain attempt to keep afloat. The ensuing scandal causes a bank run and panic among depositors, shareholders, and employees, with the perpetrator committing suicide rather than facing the consequences of his actions. By the vote of the board of directors, Vandervoort assumes the position of CEO of the half-ruined bank. |
The Moneychangers | 10001629-2 | Real-life background In the novel, Jill Peacock, a journalist, interviewed First Mercantile American Bank executive VP, Alexander Vandervoort, in a suburban shopping plaza where the bank had installed the first two stainless-steel Docutel automatic tellers. Vandervoort, whose clothes looked like they were from the "fashion section of Esquire" and who had the "mannerisms a la Johnny Carson", was not at all like the classical solemn, cautious banker in a double-breasted, dark blue suit. Peacock compared him to the new ATMs which embodied modern banking.
The history of the real Docutel was traced in a New York Times magazine article. The breakthrough came when Don Wetzel, Vice President of Product Planning at Docutel, was waiting in a long line for a teller at a bank in Dallas, Texas in 1968. Wetzel had seen cash dispensing machines in Europe and was inspired to adapt Docutel technology, which was originally used in airport baggage handling, to create Docuteller, an American version. By 1969 work began on the prototype and the first working Docutel ABM was installed at Chemical Bank in New York. |
The Moneychangers | 10001629-3 | Miniseries
The novel was adapted for television as a -hour NBC miniseries titled Arthur Hailey's the Moneychangers of which its four parts aired on December 4, 1976, and each of the subsequent three Sunday evenings through December 19 as part of the network's “Big Event” format. Ross Hunter and Jacque Mapes were the producers and Boris Sagal directed.
Starring
Guest starring
Special appearance by
Co-starring
John J. O'Connor of The New York Times raised concerns about the violence portrayed in the miniseries. He described the scene that concluded Part 1 involving the rape of embezzler Miles Eastin by fellow inmates as "one of the most sexual-assault scenes devised without benefit of outright hardcore pornography."
Christopher Plummer received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series in 1977. Three additional Primetime Emmy Award nominations were for Limited or Anthology Series, Lead Actress in a Limited Series (Susan Flannery) and Outstanding Cinematography in Entertainment Programming for a Series (Joseph Biroc). |
Hypnotic Brass Ensemble | 10001646-0 | Early history
The brothers were raised in a house where music was a constant element of the household. Phil Cohran's "Circle of Sound" held rehearsals in the living room and put on live shows in the adjacent loft/theatre called the "Sun Ark". The brothers were obligated to wake at 6am and play their horns before and after school. As adolescents, they played around Chicago as the Phil Cohran Youth Ensemble, performing for the likes of Harold Washington, Nelson Mandela, and other prominent figures of the day.
As the brothers grew into high school, many of them set their horns aside for a while. Enduring the deaths of close friends and family, including brother Anthony Neal, close friend Robert Lock (for whom they later wrote a song entitled "Flipside"), and Level Todd (for whom their song "Todd" was written), they decided to pick their horns back up. In 1999, the brothers took to the subways of Chicago and presented their music. Shortly after, they formed a fully-fledged, eight-piece brass ensemble and by 2004 recorded their first project, Flipside. They moved to New York City in 2006. |
Hypnotic Brass Ensemble | 10001646-1 | Collaborations One of their songs "War" was featured in the box office smash film The Hunger Games as the theme song for the in-universe eponymous sport hosted by Caesar Flickerman, and on the soundtrack for season 4 of Fargo. It was sampled in "American Royalty" by Childish Gambino featuring RZA in the former's 2012 mixtape Royalty. They collaborated on tracks with the group Rocket Juice & the Moon, a project featuring Damon Albarn (Blur, Gorillaz) on vocals/guitar/keyboard, Flea (Red Hot Chili Peppers) on bass, and legendary Afrobeat drummer Tony Allen (Fela Kuti and many others) on the group's self-titled debut album. As part of independent label Jagjaguwar's 25th anniversary, the group performed a reimagined version of Sapphie by Richard Youngs alongside Moses Sumney, Perfume Genius, and Sharon Van Etten.
Personnel
Gabriel Hubert ("Hudah") - trumpet
Saiph Graves ("Cid") - trombone
Amal Baji Hubert ("Baji" or "June Body") - trumpet
Jafar Baji Graves ("Yosh") - trumpet
Seba Graves ("Clef") - trombone
Tarik Graves ("Smoove") - trumpet
Uttama Hubert ("Rocco") - baritone horn
Hashim "Hash" Bunch - bass
Kevin "Vo Era" Hunt - guitar
Christopher Anderson - drums |
Tsiolkovskiy (crater) | 1000165-0 | Tsiolkovskiy is a large lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon. Named for Russian scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, it lies in the southern hemisphere, to the west of the large crater Gagarin, and northwest of Milne. Just to the south is Waterman, with Neujmin to the south-southwest. The crater protrudes into the neighbouring Fermi, an older crater of comparable size that does not have a lava-flooded floor.
Tsiolkovskiy is one of the largest craters of Upper (Late) Imbrian age. |
Tsiolkovskiy (crater) | 1000165-1 | Characteristics A row of small craters in Mendeleev crater far to the northeast are called Catena Mendeleev, and the row points directly at Tsiolkovsky. For this reason the craters are believed to be secondaries from the Tsiolkovsky impact.
This feature was discovered on photographs sent back by the Russian spacecraft Luna 3, and was subsequently imaged by several of the American Lunar Orbiters and then by Apollo astronauts.
Apollo 17 Astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt and other scientists (Schmitt was the only trained scientist, a geologist, to walk on the Moon) strongly advocated Tsiolkovskiy as the landing site of Apollo 17, using small communications satellites deployed from the Command/Service Module for communication from the far side of the Moon. NASA vetoed the idea as too risky, and Apollo 17 instead landed in the Taurus–Littrow valley on December 11, 1972.
Views
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Tsiolkovskiy. |
Batan (stone) | 10001657-0 | The batán is a kitchen utensil used to process different kinds of foods in South American, Andean and Indian cuisine. It has a flat stone (the batán proper) and a grinding stone called an uña. The uña is held in both hands and rocked over the food in the batán. Depending on the process wished, the uña's weight is slightly held back, let loose over, or pressed on. The rocking movements also vary depending on the procedure. The grinding is done dry or with water or oil. |
Batan (stone) | 10001657-1 | South America It is also used to husk grains, wash quinoa from its alkaloid (saponin), grind grains, crush papalisa and even to prepare small quantities of flour.
South Asia
In Nepal, it is known as silauto-lohoro.
It is also used in India in a large number of households. It is known there as "sil-batta" in Hindi with sil referring to flat stone and batta referring to a cylindrical grinding stone. It is known as pata-varvanta in Marathi and used in the state of Maharashtra. It is known as ammi kallu in Tamil and Malayalam. It is known as "shil nora" in Bengali and is basically found to be used in almost every household in West Bengal. In Odisha, it is called sila puaa where it is also worshipped as Bhu Devi or mother Earth during traditional Odia weddings and the Raja festival. It is traditionally used to grind spices and lentils in the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala. These grinding stones are primarily used to prepare chutney and spice mixes for cooking and occasional use including grinding soaked lentils in preparation for dosas, vadas, or papadum. |
NYRB | 10001660-0 | NYRB can refer to:
New York Red Bulls, a soccer team
New York Review Books, publishing house of The New York Review of Books
The New York Review of Books, a literary magazine |
Erbovirus | 10001662-0 | Erbovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Horses serve as natural hosts. There is only one species in this genus: Erbovirus A. Diseases associated with this genus include: upper respiratory tract disease with viremia and fecal shedding. Viruses belonging to the genus Erbovirus have been isolated in horses with acute upper febrile respiratory disease. The structure of the Erbovirus virion is icosahedral, having a diameter of 27–30 nm. |
Erbovirus | 10001662-1 | Physical characteristics The virion essentially is a nucleocapsid that is visible under an electron microscope and is able to infect cultured cells from a broad range of mammals including rabbit kidney (RK13), African green monkey kidney (Vero), equine foetal kidney (EFK), and is able to infect humans.
The RNA genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.
The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around . They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.
Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5’ end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome). In addition, the 3’ end of the genome has a poly-A tail. The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3Cpro, 3Dpol. |
Erbovirus | 10001662-2 | Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Horses serve as the natural host.
Epidemiology
ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus Aphthovirus that is not a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by herd immunity, given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody. The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more. |
Partitiviridae | 10001667-0 | Partitiviridae is a family of double-stranded RNA viruses. Plants, fungi, and protozoa serve as natural hosts. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria. The name comes from the Latin partitius, which means divided, and refers to the segmented genome of partitiviruses. There are five genera and 60 species in the family, 15 of which are unassigned to a genus.
Structure
Viruses in the family Partitiviridae are non-enveloped with icosahedral geometries and T=1 symmetry. The diameter of partitiviruses is around 25–43 nm. |
Partitiviridae | 10001667-1 | Genome Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the double-stranded RNA virus replication model. Double-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by cell-to-cell movement. Fungi and plants serve as the natural host. Cryspoviruses infect apicomplexian protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium, while viruses of the other genera infect plants and fungi. It has been suggested that they can also infect bacteria.
Phylogenetics
Based on the RNA polymerase gene this group can be divided into four clades (I-IV). Four isolates from animals and protozoans form a fifth clade. Clades I–IV consist of mixtures of partitivirus-like sequences from plants and fungi.
Taxonomy
There are five recognized genera within the Partitiviridae family. There are an additional fifteen species in the family unassigned to a genus:
Alphapartitivirus
Beet cryptic virus 1
Carrot cryptic virus
Cherry chlorotic rusty spot associated partitivirus
Chondrostereum purpureum cryptic virus 1
Flammulina velutipes browning virus
Helicobasidium mompa partitivirus V70 |
Partitiviridae | 10001667-2 | Heterobasidion partitivirus 1 Heterobasidion partitivirus 12
Heterobasidion partitivirus 13
Heterobasidion partitivirus 15
Rosellinia necatrix partitivirus 2
Vicia cryptic virus
White clover cryptic virus 1
Betapartitivirus
Atkinsonella hypoxylon virus
Cannabis cryptic virus
Ceratocystis resinifera virus 1
Crimson clover cryptic virus 2
Dill cryptic virus 2
Fusarium poae virus 1
Heterobasidion partitivirus 2
Heterobasidion partitivirus 7
Heterobasidion partitivirus 8
Heterobasidion partitivirus P
Hop trefoil cryptic virus 2
Pleurotus ostreatus virus 1
Primula malacoides virus 1
Red clover cryptic virus 2
Rhizoctonia solani virus 717
Rosellinia necatrix virus 1
White clover cryptic virus 2
Cryspovirus
Cryptosporidium parvum virus 1
Deltapartitivirus
Beet cryptic virus 2
Beet cryptic virus 3
Fig cryptic virus
Pepper cryptic virus 1
Pepper cryptic virus 2
Gammapartitivirus
Aspergillus ochraceous virus
Discula destructiva virus 1
Discula destructiva virus 2
Fusarium solani virus 1
Gremmeniella abietina RNA virus MS1
Ophiostoma partitivirus 1
Penicillium stoloniferum virus F
Penicillium stoloniferum virus S
Unassigned to a genus:
Agaricus bisporus virus 4
Alfalfa cryptic virus 1
Carnation cryptic virus 1
Carrot temperate virus 1
Carrot temperate virus 2
Carrot temperate virus 3
Carrot temperate virus 4
Gaeumannomyces graminis virus 0196A
Gaeumannomyces graminis virus T1A
Hop trefoil cryptic virus 1
Hop trefoil cryptic virus 3
Radish yellow edge virus
Ryegrass cryptic virus
Spinach temperate virus
White clover cryptic virus 3 |
List of rock formations | 1000167-0 | A rock formation is an isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrop. Rock formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock. The term rock formation can also refer to specific sedimentary strata or other rock unit in stratigraphic and petrologic studies.
A rock structure can be created in any rock type or combination:
Igneous rocks are created when molten rock cools and solidifies, with or without crystallisation. They may be either plutonic bodies or volcanic extrusive. Again, erosive forces sculpt their current forms.
Metamorphic rocks are created by rocks that have been transformed into another kind of rock, usually by some combination of heat, pressure, and chemical alteration.
Sedimentary rocks are created by a variety of processes but usually involving deposition, grain by grain, layer by layer, in water or, in the case of terrestrial sediments, on land through the action of wind or sometimes moving ice. Erosion later exposes them in their current form. |
List of rock formations | 1000167-1 | Butte
Cliff
Cut bank
Escarpment
Gorge
Inselberg, or monadnock
Mesa
Peak
Promontory
River cliff
Sea cliff
Stack
Stone run
Tor
Here is a list of rock formations by continent.
Asia
Armenia
Geghard
Garni Gorge
Goris
Khndzoresk
China
Yunmeng Mountain National Forest Park, Beijing
Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region
Huangshan, Anhui Province
Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area, Zhangjiajie, Hunan
Hong Kong
Amah Rock, New Territories
Lion Rock, New Kowloon/New Territories
Jordan
Petra, Amman
Wadi Rum Desert
India
Jabalpur Marble Rocks, Madhya Pradesh
Rock Formations in Rayalseema Andhra Pradesh, Hampi Karnataka
Yana
Israel
Rosh Hanikra
Timna Arch, Eilat
Karnei Hattin
Lebanon
Cape Lithoprosopon
Raouché, Beirut
Mongolia
Turtle Rock, Gorkhi-Terelj National Park, Töv Aimag/Nalaikh
Pakistan
Rock formations at Hingol National Park
Thailand
Lalu (ละลุ), rock formations caused by erosion at the eastern end of the Sankamphaeng Range in Sa Kaeo Province
Phae Mueang Phi ("Ghost Canyon") near Phrae in the Phi Pan Nam Range
Phu Phra Bat Buabok in Udon Thani Province
Turkey
Paşabağı, Cappadocia
Goreme National Park
Other countries
Gobustan National Park, Azerbaijan
Kyaiktiyo Pagoda, Mon State, Burma
Aphrodite's Rock, Paphos, Cyprus
Tanah Lot, Bali, Indonesia
Jeti-Ögüz, Jeti-Ögüz district, Kyrgyzstan
Tanjong Bunga, Penang, Malaysia
Al Naslaa rock formation, Saudi Arabia |
List of rock formations | 1000167-2 | Long Ya Men, Singapore Yehliu, Taiwan
Halong Bay, Vietnam
Africa
Kenya
Tsavo Rocks
Libya
Jebel Akhdar
Madagascar
Andringitra Massif
Tsingy d'Ankarana
Tsingy de Bemaraha
Tsingy de Namoroka
Tsingy Rouge
Mauritania
Ben Amera
Namibia
Bogenfels
Nigeria
Olumo Rock, Abeokuta
Riyom Rock, Jos
Zuma Rock, Abuja
South Africa
Cedarberg Wilderness Area, Western Cape
Kagga Kamma, Ceres, Western Cape
Three Sisters (Northern Cape)
North America
United States
Canada
Devil's Chair, Lake Superior Provincial Park, Ontario
Flowerpot Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario
Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick
Hopewell Rocks, New Brunswick
Gabriola Island, British Columbia
Brady's Beach, Bamfield, British Columbia
Chimney Rock, Marble Canyon, British Columbia
Heron Rocks, Hornby Island, British Columbia
Siwash Rock, Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia
Percé Rock, Gaspé, Quebec
Tete d'Indien, Perce, Gaspé, Quebec
Balancing Rock, Long Island, Nova Scotia
Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia
Banff National Park, Alberta
Big Rock, Okotoks, Alberta
Drumheller, Alberta
Walsh, Alberta, see Medicine Hat, Alberta
Main Topsail Hill, near Gaff Topsails, Newfoundland and Labrador
Arches, St. Anthony, Newfoundland and Labrador
Elephant Rock, Prince Edward Island
Giant's Chair, Howard's Cove, Prince Edward Island
Victoria Rock, Yukon
Sleeping Giant, Ontario
Caribbean
Ayo Rock Formations, Aruba
Devil's Trail, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands
The Baths, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands |
List of rock formations | 1000167-3 | Pointe des Châteaux, Grande Terre, Guadeloupe
Diamond Rock (Rocher du Diamant), Martinique
Mexico
Sierra de Organos National Park, Sombrerete, Zacatecas
Piedras Encimadas Valley, Zacatlán, Puebla
Peña de Bernal, Bernal, Querétaro
Copper Canyon, Chihuahua
Los Arcos Rocks, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur
Hierve el Agua, San Lorenzo Albarradas
Central America
Bosque del Cabo, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Los Ladrillos, Boquete, Panama
South America
Argentina
Quebrada de Humahuaca, Humahuaca
Ongamira Valley, Córdoba
Ischigualasto, San Juan Province
Monte Fitz Roy, El Chalten
Bolivia
Dali's Desert, Potosi
Valle de Las Rocas, Uyuni
Canon de Duene
Brazil
Pão de Açúcar (Sugarloaf Mountain), Rio de Janeiro
Ponta Grossa, Paraná
Pedra do Jacaré (Aligator Stone), São Paulo
Dedo de Deus (God's Finger Rock), Serra dos Órgãos, Rio de Janeiro
Pedra do Cão Sentado, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro
Pedra da Galinha Choca, Quixadá, Ceará
Chile
Valle de la Luna, Antofagasta
Playa de la Calabocillos, Constitucion
Silla del Diablo
Colombia
El Peñón de Guatapé (La Piedra de Peñol), Antioquia
Laguna de La Plaza, Sierra Nevada del Cocuy
Ecuador
Cerro de Arcos, Loja
Pinnacle Rock, Bartolome Island, Galápagos Islands
Falkland Islands
Princes Street Stone Run
Paraguay
Amambay
Peru
Colca Canyon, Arequipa |
List of rock formations | 1000167-4 | Uruguay Venezuela
Tepui, Roraima, Canaima National Park
Piedras de San Martin, La Vela de Coro, Estado Falcón
Europe
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Hajdučka vrata, Čvrsnica mountain
Bulgaria
Basarbovo Monastery, Rousse
Belogradchik Rocks
Iskar Gorge, Sofia
Melnik Earth Pyramids, Melnik
Sozopol
Wonderful Bridges
Golden Bridges ('Zlatnite Mostove'), Vitosha
Golyamata Gramada ('Big Pile'), Vitosha
Pobiti Kamani
Croatia
Paklenica
Bijele stijene (White Rocks) and Samarske stijene (Samar Rocks), Velika Kapela mountain
Czech Republic
Teplice nad Metují
Medvědí Stezka (Bear's path), Šumava mountains, Klatovy
Vraní skála, Brdy
Suché skály, Turnov
Hruboskalsko
Denmark
Bornholm
Fur Formation
Møns Klint, Møn
Gedser Odde, Gedser
Stevns Klint, Eastern Zealand
Cliffs of Sangstrup, Djursland
Estonia
Vormsi island
Finland
Närpes
Naantali
France
Roussillon, Vaucluse
Lesconil, Brittany
Les Calanche, Corsica
Rocher des Doms, Avignon
Étretat, Normandy
Cassis, near Marseille, Provence
Georgia
Katskhi Pillar
Germany
List of rock formations in the Harz
Battert Rocks, Baden-Baden, Black Forest
Externsteine
Falkenfelsen
Lange Anna, Heligoland
Rotenfels, Nahe, Bad Münster am Stein-Ebernburg, Rhineland-Palatinate
Teufelsturm, Elbe Sandstone Mountains
Wasgau
Greece
Meteora
Monemvasia
Samaria Gorge, Crete
Sarti, Sithonia
Gibraltar
Rock of Gibraltar
Bailiwick of Guernsey
Les Autelets, Sark, Channel Islands
Telegraph Bay, Alderney, Channel Islands
Iceland
Vestmannaeyjar
Jokulsa Canyon National Park, Mývatn
Dimmuborgir, Mývatn
Dyrhólaey
Eystrahorn, Hvalnes |
List of rock formations | 1000167-5 | Ireland Skellig Rocks, Iveragh Peninsula, County Kerry
Gap of Dunloe, Killarney, County Kerry
Tory Island, County Donegal
Achill Island, County Mayo
Answering Stone, County Waterford
Italy
Il Gargano, Vieste, Apulia
Palmarola, Sicily
Pietra di Bismantova, Reggiano Apennines
Valle Seriana, Bergamo, Lombardy
Golfo di Orosei, Cala Luna, Monte Tiscali, Sardinia
Tarpeian Rock
The thrown stones, Lazio
Latvia
Vidzeme
Pusena Kalns, Bartava
North Macedonia
Stone town of Kuklica
Markovi Kuli
Malta
Dwerja, Gozo
Dingli Cliffs, Dingli
Isle of Man
Glen Maye, Isle of Man
Norway
Skude, Beiningen, Haugaland
Geirangerfjord
Preikestolen
Kjerag
Troll Wall
Nigardsbreen, part of the larger glacier Jostedalsbreen
Sommarøy, Tromsø
Jutulhogget (Rondane)
Trolltunga
Poland
Cudgel of Hercules – monadrock in Ojców National Park
Mnich
Słoneczna
Dolina Koscieliska, Western Tatras
Dunajec Gorge, Zakopane
Portugal
Ponta da Piedade, Lagos, Algarve
Albufeira
Porto Moniz, Madeira
Ponta de Sao Lourenco, Madeira
Romania
Apuseni Mountains: Detunatele
Bucegi Mountains: Babele, The Sphinx
Ciucaș Mountains: Porumbelul Bratocei, Colții Bratocei, Turnul Goliat, Babele la sfat, etc.
Făgăraş Mountains: Fereastra zmeilor
Hășmaș Mountains: Piatra singuratică
Piatra Craiului Mountains: La zaplaz, Cerdacul Stanciului, Turnul/Degetul lui Anghelide
Gorges: Bicaz Gorge, Turda Gorge, Danube's Iron Gate (includes Babacai Rock), Cheile Dobrogei, Cheile Sohodolului, Cheile Doftanei (aka Brebului)
Piatra Secuiului in Alba County |
List of rock formations | 1000167-6 | Râpa Roșie
Russia
The Three Brothers, Busani, Buryatia
Kamen Shahtai, Lake Baikal
Kisilyakh Range, Yakutia, topped by kigilyakh formations
Kisilyakh-Tas, Yakutia, topped by kigilyakh formations
Kontalaksky Golets, Zabaykalsky Krai
Kyun-Tas, Yakutia, topped by kigilyakh formations
Lena Cheeks, Irkutsk Oblast
Lena Pillars, Yakutia
Monrepo Park, Vyborg, St. Petersburg
Stolby National Park, Krasnoyarsk Krai
Sail Rock, Krasnodar Krai
Taganay National Park, Chelyabinsk
Ulakhan-Sis, Yakutia, topped by kigilyakh formations
Serbia
Đavolja Varoš (Devil's Town)
Prskalo waterfall, Kučaj mountains
Vratna Gates three natural stone bridges
Đavoljev kamen near Trgovište
Spain
Los Roques de Garcia, Tenerife Island, Canary Islands
Las Canades, Tenerife Island, Canary Islands
Ciudad Encantada, Castilla–La Mancha
Picuezo and Picueza, Autol, La Rioja
Fuente de los Azulejos, Gran Canaria Island, Canary Islands
El Torcal de Antequera and Peña de los Enamorados, Antequera, Andalusia, a World Heritages Sites
Roque Nublo, Gran Canaria Island, Canary Islands
Montserrat, Catalonia
Roques de Benet, Ports de Beseit, Catalonia
Los Callejones de Las Majadas, Serranía de Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha
El Guerrero Romano, Sierra Carrascosa, Aragon
Mallos de Riglos, Las Peñas de Riglos, Aragon
Peña Bajenza in La Rioja
Las Médulas, Province of León, site of Roman gold mines
La Peña, Arcos de la Frontera, Andalusia
Peñón de Ifach, Calpe, Valencian Community |
List of rock formations | 1000167-7 | Sweden Busten, Glaskogens Nature Reserve, Kalleboda
Stegborgsgarden, Stegborg
Stenhamra, Uppland
Switzerland
Mount Pilatus
Val dal Botsch
Slovakia
Lehotské skaly, near Handlová
Haligovské skaly, near Stará Ľubovňa
Súľovské skaly (part of the Súľovské vrchy Mountains)
Zelené Pleso Valley (in the High Tatras)
Devin Castle, Devin
Ukraine
Hoverla, Carpathian Mountains
Nikita, Ukraine, Yalta
Skaly Taraktasky, Crimea
Karadag, Crimea
Cape Fiolent, Sevastopol
United Kingdom
Oceania
Australia
The Three Sisters, Katoomba – Blue Mountains, New South Wales
Devils Marbles, Northern Territory
Kata Tjuta, also known as The Olgas, Northern Territory
Rainbow Valley, Northern Territory
Uluru, also known as Ayers Rock, Northern Territory
Murphys Haystacks, Nullarbor Desert, South Australia
Remarkable Rocks, South Australia
Twelve Apostles, Great Ocean Road, Victoria
Mount Augustus, Western Australia
Pinnacles Desert, Nambung National Park, Western Australia
Wave Rock, Hyden, Western Australia
New Zealand
Castle Hill Basin, Canterbury
Koutu Boulders, Hokianga
Māori Bay giant pillow lava, Muriwai
Lion Rock, Piha
Moeraki Boulders, Otago
The Nuggets, Catlins Coast, Otago
Pancake Rocks, Punakaiki
Putangirua Pinnacles, Wairarapa
Stony Batter, Waiheke Island
Truman Track Beach, Punakaiki
Horeke basalts, Hokianga
Gog and Magog, southern Stewart Island/Rakiura
Other countries
Fatu Hiva, Marquesas Islands, French Polynesia
Moso's Footprint, Samoa
Talava Arches, Niue, South Pacific |
Multi-Application Survivable Tether | 10001676-0 | The Multi-Application Survivable Tether (MAST) experiment was an in-space investigation designed to use CubeSat spacecraft connected by tethers to better understand the survivability of tethers in space. It was launched as a secondary payload on a Dnepr rocket on 17 April 2007 into a 98°, 647 x 782 km orbit. The MAST payload incorporated three picosatellites, named "Ralph," "Ted," and "Gadget," which were intended to separate and deploy a tether. The experiment hardware was designed under a NASA Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) collaboration between Tethers Unlimited, Inc. (TUI) (which is now part of the Arka Corporation) and Stanford University, with TUI developing the tether, tether deployer, tether inspection subsystem, satellite avionics, and software, and Stanford students developing the satellite structures and assisting with the avionics design.
The experiment is currently on-orbit. After launch, as of 25 April 2007, TUI had made contact with the "Gadget" picosatellite, but not with "Ted", the tether-deployer picosatellite, or "Ralph," the end mass.
Satellites
The MAST experiment consists of three CubeSats (3U) launched together as a stack. The entire stack was about the size of a loaf of bread. |
Multi-Application Survivable Tether | 10001676-1 | Gadget Ted
"Ted", the tether deployer satellite, is at one end of the stack. Researchers were unable to establish contact with Ted, and remain uncertain of its status.
Ralph
"Ralph" is at the other end of the stack, and is described as simply a "tether endmass". Its design did include a radio, but the groundstation has not received any signals from Ralph. They think Ralph's battery charge has dropped below the level needed to sustain radio operation.
Deployment
The experimenter team made contact with the "Gadget" picosatellite, but not with "Ted", the tether-deployer picosatellite, because the Ted pico satellite was powered only by a primary battery, which had depleted by the time the team gained access to the ground station. While the system was designed so that the satellites would separate even if communications were not established to the tether deployer, the system did not fully deploy. Radar measurements show the tether initially deployed just 1 meter, The mission experienced communications challenges due to limited availability of the ground station, which resulted in the team establishing contact with only one of the three pico satellites. The team operated the "Gadget" picosatellite for nearly two months before terminating the experiment. |
Walking Boston | 1000168-0 | The Walking Boston, sometimes designated the One Step Waltz, is a very simple dance in which many graceful figures may be introduced. It is done to the same music as the Hesitation Waltz and Dream Waltz.
The man starts forward with his left foot and the lady backward with her right, simply walking to waltz time, counting one, two, three to each step. At each step the dancers rise on their toes. Four of these steps are taken forward (backward by the lady), then they balance backward and forward. As the dancers balance they make a quarter turn to the man's right to the one, two, three count of the music--four of these quarter turns making the complete revolution. Throughout this turn the man keeps his right foot and the lady her left on the floor, using it as a pivot on which to turn.
Now the man steps backward with his left foot and the lady forward with her right, taking four steps. Then balance, and instead of four quarter turns to the one, two, three count of the music, make two half turns in the same time. |
Walking Boston | 1000168-1 | The above are the fundamental figures of the Walking Boston. There is no rule governing the number of steps to be taken forward or back, the number of times to balance, or the number of turns to be made. This is left entirely to the pleasure of the dancers. The number four mentioned in the preceding was merely illustrative.
The fundamental figures may be varied by skipping, the man on his left foot, the lady on her right. This skipping step is made by the man on his left foot only, and by the lady on her right only, thus making every other step a skipping step.
Another figure may be introduced by the couple taking a position both facing forward.
Four steps are taken forward, dipping on the fourth step (see Illustration 11), then back four steps and turn.
Couple starts forward, the man with his left foot and the lady with her right, taking three steps, making a little skip as the third step is taken; this skip is on the man's right foot and the lady's left; they balance twice, then repeat. |
Walking Boston | 1000168-2 | It is common for dancers to do the turn after each of the figures, but the order of the figures is optional with the dancers.
Both starting with the left foot, take four steps forward; on the fifth step, change position, the man crossing over behind the lady without releasing the hands or losing a step; three more steps forward and then cross back again; then three more steps forward. In other words, this is merely twelve steps forward, changes of position being made on the fifth and ninth steps. Completion of these twelve steps leaves the dancers in the same position as at the start.
Now, without losing a step or getting out of time with the music, both dancers one step straight to the side with the left foot, then backward with the right foot and dip. Again sideways with the left foot and backward with the right and dip, and so on for ten or twelve steps, keeping on a straight line to the left.
Repeat # 1.
Grapevine, dipping on the backward step. |
Robert Clark Corrente | 10001684-0 | Robert Clark Corrente (born in North Providence, Rhode Island) was the United States Attorney for the state of Rhode Island. |
Robert Clark Corrente | 10001684-1 | Early career U.S. Attorney for Rhode Island
In May 2004, Corrente was nominated by President George W. Bush to fill the United States Attorney position left vacant by Margaret E. Curran the year before. He was confirmed by the United States Senate two months later.
A year before Corrente took office, allegation emerged that Rhode Island State Senator John Celona had accepted money and gifts from CVS, Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Rhode Island, and Roger Williams Hospital. Corrente inherited this investigation, and in June 2005 filed charges against Celona claiming that he defrauded the state's citizens by accepting money and gifts from the aforementioned companies, which had interests in legislation Celona considered as chairman of the Senate Corporations Committee. Celona agreed to cooperate with investigators. Celona was sentenced to 2 years in prison in the beginning of 2007. |
Robert Clark Corrente | 10001684-2 | Joseph A. Montalbano and Senate Finance chairman Stephen D. Alves, the towns of West Warwick and Lincoln, and former Senate President William V. Irons. Former Roger Williams Hospital president Robert A. Urciuoli and vice president Frances P. Driscoll were co-defendants in the case against Celona, and were both convicted on various charges related to the hospital's payments to Celona. Following an appeal and a new trial, Urciuoli was again convicted but Frances Driscoll was acquitted of all charges. CVS executives Carlos Ortiz and John R. Kramer were indicted in January 2007 for allegedly bribing Celona. Both were acquitted, however, in 2008, effectively ending "Operation Dollar Bill".
Corrente resigned as U. S. Attorney on June 26, 2009, and joined the private law firm Burns & Levinson. Before he left office, Republican Senator Lincoln Chafee said he recommended Corrente for an open position on the bench of the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island. |
Billy Chapel | 10001687-0 | Billy Chapel may refer to:
Billy Chapel (character), title character of the book For Love of the Game by Michael Shaara
Billy Chapel (figure skater), American ice skater, in the United States Figure Skating Championships |
Sokolsky Opening | 100017-0 | The Sokolsky Opening, also known as the Orangutan and the Polish Opening, is an uncommon chess opening that begins with the move: |
Sokolsky Opening | 100017-1 | 1. b4 Origins
One of the earliest opening plays of b4 was by Bernhard Fleissig playing against Carl Schlechter in 1893, although Fleissig was handily defeated in just 18 moves. Nikolai Bugaev defeated former world champion Wilhelm Steinitz with it in a simul exhibition game, and later published an analysis of the opening in 1903 in a Russian magazine article. Savielly Tartakower defeated Richard Réti using b4 in a match in 1919 when both were top-level players, and Reti himself defeated Abraham Speijer in Scheveningen 1923 using the opening.
The most famous use came in a game between Tartakower and Géza Maróczy at the New York 1924 chess tournament on March 21, 1924. The name "The Orangutan" originates from that game: the players visited the Bronx Zoo the previous day, where Tartakower consulted an orangutan named Susan. She somehow indicated, Tartakower insisted, that he should open with b4. Also, Tartakower was impressed with the climbing skills of the orangutan, and thought that the "climb" of the b-pawn was similar. In that particular game, Tartakower came out of the opening with a decent position, but the game was ultimately drawn. |
Sokolsky Opening | 100017-2 | The final term, and the one used in contemporary books and chess websites such as Chess.com and Lichess, is the Polish Opening. This is by analogy to the Polish Defense (1. d4 b5), where Black's Queen's Knight pawn is advanced two spaces.
Notable later usage
In general, the opening is not popular at the top level. Alexander Alekhine, who played in the same 1924 New York tournament as Tartakower and the Orangutan game, wrote that the problem is that it reveals White's intentions before White knows what Black's intentions are. That said, it still sees sporadic use among top level grandmasters. Boris Spassky used it against Vasily Smyslov in a 1960 match, albeit having to settle for a draw. In May 2021, world champion Magnus Carlsen essayed the opening against GMs Hikaru Nakamura and Wesley So in the online FTX Crypto Cup rapid tournament. |
Sokolsky Opening | 100017-3 | Details Named variations
1…b5 (Symmetrical Variation)
2.a4 (Queen's Knight's Gambit)
1...c5 (Birmingham Gambit)
1...c6 (Outflank Variation)
1...c6 2.Bb2 a5 3.b5 cxb5 4.e4 (Schuhler Gambit)
1...d5 2.Bb2 c6 3.a4 (Myers Variation)
1...d5 2.Bb2 Qd6 3.a3 e5 4.Nf3 e4 5.Nd4 Nf6 6.c4! dxc4 7.e3 Be7 8.Bxc4 O-O 9.Nc3 (German Defense)
1...e5 2.a3 (Bugayev Attack)
1...e5 2.Bb2 c5 (Wolferts Gambit)
1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 (Tartakower Gambit)
1...e5 2.Bb2 f6 3.e4 Bxb4 4.Bc4 Nc6 5.f4 Qe7 6.f5 g6 (Brinckmann Variation)
1...Na6 (Bucker Defense Kingsley Variation)
1...Nc6 (Grigorian Variation)
1...Nf6 2.Bb2 g6 3.g4 (Polish Spike) |
Robert Anderson (playwright) | 10001710-0 | Robert Woodruff Anderson (April 28, 1917 – February 9, 2009) was an American playwright, screenwriter, and theatrical producer. He received two Academy Award nominations for Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium, for the drama films The Nun's Story (1959) and I Never Sang for My Father (1970), the latter based on his play. |
Robert Anderson (playwright) | 10001710-1 | Life and career He may be best-remembered as the author of Tea and Sympathy. The play made its Broadway debut in 1953 and was made into a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film in 1956; both starred Deborah Kerr and John Kerr.
You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running, a collection of four one-act comedies, opened in New York in 1967 and ran for more than 700 performances. His other successful Broadway plays were Silent Night, Lonely Night (1959) and I Never Sang for My Father (1968).
He wrote the screenplays for Until They Sail (1957), The Nun's Story (1959), and The Sand Pebbles (1966). He also wrote many television scripts, including the TV play The Last Act Is a Solo (1991) and the novels After (1973) and Getting Up and Going Home (1978).
He was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1981.
Anderson was married to Phyllis Stohl from 1940 until her death in 1956 and to actress Teresa Wright from 1959 until their divorce in 1978. Anderson died of pneumonia on February 9, 2009, at his home in Manhattan, aged 91. He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for seven years prior to his death. |
Robert Anderson (playwright) | 10001710-2 | Advocacy Selected credits
Plays
Dance Me a Song (1950) - contributing sketch writer
Tea and Sympathy (1953) - writer - original Broadway production ran 712 performances
Sabrina Fair (1954) - producer, via the Playwrights' Company
All Summer Long (1955) - writer and producer via the Playwrights' Company
Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955) - producer via the Playwrights' Company
Time Remembered (1957) - producer via the Playwrights' Company
The Rope Dancers (1957) - producer via the Playwrights' Company
Silent Night, Lonely Night (1959) - writer
You Know I Can't Hear You When the Water's Running (1967) (four unrelated one-acts) - writer
I'm Herbert
The Shock of Recognition
The Footsteps of Doves
I'll Be Home for Christmas
I Never Sang for My Father (1968) - writer
Double Solitaire (1970) - writer
The Last Act Is a Solo (1991) - writer
Television
The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse (1948)
The Prudential Family Playhouse -adaptation of "Biography" (1950)
The Prudential Family Playhouse - adaptation of "Dodsworth" (1950)
Studio One in Hollywood - adaptation of story "Wintertime" (1951)
Schlitz Playhouse - adaptation of Still Life by Noël Coward (1951) |
Robert Anderson (playwright) | 10001710-3 | Suspense - "The Man Who Cried Wolf" directed by Robert Mulligan (1953)
Medallion Theatre - adaptation of "The Canterville Ghost" (1953)
Alcoa Hour - "Eden Rose" (1956)
Goodyear Playhouse - "Rise Up and Walk" (1956)
Goodyear Playhouse - adapted his own "All Summer Long" (1956)
Armchair Theatre/The United States Steel Hour - adaptation of "The Old Lady Shows Her Medals" by J.M. Barrie (1956)
ITV Play of the Week - adapted his own "All Summer Long" (1960)
Play of the Week - adapted his own "All Summer Long" (1961)
Festival - adaptation of Silent Night Lonely Night (1965)
Double Solitaire (1974) - adapted from his play
The Patricia Neal Story (1981)
The General Motors Playwrights Theater - adaptation of "The Last Act Is a Solo" (1991)
Absolute Strangers (1991)
Getting Up and Going Home (1992) - based on his book
Screenplays
Tea and Sympathy (1956) - screenplay, based on his play
Until They Sail (1957)
The Nun's Story (1959)
The Sand Pebbles (1966)
Silent Night, Lonely Night (1969, TV movie) - based on his play
I Never Sang for My Father (1970) - screenplay based on his play
Novels
After (1973)
Getting Up and Going Home (1978) |
Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell | 10001713-0 | Robert Crause Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell (15 October 1936 – 28 December 2019) was the elder son of Carine Boardman and Peter Baden-Powell, 2nd Baron Baden-Powell, and a grandson of Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, and Olave Baden-Powell. |
Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell | 10001713-1 | Family and personal life On 1 August 1963, he married Patience Hélène Mary Batty (27 October 1936 – 18 December 2010), only daughter of Major Douglas Myers Batty, of Melsetter, Southern Rhodesia and Elsie May Loker. They subsequently realized that they had been at primary school together in Southern Rhodesia.
Baden-Powell enjoyed swimming, fishing, model making, gardening, bee keeping, badminton and music and kept and bred American Quarter Horses. He died, childless, at home in the early hours of Saturday, 28 December 2019, after a long battle with cancer, and his title was inherited by his brother, Michael.
Career
He did National Service in the Royal Navy, became a leading seaman, and during the Suez Crisis, served on HMS Bulwark. He then set up a liquor business in Nottingham called "Whisky a Gogo" and spent time as a motor car salesman, wine merchant and public relations officer with the BBC. From 1964 to 1984, he was a local authority finance broker in the City of London. He held several directorships:
Founder and chairman, London and Cheshire Insurance Company (1961–1966) (company collapsed 1966)
Director, City Share Trust (1964–1970)
Director, Bolton Building Society (1974–1988) |
Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell | 10001713-2 | Director, London board of the Cheltenham & Gloucester Building Society.
Director of a number of unit trusts (now part of F&C) and of other companies.
Scouting & community organisations
He participated in Scouting:
1946 – became Wolf Cub in Southern Rhodesia
1959–1962 – Assistant Scout Leader, 100th Nottingham Group
1965–1969 – Group Scout Leader and Venture Scout Leader, 6th Putney Group
leader – Ripley Venture Scout Unit
The Scout Association positions:
1968–1982 – Chief Scout's commissioner
1972–1988 – president of West Yorkshire Scout Council
1972–1978 – member of the committee of council (now board of trustees)
1973–1981 – member of the general purposes sub-committee (1973–1981)
1973 – The Scout Association's delegation leader at the World Scout Conference in Nairobi
The Scout Association's delegation member at two other World Scout Conferences
1975 – British contingent leader 14th World Scout Jamboree at Lillehammer, Norway
1977, 1981 and 1983 – deputy camp chief at two Canadian Scout Jamborees and 15th World Scout Jamboree in Canada
1981–2019 – vice-president (1981–2019)
He received:
The Scout Association's Silver Acorn and Silver Wolf
Scouts Canada's Silver Fox, 1983.
World Organization of the Scout Movement's (Bronze Wolf), 1983
He was:
President, Surrey Council for Voluntary Youth Services, 2010–2019 |
Robert Baden-Powell, 3rd Baron Baden-Powell | 10001713-3 | President, Camping and Caravanning Club, 1991–2002
Member, various Quarter Horse bodies, 1983–1991 and established Quarter Horse racing in the UK, chairman of Quarter Horse Racing UK (1985–1988), member of the British Quarter Horse Association, 1984–1989, and Chairman in 1990
Governor, Glenesk School, 1986–2005
Surrey Rural Housing Committee, 1985–1990
Chairman, Sheldon Grange Housing Association.
Ripley, Surrey, Parish Council, 1977–1986
Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Mercers, of which his grandfather had been master.
Wife
Upon marriage, his wife became Lady Baden-Powell and served with many charities, including the YWCA, Girls Alone in London, the National Playbus Association, NSPCC, Commonwealth Youth Exchange Council, SPCK, Surrey Council for Voluntary Youth Services, Surrey Antiques Fair, Walton Firs Camp Site, as well as various local and national offices of the Girl Guides, for which she became Commonwealth Chief Commissioner and, latterly, a vice-president. She was a Vice-President of the Scout Association. She also conducted a successful business life and was a director of Imperial Life of Canada, Surrey Radio, and Fieldguard Limited (a family private company). She was appointed a CBE for her services to youth and was a Deputy Lord Lieutenant for Surrey. She died childless, of motor neuron disease, in 2010. |
Lightweight programming language | 10001714-0 | Lightweight programming languages are designed to have small memory footprint, are easy to implement (important when porting a language to different computer systems), and/or have minimalist syntax and features.
These programming languages have simple syntax and semantics, so one can learn them quickly and easily. Some lightweight languages (for example Lisp, Forth, and Tcl) are so simple to implement that they have many implementations (dialects).
Compiled languages |
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